id
stringlengths 15
20
| title
stringlengths 1
115
| document
stringlengths 869
463k
| question
stringlengths 19
100
| long_answers
sequence | short_answers
sequence |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
-4311118196952396538 | 2017 Oakland Raiders season | 2017 Oakland Raiders season - wikipedia 2017 Oakland Raiders season Jump to : navigation , search 2017 Oakland Raiders season Head coach Jack Del Rio General manager Reggie McKenzie Owner Mark Davis Home field Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Results Record 3 -- 5 Division place 4th AFC West Uniform ← 2016 Raiders seasons 2018 → The 2017 Oakland Raiders season is the 58th overall season of the Oakland Raiders franchise , the franchise 's 48th season in the National Football League , their 24th season since their return to Oakland , and the third under head coach Jack Del Rio . The Raiders are looking to win their first AFC West title since 2002 and the Super Bowl for the first time since 1983 , when the club was still in Los Angeles . The Raiders began the season on September 10 at the Tennessee Titans and will finish the season December 31 at the Los Angeles Chargers . The Raiders , as they did in 2016 , will play one home game in Mexico City , this time against the New England Patriots . Although the league approved the Raiders ' eventual relocation to Las Vegas on March 27 , 2017 , the team still maintains its lease at the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum and intends to use the stadium for at least the next two seasons and , perhaps , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Offseason 1.1 Free agent signings 1.2 Losses 1.3 Trades 1.4 Contract extensions 1.5 Draft 2 Staff 3 Current roster 4 Preseason 4.1 Donald Penn holdout 4.2 Janikowski contract issue 4.3 Schedule and results 5 Regular season 5.1 Schedule and results 5.2 Game summaries 5.2. 1 Week 1 : at Tennessee Titans 5.2. 2 Week 2 : vs. New York Jets 5.2. 3 Week 3 : at Washington Redskins 5.2. 4 Week 4 : at Denver Broncos 5.2. 5 Week 5 : vs. Baltimore Ravens 5.2. 6 Week 6 : vs. Los Angeles Chargers 5.2. 7 Week 7 : vs. Kansas City Chiefs 5.2. 8 Week 8 : at Buffalo Bills 5.2. 9 Week 9 : at Miami Dolphins 6 Standings 6.1 Division 6.2 Conference 7 References 8 External links Offseason ( edit ) Free agent signings ( edit ) Pos . Player Age 2016 Team Contract TE Jared Cook 30 Green Bay Packers 2 years , $10.6 million WR Cordarrelle Patterson 26 Minnesota Vikings 2 years , $8.5 million OT Marshall Newhouse 28 New York Giants 2 years , $3.5 million LS Jon Condo 35 Oakland Raiders 1 year , $1 million OLB Jelani Jenkins 25 Miami Dolphins 1 year , $1 million QB EJ Manuel 27 Buffalo Bills 1 year , $800,000 DE IK Enemkpali 26 Buffalo Bills 1 year LB Rufus Johnson 28 Washington Redskins 1 year Losses ( edit ) Pos . Player Age 2017 Team RB Latavius Murray 26 Minnesota Vikings LB Malcolm Smith 27 San Francisco 49ers DT Stacy McGee 27 Washington Redskins OT Menelik Watson 28 Denver Broncos WR Andre Holmes 28 Buffalo Bills SS Brynden Trawick 27 Tennessee Titans CB D.J. Hayden 26 Detroit Lions FS Nate Allen 27 Miami Dolphins TE Mychal Rivera 26 Jacksonville Jaguars QB Matt McGloin 27 Philadelphia Eagles LB Perry Riley 28 TBD OT Austin Howard 30 Baltimore Ravens RB Taiwan Jones 28 Buffalo Bills Trades ( edit ) Pos . Player / picks received Player / compensation sent Team RB Marshawn Lynch 6th round pick ( 2018 draft ) 5th round pick ( 2018 draft ) Seattle Seahawks Contract extensions ( edit ) April 26 , 2017 -- Raiders sign RB Marshawn Lynch to a two - year deal that will reportedly pay him a base salary of $9 million and has a maximum value of $16.5 million with incentives . June 22 , 2017 -- Raiders sign QB Derek Carr to a five - year $125 million contract extension making him the highest paid player in the NFL . June 29 , 2017 -- Raiders sign OG Gabe Jackson to a five - year $56 million contract extension . Draft ( edit ) Main article : 2017 NFL Draft 2017 Oakland Raiders Draft Round Selection Player Position College 24 Gareon Conley CB Ohio State 56 Obi Melifonwu Connecticut 88 Eddie Vanderdoes DT UCLA 130 David Sharpe OT Florida 5 168 Marquel Lee LB Wake Forest 7 221 Shalom Luani Washington State 7 231 Jylan Ware OT Alabama State 7 242 Elijah Hood RB North Carolina 7 244 Treyvon Hester DT Toledo Staff ( edit ) Oakland Raiders staff Front Office Owner -- Mark Davis President -- Marc Badain Executive Vice President / General Counsel - Dan Ventrelle General Manager -- Reggie McKenzie Director of Football Administration -- Tom Delaney Director of Player Personnel -- Joey Clinkscales Assistant Director of Player Personnel -- Trey Scott Director of Pro Personnel -- Dane Vandernat Assistant Director of Pro Personnel -- Von Hutchins Director of College Scouting -- Shaun Herock Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Brad Kaplan Head Coaches Head Coach -- Jack Del Rio Assistant Head Coach / Defense -- John Pagano Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Todd Downing Quarterbacks -- Jake Peetz Running Backs -- Bernie Parmalee Wide Receivers -- Rob Moore Assistant Wide Receivers -- Nick Holz Tight Ends -- Bobby Johnson Offensive Line -- Mike Tice Assistant Offensive Line -- Tim Holt Quality Control / Offense -- Nate Tice Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Ken Norton Jr . Defensive Line -- Jethro Franklin Linebackers -- Sal Sunseri Outside Linebackers -- Travis Smith Cornerbacks -- Rod Woodson Safeties -- Brent Vieselmeyer Defensive Assistant -- Sam Anno Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Brad Seely Assistant Special Teams -- Tracy Smith Strength and Conditioning Head Strength and Conditioning -- Joe Gomes Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Darryl Eto Strength and Conditioning Assistant -- Hugh Fullagar Strength and Conditioning Assistant -- Wesley Miller → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Current roster ( edit ) Oakland Raiders roster view talk Quarterbacks 4 Derek Carr 18 Connor Cook 3 EJ Manuel Running backs 24 Marshawn Lynch 49 Jamize Olawale FB 30 Jalen Richard 33 DeAndré Washington Wide receivers 89 Amari Cooper 15 Michael Crabtree 16 Johnny Holton 84 Cordarrelle Patterson 10 Seth Roberts Tight ends 87 Jared Cook 86 Lee Smith 88 Clive Walford Offensive linemen 74 Vadal Alexander T 76 Jon Feliciano C 61 Rodney Hudson C 66 Gabe Jackson G 73 Marshall Newhouse T 70 Kelechi Osemele G 72 Donald Penn T 71 David Sharpe T 69 Jylan Ware T Defensive linemen 96 Denico Autry DE 97 Mario Edwards Jr . DE 78 Justin Ellis NT 90 Treyvon Hester DT 52 Khalil Mack DE 94 Eddie Vanderdoes DT 95 Jihad Ward DE Linebackers 53 NaVorro Bowman MLB 91 Shilique Calhoun OLB 47 James Cowser OLB 51 Bruce Irvin OLB 57 Cory James OLB 55 Marquel Lee MLB 50 Nicholas Morrow OLB 56 Xavier Woodson - Luster MLB Defensive backs 29 David Amerson CB 38 T.J. Carrie CB 22 Gareon Conley CB 41 Erik Harris SS 42 Karl Joseph SS 26 Shalom Luani SS 25 Demetrius McCray CB 23 Dexter McDonald CB 39 Keith McGill FS 27 Reggie Nelson FS 21 Sean Smith CB Special teams 59 Jon Condo LS 7 Marquette King P 2 Giorgio Tavecchio K Reserve lists 32 Antonio Hamilton CB ( IR ) 11 Sebastian Janikowski K ( IR ) 79 Denver Kirkland G ( IR ) 75 Darius Latham NT ( Susp . ) 20 Obi Melifonwu SS ( IR ) 99 Aldon Smith OLB ( Susp . ) Practice squad 31 Breon Borders CB 99 Fadol Brown DE 81 Pharaoh Brown TE 14 Keon Hatcher WR 37 Tevin Mitchel CB 54 Deontae Skinner OLB 65 Jordan Simmons G 62 James Stone C 9 Isaac Whitney WR Rookies in italics Roster updated October 30 , 2017 Depth chart Transactions 53 Active , 6 Inactive , 9 Practice squad → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Preseason ( edit ) The Raiders ' preliminary preseason schedule was announced on April 10 . In preparation for the team 's eventual move to Las Vegas , the Raiders sought to play at least one of their two preseason games at Sam Boyd Stadium . When the preseason opponents were announced , both home games were scheduled for Oakland . Donald Penn holdout ( edit ) OT Donald Penn chose not to report to training camp on July 28 as he was unhappy with his contract which was to pay him $6.2 million this season in the second season of a two - year deal . Penn ended his holdout without a new deal and reported to the team on August 23 . Penn , sought to be paid as a top ten LT in the league , said , `` We have a great owner , a good GM . I came in here putting my trust in them . '' Janikowski contract issue ( edit ) Prior to Week 1 of the regular season , the Raiders sought to have K Sebastian Janikowski agree to rework his contract to pay him less than the $4 million owed to him for the 2017 season . Janikowski remained on the roster as of September 5 , meaning he was guaranteed to be paid $238,000 . The Raiders reportedly worked out three kickers in anticipation of being unable to reach an agreement with Janikowski . On September 6 , Janikowski agreed to a $1 million paycut to stay with the team . Three days later , Janikowski was placed on injured reserve due to a back injury . Schedule and results ( edit ) Week Date Opponent Result Record Game site NFL.com recap August 12 at Arizona Cardinals L 10 -- 20 0 -- 1 University of Phoenix Stadium Recap August 19 Los Angeles Rams L 21 -- 24 0 -- 2 Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Recap August 26 at Dallas Cowboys L 20 -- 24 0 -- 3 AT&T Stadium Recap August 31 Seattle Seahawks L 13 -- 17 0 -- 4 Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Recap Regular season ( edit ) Schedule and results ( edit ) Week Date Kickoff Opponent Result Record Game site TV NFL.com recap September 10 10 : 00 a.m. PDT at Tennessee Titans W 26 -- 16 1 -- 0 Nissan Stadium CBS Recap September 17 1 : 05 p.m. PDT New York Jets W 45 -- 20 2 -- 0 Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum CBS Recap September 24 5 : 30 p.m. PDT at Washington Redskins L 10 -- 27 2 -- 1 FedExField NBC Recap October 1 1 : 25 p.m. PDT at Denver Broncos L 10 -- 16 2 -- 2 Sports Authority Field at Mile High CBS Recap 5 October 8 1 : 05 p.m. PDT Baltimore Ravens L 17 -- 30 2 -- 3 Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum CBS Recap 6 October 15 1 : 25 p.m. PDT Los Angeles Chargers L 16 -- 17 2 -- 4 Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum CBS Recap 7 October 19 5 : 25 p.m. PDT Kansas City Chiefs W 31 -- 30 3 -- 4 Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum CBS / NFLN / Amazon Video Recap 8 October 29 10 : 00 a.m. PDT at Buffalo Bills L 14 -- 34 3 -- 5 New Era Field CBS Recap 9 November 5 5 : 30 p.m. PST at Miami Dolphins Hard Rock Stadium NBC 10 Bye 11 November 19 1 : 25 p.m. PST New England Patriots Estadio Azteca ( Mexico City ) CBS 12 November 26 1 : 25 p.m. PST Denver Broncos Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum CBS 13 December 3 1 : 25 p.m. PST New York Giants Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Fox 14 December 10 10 : 00 a.m. PST at Kansas City Chiefs Arrowhead Stadium CBS 15 December 17 5 : 30 p.m. PST Dallas Cowboys Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum NBC 16 December 25 5 : 30 p.m. PST at Philadelphia Eagles Lincoln Financial Field ESPN 17 December 31 1 : 25 p.m. PST at Los Angeles Chargers StubHub Center CBS Notes Intra-division opponents are in bold text . Networks and times for Sunday games from Weeks 11 -- 17 are subject to change as a result of flexible scheduling . Game summaries ( edit ) Week 1 : at Tennessee Titans ( edit ) Week One : Oakland Raiders at Tennessee Titans -- Game summary Total Raiders 7 6 10 26 Titans 7 16 at Nissan Stadium , Nashville , Tennessee Date : September 10 Game time : 12 : 00 p.m. CDT / 10 : 00 a.m. PDT Game weather : 72 ° F ( 22 ° C ) , sunny Game attendance : 69,089 Referee : Jerome Boger TV announcers ( CBS ) : Jim Nantz , Tony Romo and Tracy Wolfson Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter OAK -- Amari Cooper 8 -- yard pass from Derek Carr ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 12 : 49 . Raiders 7 -- 0 . Drive : 4 plays , 50 yards , 2 : 11 . TEN -- Marcus Mariota 10 -- yard run ( Ryan Succop kick ) , 6 : 58 . Tied 7 -- 7 . Drive : 12 plays , 75 yards , 5 : 51 . Second quarter OAK -- Giorgio Tavecchio 20 -- yard field goal , 14 : 55 . Raiders 10 -- 7 . Drive : 15 plays , 73 yards , 7 : 03 . TEN -- Ryan Succop 23 -- yard field goal , 0 : 43 . Tied 10 -- 10 . Drive : 15 plays , 93 yards , 6 : 20 . OAK -- Giorgio Tavecchio 52 -- yard field goal , 0 : 00 . Raiders 13 -- 10 . Drive : 5 plays , 41 yards , 0 : 43 . Third quarter OAK -- Giorgio Tavecchio 52 -- yard field goal , 4 : 31 . Raiders 16 -- 10 . Drive : 8 plays , 29 yards , 4 : 11 . TEN -- Ryan Succop 26 -- yard field goal , 0 : 00 . Raiders 16 -- 13 . Drive : 9 plays , 67 yards , 4 : 31 . Fourth quarter OAK -- Seth Roberts 19 -- yard pass from Derek Carr ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 11 : 58 . Raiders 23 -- 13 . Drive : 7 plays , 70 yards , 3 : 02 . TEN -- Ryan Succop 52 -- yard field goal , 4 : 49 . Raiders 23 -- 16 . Drive : 8 plays , 46 yards , 1 : 55 . OAK -- Giorgio Tavecchio 43 -- yard field goal , 1 : 09 . Raiders 26 -- 16 . Drive : 9 plays , 34 yards , 3 : 40 . Top passers OAK -- Derek Carr -- 22 / 32 , 262 yards , 2 TD TEN -- Marcus Mariota -- 25 / 41 , 256 yards Top rushers OAK -- Marshawn Lynch -- 18 rushes , 76 yards TEN -- DeMarco Murray -- 12 rushes , 44 yards Top receivers OAK -- Michael Crabtree -- 6 receptions , 83 yards TEN -- Delanie Walker -- 7 receptions , 76 yards Top tacklers OAK -- Karl Joseph -- 9 tackles TEN -- Kevin Byard -- 8 tackles For the third consecutive season , the Raiders traveled to Nashville to take on the Tennessee Titans . It also marked the second consecutive year that the Raiders began the season on the road . On September 9 , one day before the first game of the season , the Raiders placed Sebastian Janikowski on injured reserve due to an injured back . They signed Giorgio Tavecchio off the practice squad to do the kicking . The Raiders started well as the Titans tried to surprise the Raiders with an onside kick on the opening kickoff which the Raiders recovered . Four plays later , Derek Carr hit Amari Cooper who bowled into the endzone for an eight - yard touchdown pass to give the Raiders the lead 7 -- 0 . The Titans answered on their ensuing drive , going 75 yards on 12 plays with Marcus Mariota rushing for a 10 - yard touchdown to tie the game . The Raiders came back as Tavecchio hit his first career field goal , a 20 - yarder , to give the Raiders a 10 -- 7 lead . After exchanging punts in the early part of the second quarter , the Titans tied the game with 43 seconds remaining in the half on a Ryan Succop 23 - yard field goal . The Raider offense moved 41 yards with time winding down to set up Tavecchio 's second field goal , from 52 yards out , to give the Raiders the halftime lead 13 -- 10 . In the second half , the Raider defense held the Titans to punts on consecutive drives as the Raiders notched another 52 - yard field goal to extend the lead to 16 -- 10 with a little over four minutes left in the third period . The Raider defense prevented a Titans touchdown on the ensuing drive , forcing the Titans to settle for a 26 - yard field goal which narrowed the gap to 16 -- 13 as the period expired . In the fourth quarter , Carr led the Raiders on a seven play , 70 - yard drive capped off by a Seth Roberts 19 - yard touchdown reception . The Raiders defense , which had struggled immensely the previous year , forced the Titans to punt and then held them to a field goal with 4 : 49 remaining . Another Tavecchio field goal , this time from 43 yards out , extended the lead to 26 -- 16 with 1 : 14 left in the game . The Titans could muster no more , missing a 52 - yard field goal with 12 seconds remaining as the Raiders pulled out the win 26 -- 16 . In the win , Tavecchio became the first kicker in NFL history to make two 50 - yard field goals in an NFL debut . Following his performance , Tavecchio was named AFC Special Teams Player of the Week . Marshawn Lynch ran for 76 yards on 18 carries in his Raider debut . Carr threw for 262 yards with two touchdown passes to lead the Raiders to a 1 -- 0 record to start the season . Week 2 : vs. New York Jets ( edit ) Week Two : New York Jets at Oakland Raiders -- Game summary Total Jets 0 10 7 20 Raiders 7 14 7 17 45 at Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , Oakland , California Date : September 17 Game time : 1 : 05 p.m. PDT Game weather : 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ) , sunny Game attendance : 54,729 Referee : Jeff Triplette TV announcers ( CBS ) : Ian Eagle , Dan Fouts and Evan Washburn Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter OAK -- Michael Crabtree 2 - yard pass from Derek Carr ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 4 : 58 . Raiders 7 -- 0 . Drive : 11 plays , 81 yards , 5 : 59 . Second quarter OAK -- Michael Crabtree 26 - yard pass from Derek Carr ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 13 : 00 . Raiders 14 -- 0 . Drive : 8 plays , 85 yards , 4 : 38 . NYJ -- Jermaine Kearse 34 - yard pass from Josh McCown ( Chandler Catanzaro kick ) , 9 : 15 . Raiders 14 -- 7 . Drive : 7 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 47 . NYJ -- Chandler Catanzaro 46 - yard field goal , 3 : 11 . Raiders 14 -- 10 . Drive : 11 plays , 62 yards , 4 : 40 . OAK -- Marshawn Lynch 2 - yard run ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 0 : 23 . Raiders 21 -- 10 . Drive : 3 plays , 4 yards , 1 : 29 . Third quarter NYJ -- Chandler Catanzaro 40 - yard field goal , 7 : 14 . Raiders 21 -- 13 . Drive : 12 plays , 45 yards , 7 : 50 . OAK -- Cordarrelle Patterson 43 - yard run ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 3 : 39 . Raiders 28 -- 13 . Drive : 7 plays , 84 yards , 3 : 39 . Fourth quarter OAK -- Jalen Richard 52 - yard run ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 12 : 59 . Raiders 35 -- 13 . Drive : 4 plays , 79 yards , 2 : 00 . OAK -- Michael Crabtree 1 - yard pass from Derek Carr ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 12 : 32 . Raiders 42 -- 13 . Drive : 1 play , 18 yards , 0 : 10 . NYJ -- Jermaine Kearse 11 - yard pass from Josh McCown ( Chandler Catanzaro kick ) , 8 : 47 . Raiders 42 -- 20 . Drive : 10 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 45 . OAK -- Giorgio Tavecchio 29 - yard field goal , 0 : 29 . Raiders 45 -- 20 . Drive : 12 plays , 37 yards , 8 : 17 . Top passers NYJ -- Josh McCown -- 17 / 25 , 166 yards , 2 TD OAK -- Derek Carr -- 23 / 28 , 230 yards , 3 TD Top rushers NYJ -- Matt Forte -- 9 rushes , 53 yards OAK -- Jalen Richard -- 6 rushes , 58 yards , TD Top receivers NYJ -- Jermaine Kearse -- 4 receptions , 64 yards , 2 TD OAK -- Michael Crabtree -- 6 receptions , 80 yards , 3 TD Top tacklers NYJ -- Marcus Maye -- 7 tackles OAK -- Reggie Nelson -- 8 tackles The Raiders opened the home portion of their schedule against the New York Jets . After the teams exchanged three - and - outs on their first possessions , the Raiders moved downfield on an 81 - yard drive that culminated in a Derek Carr to Michael Crabtree two - yard touchdown pass to give the Raiders an early 7 -- 0 lead . After another Jets punt , the Raiders went 85 yards as Carr hit Crabtree from 26 yards out to extend the lead to 14 -- 0 . The Jets answered with a 75 - yard drive which ended with a Jermaine Kearse 34 - yard pass from Josh McCown for a touchdown , reducing the Raider lead to 14 -- 7 . The Raider offense stalled on their next two possessions as the Jets added a 46 - yard field goal to narrow the lead to 14 -- 10 . With 1 : 50 remaining in the first half , the Raiders were forced to punt , but Jet returner Kalif Raymond muffed the punt and the Raiders recovered at the Jets four yard line . Three plays later , Oakland native Marshawn Lynch scored from two yards out , his first touchdown as a Raider , to give the Raiders the 21 -- 10 halftime lead . The Jets began the second half with a field goal that again narrowed the lead , this time to 21 -- 13 . The Raiders , however , answered the score convincingly , scoring three touchdowns on their next three possessions as Cordarelle Patterson and Jalen Richard each scored on long rushing plays and Carr hit Crabtree again from 19 yards out after a Jets fumble to push the lead to 42 -- 13 . The Jets added a touchdown midway through the fourth period , but the Raider offense ate up the remaining time on the clock , using 8 : 17 to go 32 yards before a Georgio Tavecchio 29 - yard field goal pushed the lead to 45 -- 20 with 25 seconds remaining . The 45 -- 20 win moved the Raiders to 2 -- 0 on the season , the first time since 2002 that they had started a season 2 -- 0 . Derek Carr completed 23 of 28 passes for 230 yards and three touchdowns , all to Michael Crabtree . Crabtree caught six passes for 80 yards to go along with his three touchdowns . Marshawn Lynch only rushed for 45 yards on 12 carries , but did get a touchdown as the Raiders rushed for 180 yards in the game . The Raider defense played well again limiting the Jets to 276 yards in the game and sacking Jets QB Josh McCown four times . Week 3 : at Washington Redskins ( edit ) Week Three : Oakland Raiders at Washington Redskins -- Game summary Total Raiders 0 0 7 10 Redskins 7 7 7 6 27 at FedExField , Landover , Maryland Date : September 24 Game time : 8 : 30 p.m. EDT / 5 : 30 p.m. PDT Game weather : 76 ° F ( 24 ° C ) , clear Game attendance : 77,123 Referee : Tony Corrente TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels , Cris Collinsworth and Michele Tafoya Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter WAS -- Chris Thompson 22 - yard pass from Kirk Cousins ( Dustin Hopkins kick ) , 9 : 43 . Redskins 7 -- 0 . Drive : 8 plays , 67 yards , 4 : 29 . Second quarter WAS -- Vernon Davis 18 - yard pass from Kirk Cousins ( Dustin Hopkins kick ) , 3 : 48 . Redskins 14 -- 0 . Drive : 11 plays , 72 yards , 6 : 10 . Third quarter WAS -- Josh Doctson 52 - yard pass from Kirk Cousins ( Dustin Hopkins kick ) , 10 : 37 . Redskins 21 -- 0 . Drive : 7 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 23 . Oak -- Jared Cook 21 - yard pass from Derek Carr ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 3 : 52 . Redskins 21 -- 7 . Drive : 2 plays , 18 yards , 0 : 47 . Fourth quarter WAS -- Dustin Hopkins 23 - yard field goal , 14 : 58 . Redskins 24 -- 7 . Drive : 7 plays , 70 yards , 3 : 54 . OAK -- Giorgio Tavecchio 22 - yard field goal , 11 : 54 . Redskins 24 -- 10 . Drive : 4 plays , 8 yards , 0 : 22 . WAS -- Dustin Hopkins 28 - yard field goal , 6 : 02 . Redskins 27 -- 10 . Drive : 9 plays , 65 yards , 5 : 52 . Top passers OAK -- Derek Carr -- 19 / 31 , 118 yards , 1 TD , 2 INT WAS -- Kirk Cousins 25 / 30 , 365 yards , 3 TD Top rushers OAK -- Marshawn Lynch -- 6 rushes , 18 yards WAS -- Samaje Perine -- 19 rushes , 49 yards Top receivers OAK -- DeAndre Washington -- 5 receptions , 24 yards WAS -- Chris Thompson -- 6 receptions , 150 yards , 1 TD Top tacklers OAK -- Cory James -- 12 tackles WAS -- Zach Brown -- 10 tackles The Raiders traveled to take on Washington on Sunday Night Football . Beginning a rough night for Derek Carr , on the second play of the game , Carr threw his first interception on the season . Washington took advantage of the turnover , driving 67 yards on eight plays as Kirk Cousins hit Chris Thompson on a 22 - yard pass to give Washington the lead 7 -- 0 . The teams exchanged punts on each of their next three possessions , but the Raiders turned the ball over again with 10 minutes remaining in the second quarter when Carr was picked off for the second time in the game . Washington again took advantage , driving 72 yards and scoring their second touchdown on a Vernon Davis 18 - yard touchdown catch . As a result , the Raiders trailed 14 -- 0 at the half . The Raider offense was completely shut down in the first half , managing only 47 yards from scrimmage . Washington continued to dominate the Raiders in the second half , driving 75 yards on the opening possession and upping the lead to 21 -- 0 on a Josh Doctson 52 - yard touchdown catch . A punt by the Raiders followed and Washington missed a field goal attempt on their next possession as the score remained 21 -- 0 . On the Raiders next possession , they were forced to punt , but Jamison Crowder muffed the punt and the Raiders recovered at the Washington 18 - yard line . Two plays later , Carr hit Jared Cook from 21 yards out to notch the Raiders first points and cutting the lead to 21 -- 7 . A Washington field goal moved the lead to 24 -- 7 as the Raiders were forced to punt again . Following a fumble on the next Washington possession , the Raiders could not get into the end zone from the Washington 20 and were forced to settle for a Giorgio Tavecchio 22 - yard field goal . Washington answered the field goal with their own to move the lead back to 17 at 27 -- 10 . Neither team could muster anything further as the Raiders fell 27 -- 10 . The loss moved the Raiders to 2 -- 1 on the season . The disappointing performance was led by the Raider offense which went 0 -- 11 on third down tries and managed only 128 total yards . Meanwhile , the Raider defense gave up 472 yards to Washington , 356 through the air . Week 4 : at Denver Broncos ( edit ) Week Four : Oakland Raiders at Denver Broncos -- Game summary Total Raiders 0 7 0 10 Broncos 10 0 6 0 16 at Sports Authority Field at Mile High , Denver , Colorado Date : October 1 Game time : 2 : 25 p.m. MDT / 1 : 25 p.m. PDT Game weather : 72 ° F ( 22 ° C ) , mostly cloudy Game attendance : 76,909 Referee : John Parry TV announcers ( CBS ) : Jim Nantz , Tony Romo and Tracy Wolfson Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter DEN -- A.J. Derby 22 - yard pass from Trevor Siemian ( Brandon McManus kick ) , 8 : 11 . Broncos 7 -- 0 . Drive : 7 plays , 88 yards , 3 : 17 . DEN -- Brandon McManus 28 - yard field goal , 1 : 09 . Broncos 10 -- 0 . Drive : 8 plays , 79 yards , 4 : 08 . Second quarter OAK -- Johnny Holton 64 - yard pass from Derek Carr , ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 3 : 36 . Broncos 10 -- 7 . Drive : 5 plays , 99 yards , 2 : 23 . Third quarter DEN -- Brandon McManus 36 - yard field goal , 9 : 40 . Broncos 13 -- 7 . Drive : 6 plays , 55 yards , 3 : 08 . Deb -- Brandon McManus 46 - yard field goal , 5 : 06 . Broncos 16 -- 7 . Drive : 5 plays , 3 yards , 2 : 07 . Fourth quarter Oak -- Georgio Tavecchio 38 - yard field goal , 5 : 03 . Broncos 16 -- 10 . Drive : 9 plays , 73 yards , 3 : 07 . Top passers OAK -- Derek Carr 10 / 18 , 143 yards , 1 TD DEN -- Trevor Siemian 16 / 26 , 179 yards , 1 TD Top rushers OAK -- Marshawn Lynch -- 9 rushes , 12 yards DEN -- C.J. Anderson -- 20 rushes , 95 yards Top receivers OAK -- Johnny Holton -- 1 reception , 64 yards , 1 TD DEN -- A.J. Derby -- 4 receptions , 75 yards , 1 TD Top tacklers OAK -- Cory James -- 10 tackles DEN -- Darian Stewart -- 7 tackles The Raiders next traveled to Denver for their first division game of the year . Once again , the Raider offense struggled , not managing any points until the second quarter . The Denver offense looked good on its second possession of the game , moving 88 yards on seven plays and opening the scoring as Trevor Siemian hit A.J. Derby on a 22 - yard pass and catch for a touchdown . Following a quick Raider possession and trailing 7 -- 0 , the Raider defense was able to limit Denver to a Brandon McManus 28 - yard field goal , stopping the Broncos on the 79 - yard drive . Finally , with 5 : 59 seconds remaining in the second quarter , the Raiders offense came alive . Beginning on their own one - yard line , the Raiders quickly moved out to their 36 - yard line before Derek Carr hit Johnny Holton on a bomb for a 64 - yard touchdown pass which brought the score to 10 -- 7 . The half ended with both offenses managing nothing further . The Raiders began the second half with the ball , but could not manage a first down again , punting the ball back to the Broncos . Denver capitalized , driving 55 yards before settling for another McManus field goal to move the score to 13 -- 7 . A three - and - out by the Raiders on their ensuing possession led to another McManus field goal which extended the Bronco lead to 16 -- 7 . Looking to close the gap , the Raiders again failed to manage a first down and attempted a fake punt from inside their own 35 - yard line where punter Marquette King attempted to run for the first down , but was instead dropped for a three - yard loss . The Broncos failed to capitalize as McManus missed a 29 - yard field goal . Derek Carr was sacked on the first play of the Raiders next possession and had to leave the game with a back injury . Backup quarterback EJ Manuel could not get a first down as the Raiders were forced to punt again with less than three minutes remaining in the third quarter . Neither team managed any points on their first possessors of the fourth quarter . With 8 : 30 remaining in the game , the Raiders went no huddle and EJ Manuel led the team down the field with five consecutive completions . However , the drive stalled and the Raiders were forced to settled for a Giorgio Tavecchio 38 - yard field goal with 5 : 27 left in the game . The Raider defense forced Denver to punt and Manuel took over with 4 : 16 left in the game . Completing three of four passes , the Raiders moved to the Denver 41 - yard line . However , Manuel 's next pass was intercepted by the Broncos at the Denver eight - yard line with 1 : 46 remaining in the game to end the Raider comeback hopes . For the second consecutive week , the Raider offense struggled managing only 24 yards rushing while only putting up 249 yard through the air . The Raider defense played well limiting the Broncos to only 298 total yards . The following day , it was announced that Carr had broken a bone in his back ( transverse process fracture ) and would miss two to six weeks . Week 5 : vs. Baltimore Ravens ( edit ) Week Five : Baltimore Ravens at Oakland Raiders -- Game summary Total Ravens 14 10 0 6 30 Raiders 7 7 0 17 at Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , Oakland , California Date : October 8 Game time : 1 : 05 p.m. PDT Game weather : 72 ° F ( 22 ° C ) , Sunny Referee : Brad Allen TV announcers ( CBS ) : Greg Gumbel , Trent Green and Jamie Erdahl Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter BAL -- Vince Mayle 2 - yard run ( Justin Tucker kick ) , 12 : 45 . Ravens 7 -- 0 . Drive : 5 plays , 75 yards , 2 : 15 . BAL -- Jimmy Smith 47 - yard fumble return ( Justin Tucker kick ) , 11 : 10 . Ravens 14 -- 0 . OAK -- Giorgio Tavecchio 32 - yard field goal , 5 : 07 . Ravens 14 -- 3 . Drive : 12 plays 61 , yards , 6 : 03 . Second quarter BAL -- Javorius Allen 1 - yard run ( Justin Tucker kick ) , 11 : 57 . Ravens 21 -- 3 . Drive : 15 plays , 75 yards , 8 : 10 . OAK -- Michael Crabtree 41 - yard pass from EJ Manuel ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 9 : 11 . Ravens 21 -- 10 . Drive : 6 plays , 75 yards , 2 : 46 . BAL -- Justin Tucker 22 - yard field goal , 5 : 18 . Ravens 24 -- 10 . Drive : 8 plays , 70 yards , 3 : 53 . Third quarter OAK -- Marshawn Lynch 3 - yard run ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 3 : 46 . Ravens 24 -- 17 . Drive : 12 plays , 65 yards , 4 : 42 . Fourth quarter BAL -- Justin Tucker 21 yard field goal , 13 : 10 . Ravens 27 -- 17 . Drive : 12 plays 72 yards , 5 : 36 . BAL -- Justin Tucker 44 yard field goal , 2 : 24 . Ravens 30 -- 17 . Drive : 13 plays , 54 yards , 6 : 26 . Top passers BAL -- Joe Flacco 19 / 26 , 222 yards OAK -- EJ Manuel 13 / 26 , 159 yards , 1 TD Top rushers BAL -- Javorius Allen 21 rushes , 73 yards , 1 TD OAK -- Marshawn Lynch 12 rushes , 43 yards , 1 TD Top receivers BAL -- Mike Wallace 3 receptions , 133 yards OAK -- Michael Crabtree 6 reception , 82 yards , 1 TD Top tacklers BAL -- Eric Weddle 7 tackles OAK -- Karl Joseph 9 tackles After playing three of their first four games on the road , the Raiders returned home for the first of three straight home games against Baltimore . Without Derek Carr due to a fracture in his back , EJ Manuel started for the Raiders . The Raiders defense again struggled , giving up 365 total yards , 222 through the air . Joe Flacco and Mike Wallace torched the Raider secondary , connecting on three passes of more than 20 yards . A 52 - yard pass from Flacco to Wallace set up the first Raven touchdown on their first possession . Trailing 7 -- 0 , Raider tight end Jared Cook fumbled on the ensuing possession and Jimmy Smith returned the fumble 47 yards to put the Raiders in 14 -- 0 hole with over 11 minutes remaining in the first quarter . The Raiders marched 61 yards on 12 plays on their next possession , but had to settle for a Giorgio Tavecchio 32 - yard field goal . The Ravens extended the lead on their next possession , going 75 yards on 15 plays before Javorius Allen plunged in from one yard out to extend the lead to 21 -- 3 early in the second quarter . EJ Manuel would find Michael Crabtree on a 41 - yard touchdown pass following a scramble , but the Ravens added a field goal before the half to move the score to 24 -- 10 . In the second half , the Raiders pulled within a touchdown following a Marshawn Lunch three - yard score . However , the Raider offense could muster no more as EJ Manuel was sacked three times in the game and was under constant pressure from the Ravens . Two more field goals by the Ravens extended the lead to 30 -- 17 with just over two minutes remaining and sealed the Raiders ' third straight loss on the season . Week 6 : vs. Los Angeles Chargers ( edit ) Week Six : Los Angeles Chargers at Oakland Raiders -- Game summary Total Chargers 0 7 0 10 17 Raiders 7 0 6 16 at Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , Oakland , California Date : October 15 Game time : 1 : 25 p.m. PDT Game weather : 76 ° F ( 24 ° C ) , sunny Game attendance : 54,685 Referee : Clete Blakeman TV announcers ( CBS ) : Kevin Harlan and Rich Gannon Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter OAK -- Michael Crabtree 23 - yard pass from Derek Carr , ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 5 : 04 . Raiders 7 -- 0 . Drive : 11 plays , 62 yards , 6 : 05 . Second quarter SD -- Melvin Gordon 1 - yard run ( Nick Novak kick ) , 1 : 44 . Tied 7 -- 7 . Drive : 15 plays , 82 yards , 6 : 41 . OAK -- Giorgio Tavecchio 44 - yard field goal , 0 : 00 . Raiders 10 -- 7 . Drive : 7 plays , 34 yards , 1 : 44 . Third quarter Fourth quarter SD -- Melvin Gordon 6 - yard pass from Philip Rivers , ( Nick Novak kick ) , 10 : 19 . Chargers 14 -- 10 . Drive : 10 plays , 59 yards , 4 : 38 . OAK -- Cordarrelle Patterson 47 yard run ( kick failed ) , 7 : 51 . Raiders 16 -- 14 . Drive : 4 plays , 65 yards , 2 : 28 . SD -- Nick Novak 32 - yard field goal , 0 : 00 . Chargers 17 -- 16 . Drive : 11 plays , 78 yards , 4 : 09 . Top passers LAC -- Philip Rivers 25 / 36 , 268 yards , 1 TD OAK -- Derek Carr 21 / 30 , 171 yards , 1 TD , 2 INT Top rushers LAC -- Melvin Gordon 25 rushes , 63 yards , 1 TD OAK -- Marshawn Lynch 13 rushes , 63 yards Top receivers LAC -- Hunter Henry 5 receptions , 90 yards OAK -- Michael Crabtree 5 receptions , 52 yards Top tacklers LAC -- Hayes Pullard 10 tackles OAK -- T.J. Carrie 8 tackles Looking to stop a three - game losing streak , the Raiders welcomed Derek Carr back after missing one week due to injury to face the Los Angeles Chargers . However , things did not start well for Carr as he threw an interception on his first pass of the day and the Chargers took over at the Raider 30 - yard line . the defense held the Chargers to a field goal attempt from 48 yards out which was no good . The Raiders took advantage and moved the ball down the field before Carr hit Michael Crabtree from 23 yards out to give the Raiders a 7 -- 0 lead . Neither team could muster much offense until midway through the second quarter when the Chargers moved 82 yards and scored on a Melvin Gordon touchdown run from one yard out to tie the game . With , 1 : 34 remaining in the half , the Raiders moved into Charger territory and connected on a Giorgio Tavecchio 44 - yard field goal as time expired to give the Raiders a 10 -- 7 lead at the half . On their first possession of the second half , the Raiders moved deep into Charger territory , but managed no points as Carr was intercepted for the second time in the game . The teams exchanged punts and fumbles as the game moved into the fourth quarter . The Chargers finally managed some offense as Philip Rivers hit Melvin Gordon for a six - yard touchdown pass to give the Charger at 14 -- 10 lead . On their ensuing possession , Cordarrelle Patterson took the ball on an end around and scampered 47 yards for a touchdown . Giorgio Tavecchio would , however , miss the ensuing point after to leave the Raider lead at two points , 16 -- 14 . After exchanging punts , the Chargers took over with 4 : 09 remaining in the game . Rivers hit Hunter Henry for a 23 yard pass play to move the ball into Raider territory . with less than two minutes remaining , the Chargers moved the ball to the Raider 10 yard line and lined up for the game - winning field goal with three second left in the game . The field goal was good and the Raiders suffered their fourth straight loss , falling to 2 -- 4 on the season . The Raider defense again struggled , giving up 343 total yards while the offense struggled as well , managing only 274 yards . Carr 's two interceptions proved costly in his return . After the game , the team said his poor play was not due to his injury . Week 7 : vs. Kansas City Chiefs ( edit ) Week Seven : Kansas City Chiefs at Oakland Raiders -- Game summary Total Chiefs 10 10 10 0 30 Raiders 14 0 7 10 31 at Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , Oakland , California Date : October 19 Game time : 5 : 26 p.m. PDT Game weather : 62 ° F ( 17 ° C ) , mostly cloudy Referee : Craig Wrolstad TV announcers ( CBS / NFLN / Amazon Video ) : Jim Nantz , Tony Romo , Tracy Wolfson and Jay Feely Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter KC -- Harrison Butker 53 - yard field goal . 10 : 14 . Chiefs 3 -- 0 . Drive : 10 plays , 40 yards , 4 : 46 . OAK -- Amari Cooper 38 - yard pass from Derek Carr , ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 8 : 11 . Raiders 7 -- 3 . Drive : 4 plays , 75 yards , 2 : 03 . KC -- Travis Kelce 10 - yard pass from Alex Smith , ( Harrison Butker kick ) , 7 : 17 . Chiefs 10 -- 7 . Drive : 7 plays , 82 yards , 3 : 54 . OAK -- Amari Cooper 45 - yard pass from Derk Carr , ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 0 : 40 . Raiders 14 -- 10 . Drive : 8 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 54 . Second quarter KC -- Tyreke Hill 64 - yard pass from Alex Smith , ( Harrison Butker kick ) , 8 : 51 . Chiefs 17 -- 14 . ' Drive : 3 plays , 99 yards , 1 : 32 . KC -- Harrison Butker 39 - yard field goal , 1 : 06 . Chiefs 20 -- 14 . Drive : 10 plays , 26 yards , 3 : 45 . Third quarter OAK -- DeAndré Washington 4 - yard run , ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 10 : 41 . Raiders 21 -- 20 . Drive : 8 plays , 85 yards , 4 : 15 . KC -- Albert Wilson 63 - yard pass from Alex Smith , ( Harrison Butker kick ) , 7 : 08 . Chiefs 27 -- 21 . Drive : 6 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 37 . KC -- Harrison Butker 37 - yard field goal , 0 : 47 . Chiefs 30 -- 21 . Drive : 11 plays , 55 yards , 4 : 15 . Fourth quarter OAK -- Giorgio Tavecchio 26 - yard field goal , 11 : 53 . Chiefs 30 -- 24 . Drive : 12 plays , 67 yards , 3 : 54 . OAK -- Michael Crabtree 2 - yard pass from Derek Carr , ( Giorgio Tevecchio kick ) , 0 : 00 . Raiders 31 -- 30 . Drive : 11 plays , 85 yards , 2 : 25 . Top passers KC -- Alex Smith 25 / 36 , 342 yards , 3 TD OAK -- Derek Carr 29 / 52 , 417 yards , 3 TD Top rushers KC -- Kareem Hunt 18 rushes , 87 yards OAK -- DeAndré Washington 9 rushes , 33 yards , 1 TD Top receivers KC -- Tyreke Hill 6 receptions , 125 yards , 1 TD OAK -- Amari Cooper 11 receptions , 210 yards , 2 TD Top tacklers KC -- Daniel Sorensen 9 tackles OAK -- NaVorro Bowman 11 tackes The Raiders welcomed division - leader Kansas City to Oakland on Thursday Night Football . The Raiders were looking to break their four - game losing streak with Derek Carr making his second straight start after injuring his back . The Chiefs scored on their first possession as the Raider defense held them to a 53 - yard field goal by Harrison Butker . The Raider offense , which had struggled mightily in the prior four games , got on the board early as Derek Carr hit Amari Cooper from 38 yards out on a flea flicker to give the Raiders a 7 -- 3 lead . The Chiefs immediately retook the lead on their next possession as Alex Smith found Travis Kelce for a 10 - yard touchdown. Carr found Cooper again on the Raiders next possession , this time from 45 yards out for a touchdown and a 14 -- 10 lead with 40 seconds remaining in the first quarter . As the second quarter began , each team exchanged punts before Smith hit Tyreke Hill on a 64 - yard catch and run to give the Chiefs a 17 -- 14 lead . The Raiders attempted to tie the game on their next possession , but Giorgio Tevecchio 's 53 - yard field goal was blocked . Prior to the field goal attempt , Marshawn Lynch was ejected from the game for contacting an official after he ran on to the field during an altercation after a Carr rush . A Butker field goal with just over a minute remaining in the first half extended the Chief lead to 20 -- 14 . Tavecchio again missed a field goal , this time from 45 yards out , as time expired in the first half . In the second half , the Raider offense continued to perform well , driving 85 yards on eight plays and converting on a DeAndré Washington four - yard run to give the Raiders the 21 -- 20 lead . The back - and - forth offensive show continued as the Chiefs retook the lead on their next possession as Albert Wilson scored from 63 yards out on a Smith pass to give the Chiefs the lead once again . Following a Raider punt , the Chiefs extend the lead on a Butker field goal with less than a minute left in the third quarter . Trailing 30 -- 21 in the fourth and on the verge of their fifth consecutive loss , the Raiders drove to the Chief eight - yard line before settling for a Tevecchio 26 - yard field goal to narrow the lead to six . Each team punted on their next possession and the Raider defense kept them in the game by stopping the Chiefs on three plays with less than four minutes remaining in the game . The Raiders took over with 2 : 25 remaining and moved down the field , converting a fourth and 11 at the Chief 42 on a Jared Cook 13 - yard completion with 41 seconds remaining . Three plays later , Carr hit Cook again from 29 yards out for a game - tying touchdown . However , after review , it was determined that Cook was down inside the one - yard line . With seven seconds remaining , Carr hit Michael Crabtree for another game - tying touchdown . However , Crabtree was called for pass interference on the play . With three seconds remaining Carr 's pass to Cook was incomplete as time expired . This time , the Chiefs were called for holding and the Raiders were awarded an untimed down . Carr 's next pass again fell incomplete , but again the Chiefs were called for holding . With another untimed down , Carr hit Crabtree in the front corner of the endzone to tie the game at 30 . After a review confirmed the touchdown , Tavecchio , who had missed an extra point the previous week which ended up being the difference in the game , easily made the extra point to win the game for the Raiders . The 31 -- 30 win moved the Raiders to 3 -- 4 on the season and ended their four - game losing streak . Derek Carr had a season - high 417 yards passing and threw three touchdown passes . Amari Cooper , who had struggled mightily on the season , caught 11 passes for 210 yards and two touchdowns in the win . Week 8 : at Buffalo Bills ( edit ) Week Eight : Oakland Raiders at Buffalo Bills -- Game summary Total Raiders 7 0 0 7 14 Bills 0 14 6 14 34 at New Era Field , Orchard Park , New York Date : October 29 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EDT / 10 : 00 a.m. PDT Game weather : 42 ° F ( 6 ° C ) , rain Game attendance : 69,599 Referee : Ed Hochuli TV announcers ( CBS ) : Andrew Catalon and James Lofton Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter OAK -- Jamize Olawale 1 - yard run ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 9 : 28 . Raiders 7 -- 0 . Drive : 13 plays 81 yards , 5 : 32 . Second quarter BUF -- Andre Holmes 6 - yard pass from Tyrod Taylor ( Stephen Hauschka kick ) , 8 : 46 . Tie 7 -- 7 . Drive : 9 plays , 64 yards , 4 : 40 . BUF -- Matt Milano 40 - yard fumble return ( Stephen Hauschka kick ) , 0 : 32 . Bills 14 -- 7 . Third quarter BUF -- Stephen Hauschka 35 - yard field goal , 11 : 44 . Bills 17 -- 7 . Drive : 4 plays , 3 yards , 1 : 22 . BUF -- Stephen Hauschka 44 - yard field goal , 8 : 18 . Bills 20 -- 7 . Drive : 6 plays , 15 yards , 2 : 23 . Fourth quarter BUF -- Tyrod Taylor 1 - yard run ( Stephen Hauschka kick ) , 14 : 57 . Bills 27 -- 7 . Drive : 12 plays , 80 yards , 7 : 19 . OAK -- DeAndré Washington 4 - yard pass from Derek Carr ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 10 : 50 . Bills 27 -- 14 . Drive : 9 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 07 . BUF -- LeSean McCoy 48 - yard run ( Stephen Hauschka kick ) , 3 : 12 . Bills 34 -- 14 . Drive : 1 play 48 yards , 0 : 09 . Top passers OAK -- Derek Carr 31 / 49 , 313 yards , 1 TD , 2 INT BUF -- Tyrod Taylor 20 / 27 , 165 yards , 1 TD Top rushers OAK -- DeAndré Washington 6 rushes , 26 yards BUF -- LeSean McCoy 27 rushes , 151 yards , 1 TD Top receivers OAK -- Michael Crabtree 5 receptions , 83 yards BUF -- Andre Holmes 3 receptions , 51 yards , 1 TD Top tacklers OAK -- Navarro Bowman 11 tackles BUF -- Trae Elston 11 tackles Traveling to Buffalo to face the Bills , the Raiders were without running back Marshawn Lynch , who was suspended for one game after making contact with an official during the team 's win against Kansas City the week before . Hoping to build on the victory over the Chiefs , the Raiders started well driving 81 yards as Jamize Olawale scored from one yard out to give Oakland a 7 -- 0 lead . However , the Raider offense sputtered on their next two possession and were forced to punt . After Tyrod Taylor hit former Raider Andre Holmes for six - yard touchdown pass to tie the game , the Raiders took over with just over two minutes remaining in the first half . Derek Carr hit DeAndré Washington over the middle over a five - yard gain , but was hit by Leonard Johnson and fumbled the ball which was recovered by Matt Milano and returned for a 40 - yard touchdown to give the Bills a 14 -- 7 lead at the half . The Bills increased the lead on their first possession of the third quarter with a 35 - yard field goal . Carr was intercepted on the next Raider possession and the Bills added another field goal to push the lead to 20 -- 7 with more than 10 minutes left in the third quarter . The Raider offense continued to struggle and punted on their next possession . The Bills took advantage and moved 80 yards in a 7 : 19 drive before Taylor snuck the ball in from inside the one - yard line on the first play of the fourth quarter to move the Buffalo lead to 27 -- 7 . The Raider offense finally came to life on their next possession , going no - huddle and moving 75 yards on nine plays before Carr hit Washington from four yards out to the narrow the lead to 27 -- 14 . After forcing a Buffalo punt , the Raider offense stalled near midfield and turned the ball over on downs . Looking to take some time off the clock , the Bills instead put the game out of reach as LeSean McCoy scored on a 48 - yard run on the first play of the drive to move the lead to 34 -- 14 . The Raiders were able to move into Buffalo territory with under two minutes remaining , but Carr was intercepted as the Bills were able to run out the clock . The loss moved the Raider to 3 -- 5 on the season . The Raider defense struggled once again , giving up 166 yards on the ground to the Bills , but did limit the Bills to 165 yards through the air . Carr completed 31 of 49 passes for 313 yards , but his two interceptions and two fumbles by the Raiders were their undoing . Week 9 : at Miami Dolphins ( edit ) Week Nine : Oakland Raiders at Miami Dolphins -- Game summary Total Raiders 0 0 0 0 0 Dolphins 0 0 0 0 0 at Hard Rock Stadium , Miami Gardens , Florida Date : November 5 Game time : 8 : 30 p.m. EST / 5 : 30 p.m. PST Referee : Terry McAulay TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels , Cris Collinsworth and Michele Tafoya Preview ( show ) Game information First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers OAK -- MIA -- Top rushers OAK -- MIA -- Top receivers OAK -- MIA -- Top tacklers OAK -- MIA -- Standings ( edit ) Division ( edit ) AFC West view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Kansas City Chiefs 6 0 . 750 2 -- 1 4 -- 2 236 180 W1 Denver Broncos 0 . 429 2 -- 2 2 -- 3 127 147 L3 Los Angeles Chargers 5 0 . 375 2 -- 2 2 -- 4 150 152 L2 Oakland Raiders 5 0 . 375 1 -- 2 3 -- 4 169 187 L2 Conference ( edit ) AFC # Team Division PCT DIV CONF SOS SOV STK Division leaders Pittsburgh Steelers North 6 0 . 750 3 -- 0 4 -- 1 . 475 . 478 W3 Kansas City Chiefs West 6 0 . 750 2 -- 1 4 -- 2 . 557 . 556 W1 New England Patriots East 6 0 . 750 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 . 517 . 455 W4 Tennessee Titans South 0 . 571 2 -- 1 3 -- 3 . 404 . 367 W2 Wild Cards 5 Buffalo Bills East 5 0 . 714 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 . 442 . 405 W2 6 Jacksonville Jaguars South 0 . 571 2 -- 1 4 -- 2 . 509 . 484 W1 In the hunt 7 Miami Dolphins East 0 . 571 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 . 491 . 467 L1 8 Baltimore Ravens North 0 . 500 2 -- 1 4 -- 2 . 475 . 333 W1 9 Houston Texans South 0 . 429 1 -- 1 3 -- 3 . 538 . 318 L1 10 Cincinnati Bengals North 0 . 429 1 -- 2 3 -- 3 . 453 . 304 W3 11 Denver Broncos West 0 . 429 2 -- 2 2 -- 3 . 472 . 435 L3 12 New York Jets East 5 0 . 375 1 -- 3 3 -- 4 . 508 . 364 L3 13 Los Angeles Chargers West 5 0 . 375 2 -- 2 2 -- 4 . 550 . 318 L1 14 Oakland Raiders West 5 0 . 375 1 -- 2 3 -- 4 . 517 . 565 L1 15 Indianapolis Colts South 6 0 . 250 0 -- 2 1 -- 2 . 414 . 000 L3 16 Cleveland Browns North 0 8 0 . 000 0 -- 3 0 -- 7 . 508 . 000 L8 Tiebreakers ^ Jump up to : Pittsburgh wins tie break over New England and Kansas City based on best win percentage in conference games . ^ Jump up to : Kansas City wins tie break over New England based on head - to - head win percentage . ^ Jump up to : Tennessee wins tie break over Jacksonville based on head - to - head win percentage . ^ Jump up to : Jacksonville wins tie break over Miami based on best win percentage in conference games . ^ Jump up to : Houston wins tie break over Cincinnati based on head - to - head win percentage . ^ Jump up to : Houston wins tie break over Denver based on best win percentage in conference games . ^ Jump up to : Cincinnati wins tie break over Denver based on best win percentage in conference games . ^ Jump up to : NY Jets wins tie break over LA Chargers based on best win percentage in conference games . Division tie break was initially used to eliminate Oakland ( see below ) . ^ Jump up to : LA Chargers wins tie break over Oakland based on head - to - head win percentage . Jump up ^ When breaking ties for three or more teams under the NFL 's rules , they are first broken within divisions , then comparing only the highest ranked remaining team from each division . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Raiders to host Patriots on Sunday , November 19 in Mexico City '' . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg . `` NFL owners approve Raiders ' move to Las Vegas '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Coliseum director sounds like he wants Raiders out immediately '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Jared Cook signing with Raiders '' . March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders Sign Ex-Vikings Receiver Cordarrelle Patterson , Boost Return Game '' . NESN.com . March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders Sign OL Marshall Newhouse '' . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders re-sign long snapper Jon Condo '' . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders sign linebacker Jelani Jenkins '' . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EJ Manuel signs with Raiders as Derek Carr 's backup '' . SBNation.com . March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders Signing DE IK Enemkpali To One - Year Deal NFLTradeRumors.co '' . nfltraderumors.co . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders Signing LB Rufus Johnson NFLTradeRumors.co '' . nfltraderumors.co . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders acquire Marshawn Lynch in trade with Seahawks '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Wire , SI . `` Marshawn Lynch reportedly agrees to Raiders deal '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Beast Mode headed home : Marshawn Lynch joins Raiders after trade with Seahawks '' . The Mercury News . 2017 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders QB Derek Carr signs deal : 5 years , $125 million makes him highest - paid player '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Derek Carr signs $125 million contract with Raiders that will come with an interesting bonus when the team moves to Las Vegas '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Gabe Jackson agrees to terms on a huge five - year extension with Raiders '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders lock up right guard Gabe Jackson to contract extension '' . The Mercury News . 2017 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Breech , John ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Goodell wants Raiders in Oakland , while Davis wants game in Vegas in 2017 '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Penn making plans to continue holdout , wants top ten LT money '' . Silver And Black Pride . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders ' Donald Penn ends holdout , returns to practice '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Penn ends holdout , returns to practice with Raiders '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Penn returned from holdout in good faith , Raiders need to follow through '' . Silver And Black Pride . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Janikowski still on roster , guaranteeing $238 K '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Here 's the kicker : Janikowski at Raiders practice amid reports of contract impasse '' . The Mercury News . 2017 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders kicker Sebastian Janikowski takes pay cut '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Raiders put Janikowski on IR , sign Tavecchio '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders Head to Nashville To Open Regular Season Against Tennessee Titans '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wells , Adam . `` Sebastian Janikowski Placed on IR with Back Injury ; Giorgio Tavecchio Signed '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Wells , Adam . `` Derek Carr Leads Raiders to Week 1 Win vs. Titans '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders vs. Titans - Game Recap - September 10 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game Notes : Oakland Raiders 26 Tennessee Titans 16 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Giorgio Tavecchio named AFC Special Teams Player of the Week '' . The Mercury News . 2017 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Sabo , Robby ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) . `` New York Jets 20 , Oakland Raiders 45 : A Muff , Michael Crabtree Too Much To Overcome ( Highlights ) '' . Elite Sports NY . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Jets vs. Raiders - Game Recap - September 17 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` ' No secret ' why Crabtree caught three touchdowns in Raiders ' win over Jets '' . NBCS Bay Area . 2017 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 3 takeaways from Raiders ' 27 - 10 loss vs. Redskins '' . Raiders Wire. 2017 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders vs. Redskins - Game Recap - September 24 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos 16 , Raiders 10 : Derek Carr suffers back injury , EJ Manuel rally falls short '' . The Mercury News . 2017 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders vs. Broncos - Game Recap - October 1 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ News , ABC . `` Raiders QB Carr out 2 to 6 weeks with back injury '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Derek Carr out 2 - 6 weeks with fracture in back '' . ProFootballTalk. 2017 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders Derek Carr injury EJ Manuel named starter Week 5 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Ravens vs. Raiders - Game Recap - October 8 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Chargers vs. Raiders - Game Recap - October 15 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Not limited by back , Derek Carr puts finger on why Raiders ' offense struggled '' . NBCS Bay Area . 2017 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs vs. Raiders - Game Recap - October 19 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders vs. Bills - Game Recap - October 29 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . External links ( edit ) Official website Oakland Raiders Founded in 1960 Played in Los Angeles ( 1982 -- 94 ) Based in Oakland , California Headquartered in Alameda , California Franchise History in Los Angeles relocation to Las Vegas Seasons Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Head coaches Stadiums Kezar Stadium Candlestick Park Frank Youell Field Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Las Vegas Stadium Key personnel Owner / CEO : Mark Davis President : Marc Badain General manager : Reggie McKenzie Head coach : Jack Del Rio Culture Oakland Raiderettes Raider Nation The Autumn Wind Mount Davis Ricky 's Sports Theatre and Grill Straight Outta L.A. Lore Heidi Game Immaculate Reception The Sea of Hands Ghost to the Post Holy Roller Red Right 88 Tuck Rule Game Rivalries Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Pittsburgh Steelers Media Broadcasters Television : NBC Sports California NBC Sports Bay Area KTVU KVVU Radio : KGMZ KBLX KUFX KCYE KDWN Other : Compass Media Networks The Raider Cast Personalities : Bill King Greg Papa J.T. the Brick Playoff appearances ( 22 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1976 1977 1980 1982 1984 1985 1990 1991 1993 2000 2001 2002 2016 Division championships ( 15 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1976 1985 1990 2000 2001 2002 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1976 1980 2002 League championships ( 3 ) 1976 ( XI ) 1980 ( XV ) 1983 ( XVIII ) does not include 1967 AFL championship Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders seasons Oakland 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 Los Angeles 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 Oakland 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Bold indicates AFL Championship or Super Bowl victory Italics indicates AFL Championship or Super Bowl appearance 2017 NFL season AFC East North South West East North South West NFC Buffalo Baltimore Houston Denver Dallas Chicago Atlanta Arizona Miami Cincinnati Indianapolis Kansas City NY Giants Detroit Carolina LA Rams New England Cleveland Jacksonville LA Chargers Philadelphia Green Bay New Orleans San Francisco NY Jets Pittsburgh Tennessee Oakland Washington Minnesota Tampa Bay Seattle Draft NFL Honors Pro Bowl Super Bowl LII Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Oakland_Raiders_season&oldid=808079029 '' Categories : 2010s in Oakland , California Oakland Raiders seasons 2017 National Football League season by team 2017 in sports in California Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 19 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when do the oakland raiders play in mexico city | [
"\n\nWeek\nDate\nKickoff\nOpponent\nResult\nRecord\nGame site\nTV\nNFL.com recap\n\n\n1\nSeptember 10\n10:00 a.m. PDT\nat Tennessee Titans\nW 26–16\n1–0\nNissan Stadium\nCBS\nRecap\n\n\n2\nSeptember 17\n1:05 p.m. PDT\nNew York Jets\nW 45–20\n2–0\nOakland–Alameda County Coliseum\nCBS\nRecap\n\n\n3\nSeptember 24\n5:30 p.m. PDT\nat Washington Redskins\nL 10–27\n2–1\nFedExField\nNBC\nRecap\n\n\n4\nOctober 1\n1:25 p.m. PDT\nat Denver Broncos\nL 10–16\n2–2\nSports Authority Field at Mile High\nCBS\nRecap\n\n\n5\nOctober 8\n1:05 p.m. PDT\nBaltimore Ravens\nL 17–30\n2–3\nOakland–Alameda County Coliseum\nCBS\nRecap\n\n\n6\nOctober 15\n1:25 p.m. PDT\nLos Angeles Chargers\nL 16–17\n2–4\nOakland–Alameda County Coliseum\nCBS\nRecap\n\n\n7\nOctober 19\n5:25 p.m. PDT\nKansas City Chiefs\nW 31–30\n3–4\nOakland–Alameda County Coliseum\nCBS/NFLN/\nAmazon Video\nRecap\n\n\n8\nOctober 29\n10:00 a.m. PDT\nat Buffalo Bills\nL 14–34\n3–5\nNew Era Field\nCBS\nRecap\n\n\n9\nNovember 5\n5:30 p.m. PST\nat Miami Dolphins\n\n\nHard Rock Stadium\nNBC\n\n\n\n10\nBye\n\n\n11\nNovember 19\n1:25 p.m. PST\nNew England Patriots\n\n\nEstadio Azteca (Mexico City)\nCBS\n\n\n\n12\nNovember 26\n1:25 p.m. PST\nDenver Broncos\n\n\nOakland–Alameda County Coliseum\nCBS\n\n\n\n13\nDecember 3\n1:25 p.m. PST\nNew York Giants\n\n\nOakland–Alameda County Coliseum\nFox\n\n\n\n14\nDecember 10\n10:00 a.m. PST\nat Kansas City Chiefs\n\n\nArrowhead Stadium\nCBS\n\n\n\n15\nDecember 17\n5:30 p.m. PST\nDallas Cowboys\n\n\nOakland–Alameda County Coliseum\nNBC\n\n\n\n16\nDecember 25\n5:30 p.m. PST\nat Philadelphia Eagles\n\n\nLincoln Financial Field\nESPN\n\n\n\n17\nDecember 31\n1:25 p.m. PST\nat Los Angeles Chargers\n\n\nStubHub Center\nCBS\n\n\n"
] | [
"November 19"
] |
-805355253471997395 | Cleo King | Cleo King - wikipedia Cleo King Jump to : navigation , search Cleo King King at the 2014 Seventh Annual Bel Air Film Festival at the Saban Theatre in Beverly Hills . Harriet Cleo King ( 1962 - 08 - 21 ) August 21 , 1962 ( age 55 ) St. Louis , Missouri , U.S Occupation Actress Years active 1988 -- present Cleo King ( born Harriet Cleo King ; August 21 , 1962 ) is an American character actress , best known for her roles on television . Life and career ( edit ) King was born in St. Louis , Missouri , and was the youngest of seven children in her family . She graduated from University of Missouri and later moved to New York to pursue an acting career , appearing on stage productions . In mid-1990s , King moved to Los Angeles , California , when she began appearing on television shows such as The Wayans Bros. , Living Single , Malcolm & Eddie , Murphy Brown , and Any Day Now . King has appeared in a number of films , playing small parts , include Magnolia ( 1999 ) , Dude , Where 's My Car ? ( 2000 ) , Bubble Boy ( 2001 ) , The Life of David Gale ( 2003 ) , Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) , Pineapple Express ( 2008 ) , The Hangover ( 2009 ) , and Valentine 's Day . She guest - starred on more than 50 shows , include NYPD Blue , Ally McBeal , Six Feet Under , The West Wing , CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , NCIS , and Ugly Betty . From 2001 to 2002 , King had the recurring role as Helene Parks in the Fox drama series , Boston Public created by David E. Kelley . In 2003 , she co-starred in the short - lived CBS drama The Brotherhood of Poland , New Hampshire , also created by Kelley . In 2006 , she played Aunt Lou in the HBO drama series Deadwood during its third and final season . In 2009 , King had the recurring role as Neeta , the nanny of Jax Teller 's son in the FX drama series , Sons of Anarchy . In 2010 , King was cast in the series regular role as grandmother , Rosetta McMillan `` Nana '' , in the CBS sitcom Mike & Molly , even though she is only 7 years older than Reno Wilson ( who plays her grandson , Carl ) . She also appears regularly in Netflix 's adaptation of A Series of Unfortunate Events , which premiered in 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Iya Bakare . `` Mike - Molly - s - Cleo - King - Claims - Her - Throne - in - Acting - Industry - Entertainment - Articles '' . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cleo King '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ William Keck ( 2 September 2010 ) . `` Keck 's Exclusives : CBS ' Mike & Molly Makes a Surprising Casting Choice '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . External links ( edit ) Cleo King on IMDb VIAF : 106882459 LCCN : no2010008040 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleo_King&oldid=801142129 '' Categories : 1962 births American television actresses American film actresses Living people Actresses from St. Louis University of Missouri alumni African - American actresses American actresses 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 22 : 37 . About Wikipedia | who plays carl's grandmother on mike and molly | [
"Cleo King (born Harriet Cleo King; August 21, 1962) is an American character actress, best known for her roles on television."
] | [
"Cleo King"
] |
-1644784175238695324 | List of Attack on Titan episodes | List of Attack on Titan episodes - wikipedia List of Attack on Titan episodes Jump to : navigation , search The logo of Attack on Titan Attack on Titan is an anime series adapted from the manga of the same title by Hajime Isayama . It is set in a world where humanity lives inside cities surrounded by enormous walls due to the Titans , gigantic humanoid beings who devour humans seemingly without reason . The story follows the adventures of Eren Yeager , his adopted sister Mikasa Ackerman , and their friend Armin Arlert , whose lives are changed forever after a Colossal Titan breaches the wall of their home town . Vowing revenge and to reclaim the world from the Titans , Eren and his friends join the Scout Regiment , an elite group of soldiers who fight Titans . Produced by IG Port 's Wit Studio and directed by Tetsurō Araki , Attack on Titan was broadcast on the Mainichi Broadcasting System from April 7 to September 29 , 2013 , and later aired on Tokyo MX , FBS , TOS , HTB , TVA and BS11 . Both Funimation and Crunchyroll have streamed the series with subtitles on their respective websites . Funimation has also licensed the anime for home video release in 2014 . Episode 1 of the English version premiered at Anime Boston , with other episodes put on Funimation 's subscription services . On television of the series has broadcast weekly on Adult Swim 's Toonami block on May 3 , 2014 , starting at 11 : 30 p.m. EST . From episode 1 to 13 , the anime 's opening theme song is `` Feuerroter Pfeil und Bogen '' ( 紅蓮 の 弓矢 , Guren no Yumiya , lit . `` Crimson Bow and Arrow '' ) by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is `` Utsukushiki Zankoku na Sekai '' ( 美しき 残酷 な 世界 , lit . `` A Beautiful Cruel World '' ) by Yōko Hikasa . From episode 14 to 25 , the anime 's opening theme song is `` Die Flügel der Freiheit '' ( 自由 の 翼 , Jiyū no Tsubasa , lit . `` The Wings of Freedom '' ) by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is `` great escape '' by Cinema Staff . The opening themes were collected on Linked Horizon 's single `` Jiyū e no Shingeki '' which sold over 100 thousand copies in its first week of sales . A second season aired from April 1 to June 17 , 2017 on MBS and other television networks . Funimation and Crunchyroll streamed the second season on their respective websites , with Adult Swim aired a dubbed version . The opening theme song is `` Opfert eure Herzen ! '' ( 心臓 を 捧げよ ! , Shinzō o Sasageyo ! , lit . `` Dedicate Your Hearts ! '' ) by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is `` Yūgure no Tori '' ( 夕暮れ の 鳥 ) by Shinsei Kamattechan . On June 17 , 2017 , a third season was announced at the close of the second season 's final episode , with a release date slated for July 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3 Special episodes 3.1 OVA episodes 3.2 Bonus shorts 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 25 April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) 12 April 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 01 ) June 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 17 ) Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date English airdate `` To You , in 2000 Years : The Fall of Shiganshina , Part 1 '' `` Ni - sen Nen - go no Kimi e - Shiganshina Kanraku ( 1 ) - '' ( 二 千 年 後 の 君 へ ― シガンシナ 陥落 1 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Tetsurō Araki Yasuko Kobayashi April 7 , 2013 May 3 , 2014 For over a century , humans have been living in settlements surrounded by three gigantic walls , which prevent the Titans , giant humanoid creatures who eat humans , from entering . Eren Jaeger , of the town called the Shiganshina District , wishes to see the outside world by joining the Scout Regiment , as he likens living in the cities to livestock . Despite this , his adopted sister Mikasa Ackermann and their mother Carla Jaeger are against him joining the Scouts . Even after seeing the Scouts return home with large casualties , Eren expresses his interest to join , which impresses his father Grisha Jaeger . After Eren and Mikasa rescue their friend Armin Arlelt from a group of delinquents due to his views that the walls will not protect them forever , the Colossal Titan suddenly appears and knocks down the gate to the Shiganshina District , which lies in the outer edge of Wall Maria , allowing smaller Titans to enter . As the town erupts into mass panic , Eren and Mikasa rush back to Carla , only to see her pinned under their collapsed house . Carla begs them to flee , but they refuse until city guard Hannes arrives and takes them away . Eren watches in horror as a Smiling Titan eats Carla . `` That Day : The Fall of Shiganshina , Part 2 '' `` Sono Hi - Shiganshina Kanraku ( 2 ) - '' ( その日 ― シガンシナ 陥落 2 ― ) Masashi Koizuka Yasuko Kobayashi April 14 , 2013 May 10 , 2014 Hannes apologizes to Eren for not saving his mother , admitting he was afraid of the Smiling Titan and that both Eren and Mikasa are still weak children . Some of townsfolk of the Shiganshina District escape to the inner Wall Maria , while the soldiers try to hold off the Titans . The soldiers try to close the gate , but the Armored Titan rams the gate , breaching the inner Wall Maria , and causing those inside to retreat even further inside Wall Rose . Some time later , Eren has a strange dream in which his grieving father forcefully gives him an injection and his key before being woken up by Mikasa . Eren grows disgusted with the people of Wall Rose as the latter do not like sharing their food or homes with the refugees . During the next year , as a food shortage becomes apparent , the government orders the refugees to either work on the farms or fight to reclaim Wall Maria . About 250,000 people , 20 % of the populace , choose to fight , only to be wiped out by the Titans . Eren vows revenge and joins the army along with Mikasa and Armin . `` A Dim Light Amid Despair : Humanity 's Comeback , Part 1 '' `` Zetsubō no Naka de Nibuku Hikaru - Jinrui no Saiki ( 1 ) - '' ( 絶望 の 中 で 鈍く 光る ― 人類 の 再起 1 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko April 21 , 2013 May 17 , 2014 The drill instructor Keith Sadies inspects the new recruits of the 104th Cadet Corps and provides a barrage of verbal insults . When he comes across Sasha Braus , who is eating a potato , he punishes her by having her run around the camp until sunset and not giving her any food or drink . Eren develops a rivalry with Jean Kirschtein , who desires a safe and easy position in the Military Police Regiment within the inner city walls . The recruits train on an omni - directional mobility gear apparatus , where they have to balance themselves while suspended on cables . After Eren has trouble balancing , he asks Reiner Braun and Bertholdt Hoover for help and discover they too are among the few who have personally encountered Titans . The next day , Eren balances on the apparatus but falls , but Keith discovers that Eren 's apparatus was defective and passes him after a retry with different equipment . `` The Night of the Closing Ceremony : Humanity 's Comeback , Part 2 '' `` Kaisan Shiki no Yoru - Jinrui no Saiki ( 2 ) - '' ( 解散 式 の 夜 ― 人類 の 再起 2 ― ) Makoto Bessho Yasuko Kobayashi April 28 , 2013 May 24 , 2014 Five years since Wall Maria fell , Keith evaluates the recruits for their strengths and weaknesses . After training in hand - to - hand combat with Reiner and Annie Leonhart , Eren learns later that night that Jean and several other recruits hope to join the Military Police Regiment to avoid having to fight Titans . On graduation day , Eren and Mikasa rank among the top ten of their class . They are eligible to join the Military Police Regiment , but Eren declines and announces that he is joining the Scout Regiment on the front lines , leading Armin and Mikasa to join him . They are assigned to the Trost District , one of the cities which is at the outer edge of Wall Rose , where they discover other classmates have joined . The Colossal Titan appears and breaches the gate . Once Eren regains his composure , he takes command and orders a counterattack . 5 5 `` First Battle : The Struggle for Trost , Part 1 '' `` Uijin - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 1 ) - '' ( 初陣 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 1 ― ) Shinpei Ezaki Hiroshi Seko May 5 , 2013 May 31 , 2014 The Colossal Titan destroys the wall 's cannons , but it vanishes into a burst of stream before Eren prepares to attack its weak point . The Military Police Regiment scrambles to evacuate the people of the Trost District and set up defenses before the Titans enter the city . Assigned by Commander Kitts Woerman of the Garrison Regiment to different squads , Mikasa helps with the evacuation , while Eren and Armin provide backup at the front lines . With the Titans now in the city , Eren recalls his lessons that in order to kill a Titan , they must strike the nape of its neck . As Eren and Armin 's squad attack , their comrades are killed or eaten by the Titans one by one , with Eren himself losing his left leg . Armin , paralyzed with fear upon seeing his comrades ' fates , is picked up by a Bearded Titan and almost swallowed . Eren , recalling when he and Armin wished to see the world outside the walls , manages to drag and toss Armin out of the Bearded Titan 's mouth at the last moment . He reaches for Armin with his left arm out of the Bearded Titan 's mouth , but the Bearded Titan closes its jaws , severing Eren 's arm and swallowing him . 6 6 `` The World the Girl Saw : The Struggle for Trost , Part 2 '' `` Shōjo ga Mita Sekai - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 2 ) - '' ( 少女 が 見 た 世界 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 2 ― ) Tomomi Ikeda Hiroshi Seko May 12 , 2013 June 7 , 2014 Armin awakens to find himself surrounded by Conny Springer , Christa Lenz and Ymir . As Armin heads back to the rearguard , he blames himself not being strong enough to save Eren . Meanwhile , an Abnormal Titan approaches the city 's exit gate , which is crowded by refugees . Once Mikasa kills the Abnormal Titan , she threatens a greedy merchant holding cargo to let the refugees pass first . After she is thanked by a mother and daughter , Mikasa has a flashback . In the year 844 , a year before the fall of Wall Maria , Mikasa was targeted by three slave traders , who murdered her parents in a struggle . After Grisha and Eren discovered the corpses while making a visit , Eren secretly tracked down the slave traders to a nearby hut and killed two of them in an attempt to save Mikasa . However , the third slave trader appeared and began strangling Eren . Encouraged by Eren , Mikasa overcame her fear and gained resolve to kill the third slave trader . After the children are found by the Military Police Regiment , Mikasa was invited to live with Eren and Grisha . Back in the present , Mikasa slays more Titans and goes to help the other squads evacuate . 7 7 `` Small Blade : The Struggle for Trost , Part 3 '' `` Chiisana Yaiba - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 3 ) - '' ( 小さな 刃 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 3 ― ) Yuzuru Tachikawa Hiroshi Seko May 19 , 2013 June 14 , 2014 The surviving squads , unable to reach the inner walls due to their omni - directional mobility gear being low on gas , lose their fighting spirit as the nearby supply depot is overrun by Titans . Mikasa seems unfazed after learning from Armin that his entire squad perished , including Eren . She rallies the others to reclaim the supply depot , inspiring them to join her in the attack , but Mikasa ends up running out of gas midair and falls into an alleyway . Jean assumes command , but he loses his nerve when he sees some of his comrades being eaten by Titans . As a blonde Titan approaches Mikasa , she prepares to attack with her remaining broken blade , but a Mysterious Titan appears behind her and brutally kills the blonde Titan , much to her confusion . Armin and Conny show up , shocked to witness the Mysterious Titan not only fighting other Titans , but also showing knowledge of their weak point and using hand - to - hand combat techniques , while completely ignoring the humans . Armin gives Mikasa his gas tanks and blades so that she can support the others at the supply depot . Mikasa , however , refuses to leave him behind and ponders on the Mysterious Titan 's strange behavior . 8 8 `` I Can Hear His Heartbeat : The Struggle for Trost , Part 4 '' `` Shinzō no Kodō ga Kikoeru - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 4 ) - '' ( 心臓 の 鼓動 が 聞こえる ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 4 ― ) Satonobu Kikuchi Shinpei Ezaki Tatsuma Minamikawa Noboru Takagi May 26 , 2013 June 21 , 2014 With the supply depot swarming with Titans , Armin has the idea of using the Mysterious Titan to defeat them . Mikasa and Conny agree with his plan and defeat the Titans attacking it , before rushing to the supply depot . Meanwhile , Jean and the others reach the supply depot despite suffering more casualties on the way , with Armin , Mikasa and Conny arriving soon after . Armin 's plan works , but while the Mysterious Titan is able to attract the enemies outside , seven smaller Titans remain in the fuel storage area . With their equipment out of fuel , Armin devises another plan . The survivors draw the Titans ' attention to an elevator and shoot them in the eyes to blind them , while seven of them jump from the ceiling to finish them off . Sasha and Conny fail to kill their targets but are saved by Mikasa and Annie . Having successfully replenished their fuel , the soldiers prepare to retreat . As they see the Mysterious Titan defeating all of the other Titans before collapsing , they are shocked to watch Eren emerge from its body . Mikasa reaches Eren and cries upon confirming that he is alive , while Armin notices that Eren 's severed leg and arm have somehow regenerated as well . 9 9 `` Whereabouts of His Left Arm : The Struggle for Trost , Part 5 '' `` Hidariude no Yukue - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 5 ) - '' ( 左腕 の 行方 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 5 ― ) Yoshiyuki Fujiwara Yasuko Kobayashi June 2 , 2013 June 28 , 2014 Captain Levi of the Scout Regiment and his squad successfully retake a town from the Titans until they are called to an emergency at the Trost District as the Titans have invaded the city . When Eren was eaten and swallowed by the Bearded Titan , he found himself in its stomach along with the bodies of its victims . His rage at the Titans caused him to burst out of the Bearded Titan 's stomach by transforming himself into the Mysterious Titan and going on a rampage against them . Although Eren 's comrades saw him emerge from the Mysterious Titan , they all agreed to keep it a secret and bring him back inside Wall Rose . However , Kitts also witnessed this and has his men aim their weapons at Eren . Armin and Mikasa try to defend Eren , but to no avail . As Kitts fearfully orders the cannons to fire on the three of them , Eren recalls hazy memories of his father giving him an injection , telling him to reclaim Wall Maria and go to their home 's basement with his key . In order to protect Mikasa and Armin from the cannons , Eren partially transforms himself into the Mysterious Titan , sheltering them inside his ribs . 10 10 `` Response : The Struggle for Trost , Part 6 '' `` Kotaeru - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 6 ) - '' ( 応える ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 6 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Hiroshi Seko June 9 , 2013 July 12 , 2014 Eren climbs out of the partially transformed Titan , telling Mikasa and Armin about the basement in his former house . He believes that it holds the secret to mankind 's preservation and the key to destroying the Titans . Kitts once again orders the cannon to be loaded out of fear . Eren comes up with two plans of escape . The first is for Eren to retreat as the Mysterious Titan and criminalize himself in the eyes of humanity , and the second is to have Armin convince Kitts that Eren is an asset rather than a danger . Armin comes to the conclusion that he can still defend his friends despite being cowardice , deciding to try and talk their way out of being executed . Armin tentatively convinces Kitts , only to have him be overcome by fear and give the order to fire once more . The order is halted when Commander Dot Pyxis and his men intervene , sparing their lives . In return , Pyxis asks Eren if he will transform himself to block the gap in Wall Rose to prevent more Titans from getting in . Eren agrees , regardless of whether or not he will be able to control himself as the Mysterious Titan . 11 11 `` Idol : The Struggle for Trost , Part 7 '' `` Gūzō - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 7 ) - '' ( 偶像 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 7 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko June 16 , 2013 July 19 , 2014 As Armin helps Pyxis 's subordinates coordinate a plan , morale among the troops begin to drop , as some want to desert and be with their families . Pyxis silences everyone by reminding them that if they abandon this chance to finally win against the Titans , they will be subjecting their families to their terror , which convinces the troops to stay . Claiming that Eren is the result of a secret project to turn humans into Titans , Pyxis plans to have most of the troops gather at a far corner of the Trost District to lure most of the Titans away while Eren as the Mysterious Titan carries the giant boulder to seal the hole . Along with Mikasa , Eren will be guarded during the mission by three of the best elites of the Garrison , them being Ian Dietrich , Rico Brzenska and Mitabi Jarnach . As they approach the giant boulder , Rico , who is doubtful of the mission 's success and does not completely trust Eren , reminds him that many lives are at stake . Finally reaching the boulder , Eren transforms himself into a Titan , only to suddenly attack Mikasa . 12 12 `` Wound : The Struggle for Trost , Part 8 '' `` Kizu - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 8 ) - '' ( 傷 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 8 ― ) Shintaro Itoga Noboru Takagi June 23 , 2013 July 26 , 2014 Mikasa tries to reason with Eren in as the Mysterious Titan , but to no avail . Eren continues his attack and accidentally incapacitates himself , slumping to the ground . The squad protecting Eren sends up a red flare to signal that the plan has failed , much to the dismay of the troops observing from the wall . As Armin heads toward Eren to investigate , the elite squadron argues and eventually agrees to protect Eren instead of abandoning him , still recognizing him as a valuable military asset . During the operation , Jean is separated from Connie and Annie after his omni - directional mobility gear malfunctions , forcing him to hide from two Titans in a building . Armin reaches the unconscious Eren , but Mikasa calls to him , warning that he is in a dangerous state . Armin plunges his sword into the side of Eren 's neck , which briefly awakens him . As Armin speaks to him of the outside world and reminds him of his promise to kill all the Titans , Eren leaves his dreamlike state and regains control . 13 13 `` Primal Desire : The Struggle for Trost , Part 9 '' `` Genshoteki Yokkyū - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 9 ) - '' ( 原初 的 欲求 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 9 ― ) Masashi Koizuka Noboru Takagi June 30 , 2013 August 2 , 2014 Jean manages to acquire another set of omni - directional mobility gear from a dead soldier and escapes , thanks to Annie , Conny and Marco Bott distracting the Titans . With Eren as the Mysterious Titan carrying the boulder towards the gate , Ian orders everyone to protect Eren from the Titans at all costs . Eren finally blocks the open gate with the boulder , and Rico fires a yellow flare to signal that the operation was a success . As Armin tries to pull Eren from his Titan body , they are cornered by two Titans , but Levi saves them in the nick of time . All Titans remaining in the Trost Districts are eliminated except two , which are captured for research . Jean , Sasha and Annie all mourn the deaths of their fellow comrades among several casualties . Meanwhile , Eren is chained in a cell guarded by the Military Police Regiment , where he is visited by Levi and Commander Erwin Smith of the Scout Regiment . After listening to his story and reasons for wanting the Titans dead , Levi allows Eren to join his squad under his command , though Eren is warned that Levi would personally kill him if he ever betrays the squad or loses control again . 13.5 13.5 `` Since That Day '' `` Ano Hi kara '' ( あの 日 から ) Hiroyuki Tanaka -- July 7 , 2013 -- This is a recap episode of the events during the first thirteen episodes . 14 14 `` Ca n't Look Into His Eyes Yet : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 1 '' `` Mada Me o Mirenai - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 1 ) - '' ( まだ 目 を 見れ ない ― 反撃 前夜 1 ― ) Keisuke Onishi Shinpei Ezaki Yasuko Kobayashi July 14 , 2013 August 9 , 2014 The populace is divided over whether Eren is their savior or their end . Eren is brought to a military tribunal to be judged by Commander - in - Chief Dhalis Zachary , who will decide whether Eren should be given to the Military Police Regiment or the Scout Regiment , both of whom have their own reasons for wanting him . The Military Police Regiment wants Eren killed as he is seen by them as a menace , while the Scout Regiment wants to use him to retake Wall Maria . Becoming furious upon hearing from a merchant that Mikasa is accused of being a Titan as well , Eren calls out the Military Police Regiment and their supporters for their cowardice . Levi brutally beats down Eren in retaliation , but Eren does not transform into the Mysterious Titan . Levi uses this to show to the court that the Scout Regiment can control Eren , and proposes that Eren is to be made part of his squad . In the end , Zachary gives Eren to the Scout Regiment , where Erwin and Hange Zoë welcome him . As Eren is getting treatment for his wounds , they discover that he grew back a tooth knocked out after being beaten down by Levi . 15 15 `` Special Operations Squad : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 2 '' `` Tokubetsu Sakusen - han - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 2 ) - '' ( 特別 作戦 班 ― 反撃 前夜 2 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko July 21 , 2013 August 16 , 2014 Levi and his Special Operations Squad , composed of Eld Gin , Oruo Bozad , Petra Rall and Günther Schultz , bring Eren to the old Scout Regiment headquarters , where Eren will learn to control his Titan powers under their watch . As Levi orders the castle to be cleaned , Petra assures Eren that Levi does care about the people under his command despite his rude and harsh demeanor . Meanwhile , Erwin and Miche Zacharius discuss the new recruits joining the Scout Regiment and how they must prove Eren 's usefulness to Military Command within a month . Hange asks Eren to help her in her experiments with the two Titans they have captured , which she named Sawney and Beane . She has an obsession with Titans where she treats them like people despite the many times she puts herself in danger . It is revealed that the Titans need sunlight to survive and their bodies are disproportionately light despite their size . The next day , the Scout Regiment discover that Sawney and Beane have been killed . As Hange mourns for them , the Scout Regiment deduce that the culprit is a soldier who escaped using their omni - directional mobility gear , which makes Eren wonder who their true enemy is . 16 16 `` What Needs to be Done Now : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 3 '' `` Ima , Nani o Subeki ka - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 3 ) - '' ( 今 、 何 を すべ きか ― 反撃 前夜 3 ― ) Keisuke Onishi Yasushi Muroya Yasuko Kobayashi July 28 , 2013 August 23 , 2014 As the recruits are investigated over Sawney and Beane 's deaths , Annie , who will be joining the Military Police Regiment later , gives advice to Armin and Conny that it is their choice to decide on which military division they should join . The 104th Cadets are later greeted by Erwin at the Decision Ceremony , where he tells them that the goal of the Scout Regiment 's expedition on the following month is to reclaim the Shiganshina District and find the secret hidden in Eren 's home basement . After telling the recruits of the Scout Regiment 's high mortality rate during each expedition , Erwin tells the recruits that they may stay and join them or leave to join the other branches . Most recruits leave , but Jean joins the Scout Regiment in honor of Marco with others joining him as well including Mikasa , Armin , Reiner , Bertholdt , Conny , Sasha , Christa and Ymir , despite their fears . As the Scout Regiment prepare themselves for the expedition , Eren is reunited with his friends and learns what happened to the others . Jean questions whether Eren can truly control his Titan powers as they are risking their lives for him . With everything ready , the Scout Regiment begin their 57th Expedition beyond the walls . 17 17 `` Female Titan : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 1 '' `` Megata no Kyojin - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 1 ) - '' ( 女 型 の 巨人 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 1 ― ) Daisuke Tokudo Masashi Koizuka Hiroshi Seko August 4 , 2013 September 6 , 2014 As the 57th Expedition gets underway , the Scout Regiment assemble into their Long - Range Scouting Formation , wherein the Scouts spread out around the main wagon train and report by flare gun if Titans are nearby so the group can steer to avoid conflict with them if possible . After Armin 's squad manages to kill an Abnormal Titan , a Female Titan suddenly appears from the right flank at high speed . Much to Armin 's shock , the Female Titan 's body can withstand their blades and is intelligent enough to kill his seniors easily . The Female Titan captures Armin , but after removing his hood and seeing his face , she leaves him alive and continues running . Armin is picked up by Reiner and Jean , who reveals that their right flank was wiped out by the Titans , which makes Armin realize not only was it the Female Titan 's work , but also is she possibly another Titan Shifter like Eren . When the three of them give conflicting sources on where Eren is in the formation , they realize the Female Titan 's target is Eren and they must stop her . Despite their failed attempts to attack , she leaves them and heads towards the center group . 18 18 `` Forest of Giant Trees : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 2 '' `` Kyodaiju no Mori - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 2 ) - '' ( 巨大 樹 の 森 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 2 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Shin Wakabayashi Hiroshi Seko August 11 , 2013 September 13 , 2014 Armin , Reiner and Jean are left stranded after their encounter with the Female Titan leaves them with only one horse , but they are soon saved by Christa , who arrives with extra horses . They wait for the order to withdraw , but to their surprise , they discover that their operation is continuing albeit heading in a different direction . Meanwhile , news reaches the center group about their right flank being annihilated by the Female Titan as the latter continues to wreak havoc within the formation . The whole formation soon reaches the Forest of Giant Trees with only the center row entering it , while the rest defend the forest from Titans . Eren realizes something is wrong when his squad has no idea what Erwin 's orders are and what Levi is doing . As the Female Titan chases them at their heels , the squad desperately await Levi 's command to attack , but Levi instead tells his squad to cover their ears as he fires his flare gun . 19 19 `` Bite : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 3 '' `` Kamitsuku - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 3 ) - '' ( 噛み付く ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 3 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Tomomi Ikeda Noboru Takagi August 18 , 2013 September 20 , 2014 Levi fires a noise round and tells the squad to keep moving forward . With more of the rearguard getting killed by the Female Titan , Eren begs his squad to let him fight , but they tell him to trust Levi 's decision . Eren starts remembering when he was unable to transform into the Mysterious Titan for experimental purposes in front of Hange , Levi and his squad . During a break when he tried to pick up a teaspoon , Eren suddenly partially transformed , leading Hange to deduce that Eren is able to transform into a Titan not by solely injuring himself but also due to his desire to fulfill his goals . The squad apologized to Eren and told him they should trust each other . Remembering this , Eren decides to trust his squad 's plan . It is then revealed that Levi 's squad is bait to lure the Female Titan into an ambush , where Erwin and his men fire hundreds of grappling hooks to trap the Female Titan . Levi leaves his squad to meet up with Erwin to find out the identity of the Female Titan . 20 20 `` Erwin Smith : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 4 '' `` Eruvin Sumisu - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 4 ) '' ( エルヴィン ・ スミス ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 4 ― ) Shintaro Itoga Yasuko Kobayashi August 25 , 2013 September 27 , 2014 With the Female Titan restrained , Erwin and Levi try to figure out its identity with no success as it is able to crystallize its skin to prevent them from cutting out the human inside . Armin , Jean and the rest of Levi 's squad realize it was Erwin 's plan to use Eren as bait to draw out the mole within the army who joined them after the Walls fell and only told his real plan to those who were part of the Scout Regiment before the fall . Meanwhile , the others wonder about what is happening inside the forest , and Levi taunts the Female Titan , prompting her to give a loud scream that draws all Titans in the vicinity to her . Despite the Scout Regiment 's attempt to stop them , the Titans ignore the humans and eat the Female Titan 's body in a frenzy , which makes Erwin call off the expedition . However , knowing that there is no confirmation that the mole has also been eaten by the Titans , Erwin orders Levi to regroup with his squad , while the mole , disguised as a cloaked Scout Regiment member , attacks Levi 's squad and kills Günther . 21 21 `` Crushing Blow : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 5 '' `` Tettsui - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 5 ) - '' ( 鉄槌 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 5 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasushi Muroya Noboru Takagi September 1 , 2013 October 4 , 2014 Erwin tells Hange that it was a mistake to think all Titan Shifters are like Eren , since the Female Titan has unique abilities far beyond that of a novice . Elsewhere , the mole transforms into the Female Titan and chases after Levi 's squad . Armin theorizes that the mole is someone who had seen Eren transform during the invasion of the Trost District . Eren wants to transform into the Mysterious Titan , but the squad tells him to trust in their skills and keep moving forward . Eld , Oruo and Petra manage to blind the Female Titan and attempt to cut off her arms . However , the Female Titan quickly regenerates her right eye and kills the three . Seeing his comrades dead , a grieving Eren transforms into the Mysterious Titan . Believing his comrades and squad 's death could have been avoided if he had transformed in the first place , Eren fights the Female Titan in a long battle . The Female Titan finally defeats Eren by taking off his head and swallowing his human body . Mikasa attempts to stop the Female Titan , but to no avail . She is later joined by Levi , who tells her to keep their distance , as the Female Titan is getting tired . 22 22 `` Defeated : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 6 '' `` Haisha - tachi - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 6 ) - '' ( 敗者 達 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 6 ― ) Makoto Bessho Shinpei Ezaki Noboru Takagi September 8 , 2013 October 11 , 2014 While Mikasa distracts the Female Titan in order to get Eren back , Levi debilitates the Female Titan at high speeds , but Levi injures his leg when saving Mikasa from leaving herself vulnerable . Mikasa then goes with Levi , who retrieves Eren from inside the mouth of the Female Titan , leaving it badly wounded and slumped against a tree . The Scout Regiment retrieve the corpses of their fallen comrades , with Erwin ordering that the lost corpses be reported missing in action . One their way back into town , the Scouts are chased two Titans , one of which are killed by Mikasa . They outrun the other Titan after Levi reluctantly orders to dispose some of the corpses in order to lighten the wagon 's load . Later , Eren wakes up from a dream of his past and finds himself and the Scout Regiment back at town safely behind Wall Sina . The townspeople not only berate the Scout Regiment 's ineptitude , but also become enraged and upset at Erwin over the failure of the mission and the casualties that were sustained . As a result of the failed expedition , Erwin and his subordinates are summoned to the capital , where the final decision of Eren 's custody will be made . 23 23 `` Smile : Assault on Stohess , Part 1 '' `` Hohoemi - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 1 ) - '' ( 微笑み ― ストヘス 区 急襲 1 ― ) Hirokazu Yamada Hiroshi Seko September 15 , 2013 October 18 , 2014 Annie has a dream of being trained by her father before waking up . In the Stohess District , the Military Police Regiment are ordered to escort the Scout Regiment convoy once they enter the capital . Annie 's colleagues Hitch Dreyse and Marlo Sand joined the Military Police Regiment for opposite reasons , one for its current corruption and the other its possible reformation . After the convoy has entered the Stohess District , Annie is secretly called by Armin in the alleyways . Armin begs for her help , as he is helping Eren escape the capital , and the one riding in the convoy is actually Jean in disguise . Although declining at first , she finally agrees when Armin believes that she is a good person . Armin leads Eren , Mikasa and Annie to an underground tunnel , but Annie refuses to enter . Armin finally reveals his suspicion that Annie is the Female Titan , noting that she used Marco 's omni - directional mobility gear to kill Sawney and Beane and that the Female Titan did not kill him during the 57th Expedition . After Eren and Armin beg Annie to prove them wrong by following them , she laughs and soon transforms using the spike in her ring . 24 24 `` Mercy : Assault on Stohess , Part 2 '' `` Jihi - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 2 ) - '' ( 慈悲 ― ストヘス 区 急襲 2 ― ) Akitoshi Yokoyama Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuko Kobayashi September 22 , 2013 October 25 , 2014 A few days before Eren is escorted to the capital , Erwin and Armin told him about a plan to capture Annie , the person shockingly believed to be the Female Titan . Back in the present , Eren , Mikasa and Armin manage to escape a tunnel collapse while being hunted by Annie as the Female Titan . Eren tries to transform but is unable to , and Mikasa suspects that his feelings for Annie are preventing him to do so . When Eren is trapped in another tunnel collapse , Mikasa and Armin distract Annie away from Eren . Meanwhile , Commander Nile Dawk of the Military Police Regiment demands an explanation from Erwin on what is happening as his men hold him at gunpoint . Mikasa and the rest of the Scout Regiment distract and try to capture Annie , while Armin and Jean attempt to free Eren from the rubble . Armin tells Eren that he has to fight Annie as anyone who refuses to sacrifice can never change anything . As Eren thinks about what Armin said , he remembers his hatred for the Smiling Titan who killed his mother . Eren finally transforms into the Mysterious Titan and charges at Annie in a rage , smashing into a cathedral . 25 25 `` Wall : Assault on Stohess , Part 3 '' `` Kabe - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 3 ) - '' ( 壁 ― ストヘス 区 急襲 3 ― ) Daisuke Tokudo Masashi Koizuka Shintaro Itoga Tetsurō Araki Yasuko Kobayashi September 29 , 2013 November 1 , 2014 Inside the cathedral , a group of worshipers are crushed to their deaths , leaving the surviving priest awestruck . Eren and Annie fight each other in their Titan forms throughout the Stohess District , causing destruction and civilian deaths . Erwin , who accepts responsibility for the damage his plan has caused , is arrested by Nile , who orders the Military Police Regument to help evacuate the civilians . After exchanging several blows , Annie is overpowered by Eren and attempts to escape by climbing up Wall Sina , but Mikasa cuts off Annie 's fingers and sends her falling . Eren prepares to eat Annie , but he stops when she starts to cry . Her body starts encasing itself in crystal before he recuperates in human form . Erwin attends a government inquiry to clear his name , explaining that he kept his plans secret to prevent leaks , despite the casualties during his plans . His new plan is to find Titan Shifters and use them to launch a counterattack against the Titans . Eren stays with the Scout Regiment , and Annie is put under the custody of the Scout Regiment . In the epilogue , a piece of Wall Sina crumbles , revealing the face of a Titan within the wall . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date English airdate 26 `` Beast Titan '' `` Kemono no Kyojin '' ( 獣 の 巨人 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuko Kobayashi April 1 , 2017 April 22 , 2017 Hange Zoë and her team discover the Wall Titan sealed inside the wall . Pastor Nick of the Wall Cult arrives and urges the team to cover it from sunlight with sheets . However , Pastor Nick refuses to tell Hange why it is there , even after she threatens to kill him , leading Hange to suspect that there are more Wall Titans hidden within the walls . Meanwhile , Erwin Smith is informed that Wall Rose was breached and Titans are roaming inside . Twelve hours earlier , the rest of the 104th Cadets are stationed at an outpost when Titans are seen advancing from the south . Miche Zacharius orders the soldiers and cadets to spread out and inform the nearby villages and the capital about the Titans while he stays behind to delay them . Miche buys enough time and prepares to escape , but is captured by a Beast Titan , which is apelike in appearance and capable of speaking . Miche hesitates to respond when the Beast Titan inquires him about his omni - directional mobility gear , so the Beast Titan strips Miche of his omni - directional mobility gear and leaves him to be eaten by the other Titans . 27 `` I 'm Home '' `` Tadaima '' ( ただいま ) Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi April 8 , 2017 April 29 , 2017 Armin Arlelt and Hange each deduce that the Wall Titans sealed within the walls provide its strength . The Scout Regiment depart from the Stohess District to deal with the Titans that appeared inside Wall Rose , and Hange takes Pastor Nick along , intending to gain more information from him . Meanwhile , Sasha Braus rushes to Dauper in order to warn her father and the villagers . She arrives to find the entire village deserted except for a woman being eaten by a Titan , and her daughter nearby in a state of shock . Sasha takes the girl and flees , but they are chased by the Titan . Deciding to stay and fight while urging the girl to run away , Sasha succeeds in blinding the Titan with her arrows just as a group of villagers , including her father and the girl , return to pick her up . Meanwhile , Conny Springer and his group arrive at Ragako , only to find that it had already been attacked by Titans . Upon reaching his house , Conny discovers a Titan on its back trapped inside , and he wonders how it was able to travel so far from the walls since its legs seem too feeble to support its body . 28 `` Southwestward '' `` Nansei e '' ( 南西 へ ) Kenji Imura Hiroshi Seko April 15 , 2017 May 6 , 2017 Conny learns from Lynne and Gelgar that his family could still be alive since there are no traces of carnage , but before Conny rejoins his group to find the breach in the wall , he is startled when the Titan in his house faintly speaks and welcomes him back home . Elsewhere , Christa Lenz tells Ymir not to worry about her when the latter asks Nanaba and Henning to allow the two to leave their group . Both groups eventually meet up at nighttime , discovering that no breaches occurred at the walls and deciding to rest up at Castle Utgard . Meanwhile , Eren Jaeger learns from Hange he could learn how to seal the breach in the Shiganshina District , seeing as the crystallized skin from Annie Leonhart as the Female Titan is the same material from the walls . Pastor Nick eventually reveals to Hange that Christa is the key to finding all the answers . Soon after , Sasha arrives and hands Hange a scroll from Erwin , advising Hange and the Scouts to head to Castle Utgard . In the meantime , the Beast Titan leads the other Titans to attack Castle Utgard . This prompts Nanaba , Henning , Lynne and Gelgar to defend the 104th Cadets . 29 `` Soldier '' `` Heishi '' ( 兵士 ) Hitomi Ezoe Hiroshi Seko April 22 , 2017 May 13 , 2017 Two hours before the attack by the Titans at Castle Utgard , the 104th Cadets rest as their seniors keep watch . Conny mentions that the Titan he encountered at Ragako resembled his mother , but Ymir plays it off . Reiner Braun becomes suspicious when Ymir is able to read the unknown language on a food can labeled herring . The Titans soon appear , and the senior soldiers hold them off from the outside while the 104th Cadets defend themselves against smaller Titans that have breached the castle . In the process , Reiner has his arm badly injured after it is bitten by a Titan . After clearing the area of Titans , the Beast Titan throws chunks of Wall Rose at the castle , killing the group 's horses . A second wave of Titans subsequently attack the castle , and the senior soldiers are soon overwhelmed and killed . As the Titans surround the tower which the unarmed 104th Cadets are on , Ymir jumps off the tower and transforms into a Titan in order to honor a promise that she made with Christa . 30 5 `` Historia '' `` Hisutoria '' ( ヒストリア ) Tetsuya Wakano Yasuko Kobayashi April 29 , 2017 May 20 , 2017 In the past , Christa and Ymir became lost in a blizzard during their winter training in the mountains as cadets , while trying to save fellow cadet Daz . Ymir accused Christa of having a death wish rather than saving Daz for selfless reasons . She was also aware that Christa is an unwanted illegitimate daughter of a nobleman 's mistress who was forced by the Wall Cult to change her name and join the army . Ymir then made Christa promise that she must live her own life if she ever reveals her true name . Back in the present , Ymir transforms into the Dancing Titan and fights off the other Titans . Christa tells Ymir to destroy the tower in order to crush the Titans . As the tower begins to collapse , Ymir orders Christa and the others to grab on to her . Despite this effort , the Titans overwhelm Ymir , but Hange and the other Scouts arrive on time to save the 104th Cadets . With the battle over , Christa attends a gravely injured Ymir as the rest of the 104th Cadets learn that Ymir is a Titan Shifter . Just before Ymir loses consciousness , Christa reveals that her real name is Historia Reiss . 31 6 `` Warrior '' `` Senshi '' ( 戦士 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Hiroshi Seko May 6 , 2017 June 3 , 2017 The Scouts prepare to take the comatose Ymir to the Trost District for medical attention . Later , Hannes comes with his vanguard and reports that the walls were never breached . Before leaving for the Trost District , Eren learns that Reiner and Bertholdt are the Armored Titan and the Colossal Titan , respectively . Reiner explains that the mission to destroy all of humanity can be avoided if Eren would simply join them . Twelve hours earlier in the Ehrmich District , Hange explained that the scroll received from Sasha contained a background report on Annie , suggesting a connection with Reiner and Bertholdt , as all three are from the same area but otherwise have little information available . The Scouts eventually realized that they may have helped Annie find Eren 's location within the formation during the 57th Expedition . Therefore , Hange ordered the others to keep an eye on Reiner and Bertholdt without raising undue suspicion . Back in the present , Reiner and Bertholdt both shift into their Titan forms , despite a quick intervention by Mikasa Ackermann . The Armored Titan grabs Eren and slides down the wall as the Colossal Titan grabs Ymir . Feeling betrayed , Eren shifts into the Mysterious Titan and begins to fight the Armored Titan . 32 7 `` Close Combat ( Strike ・ Throw ・ Submit ) '' `` Da - Tō - Kyoku '' ( 打 ・ 投 ・ 極 ) Takayuki Hirao Hiroshi Seko May 13 , 2017 June 10 , 2017 As Eren and the Armored Titan engage in battle , the Colossal Titan consumes Ymir and another Scout . Hange and the other Scouts move in for an attack , but the Colossal Titan releases an enormous amount of steam , wounding several Scouts and preventing further attacks . The Armored Titan gains the upper hand in his fight against Eren , and the situation seems desperate even with assistance from Mikasa . However , Eren uses hand - to - hand combat techniques that he learned from Annie during their recruit training , enabling him to give serious damage to the Armored Titan . Eren obliges when Armin implores him to fall back to the wall for his own safety . As the Armored Titan charges Eren once more , Eren utilizes grappling techniques advised by Hange in order to overcome his strength disadvantage and regain the upper hand . Eren is nearly successful at beheading the Armored Titan and extracting Reiner from within , only to be foiled when the Armored Titan roars for assistance . The Colossal Titan begins to deteriorate and plummets towards Eren and the Armored Titan . 33 8 `` The Hunters '' `` Oumono '' ( 迫 う 者 ) Yūmi Kawai Yasuko Kobayashi May 20 , 2017 June 17 , 2017 The Colossal Titan hits the ground , releasing a massive amount of steam . The Armored Titan frees itself from being grasped and extracts Eren from the Mysterious Titan , while Bertholdt carries the still unconscious Ymir and uses stolen omni - directional mobility gear to leave with the Armored Titan . Five hours later in the Trost District , the military divisions are informed about the recent battle that took place . Back at the walls , an unconscious Mikasa has a dream about the past , wherein she tried to protect Eren from the neighborhood bullies , but she is distraught to find him gone when she awakes . Armin tells Mikasa that Eren and Ymir were captured , but nothing can be done in their current state . Hannes reminds Mikasa and Armin that Eren has a steadfast resolve . As Erwin soon arrives with reinforcements , Hange posits that Reiner and Bertholdt may seek the Forest of Giant Trees nearby to safely rest until nightfall , assuming that their goal is to relocate outside of Wall Maria . Eren and Ymir are shown waking in the forest as their bodies begin to regenerate their limbs , while Reiner and Bertholdt watch over them . The Scouts depart from Wall Rose to mount a rescue operation . 34 9 `` Opening '' `` Kaikō '' ( 開口 ) Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi May 27 , 2017 June 24 , 2017 As Erwin leads the expedition away from Wall Rose , Hange requests a horseback ride to Ragako to see the immobilized Titan , but Moblit decides to go in her stead since she is badly injured . Meanwhile , in the Forest of Giant Trees , as Eren and Ymir continue to regenerate their limbs , Ymir points out that not only are they are surrounded by Titans , but also Reiner and Bertholdt stole their omni - directional mobility gear . Reiner and Bertholdt plan to take Eren and Ymir to their hometown , but are waiting until nightfall when the surrounding Titans can not move . Eren is reminded by Ymir that they are in no position to fight or flee until they regenerate . Reiner begins to ramble about his duty as a soldier and as a warrior , which Ymir deduces that there is confusion between his undercover and real personas . Ymir is highly concerned about the Beast Titan , who caused the recent Titan invasion and may be their real enemy . Reiner then uses Ymir 's concern for Christa 's safety as leverage to drive a wedge between Eren and Ymir . The discussion is interrupted by the sound of flare guns , signalling the arrival of the Scouts . 35 10 `` Children '' `` Kodomotachi '' ( 子供 達 ) Kenji Imura Hiroshi Seko June 3 , 2017 July 8 , 2017 Moblit arrives at Ragako and recognizes the disabled Titan as Conny 's mother after seeing a portrait of Conny 's parents . At the Forest of Giant Trees , after Eren is restrained , Ymir says that Reiner and Bertholdt must take Christa with them . In a flashback , Ymir was worshiped by a cult as a child under supposed royalty . The cult was later apprehended and punished by soldiers , in which Ymir was injected with something and thrown off a wall , resulting in her transforming into the Dancing Titan . Ymir spent the next sixty years as a Titan , and she ate Marcel , a childhood friend of Reiner , Bertholdt and Annie , before returning to human form . She realized that her freedom of accepting her true identity was why she developed such empathy with Christa . In the present , Ymir convinces Reiner and Bertholdt to allow her to transform into the Dancing Titan and take Christa with them . When the Scouts enter the forest , Ymir finds and swallows Christa before rejoining Reiner and Bertholdt . Reiner transforms as the Armored Titan , while Bertholdt , Eren and Ymir climb on its shoulders , as they flee at the edge of the forest with the Scouts in hot pursuit . 36 11 `` Charge '' `` Totsugeki '' ( 突撃 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuhiro Akamatsu Hiroshi Seko June 10 , 2017 July 15 , 2017 As the Armored Titan flees , Ymir regurgitates Christa and exits her Titan form in order to explain her seemingly selfish actions to Christa . The Scouts close in on the Armored Titan , but Mikasa is foiled when the Armored Titan blocks her from attacking Bertholdt and saving Eren . The other 104th Cadets arrive to reason with Bertholdt , but he professes that there is no turning back from their mission , despite being their comrade . Erwin uses himself as bait to lure a group of Titans charging towards the Scouts chasing the Armored Titan , and the Scouts are ordered to scatter their formation and charge at the Titans . The Armored Titan is consequently attacked by the Titans , forcing it to defend itself and release Eren and Bertholdt . Armin , Erwin and Mikasa work together to distract Bertholdt , cut Eren free and rescue Eren . Conny and Sasha retrieve Christa and explain that Ymir is lying about her recent actions . The Scouts are hampered from retreating when the Armored Titan throws Titans at them , knocking Eren and Mikasa off their horse . Eren and Mikasa then come face - to - face with the Smiling Titan , the same one that ate Carla Jaeger . 37 12 `` Scream '' `` Sakebi '' ( 叫び ) Satonobu Kikuchi Takayuki Hirao Tetsurō Araki Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi June 17 , 2017 July 22 , 2017 The Scouts are at a loss as more Titans thrown by the Armored Titan surround their position . Hannes sacrifices himself protecting Eren and Mikasa from the Smiling Titan . At first failing to transform , Eren breaks down despairingly , but a heartfelt profession of love from Mikasa rekindles his spirit , activating an unknown power within him that causes the surrounding Titans to devour the Smiling Titan . Ymir realizes that Reiner and Bertholdt want Eren because he possesses the Coordinate , the ability to control other Titans . The surviving Scouts escape after Eren causes the Titans to go after the Armored Titan . Ymir decides to leave Christa in order to save the Armored Titan and Bertholdt from the Titans . A week later , Hange and Conny give a report to Erwin , Levi and Dot Pyxis , which reveals that the Titans that appeared within Wall Rose were the citizens of Ragako . Remembering how many died to rescue him , Eren vows to use his new power to help humanity , while Erwin is determined to learn more of the truth behind the Titans . Elsewhere , the Beast Titan looks out from atop Wall Maria , as a mysterious blonde man with glasses emerges from its back uttering the words , `` not just yet '' . Special episodes ( edit ) Ova episodes ( edit ) For the No Regrets OVAs , see Attack on Titan : No Regrets . The following bonus original video animation episodes were released alongside select volumes of the manga . No . Title Original air date 3.5 `` Ilse 's Notebook : Memoirs of a Recon Corps Member '' `` Iruze no Techō - Aru Chōsa Heidan'in no Shuki - '' ( イルゼ の 手帳 ― ある 調査 兵 団員 の 手記 ― ) December 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 09 ) In the year 850 , whilst Eren and the others are in training , the Recon Corps go on a mission , with Hange deciding to pursue a Titan spotted in the forest in the hopes she can capture it . Curiously , as Hange gets the Titan to chase after her , it suddenly retreats to the forest . Hange follows it to the center of the forest , where she finds it banging its head against a certain tree . The Titan turns hostile when Hange gets close to it , but Levi and the others arrive and kill it , much to Hange 's dismay . Upon inspecting the scene , they discover the decapitated body of Ilse Langnar , a soldier from the 34th Recon Corps division , resting inside of the tree , and find a notebook belonging to her lying on the ground . The notebook details Ilse 's records , as she escaped on foot after her squad was killed by Titans . She eventually became cornered by a Titan , but instead of killing her right away , it started to speak to her in the human language , calling her `` Ymir '' . Ilse attempted to communicate with the Titan , but it inevitably became hostile again and bit off her head , curiously choosing not to devour her body but instead rest it inside the tree . Having read through all of Ilse 's notes , Hange uses the notebook as leverage to convince Erwin to approve of operations to capture Titans alive and study them , before returning Ilse 's belongings to her grief - stricken family . 3.25 `` The Sudden Visitor : The Torturous Curse of Youth '' `` Totsuzen no Raihōsha - Sainamareru Seishun no Noroi - '' ( 突然 の 来訪 者 ― 苛ま れる 青春 の 呪い ― ) April 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 09 ) In the year 849 , Jean returns home after two years in training . After Jean gets into a dispute with Sasha following a training exercise , Commander Pyxis suggests they settle things in a cooking contest . With Armin and Annie joining Jean 's team and Reiner and Conny teaming up with Sasha , the two groups head into the forest in search of a notorious giant boar to use as meat . Sasha 's group come across the boar first and engage it in battle , with Sasha managing to kill it and claim it for her group . Later , after Jean is visited by his mother , shouting at her when he feels she is embarrassing him , he concocts a plan to steal some quality beef from the office so he can beat Sasha , but Armin and Annie refuse to help him . After inevitably giving up on his plan , Jean opens a lunchbox his mother left him containing an omelette , remembering all the times his mother stood by him . The cooking contest soon takes place , with Sasha presenting a prime boar steak whilst Jean presents a humble omelette . Although wowed by the taste of the steak , Pyxis declares Jean the winner as he showed more skill in cooking . Content with his victory , Jean considers paying a visit to his mother . 3.75 `` Distress '' `` Konnan '' ( 困難 ) August 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 08 ) In the year 848 , the recruits are split into two groups for a wilderness exercise to learn how to sustain themselves in times of peace . Marco has trouble leading his group due to the arrogance of both Eren and Jean . Meanwhile , Mikasa 's group learns of the presence of a gang of thieves , who managed to steal their omni - directional mobility gear . That night , the thieves ambush Eren 's group , taking Christa hostage along with their equipment . Putting aside their petty squabbles in order to rescue her , the group discover the thieves ' hideout , using each of their talents to come up with a plan to ambush them . After Eren and Jean manage to recover the group 's maneuver equipment and put a stop to the thieves ' wagons , the thieves hold Christa at knifepoint , but she is rescued by the arrival of Mikasa and Annie after Armin had signalled for help . As the thieves are arrested , with no casualties taken , Armin wonders if the thieves ' attack was part of the exercise all along . Bonus shorts ( edit ) Chibi Theater : Fly , Cadets , Fly ! ( ち み キャラ 劇場 と んで け ! 訓練 兵団 , Chimi Kyara Gekijō -- Tondeke ! Kunren Heidan ) is a series of flash animated gag shorts included with the Blu - ray Disc / DVD releases , featuring the characters in chibi form based on designs by Yuupon . No . Title Original air date `` Day 01 / Day 02 '' `` Ichinichime / Futsukame '' ( 01 日 目 / 02 日 目 ) July 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 17 ) Eren has trouble getting to school on time , before he and Armin find themselves in the nurse 's office . `` Day 03 / Day 04 '' `` Mikkame / Yokkame '' ( 03 日 目 / 04 日 目 ) August 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 21 ) Eren tries to make a strong impression before his instructor , whilst Jean becomes jealous of Eren 's closeness with Mikasa . `` Day 05 / Day 06 / Day 07 '' `` Itsukame / Muikame / Nanokame '' ( 05 日 目 / 06 日 目 / 07 日 目 ) September 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 18 ) Sasha is accused of a crime she did n't commit , whilst Armin finds a rather dubious book . Later , Eren and Mikasa try to learn about the Titan 's weakness . `` Day 08 / Day 09 / Day 10 '' `` Yōkame / Kokonokame / Tōkame '' ( 8 日 目 / 9 日 目 / 10 日 目 ) October 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 16 ) Eren accidentally stumbles into the classroom as the girls were taking off their clothes , Mikasa competes against Ymir for Eren 's pudding , Christa and Ymir discuss who they should spend the day with . 5 `` Day 11 / Day 12 / Day 13 '' `` Jūichinichime / Jūninichime / Jūsannichime '' ( 11 日 目 / 12 日 目 / 13 日 目 ) November 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 20 ) Eren attempts to improve his body by following Reiner 's every move , Bertholdt tries to improve his confidence , Mikasa and Annie compete to see who can inflict more pain on Eren . 6 `` Day 14 / Day 15 / Day 16 '' `` Jūyokkame / Jūgonichime / Jūrokunichime '' ( 14 日 目 / 15 日 目 / 16 日 目 ) December 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 18 ) Conny and Sasha attempt to prank Shadis , Eren decides to shave his hair , Armin tutors Eren , Sasha , and Conny when they failed their test . 7 `` Day 17 / Day 18 / Day 19 '' `` Jūshichinichime / Jūhachinichime / Jūkunichime '' ( 17 日 目 / 18 日 目 / 19 日 目 ) January 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) Eren struggles to balance himself on the omni - directional mobility gear , Jean gets lost during training , Marco sneaks into the Girl 's Dormitory to return a lost pink bag . 8 `` Day 20 / Day 21 / Day 22 '' `` Nijūnichime / Nijūichinichime / Nijūninichime '' ( 20 日 目 / 21 日 目 / 22 日 目 ) February 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 19 ) Franz and Hannah try to help Eren reconcile with Mikasa after an argument , Mikasa tries to act on her feelings with Eren , and Hange tries to communicate with a Titan . 9 `` Day 23 / Day 24 / Day 25 '' `` Nijūsannichime / Nijūyonnichime / Nijūgonichime '' ( 23 日 目 / 24 日 目 / 25 日 目 ) March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) Erwin tries to change his appearance to appeal to cadets , Levi analyzes himself from another 's point of view , and the graduation ceremony of the 104th Cadet Corps takes place . See also ( edit ) Anime and manga portal List of Attack on Titan chapters List of Attack on Titan light novels Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Funimation dub spells Eren 's surname as Jaeger . Jump up ^ The Funimation dub spells Mikasa 's surname as Ackermann . Jump up ^ The Funimation dub spells Armin 's surname as Arlelt . References ( edit ) Sources `` Japanese dates '' . Tokyo MX ( in Japanese ) . `` List of Attack on Titan episode titles '' . Shingeki.tv ( in Japanese ) . `` Attack of Titan Anime Episodes '' . Funimation . References ^ Jump up to : Ferreira , Mike ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Attack on Titan 's Netflix Debut Hit by Translation Woes '' . Anime Herald . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : 「 進撃 の 巨人 」 製作 委員 会 . `` 放送 情報 '' ( Broadcast Information ) . shingeki.tv ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . `` MBS 4 月 6 日 より 毎週 土曜 25 時 58 分 ~ ※ 4 月 13 日 は 26 時 10 分 ~ '' See rest of article for other broadcasting times . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Streams Attack on Titan TV Anime '' . Anime News Network . April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll to Stream `` Attack on Titan '' Anime `` . Crunchyroll. April 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Plans Attack on Titan on Home Video in 2014 '' . Anime News Network . May 19 , 2013 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan English Dub Premiere at Anime Boston '' . Funimation . February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Funimation ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` FUNimation - Thank you all for your patience ! Attack on ... '' Facebook . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan to Run on Adult Swim 's Toonami Block '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Opening CD Sells 129,000 in 1st Week '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 2nd Season 's New Visual , Linked Horizon Song Revealed '' . Anime News Network . February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toonami Premieres Attack on Titan Season 2 on April 22 '' . Anime News Network . April 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll Streams Attack on Titan Season 2 Anime ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV アニメ 「 進撃 の 巨人 」 Season 3 '' . shingeki.tv ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 作品 情報 ( シリーズ ) -- 進撃 の 巨人 attack on titan '' ( Work information ( series ) -- Attack on Titan ) . Media Arts Database ( in Japanese ) . Japan : Agency for Cultural Affairs . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` July 5th Line Up - Space Dandy Season 2 Premiere ! '' . Toonami Tumblr . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Know When to Watch - Schedule - Adult Swim '' . AdultSwim.com . Turner Broadcasting System . August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 Season2 ( Attack on Titan Season 2 ) ( in Japanese ) . Mainichi Broadcasting System . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Manga 's 2nd Anime DVD Bundle Listed '' . Anime News Network . November 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Attack on Titan on Funimation Attack on Titan on Crunchyroll ( hide ) Attack on Titan by Hajime Isayama Media Chapters Episodes Before the Fall Junior High Lost Girls No Regrets Spoof on Titan Harsh Mistress of the City Films Live - action film Video games Humanity in Chains Attack on Titan Related Characters Eren Yeager `` Jiyū e no Shingeki '' by Linked Horizon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Attack_on_Titan_episodes&oldid=816056025 '' Categories : Lists of anime episodes Attack on Titan Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Use mdy dates from June 2014 Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 23 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does attack on titan episodes come out | [
"On June 17, 2017, a third season was announced at the close of the second season's final episode, with a release date slated for July 2018.[13]"
] | [
"July 2018"
] |
-3128993045187987015 | Freaks and Geeks | Freaks and Geeks - wikipedia Freaks and Geeks Jump to : navigation , search Freaks and Geeks Genre Teen drama Comedy - drama Created by Paul Feig Starring Linda Cardellini John Francis Daley James Franco Samm Levine Seth Rogen Jason Segel Martin Starr Becky Ann Baker Joe Flaherty Busy Philipps Opening theme `` Bad Reputation '' by Joan Jett Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 18 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Judd Apatow Running time 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Apatow Productions DreamWorks Television Distributor Paramount Worldwide Television Distribution Release Original network NBC Picture format 480i ( 4 : 3 SDTV ) ( original broadcast ) 1080p 4 : 3 / 16 : 9 ( 2016 Blu - ray remaster ) Audio format Dolby Surround 2.0 ( original broadcast ) Dolby Digital 5.1 ( DVD ) Original release September 25 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 25 ) -- October 17 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 17 ) Freaks and Geeks is an American teen comedy - drama television series created by Paul Feig and executive - produced by Judd Apatow that aired on NBC during the 1999 -- 2000 television season . The show follows gifted high schooler Lindsay Weir , who befriends a gang of slacker `` freaks '' , and her younger brother Sam , as he and his geek friends navigate high school . Eighteen episodes were completed , but the series was canceled after only 12 had aired . A fan campaign persuaded NBC to broadcast the remaining episodes in September 2000 on Fox Family Channel . The series has appeared in numerous lists of the greatest television shows of all time , including lists by Time , Entertainment Weekly and TV Guide . It launched several of its young actors , such as Seth Rogen and James Franco , into successful acting careers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest stars and cameo appearances 3 Episodes 3.1 Planned storylines 4 Media releases 4.1 DVD and Blu - ray 4.2 Books 4.3 Soundtrack 5 Appearances 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Ratings 6.3 Awards and nominations 7 Cancellation and future 7.1 Undeclared 7.2 Syndication and cast reunions 8 References 9 External links 9.1 Further reading Plot ( edit ) Teenage Lindsay Weir and her younger brother Sam attend William McKinley High School during the 1980 -- 1981 school year . The show is set in the town of Chippewa , Michigan , a fictional suburb of Detroit ( named after Chippewa Valley High School , which series creator Paul Feig attended . Lindsay 's friends constitute the title 's `` freaks '' -- Daniel Desario , Ken Miller , Nick Andopolis , and Kim Kelly ; Sam 's friends constitute the `` geeks '' -- Neal Schweiber and Bill Haverchuck . The Weir parents , Harold and Jean , are featured in every episode . Millie Kentner , Lindsay 's nerdy and highly religious former best friend , is a recurring character , as is Cindy Sanders , the popular cheerleader on whom Sam has a crush . Lindsay finds herself attempting to transform her life as an academically proficient student , star `` mathlete , '' and young girl into a rebellious teenager who hangs out with troubled slackers . Her relationships with her new friends , and the friction they cause with her parents and with her own self - image , form one central strand of the show . The other follows Sam and his group of geeky friends as they navigate a different part of the social universe and try to fit in . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Freaks and Geeks characters Main cast ( edit ) Linda Cardellini as Lindsay Weir John Francis Daley as Sam Weir James Franco as Daniel Desario Samm Levine as Neal Schweiber Seth Rogen as Ken Miller Jason Segel as Nick Andopolis Martin Starr as Bill Haverchuck Becky Ann Baker as Jean Weir Joe Flaherty as Harold Weir Busy Philipps as Kim Kelly Recurring cast ( edit ) Sarah Hagan as Millie Kentner Jerry Messing as Gordon Crisp Stephen Lea Sheppard as Harris Trinsky Natasha Melnick as Cindy Sanders Ben Foster as Eli Chauncey Leopardi as Alan White Shaun Weiss as Sean JoAnna Garcia as Vicki Appleby Kayla Ewell as Maureen Sampson Lizzy Caplan as Sara Riley Smith as Todd Schellinger Dave `` Gruber '' Allen as Jeff Rosso Steve Bannos as Mr. Kowchevski Trace Beaulieu as Mr. Lacovara Steve Higgins as Mr. Fleck Tom Wilson as Coach Ben Fredricks Joel Hodgson as a DJ Claudia Christian as Gloria Haverchuck Kevin Tighe as Mr. Andopolis Jessica Campbell as Amy Andrews Sam McMurray as Vic Schweiber Amy Aquino as Mrs. Schweiber Ann Dowd as Cookie Kelly Guest stars and cameo appearances ( edit ) Guest stars included : Samaire Armstrong ( as `` Deadhead '' Laurie ) , Alexandra Breckenridge ( as mathlete Shelly Weaver ) , Jack Conley ( as Kim Kelly 's stepfather ) , Kevin Corrigan ( as Millie 's delinquent cousin ) , Allen Covert ( as a liquor store clerk ) , Matt Czuchry ( as a student from rival Lincoln High ) , Alexander Gould ( as Ronnie , the boy Lindsay babysits while high ) , Steve Higgins ( as the Geeks ' A / V teacher ) , Rashida Jones ( as Kim Kelly 's friend Karen Scarfolli ) , Bianca Kajlich ( as a nose piercing punk girl ) , David Koechner ( as a waiter , in an uncredited role ) , David Krumholtz ( as Neal 's brother Barry ) , Shia LaBeouf ( as Herbert , the school mascot ) , Leslie Mann ( Judd Apatow 's wife ) ( in episode 13 as a teacher ) , Ben Stiller ( as a Secret Service agent ) , and Jason Schwartzman ( as a student dealing in fake IDs ) . The show 's producers were resistant to stunt casting . For example , they resisted the network 's suggestion that they have Britney Spears appear as a waitress in one episode ; they thought such appearances would detract from the show 's realism . Several of the screenwriters appeared on the show . Mike White played Kim Kelly 's oft - discussed injured brother , and first appeared in episode 4 , `` Kim Kelly is My Friend . '' Paul Feig , Gabe Sachs , and series composer Michael Andrews appear uncredited as members of the fictional band Dimension in `` I 'm With the Band . '' Episodes ( edit ) The script for the pilot episode of Freaks and Geeks was written by Paul Feig as a spec script . Feig gave the script to producer Judd Apatow , who sold it to DreamWorks , where Apatow was under an overall deal . DreamWorks sold it to NBC , who greenlit a pilot . Before the script was shot , Feig wrote a second episode at the behest of Apatow . He showed this second script to Apatow and pilot director Jake Kasdan , and they suggested that he combine the two episodes to form a stronger pilot . Notable additions include the introduction of Kim Kelly and Lindsay 's recollection of her grandmother 's death . Feig wrote a final draft after a read - through with the cast , this time incorporating a first meeting between Lindsay and the freaks ( in previous drafts , Lindsay was already part of the group ) . The show ran for 18 episodes , three of which -- `` Kim Kelly Is My Friend , '' `` Dead Dogs and Gym Teachers , '' and `` Noshing and Moshing '' -- were unaired by NBC and not seen until Fox Family ran the show in 2000 . The final three episodes premiered at the Museum of Television and Radio , prior to being broadcast on television . The list below is ordered by the chronology of the storyline . No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code `` Pilot '' Jake Kasdan Paul Feig September 25 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 25 ) 100 A group of high school students in 1980 faces various social struggles . Lindsay Weir rebels and begins hanging out with a crowd of burnouts , courtesy of an invitation from Daniel Desario . Her affiliation with this gang of freaks and her quitting the mathletes worries her family and her friend Millie . Her depression started after her attempt to stop the teasing of a special education student goes terribly wrong and ends in him being injured . Meanwhile , freshman Sam Weir struggles to find the courage not only to confront his and his friends ' bully Alan , but also to ask cheerleader Cindy Sanders to the homecoming dance . `` Beers and Weirs '' Jake Kasdan J. Elvis Weinstein & Judd Apatow October 2 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 02 ) 101 When the Weir parents go out of town for the weekend , Lindsay 's new friends suggest she throw a party . Lindsay hesitantly agrees in the hopes of impressing Daniel , who has broken up with Kim . She asks Sam not to tell their parents and he agrees , though the thought of serving beer at a party worries him after going to a school assembly focusing on alcohol - related deaths . When Sam discusses the matter with his friends Neal and Bill , Bill suggests that they switch the real beer with non-alcoholic beer . Despite the fake beer , the rowdy teenagers begin to think they are drunk and Lindsay soon finds herself having a terrible time when she sees that Daniel is back with Kim . `` Tricks and Treats '' Bryan Gordon Paul Feig October 30 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 30 ) 102 Halloween approaches and Sam persuades his friends to go trick - or - treating with him . The neighborhood reacts awkwardly to the freshmen trick - or - treaters and matters become worse when Alan picks a fight with the gang . Lindsay agrees to stay home and hand out candy with her mom on Halloween night . However , when she gets an invite to go cruise around town with Nick , Daniel , Ken and Kim , she ditches her mom to hang out with them . Lindsay enjoys her first taste of vandalism with the freak gang until she accidentally takes things too far . `` Kim Kelly Is My Friend '' Lesli Linka Glatter Mike White September 5 , 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 05 ) 103 Kim 's friend , Karen ( Rashida Jones ) , bullies Sam ; writing `` Pygmy Geek '' on his locker . Sam does n't take to the label kindly and finds himself in an argument with Neal over who is geekier as Sam is assigned to write a 500 word essay about vandalism in school . Kim invites Lindsay to dinner , explaining that she needs to introduce a nice friend to her parents so they will stop hassling her to sell her car . After Lindsay realizes what an abusive home Kim is living in , the two flee the scene in Kim 's car . When Lindsay suggests that Kim lie low at the Weir house , the Weirs find themselves in for a long night . 5 `` Tests and Breasts '' Ken Kwapis Bob Nickman November 6 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 06 ) 104 When Mr. Kowchevski threatens to force Daniel to repeat algebra for another year if he does n't pass an upcoming test , Lindsay offers to help him study for it . Instead , Lindsay finds herself helping Daniel to cheat after Daniel manages to steal a test from the teacher 's office and he asks Lindsay to help him fill in the answers . Mr. Kowchevski , suspicious of Daniel 's surprisingly high grade , accuses the duo of cheating . When Lindsay becomes unsure of what to do , Daniel tells her they should deny everything . Sam begins sex education class and Daniel tries to help Sam with questions he has by giving him a pornographic film . After viewing it , he is even more confused . 6 `` I 'm with the Band '' Judd Apatow Gabe Sachs & Jeff Judah November 13 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 13 ) 105 Nick realizes if he does n't make a career out of being a drummer , his father is going to make him join the army . Lindsay attempts to remedy this first by pressuring the band to practice more , which results in the band breaking up when Nick thinks he is better than they are . Lindsay then gets Nick an audition for the band Dimension . Unfortunately , the audition goes miserably and Nick comes to terms with the fact that his drumming is n't going to save him from joining the army . Lindsay tries to comfort Nick . Meanwhile , when the physical education department at McKinley mandates that all students must shower after class , Sam avoids the shower at all costs , afraid to be naked in front of his peers . 7 `` Carded and Discarded '' Judd Apatow Judd Apatow & Paul Feig January 10 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 10 ) 110 Sam , Neal and Bill befriend Maureen ( Kayla Ewell ) , a very pretty and friendly new transfer student at McKinley . When the popular crowd shows interest in her , the geeks take Maureen out on a night of all - you - can - eat dining in an attempt to keep from losing her . Lindsay and the freaks try to buy fake IDs to see the band Feedback perform at a local bar . However , after they go through the trouble of getting their IDs and going into the bar , the group is stunned to find out who the hot local band 's lead singer is . 8 `` Girlfriends and Boyfriends '' Lesli Linka Glatter Patty Lin & Paul Feig January 17 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 17 ) 106 Nick begins making more aggressive advances towards Lindsay , most of which end up making her feel more disturbed than love struck . Tension is created between Sam and Bill when Bill is paired with Sam 's crush , Cindy , as a science partner . 9 `` We 've Got Spirit '' Danny Leiner Mike White January 24 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 24 ) 107 Sam becomes the McKinley basketball team 's new mascot after the former mascot ( Shia LaBeouf ) breaks his arm . He hopes to become closer to Cindy . Instead of winning her heart , however , he increasingly becomes frustrated with her apparent desire to be nothing more than friends as well as her obsessive crush over the basketball team 's star athlete , Todd Schellinger ( Riley Smith ) . He eventually becomes so fed up that he allows Neal be the mascot during a basketball game , though Neal is much more interested in getting laughs than following orders from Vicki ( Joanna Garcia ) , the bossy head cheerleader . Lindsay tries to figure out the best way to break up with Nick . The freaks , meanwhile , have a sudden interest in sports and school spirit after they get beaten up by a gang of McKinley 's rivals at Lincoln . 10 `` The Diary '' Ken Olin Story by : Judd Apatow & Rebecca Kirshner Teleplay by : Rebecca Kirshner January 31 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 31 ) 108 Bill is tired of being confined to deep right field during PE baseball games and always being the last one picked . He is constantly embarrassed by Coach Fredricks in front of his classmates and is convinced he could be a great athlete if he were simply given a chance . Instead of confronting Coach Fredricks with this dilemma directly , Bill makes two crank phone calls to him , one of which consists entirely of insults . Meanwhile , when Lindsay 's parents fear that her new friends are having a negative effect on her , they forbid her from hanging out with Kim and Harold suggests that he and Jean read her diary . When they do , what they read sends their marriage into a crisis . 11 `` Looks and Books '' Ken Kwapis Paul Feig February 7 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 07 ) 109 After Lindsay crashes the Weir family car while trying to help drive Daniel and his friends around , her parents indefinitely ground her and forbid her from seeing the gang of freaks ever again . Shaken up by the experience , Lindsay gladly abides and tries to reassociate herself with her old friends , including Millie . In the process , she rejoins the mathlete team and reveals her competitive side . Meanwhile , after a new hair style does n't impress Cindy , Sam decides to dress more attractively , buying a powder blue disco jumpsuit . The attire gives him nothing but negative attention . 12 `` The Garage Door '' Bryan Gordon Gabe Sachs & Jeff Judah & Patty Lin March 13 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 13 ) 111 Sam and Bill both admire Neal 's father ( Sam McMurray ) until Sam accidentally sees Mr. Schweiber hugging a strange woman . Fearing that Mr. Schweiber may be cheating on Mrs. Schweiber ( Amy Aquino ) , Sam tells Bill and then Neal . Soon after , Neal finds an unfamiliar garage door remote control in his father 's car . The three friends start hunting around the neighborhood on their bicycles , searching for the garage door the remote control belongs to . Meanwhile , Ken reveals his first crush to be on a girl named Amy ( Jessica Campbell ) who plays the tuba in McKinley 's marching band . The freaks , along with Amy , go to the local laser dome to see a Pink Floyd laser show , but mistakenly arrive on southern rock night . 13 `` Chokin ' and Tokin ' '' Miguel Arteta Judd Apatow March 20 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 20 ) 112 Lindsay smokes marijuana for the first time . Moments later , her father reminds her that she had promised to babysit for neighbors that night . Afraid to babysit by herself , she pleads Millie to babysit with her . Millie not only takes care of the child they are babysitting , but also takes care of Lindsay while she anxiously deals with the effects of smoking pot . The geeks are embarrassed in front of their peers when Bill reveals their allergies and ailments to Ms. Foote ( Leslie Mann ) . Not believing that Bill is actually deathly allergic to peanuts , Alan puts peanuts into Bill 's sandwich . After Bill eats one bite of the sandwich , Alan realizes that Bill was telling the truth and Bill is rushed to the hospital . This episode also reveals why Alan bullies Sam , Bill , and Neal . 14 `` Dead Dogs and Gym Teachers '' Judd Apatow Judd Apatow & Bob Nickman October 10 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 10 ) 114 Lindsay and Kim accidentally run over Millie 's dog one night . Lindsay wants to come clean to Millie , but Kim threatens that if Lindsay confesses , she will react violently . Feeling guilty , Kim befriends Millie and asks her to join the freaks to witness The Who , live in concert . Meanwhile , Nick teaches himself to play guitar and writes a love ballad for Lindsay , and Bill , already having a rocky relationship with Coach Fredricks , is devastated to hear that his mother has been dating him . 15 `` Noshing and Moshing '' Jake Kasdan J. Elvis Weinstein October 17 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 17 ) 115 While trying to escape his problems with his parents and Kim , Daniel becomes attracted to Jenna Zank , a dropout from McKinley who is into the punk scene . To try to impress her , Daniel changes his appearance and meets her at a punk show and brings Nick and Ken along . Trying to cope with the knowledge that his father is unfaithful to his mother and whether to tell her , Neal focuses all of his energy into his new ventriloquism act , neglecting school in the process . The Weir parents become intoxicated at the Schweibers ' party , while Lindsay becomes attracted to Neal 's older brother Barry ( David Krumholtz ) , who is back in town from college . Lindsay is given detention after coming to the aid of a girl being attacked by a boy . 16 `` Smooching and Mooching '' Jake Kasdan Steve Bannos July 8 , 2000 ( 2000 - 07 - 08 ) 116 After Cindy breaks up with Todd , Sam finally asks Cindy out on a date after she tells Bill that she has a crush on Sam and wants Bill to persuade Sam to invite her to a party . Sam , Neal , and Bill find themselves nervously attending a make - out party . Much to Lindsay 's disappointment , the Weirs allow Nick to stay the night at their house after Nick 's father sells his 29 - piece drum kit . 17 `` The Little Things '' Jake Kasdan Story by : Jon Kasdan & Judd Apatow & Mike White Teleplay by : Jon Kasdan July 8 , 2000 ( 2000 - 07 - 08 ) 117 After Ken 's girlfriend , Amy , reveals to him that she was born an intersex woman , Ken questions his sexuality and his over-analysis of his relationship with her leads him to the conclusion that he has to break up with her , but reconsiders after talking with Sam . Sam is having a terrible time dating Cindy , who reveals herself to be shallow , rude , and egotistical . He tries to find the courage to break up with her . Lindsay struggles with asking Vice President George Bush a question during an assembly . 18 `` Discos and Dragons '' Paul Feig Paul Feig July 8 , 2000 ( 2000 - 07 - 08 ) 113 By chance , Lindsay and the freaks find out that Nick has been dating Sara ( Lizzy Caplan ) and she has been teaching him to dance for an upcoming disco competition . Daniel , afraid of failing another test , is caught trying to pull the fire alarm . As punishment , he is forced to join the Audio / Visual club . The geeks respond to his presence coldly at first , but they later invite him to a game of Dungeons & Dragons . As a result of Lindsay 's outstanding grades , she receives an invitation to an academic summit at the University of Michigan taking place for two weeks during the summer . However , she is unsure of whether she wants to attend . * ^ Initial airing occurred on Fox Family . Planned storylines ( edit ) In a 2012 interview with Vanity Fair , Paul Feig detailed what would have happened to the characters in a second season : Lindsay would become a human rights lawyer , years after following the Grateful Dead . Sam would have joined the drama club . Neal would cope with his parents ' divorce by joining a swing choir in school . Bill would join the basketball team , becoming a jock and leading to tension with the geeks . Daniel would end up in jail . Kim would become pregnant on tour while following the Grateful Dead . Nick would be pressured by his strict father to join the army . Media releases ( edit ) DVD and Blu - ray ( edit ) On April 6 , 2004 , a six - DVD Freaks and Geeks box set was released through Shout ! Factory and Sony BMG Music Entertainment . A limited `` yearbook edition '' set including two additional discs was also available through the official website for the show . Fans who had signed an online petition to get the show on DVD got priority in purchasing the special set . On November 25 , 2008 , the deluxe `` Yearbook Edition '' boxed set was re-released through Vivendi Entertainment . The set features all of the episodes , commentaries , and special features of the `` Complete Series '' six - DVD set , plus two extra discs and deluxe packaging . It is packaged as an 80 - page color yearbook with essays , pictures , and episode synopses . In July 2015 , Shout ! Factory announced it had begun preparing for a Blu - ray release of the series . It was subsequently confirmed in December 2015 , that Shout ! would release the complete series on Blu - ray on March 22 , 2016 , and the set contains all special features from the previous releases and the episodes in both its original aspect ratio and widescreen . Books ( edit ) In October 2004 , Newmarket Press released two Freaks and Geeks books : Freaks and Geeks : The Complete Scripts , Volume 1 and Freaks and Geeks : The Complete Scripts , Volume 2 . Each book covers nine scripts from the series , compiled by Paul Feig and Judd Apatow . Extra content includes behind - the - scenes memos and notes ; photos ; additional plot lines ; and excerpts from the Freaks and Geeks series bibles . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Freaks and Geeks ( soundtrack ) Freaks and Geeks ' creators made it a priority to feature genuine , period - specific music that would help to create the show 's tone . Clearing such names as Billy Joel , Cheap Trick , the Grateful Dead , Rush , Styx , The Moody Blues , The Who , and Van Halen required much of the show 's budget . Eventually , this became an obstacle in releasing the show on DVD due to the difficulty and expense of clearing all of the music rights for the series . Many television shows ( such as Dawson 's Creek , WKRP in Cincinnati , and Daria ) had music cues changed or removed in order to facilitate relatively inexpensive DVD releases , as was done for Freaks and Geeks when it was seen in reruns on Fox Family . However , Freaks and Geeks ' creators chose to wait to release the DVD until they could find a company willing to pay for the original music . Shout ! Factory , a music and video company specializing in comprehensive reissues and compilations , eventually brought Freaks and Geeks to DVD with all of its music intact . Appearances ( edit ) In 2000 , the cast of Freaks and Geeks was featured in an episode of the game show Family Feud hosted by Louie Anderson . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) At Metacritic , Freaks and Geeks has a score of 88 out of 100 , based on 26 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Ratings ( edit ) The show averaged 6.77 million viewers and was # 93 in the rankings during its only season . Awards and nominations ( edit ) The series received three Emmy Award nominations : creator Paul Feig was nominated twice for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , for `` Pilot '' and `` Discos and Dragons . '' It won for Outstanding Casting for a Comedy Series ( Allison Jones , Coreen Mayrs and Jill Greenberg ) . It was nominated for two Television Critics Association Awards , for New Program of the Year and Outstanding Achievement in Drama . For acting , the series won for Best Family TV Series -- Comedy and was nominated for Best Performance in a TV Series -- Young Ensemble at the Young Artist Awards . For the YoungStar Awards , John Francis Daley and Sarah Hagan were nominated for Best Young Actor / Performance in a Comedy TV Series and the ensemble was nominated for Best Young Ensemble Cast -- Television . The series also received several other nominations in other categories . The series appeared on Time magazine 's 2007 `` 100 Greatest Shows of All Time '' list , and placed third on the magazine 's list of greatest television shows of the 2000s ( decade ) . In 2007 , Freaks and Geeks ranked # 21 on TV Guide 's Top Cult Shows Ever . In 2008 , Entertainment Weekly ranked it the 13th - best series of the past 25 years . The same year , AOL TV named it the Best School Show of All Time . In 2013 TV Guide included it in its list of The 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time , and ranked it # 1 on their list of 60 shows that were `` Cancelled Too Soon . '' It launched several of its young actors , such as Rogan and Franco , into successful acting careers . Cancellation and future ( edit ) One of the cited reasons for its early cancellation was its inability to gain an audience due to its `` erratic scheduling '' and poor time slots , competing with the high - rated Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . The producers created a website for the series , but NBC would not share its URL because `` they did n't want people to know the Internet existed . They were worried about losing viewers to it '' as explained by Judd Apatow . Freaks and Geeks was only averaging under 7 million viewers , while other NBC series such as Frasier and Friends were averaging over 14 million viewers each . NBC and the creative directors of Freaks and Geeks did not have the same vision for the series . After the network picked up the Freaks and Geeks pilot , Garth Ancier replaced the old NBC network 's president . Ancier `` did n't understand public school life '' and its relevance because he went to a boarding school and then on to Princeton . Creator Paul Feig expressed the `` irony of the situation '' as everyone involved wanted Freaks and Geeks to be a success , but the network did n't understand the concept of realistically showcasing life as ordinary teenagers . Jake Kasdan and Judd Apatow had multiple arguments with the network concerning `` lack of victories '' in the script and that the characters needed to `` be cool . '' The writers wanted to produce something that would represent the average high school experience , but the network wanted to produce something that would make high school seem cool . Because the network did not think the series would be a success , they let the writers add things to the script that they `` would n't have if they thought the show would resurface the next season , '' like the use of the phrase , `` ambiguous genitalia . '' Apatow said in 2014 that `` Everything I 've done , in a way , is revenge for the people who cancelled Freaks and Geeks . Undeclared ( edit ) In 2001 , several of the actors featured in Freaks and Geeks appeared in a new Judd Apatow college half - hour comedy Undeclared , which aired on Fox Network . Apatow fought with the network to include Freaks and Geeks actors , but the network only picked up Seth Rogen ( who was already committed to the show as a writer ) as a regular cast member . However , Jason Segel became a recurring character , and Samm Levine , Busy Philipps , and Natasha Melnick guest - starred in multi-episode arcs , as did prominent Freaks and Geeks guest stars Steve Bannos ( who played McKinley High math teacher Mr. Frank Kowchevski ) and David Krumholtz ( who played Neal 's older brother , Barry Schweiber ) . Martin Starr was prominent in another episode , and a scene with Sarah Hagan was shot , although it was cut for television broadcast . The show was also canceled during its first season . Syndication and cast reunions ( edit ) Cast of Freaks and Geeks at PaleyFest 2011 In June 2010 , it was announced that IFC had acquired the rights to air both Freaks and Geeks and Undeclared . Freaks and Geeks 's 18 - episode run on IFC finished with all episodes having aired as of October 29 , 2010 . Undeclared 's IFC run began on November 5 , 2010 . Both shows have also joined TeenNick 's line - up as of June 13 , 2011 . Freaks and Geeks aired on FXX , from 2013 to 2014 . A reunion of several cast members and producers of both shows took place at the Paley Center for Media 's PaleyFest on March 12 , 2011 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coffin J. ( 2010 ) . `` Teenagers Portrayed in Television '' . Journal of Psychology . 41 ( 2 ) : 23 -- 25 . Jump up ^ `` Geek Love '' . Salon.com. April 20 , 2000 . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RetroWeb Classic Television : Freaks and Geeks '' . RetroWeb.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Longo , Chris ( September 2 , 2013 ) . `` Freaks and Geeks : The Enduring Legacy of a Short - Lived Show '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Feig Directs All - Star Cast in ' Bridesmaids ' '' . My Fox Detroit . May 10 , 2011 . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carp , Jesse . `` 10 Actors You Might Not Remember Being On Freaks And Geeks '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Elan , Priya ( January 31 , 2009 ) . `` Priya Elan signs up for class with writer of Freaks And Geeks , Gabe Sachs '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Judd Apatow , Jon Kasdan , Seth Rogan , Mike White ( April 6 , 2004 ) . Freak and Geeks : The Complete Series , `` The Little Things '' commentary track ( DVD ) . Shout ! Factory . Event occurs at 26 : 23 . Jump up ^ Wood , Jennifer ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` School Days & Parisian Nightsuits : Every ' Freaks and Geeks ' Episode , Ranked '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Jay Cohen ; Paul Feig ; Judd Apatow , eds. ( 2004 ) . Freaks and Geeks : The Complete Scripts Volume 1 ( 1st ed . ) . New York : New Market Press . ISBN 1 - 55704 - 645 - X . Jump up ^ Koski , Genevieve ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` Paul Feig walks us through Freaks And Geeks ( Part 4 of 5 ) '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Freaks and Geeks : The Complete Series DVD Episode Booklet Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( December 6 , 2012 ) . `` Paul Feig : What Would 've Happened to Every Character in Freaks and Geeks ' Lost Second Season ( Drugs ! Pregnancies ! Republicanism ! ) '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Freaks and Geeks - Official Press Release : April 6 is the day ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD . January 15 , 2004 . Retrieved August 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Freaks and Geeks - Shout Sends Over a New Fact Sheet for their Retailer Release of the Yearbook Edition '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . October 20 , 2008 . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shout ! Factory ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` We 're doing Freaks & Geeks on Blu ! We have the film to work with and it 's happening ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Freaks and Geeks - Shout ! Press Release for ' The Complete Series : Collector 's Edition ' Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Freaks and Geeks : The Complete Scripts , Volume 1 ( Newmarket Shooting Script ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Freaks And Geeks : The Complete Scripts '' . Amazon.ca . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Matheson , Whitney ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` The Week in Pop : My pop - culture picks '' . Iowa City Press - Citizen . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Freaks and Geeks : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts and Data '' . Variety . August 6 , 2000 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Freaks and Geeks '' ( 1999 ) - Awards `` . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Freaks and Geeks - The 100 Best TV Shows of All '' . TIME . September 6 , 2007 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Freaks and Geeks - Best Movies , TV , Books and Theater of the Decade '' . TIME . December 29 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Names the Top Cult Shows Ever '' . TV Guide . June 29 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The New Classics '' . Entertainment Weekly . June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Best School Shows of All Time '' . AOL TV . Aol , Inc . August 26 , 2008 . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( February 25 , 2013 ) . `` Showstoppers : The 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time '' . TV Guide . pp. 16 - 17 . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` Cancelled Too Soon '' . TV Guide . pp. 20 and 21 Jump up ^ Bartleet , Larry ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Why was there never a second season of ' Freaks And Geeks ' , the cult show that 's now on Netflix ? '' . NME . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elan , Pryia ( January 30 , 2009 ) . `` Making the grade '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( December 6 , 2012 ) . `` 2 Good 2 Be 4Gotten : An Oral History of Freaks and Geeks '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Friedlander , Whitney ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Judd Apatow : Everything He 's Done Is Revenge for Canceling ' Freaks and Geeks ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Freaks and Geeks , Undeclared Return to TV '' . TV Guide . June 30 , 2010 . Retrieved August 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Freaks and Geeks & Undeclared - Coming Monday ! '' . TeenNick . June 9 , 2011 . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Freaks and Geeks / Undeclared Reunion '' . PaleyCenter.org . March 12 , 2011 . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Freaks and Geeks Still Rocks '' . IGN . March 14 , 2011 . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Television in the United States portal 1990s portal 2000s portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : Freaks and Geeks Freaks and Geeks on IMDb Freaks and Geeks at TV.com Official website -- Freaks Perspective ( archived ) Official website -- Geeks Perspective ( archived ) Further reading ( edit ) Bowe , John ( September 26 , 2008 ) . `` The Trouble with Paul Feig . '' The New York Times . Koski , Genevieve ( April 9 , 2012 ) . `` Paul Feig walks us through Freaks And Geeks ( Part 1 of 5 ) . '' The A.V. Club . Lloyd , Robert ( December 6 , 2012 ) . `` Paul Feig : What Would 've Happened to Every Character in Freaks and Geeks ' Lost Second Season ( Drugs ! Pregnancies ! Republicanism ! ) . '' Vanity Fair . Lloyd , Robert ( January 2013 ) . `` 2 Good 2 Be 4Gotten : An Oral History of Freaks and Geeks . '' Vanity Fair . ( hide ) Paul Feig Films directed I Am David ( 2003 ) Unaccompanied Minors ( 2006 ) Bridesmaids ( 2011 ) The Heat ( 2013 ) Spy ( 2015 ) Ghostbusters ( 2016 ) A Simple Favor ( 2018 ) TV series Freaks and Geeks Other Space Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freaks_and_Geeks&oldid=824848674 '' Categories : Freaks and Geeks 1999 American television series debuts 2000 American television series endings 1990s American comedy - drama television series 1990s American teen sitcoms 1990s teen drama television series 2000s American comedy - drama television series 2000s American teen sitcoms 2000s teen drama television series American high school television series Apatow Productions films English - language television programs NBC network shows Television series by DreamWorks Television Television series set in 1980 Television series set in 1981 Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Television shows set in Detroit Television works about intersex Works by Judd Apatow Hidden categories : Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Latviešu Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 9 February 2018 , at 21 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays the little brother in freaks and geeks | [
"\nLinda Cardellini as Lindsay Weir\nJohn Francis Daley as Sam Weir\nJames Franco as Daniel Desario\nSamm Levine as Neal Schweiber\nSeth Rogen as Ken Miller\nJason Segel as Nick Andopolis\nMartin Starr as Bill Haverchuck\nBecky Ann Baker as Jean Weir\nJoe Flaherty as Harold Weir\nBusy Philipps as Kim Kelly\n"
] | [
"John Francis Daley"
] |
-838001609833970185 | The Flash (season 4) | The Flash ( season 4 ) - wikipedia The Flash ( season 4 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Flash ( season 4 ) Promotional poster Starring Grant Gustin Candice Patton Danielle Panabaker Carlos Valdes Keiynan Lonsdale Neil Sandilands Tom Cavanagh Jesse L. Martin Country of origin United States No. of episodes 9 Release Original network The CW Original release October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 List of The Flash episodes The fourth season of the American television series The Flash , which is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash , follows a crime scene investigator with superhuman speed who fights criminals , including others who have also gained superhuman abilities . It is set in the Arrowverse , sharing continuity with the other television series of the universe , and is a spin - off of Arrow . The season is produced by Berlanti Productions , Warner Bros. Television , and DC Entertainment , with Andrew Kreisberg and Todd Helbing serving as showrunners . The season was ordered in January 2017 , and filming began that July . Grant Gustin stars as Barry , with principal cast members Candice Patton , Danielle Panabaker , Carlos Valdes , Keiynan Lonsdale , Tom Cavanagh , and Jesse L. Martin also returning from previous seasons , and are joined by Neil Sandilands . The fourth season began airing on October 10 , 2017 , on The CW . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 3.6 Arrowverse tie - ins 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Marketing 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Flash episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 70 `` The Flash Reborn '' Glen Winter Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Todd Helbing & Eric Wallace October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) T27. 13401 2.84 Iris has been aiding Team Flash in Central City for six months , but refusing to grieve Barry . A flying Samurai with superpowers appears in Central City , threatening to destroy the city if the real Flash does not face him . Cisco reveals he has formulated a way to bring back Barry without destabilizing the Speed Force , and tracks down Caitlin for help . Against Iris ' direction , Team Flash successfully returns Barry , who appears rambling random statements and continually writing symbols on walls . Wally engages the Samurai , but is defeated . Cisco deciphers Barry 's writings and finds an apparently meaningless sentence . In an attempt to recover Barry 's memories , Iris gives herself up to the Samurai . The plan works and Barry speeds away , rescuing Iris and defeating the Samurai , who is revealed to be a robot . Caitlin rejoins Team Flash , but is revealed to have been working for a mobster called Amunet at the bar , while also continuing to prevent the Killer Frost personality from emerging . The `` Samuroid '' is revealed to have been controlled by the Thinker , whose plan was to draw out the Flash for his next schemes . 71 `` Mixed Signals '' Alexandra La Roche Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) T27. 13402 2.54 When Barry , Joe , and Cisco report to a crime scene , they discover remnants of a mysterious code . Cisco presents Barry with a technologically advanced suit , intended to facilitate his activities . He tests it out , trying to save someone from a haywire car , caused by metahuman Ramsey Deacon . Gypsy arrives on Earth - 1 for a date with Cisco , who is forced to cancel it so as to focus on Deacon . Acting on a suggestion from Caitlin , Iris signs her and Barry up for couples therapy to sort out their relationship . Deacon kidnaps a witness , who was previously a member of a tech team who sold him out of his idea . Barry and Wally go to save him , but Deacon uses his abilities to send Barry 's suit haywire . On Iris 's instructions , Barry throws lightning at himself , shorting out his suit . He then incapacitates Deacon , who is locked up in the meta wing of Iron Heights , revealed to be part of the Thinker 's plan . Cisco finally goes out with Gypsy . Wondering how Deacon gained his powers being absent during the particle accelerator incident , Barry and Joe learn from Deacon that there are `` others '' . 72 `` Luck Be a Lady '' Armen V. Kevorkian Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) T27. 13403 2.62 In flashbacks , the Thinker observes Becky Sharpe , a woman with seemingly unending bad luck , and determines that she will be easily manipulated . In the present , Becky robs a bank , and gets away when Barry slips on marbles . Harry arrives from Earth - 2 , and tells Wally that Jesse has decided to break up in order to focus on her vigilantism . Cisco deduces that Becky is a metahuman with the power of favorable luck while inducing misfortune to others . Barry realizes that the portal he used to escape the Speed Force exposed an entire busload of people , including Becky and Deacon , to transformative dark matter . Harry informs Cisco that Jesse has expelled him from her crime - fighting team due to his attitude . Becky 's powers expand out of control , reactivating the particle accelerator , which Harry deliberately allows , nullifying Becky 's powers and leading to her incarceration . Cisco and Harry identify twelve new metahumans created on the bus , and the latter suspects that an unknown party has manipulated events surrounding Barry 's return . Wally decides to leave on a journey to find himself . The Thinker is revealed to be spying on S.T.A.R. Labs through the `` Samuroid '' helmet . Joe learns Cecile is pregnant . 73 `` Elongated Journey Into Night '' Tom Cavanagh Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) T27. 13404 1.99 Gypsy 's father , Breacher , attacks Cisco , vowing to hunt and kill him in 24 hours , allowing the romance should he survive . Team Flash learns that the bus driver was murdered and tracks down another passenger , Ralph Dibny , former corrupt CCPD detective exposed by Barry and currently an infamous private investigator . As two thugs attack Dibny , he is revealed to have the power to stretch . Caitlin stabilizes his powers with a serum . The team learns that Ralph has been blackmailing Mayor Bellows for adultery , with the latter revealed to have hired the thugs . Barry confronts Ralph for his actions while the latter scolds him , claiming to have been a `` good cop '' . He later stops blackmailing Bellows , who still attempts to kill him while Breacher mistakes the former for a Plastoid , the species that invaded Earth - 19 previously , and attacks him . Cisco intervenes and saves Ralph , whom Barry , having revealed his alter - ego , convinces to help arrest an escaping Bellows . Admiring Cisco 's gallantry , Breacher allows the relationship . Barry recruits Ralph for Team Flash and learns that someone named DeVoe instructed Ralph to watch Bellows . Barry remembers that Abra Kadabra and Savitar both mentioned DeVoe . Meanwhile , Caitlin finds a message on her apartment door . 74 5 `` Girls Night Out '' Laura Belsey Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) T27. 13405 2.38 While failing to track DeVoe , Team Flash is visited by Felicity , who joins Iris 's bachelorette party . Mocking Cisco 's plans for Barry 's bachelor party , Ralph takes the men to a strip club , where they learn that Cecile 's daughter , Joanie , is working . Joe confronts her , who states she is only doing feminist research . Ralph incites a brawl , leading to the men 's arrest until Harry posts bail . Meanwhile , Amunet 's enforcer , Norvock , demands Caitlin 's return and attacks the women when she refuses . Killer Frost emerges and repels him , later telling Iris that Caitlin accepted Amunet 's employment in exchange for the means to control Frost . Learning that Amunet is holding a metahuman she calls `` the Weeper '' , whose tears are a strong narcotic , prisoner and intends to sell him , Iris 's party decides to stop her . Though Caitlin refuses to join , she attacks Amunet when seeing her friends in danger . Using a strong magnet , the team robs Amunet 's metal shards , leaving her powerless . Iris dissuades Frost from killing Amunet , who promises revenge . Both parties refuse to tell each other about their adventures . Iris asks Caitlin to be her maid of honor while Joe convinces Joanie to tell Cecile about her research . DeVoe captures the Weeper . 75 6 `` When Harry Met Harry ... '' Brent Crowell Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) T27. 13406 2.46 Barry trains Ralph to use his abilities , with Cisco making a stretchable suit for him . Another bus metahuman , a Lakota Sioux Native named Mina Chayton , who can animate statues , starts attacking Central City & stealing pieces of a Black Bison necklace , which she claims belongs to her tribe . When Barry and Ralph catch up to her , she attacks Barry with a caveman statue and attempts a getaway . Ralph chooses to stop her , but a little girl is injured in the process . Ralph regrets his actions , but is comforted by Barry . Chayton escapes CCPD , going after the last necklace piece held at the museum . When Barry and Ralph confront her , she brings a dinosaur skeleton to life . Barry arrests Chayton while Ralph saves a security guard from the skeleton . Later , Ralph reveals he mailed the necklace back to Chayton 's tribe , before visiting the little girl in the hospital , using his abilities to entertain her . Meanwhile , Harry , trying to make friends , works with his doppelgangers of alternate Earths , The Council of Wells . They figure out that DeVoe is a man named Clifford DeVoe . Barry and Joe head to DeVoe 's house , to find that he is a middle - aged man in a wheelchair . 76 7 `` Therefore I Am '' David McWhirter Eric Wallace & Thomas Pound November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) T27. 13407 2.20 Barry and Joe interrogate DeVoe and his wife to try and get more information . In flashbacks , DeVoe and his wife build a thinking cap to improve his brain capacity , powering it through the particle accelerator explosion . DeVoe 's increased brain power accelerates his amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , forcing his wife to build him a special chair to keep him alive . Barry discovers the camera in the Samuroid head and confronts DeVoe , who reveals his true identity , leading to Cisco dubbing him `` The Thinker '' . Wally returns to Team Flash from Blue Valley . 77 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 3 '' Dermott Downs Story by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Todd Helbing November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) T27. 13408 2.82 Barry , Oliver , Sara , Alex , Martin and Jax wake up in a Nazi concentration camp on Earth - X , with power dampening handcuffs . The arriving SS - Sturmbannführer is revealed to be the Earth - X doppelgänger of Quentin Lance , who takes them away for execution , before they are saved by Citizen Cold ( the Earth - X doppelgänger of Leonard Snart ) and The Ray ( Ray Terrill ) . Snart and Terrill take them to the underground headquarter of the Freedom Fighters , where the team meets the resistance movement 's leader General Winn Schott ( Winn Schott 's Earth - X doppelgänger ) . They learned that the only way back to Earth - 1 is through a temporal gateway in a Nazi facility , which Schott plans to blow up to strand Dark Arrow ( Oliver 's Earth - X doppelgänger ) on Earth - 1 . Oliver disguises himself as Dark Arrow to infiltrate the facility , discovers the Nazi 's doomsday device against parallel Earths is a militarized timeship called Wellenreiter , and saves a prisoner ( who is Felicity 's Earth - X doppelgänger ) from Quentin . Barry and Ray battle the Freedom Fighters ' Red Tornado to stop it from destroying the temporal gateway , while the rest of the team enters the facility . In attempting to reactivate the gateway 's portal , Stein is shot and gravely wounded . Back on Earth - 1 , Thawne prepares to perform surgery on Kara to save Overgirl at S.T.A.R. Labs . Felicity and Iris try to stop him , but are captured . This episode continues a crossover event that begins on Supergirl season 3 episode 8 and Arrow season 6 episode 8 , and concludes on Legends of Tomorrow season 3 episode 8 . 78 9 `` Do n't Run '' Stefan Pleszczynski Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) T27. 13409 2.22 While out Christmas shopping , Barry is ambushed and kidnapped by DeVoe while Caitlin is kidnapped from Jitters by Amunet . Iris claims they have to look for both of them , despite Wells ' claim that they have insufficient time and resources and that they can only afford to search for one . Barry is held in DeVoe 's lair . Caitlin is forced by Amunet to perform surgery on a metahuman named Dominic Lanse , who can read minds . They try to escape , but Amunet blocks their exit . Caitlin manages to briefly incapacitate Amunet , and she and Dominic flee the building they are being held in . Once outside , they are rescued by Cisco and Ralph , as Iris has chosen to focus on finding Caitlin . Barry manages to escape from DeVoe . Team Flash celebrates Christmas at the West house and Dominic joins them . Barry gets a security alert from his apartment . When he arrives , he receives a phone call from Dominic , who reveals that Amunet re-kidnapped Dominic and DeVoe has transferred his consciousness into Dominic 's body . Barry discovers DeVoe 's original body dead on his apartment floor and he realizes DeVoe has framed him for his `` murder '' ; the police arrive , and Barry lets himself get arrested , not wanting to leave Iris again . 79 10 `` The Trial of The Flash '' Philip Chipera Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) TBA TBD Kevin Smith will direct an episode of the season . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Flash characters Main ( edit ) Grant Gustin as Barry Allen / Flash Candice Patton as Iris West Danielle Panabaker as Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost Carlos Valdes as Cisco Ramon / Vibe Keiynan Lonsdale as Wally West / Kid Flash Neil Sandilands as Clifford DeVoe / Thinker Tom Cavanagh as Harrison `` Harry '' Wells Jesse L. Martin as Joe West Recurring ( edit ) Danielle Nicolet as Cecile Horton Kim Engelbrecht as Marlize DeVoe / Mechanic Jessica Camacho as Cynthia / Gypsy Richard Brooks as Gregory Wolfe Hartley Sawyer as Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man Katee Sackhoff as Amunet Black / Blacksmith Guest ( edit ) Britne Oldford as Shawna Baez / Peek - a-Boo Mark Sweatman as Norvok Patrick Sabongui as David Singh Dominic Burgess as Ramsey Deacon / Kilg % re Donna Pescow as Sharon Finkle Sugar Lyn Beard as Rebecca Sharpe / Hazard Chelsea Kurtz as Mina Chayton / Black Bison Violett Beane as Jesse Chambers Wells / Jesse Quick Danny Trejo as Josh / Breacher Emily Bett Rickards as Felicity Smoak Riley Jade Berglund as Joanie Matt Afonso as Weeper Stephen Amell as Oliver Queen / Green Arrow and Dark Arrow Victor Garber as Martin Stein / Firestorm Caity Lotz as Sara Lance / White Canary Chyler Leigh as Alex Danvers Franz Drameh as Jefferson Jackson / Firestorm Paul Blackthorne as Quentin Lance / Sturmbannführer Jeremy Jordan as General Schott Juliana Harkavy as Dinah Drake / Black Canary Melissa Benoist as Kara Zor - El / Kara Danvers / Supergirl and Overgirl Wentworth Miller as Leonard Snart / Citizen Cold Russell Tovey as Ray Terrill / The Ray Frederick Schmidt voices Metallo - X Kendrick Sampson as Dominic Lanse / Brainstorm Anne Dudek as Tracy Brand Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The series was renewed for a fourth season on January 8 , 2017 , earlier than usual for the series . Executive producer Andrew Kreisberg said on this , `` The great thing about our dear friends at The CW and Mark Pedowitz picking the shows up as early as they did has allowed us to start building the schedules for next season . '' In May 2017 , it was announced that Aaron Helbing would not return as an executive producer for season four , with only Greg Berlanti , Andrew Kreisberg , Sarah Schechter , and Todd Helbing returning from previous seasons . Todd Helbing and Kreisberg were slated to serve as the season 's showrunners . In November 2017 , Kreisberg was suspended from his role as executive producer and showrunner on The Flash over allegations of sexual harassment . By the end of the month , he had been fired , with his name eventually being removed from the credits from all shows he worked on . In addition , Berlanti would take additional responsibilities working with Helbing to co-showrun the season . Writing ( edit ) The way I see it is , time is non-linear and everything is happening at once in the Speed Force . In some ways he 's had an awakening and he 's had a rebirth . Our first episode is called ' Reborn , ' and it is a rebirth for Barry , but he 's kind of scrambled , too , because he 's experienced so much so quick over the course of six months , even though for him it was an eternity . He 's not Barry when we see him for the first time . -- Grant Gustin on the rebirth of Barry in season four . In March 2017 , Kreisberg confirmed that the main villain for the fourth season would not be a speedster , like the previous three seasons . Executive producers Aaron and Todd Helbing also mentioned that there would be less time travel in the season , with Aaron saying , `` We like playing with the timelines and the different time periods and future and past . For now , I think we 're going to focus on the present . '' In June 2017 , Clifford DeVoe / Thinker was reported to be the main antagonist of the season . He was first hinted in the third season episode `` Abra Kadabra '' when the titular villain mentions him among the Flash 's greatest enemies , and again in the season finale `` Finish Line '' when Savitar mentions facing DeVoe but states that the Flash has not dealt with him yet . At the series ' San Diego Comic - Con panel , the speculation was confirmed , with Todd Helbing saying , `` With three Speedsters in a row , this year it 's the fastest man alive against the fastest mind alive . '' He added that the writers were `` making a conscious effort this year to get the fun quotient back up '' . Regarding the possibility of Wally West taking on the mantle of the Flash in Barry 's absence , Keiynan Lonsdale said that `` It 's not something that 's on my radar . I feel as though there is so much story to tell and Wally has so much growing to do ... We need to see how these character realistically get to where they are headed for . '' With the action picking up six months after season three , Kid Flash and Vibe are left to protect Central City , with Carlos Valdes saying `` the team is sort of clutching at straws to keep the city together , ... there is a unanimous feeling amongst the remaining members that it 's just not the same without Barry ... So in light of that , Cisco does whatever it takes to get his friends back . '' Valdes also confirmed the return of Cisco 's more lighthearted joking manner . Candice Patton explained Iris West 's larger role within Team Flash as `` a way of distracting herself , '' adding that `` ( Iris ) is forced to deal with that anger and resentment and abandonment by kind of focusing on protecting Central City ... We 're seeing a very different Iris , almost a very hardened Iris . '' Kreisberg also hinted at some major growth for Iris this season , and noted that `` the season premiere is all about Iris and Cisco , not Barry '' . In July 2017 , Sterling Gates , DC Comics comic book writer , joined as a member of the fourth season 's writing staff . At the Television Critics Association press tour in August 2017 , Pedowitz stated that the fourth season of The Flash is `` going to try to find the lightness ... of the Barry Allen of the first two seasons , '' and said that the show was likely `` done with Speedster villains '' . Later in the month , Kreisberg confirmed the return of Harry Wells from Earth - 2 , saying that `` season 4 for Harry is really realizing what he 's missing in his life and what it is he needs to become a better , more complete person , and so he 's going to be going on a fairly epic emotional journey this season that is tied to the Thinker 's plan , '' in addition to confirming the introduction of a new version of the Wells character . In September 2017 , Helbing noted `` There 's a lot of love in the air this season , '' and compared Barry and Iris ' reunion to `` somebody going off to war for six months and coming back . There 's a lot that Iris experienced that Barry did n't when he was gone , and it 's really ( about ) the fun and the emotional component of making up that time when they were n't together . '' Helbing also explained that the Speed Force `` let ( Barry ) deal with all of the baggage ( from the past three seasons ) . When he comes out , he 's sort of left that all behind . '' That month , Kreisberg also confirmed that Barry and Iris will be getting married this season , while also revealing that the pair will be going to couples therapy since `` ( they ) keep comically clashing inadvertently because ( both are ) used to being in charge , and so they wind up going ... to work through it . '' He added , `` The two of them with the therapist is some of the funniest stuff we have ever done on this show , but it also leads to a deepening of their relationship . '' Casting ( edit ) Main cast members Grant Gustin , Candice Patton , Danielle Panabaker , Carlos Valdes , Keiynan Lonsdale , Tom Cavanagh , and Jesse L. Martin return from previous seasons as Barry Allen / The Flash , Iris West , Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost , Cisco Ramon / Vibe , Wally West / Kid Flash , Harrison Wells , and Joe West , respectively . Cavanagh will portray Harry Wells from Earth - 2 at the start of the season , without ruling out the possibility of introducing another incarnation of the Wells character later on . Teasing the arrival of a new Harrison Wells , Cavanagh said , `` We 're going to start with Harry and then find a way , I think , to try and get a different version of Wells in there , be it some version of Harry or whatnot as the season 's gaps present themselves . '' Also returning from earlier in the series are Jessica Camacho as Gypsy , and Anne Dudek as Tracy Brand . Tom Felton , who joined the cast as Julian Albert in the third season , was revealed not to be returning to the series , although there is a possibility he could return if the storyline demanded it and Felton 's availability permits . Julian 's absence will be addressed `` pretty quickly -- there 's a reason why he 's no longer with the team , '' said Helbing . In the season premiere , Julian is revealed to have returned to London . Kreisberg also confirmed that he had put on hold the planned return of Violett Beane as Jesse Quick due to the high number of speedsters on the show , but did not rule out a possible return in the future . Beane eventually appeared as Jesse on the episode `` Luck Be a Lady '' . Britne Oldford , who previously appeared as Shawna Baez / Peek - a-Boo in the first season and the web series The Chronicles of Cisco , reprised her role in the season premiere . In July 2017 , Neil Sandilands was announced to be cast as Clifford DeVoe , a metahuman genius who embarks on a seasonlong battle with the Flash in order to fix all that he deems wrong with humanity ; while Kim Engelbrecht was announced as The Mechanic , Devoe 's right hand and a highly intelligent engineer who designs devices for him ; and Danny Trejo as Breacher , a bounty hunter from Earth - 19 and the father of Gypsy . Also in June , the series was looking to cast a role that `` should put the visual effects department to the test '' , with the role later revealed to be Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man , a metahuman with the ability to stretch his body to superhuman lengths and sizes . Hartley Sawyer was cast in the recurring role that July as the fast - talking private investigator who after discovering his abilities will help Team Flash solve one of Central City 's greatest mysteries . The character was previously mentioned in the first season , as one of the fourteen people who seemingly died as a result of the particle accelerator explosion . The next month , Katee Sackhoff was announced in the recurring role of Amunet Black / Blacksmith , who operates an underground black market of metahuman supervillains . Filming ( edit ) Filming for the season began on July 4 , 2017 , in Vancouver , British Columbia , and is set to conclude on April 21 , 2018 . Kevin Smith will return to direct an episode in January 2018 . Music ( edit ) In August 2017 , series composer Blake Neely and Nathaniel Blume began to compose the music for the fourth season . Arrowverse tie - ins ( edit ) In May 2017 , The CW president Mark Pedowitz officially announced plans for a four - show Arrowverse crossover event , crossing over episodes of the television series Supergirl , The Flash , Legends of Tomorrow , and Arrow . The crossover will begin with Supergirl and a special airing of Arrow on November 27 , 2017 , and conclude on The Flash and Legends of Tomorrow on November 28 . In August 2017 , Berlanti noted that it would be `` a big life event for a few different people '' that would bring them all together for the crossover , adding `` There are many life events that happen . '' Arrow actress Emily Bett Rickards appears as Felicity Smoak in the fifth episode of the season . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season began airing on October 10 , 2017 , on The CW in the United States , and on CTV in Canada . Marketing ( edit ) In July 2017 , cast from the series appeared at San Diego Comic - Con International to promote the season , where exclusive footage was shown . During the panel , a trailer for the season was shown , with James Whitbrook at io9 feeling that despite the `` grim '' tone , there was `` some fun signs of the team coming together to protect the city without ( Barry ) , ... Sprinkle in a few wacky things , like , say a goddamn Samuroid ripped straight from the comics , and ladies and gents , you 've got a good season of The Flash lined up . '' Ben Pearson with / Film felt seeing Iris West deal with the absence of Barry was `` a nice change of pace for that character '' , but anticipated that `` Barry ( would ) be back two or three episodes in at the latest . '' Collider.com 's Allison Keene also noted Iris `` getting an actual storyline '' with Barry gone , and similarly presumed that he `` ( would ) be back in the fold by the end of the first episode '' alike to Flashpoint in the third season . She added , `` There are some new foes , lots of action , plenty of tech -- it 's great ! '' Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Flash Reborn '' October 10 , 2017 1.1 / 4 2.84 0.7 1.92 1.8 4.77 `` Mixed Signals '' October 17 , 2017 0.9 / 4 2.54 0.8 1.82 1.7 4.36 `` Luck Be a Lady '' October 24 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.62 0.8 1.84 1.8 4.46 `` Elongated Journey Into Night '' October 31 , 2017 0.7 / 3 1.99 0.7 1.79 1.4 3.79 5 `` Girls Night Out '' November 7 , 2017 0.9 / 4 2.38 0.8 1.84 1.7 4.22 6 `` When Harry Met Harry ... '' November 14 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.46 0.7 1.83 1.7 4.29 7 `` Therefore I Am '' November 21 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.20 0.8 2.08 1.6 4.28 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 3 '' November 28 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.82 0.7 1.83 1.7 4.64 9 `` Do n't Run '' December 5 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.22 0.6 1.45 1.4 3.67 Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.36 / 10 based on 13 reviews . Reviewing the first two episodes of the season , Allison Keene writing for Collider.com , felt the premiere `` wipes the slate clean , fixing a lot of the issues that plagued the end of the last season , and setting up a much more toned - down storyline . Most importantly , it 's brought back some fun . '' She added that with a `` streamlined team , '' the core characters now have time to interact and have meaningful plot lines . On the second episode , Keene described it as `` truly a delight '' with the show taking `` the time to focus on character relationships , and not just romantic relationships '' and each character `` feeling like a refreshed version of themselves , with new narrative purpose '' . She also highlighted the setup of the Thinker `` as an Alchemy - like villain who manipulates evil metas into the Flash 's path as part of some kind of masterplan '' , saying `` The Flash is a series that truly works best as a procedural , with the team finding creative ways to bring down Villains of the Week . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice ' , ' Flash ' , ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 410 ) `` The Trial of The Flash '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sobon , Nicole ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Smith Wants To Direct Arrow , But Says He Wo n't Be Allowed To '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cave , Rob ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Releases Fall Season Synopses for Arrow , Flash , Supergirl & More '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Erao , Matthew ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Killer Frost Will Menace The Flash in Season 4 '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' : Neil Sandilands To Play The Thinker ; Danny Trejo & Kim Engelbrecht Also Cast -- Comic - Con '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon , Diane ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Team Teases Season 4 : ' It 's the Fastest Man Alive Against the Fastest Mind Alive ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Macdonald , Lindsay ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Carlos Valdes Shares Good News for Cisco and Gypsy ' Shippers '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Damore , Meagan ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Reveals Gypsy 's Given Name '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Law & Order ' Veteran Joins ' The Flash ' In Recurring Role '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' : Hartley Sawyer To Play Elongated Man In Season 4 '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash adds Katee Sackhoff as DC Comics villain '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Britne Oldford books Peek - a-Boo return in premiere '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wickline , Dan ( November 4 , 2017 ) . `` Flash Season 4 : Katee Sackhoff Is Most Definitely Not Playing Starbuck '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arvedon , Jon ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : A New Tech - Controlling Villain Terrorizes Central City '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Casts Sugar Lyn Beard as Hazard ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Jenna ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' : Who Is The Black Bison ? '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why Wally West is Absent on The Flash '' . Screen Rant . November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Flash ' : ' Doctor Who ' , ' Titanic ' , and More Pop Culture References In `` Girls Night Out '' `` . Comicbook.com . November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wickline , Dan ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Season 4 , Episode 5 Recap : Girls Night Out '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wickline , Dan ( November 18 , 2017 ) . `` CW Releases 92 Images From Arrowverse Crossover : Crisis On Earth - X '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wentworth Miller Exiting Arrowverse As Leonard Snart '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' : Kendrick Sampson Cast As Brainstorm On The CW Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Supergirl , Once Upon a Time , Defenders , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Renews The Flash , Supernatural , Crazy Ex and 4 Others '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` CW eyes true four - way superhero crossover next season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hurley , Laura ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Season 4 Is Making A Big Change Behind The Scenes '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Aaron Helbing Off the Flash in Season 4 '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Scoop : Season 4 Villain Is Exactly Who You Think It Is -- Cast Him ! '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ; Patten , Dominic ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Showrunner Andrew Kreisberg Suspended Over Sexual Harassment Allegations '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supergirl , ' ' Arrow ' Producer Suspended Amid Sexual Harassment Allegations by Warner Bros '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abram , Natalie ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash , Supergirl boss Andrew Kreisberg fired after sexual harassment allegations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Barry Allen will return a changed man '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Villain Wo n't Be a Speedster '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` 11 Things to Expect on The Flash , Supergirl , Arrow , and Legends of Tomorrow '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Spoilers -- The Thinker / Clifford DeVoe New Villain '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Agard , Chancellor ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash season 4 will restore the ' fun quotient ' after darkest year yet '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Autumn ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` Keiynan Lonsdale Talks Spoilers , New Music And Being An Introverted Extrovert '' . Newsweek . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Howard , Rachel ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Cast on Season 4 , Barry 's Return , and Killer Frost 's Future '' . Collider . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hatchett , Keisha ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` Candice Patton Teases a `` Very Hardened '' Iris in The Flash Season 4 `` . TV Guide . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holbrook , Damian ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Comic - Con 2017 : Your ' The Flash ' Burning Questions Answered '' . TV Insider . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sobon , Nicole ( July 9 , 2017 ) . `` Supergirl Comic Writer Sterling Gates Joins Flash Writing Staff '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2017 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Kaitlin ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Boss Promises a Lighter Season of The Flash Is Coming '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Another The Vampire Diaries Spinoff ? Where 's the Charmed Reboot ? And More The CW News '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Once Upon a Time , Supergirl , Teen Wolf , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fall TV Spoilers 2017 : Scoop on 35 + Returning Favorites -- The Flash '' . TVLine . September 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Supergirl , Arrow , The Good Place and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Barry and Iris heading to couples therapy '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Star Tom Cavanagh Teases S4 's Harrison Wells '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Tom Felton not returning as series regular '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on Arrow , Lucifer , Flash , Supernatural , Gotham , # OneChicago , Elementary and More '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Review : Restoring Hope '' . Collider . October 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holbrook , Damian ( 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Behind the Scenes '' . TV Guide Comic - Con Special 2017 . p. 12 . With so many speedsters present in the season finale , executive producer Andrew Kreisberg decided to put a hold on Violett Beane 's planned return as Jesse Quick . `` But she has been such a great addition to the show , '' Kreisberg says . `` We 'll see what happens in Season 4 . '' Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on The Flash , Once , Lucifer , The Strain , Blindspot , Orphan Black , This Is Us and More ! '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash S4 Character Breakdown Reportedly Confirms Popular DC Hero '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash casts Hartley Sawyer as the Elongated Man '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash Season 4 Begins Filming ! '' . Fox8 . July 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC Production List '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blake Neely ( @ cowonthewall ) ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` # TheFlashSeason4 scoring has begun with co-composer @ nblumeathan . And you thought last season was fun . Here we go ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Plans New 4 - Series DC Crossover & What About Peak Superhero TV '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` CW sets two - night event for four - way superhero crossover '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` This Arrowverse Crossover Will Fully Take Place Across Every Show From Supergirl To Legends of Tomorrow '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Dynasty ' & ' Valor ' And Returning Series Returning Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CTV and CTV Two Fall 2017 Premiere Dates Announced # # # CTV is Home of Television 's Most - Anticipated Debuts of the Year '' . Bell Media . August 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Westworld ' Is Coming to Comic - Con ; WBTV Announces Full Line - Up '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitbrook , James ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` The New Flash Trailer Is All About Trying to Live in a World Without Barry Allen '' . io9 . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's a Round - Up of All of The DC Comics TV Show Trailers From Comic - Con '' . / Film . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Trailer Shows the Team Dealing with a Barry-less World '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash : Season 4 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Review : Restoring Hope '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . General references `` The Flash Season 4 Episode Guide '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . `` Shows A-Z -- The Flash on CW '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of The Flash episodes on IMDb List of The Flash season 4 episodes at TV.com The Flash Creators Gardner Fox Harry Lampert ( Jay Garrick ) Bob Kanigher Carmine Infantino John Broome ( Barry Allen ) John Broome Carmine Infantino ( Wally West ) Mark Waid Mike Wieringo ( Bart Allen ) The Flash Family The Flash Jay Garrick Barry Allen Wally West Bart Allen Kid Flash Wally West Bart Allen Iris West II Wally West II Associates Iris West Jesse Chambers Impulse Johnny Quick Max Mercury Linda Park Tornado Twins XS Supporting characters Argus Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ) Green Lantern ( Kyle Rayner ) Elongated Man Más y Menos Tina McGee Valerie Perez Pied Piper Red Trinity David Singh Solovar Patty Spivot Winky , Blinky , and Noddy Enemies General Big Sir Doctor Alchemy Fiddler Godspeed Gorilla Grodd Peek - a-Boo Rag Doll Rainbow Raider Savitar Shade Thinker Turtle / Turtle Man T.O. Morrow Reverse - Flashes Rival ( Edward Clariss ) Professor Zoom ( Eobard Thawne ) Zoom ( Hunter Zolomon ) Inertia ( Thaddeus Thawne ) Reverse - Flash ( Danny West ) The Rogues Abra Kadabra Captain Boomerang Captain Cold Golden Glider Heat Wave Mirror Master Pied Piper Top Trickster Weather Wizard Publications Flash Comics All - Flash Comic Cavalcade The Flash The Flash : Rebirth ( 2009 ) Flashpoint Flashpoint ( Elseworlds ) The Flash Chronicles Locations Blue Valley Central City ( Central City Police Department ) Flash Museum Gorilla City Iron Heights Penitentiary Keystone City S.T.A.R. Labs In other media Film Justice League : The New Frontier Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths Justice League : Doom Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox Justice League : War Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Justice League vs. Teen Titans Suicide Squad Justice League Television The Superman / Aquaman Hour of Adventure Super Friends Legends of the Superheroes The Flash ( 1990 ) Justice League of America ( pilot ) Justice League Justice League Unlimited Smallville Young Justice Arrow The Flash ( 2014 ) characters episodes season 4 Vixen Supergirl Legends of Tomorrow Video games The Flash ( video game ) Justice League Task Force Justice League Heroes : The Flash Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe DC Universe Online Injustice : Gods Among Us Infinite Crisis Injustice 2 Related articles Cosmic treadmill `` Flash of Two Worlds '' Speed Force Arrowverse Arrow Episodes Season 1 Season 2 `` Pilot '' `` Green Arrow '' `` Unchained '' `` Sins of the Father '' `` Legacy '' `` Kapiushon '' `` Lian Yu '' Characters Oliver Queen Thea Queen Sara Lance The Flash Episodes Season 4 `` Pilot '' `` Fastest Man Alive '' `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' `` Killer Frost '' `` Attack on Gorilla City '' `` Attack on Central City '' `` Duet '' Characters Legends of Tomorrow Episodes Characters Animated series Vixen Freedom Fighters : The Ray Constantine Other Arrowverse cast members Crossovers `` Flash vs. Arrow '' `` Heroes Join Forces '' `` Invasion ! '' `` Crisis on Earth - X '' Constantine Supergirl `` Worlds Finest '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Flash_(season_4)&oldid=818082670 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons The Flash ( 2014 TV series ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2017 Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 12 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is the flash season 4 episode 3 coming out | [
"\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nProd.\ncode\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n70\n1\n\"The Flash Reborn\"\nGlen Winter\nStory by : Andrew Kreisberg\nTeleplay by : Todd Helbing & Eric Wallace\nOctober 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)\nT27.13401\n2.84[1]\n\n\nIris has been aiding Team Flash in Central City for six months, but refusing to grieve Barry. A flying Samurai with superpowers appears in Central City, threatening to destroy the city if the real Flash does not face him. Cisco reveals he has formulated a way to bring back Barry without destabilizing the Speed Force, and tracks down Caitlin for help. Against Iris' direction, Team Flash successfully returns Barry, who appears rambling random statements and continually writing symbols on walls. Wally engages the Samurai, but is defeated. Cisco deciphers Barry's writings and finds an apparently meaningless sentence. In an attempt to recover Barry's memories, Iris gives herself up to the Samurai. The plan works and Barry speeds away, rescuing Iris and defeating the Samurai, who is revealed to be a robot. Caitlin rejoins Team Flash, but is revealed to have been working for a mobster called Amunet at the bar, while also continuing to prevent the Killer Frost personality from emerging. The \"Samuroid\" is revealed to have been controlled by the Thinker, whose plan was to draw out the Flash for his next schemes.\n\n\n71\n2\n\"Mixed Signals\"\nAlexandra La Roche\nJonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza\nOctober 17, 2017 (2017-10-17)\nT27.13402\n2.54[2]\n\n\nWhen Barry, Joe, and Cisco report to a crime scene, they discover remnants of a mysterious code. Cisco presents Barry with a technologically advanced suit, intended to facilitate his activities. He tests it out, trying to save someone from a haywire car, caused by metahuman Ramsey Deacon. Gypsy arrives on Earth-1 for a date with Cisco, who is forced to cancel it so as to focus on Deacon. Acting on a suggestion from Caitlin, Iris signs her and Barry up for couples therapy to sort out their relationship. Deacon kidnaps a witness, who was previously a member of a tech team who sold him out of his idea. Barry and Wally go to save him, but Deacon uses his abilities to send Barry's suit haywire. On Iris's instructions, Barry throws lightning at himself, shorting out his suit. He then incapacitates Deacon, who is locked up in the meta wing of Iron Heights, revealed to be part of the Thinker's plan. Cisco finally goes out with Gypsy. Wondering how Deacon gained his powers being absent during the particle accelerator incident, Barry and Joe learn from Deacon that there are \"others\".\n\n\n72\n3\n\"Luck Be a Lady\"\nArmen V. Kevorkian\nSam Chalsen & Judalina Neira\nOctober 24, 2017 (2017-10-24)\nT27.13403\n2.62[3]\n\n\nIn flashbacks, the Thinker observes Becky Sharpe, a woman with seemingly unending bad luck, and determines that she will be easily manipulated. In the present, Becky robs a bank, and gets away when Barry slips on marbles. Harry arrives from Earth-2, and tells Wally that Jesse has decided to break up in order to focus on her vigilantism. Cisco deduces that Becky is a metahuman with the power of favorable luck while inducing misfortune to others. Barry realizes that the portal he used to escape the Speed Force exposed an entire busload of people, including Becky and Deacon, to transformative dark matter. Harry informs Cisco that Jesse has expelled him from her crime-fighting team due to his attitude. Becky's powers expand out of control, reactivating the particle accelerator, which Harry deliberately allows, nullifying Becky's powers and leading to her incarceration. Cisco and Harry identify twelve new metahumans created on the bus, and the latter suspects that an unknown party has manipulated events surrounding Barry's return. Wally decides to leave on a journey to find himself. The Thinker is revealed to be spying on S.T.A.R. Labs through the \"Samuroid\" helmet. Joe learns Cecile is pregnant.\n\n\n73\n4\n\"Elongated Journey Into Night\"\nTom Cavanagh\nSterling Gates & Thomas Pound\nOctober 31, 2017 (2017-10-31)\nT27.13404\n1.99[4]\n\n\nGypsy's father, Breacher, attacks Cisco, vowing to hunt and kill him in 24 hours, allowing the romance should he survive. Team Flash learns that the bus driver was murdered and tracks down another passenger, Ralph Dibny, former corrupt CCPD detective exposed by Barry and currently an infamous private investigator. As two thugs attack Dibny, he is revealed to have the power to stretch. Caitlin stabilizes his powers with a serum. The team learns that Ralph has been blackmailing Mayor Bellows for adultery, with the latter revealed to have hired the thugs. Barry confronts Ralph for his actions while the latter scolds him, claiming to have been a \"good cop\". He later stops blackmailing Bellows, who still attempts to kill him while Breacher mistakes the former for a Plastoid, the species that invaded Earth-19 previously, and attacks him. Cisco intervenes and saves Ralph, whom Barry, having revealed his alter-ego, convinces to help arrest an escaping Bellows. Admiring Cisco's gallantry, Breacher allows the relationship. Barry recruits Ralph for Team Flash and learns that someone named DeVoe instructed Ralph to watch Bellows. Barry remembers that Abra Kadabra and Savitar both mentioned DeVoe. Meanwhile, Caitlin finds a message on her apartment door.\n\n\n74\n5\n\"Girls Night Out\"\nLaura Belsey\nLauren Certo & Kristen Kim\nNovember 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)\nT27.13405\n2.38[5]\n\n\nWhile failing to track DeVoe, Team Flash is visited by Felicity, who joins Iris's bachelorette party. Mocking Cisco's plans for Barry's bachelor party, Ralph takes the men to a strip club, where they learn that Cecile's daughter, Joanie, is working. Joe confronts her, who states she is only doing feminist research. Ralph incites a brawl, leading to the men's arrest until Harry posts bail. Meanwhile, Amunet's enforcer, Norvock, demands Caitlin's return and attacks the women when she refuses. Killer Frost emerges and repels him, later telling Iris that Caitlin accepted Amunet's employment in exchange for the means to control Frost. Learning that Amunet is holding a metahuman she calls \"the Weeper\", whose tears are a strong narcotic, prisoner and intends to sell him, Iris's party decides to stop her. Though Caitlin refuses to join, she attacks Amunet when seeing her friends in danger. Using a strong magnet, the team robs Amunet's metal shards, leaving her powerless. Iris dissuades Frost from killing Amunet, who promises revenge. Both parties refuse to tell each other about their adventures. Iris asks Caitlin to be her maid of honor while Joe convinces Joanie to tell Cecile about her research. DeVoe captures the Weeper.\n\n\n75\n6\n\"When Harry Met Harry...\"\nBrent Crowell\nJonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza\nNovember 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)\nT27.13406\n2.46[6]\n\n\nBarry trains Ralph to use his abilities, with Cisco making a stretchable suit for him. Another bus metahuman, a Lakota Sioux Native named Mina Chayton, who can animate statues, starts attacking Central City & stealing pieces of a Black Bison necklace, which she claims belongs to her tribe. When Barry and Ralph catch up to her, she attacks Barry with a caveman statue and attempts a getaway. Ralph chooses to stop her, but a little girl is injured in the process. Ralph regrets his actions, but is comforted by Barry. Chayton escapes CCPD, going after the last necklace piece held at the museum. When Barry and Ralph confront her, she brings a dinosaur skeleton to life. Barry arrests Chayton while Ralph saves a security guard from the skeleton. Later, Ralph reveals he mailed the necklace back to Chayton's tribe, before visiting the little girl in the hospital, using his abilities to entertain her. Meanwhile, Harry, trying to make friends, works with his doppelgangers of alternate Earths, The Council of Wells. They figure out that DeVoe is a man named Clifford DeVoe. Barry and Joe head to DeVoe's house, to find that he is a middle-aged man in a wheelchair.\n\n\n76\n7\n\"Therefore I Am\"\nDavid McWhirter\nEric Wallace & Thomas Pound\nNovember 21, 2017 (2017-11-21)\nT27.13407\n2.20[7]\n\n\nBarry and Joe interrogate DeVoe and his wife to try and get more information. In flashbacks, DeVoe and his wife build a thinking cap to improve his brain capacity, powering it through the particle accelerator explosion. DeVoe's increased brain power accelerates his amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, forcing his wife to build him a special chair to keep him alive. Barry discovers the camera in the Samuroid head and confronts DeVoe, who reveals his true identity, leading to Cisco dubbing him \"The Thinker\". Wally returns to Team Flash from Blue Valley.\n\n\n77\n8\n\"Crisis on Earth-X, Part 3\"\nDermott Downs\nStory by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim\nTeleplay by : Todd Helbing\nNovember 28, 2017 (2017-11-28)\nT27.13408\n2.82[8]\n\n\n\nBarry, Oliver, Sara, Alex, Martin and Jax wake up in a Nazi concentration camp on Earth-X, with power dampening handcuffs. The arriving SS-Sturmbannführer is revealed to be the Earth-X doppelgänger of Quentin Lance, who takes them away for execution, before they are saved by Citizen Cold (the Earth-X doppelgänger of Leonard Snart) and The Ray (Ray Terrill). Snart and Terrill take them to the underground headquarter of the Freedom Fighters, where the team meets the resistance movement's leader General Winn Schott (Winn Schott's Earth-X doppelgänger). They learned that the only way back to Earth-1 is through a temporal gateway in a Nazi facility, which Schott plans to blow up to strand Dark Arrow (Oliver's Earth-X doppelgänger) on Earth-1. Oliver disguises himself as Dark Arrow to infiltrate the facility, discovers the Nazi's doomsday device against parallel Earths is a militarized timeship called Wellenreiter, and saves a prisoner (who is Felicity's Earth-X doppelgänger) from Quentin. Barry and Ray battle the Freedom Fighters' Red Tornado to stop it from destroying the temporal gateway, while the rest of the team enters the facility. In attempting to reactivate the gateway's portal, Stein is shot and gravely wounded. Back on Earth-1, Thawne prepares to perform surgery on Kara to save Overgirl at S.T.A.R. Labs. Felicity and Iris try to stop him, but are captured.\n\nThis episode continues a crossover event that begins on Supergirl season 3 episode 8 and Arrow season 6 episode 8, and concludes on Legends of Tomorrow season 3 episode 8.\n\n\n78\n9\n\"Don't Run\"\nStefan Pleszczynski\nSam Chalsen & Judalina Neira\nDecember 5, 2017 (2017-12-05)\nT27.13409\n2.22[9]\n\n\nWhile out Christmas shopping, Barry is ambushed and kidnapped by DeVoe while Caitlin is kidnapped from Jitters by Amunet. Iris claims they have to look for both of them, despite Wells' claim that they have insufficient time and resources and that they can only afford to search for one. Barry is held in DeVoe's lair. Caitlin is forced by Amunet to perform surgery on a metahuman named Dominic Lanse, who can read minds. They try to escape, but Amunet blocks their exit. Caitlin manages to briefly incapacitate Amunet, and she and Dominic flee the building they are being held in. Once outside, they are rescued by Cisco and Ralph, as Iris has chosen to focus on finding Caitlin. Barry manages to escape from DeVoe. Team Flash celebrates Christmas at the West house and Dominic joins them. Barry gets a security alert from his apartment. When he arrives, he receives a phone call from Dominic, who reveals that Amunet re-kidnapped Dominic and DeVoe has transferred his consciousness into Dominic's body. Barry discovers DeVoe's original body dead on his apartment floor and he realizes DeVoe has framed him for his \"murder\"; the police arrive, and Barry lets himself get arrested, not wanting to leave Iris again.\n\n\n79\n10\n\"The Trial of The Flash\"[10]\nPhilip Chipera\nLauren Certo & Kristen Kim\nJanuary 16, 2018 (2018-01-16)\nTBA\nTBD\n\n"
] | [
"October 24, 2017"
] |
-4276576384896038536 | Danny Masterson | Danny Masterson - wikipedia Danny Masterson Jump to : navigation , search Danny Masterson Masterson in June 2015 Daniel Peter Masterson ( 1976 - 03 - 13 ) March 13 , 1976 ( age 42 ) Long Island , New York , U.S. Occupation Actor , disc jockey , businessman Years active 1988 -- present Spouse ( s ) Bijou Phillips ( m . 2011 ) Children Relatives Christopher Masterson ( brother ) Jordan Masterson ( maternal half - brother ) Alanna Masterson ( maternal half - sister ) Website www.djmomjeans.com Daniel Peter Masterson ( born March 13 , 1976 ) is an American actor and disc jockey . Masterson is known for his roles as Steven Hyde in That ' 70s Show ( 1998 -- 2006 ) and as Jameson `` Rooster '' Bennett in The Ranch ( 2016 -- 2018 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and career 2 Career 2.1 Acting career 2.2 Music 2.3 Business ventures 3 Personal life 3.1 Rape allegations 4 Charity work 5 Filmography 5.1 Television 6 References 7 External links Early life and career ( edit ) Masterson was born on Long Island , New York , the son of Carol , a manager , and Peter Masterson , an insurance agent . He grew up in Garden City and East Williston , New York . He has one brother , actor Christopher Masterson . Their maternal half siblings Jordan Masterson and Alanna Masterson are also actors . A child model from age 4 , who was featured in magazine articles as well as television commercials beginning at age 5 , Masterson starred in musicals as a child at the age of eight , and began acting as well . His singing voice `` disappeared '' by the time he was a teenager . By the time he was sixteen , he had appeared in over one - hundred commercials , including ones for Swift Premium , Kellogg 's Frosted Flakes , Hardee 's , Hostess , Tang , and Clearasil . Career ( edit ) Acting career ( edit ) In the early 1990s , Masterson had a role in Beethoven 's 2nd , and starred as Justin in Cybill . These roles launched a film career , including a minor role in the John Travolta film Face / Off . After starring in the third and fourth seasons of Cybill , Masterson decided he wanted to move on from Cybill and audition for a show originally titled Teenage Wasteland , which later was changed to That ' 70s Show . The original casting director for That ' 70s Show , Debby Romano , resisted Masterson 's audition because he was slightly older than the rest of the cast , but ultimately allowed him to audition . She stated that , `` he came in and he was just so funny , '' and that he redefined where the role was going and made the role of Steven Hyde the , `` tough , funny guy . '' Masterson appeared in all eight seasons of That ' 70s Show . His appearance on That ' 70s Show launched a breakthrough in Masterson 's career , allowing him to pursue other endeavours between tapings . After the show concluded Masterson starred in several movies and made guest appearances on television shows including Punk 'd and MADtv . Along with Kutcher and Valderrama , he co-hosted the Fox TV special Woodstock 1999 . He had a role in the 2008 comedy Yes Man . Masterson stars with his real - life wife , Bijou Phillips , in the 2009 drama The Bridge to Nowhere . In 2011 , Masterson guest starred as James Roland in USA Network 's White Collar ( episode `` Where There 's A Will '' ) . He portrayed Jerry Rubin in the 2010 movie , The Chicago 8 , written and directed by Pinchas Perry . The Chicago 8 is a film based on the actual Chicago Eight in the late 1960s and early 1970s , and explores the events around the trial . It was filmed in September and October 2009 . The film is based closely on the trial transcripts and most of the action takes place in the courtroom . In 2012 , the comedy series Men At Work premiered on TBS , co-starring Masterson and Michael Cassidy , James Lesure and Adam Busch . In 2012 , Masterson appeared in the film Alter Egos , directed by Jordan Galland . Masterson starred alongside Sam Elliott , Ashton Kutcher , and Elisha Cuthbert in the Netflix comedy series The Ranch . Music ( edit ) Masterson began DJing at Los Angeles night clubs in 1999 as a hobby , but it soon became a side business . Masterson is a self - described `` rock and hip hop fanatic , '' and is also a fan of indie , electro , and funk music , all of which he primarily DJs with . Business ventures ( edit ) For a time , Masterson owned a lounge and bar in Park City , Utah , called Downstairs . He appeared as part of a poker team , the Unabombers , the 2005 GSN series The James Woods Gang vs. The Unabombers . He has hosted celebrity poker events , such as the Phat Farm Stuff Casino Weekend Poker Tournament , in which he won the tournament . Personal life ( edit ) Masterson is a Scientologist . He started dating Bijou Phillips in 2005 , they became engaged in 2009 , and married on October 18 , 2011 . They had daughter Fianna Francis Masterson on February 14 , 2014 . Rape allegations ( edit ) In March 2017 , four women alleged they were raped by Masterson in the early 2000s , prompting a Los Angeles Police Department investigation . Masterson , through his agent , has denied the allegations , and Masterson has not been charged or arrested . In response to the accusations , Netflix fired Masterson from its comedy series The Ranch on December 5 , 2017 , saying in a statement , `` Yesterday was his last day on the show , and production will resume in early 2018 without him . '' Masterson stated that he is `` obviously very disappointed in Netflix 's decision to write my character off of The Ranch . '' A fifth woman who dated Masterson made similar accusations in December 2017 . He was dropped as a client by United Talent Agency . At The Drive - In vocalist Cedric Bixler - Zavala said in November 2017 that his wife was raped by Masterson , and that his band 's song `` Incurably Innocent '' is about the incident . Charity Work ( edit ) Masterson has been involved with the New York Rescue Workers Detoxification Project , a controversial organization with ties to the Church of Scientology . He played in a charity softball game in New York 's Central Park to help raise money for children in need of neurosurgery , designed guitars for a MusiCares fundraiser , and has supported such as the Hollywood Police Activities League ( a national youth development program for at - risk youth ) . He has played on the World Poker Tour Celebrity Invitational for the charity Chrysalis , with all proceeds going to said charity . He has also played the World Series of Poker 's Ante up for Africa event . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 1993 Beethoven 's 2nd Seth 1995 Bye Bye Love Mikey 1997 Face / Off Karl 1997 Trojan War Seth 1997 Star Kid Kevin 1998 Wild Horses Danny 1998 Too Pure Tipper 1998 The Faculty `` Fucked - up '' kid 1999 Dirt Merchant Dirt Merchant 2000 Dracula 2000 Nightshade 2001 Alex in Wonder Patrick 2002 Hip , Edgy , Sexy , Cool 2002 Comic Book Villains Conan 2002 Hold On 2005 Pancho 's Pizza 2006 Puff , Puff , Pass Larry 2007 Smiley Face Steve 2007 You Are Here Derek 2008 Yes Man Rooney 2008 The Brooklyn Heist Fitz 2009 Wake Shane 2009 Made for Each Other Morris `` The Executioner '' Rodriguez 2009 The Bridge to Nowhere Kevin 2012 The Chicago 8 Jerry Rubin 2012 California Solo Paul 2012 Alter Egos Jimmy 2012 The Polterguys Tim Burr 2015 In Passing Neighbor Short film 2016 Hot Bot Agent Koontz 2016 Urge Neal 2018 Killing Winston Jones Ethan Jones Post-production Television ( edit ) Television Year Title Role Notes Jake and the Fatman Butch Episode : `` After You 're Gone '' 1993 Joe 's Life Leo Gennaro 11 episodes Roseanne Jimmy Phillips 2 episodes 1994 -- 1997 NYPD Blue 2 episodes 1995 Extreme Skeeter 7 episodes American Gothic Ray Episode : `` Rebirth '' Seduced by Madness Seth Television film Tracey Takes On ... King the Dog Episode : `` Family '' Party of Five Matt 3 episodes Her Last Chance Ryan Television film 1996 -- 1998 Cybill Justin Thorpe 16 episodes 1997 Sliders Renfield Episode : `` Stoker '' 1998 -- 2006 That ' 70s Show Steven Hyde Main cast ; 200 episodes Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for TV Choice Sidekick ( 2000 ) Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for Best Performance in a TV Series by a Young Ensemble ( shared with Topher Grace , Laura Prepon , Mila Kunis , Wilmer Valderrama and Ashton Kutcher ) ( 1999 ) 2001 Strange Frequency Randy Television film 2001 Grounded for Life Vince Episode : `` Baby You Ca n't Drive My Car '' 2001 How to Make a Monster Jeremy Uncredited ; Television film 2002 -- 2004 MADtv Various 2 episodes 2003 King of the Hill Cory Voice ; Episode : `` Megalo Dale '' 2003 Robot Chicken Various Voice ; 2 episodes 2003 Stephen King 's Dead Zone Dr. Alex Conners Episode : `` Vanguard '' 2005 Entourage Himself Episode : `` Aquamansion '' 2006 Kim Possible Quinn Voice ; Episode : `` And the Mole - Rat Will Be CGI '' 2011 Raising Hope Lucy 's Boyfriend Episode : `` Do n't Vote for This Episode '' 2011 White Collar James Roland Episode : `` Where There 's A Will '' 2012 -- 2014 Men at Work Milo Foster Main cast ; 31 episodes 2012 Supah Ninjas Limelight / Lemuel Lightner Episode : `` Limelight '' 2013 Haven Anderson Harris Episode : `` Shot in the Dark '' 2014 Royal Pains David Van Dyke Episode : `` Ganging Up '' 2016 -- 2018 The Ranch Jameson `` Rooster '' Bennett Series regular ; 50 episodes 2016 @ midnight Himself Episode : `` 394 '' 2016 WWE Raw Himself October 3 guest with Ashton Kutcher 2017 Easy Annie 's Boyfriend Episode : `` Baby Steps '' Music Videos Year Title Role Notes 1999 Cheap Trick -- That ' 70s Song ( In the Street ) Hyde With Cast of That ' 70s Show 2011 Eduardo Fresco -- The Way I Fiesta ( ft . Clayton Vice ) DJ Producer Year Title Notes 2008 The Brooklyn Heist Producer ; Jury Award for Best Florida Comedy ( shared with Dave Steck , Brett Halsey , Michael Cecchi , Julian Kheel ) 2014 Men at Work Producer ; 10 episodes 2016 -- 2018 The Ranch Co-Executive Producer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Danny Masterson '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2016 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Most sources give birth date March 13 , 1976 . FilmReference.com gives March 3 , 1976 . ^ Jump up to : Stone , Natalie ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` That ' 70s Show 's Danny Masterson Is Being Investigated by LAPD Over Sexual Assault Claims '' . People . Time Inc . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Masterson Biography ( 1976 -- ) '' . FilmReference.com . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 ... born ... in Albertson ( some sources cite Williston ) , NY Jump up ^ Masterson , Danny ( @ dannymasterson ) ( July 28 , 2013 ) . `` Garden city and east williston '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Danny Masterson Biography '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Danny Masterson '' . Complex . n.d. Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` When Danny met Bijou '' . Paper . January 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Masterson for Clearasil '' . Sitcoms Online . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview : Danny Masterson '' . Askmen.com . n.d. Archived from the original on May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marilyn Beck & Stacy Jenel Smith ( October 27 , 2009 ) . `` The Chicago 8 '' . Jacksonville Observer . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` ' Men at Work ' is n't very ambitious '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( April 21 , 2011 ) . `` Ensemble embraces ' Egos ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Harp , Jessica ( March 16 , 2010 ) . `` Interview With DJ Mom Jeans ( AKA Danny Masterson ) '' . Denton , Texas : MyDentonMusic.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Downstairs ( official site ) '' . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chamberlain , Amanda ( October 6 , 2009 ) . `` Behind Bars : Downstairs Owner Danny Masterson '' . InThisWeek.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2010 . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` James Woods Takes on the Pros in GSN 's New Poker Royale Series ' The James Woods Gang us . the Unabombers ' '' ( Press release ) . GSN . September 21 , 2005 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 -- via TheFutonCritic.com . Jump up ^ Belsky , Richard ( September 20 , 2005 ) . `` Vegas Meets Hollywood at the Phat Farm Stuff Casino Weekend Poker Tournament '' . Card Player . 18 ( 18 ) . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Saroyan , Strawberry ( April 2005 ) . `` Masterson of the Universe '' . Spin . Retrieved 8 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Masterson on Tom Cruise Scientology Backlash '' . Hollyscoop . December 2008 . Archived from the original on 21 November 2013 . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Davis , Peter ( January 23 , 2009 ) . `` When Danny met Bijou '' . Paper Magazine . Archived from the original on 21 October 2010 . Retrieved 8 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Wihlborg , Ulrica ( March 16 , 2009 ) . `` Danny Masterson and Bijou Phillips Are Engaged ! '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Jennifer ( October 19 , 2011 ) . `` Danny Masterson and Bijou Phillips Marry '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nicole Eggenberger ( 2014 - 02 - 20 ) . `` Danny Masterson , Wife Bijou Phillips Welcome Baby Girl Fianna : Photos '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Bijou ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` Fianna Francis Masterson , 2 / 14 / 14 '' . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Masterson , Danny ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Hello friends '' . Danny Masterson verified Instagram account . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Beyond thrilled to announce The birth of our daughter Fianna Francis Masterson ! Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Danny Masterson off ' The Ranch ' amid rape allegations '' . CNN . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lockett , Dee ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` Fifth Woman Accuses Danny Masterson of Rape '' . Vulture.com ( New York ) . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ali , Yashar ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Top Talent Agency Cuts Ties With Danny Masterson Amid Rape Allegations '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2018 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Neilstein , Vince ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` At the Drive In Singer Accuses Actor Danny Masterson of Raping His Wife '' . MetalSucks.com . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bixler - Zavala , Cedric ( @ cedricbixler_ ) ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` My wife is one of Danny Masterson 's rape victims '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Bixler - Zavala , Cedric ( @ cedricbixler_ ) ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` U might wan na go back and re read my `` nonsensical '' lyrics ... '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Tom Cruises for converts using 9 / 11 ) '' . Daily News . New York . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived July 18 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived December 17 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Kunis , Masterson and Valderrama at Scientology Celebrity Centre 10th Annual Fund Raiser '' . Life . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2011 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 ... the Church of Scientology 's fundraiser , ' Christmas Stories X ' to benefit the Hollywood Police Activities League . Jump up ^ `` Celebrities and Poker Pros to Play for Charity at 2010 WPT Invitational '' . Pokernewsdaily.com. 2010 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Star List Grows for WSOP ' Ante Up For Africa ' Fundraiser '' . PokerNews.com. 2009 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . External links ( edit ) Danny Masterson on IMDb BNF : cb161646977 ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0003 5984 4235 LCCN : nr2004028788 VIAF : 221472494 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danny_Masterson&oldid=842821407 '' Categories : 1976 births Male actors from New York ( state ) American male child actors American male film actors American Scientologists American male television actors Living people People from North Hempstead , New York 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Български Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 22 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played hyde on the 70's show | [
"Daniel Peter Masterson (born March 13, 1976)[1] is an American actor and disc jockey.[2] Masterson is known for his roles as Steven Hyde in That '70s Show (1998–2006) and as Jameson \"Rooster\" Bennett in The Ranch (2016–2018)."
] | [
"Daniel Peter Masterson"
] |
-7023807140642506697 | Saturated and unsaturated compounds | Saturated and unsaturated compounds - wikipedia Saturated and unsaturated compounds Jump to : navigation , search See also : Saturation ( chemistry ) It has been suggested that this article be merged with Saturation ( chemistry ) . ( Discuss ) Proposed since September 2016 . In organic chemistry , a saturated compound is a chemical compound that has a chain of carbon atoms linked together by single bonds . Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons . An unsaturated compound is a chemical compound that contains carbon - carbon double bonds or triple bonds , such as those found in alkenes or alkynes , respectively . Saturated and unsaturated compounds need not consist only of a carbon atom chain . They can form straight chain , branched chain , or ring arrangements . They can have functional groups , as well . It is in this sense that fatty acids are classified as saturated or unsaturated . The amount of unsaturation of a fatty acid can be determined by finding its iodine number . Unsaturated compounds are those in which addition reaction can be obtained . In a chain of carbons , such as a fatty acid , a double or triple bond will cause a kink in the chain . These kinks have macro-structural implications . Unsaturated fats tend to be liquid at room temperature , rather than solid , as the kinks in the chain prevent the molecules from packing closely together to form a solid . These fats are called oils and are present in fish and plants . In other unsaturated hydrocarbons , the double bond between two carbons prevents rotation of the atoms about the bond , locking them into specific structural formations . When attached atoms occupy similar positions on each carbon , they are referred to as `` cis '' , and when they are on opposite sides , they are called `` trans '' . Most natural hydrocarbons exist in the cis state , but artificially manufactured hydrocarbons are trans . The body lacks the enzymes to properly break down the trans configuration . This is why trans fats are viewed as dangerous and unhealthy , as they tend to build up . Unsaturated compounds of the two formations are classified as geometric isomers of one another . See also ( edit ) Saturation ( chemistry ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Saturated Hydrocarbons , or Alkanes '' . Purdue University Division of Chemical Education . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saturated_and_unsaturated_compounds&oldid=791133606 '' Categories : Organic chemistry Chemical nomenclature Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from September 2016 All articles to be merged Talk About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego עברית Nederlands 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 July 2017 , at 10 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when do we say that a solution is unsaturated | [
"In organic chemistry, a saturated compound is a chemical compound that has a chain of carbon atoms linked together by single bonds.[1] Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons. An unsaturated compound is a chemical compound that contains carbon-carbon double bonds or triple bonds, such as those found in alkenes or alkynes, respectively. Saturated and unsaturated compounds need not consist only of a carbon atom chain. They can form straight chain, branched chain, or ring arrangements. They can have functional groups, as well. It is in this sense that fatty acids are classified as saturated or unsaturated. The amount of unsaturation of a fatty acid can be determined by finding its iodine number."
] | [
"a chemical compound that contains carbon-carbon double bonds or triple bonds, such as those found in alkenes or alkynes, respectively"
] |
-6786784832697571418 | Our Town | Our Town - wikipedia Our Town For other uses , see Our Town ( disambiguation ) . Our Town 1938 first edition cover from the Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division Written by Thornton Wilder Characters Stage Manager Mrs. Myrtle Webb Mr. Charles Webb Emily Webb Joe Crowell Jr . Mrs. Julia Gibbs Dr. Frank F. Gibbs Simon Stimson Mrs. Soames George Gibbs Howie Newsome Rebecca Gibbs Wally Webb Professor Willard Woman in the Balcony Man in the Auditorium Lady in the Box Mrs. Louella Soames Constable Warren Si Crowell Three Baseball Players Sam Craig Joe Stoddard Date premiered January 22 , 1938 Place premiered McCarter Theatre Princeton , New Jersey Original language English Subject Life and death in an American small town Genre Drama Setting 1901 to 1913 . Grover 's Corners , New Hampshire near Massachusetts . Our Town is a 1938 metatheatrical three - act play by American playwright Thornton Wilder . It tells the story of the fictional American small town of Grover 's Corners between 1901 and 1913 through the everyday lives of its citizens . Throughout , Wilder uses metatheatrical devices , setting the play in the actual theatre where it is being performed . The main character is the stage manager of the theatre who directly addresses the audience , brings in guest lecturers , fields questions from the audience , and fills in playing some of the roles . The play is performed without a set on a mostly bare stage . With a few exceptions , the actors mime actions without the use of props . Our Town was first performed at McCarter Theatre in Princeton , New Jersey in 1938 . It later went on to success on Broadway and won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama . It remains popular today and revivals are frequent . Contents 1 Synopsis 1.1 Act I : Daily Life 1.2 Act II : Love and Marriage 1.3 Act III : Death and Eternity 2 Characters 3 Composition 4 Setting 5 Style 6 Production history 7 Awards 8 Adaptations 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Frank Craven as the Stage Manager in the original Broadway production of Our Town ( 1938 ) Act I : daily life ( edit ) The Stage Manager introduces the audience to the small town of Grover 's Corners , New Hampshire , and the people living there as a morning begins in the year 1901 . Professor Willard speaks to the audience about the history of the town . Joe Crowell delivers the paper to Doc Gibbs , Howie Newsome delivers the milk , and the Webb and Gibbs households send their children ( Emily and George , respectively ) off to school on this beautifully simple morning . Act ii : love and marriage ( edit ) Three years have passed , and George and Emily prepare to wed . The day is filled with stress . Howie Newsome is delivering milk in the pouring rain while Si Crowell , younger brother of Joe , laments how George 's baseball talents will be squandered . George pays an awkward visit to his soon - to - be in - laws . Here , the Stage Manager interrupts the scene and takes the audience back a year , to the end of Emily and George 's junior year . Emily confronts George about his pride , and over an ice cream soda , they discuss the future and their love for each other . George resolves not to go to college , as he had planned , but to work and eventually take over his uncle 's farm . In the present , George and Emily say that they are not ready to marry -- George to his mother , Emily to her father -- but they both calm down and happily go through with the wedding . Act iii : death and eternity ( edit ) Nine years have passed . The Stage Manager opens the act with a lengthy monologue emphasizing eternity , bringing the audience 's attention to the cemetery outside of town and the characters who have died since the wedding , including Mrs. Gibbs ( pneumonia , while traveling ) , Wally Webb ( burst appendix , while camping ) , Mrs. Soames , and Simon Stimson ( suicide by hanging ) . Town undertaker Joe Stoddard is introduced , as is a young man named Sam Craig who has returned to Grover 's Corners for his cousin 's funeral . That cousin is Emily , who died giving birth to her and George 's second child . Once the funeral ends , Emily emerges to join the dead ; Mrs. Gibbs urges her to forget her life , warning her that being able to see but not interact with her family , all the while knowing what will happen in the future , will cause her too much pain , but she refuses . Ignoring the warnings of Simon , Mrs. Soames , and Mrs. Gibbs , Emily returns to Earth to relive one day , her 12th birthday . Emily watches with joy at being able to see her parents and some of the people of her childhood for the first time in years . However , her joy quickly turns to pain as she realizes how little people appreciate the simple joys of life . The memory proves too painful for her , and she realizes that every moment of life should be treasured . When she asks the Stage Manager if anyone truly understands the value of life while they live it , he responds , `` No . The saints and poets , maybe -- they do some . '' Emily returns to her grave next to Mrs. Gibbs and watches impassively as George kneels weeping over her . The Stage Manager concludes the play and wishes the audience a good night . Characters ( edit ) Stage Manager -- a narrator , commentator , and guide through Grover 's Corners . He joins in the action of the play periodically , as the minister at the wedding , the soda shop owner , a local townsman , etc. , and speaks directly to Emily after her death . Emily Webb -- one of the main characters ; we follow her from a precocious young girl through her wedding to George Gibbs and her early death . George Gibbs -- the other main character ; the boy next door , a kind but irresponsible teenager who matures over time and becomes a responsible husband , father and farmer . Frank Gibbs -- George 's father , the town doctor . Julia ( Hersey ) Gibbs -- George 's mother . She dreams of going to Paris but does n't get there . She saved $350 for the trip from the sale of an antique furniture piece but willed it to George and Emily . Dies while visiting her daughter in Ohio . Charles Webb -- Emily 's father , Editor of the Grover 's Corners Sentinel Myrtle Webb -- Emily and Wally 's mother . Secondary characters Joe and Si Crowell -- local paperboys . Joe 's intelligence earns him a full scholarship to MIT where he graduates at the top of his class . His promise will be cut short on the fields of France during World War I , according to the Stage Manager . Both he and his brother Si hold marriage in high disdain . Simon Stimson -- the choir director and church organist . We never learn the specific cause of his alcoholism and suicide , although Joe Stoddard , the undertaker , observes that `` He 's seen a peck of troubles . '' He remains bitter and cynical even beyond the grave . Howie Newsome -- the milkman , a fixture of Grover 's Corners . Rebecca Gibbs -- George 's younger sister . Later elopes with a traveling salesman and settles in Ohio . Wally Webb -- Emily 's younger brother . Dies of a burst appendix on a Boy Scout camping trip . Professor Willard -- a rather long - winded lecturer Woman in Auditorium -- concerned with temperance Man in Auditorium -- concerned with social justice Another Woman in Auditorium -- concerned with culture and beauty Mrs. Louella Soames -- a gossipy townswoman and member of the choir Constable Bill Warren -- the policeman Three Baseball Players -- who mock George at the wedding Joe Stoddard -- the undertaker Sam Craig -- a nephew of Mrs Gibbs who left town to seek his fortune . He came back after 12 years in Buffalo for Emily 's funeral . Dead Man Dead Woman Mr. Carter Farmer McCarty Bessie -- Howie Newsome 's horse ( visible to the characters , but not the audience ) Composition ( edit ) Wilder wrote the play while in his thirties . In June 1937 , he lived in the MacDowell Colony in Peterborough , New Hampshire , one of the many locations where he worked on the play . It is believed Wilder drafted the entire third act during a visit to Zürich in September 1937 , in one day , after a long evening walk in the rain with a friend , author Samuel Morris Steward . Setting ( edit ) The play is set in the actual theatre where the play is being performed , but the year is always 1938 . The Stage Manager of the 1938 production introduces the play - within - the - play which is set in the fictional community of Grover 's Corners , New Hampshire . The Stage Manager gives the coordinates of Grover 's Corners as 42 ° 40 ′ north latitude and 70 ° 37 ′ west longitude ( those coordinates are actually in Massachusetts , about a thousand feet off the coast of Rockport ) . Style ( edit ) Wilder was dissatisfied with the theatre of his time : `` I felt that something had gone wrong ... I began to feel that the theatre was not only inadequate , it was evasive . '' His response was to use a metatheatrical style . Our Town 's narrator , the Stage Manager , is completely aware of his relationship with the audience , leaving him free to break the fourth wall and address them directly . According to the script , the play is to be performed with little scenery , no set and minimal props . The characters mime the objects with which they interact . Their surroundings are created only with chairs , tables , staircases , and ladders . For example , the scene in which Emily helps George with his evening homework , conversing through upstairs windows , is performed with the two actors standing atop separate ladders to represent their neighboring houses . Wilder once said : `` Our claim , our hope , our despair are in the mind -- not in things , not in ' scenery . ' '' Wilder called Our Town his favorite out of all his works , but complained that it was rarely done right , insisting that it `` should be performed without sentimentality or ponderousness -- simply , dryly , and sincerely . '' Production history ( edit ) Frank Craven , Martha Scott and John Craven in the original Broadway production of Our Town ( 1938 ) Our Town was first performed at McCarter Theater in Princeton , New Jersey on January 22 , 1938 . It next opened at the Wilbur Theatre in Boston , Massachusetts on January 25 , 1938 . Its New York City debut was on February 4 , 1938 at Henry Miller 's Theatre , and later moved to the Morosco Theatre ; this production was produced and directed by Jed Harris . Wilder received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1938 for the work . In 1946 , the Soviet Union prevented a production of Our Town in the Russian sector of occupied Berlin `` on the grounds that the drama is too depressing and could inspire a German suicide wave '' . Awards ( edit ) 1938 Pulitzer Prize for Drama 1989 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival 1989 Tony Award for Best Revival Adaptations ( edit ) Hal Holbrook as the Stage Manager in the 1977 television adaptation . The play has been adapted numerous times : Our Town was first performed on radio May 12 , 1939 , on The Campbell Playhouse . The cast included Orson Welles as the Stage Manager , John Craven of the original stage production as George Gibbs , and Patricia Newton as Emily Webb . Our Town ( 1940 film ) , adaptation starring Martha Scott as Emily and William Holden as George Gibbs , with an original music score composed by Aaron Copland . Many members of the original cast repeated their roles in this film , although the ending was changed so that Emily lived . Our Town ( 1940 radio ) , on May 6 , 1940 , a radio version was performed by many of the same film actors for Lux Radio Theater . Our Town ( television ) , a live musical 1955 television adaptation on Producers ' Showcase starring Frank Sinatra as the Stage Manager , Paul Newman as George Gibbs , and Eva Marie Saint as Emily . The first and only musical version of the play to be telecast ( so far ) . Our Town , a 1977 television adaptation of the play , starring Hal Holbrook as the Stage Manager , Robby Benson as George Gibbs and Glynnis O'Connor as Emily Webb . Grover 's Corners , a 1987 musical adaptation performed at the Marriott Theatre . Our Town , a 1989 telecast of a Lincoln Center stage production starring Spalding Gray , Frances Conroy , Penelope Ann Miller , and Eric Stoltz OT : Our Town , a 2002 documentary by Scott Hamilton Kennedy about a production of the play by Dominguez High School in Compton , California Our Town , a 2003 television film adaptation starring Paul Newman as the Stage Manager . It was shown on PBS as part of Masterpiece Theatre after first being shown on the cable channel Showtime . It was filmed at the Booth Theatre in Manhattan , where it played on Broadway in 2002 . Our Town ( opera ) , an operatic version of the play with music by Ned Rorem An award - winning revival of Our Town opened at the Barrow Street Theatre , in New York City , on February 26 , 2009 . The production was directed by David Cromer , who also performed the role of Stage Manager for much of the show 's run . Upon closing , the production had played four preview and 644 regular performances , making it the longest - running production of the play in its history . In addition to Cromer , other notable actors who performed in the role of Stage Manager included Helen Hunt , Michael McKean , Jason Butler Harner , Stephen Kunken and Michael Shannon . In 1994 , Philip Jerry choreographed a balletic adaptation set to the music of Aaron Copland and has been performed by the American Repertory Ballet in Princeton , New Jersey in the decades since its premiere . In 2017 , Tony Award - winning Deaf West Theater , a Los Angeles - based theater company , co-produced with the Pasadena Playhouse a production of Our Town performed in American Sign Language and spoken English . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Our Town : A History '' . pbs.org . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steward , Samuel ; Gertrude Stein ; Alice B. Toklas ( 1977 ) . Dear Sammy : Letters from Gertrude Stein & Alice B. Toklas . Houghton Mifflin . p. 32 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 25340 - 3 . Jump up ^ Wilder , Thornton . Thornton Wilder , Collected Plays and Writings on Theater . Preface . Jump up ^ Lumley , Frederick ( 1967 ) . New Trends in 20th Century Drama : A Survey since Ibsen and Shaw . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 333 . OCLC 330001 . Jump up ^ `` Our Town '' . Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ The Pulitzer Board ( 1938 ) . `` Pulitzer Prize Winners of 1938 '' . The Pulitzer Prizes . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Play ' Our Town ' is Banned in Soviet Berlin Sector '' , Christian Science Monitor , Feb 13 , 1946 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ ( tsalagicelt ) ( 30 May 1977 ) . `` Our Town ( TV Movie 1977 ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ W. Jones . `` '' Great Performances '' Our Town ( TV Episode 1989 ) `` . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Paul Newman '' . Television Academy . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Our Town '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Our Town '' . americanrepertoryballet.org . Jump up ^ `` Our Town '' . pasadenaplayhouse.org . Further reading ( edit ) Wilder , Thornton ( 1938 ) . Our Town : A Play in Three Acts . New York : Coward McCann , Inc . pp. 128 pp. OCLC 773139 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Our Town . Our Town at the Internet Broadway Database Our Town Teaching and Reading Educational Materials ; by The Thornton Wilder Society Dramatic and Theatrical Aspects in Thornton Wilder 's `` Our Town '' Cummings Study Guide of Our Town Our Town 1940 film ; free download at archive.org Our Town Plot Summary and Critical Analysis ; by The Thornton Wilder Society Documentary Video on the legacy of Our Town ; by The Thornton Wilder Society Thornton Wilder Plays The Long Christmas Dinner ( 1931 ) The Happy Journey to Trenton and Camden ( 1931 ) Our Town ( 1938 ) The Merchant of Yonkers ( 1938 ) The Skin of Our Teeth ( 1942 ) The Matchmaker ( 1954 ) Books The Bridge of San Luis Rey ( 1927 ) The Woman of Andros ( 1930 ) Ides of March ( 1948 ) The Eighth Day ( 1967 ) Theophilus North ( 1973 ) Adaptations The Bridge of San Luis Rey ( 1929 film ) Our Town ( 1940 film ) The Bridge of San Luis Rey ( 1944 film ) Our Town ( 1955 TV ) The Matchmaker ( 1958 film ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 1964 musical ) Our Town ( 2003 film ) The Bridge of San Luis Rey ( 2004 film ) Our Town ( 2006 opera ) OT : Our Town ( documentary ) Family Amos Wilder ( brother ) Charlotte Wilder ( sister ) Janet Wilder Dakin ( sister ) Awards for Our Town Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival The Royal Family ( 1976 ) No award ( 1977 - 1981 ) Entertaining Mr Sloane ( 1982 ) On Your Toes ( 1983 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1984 ) Joe Egg ( 1985 ) The House of Blue Leaves ( 1986 ) no award ( 1987 ) Anything Goes ( 1988 ) Our Town ( 1989 ) Gypsy ( 1990 ) A Little Night Music ( 1991 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1992 ) Pulitzer Prize for Drama 1918 -- 1950 Why Marry ? ( 1918 ) Beyond the Horizon ( 1920 ) Miss Lulu Bett ( 1921 ) Anna Christie ( 1922 ) Icebound ( 1923 ) Hell - Bent Fer Heaven ( 1924 ) They Knew What They Wanted ( 1925 ) Craig 's Wife ( 1926 ) In Abraham 's Bosom ( 1927 ) Strange Interlude ( 1928 ) Street Scene ( 1929 ) The Green Pastures ( 1930 ) Alison 's House ( 1931 ) Of Thee I Sing ( 1932 ) Both Your Houses ( 1933 ) Men in White ( 1934 ) The Old Maid ( 1935 ) Idiot 's Delight ( 1936 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1937 ) Our Town ( 1938 ) Abe Lincoln in Illinois ( 1939 ) The Time of Your Life ( 1940 ) There Shall Be No Night ( 1941 ) The Skin of Our Teeth ( 1943 ) Harvey ( 1945 ) State of the Union ( 1946 ) A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1948 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1949 ) South Pacific ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 The Shrike ( 1952 ) Picnic ( 1953 ) The Teahouse of the August Moon ( 1954 ) Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1955 ) The Diary of Anne Frank ( 1956 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 1957 ) Look Homeward , Angel ( 1958 ) J.B. ( 1959 ) Fiorello ! ( 1960 ) All the Way Home ( 1961 ) How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying ( 1962 ) The Subject Was Roses ( 1965 ) A Delicate Balance ( 1967 ) The Great White Hope ( 1969 ) No Place to be Somebody ( 1970 ) The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man - in - the - Moon Marigolds ( 1971 ) That Championship Season ( 1973 ) Seascape ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) The Shadow Box ( 1977 ) The Gin Game ( 1978 ) Buried Child ( 1979 ) Talley 's Folly ( 1980 ) Crimes of the Heart ( 1981 ) A Soldier 's Play ( 1982 ) ' night , Mother ( 1983 ) Glengarry Glen Ross ( 1984 ) Sunday in the Park with George ( 1985 ) Fences ( 1987 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1988 ) The Heidi Chronicles ( 1989 ) The Piano Lesson ( 1990 ) Lost in Yonkers ( 1991 ) The Kentucky Cycle ( 1992 ) Angels in America : Millennium Approaches ( 1993 ) Three Tall Women ( 1994 ) The Young Man from Atlanta ( 1995 ) Rent ( 1996 ) How I Learned to Drive ( 1998 ) Wit ( 1999 ) Dinner with Friends ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Proof ( 2001 ) Topdog / Underdog ( 2002 ) Anna in the Tropics ( 2003 ) I Am My Own Wife ( 2004 ) Doubt : A Parable ( 2005 ) Rabbit Hole ( 2007 ) August : Osage County ( 2008 ) Ruined ( 2009 ) Next to Normal ( 2010 ) Clybourne Park ( 2011 ) Water by the Spoonful ( 2012 ) Disgraced ( 2013 ) The Flick ( 2014 ) Between Riverside and Crazy ( 2015 ) Hamilton ( 2016 ) Sweat ( 2017 ) Cost of Living ( 2018 ) Tony Award for Best Revival Porgy and Bess ( 1977 ) Dracula ( 1978 ) No Award ( 1979 ) Morning 's at Seven ( 1980 ) The Pirates of Penzance ( 1981 ) Othello ( 1982 ) On Your Toes ( 1983 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1984 ) Joe Egg ( 1985 ) Sweet Charity ( 1986 ) All My Sons ( 1987 ) Anything Goes ( 1988 ) Our Town ( 1989 ) Gypsy ( 1990 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1991 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1992 ) Anna Christie ( 1993 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Our_Town&oldid=864822101 '' Categories : 1938 plays Broadway plays Drama Desk Award - winning plays Pulitzer Prize for Drama - winning works Plays by Thornton Wilder Tony Award - winning plays West End plays Plays set in New Hampshire Plays set in the 1900s Plays set in the 1910s 1901 in fiction 1904 in fiction 1913 in fiction American plays adapted into films Works set in fictional populated places Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Français Italiano 日本 語 Polski Русский Suomi 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 18 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what genre is our town by thornton wilder | [
"Our Town\n1938 first edition cover from the Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections DivisionWritten by\nThornton WilderCharacters\nStage ManagerMrs. Myrtle WebbMr. Charles WebbEmily WebbJoe Crowell Jr.Mrs. Julia GibbsDr. Frank F. GibbsSimon Stimson Mrs. Soames George GibbsHowie NewsomeRebecca GibbsWally WebbProfessor WillardWoman in the BalconyMan in the AuditoriumLady in the BoxMrs. Louella SoamesConstable WarrenSi CrowellThree Baseball PlayersSam CraigJoe StoddardDate premiered\nJanuary 22, 1938Place premiered\nMcCarter TheatrePrinceton, New JerseyOriginal language\nEnglishSubject\nLife and death in an American small townGenre\nDramaSetting\n1901 to 1913. Grover's Corners, New Hampshire near Massachusetts."
] | [
"Drama"
] |
-8234567811705777337 | Life in the Fast Lane | Life in the Fast Lane - wikipedia Life in the Fast Lane Jump to : navigation , search `` Life in the Fast Lane '' Artwork for Spain release Single by the Eagles from the album Hotel California B - side `` The Last Resort '' Released May 3 , 1977 Format Vinyl record Recorded 1976 Genre Rock Length 4 : 46 Label Asylum Songwriter ( s ) Joe Walsh , Glenn Frey , Don Henley Producer ( s ) Bill Szymczyk the Eagles singles chronology `` Hotel California '' ( 1977 ) `` Life in the Fast Lane '' ( 1977 ) `` Please Come Home for Christmas '' ( 1978 ) `` Hotel California '' ( 1977 ) `` Life in the Fast Lane '' ( 1977 ) `` Please Come Home for Christmas '' ( 1978 ) `` Life in the Fast Lane '' is a song written by Joe Walsh , Glenn Frey and Don Henley and recorded by the American rock band the Eagles on their 1976 studio album Hotel California . It was the third single released from this album , and peaked at No. 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Critical reception 3 Personnel 4 Covers and references 5 Charts 6 References 7 External links Content It tells the story of a couple that takes their excessive lifestyle to the edge . On In the Studio with Redbeard , Glenn Frey revealed that the title came to him one day when he was riding on the freeway with a drug dealer known as `` The Count '' . Frey asked the dealer to slow down and the response was , `` What do you mean ? It 's life in the fast lane ! '' In that same interview , Frey indicated that the song 's central riff was played by Walsh while the band was warming up in rehearsals and Walsh was told to `` keep that ; it 's a song . '' Don Henley recalled that the `` song actually sprang from the opening guitar riff . One day , at rehearsal , Joe ( Walsh ) just busted out that crazy riff and I said ' What the hell is that ? We 've got to figure out to make a song out of that . '' Henley and Frey then primarily wrote the lyrics . Critical reception In 2016 , the editors of Rolling Stone rated `` Life in the Fast Lane '' as the Eagles ' 8th greatest song . Personnel Don Henley : Lead vocals , drums Glenn Frey : Clavinet , backing vocals Joe Walsh : Lead guitar , Rhythm guitar Don Felder : Lead guitar , Rhythm guitar Randy Meisner : Bass guitar , backing vocals Covers and references This article contains a list of miscellaneous information . Please relocate any relevant information into other sections or articles . ( October 2017 ) Garth Brooks for the 2013 `` Classic Rock '' album in the `` Blame It All on My Roots : Five Decades of Influences '' compilation . Eagles guitarist Joe Walsh plays the song on his solo tours . In 2007 , Jill Johnson recorded the song on her album Music Row . The track `` Livin ' It Up '' on Limp Bizkit 's album Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water samples the phrase life in the fast lane throughout . Frey , Henley , and Walsh are credited in the `` lyrics by '' portion of the liner notes . Rascal Flatts and Carrie Underwood sang the song at the 2007 Grammy Awards . The song was used as the soundtrack for the roller coaster The Eagles ' Life In The Fast Lane , opened at Hard Rock Park in May 2008 . The country music group Williams Riley released their version of the song to country radio on August 23 , 2010 . The super group Metal Allegiance released a version of the song with vocals by Alissa White - Gluz . Charts Chart ( 1977 ) Peak position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 12 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 41 US Billboard Hot 100 11 References ^ Jump up to : Eagles : The Ultimate Guide . Rolling Stone . 2016 . p. 87 . Jump up ^ `` Music Row '' ( in Swedish ) . Svensk mediedatabas. 2007 . Retrieved 24 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Cherney , Mike ( May 13 , 2009 ) . `` Freestyle Music Park Fills Out Offerings '' . The Sun News . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2013 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Jones , Steve ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Freestyle rides headed from Myrtle Beach to Vietnam ? '' . myrtlebeachonline . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 5238a . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 5240 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . External links Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Eagles Glenn Frey Don Henley Bernie Leadon Randy Meisner Don Felder Joe Walsh Timothy B. Schmit Deacon Frey Vince Gill Studio albums Eagles Desperado On the Border One of These Nights Hotel California The Long Run Long Road Out of Eden Live albums Eagles Live Hell Freezes Over Farewell 1 Tour - Live from Melbourne Compilation albums Their Greatest Hits ( 1971 -- 1975 ) Eagles Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 The Very Best of the Eagles Selected Works : 1972 -- 1999 The Very Best Of Eagles Singles `` Take It Easy '' `` Witchy Woman '' `` Peaceful Easy Feeling '' `` Tequila Sunrise '' `` Outlaw Man '' `` Already Gone '' `` James Dean '' `` Best of My Love '' `` One of These Nights '' `` Lyin ' Eyes '' `` Take It to the Limit '' `` New Kid in Town '' `` Hotel California '' `` Life in the Fast Lane '' `` Please Come Home for Christmas '' `` Heartache Tonight '' `` The Long Run '' `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' `` Seven Bridges Road '' `` Get Over It '' `` Love Will Keep Us Alive '' `` Hole in the World '' `` How Long '' `` Busy Being Fabulous '' Other songs `` Desperado '' `` Ol ' ' 55 '' `` The Last Resort '' `` In the City '' Tours Long Road Out of Eden Tour History of the Eagles Tour Related Discography Poco Linda Ronstadt Flying Burrito Brothers Common Thread : The Songs of the Eagles History of the Eagles Heaven and Hell : My Life in the Eagles ( 1974 -- 2001 ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_in_the_Fast_Lane&oldid=814293608 '' Categories : 1976 songs 1977 singles Eagles ( band ) songs Jill Johnson songs Songs written by Glenn Frey Songs written by Don Henley Songs written by Joe Walsh Asylum Records singles Song recordings produced by Bill Szymczyk Hidden categories : CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with trivia sections from October 2017 All articles with trivia sections Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Português Slovenščina Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 23 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang the song life in the fast lane | [
"\"Life in the Fast Lane\" is a song written by Joe Walsh, Glenn Frey and Don Henley and recorded by the American rock band the Eagles on their 1976 studio album Hotel California. It was the third single released from this album, and peaked at No. 11 on the Billboard Hot 100."
] | [
"Eagles"
] |
-125025028095025822 | Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki | Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki - wikipedia Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Jump to : navigation , search Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Part of the Pacific War of World War II Atomic bomb mushroom clouds over Hiroshima ( left ) and Nagasaki ( right ) Date August 6 and August 9 , 1945 Location Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Empire of Japan Result Allied victory Belligerents United States Manhattan Project : United Kingdom Canada Japan Commanders and leaders William S. Parsons Paul W. Tibbets , Jr . Charles Sweeney Frederick Ashworth Shunroku Hata Units involved Manhattan District : 50 U.S. , 2 British 509th Composite Group : 1,770 U.S. Second General Army : Hiroshima : 40,000 ( 5 Anti-aircraft batteries ) Nagasaki : 9,000 ( 4 Anti-aircraft batteries ) Casualties and losses 20 British , Dutch , and American prisoners of war killed Hiroshima : 20,000 soldiers killed 70,000 -- 126,000 civilians killed Nagasaki : 39,000 -- 80,000 killed Total : 129,000 -- 226,000 + killed Pacific War Central Pacific Hawaii Marshalls - Gilberts raids Doolittle Raid Coral Sea Midway RY Solomons Gilberts and Marshalls Marianas and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu British raid on Truk Southeast Asia Indochina ( 1940 ) Indian Ocean ( 1940 -- 45 ) Philippines 1941 -- 42 Franco - Thai War Thailand Dutch East Indies Malaya Hong Kong Burma ( 1941 -- 42 ) Singapore Burma ( 1942 -- 43 ) Burma ( 1944 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) Indochina ( 1945 ) Malacca Strait Jurist Tiderace Zipper Strategic bombing ( 1944 -- 45 ) Southwest Pacific Dutch East Indies 1941 -- 42 Portuguese Timor Australia New Guinea Philippines 1944 -- 45 Borneo 1945 North America Attack on Pearl Harbor Ellwood Operation K Aleutian Islands Estevan Point Lighthouse Fort Stevens Lookout Air Raids Fire balloon Project Hula PX Japan Air raids Mariana Islands Volcano & Ryukyu Is Tokyo Starvation Naval bombardments Yokosuka Sagami Bay Kure Downfall Hiroshima & Nagasaki Kurils Karafuto Japanese surrender Manchuria Kantokuen Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mutanchiang Sakhalin Island Kuril Islands Shumshu Second Sino - Japanese War During the final stage of World War II , the United States dropped nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9 , 1945 , respectively . The United States had dropped the bombs with the consent of the United Kingdom as outlined in the Quebec Agreement . The two bombings , which killed at least 129,000 people , remain the only use of nuclear weapons for warfare in history . In the final year of the war , the Allies prepared for what was anticipated to be a very costly invasion of the Japanese mainland . This was preceded by a U.S. conventional and firebombing campaign that destroyed 67 Japanese cities . The war in Europe had concluded when Nazi Germany signed its instrument of surrender on May 8 , 1945 . The Japanese , facing the same fate , refused to accept the Allies ' demands for unconditional surrender and the Pacific War continued . The Allies called for the unconditional surrender of the Imperial Japanese armed forces in the Potsdam Declaration on July 26 , 1945 -- the alternative being `` prompt and utter destruction '' . The Japanese response to this ultimatum was to ignore it . By August 1945 , the Allies ' Manhattan Project had produced two types of atomic bomb , and the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) was equipped with the specialized Silverplate version of the Boeing B - 29 Superfortress that could deliver them from Tinian in the Mariana Islands . Orders for atomic bombs to be used on four Japanese cities were issued on July 25 . On August 6 , the U.S. dropped a uranium gun - type ( Little Boy ) bomb on Hiroshima , and American President Harry S. Truman called for Japan 's surrender , warning it to `` expect a rain of ruin from the air , the like of which has never been seen on this earth . '' Three days later , on August 9 , a plutonium implosion - type ( Fat Man ) bomb was dropped on Nagasaki . Within the first two to four months following the bombings , the acute effects of the atomic bombings had killed 90,000 -- 146,000 people in Hiroshima and 39,000 -- 80,000 in Nagasaki ; roughly half of the deaths in each city occurred on the first day . During the following months , large numbers died from the effect of burns , radiation sickness , and other injuries , compounded by illness and malnutrition . In both cities , most of the dead were civilians , although Hiroshima had a sizable military garrison . Japan announced its surrender to the Allies on August 15 , six days after the bombing of Nagasaki and the Soviet Union 's declaration of war . On September 2 , the Japanese government signed the instrument of surrender , effectively ending World War II . The justification for the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki is still debated to this day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Pacific War 1.2 Preparations to invade Japan 1.3 Air raids on Japan 1.4 Atomic bomb development 2 Preparations 2.1 Organization and training 2.2 Choice of targets 2.3 Proposed demonstration 2.4 Leaflets 2.5 Consultation with Britain and Canada 2.6 Potsdam Declaration 2.7 Bombs 3 Hiroshima 3.1 Hiroshima during World War II 3.2 Bombing of Hiroshima 3.3 Events on the ground 3.4 Japanese realization of the bombing 4 Events of August 7 -- 9 5 Nagasaki 5.1 Nagasaki during World War II 5.2 Bombing of Nagasaki 5.3 Events on the ground 6 Plans for more atomic attacks on Japan 7 Surrender of Japan and subsequent occupation 8 Depiction , public response , and censorship 9 Post-attack casualties 10 Hibakusha 10.1 Double survivors 10.2 Korean survivors 11 Debate over bombings 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Background Pacific War Main article : Pacific War Situation of the Pacific War by August 1 , 1945 . Japan still had control of all of Manchuria , Korea , Taiwan and Indochina , a large part of China , including most of the main Chinese cities , and much of the Dutch East Indies . In 1945 , the Pacific War between the Empire of Japan and the Allies entered its fourth year . The Japanese fought fiercely , ensuring that U.S. victory would come at an enormous cost . Of the 1.25 million battle casualties incurred by the United States in World War II , including both military personnel killed in action and wounded in action , nearly one million occurred in the twelve - month period from June 1944 to June 1945 . December 1944 saw American battle casualties hit an all - time monthly high of 88,000 as a result of the German Ardennes Offensive . In the Pacific , the Allies returned to the Philippines , recaptured Burma , and invaded Borneo . Offensives were undertaken to reduce the Japanese forces remaining in Bougainville , New Guinea and the Philippines . In April 1945 , American forces landed on Okinawa , where heavy fighting continued until June . Along the way , the ratio of Japanese to American casualties dropped from 5 : 1 in the Philippines to 2 : 1 on Okinawa . Although some Japanese were taken prisoner , most fought until they were killed or committed suicide . Nearly 99 % of the 21,000 defenders of Iwo Jima were killed . Of the 117,000 Japanese troops defending Okinawa in April -- June 1945 , 94 % were killed . American military leaders used these figures to estimate high casualties among American soldiers in the planned invasion of Japan . As the Allies advanced towards Japan , conditions became steadily worse for the Japanese people . Japan 's merchant fleet declined from 5,250,000 gross tons in 1941 to 1,560,000 tons in March 1945 , and 557,000 tons in August 1945 . Lack of raw materials forced the Japanese war economy into a steep decline after the middle of 1944 . The civilian economy , which had slowly deteriorated throughout the war , reached disastrous levels by the middle of 1945 . The loss of shipping also affected the fishing fleet , and the 1945 catch was only 22 % of that in 1941 . The 1945 rice harvest was the worst since 1909 , and hunger and malnutrition became widespread . U.S. industrial production was overwhelmingly superior to Japan 's . By 1943 , the U.S. produced almost 100,000 aircraft a year , compared to Japan 's production of 70,000 for the entire war . By the middle of 1944 , the U.S. had almost a hundred aircraft carriers in the Pacific , far more than Japan 's twenty - five for the entire war . In February 1945 , Prince Fumimaro Konoe advised the Emperor Hirohito that defeat was inevitable , and urged him to abdicate . Preparations to invade Japan Main article : Operation Downfall Even before the surrender of Nazi Germany on May 8 , 1945 , plans were under way for the largest operation of the Pacific War , Operation Downfall , the invasion of Japan . The operation had two parts : Operation Olympic and Operation Coronet . Set to begin in October 1945 , Olympic involved a series of landings by the U.S. Sixth Army intended to capture the southern third of the southernmost main Japanese island , Kyūshū . Operation Olympic was to be followed in March 1946 by Operation Coronet , the capture of the Kantō Plain , near Tokyo on the main Japanese island of Honshū by the U.S. First , Eighth and Tenth Armies , as well as a Commonwealth Corps made up of Australian , British and Canadian divisions . The target date was chosen to allow for Olympic to complete its objectives , for troops to be redeployed from Europe , and the Japanese winter to pass . U.S. Army poster prepares the public for the invasion of Japan after ending war on Germany and Italy Japan 's geography made this invasion plan obvious to the Japanese ; they were able to predict the Allied invasion plans accurately and thus adjust their defensive plan , Operation Ketsugō , accordingly . The Japanese planned an all - out defense of Kyūshū , with little left in reserve for any subsequent defense operations . Four veteran divisions were withdrawn from the Kwantung Army in Manchuria in March 1945 to strengthen the forces in Japan , and 45 new divisions were activated between February and May 1945 . Most were immobile formations for coastal defense , but 16 were high quality mobile divisions . In all , there were 2.3 million Japanese Army troops prepared to defend the home islands , backed by a civilian militia of 28 million men and women . Casualty predictions varied widely , but were extremely high . The Vice Chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff , Vice Admiral Takijirō Ōnishi , predicted up to 20 million Japanese deaths . A study from June 15 , 1945 , by the Joint War Plans Committee , who provided planning information to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , estimated that Olympic would result in between 130,000 and 220,000 U.S. casualties , of which U.S. dead would be in the range from 25,000 to 46,000 . Delivered on June 15 , 1945 , after insight gained from the Battle of Okinawa , the study noted Japan 's inadequate defenses due to the very effective sea blockade and the American firebombing campaign . The Chief of Staff of the United States Army , General of the Army George Marshall , and the Army Commander in Chief in the Pacific , General of the Army Douglas MacArthur , signed documents agreeing with the Joint War Plans Committee estimate . The Americans were alarmed by the Japanese buildup , which was accurately tracked through Ultra intelligence . Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson was sufficiently concerned about high American estimates of probable casualties to commission his own study by Quincy Wright and William Shockley . Wright and Shockley spoke with Colonels James McCormack and Dean Rusk , and examined casualty forecasts by Michael E. DeBakey and Gilbert Beebe . Wright and Shockley estimated the invading Allies would suffer between 1.7 and 4 million casualties in such a scenario , of whom between 400,000 and 800,000 would be dead , while Japanese fatalities would have been around 5 to 10 million . Marshall began contemplating the use of a weapon which was `` readily available and which assuredly can decrease the cost in American lives '' : poison gas . Quantities of phosgene , mustard gas , tear gas and cyanogen chloride were moved to Luzon from stockpiles in Australia and New Guinea in preparation for Operation Olympic , and MacArthur ensured that Chemical Warfare Service units were trained in their use . Consideration was also given to using biological weapons against Japan . Air raids on Japan Main article : Air raids on Japan A B - 29 over Osaka on June 1 , 1945 While the United States had developed plans for an air campaign against Japan prior to the Pacific War , the capture of Allied bases in the western Pacific in the first weeks of the conflict meant that this offensive did not begin until mid-1944 when the long - ranged Boeing B - 29 Superfortress became ready for use in combat . Operation Matterhorn involved India - based B - 29s staging through bases around Chengdu in China to make a series of raids on strategic targets in Japan . This effort failed to achieve the strategic objectives that its planners had intended , largely because of logistical problems , the bomber 's mechanical difficulties , the vulnerability of Chinese staging bases , and the extreme range required to reach key Japanese cities . United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) Brigadier General Haywood S. Hansell determined that Guam , Tinian , and Saipan in the Mariana Islands would better serve as B - 29 bases , but they were in Japanese hands . Strategies were shifted to accommodate the air war , and the islands were captured between June and August 1944 . Air bases were developed , and B - 29 operations commenced from the Marianas in October 1944 . These bases were easily resupplied by cargo ships . The XXI Bomber Command began missions against Japan on November 18 , 1944 . The early attempts to bomb Japan from the Marianas proved just as ineffective as the China - based B - 29s had been . Hansell continued the practice of conducting so - called high - altitude precision bombing , aimed at key industries and transportation networks , even after these tactics had not produced acceptable results . These efforts proved unsuccessful due to logistical difficulties with the remote location , technical problems with the new and advanced aircraft , unfavorable weather conditions , and enemy action . The Operation Meetinghouse firebombing of Tokyo on the night of March 9 -- 10 , 1945 , was the single deadliest air raid in history ; with a greater area of fire damage and loss of life than either of the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima or Nagasaki . Hansell 's successor , Major General Curtis LeMay , assumed command in January 1945 and initially continued to use the same precision bombing tactics , with equally unsatisfactory results . The attacks initially targeted key industrial facilities but much of the Japanese manufacturing process was carried out in small workshops and private homes . Under pressure from USAAF headquarters in Washington , LeMay changed tactics and decided that low - level incendiary raids against Japanese cities were the only way to destroy their production capabilities , shifting from precision bombing to area bombardment with incendiaries . Like most strategic bombing during World War II , the aim of the USAAF offensive against Japan was to destroy the enemy 's war industries , kill or disable civilian employees of these industries , and undermine civilian morale . Civilians who took part in the war effort through such activities as building fortifications and manufacturing munitions and other war materials in factories and workshops were considered combatants in a legal sense and therefore liable to be attacked . Over the next six months , the XXI Bomber Command under LeMay firebombed 67 Japanese cities . The firebombing of Tokyo , codenamed Operation Meetinghouse , on March 9 -- 10 killed an estimated 100,000 people and destroyed 16 square miles ( 41 km ) of the city and 267,000 buildings in a single night . It was the deadliest bombing raid of the war , at a cost of 20 B - 29s shot down by flak and fighters . By May , 75 % of bombs dropped were incendiaries designed to burn down Japan 's `` paper cities '' . By mid-June , Japan 's six largest cities had been devastated . The end of the fighting on Okinawa that month provided airfields even closer to the Japanese mainland , allowing the bombing campaign to be further escalated . Aircraft flying from Allied aircraft carriers and the Ryukyu Islands also regularly struck targets in Japan during 1945 in preparation for Operation Downfall . Firebombing switched to smaller cities , with populations ranging from 60,000 to 350,000 . According to Yuki Tanaka , the U.S. fire - bombed over a hundred Japanese towns and cities . These raids were also devastating . The Japanese military was unable to stop the Allied attacks and the country 's civil defense preparations proved inadequate . Japanese fighters and antiaircraft guns had difficulty engaging bombers flying at high altitude . From April 1945 , the Japanese interceptors also had to face American fighter escorts based on Iwo Jima and Okinawa . That month , the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service and Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service stopped attempting to intercept the air raids in order to preserve fighter aircraft to counter the expected invasion . By mid-1945 the Japanese only occasionally scrambled aircraft to intercept individual B - 29s conducting reconnaissance sorties over the country , in order to conserve supplies of fuel . By July 1945 , the Japanese had stockpiled 1,156,000 US barrels ( 137,800,000 l ; 36,400,000 US gal ; 30,300,000 imp gal ) of avgas for the invasion of Japan . While the Japanese military decided to resume attacks on Allied bombers from late June , by this time there were too few operational fighters available for this change of tactics to hinder the Allied air raids . Atomic bomb development Main article : Manhattan Project The discovery of nuclear fission by German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in 1938 , and its theoretical explanation by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch , made the development of an atomic bomb a theoretical possibility . Fears that a German atomic bomb project would develop atomic weapons first , especially among scientists who were refugees from Nazi Germany and other fascist countries , were expressed in the Einstein - Szilard letter . This prompted preliminary research in the United States in late 1939 . Progress was slow until the arrival of the British MAUD Committee report in late 1941 , which indicated that only 5 -- 10 kilograms of isotopically enriched uranium - 235 was needed for a bomb instead of tons of un-enriched uranium and a neutron moderator ( e.g. heavy water ) . Working in collaboration with the United Kingdom and Canada , with their respective projects Tube Alloys and Chalk River Laboratories , the Manhattan Project , under the direction of Major General Leslie R. Groves , Jr. , of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , designed and built the first atomic bombs . Groves appointed J. Robert Oppenheimer to organize and head the project 's Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico , where bomb design work was carried out . Two types of bombs were eventually developed . Little Boy was a gun - type fission weapon that used uranium - 235 , a rare isotope of uranium separated at the Clinton Engineer Works at Oak Ridge , Tennessee . The other , known as a Fat Man device ( both types named by Robert Serber ) , was a more powerful and efficient , but more complicated , implosion - type nuclear weapon that used plutonium created in nuclear reactors at Hanford , Washington . A test implosion weapon , the gadget , was detonated at Trinity Site , on July 16 , 1945 , near Alamogordo , New Mexico . There was a Japanese nuclear weapon program , but it lacked the human , mineral and financial resources of the Manhattan Project , and never made much progress towards developing an atomic bomb . Preparations Organization and training Aircraft of the 509th Composite Group that took part in the Hiroshima bombing . Left to right : Big Stink , The Great Artiste , Enola Gay The 509th Composite Group was constituted on December 9 , 1944 , and activated on December 17 , 1944 , at Wendover Army Air Field , Utah , commanded by Colonel Paul Tibbets . Tibbets was assigned to organize and command a combat group to develop the means of delivering an atomic weapon against targets in Germany and Japan . Because the flying squadrons of the group consisted of both bomber and transport aircraft , the group was designated as a `` composite '' rather than a `` bombardment '' unit . Working with the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos , Tibbets selected Wendover for his training base over Great Bend , Kansas , and Mountain Home , Idaho , because of its remoteness . Each bombardier completed at least 50 practice drops of inert or conventional explosive pumpkin bombs and Tibbets declared his group combat - ready . The `` Tinian Joint Chiefs '' : Captain William S. Parsons ( left ) , Rear Admiral William R. Purnell ( center ) , and Brigadier General Thomas F. Farrell ( right ) The 509th Composite Group had an authorized strength of 225 officers and 1,542 enlisted men , almost all of whom eventually deployed to Tinian . In addition to its authorized strength , the 509th had attached to it on Tinian 51 civilian and military personnel from Project Alberta , known as the 1st Technical Detachment . The 509th Composite Group 's 393d Bombardment Squadron was equipped with 15 Silverplate B - 29s . These aircraft were specially adapted to carry nuclear weapons , and were equipped with fuel - injected engines , Curtiss Electric reversible - pitch propellers , pneumatic actuators for rapid opening and closing of bomb bay doors and other improvements . The ground support echelon of the 509th Composite Group moved by rail on April 26 , 1945 , to its port of embarkation at Seattle , Washington . On May 6 the support elements sailed on the SS Cape Victory for the Marianas , while group materiel was shipped on the SS Emile Berliner . The Cape Victory made brief port calls at Honolulu and Eniwetok but the passengers were not permitted to leave the dock area . An advance party of the air echelon , consisting of 29 officers and 61 enlisted men flew by C - 54 to North Field on Tinian , between May 15 and May 22 . There were also two representatives from Washington , D.C. , Brigadier General Thomas Farrell , the deputy commander of the Manhattan Project , and Rear Admiral William R. Purnell of the Military Policy Committee , who were on hand to decide higher policy matters on the spot . Along with Captain William S. Parsons , the commander of Project Alberta , they became known as the `` Tinian Joint Chiefs '' . Choice of targets The mission runs of August 6 and 9 , with Hiroshima , Nagasaki , and Kokura ( the original target for August 9 ) displayed In April 1945 , Marshall asked Groves to nominate specific targets for bombing for final approval by himself and Stimson . Groves formed a Target Committee , chaired by himself , that included Farrell , Major John A. Derry , Colonel William P. Fisher , Joyce C. Stearns and David M. Dennison from the USAAF ; and scientists John von Neumann , Robert R. Wilson and William Penney from the Manhattan Project . The Target Committee met in Washington on April 27 ; at Los Alamos on May 10 , where it was able to talk to the scientists and technicians there ; and finally in Washington on May 28 , where it was briefed by Tibbets and Commander Frederick Ashworth from Project Alberta , and the Manhattan Project 's scientific advisor , Richard C. Tolman . The Target Committee nominated five targets : Kokura , the site of one of Japan 's largest munitions plants ; Hiroshima , an embarkation port and industrial center that was the site of a major military headquarters ; Yokohama , an urban center for aircraft manufacture , machine tools , docks , electrical equipment and oil refineries ; Niigata , a port with industrial facilities including steel and aluminum plants and an oil refinery ; and Kyoto , a major industrial center . The target selection was subject to the following criteria : The target was larger than 3 mi ( 4.8 km ) in diameter and was an important target in a large city . The blast would create effective damage . The target was unlikely to be attacked by August 1945 . These cities were largely untouched during the nightly bombing raids and the Army Air Forces agreed to leave them off the target list so accurate assessment of the weapon could be made . Hiroshima was described as `` an important army depot and port of embarkation in the middle of an urban industrial area . It is a good radar target and it is such a size that a large part of the city could be extensively damaged . There are adjacent hills which are likely to produce a focusing effect which would considerably increase the blast damage . Due to rivers it is not a good incendiary target . '' The Target Committee stated that `` It was agreed that psychological factors in the target selection were of great importance . Two aspects of this are ( 1 ) obtaining the greatest psychological effect against Japan and ( 2 ) making the initial use sufficiently spectacular for the importance of the weapon to be internationally recognized when publicity on it is released . Kyoto had the advantage of being an important center for military industry , as well an intellectual center and hence a population better able to appreciate the significance of the weapon . The Emperor 's palace in Tokyo has a greater fame than any other target but is of least strategic value . '' Edwin O. Reischauer , a Japan expert for the U.S. Army Intelligence Service , was incorrectly said to have prevented the bombing of Kyoto . In his autobiography , Reischauer specifically refuted this claim : ... the only person deserving credit for saving Kyoto from destruction is Henry L. Stimson , the Secretary of War at the time , who had known and admired Kyoto ever since his honeymoon there several decades earlier . On May 30 , Stimson asked Groves to remove Kyoto from the target list due to its historical , religious and cultural significance , but Groves pointed to its military and industrial significance . Stimson then approached President Harry S. Truman about the matter . Truman agreed with Stimson , and Kyoto was temporarily removed from the target list . Groves attempted to restore Kyoto to the target list in July , but Stimson remained adamant . On July 25 , Nagasaki was put on the target list in place of Kyoto . Proposed demonstration In early May 1945 , the Interim Committee was created by Stimson at the urging of leaders of the Manhattan Project and with the approval of Truman to advise on matters pertaining to nuclear energy . During the meetings on May 31 and June 1 , scientist Ernest Lawrence had suggested giving the Japanese a non-combat demonstration . Arthur Compton later recalled that : It was evident that everyone would suspect trickery . If a bomb were exploded in Japan with previous notice , the Japanese air power was still adequate to give serious interference . An atomic bomb was an intricate device , still in the developmental stage . Its operation would be far from routine . If during the final adjustments of the bomb the Japanese defenders should attack , a faulty move might easily result in some kind of failure . Such an end to an advertised demonstration of power would be much worse than if the attempt had not been made . It was now evident that when the time came for the bombs to be used we should have only one of them available , followed afterwards by others at all - too - long intervals . We could not afford the chance that one of them might be a dud . If the test were made on some neutral territory , it was hard to believe that Japan 's determined and fanatical military men would be impressed . If such an open test were made first and failed to bring surrender , the chance would be gone to give the shock of surprise that proved so effective . On the contrary , it would make the Japanese ready to interfere with an atomic attack if they could . Though the possibility of a demonstration that would not destroy human lives was attractive , no one could suggest a way in which it could be made so convincing that it would be likely to stop the war . The possibility of a demonstration was raised again in the Franck Report issued by physicist James Franck on June 11 and the Scientific Advisory Panel rejected his report on June 16 , saying that `` we can propose no technical demonstration likely to bring an end to the war ; we see no acceptable alternative to direct military use . '' Franck then took the report to Washington , D.C. , where the Interim Committee met on June 21 to re-examine its earlier conclusions ; but it reaffirmed that there was no alternative to the use of the bomb on a military target . Like Compton , many U.S. officials and scientists argued that a demonstration would sacrifice the shock value of the atomic attack , and the Japanese could deny the atomic bomb was lethal , making the mission less likely to produce surrender . Allied prisoners of war might be moved to the demonstration site and be killed by the bomb . They also worried that the bomb might be a dud since the Trinity test was of a stationary device , not an air - dropped bomb . In addition , only two bombs would be available at the start of August , although more were in production , and they cost billions of dollars , so using one for a demonstration would be expensive . Leaflets Various leaflets were dropped on Japan , three versions showing the names of 11 or 12 Japanese cities targeted for destruction by firebombing . The other side contained text stating `` ... we can not promise that only these cities will be among those attacked ... '' For several months , the U.S. had dropped more than 63 million leaflets across Japan warning civilians of air raids . Many Japanese cities suffered terrible damage from aerial bombings ; some were as much as 97 % destroyed . LeMay thought that leaflets would increase the psychological impact of bombing , and reduce the international stigma of area - bombing cities . Even with the warnings , Japanese opposition to the war remained ineffective . In general , the Japanese regarded the leaflet messages as truthful , with many Japanese choosing to leave major cities . The leaflets caused such concern amongst the Empire of Japan that they ordered the arrest of anyone caught in possession of a leaflet . Leaflet texts were prepared by recent Japanese prisoners of war because they were thought to be the best choice `` to appeal to their compatriots '' . In preparation for dropping an atomic bomb on Hiroshima , the Oppenheimer - led Scientific Panel of the Interim Committee decided against a demonstration bomb , and against a special leaflet warning , in both cases because of the uncertainty of a successful detonation , and the wish to maximize shock in the leadership . No warning was given to Hiroshima that a new and much more destructive bomb was going to be dropped . Various sources give conflicting information about when the last leaflets were dropped on Hiroshima prior to the atomic bomb . Robert Jay Lifton writes that it was July 27 , and Theodore H. McNelly that it was July 3 . The USAAF history notes eleven cities were targeted with leaflets on July 27 , but Hiroshima was not one of them , and there were no leaflet sorties on July 30 . Leaflet sorties were undertaken on August 1 and August 4 . Hiroshima may have been leafleted in late July or early August , as survivor accounts talk about a delivery of leaflets a few days before the atomic bomb was dropped . Three versions were printed of a leaflet listing 11 or 12 cities targeted for firebombing ; a total of 33 cities listed . With the text of this leaflet reading in Japanese `` ... we can not promise that only these cities will be among those attacked ... '' Hiroshima is not listed . Consultation with Britain and Canada General Thomas Handy 's order to General Carl Spaatz authorizing the dropping of the atomic bombs Under the 1943 Quebec Agreement with the United Kingdom , nuclear weapons would not be used against another country without mutual consent . Stimson therefore had to obtain British permission . A meeting of the Combined Policy Committee was held at the Pentagon on July 4 , 1945 . Stimson and Vannevar Bush represented the United States ; Britain was represented by the head of the British Joint Staff Mission , Field Marshal Sir Henry Maitland Wilson ; and Canada by Clarence D. Howe . In addition , Harvey Bundy , Sir James Chadwick , Groves , Lord Halifax , George L. Harrison , and Roger Makins were all present at the meeting by invitation . Wilson announced that the British government concurred with the use of nuclear weapons against Japan , which would be officially recorded as a decision of the Combined Policy Committee . As the release of information to third parties was also controlled by the Quebec Agreement , discussion then turned to what scientific details would be revealed in the press announcement of the bombing . The meeting also considered what Truman could reveal to Joseph Stalin , the leader of the Soviet Union , at the upcoming Potsdam Conference . Orders for the attack were issued to General Carl Spaatz on July 25 under the signature of General Thomas T. Handy , the acting Chief of Staff , since Marshall was at the Potsdam Conference with Truman . That day , Truman noted in his diary that : This weapon is to be used against Japan between now and August 10th . I have told the Sec. of War , Mr. Stimson , to use it so that military objectives and soldiers and sailors are the target and not women and children . Even if the Japs are savages , ruthless , merciless and fanatic , we as the leader of the world for the common welfare can not drop that terrible bomb on the old capital ( Kyoto ) or the new ( Tokyo ) . He and I are in accord . The target will be a purely military one . Potsdam declaration Main article : Potsdam Declaration The successful Trinity Test of July 16 exceeded expectations . On July 26 , Allied leaders issued the Potsdam Declaration outlining terms of surrender for Japan . It was presented as an ultimatum and stated that without a surrender , the Allies would attack Japan , resulting in `` the inevitable and complete destruction of the Japanese armed forces and just as inevitably the utter devastation of the Japanese homeland '' . The atomic bomb was not mentioned in the communiqué . On July 28 , Japanese papers reported that the declaration had been rejected by the Japanese government . That afternoon , Prime Minister Suzuki Kantarō declared at a press conference that the Potsdam Declaration was no more than a rehash ( yakinaoshi ) of the Cairo Declaration and that the government intended to ignore it ( mokusatsu , `` kill by silence '' ) . The statement was taken by both Japanese and foreign papers as a clear rejection of the declaration . Emperor Hirohito , who was waiting for a Soviet reply to non-committal Japanese peace feelers , made no move to change the government position . Japan 's willingness to surrender remained conditional on the preservation of the imperial institution ; that Japan not be occupied ; that the Japanese armed forces be disbanded voluntarily ; and that war criminals be prosecuted by Japanese courts . At Potsdam , Truman agreed to a request from Winston Churchill that Britain be represented when the atomic bomb was dropped . William Penney and Group Captain Leonard Cheshire were sent to Tinian , but found that LeMay would not let them accompany the mission . All they could do was send a strongly worded signal back to Wilson . Bombs The Little Boy bomb , except for the uranium payload , was ready at the beginning of May 1945 . The uranium - 235 projectile was completed on June 15 , and the target insert on July 24 . The target and bomb pre-assemblies ( partly assembled bombs without the fissile components ) left Hunters Point Naval Shipyard , California , on July 16 aboard the cruiser USS Indianapolis , and arrived on Tinian on July 26 . The target inserts followed by air on July 30 . The first plutonium core , along with its polonium - beryllium urchin initiator , was transported in the custody of Project Alberta courier Raemer Schreiber in a magnesium field carrying case designed for the purpose by Philip Morrison . Magnesium was chosen because it does not act as a tamper . The core departed from Kirtland Army Air Field on a C - 54 transport aircraft of the 509th Composite Group 's 320th Troop Carrier Squadron on July 26 , and arrived at North Field July 28 . Three Fat Man high - explosive pre-assemblies , designated F31 , F32 , and F33 , were picked up at Kirtland on July 28 by three B - 29s , two from the 393d Bombardment Squadron plus one from the 216th Army Air Force Base Unit , and transported to North Field , arriving on August 2 . Hiroshima Hiroshima during World War II The Enola Gay dropped the `` Little Boy '' atomic bomb on Hiroshima . In this photograph are five of the aircraft 's ground crew with mission commander Paul Tibbets in the center . At the time of its bombing , Hiroshima was a city of both industrial and military significance . A number of military units were located nearby , the most important of which was the headquarters of Field Marshal Shunroku Hata 's Second General Army , which commanded the defense of all of southern Japan , and was located in Hiroshima Castle . Hata 's command consisted of some 400,000 men , most of whom were on Kyushu where an Allied invasion was correctly anticipated . Also present in Hiroshima were the headquarters of the 59th Army , the 5th Division and the 224th Division , a recently formed mobile unit . The city was defended by five batteries of 7 - cm and 8 - cm ( 2.8 and 3.1 inch ) anti-aircraft guns of the 3rd Anti-Aircraft Division , including units from the 121st and 122nd Anti-Aircraft Regiments and the 22nd and 45th Separate Anti-Aircraft Battalions . In total , an estimated 40,000 Japanese military personnel were stationed in the city . Hiroshima was a minor supply and logistics base for the Japanese military , but it also had large stockpiles of military supplies . The city was also a communications center , a key port for shipping and an assembly area for troops . It was a beehive of war industry , manufacturing parts for planes and boats , for bombs , rifles , and handguns ; children were shown how to construct and hurl gasoline bombs and the wheelchair - bound and bedridden were assembling booby traps to be planted in the beaches of Kyushu . A new slogan appeared on the walls of Hiroshima : `` FORGET SELF ! ALL OUT FOR YOUR COUNTRY ! '' It was also the second largest city in Japan after Kyoto that was still undamaged by air raids , due to the fact that it lacked the aircraft manufacturing industry that was the XXI Bomber Command 's priority target . On July 3 , the Joint Chiefs of Staff placed it off limits to bombers , along with Kokura , Niigata and Kyoto . The center of the city contained several reinforced concrete buildings and lighter structures . Outside the center , the area was congested by a dense collection of small timber - made workshops set among Japanese houses . A few larger industrial plants lay near the outskirts of the city . The houses were constructed of timber with tile roofs , and many of the industrial buildings were also built around timber frames . The city as a whole was highly susceptible to fire damage . The population of Hiroshima had reached a peak of over 381,000 earlier in the war but prior to the atomic bombing , the population had steadily decreased because of a systematic evacuation ordered by the Japanese government . At the time of the attack , the population was approximately 340,000 -- 350,000 . Residents wondered why Hiroshima had been spared destruction by firebombing . Some speculated that the city was to be saved for U.S. occupation headquarters , others thought perhaps their relatives in Hawaii and California had petitioned the U.S. government to avoid bombing Hiroshima . More realistic city officials had ordered buildings torn down to create long , straight firebreaks , beginning in 1944 . Firebreaks continued to be expanded and extended up to the morning of August 6 , 1945 . Bombing of Hiroshima Seizo Yamada 's ground level photo taken approximately 7 km ( 4.3 mi ) northeast of Hiroshima Picture found in Honkawa Elementary School in 2013 of the Hiroshima atom bomb cloud , stated by some books and the Hiroshima Peace Museum as having been taken about 30 minutes after detonation from about 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) east of the hypocenter . However , experience on how quickly such clouds dissipate and comparisons to other photos puts this frame at 2 - 3 minutes after detonation , not 30 minutes . Hiroshima was the primary target of the first nuclear bombing mission on August 6 , with Kokura and Nagasaki as alternative targets . Having been fully briefed under the terms of Operations Order No. 35 , the 393d Bombardment Squadron B - 29 Enola Gay , piloted by Tibbets , took off from North Field , Tinian , about six hours ' flight time from Japan . The Enola Gay ( named after Tibbets ' mother ) was accompanied by two other B - 29s . The Great Artiste , commanded by Major Charles Sweeney , carried instrumentation , and a then - nameless aircraft later called Necessary Evil , commanded by Captain George Marquardt , served as the photography aircraft . Special Mission 13 , Primary target Hiroshima , August 6 , 1945 Aircraft Pilot Call Sign Mission role Straight Flush Major Claude R. Eatherly Dimples 85 Weather reconnaissance ( Hiroshima ) Jabit III Major John A. Wilson Dimples 71 Weather reconnaissance ( Kokura ) Full House Major Ralph R. Taylor Dimples 83 Weather reconnaissance ( Nagasaki ) Enola Gay Colonel Paul W. Tibbets Dimples 82 Weapon delivery The Great Artiste Major Charles W. Sweeney Dimples 89 Blast measurement instrumentation Necessary Evil Captain . George W. Marquardt Dimples 91 Strike observation and photography Top Secret Captain Charles F. McKnight Dimples 72 Strike spare -- did not complete mission After leaving Tinian the aircraft made their way separately to Iwo Jima to rendezvous with Sweeney and Marquardt at 05 : 55 at 9,200 feet ( 2,800 m ) , and set course for Japan . The aircraft arrived over the target in clear visibility at 31,060 feet ( 9,470 m ) . Parsons , who was in command of the mission , armed the bomb during the flight to minimize the risks during takeoff . He had witnessed four B - 29s crash and burn at takeoff , and feared that a nuclear explosion would occur if a B - 29 crashed with an armed Little Boy on board . His assistant , Second Lieutenant Morris R. Jeppson , removed the safety devices 30 minutes before reaching the target area . During the night of August 5 -- 6 , Japanese early warning radar detected the approach of numerous American aircraft headed for the southern part of Japan . Radar detected 65 bombers headed for Saga , 102 bound for Maebashi , 261 en route to Nishinomiya , 111 headed for Ube and 66 bound for Imabari . An alert was given and radio broadcasting stopped in many cities , among them Hiroshima . The all - clear was sounded in Hiroshima at 00 : 05 . About an hour before the bombing , the air raid alert was sounded again , as Straight Flush flew over the city . It broadcast a short message which was picked up by Enola Gay . It read : `` Cloud cover less than 3 / 10th at all altitudes . Advice : bomb primary . '' The all - clear was sounded over Hiroshima again at 07 : 09 . At 08 : 09 , Tibbets started his bomb run and handed control over to his bombardier , Major Thomas Ferebee . The release at 08 : 15 ( Hiroshima time ) went as planned , and the Little Boy containing about 64 kg ( 141 lb ) of uranium - 235 took 44.4 seconds to fall from the aircraft flying at about 31,000 feet ( 9,400 m ) to a detonation height of about 1,900 feet ( 580 m ) above the city . Enola Gay traveled 11.5 mi ( 18.5 km ) before it felt the shock waves from the blast . For decades this `` Hiroshima strike '' photo was misidentified as the mushroom cloud of the bomb that formed at c. 08 : 16 . However , due to its much greater height , the scene was identified by a researcher in March 2016 as the firestorm - cloud that engulfed the city , a fire that reached its peak intensity some three hours after the bomb . The image with the incorrect description featured prominently in the Hiroshima Peace Museum up to 2016 , though not cited , it had much earlier , also been mis - attributed and presented to the public in 1955 by US artists , with the world - touring The Family of Man exhibition . Without knowledge of the photo the output of energy from the fuel in the city , necessary to loft a stratospheric firestorm - cloud , had been estimated as 1000 times the energy of the bomb . Post March estimates using the height of this Hiroshima - cloud also point at the underlying firestorm releasing approximately 1000 times the energy of the bomb . Twenty minutes after detonation , during the formation of this firestorm , soot filled black rain began to fall on survivors . Scientist Alan Robock suggests that 100 of these firestorm - clouds would create a small `` nuclear winter '' , 1 - 2 C of global cooling . Due to crosswind , the bomb missed the aiming point , the Aioi Bridge , by approximately 800 ft ( 240 m ) and detonated directly over Shima Surgical Clinic at 34 ° 23 ′ 41 '' N 132 ° 27 ′ 17 '' E / 34.39468 ° N 132.45462 ° E / 34.39468 ; 132.45462 . It released the equivalent energy of 16 kilotons of TNT ( 67 TJ ) , ± 2 kt . The weapon was considered very inefficient , with only 1.7 % of its material fissioning . The radius of total destruction was about 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) , with resulting fires across 4.4 square miles ( 11 km ) . People on the ground reported seeing a pika ( ピカ ) -- a brilliant flash of light -- followed by a don ( ドン ) -- a loud booming sound . Some 70,000 -- 80,000 people , or around 30 % of the population of Hiroshima , were killed by the blast and resultant firestorm , and another 70,000 injured . Perhaps as many as 20,000 Japanese military personnel were killed . Enola Gay stayed over the target area for two minutes and was ten miles away when the bomb detonated . Only Tibbets , Parsons , and Ferebee knew of the nature of the weapon ; the others on the bomber were only told to expect a blinding flash and given black goggles . `` It was hard to believe what we saw '' , Tibbets told reporters , while Parsons said `` the whole thing was tremendous and awe - inspiring ... the men aboard with me gasped ' My God ' '' . He and Tibbets compared the shockwave to `` a close burst of ack - ack fire '' . Events on the ground Some of the reinforced concrete buildings in Hiroshima had been very strongly constructed because of the earthquake danger in Japan , and their framework did not collapse even though they were fairly close to the blast center . Since the bomb detonated in the air , the blast was directed more downward than sideways , which was largely responsible for the survival of the Prefectural Industrial Promotional Hall , now commonly known as the Genbaku ( A-bomb ) dome . This building was designed and built by the Czech architect Jan Letzel , and was only 150 m ( 490 ft ) from ground zero . The ruin was named Hiroshima Peace Memorial and was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996 over the objections of the United States and China , which expressed reservations on the grounds that other Asian nations were the ones who suffered the greatest loss of life and property , and a focus on Japan lacked historical perspective . The US surveys estimated that 4.7 square miles ( 12 km ) of the city were destroyed . Japanese officials determined that 69 % of Hiroshima 's buildings were destroyed and another 6 -- 7 % damaged . The bombing started fires that spread rapidly through timber and paper homes . As in other Japanese cities , the firebreaks proved ineffective . Hiroshima bombing Hiroshima in the aftermath of the bombing Strike order for the Hiroshima bombing as posted on August 5 , 1945 Injured civilian casualties The Hiroshima Genbaku Dome after the bombing The greater absorption of thermal energy by dark colors resulted in the clothes pattern , in the tight - fitting areas on this survivor , being burnt into the skin . Direct , thermal flash burns . Survivor is standing as the burn is of very shallow depth ; unlike burns from hot convective material , the heat transfer rate from thermal radiation is low . 22 - year old victim Toyoko Kugata being treated at the Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital ( October 6 , 1945 ) Eizō Nomura was the closest known survivor , who was in the basement of a reinforced concrete building ( it remained as the Rest House after the war ) only 170 metres ( 560 ft ) from ground zero ( the hypocenter ) at the time of the attack . He lived into his 80s . Akiko Takakura was among the closest survivors to the hypocenter of the blast . She had been in the solidly built Bank of Hiroshima only 300 meters ( 980 ft ) from ground - zero at the time of the attack . Over 90 % of the doctors and 93 % of the nurses in Hiroshima were killed or injured -- most had been in the downtown area which received the greatest damage . The hospitals were destroyed or heavily damaged . Only one doctor , Terufumi Sasaki , remained on duty at the Red Cross Hospital . Nonetheless , by early afternoon , the police and volunteers had established evacuation centres at hospitals , schools and tram stations , and a morgue was established in the Asano library . Most elements of the Japanese Second General Army headquarters were at physical training on the grounds of Hiroshima Castle , barely 900 yards ( 820 m ) from the hypocenter . The attack killed 3,243 troops on the parade ground . The communications room of Chugoku Military District Headquarters that was responsible for issuing and lifting air raid warnings was in a semi-basement in the castle . Yoshie Oka , a Hijiyama Girls High School student who had been conscripted / mobilized to serve as a communications officer had just sent a message that the alarm had been issued for Hiroshima and neighboring Yamaguchi , when the bomb exploded . She used a special phone to inform Fukuyama Headquarters ( some 100 km away ) that `` Hiroshima has been attacked by a new type of bomb . The city is in a state of near - total destruction . '' Since Mayor Senkichi Awaya had been killed while eating breakfast with his son and granddaughter at the mayoral residence , Field Marshal Hata , who was only slightly wounded , took over the administration of the city , and coordinated relief efforts . Many of his staff had been killed or fatally wounded , including a Korean prince of the Joseon Dynasty , Yi Wu , who was serving as a lieutenant colonel in the Japanese Army . Hata 's senior surviving staff officer was the wounded Colonel Kumao Imoto , who acted as his chief of staff . Soldiers from the undamaged Hiroshima Ujina Harbor used suicide boats , intended to repel the American invasion , to collect the wounded and take them down the rivers to the military hospital at Ujina . Trucks and trains brought in relief supplies and evacuated survivors from the city . Twelve American airmen were imprisoned at the Chugoku Military Police Headquarters located about 1,300 feet ( 400 m ) from the hypocenter of the blast . Most died instantly , although two were reported to have been executed by their captors , and two prisoners badly injured by the bombing were left next to the Aioi Bridge by the Kempei Tai , where they were stoned to death . Eight U.S. prisoners of war killed as part of the medical experiments program at Kyushu University were falsely reported by Japanese authorities as having been killed in the atomic blast as part of an attempted cover up . Japanese realization of the bombing Hiroshima before the bombing Hiroshima after the bombing and firestorm The Tokyo control operator of the Japan Broadcasting Corporation noticed that the Hiroshima station had gone off the air . He tried to re-establish his program by using another telephone line , but it too had failed . About 20 minutes later the Tokyo railroad telegraph center realized that the main line telegraph had stopped working just north of Hiroshima . From some small railway stops within 16 km ( 10 mi ) of the city came unofficial and confused reports of a terrible explosion in Hiroshima . All these reports were transmitted to the headquarters of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff . Military bases repeatedly tried to call the Army Control Station in Hiroshima . The complete silence from that city puzzled the General Staff ; they knew that no large enemy raid had occurred and that no sizable store of explosives was in Hiroshima at that time . A young officer was instructed to fly immediately to Hiroshima , to land , survey the damage , and return to Tokyo with reliable information for the staff . It was felt that nothing serious had taken place and that the explosion was just a rumor . The staff officer went to the airport and took off for the southwest . After flying for about three hours , while still nearly 160 km ( 100 mi ) from Hiroshima , he and his pilot saw a great cloud of smoke from the bomb . After circling the city in order to survey the damage they landed south of the city , where the staff officer , after reporting to Tokyo , began to organize relief measures . Tokyo 's first indication that the city had been destroyed by a new type of bomb came from President Truman 's announcement of the strike , sixteen hours later . Events of August 7 -- 9 Truman announcing the bombing of Hiroshima President Truman announces the bombing of Hiroshima . Problems playing this file ? See media help . After the Hiroshima bombing , Truman issued a statement announcing the use of the new weapon . He stated , `` We may be grateful to Providence '' that the German atomic bomb project had failed , and that the United States and its allies had `` spent two billion dollars on the greatest scientific gamble in history -- and won '' . Truman then warned Japan : `` If they do not now accept our terms , they may expect a rain of ruin from the air , the like of which has never been seen on this earth . Behind this air attack will follow sea and land forces in such numbers and power as they have not yet seen and with the fighting skill of which they are already well aware . '' This was a widely broadcast speech picked up by Japanese news agencies . Leaflet AB12 , with information on the Hiroshima bomb and a warning to civilians to petition the Emperor to surrender was dropped over Japan beginning on August 9 , by the 509th Composite Group on the bombing mission . Although it is not identified by them , an AB11 is in the possession of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum . By August 8 , the 50,000 - watt standard wave station on Saipan the OWI radio station , broadcast a similar message to Japan every 15 minutes about Hiroshima , stating that more Japanese cities would face a similar fate in the absence of immediate acceptance of the terms of the Potsdam Declaration and emphatically urged civilians to evacuate major cities . Radio Japan , which continued to extoll victory for Japan by never surrendering , had informed the Japanese of the destruction of Hiroshima by a single bomb . Prime Minister Suzuki felt compelled to meet the Japanese press , to whom he reiterated his government 's commitment to ignore the Allies ' demands and fight on . The Japanese government did not react . Emperor Hirohito , the government , and the war council considered four conditions for surrender : the preservation of the kokutai ( Imperial institution and national polity ) , assumption by the Imperial Headquarters of responsibility for disarmament and demobilization , no occupation of the Japanese Home Islands , Korea , or Formosa , and delegation of the punishment of war criminals to the Japanese government . Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov informed Tokyo of the Soviet Union 's unilateral abrogation of the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact on August 5 . At two minutes past midnight on August 9 , Tokyo time , Soviet infantry , armor , and air forces had launched the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation . Four hours later , word reached Tokyo of the Soviet Union 's official declaration of war . The senior leadership of the Japanese Army began preparations to impose martial law on the nation , with the support of Minister of War Korechika Anami , in order to stop anyone attempting to make peace . On August 7 , a day after Hiroshima was destroyed , Dr. Yoshio Nishina and other atomic physicists arrived at the city , and carefully examined the damage . They then went back to Tokyo and told the cabinet that Hiroshima was indeed destroyed by an atomic bomb . Admiral Soemu Toyoda , the Chief of the Naval General Staff , estimated that no more than one or two additional bombs could be readied , so they decided to endure the remaining attacks , acknowledging `` there would be more destruction but the war would go on '' . American Magic codebreakers intercepted the cabinet 's messages . Purnell , Parsons , Tibbets , Spaatz , and LeMay met on Guam that same day to discuss what should be done next . Since there was no indication of Japan surrendering , they decided to proceed with dropping another bomb . Parsons said that Project Alberta would have it ready by August 11 , but Tibbets pointed to weather reports indicating poor flying conditions on that day due to a storm , and asked if the bomb could be readied by August 9 . Parsons agreed to try to do so . Nagasaki Nagasaki during World War II The Bockscar and its crew , who dropped the Fat Man atomic bomb on Nagasaki The city of Nagasaki had been one of the largest seaports in southern Japan , and was of great wartime importance because of its wide - ranging industrial activity , including the production of ordnance , ships , military equipment , and other war materials . The four largest companies in the city were Mitsubishi Shipyards , Electrical Shipyards , Arms Plant , and Steel and Arms Works , which employed about 90 % of the city 's labor force , and accounted for 90 % of the city 's industry . Although an important industrial city , Nagasaki had been spared from firebombing because its geography made it difficult to locate at night with AN / APQ - 13 radar . Unlike the other target cities , Nagasaki had not been placed off limits to bombers by the Joint Chiefs of Staff 's July 3 directive , and was bombed on a small scale five times . During one of these raids on August 1 , a number of conventional high - explosive bombs were dropped on the city . A few hit the shipyards and dock areas in the southwest portion of the city , and several hit the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works . By early August , the city was defended by the 134th Anti-Aircraft Regiment of the 4th Anti-Aircraft Division with four batteries of 7 cm ( 2.8 in ) anti-aircraft guns and two searchlight batteries . In contrast to Hiroshima , almost all of the buildings were of old - fashioned Japanese construction , consisting of timber or timber - framed buildings with timber walls ( with or without plaster ) and tile roofs . Many of the smaller industries and business establishments were also situated in buildings of timber or other materials not designed to withstand explosions . Nagasaki had been permitted to grow for many years without conforming to any definite city zoning plan ; residences were erected adjacent to factory buildings and to each other almost as closely as possible throughout the entire industrial valley . On the day of the bombing , an estimated 263,000 people were in Nagasaki , including 240,000 Japanese residents , 10,000 Korean residents , 2,500 conscripted Korean workers , 9,000 Japanese soldiers , 600 conscripted Chinese workers , and 400 Allied prisoners of war in a camp to the north of Nagasaki . Bombing of Nagasaki Responsibility for the timing of the second bombing was delegated to Tibbets . Scheduled for August 11 against Kokura , the raid was moved earlier by two days to avoid a five - day period of bad weather forecast to begin on August 10 . Three bomb pre-assemblies had been transported to Tinian , labeled F - 31 , F - 32 , and F - 33 on their exteriors . On August 8 , a dress rehearsal was conducted off Tinian by Sweeney using Bockscar as the drop airplane . Assembly F - 33 was expended testing the components and F - 31 was designated for the August 9 mission . Special Mission 16 , Secondary target Nagasaki , August 9 , 1945 Aircraft Pilot Call Sign Mission role Enola Gay Captain George W. Marquardt Dimples 82 Weather reconnaissance ( Kokura ) Laggin ' Dragon Captain Charles F. McKnight Dimples 95 Weather reconnaissance ( Nagasaki ) Bockscar Major Charles W. Sweeney Dimples 77 Weapon delivery The Great Artiste Captain Frederick C. Bock Dimples 89 Blast measurement instrumentation Big Stink Major James I. Hopkins , Jr . Dimples 90 Strike observation and photography Full House Major Ralph R. Taylor Dimples 83 Strike spare -- did not complete mission At 03 : 49 on the morning of August 9 , 1945 , Bockscar , flown by Sweeney 's crew , carried Fat Man , with Kokura as the primary target and Nagasaki the secondary target . The mission plan for the second attack was nearly identical to that of the Hiroshima mission , with two B - 29s flying an hour ahead as weather scouts and two additional B - 29s in Sweeney 's flight for instrumentation and photographic support of the mission . Sweeney took off with his weapon already armed but with the electrical safety plugs still engaged . Strike order for the Nagasaki bombing as posted August 8 , 1945 During pre-flight inspection of Bockscar , the flight engineer notified Sweeney that an inoperative fuel transfer pump made it impossible to use 640 US gallons ( 2,400 l ; 530 imp gal ) of fuel carried in a reserve tank . This fuel would still have to be carried all the way to Japan and back , consuming still more fuel . Replacing the pump would take hours ; moving the Fat Man to another aircraft might take just as long and was dangerous as well , as the bomb was live . Tibbets and Sweeney therefore elected to have Bockscar continue the mission . This time Penney and Cheshire were allowed to accompany the mission , flying as observers on the third plane , Big Stink , flown by the group 's operations officer , Major James I. Hopkins , Jr . Observers aboard the weather planes reported both targets clear . When Sweeney 's aircraft arrived at the assembly point for his flight off the coast of Japan , Big Stink failed to make the rendezvous . According to Cheshire , Hopkins was at varying heights including 9,000 feet ( 2,700 m ) higher than he should have been , and was not flying tight circles over Yakushima as previously agreed with Sweeney and Captain Frederick C. Bock , who was piloting the support B - 29 The Great Artiste . Instead , Hopkins was flying 40 - mile ( 64 km ) dogleg patterns . Though ordered not to circle longer than fifteen minutes , Sweeney continued to wait for Big Stink , at the urging of Ashworth , the plane 's weaponeer , who was in command of the mission . After exceeding the original departure time limit by a half - hour , Bockscar , accompanied by The Great Artiste , proceeded to Kokura , thirty minutes away . The delay at the rendezvous had resulted in clouds and drifting smoke over Kokura from fires started by a major firebombing raid by 224 B - 29s on nearby Yahata the previous day . Additionally , the Yawata Steel Works intentionally burned coal tar , to produce black smoke . The clouds and smoke resulted in 70 % of the area over Kokura being covered , obscuring the aiming point . Three bomb runs were made over the next 50 minutes , burning fuel and exposing the aircraft repeatedly to the heavy defenses of Yawata , but the bombardier was unable to drop visually . By the time of the third bomb run , Japanese antiaircraft fire was getting close , and Second Lieutenant Jacob Beser , who was monitoring Japanese communications , reported activity on the Japanese fighter direction radio bands . After three runs over the city , and with fuel running low because of the failed fuel pump , they headed for their secondary target , Nagasaki . Fuel consumption calculations made en route indicated that Bockscar had insufficient fuel to reach Iwo Jima and would be forced to divert to Okinawa , which had become entirely Allied - occupied territory only six weeks earlier . After initially deciding that if Nagasaki were obscured on their arrival the crew would carry the bomb to Okinawa and dispose of it in the ocean if necessary , Ashworth ruled that a radar approach would be used if the target was obscured . At about 07 : 50 Japanese time , an air raid alert was sounded in Nagasaki , but the `` all clear '' signal was given at 08 : 30 . When only two B - 29 Superfortresses were sighted at 10 : 53 , the Japanese apparently assumed that the planes were only on reconnaissance and no further alarm was given . Nagasaki before and after the bombing and the fires had long since burnt out A few minutes later at 11 : 00 , The Great Artiste dropped instruments attached to three parachutes . These instruments also contained an unsigned letter to Professor Ryokichi Sagane , a physicist at the University of Tokyo who studied with three of the scientists responsible for the atomic bomb at the University of California , Berkeley , urging him to tell the public about the danger involved with these weapons of mass destruction . The messages were found by military authorities but not turned over to Sagane until a month later . In 1949 , one of the authors of the letter , Luis Alvarez , met with Sagane and signed the document . At 11 : 01 , a last - minute break in the clouds over Nagasaki allowed Bockscar 's bombardier , Captain Kermit Beahan , to visually sight the target as ordered . The Fat Man weapon , containing a core of about 6.4 kg ( 14 lb ) of plutonium , was dropped over the city 's industrial valley at 32 ° 46 ′ 25 '' N 129 ° 51 ′ 48 '' E / 32.77372 ° N 129.86325 ° E / 32.77372 ; 129.86325 . It exploded 47 seconds later at 1,650 ± 33 ft ( 503 ± 10 m ) , above a tennis court halfway between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works in the south and the Nagasaki Arsenal in the north . This was nearly 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) northwest of the planned hypocenter ; the blast was confined to the Urakami Valley and a major portion of the city was protected by the intervening hills . The resulting explosion released the equivalent energy of 21 ± 2 kt ( 87.9 ± 8.4 TJ ) . The explosion generated temperatures inside the fireball estimated at 3,900 ° C ( 7,050 ° F ) and winds that were estimated at over 1,000 km / h ( 620 mph ) . Big Stink spotted the explosion from a hundred miles away , and flew over to observe . Because of the delays in the mission and the inoperative fuel transfer pump , Bockscar did not have sufficient fuel to reach the emergency landing field at Iwo Jima , so Sweeney and Bock flew to Okinawa . Arriving there , Sweeney circled for 20 minutes trying to contact the control tower for landing clearance , finally concluding that his radio was faulty . Critically low on fuel , Bockscar barely made it to the runway on Okinawa 's Yontan Airfield . With enough fuel for only one landing attempt , Sweeney and Albury brought Bockscar in at 150 miles per hour ( 240 km / h ) instead of the normal 120 miles per hour ( 190 km / h ) , firing distress flares to alert the field of the uncleared landing . The number two engine died from fuel starvation as Bockscar began its final approach . Touching the runway hard , the heavy B - 29 slewed left and towards a row of parked B - 24 bombers before the pilots managed to regain control . The B - 29 's reversible propellers were insufficient to slow the aircraft adequately , and with both pilots standing on the brakes , Bockscar made a swerving 90 - degree turn at the end of the runway to avoid running off the runway . A second engine died from fuel exhaustion by the time the plane came to a stop . The flight engineer later measured fuel in the tanks and concluded that less than five minutes total remained . Following the mission , there was confusion over the identification of the plane . The first eyewitness account by war correspondent William L. Laurence of The New York Times , who accompanied the mission aboard the aircraft piloted by Bock , reported that Sweeney was leading the mission in The Great Artiste . He also noted its `` Victor '' number as 77 , which was that of Bockscar . Laurence had interviewed Sweeney and his crew , and was aware that they referred to their airplane as The Great Artiste . Except for Enola Gay , none of the 393d 's B - 29s had yet had names painted on the noses , a fact which Laurence himself noted in his account . Unaware of the switch in aircraft , Laurence assumed Victor 77 was The Great Artiste , which was in fact , Victor 89 . Events on the ground A photograph of Sumiteru Taniguchi 's back injuries taken in January 1946 by a U.S. Marine photographer Although the bomb was more powerful than the one used on Hiroshima , the effect was confined by hillsides to the narrow Urakami Valley . Of 7,500 Japanese employees who worked inside the Mitsubishi Munitions plant , including `` mobilized '' / conscripted students and regular workers , 6,200 were killed . Some 17,000 -- 22,000 others who worked in other war plants and factories in the city died as well . Casualty estimates for immediate deaths vary widely , ranging from 22,000 to 75,000 At least 35,000 -- 40,000 people were killed and 60,000 others injured . In the days and months following the explosion , more people died from bomb effects . Because of the presence of undocumented foreign workers , and a number of military personnel in transit , there are great discrepancies in the estimates of total deaths by the end of 1945 ; a range of 39,000 to 80,000 can be found in various studies . Urakami Tenshudo ( Catholic Church in Nagasaki ) destroyed by the bomb , the dome / bell of the church , at right , having toppled off Unlike Hiroshima 's military death toll , only 150 Japanese soldiers were killed instantly , including thirty - six from the 134th AAA Regiment of the 4th AAA Division . At least eight known POWs died from the bombing and as many as 13 may have died , including a British prisoner of war , Royal Air Force Corporal Ronald Shaw , and seven Dutch POWs . One American POW , Joe Kieyoomia , was in Nagasaki at the time of the bombing but survived , reportedly having been shielded from the effects of the bomb by the concrete walls of his cell . There were 24 Australian POWs in Nagasaki , all of whom survived . The radius of total destruction was about 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) , followed by fires across the northern portion of the city to 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) south of the bomb . About 58 % of the Mitsubishi Arms Plant was damaged , and about 78 % of the Mitsubishi Steel Works . The Mitsubishi Electric Works suffered only 10 % structural damage as it was on the border of the main destruction zone . The Nagasaki Arsenal was destroyed in the blast . Although many fires likewise burnt following the bombing , in contrast to Hiroshima where sufficient fuel density was available , no firestorm developed in Nagasaki as the damaged areas did not furnish enough fuel to generate the phenomenon . Instead , the ambient wind at the time pushed the fire spread along the valley . Plans for more Atomic attacks on Japan The Nagasaki Prefecture Report on the bombing characterized Nagasaki as `` like a graveyard with not a tombstone standing '' . Groves expected to have another atomic bomb ready for use on August 19 , with three more in September and a further three in October . On August 10 , he sent a memorandum to Marshall in which he wrote that `` the next bomb ... should be ready for delivery on the first suitable weather after 17 or 18 August . '' On the same day , Marshall endorsed the memo with the comment , `` It is not to be released over Japan without express authority from the President . '' Truman had secretly requested this on August 10 . This modified the previous order that the target cities were to be attacked with atomic bombs `` as made ready '' . There was already discussion in the War Department about conserving the bombs then in production for Operation Downfall . `` The problem now ( August 13 ) is whether or not , assuming the Japanese do not capitulate , to continue dropping them every time one is made and shipped out there or whether to hold them ... and then pour them all on in a reasonably short time . Not all in one day , but over a short period . And that also takes into consideration the target that we are after . In other words , should we not concentrate on targets that will be of the greatest assistance to an invasion rather than industry , morale , psychology , and the like ? Nearer the tactical use rather than other use . '' Two more Fat Man assemblies were readied , and scheduled to leave Kirtland Field for Tinian on August 11 and 14 , and Tibbets was ordered by LeMay to return to Albuquerque , New Mexico , to collect them . At Los Alamos , technicians worked 24 hours straight to cast another plutonium core . Although cast , it still needed to be pressed and coated , which would take until August 16 . Therefore , it could have been ready for use on August 19 . Unable to reach Marshall , Groves ordered on his own authority on August 13 that the core should not be shipped . Surrender of Japan and subsequent occupation Main articles : Surrender of Japan and Occupation of Japan Until August 9 , Japan 's war council still insisted on its four conditions for surrender . On that day Hirohito ordered Kōichi Kido to `` quickly control the situation ... because the Soviet Union has declared war against us . '' He then held an Imperial conference during which he authorized minister Shigenori Tōgō to notify the Allies that Japan would accept their terms on one condition , that the declaration `` does not comprise any demand which prejudices the prerogatives of His Majesty as a Sovereign ruler . '' On August 12 , the Emperor informed the imperial family of his decision to surrender . One of his uncles , Prince Asaka , then asked whether the war would be continued if the kokutai could not be preserved . Hirohito simply replied , `` Of course . '' As the Allied terms seemed to leave intact the principle of the preservation of the Throne , Hirohito recorded on August 14 his capitulation announcement which was broadcast to the Japanese nation the next day despite a short rebellion by militarists opposed to the surrender . In his declaration , Hirohito referred to the atomic bombings : Moreover , the enemy now possesses a new and terrible weapon with the power to destroy many innocent lives and do incalculable damage . Should we continue to fight , not only would it result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation , but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization . Such being the case , how are we to save the millions of our subjects , or to atone ourselves before the hallowed spirits of our imperial ancestors ? This is the reason why we have ordered the acceptance of the provisions of the joint declaration of the powers . In his `` Rescript to the Soldiers and Sailors '' delivered on August 17 , he stressed the impact of the Soviet invasion on his decision to surrender . Hirohito met with General MacArthur on September 27 , saying to him that `` ( t ) he peace party did not prevail until the bombing of Hiroshima created a situation which could be dramatized '' . Furthermore , the `` Rescript to the Soldiers and Sailors '' speech he told MacArthur about was just personal , not political , and never stated that the Soviet intervention in Manchuria was the main reason for surrender . In fact , a day after the bombing of Nagasaki and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria , Hirohito ordered his advisers , primarily Chief Cabinet Secretary Hisatsune Sakomizu , Kawada Mizuho , and Masahiro Yasuoka , to write up a surrender speech . In Hirohito 's speech , days before announcing it on radio on August 15 , he gave three major reasons for surrender : Tokyo 's defenses would not be complete before the American invasion of Japan , Ise Shrine would be lost to the Americans , and atomic weapons deployed by the Americans would lead to the death of the entire Japanese race . Despite the Soviet intervention , Hirohito did not mention the Soviets as the main factor for surrender . Depiction , public response , and censorship Play media Life among the rubble in Hiroshima in March and April 1946 . Film footage taken by Lieutenant Daniel A. McGovern ( director ) and Harry Mimura ( cameraman ) for a United States Strategic Bombing Survey project . During the war , the British embassy in Washington reported that Americans regarded the Japanese as `` a nameless mass of vermin '' ; caricatures depicting Japanese as less than human , e.g. monkeys , were common . A 1944 opinion poll that asked what should be done with Japan found that 13 % of the U.S. public were in favor of `` killing off '' all Japanese people . After the Hiroshima bomb detonated successfully , Oppenheimer addressed an assembly at Los Alamos `` clasping his hands together like a prize - winning boxer '' . The bombing amazed Otto Hahn and other German atomic scientists the British held at Farm Hall in Operation Epsilon . Hahn stated that he had not believed an atomic weapon `` would be possible for another twenty years '' ; Werner Heisenberg did not believe the news at first . Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker said `` I think it 's dreadful of the Americans to have done it . I think it is madness on their part '' , but Heisenberg replied , `` One could equally well say ' That 's the quickest way of ending the war ' '' . Hahn was grateful that the German project had not succeeded in developing `` such an inhumane weapon '' ; Karl Wirtz observed that even if it had , `` we would have obliterated London but would still not have conquered the world , and then they would have dropped them on us '' . Hahn told the others , `` Once I wanted to suggest that all uranium should be sunk to the bottom of the ocean '' . The Vatican agreed ; L'Osservatore Romano expressed regret that the bomb 's inventors did not destroy the weapon for the benefit of humanity . Rev. Cuthbert Thicknesse , the Dean of St Albans , prohibited using St Albans Abbey for a thanksgiving service for the war 's end , calling the use of atomic weapons `` an act of wholesale , indiscriminate massacre '' . Nonetheless , news of the atomic bombing was greeted enthusiastically in the U.S. ; a poll in Fortune magazine in late 1945 showed a significant minority of Americans ( 22.7 % ) wishing that more atomic bombs could have been dropped on Japan . The initial positive response was supported by the imagery presented to the public ( mainly the powerful images of the mushroom cloud ) and the censorship of photographs that showed corpses and maimed survivors . Such `` censorship '' was however the status - quo at the time , with no major news outlets depicting corpses or maimed survivors as a result from other events , US or otherwise . On August 10 , 1945 , the day after the Nagasaki bombing , Yōsuke Yamahata , correspondent Higashi and artist Yamada arrived in the city with orders to record the destruction for maximum propaganda purposes , Yamahata took scores of photographs and on August 21 they appeared in Mainichi Shimbun , a popular Japanese newspaper . Wilfred Burchett was the first western journalist to visit Hiroshima after the atom bomb was dropped , arriving alone by train from Tokyo on September 2 , the day of the formal surrender aboard the USS Missouri . His Morse code dispatch was printed by the Daily Express newspaper in London on September 5 , 1945 , entitled `` The Atomic Plague '' , the first public report to mention the effects of radiation and nuclear fallout . Burchett 's reporting was unpopular with the U.S. military . The U.S. censors suppressed a supporting story submitted by George Weller of the Chicago Daily News , and accused Burchett of being under the sway of Japanese propaganda . Laurence dismissed the reports on radiation sickness as Japanese efforts to undermine American morale , ignoring his own account of Hiroshima 's radiation sickness published one week earlier . Play media The Hiroshima ruins in March and April 1946 , by Daniel A. McGovern and Harry Mimura A member of the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey , Lieutenant Daniel McGovern , used a film crew to document the results in early 1946 . The film crew 's work resulted in a three - hour documentary entitled The Effects of the Atomic Bombs Against Hiroshima and Nagasaki . The documentary included images from hospitals showing the human effects of the bomb ; it showed burned out buildings and cars , and rows of skulls and bones on the ground . It was classified `` secret '' for the next 22 years . During this time in America , it was a common practice for editors to keep graphic images of death out of films , magazines , and newspapers . The total of 90,000 ft ( 27,000 m ) of film shot by McGovern 's cameramen had not been fully aired as of 2009 . According to Greg Mitchell , with the 2004 documentary film Original Child Bomb , a small part of that footage managed to reach part of the American public `` in the unflinching and powerful form its creators intended '' . Motion picture company Nippon Eigasha started sending cameramen to Nagasaki and Hiroshima in September 1945 . On October 24 , 1945 , a U.S. military policeman stopped a Nippon Eigasha cameraman from continuing to film in Nagasaki . All Nippon Eigasha 's reels were then confiscated by the American authorities . These reels were in turn requested by the Japanese government , declassified , and saved from oblivion . Some black - and - white motion pictures were released and shown for the first time to Japanese and American audiences in the years from 1968 to 1970 . The public release of film footage of the city post-attack , and some research about the human effects of the attack , was restricted during the occupation of Japan , and much of this information was censored until the signing of the San Francisco Peace Treaty in 1951 , restoring control to the Japanese . Only the most politically charged and detailed weapons effects information was censored during this period . The Hiroshima - based magazine , Chugoku Bunka for example , in its first issue published March 10 , 1946 , devotes itself to detailing the damage from the bombing . Similarly , there was no censorship of the factually written witness accounts , the book Hiroshima written by Pulitzer Prize winner John Hersey , which was originally published in article form in the popular magazine The New Yorker , on August 31 , 1946 , is reported to have reached Tokyo in English by January 1947 , and the translated version was released in Japan in 1949 . The book narrates the stories of the lives of six bomb survivors from immediately prior to , and months after , the dropping of the Little Boy bomb . Beginning in 1974 a compilation of drawings and artwork made by the survivors of the bombings began to be compiled , with completion in 1977 and under both book and exhibition format , it was titled The Unforgettable Fire . Post-attack casualties See also : Epidemiology data for low - linear energy transfer radiation Play media Silent film footage taken in Hiroshima in March 1946 showing survivors with severe burns and keloid scars . Although most all survivors with burns also had burns compounded by the conventional fires that were lit after the bombing , this footage was primarily made with the survivors being asked to stand in the orientation they were in at the time of the nuclear thermal / flash , to document and convey the relatively unique line - of - sight nature of flash burns , and to show that , much like a sunburn , thick clothing and fabric offered complete protection in many cases . The sometimes extensive burn scar contracture that is also seen particularly around joints , is not unusual , being common to all 2nd and 3rd degree burns when they cover a large area of skin . The film also features a small number of completely unburnt survivors who were included in the film to show the recovery made by those whose hair had previously fallen out from the effects of acute radiation syndrome but by the time of filming , they had recovered . In the spring of 1948 , the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission ( ABCC ) was established in accordance with a presidential directive from Truman to the National Academy of Sciences -- National Research Council to conduct investigations of the late effects of radiation among the survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki . One of the early studies conducted by the ABCC was on the outcome of pregnancies occurring in Hiroshima and Nagasaki , and in a control city , Kure , located 18 mi ( 29 km ) south of Hiroshima , in order to discern the conditions and outcomes related to radiation exposure . Dr. James V. Neel led the study which found that the number of birth defects was not significantly higher among the children of survivors who were pregnant at the time of the bombings . Neel also studied the longevity of the children who survived the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , reporting that between 90 and 95 percent were still living 50 years later . The National Academy of Sciences questioned Neel 's procedure which did not filter the Kure population for possible radiation exposure . Overall , while a statistically insignificant increase in birth defects occurred directly after the bombings of Nagasaki and Hiroshima , Neel and others noted that in approximately 50 humans who were of an early gestational age at the time of the bombing and who were all within about 1 km from the hypocenter , an increase in microencephaly and anencephaly was observed upon birth , with the incidence of these two particular malformations being nearly 3 times what was to be expected when compared to the control group in Kure . In 1985 , Johns Hopkins University human geneticist James F. Crow examined Neel 's research and confirmed that the number of birth defects was not significantly higher in Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Many members of the ABCC and its successor Radiation Effects Research Foundation ( RERF ) were still looking for possible birth defects or other causes among the survivors decades later , but found no evidence that they were more common among the survivors . Despite the insignificance of birth defects found in Neel 's study and the detailed medical literature , up to 1987 , historians such as Ronald E. Powaski frequently wrote that Hiroshima experienced `` an increase in stillbirths , birth defects , and infant mortality '' following the atomic bomb . As cancers do not immediately emerge after exposure to radiation instead radiation - induced cancer has a minimum latency period of some 5 + years . An epidemiology study by the RERF estimates that from 1950 to 2000 , 46 % of leukemia deaths and 11 % of solid cancers of unspecificed lethality , could be due to radiation from the bombs , with the statistical excess being 200 leukemia deaths and 1,700 solid cancers of undeclared lethality . Both of these statistics being derived from the observation of approximately half of the total survivors , strictly those who took part in the study . Hibakusha Main article : Hibakusha See also : Hibakujumoku The survivors of the bombings are called hibakusha ( 被爆 者 , Japanese pronunciation : ( çibakɯ̥ɕa ) ) , a Japanese word that literally translates to `` explosion - affected people '' . The Japanese government has recognized about 650,000 people as hibakusha . As of March 31 , 2017 , 164,621 are still alive , mostly in Japan . The government of Japan recognizes about 1 % of these as having illnesses caused by radiation . The memorials in Hiroshima and Nagasaki contain lists of the names of the hibakusha who are known to have died since the bombings . Updated annually on the anniversaries of the bombings , as of August 2017 the memorials record the names of almost 485,000 hibakusha ; 308,725 in Hiroshima and 175,743 in Nagasaki . Panoramic view of the monument marking the hypocenter , or ground zero , of the atomic bomb explosion over Nagasaki Hibakusha and their children were ( and still are ) victims of severe discrimination in Japan due to public ignorance about the consequences of radiation sickness , with much of the public believing it to be hereditary or even contagious . This is despite the fact that no statistically demonstrable increase of birth defects or congenital malformations was found among the later conceived children born to survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . A study of the long - term psychological effects of the bombings on the survivors found that even 17 -- 20 years after the bombings had occurred survivors showed a higher prevalence of anxiety and somatization symptoms . Double survivors On March 24 , 2009 , the Japanese government officially recognized Tsutomu Yamaguchi as a double hibakusha . He was confirmed to be 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) from ground zero in Hiroshima on a business trip when Little Boy was detonated . He was seriously burnt on his left side and spent the night in Hiroshima . He arrived at his home city of Nagasaki on August 8 , the day before Fat Man was dropped , and he was exposed to residual radiation while searching for his relatives . He was the first officially recognized survivor of both bombings . He died on January 4 , 2010 , at the age of 93 , after a battle with stomach cancer . The 2006 documentary Twice Survived : The Doubly Atomic Bombed of Hiroshima and Nagasaki documented 165 nijū hibakusha ( lit . double explosion - affected people ) , and was screened at the United Nations . Korean survivors See also : Anti-Korean sentiment § Japan During the war , Japan brought as many as 670,000 Korean conscripts to Japan to work as forced labor . About 5,000 -- 8,000 Koreans were killed in Hiroshima and another 1,500 -- 2,000 died in Nagasaki . For many years , Korean survivors had a difficult time fighting for the same recognition as Hibakusha as afforded to all Japanese survivors , a situation which resulted in the denial of the free health benefits to them . Most issues were eventually addressed in 2008 through lawsuits . Debate over bombings Main article : Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Citizens of Hiroshima walk by the Hiroshima Peace Memorial , the closest building to have survived the city 's atomic bombing . The role of the bombings in Japan 's surrender and the U.S. 's ethical justification for them has been the subject of scholarly and popular debate for decades . J. Samuel Walker wrote in an April 2005 overview of recent historiography on the issue , `` the controversy over the use of the bomb seems certain to continue . '' He wrote that `` The fundamental issue that has divided scholars over a period of nearly four decades is whether the use of the bomb was necessary to achieve victory in the war in the Pacific on terms satisfactory to the United States . '' Supporters of the bombings generally assert that they caused the Japanese surrender , preventing casualties on both sides during Operation Downfall . One figure of speech , `` One hundred million ( subjects of the Japanese Empire ) will die for the Emperor and Nation '' , served as a unifying slogan , although that phrase was intended as a figure of speech along the lines of the `` ten thousand years '' phrase . In Truman 's 1955 Memoirs , `` he states that the atomic bomb probably saved half a million U.S. lives -- anticipated casualties in an Allied invasion of Japan planned for November . Stimson subsequently talked of saving one million U.S. casualties , and Churchill of saving one million American and half that number of British lives . '' Scholars have pointed out various alternatives that could have ended the war without an invasion , but these alternatives could have resulted in the deaths of many more Japanese . Supporters also point to an order given by the Japanese War Ministry on August 1 , 1944 , ordering the execution of Allied prisoners of war when the POW camp was in the combat zone . Those who oppose the bombings cite a number of reasons for their view , among them : a belief that atomic bombing is fundamentally immoral , that the bombings counted as war crimes , that they were militarily unnecessary , that they constituted state terrorism , and that they involved racism against and the dehumanization of the Japanese people . The bombings were part of an already fierce conventional bombing campaign . This , together with the naval blockade , could also have eventually led to a Japanese surrender . At the time the United States dropped its atomic bomb on Nagasaki on August 9 , 1945 , the Soviet Union launched a surprise attack with 1.6 million troops against the Kwantung Army in Manchuria . `` The Soviet entry into the war '' , argued Japanese historian Tsuyoshi Hasegawa , `` played a much greater role than the atomic bombs in inducing Japan to surrender because it dashed any hope that Japan could terminate the war through Moscow 's mediation '' . Another popular view among critics of the bombings , originating with Gar Alperovitz in 1965 and becoming the default position in Japanese school history textbooks , is the idea of atomic diplomacy : that the United States used nuclear weapons in order to intimidate the Soviet Union in the early stages of the Cold War . Notes ^ Jump up to : Giangreco 2009 , pp. 2 -- 3 , 49 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 532 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 527 . Jump up ^ Long 1963 , pp. 48 -- 49 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks & Stanley 2007 , pp. 41 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Coox 1969 , pp. 2540 -- 2544 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 32 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 125 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 169 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 45 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 70 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 121 -- 124 . Jump up ^ `` The Final Months of the War With Japan . Part III ( note 24 ) '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carroll 2007 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Drea 1992 , pp. 202 -- 225 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 98 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , p. 340 . ^ Jump up to : Giangreco 2009 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Schaffer 1985 , pp. 164 -- 165 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 22 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 169 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 29 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 507 -- 509 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 514 -- 521 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 548 -- 551 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 536 -- 545 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 558 -- 560 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Sandler 2001 , pp. 24 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 574 -- 576 . Jump up ^ `` March 9 , 1945 : Burning the Heart Out of the Enemy '' . Condé Nast . March 9 , 2011 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Laurence M. Vance ( August 14 , 2009 ) . `` Bombings Worse than Nagasaki and Hiroshima '' . The Future of Freedom Foundation . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Joseph Coleman ( March 10 , 2005 ) . `` 1945 Tokyo Firebombing Left Legacy of Terror , Pain '' . CommonDreams.org . Associated Press . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 608 -- 610 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 568 -- 570 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1996 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Werrell 1996 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 614 -- 617 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 642 -- 643 . Jump up ^ Kerr 1991 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Yuki Tanaka and Marilyn B. Young , `` Bombing Civilians : A Twentieth Century History '' . ( New York : New Press , 2009 ) , 5 , 84 -- 85 , 117 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 653 -- 658 . Jump up ^ Coox 1994 , pp. 412 -- 414 . Jump up ^ Coox 1994 , p. 422 . Jump up ^ Zaloga & Noon 2010 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Zaloga & Noon 2010 , pp. 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Coox 1994 , p. 429 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Gowing 1964 , pp. 40 - 43 , 76 - 79 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Frankin D ; Churchill , Winston ( August 19 , 1943 ) . `` Quebec Agreement '' . atomicarchive.com . Jump up ^ Edwards , Gordon . `` Canada 's Role in the Atomic Bomb Programs of the United States , Britain , France and India '' . Canadian Coalition for Nuclear Responsibility . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved December 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 82 - 84 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 522 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 511 -- 516 . Jump up ^ Grunden 1998 , pp. 50 -- 52 . Jump up ^ `` Factsheets : 509th Operational Group '' . Air Force Historical Studies Office . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History of 509th Composite Group -- 313th Bombardment Wing -- Twentieth Air Force -- Activation to August 15 , 1945 '' ( PDF ) . Tinian : 509th CG ( AFHRA archived ) . 1945 . pp. 8 -- 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998 , pp. 163 , 167 -- 168 . Jump up ^ `` Minutes of 3rd Target Committee Meeting 28 May 1945 '' ( PDF ) . National Archives . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on August 9 , 2006 . Retrieved August 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 706 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ `` History of 509th Composite Group -- 313th Bombardment Wing -- Twentieth Air Force -- Activation to 15 August 1945 '' ( PDF ) . Tinian : Air Force Historical Research Agency . 1945 . pp. 17 -- 22 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Christman 1998 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 528 -- 529 . ^ Jump up to : `` Atomic Bomb : Decision -- Target Committee , May 10 -- 11 , 1945 '' . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2005 . Retrieved August 6 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Reischauer 1986 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Jason M. ( 2012 ) . `` Why Did Henry Stimson Spare Kyoto from the Bomb ? : Confusion in Postwar Historiography '' . Journal of American - East Asian Relations . 19 ( 2 ) : 183 -- 203 . doi : 10.1163 / 18765610 - 01902004 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1985 , p. 529 . Jump up ^ Hasegawa 2006 , pp. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Hasegawa 2006 , pp. 149 -- 150 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1985 , p. 530 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 255 -- 256 . Jump up ^ Compton 1956 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Compton 1956 , pp. 238 -- 239 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 255 -- 260 . Jump up ^ Newman 1995 , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II , A Collection of Primary Sources '' ( PDF ) . National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 162 . George Washington University . August 13 , 1945 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Josette H. `` The Information War in the Pacific , 1945 Paths to Peace '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved December 5 , 2016. ) ^ Jump up to : Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 656 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , p. 153 . ^ Jump up to : McNelly 2000 , p. 138 . ^ Jump up to : Lifton 1991 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ 空襲 予告 ビラ 、 高山 市民 が 保管 市 内 で 展示 ( Air Raid Notice ) ( in Japanese ) . 岐阜 新聞 社 ( Gifu Shinbunsha ( Open Library ) ) . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bungei 1981 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Bradley 1999 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Miller 1986 , p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 372 -- 373 . Jump up ^ Gowing 1964 , p. 372 . Jump up ^ `` Minutes of a Meeting of the Combined Policy Committee , '' . Washington , DC : United States Department of State . July 4 , 1945 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 712 -- 713 . Jump up ^ `` Pages from President Truman 's diary , July 17 , 18 , and 25 , 1945 '' . Harry S. Truman Library & Museum . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 389 -- 390 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 395 -- 396 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 233 -- 234 . The meaning of mokusatsu can fall anywhere in the range of `` ignore '' to `` treat with contempt '' . Jump up ^ Bix 1996 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Asada 1996 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 326 , 356 , 370 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 262 . ^ Jump up to : Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Coster - Mullen 2012 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Coster - Mullen 2012 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , pp. 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 64 -- 65 , 163 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Dillon & Wenger 1995 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 70 , 163 . ^ Jump up to : Zaloga & Noon 2010 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ United States Strategic Bombing Survey ( June 1946 ) . `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . nuclearfiles.org . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2004 . Retrieved July 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 224 - 225 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 316 . ^ Jump up to : Frank 1999 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions # 1 '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2007 . Retrieved September 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bodden 2007 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Preston 2005 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Fiévé & Waley 2003 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ Rotter 2008 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Rebecca J. ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Rare Photo of the Mushroom Cloud Over Hiroshima Discovered in a Former Japanese Elementary School '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 509th Timeline : Inception to Hiroshima '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline # 2 -- the 509th ; The Hiroshima Mission '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dietz & Van Kirk 2012 , p. 462 . Jump up ^ Dietz & Van Kirk 2012 , p. 467 . Jump up ^ Lewis & Tolzer 1957 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline # 2 - the 509th ; The Hiroshima Mission '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 391 -- 392 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , p. 414 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , p. 415 . Jump up ^ Allen 1969 , p. 2566 . ^ Jump up to : Kerr et al 2005 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Malik , John ( September 1985 ) . `` The Yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki Explosions '' ( PDF ) . Los Alamos National Laboratory . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . describes how various values were recorded for the B - 29 's altitude at the moment of bomb release over Hiroshima . The strike report said 30,200 ft , the official history said 31,600 ft , Commander Parson 's log entry was 32,700 ft , and the navigator 's log was 31,060 ft -- the latter possibly an error transposing two digits . A later calculation using the indicated atmospheric pressure arrived at the figure of 32,200 ft . Similarly , several values have been reported as the altitude of the Little Boy bomb at the moment of detonation . Published sources vary in the range of 1,800 to 2,000 ft ( 550 to 610 m ) above the city . The device was set to explode at 1,885 ft ( 575 m ) , but this was approximate . Malik uses the figure of 1,903 ft ( 580 m ) plus or minus 50 ft ( 15 m ) , determined after data review by Hubbell et al 1969 . Radar returns from the tops of multistory buildings near the hypocenter may have triggered the detonation at a somewhat higher altitude than planned . Kerr et al. ( 2005 ) found that a detonation altitude of 600 m ( 1,968.5 ft ) , plus or minus 20 m ( 65.6 ft ) , gave the best fit for all the measurement discrepancies . Jump up ^ `` The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima , Aug 6 , 1945 '' . United States Department of Energy . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2010 . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Photo - Essay on the Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Broad , William J. ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` The Hiroshima Mushroom Cloud That Was n't '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism '' ( PDF ) . p. 1994 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atmospheric Processes : Chapter = 4 '' ( PDF ) . Stanford University . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robock , Alan ; Luke Oman ; Georgiy L. Stenchikov ; Owen B. Toon ; Charles Bardeen & Richard P. Turco ( 2007 ) . `` Climatic consequences of regional nuclear conflicts '' ( PDF ) . Atmos . Chem. Phys. 7 ( 8 ) : 2003 -- 12 . doi : 10.5194 / acp - 7 - 2003 - 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 423 . 427 . Jump up ^ `` The Bomb - '' Little Boy `` '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Radiation Dose Reconstruction U.S. Occupation Forces in Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Japan , 1945 -- 1946 ( DNA 5512F ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 24 , 2006 . Retrieved June 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 264 -- 265 . Jump up ^ `` Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing -- Facts about the Atomic Bomb '' . Hiroshimacommittee.org . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . p. 6 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . p. 37 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , p. 286 -- 87 . Jump up ^ `` Super-fortress crew tell their story '' . The Guardian . August 8 , 1945 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Statements by China and the United States of America during the Inscription of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial ( Genbaku Dome ) '' . UNESCO . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2005 . Retrieved August 6 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' . Harry S. Truman Library & Museum . p. 9 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ham 2011 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ `` Special Exhibit 3 '' . Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kato , Toru ( June 4 , 1999 ) . `` A Short - Sighted Parrot '' . Geocities.jp . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2009 . Retrieved March 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` '' Hiroshima -- 1945 & 2007 '' by Lyle ( Hiroshi ) Saxon , Images Through Glass , Tokyo `` . NEC Biglobe . August 6 , 1945 . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hiroshima : A Visual Record '' . JapanFocus . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Testimony of Akiko Takakura '' . Atomic Archive . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . p. 7 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ham 2011 , pp. 330 -- 331 . Jump up ^ Ham 2011 , p. 325 . Jump up ^ `` Memories of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . The Asahi Shimbun . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 443 -- 444 . Jump up ^ `` Heart of Hiroshima Wiped Out as by Giant Bulldozer '' . Advocate ( Burnie , Tas. : 1890 -- 1954 ) . Burnie , Tasmania : National Library of Australia . August 9 , 1945 . p. 1 . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 443 - 444 . Jump up ^ Ham 2011 , p. 333 . Jump up ^ `` Americans Killed by Atomic Bomb to be Honored in Hiroshima '' . Allgov.com . June 4 , 2009 . Retrieved December 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 444 -- 445 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Greg ( August 5 , 2011 ) . `` Hidden History : American POWS Were Killed in Hiroshima '' . The Nation . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sheryl P. Walter Declassified / Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 20 Mar 2014 Sheryl P. Walter Declassified / Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 20 Mar 2014 '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knebel & Bailey 1960 , pp. 175 -- 201 ^ Jump up to : `` The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . The Manhattan Engineer District . June 29 , 1946 . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statement by the President Announcing the Use of the A-Bomb at Hiroshima '' . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . August 6 , 1945 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ United States Department of State ( 1945 ) . `` Foreign Relations of the United States : diplomatic papers : the Conference of Berlin ( the Potsdam Conference ) '' . Foreign Relations of the United States . 2 . U.S. Government Printing Office : 1376 -- 1377 . ^ Jump up to : `` OWI Pacific Psyop Six Decades ago '' . Herbert A. Friedman . Jump up ^ `` Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima '' . A century of flight . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warning Leaflets '' . Atomic heritage foundation . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scoenberger , Walter ( 1969 ) . Decision of Destiny . Columbus : Ohio University Press . pp. 248 -- 249 . Jump up ^ Bix 1996 , p. 512 . Jump up ^ Slavinskiĭ 2004 , pp. 153 -- 154 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 288 -- 289 . Jump up ^ Hoyt 2001 , p. 401 . ^ Jump up to : Frank 1999 , pp. 283 -- 284 . ^ Jump up to : Russ 1990 , pp. 64 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 342 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' . Harry S. Truman Library & Museum . p. 15 . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Robert . `` Nagasaki atomic bombing , 1945 '' . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 353 -- 354 . Jump up ^ Sherwin 2003 , pp. 233 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , p. 32 . ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline # 3 - the 509th ; The Nagasaki Mission '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Antonucci & Antonucci 1997 , pp. 204 -- 205 . Jump up ^ `` The Story of Nagasaki '' . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Antonucci & Antonucci 1997 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 720 . Jump up ^ `` Steel mill worker reveals blocking view of U.S. aircraft on day of Nagasaki atomic bombing '' . Mainichi Weekly . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Antonucci & Antonucci 1997 , pp. 179 , 213 -- 215 . Jump up ^ `` Spitzer Personal Diary Page 25 ( CGP - ASPI - 025 ) '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chun 2008 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 295 . Jump up ^ `` Stories from Riken '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kerr et al 2005 , pp. 43 , 46 . Jump up ^ Wainstock 1996 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ `` The Atomic Bomb '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Delgado 2009 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 346 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Antonucci & Antonucci 1997 , pp. 222 -- 226 . Jump up ^ Laurence , William L. `` Eyewitness Account of Atomic Bomb Over Nagasaki '' . National Science Digital Library . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Ham 2011 , p. 367 . ^ Jump up to : Sklar 1984 , pp. 56 -- 60 . Jump up ^ `` The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . Atomic Archive . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sodei 1998 , p. ix . Jump up ^ Rezelman , David ; F.G. Gosling ; Terrence R. Fehner ( 2000 ) . `` The atomic bombing of Nagasaki '' . The Manhattan Project : An Interactive History . U.S. Department of Energy . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2007 . Retrieved September 18 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hiroshima , Nagasaki , and Subsequent Weapons Testing '' . World Nuclear Association . May 2010 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alperovitz & Tree 1996 , p. 534 . Jump up ^ `` Nagasaki memorial adds British POW as A-bomb victim '' . The Japan Times . August 9 , 1945 . Retrieved January 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Two Dutch POWs join Nagasaki bomb victim list '' . The Japan Times . August 9 , 1945 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2005 . Retrieved January 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How Effective Was Navajo Code ? One Former Captive Knows '' . News from Indian Country . August 1997 . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` POW 's Remarkable Escapes in Nagasaki '' . The Argus . Melbourne : National Library of Australia . September 19 , 1945 . p. 20 . Retrieved February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nagasaki marks tragic anniversary '' . People 's Daily . August 10 , 2005 . Retrieved April 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' . Harry S. Truman Library & Museum . p. 19 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Glasstone & Dolan 1977 , p. 304 . Jump up ^ `` Photos of Hiroshima and Nagasaki after the bombing , from a 1946 US report '' . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bernstein , Barton J. ( Spring 1991 ) . `` Eclipsed by Hiroshima and Nagasaki : Early Thinking about Tactical Nuclear Weapons '' . International Security . 15 ( 4 ) : 149 -- 173 . ISSN 0162 - 2889 . JSTOR 2539014 . doi : 10.2307 / 2539014 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 396 -- 397 . Jump up ^ Terkel , Studs ( November 1 , 2007 ) . `` Paul Tibbets Interview '' . Aviation Publishing Group . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lawrence Litz 's Interview ( 2012 ) '' . Manhattan Project Voices . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wellerstein , Alex ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` The Third Core 's Revenge '' . Restricted Data . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kido & Yoshitake 1966 , p. 1223 . Jump up ^ Fujiwara 1991 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 316 -- 319 . Jump up ^ `` Imperial Rescript ending war -- What Hirohito really said in his acceptance speech '' . translated by William Wetherall . Yosha Research . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Emperor Hirohito 's Surrender Rescript to Japanese Troops '' . Taiwan Document Project . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harvey 2007 , pp. 234 -- 240 . Jump up ^ Dower , John ( 2012 ) Ways of Forgetting , Ways of Remembering : Japan in the Modern World . p. 36 . Jump up ^ Weingartner , James J. ( February 1992 ) . `` Trophies of War : U.S. Troops and the Mutilation of Japanese War Dead , 1941 - 1945 '' . Pacific Historical Review . 61 ( 1 ) : 53 -- 67 . JSTOR 3640788 . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2011 . Pictorially , Japanese were commonly represented as apes or monkeys , but also as insects , reptiles , and bats . Jump up ^ Bagby 1999 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Feraru 1950 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Monk 2012 , p. 450 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transcript of Surreptitiously Taped Conversations among German Nuclear Physicists at Farm Hall ( August 6 - 7 , 1945 ) '' ( PDF ) . German History in Documents and Images . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vatican Regrets Inventors Did Not Destroy Bomb '' . The Miami News . Associated Press . August 7 , 1945 . pp. 1 -- A. Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No abbey service '' . The Guardian . 1945 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hixson 2002 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ White 1995 , pp. 1 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Hein & Selden 1997 , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Bombing of Nagasaki After Yosuke Yamahata : A collection of 24 photographs taken the day after the bombing , ( Japan ) 1945 - 46 '' . Bonhams . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burchett 2004 , pp. 10 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Amy ; Goodman , David ( August 5 , 2005 ) . `` The Hiroshima Cover - Up '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Greg Mitchell ( August 7 , 2009 ) . `` The Great Hiroshima Cover - Up '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moore 1995 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Ishikawa & Swain 1981 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Destructive Effects '' . Atomic Bomb Museum . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Angell , Roger ( July 31 , 1995 ) . `` Hersey and History '' . The New Yorker . From the Archives . p. 66 . Jump up ^ Richie , Donald ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` The pure horror of Hiroshima '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sharp 2000 , pp. 434 -- 452 . Jump up ^ Michaub , Jon ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` Eighty - Five from the Archive : John Hersey '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Japanese Broadcasting Corporation ( NHK ) ( 1977 ) . Unforgettable Fire : Pictures Drawn by Atomic Bomb Survivors . New York : Pantheon Books . ISBN 978 - 0394748238 . Jump up ^ Putnam , Frank W . `` The Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission in Retrospect '' . National Academy of Sciences . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Radiation Effects Research Foundation Website '' . Rerf.or.jp . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2009 . Retrieved March 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Voosen , Paul ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Nuclear Crisis : Hiroshima and Nagasaki cast long shadows over radiation science '' . E&E News . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The American Spectator , Volume 35 '' . Saturday Evening Club . 2002 . p. 57 . Jump up ^ Johnston 2008 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ McCormack 2008 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ `` Birth defects among the children of atomic - bomb survivors ( 1948 -- 1954 ) '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Krimsky & Shorett 2005 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ `` Data India '' . Press Institute of India . 2008 . p. 697 . Jump up ^ Powaski 1987 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions # 2 '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hiroshima marks 72nd A-bomb anniversary with eyes on ban treaty '' . The Mainichi . August 6 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Relief for A-bomb victims '' . The Japan Times . August 15 , 2007 . Retrieved October 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` UN chief calls for intensified effort on nuclear disarmament '' . Asian News Service . August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Atomic bombing of Nagasaki remembered '' . The Japan News . August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Prejudice haunts atomic bomb survivors '' . Japan Times . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2007 . Retrieved August 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Birth defects among the children of atomic - bomb survivors ( 1948 -- 1954 ) '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation ( RERF ) . Formerly known as the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission ( ABCC ) . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michiko Yamada ; Shizue Izumi ( 2002 ) . `` Psychiatric sequelae in atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki two decades after the explosions '' . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology . Springer . 37 ( 9 ) : 409 -- 415 . doi : 10.1007 / s00127 - 002 - 0572 - 5 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Confirms First Double A-Bomb Survivor '' . News.sky.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Man who survived two atom bombs dies '' . CNN . January 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2010 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Twice Bombed , Twice Survived : Film Explores Untold Stories from Hiroshima & Nagasaki '' . Columbia University . August 2 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2009 . Retrieved March 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gruhl 2007 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Dower , John W. ( March 29 , 1996 ) . `` The Bombed '' . In Michael J. Hogan . Hiroshima in History and Memory . Cambridge University Press . p. 140 . ISBN 9780521566827 . Dower says that Korean survivor groups use higher estimates . Jump up ^ Palmer , David ( February 20 , 2008 ) . `` Korean Hibakusha , Japan 's Supreme Court and the International Community : Can the U.S. and Japan Confront Forced Labor and Atomic Bombing ? '' . Asia - Pacific Journal . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Walker 2005 , p. 334 . Jump up ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Selden & Selden 1990 , pp. xxx -- xxxi . Jump up ^ Walker 1990 , pp. 97 -- 114 . Jump up ^ s : Kill All Prisoners Order ( Introduced into the Tokyo War Crimes Trials in January 1947 as Document No. 2701 ( Certified as Exhibit `` O '' in Doc . No. 2687 ) ) -- Reynolds , Gary K. ( December 17 , 2002 ) . `` U.S. Prisoners of War and Civilian American Citizens Captured and Interned by Japan in World War II : The Issue of Compensation by Japan '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service Report for Congress . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 12 , 2016 . One of the few existing original copy of this general order was found by Jack Edwards after the war , in the ruins of the Kinkaseki prisoner of war camp. Edwards & Walter 1991 , p. 260 Jump up ^ Stohl 1979 , p. 279 ) . Jump up ^ Gunter , Linda ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` The Racism of the Nagasaki and Hiroshima Bombings '' . Counter Punch . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historians : Soviet offensive , key to Japan 's WWII surrender , was eclipsed by A-bombs '' . Fox News . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Orr , James J. ( 2008 ) . `` Review of Hiroshima in History : The Myths of Revisionism and The End of the Pacific War '' . Journal of Japanese Studies . 34 ( 2 , ) : 521 -- 529 . ISSN 0095 - 6848 . JSTOR 27756604 . References Allen , Louis ( 1969 ) . `` The Nuclear Raids '' . In Hart , Basil Liddell . History of the Second World War . Volume 6 . London : Purnell . pp. 2566 -- 2576 . Alperovitz , Gar ; Tree , Sanho ( 1996 ) . The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb . New York : Vintage . ISBN 0 - 679 - 76285 - X . Asada , Sadao ( 1996 ) . `` The Shock of the Atomic Bomb and Japan 's Decision to Surrender : A Reconsideration '' . In Hogan , Michael J. Hiroshima in History and Memory . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56682 - 7 . Bagby , Wesley Marvin ( 1999 ) . America 's International Relations Since World War I. New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512389 - 1 . OCLC 38574200 . Bix , Herbert ( 1996 ) . `` Japan 's Delayed Surrender : A Reinterpretation '' . In Hogan , Michael J. Hiroshima in History and Memory . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56682 - 7 . Bodden , Valerie ( 2007 ) . The Bombing of Hiroshima & Nagasaki . Mankato , Minnesota : The Creative Company . ISBN 1 - 58341 - 545 - 9 . Bradley , F.J. ( 1999 ) . No Strategic Targets Left . Paducah , Kentucky : Turner Publishing . ISBN 0 - 912799 - 07 - 2 . Brooks , Risa ; Stanley , Elizabeth A. ( 2007 ) . Creating Military Power : the Sources of Military Effectiveness . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 5399 - 7 . Bungei , Shunjū Senshi Kenkyūkai ( 1981 ) . The Day Man Lost : Hiroshima . Tokyo : Kodansha International . ISBN 0 - 87011 - 471 - 9 . Burchett , Wilfred ( 2004 ) . `` The Atomic Plague '' . In Pilger , John . Tell me No Lies . New York : Thunder 's Mouth Press . pp. 10 -- 25 . ISBN 0 - 224 - 06288 - 3 . OCLC 61395938 . Campbell , Richard H. ( 2005 ) . The Silverplate Bombers : A History and Registry of the Enola Gay and Other B - 29s Configured to Carry Atomic Bombs . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2139 - 8 . OCLC 58554961 . Carroll , James ( 2007 ) . House of War : The Pentagon and the Disastrous Rise of American Power . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 618 - 87201 - 9 . Christman , Albert B. ( 1998 ) . Target Hiroshima : Deak Parsons and the Creation of the Atomic Bomb . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 120 - 3 . OCLC 38257982 . Chun , Clayton K.S. ( 2008 ) . Japan , 1945 : From Operation Downfall to Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Oxford : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 284 - 4 . OCLC 191922849 . Compton , Arthur ( 1956 ) . Atomic Quest . New York : Oxford University Press . OCLC 173307 . Coox , Alvin D. ( 1969 ) . `` Japan at the End of Her Tether '' . In Hart , Basil Liddell . History of the Second World War . Volume 6 . London : Purnell . pp. 2536 -- 2544 . Coox , Alvin D. ( 1994 ) . `` Air War Against Japan '' . In Cooling , B. Franklin . Case Studies in the Achievement of Air Superiority . Washington , D.C. : Center for Air Force History . ISBN 0 - 912799 - 63 - 3 . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Coster - Mullen , John ( 2012 ) . Atom Bombs : The Top Secret Inside Story of Little Boy and Fat Man . Waukesha , Wisconsin : J. Coster - Mullen . OCLC 298514167 . Craven , Wesley ; Cate , James , eds. ( 1953 ) . The Pacific : Matterhorn to Nagasaki . The Army Air Forces in World War II . Chicago : The University of Chicago Press . OCLC 256469807 . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Delgado , James P. ( 2009 ) . Nuclear Dawn : the Atomic Bomb , from the Manhattan Project to the Cold War . New York : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 396 - 4 . OCLC 297147193 . Dietz , Suzanne Simon ; Van Kirk , Theodore Jerome ( 2012 ) . My true course : Dutch Van Kirk , Northumberland to Hiroshima . Lawrenceville , Georgia : Red Gremlin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 692 - 01676 - 3 . OCLC 797975707 . Drea , Edward J. ( 1992 ) . MacArthur 's ULTRA : Codebreaking and the War Against Japan , 1942 -- 1945 . Lawrence , Kansas : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0504 - 5 . OCLC 23651196 . Edwards , Jack ; Walter , Jimmy ( 1991 ) . Banzai you Bastards . London : Souvenir Press . ISBN 0 - 285 - 63027 - X . OCLC 24908835 . Edwards , Pail N. ( 1996 ) . The Closed World : Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America . Cambridge , Massachusetts : The MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 55028 - 8 . OCLC 807140394 . Feraru , Arthur N. ( May 17 , 1950 ) . `` Public Opinion Polls on Japan '' . Far Eastern Survey . Institute of Pacific Relations . 19 ( 10 ) : 101 -- 103 . ISSN 0362 - 8949 . JSTOR 3023943 . doi : 10.1525 / as. 1950.19. 10.01 p0599l . Fiévé , Nicolas ; Waley , Paul ( 2003 ) . Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective : Place , Power and Memory in Kyoto , Edo and Tokyo . London : RoutledgeCurzon . ISBN 0 - 7007 - 1409 - X . Frank , Richard B. ( 1999 ) . Downfall : The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 41424 - X . Fujiwara , Akira ( 1991 ) . Tettei kenshō Shōwa Tennō `` dokuhakuroku '' . Tōkyō : Ōtsuki Shoten . ISBN 4 - 272 - 52022 - 9 . Giangreco , D.M. ( 2009 ) . Hell to Pay : Operation Downfall and the Invasion of Japan 1945 -- 1947 . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 316 - 1 . OCLC 643381863 . Glasstone , Samuel ; Dolan , Philip J. , eds. ( 1977 ) . The Effects of Nuclear Weapons . Washington , D.C. : United States Department of Defense and the Energy Research and Development Administration . OCLC 4016678 . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Goldstein , Donald ; Dillon , Katherine V ; Wenger , J Michael ( 1995 ) . Rain of Ruin : a Photographic History of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Washington , D.C. : Brassey 's . ISBN 1 - 57488 - 033 - 0 . OCLC 31969557 . Gowing , Margaret ( 1964 ) . Britain and Atomic Energy , 1935 -- 1945 . London : Macmillan Publishing . OCLC 3195209 . Groves , Leslie ( 1962 ) . Now it Can be Told : The Story of the Manhattan Project . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 306 - 70738 - 1 . OCLC 537684 . Gruhl , Werner ( 2007 ) . Imperial Japan 's World War II , 1931 -- 1945 . New Brunswick , New Jersey : Transaction Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 . OCLC 76871604 . Grunden , Walter E. ( 1998 ) . `` Hungnam and the Japanese atomic bomb : Recent Historiography of a Postwar Myth '' . Intelligence and National Security . 13 ( 2 ) : 32 -- 60 . ISSN 0268 - 4527 . doi : 10.1080 / 02684529808432475 . Ham , Paul ( 2011 ) . Hiroshima Nagasaki . Sydney : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7322 - 8845 - 7 . OCLC 746754306 . Harvey , Robert ( 2007 ) . American Shogun : General MacArthur , Emperor Hirohito and the Drama of Modern Japan . Woodstock , New York : The Overlook Press . ISBN 1 - 58567 - 891 - 0 . OCLC 62134797 . Hasegawa , Tsuyoshi ( 2006 ) . Racing the Enemy : Stalin , Truman , and the Surrender of Japan . Cambridge , Massachusetts : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01693 - 4 . Hein , Laura ; Selden , Mark , eds. ( 1997 ) . Living with the Bomb : American and Japanese Cultural Conflicts in the Nuclear Age . New York : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56324 - 967 - 9 . Hewlett , Richard G. ; Anderson , Oscar E. ( 1962 ) . The New World , 1939 -- 1946 ( PDF ) . University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07186 - 7 . OCLC 637004643 . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Hixson , Walter L. ( 2002 ) . The American Experience in World War II : The Atomic Bomb in History and Memory . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 94035 - 1 . OCLC 59464269 . Hoddeson , Lillian ; Henriksen , Paul W. ; Meade , Roger A. ; Westfall , Catherine L. ( 1993 ) . Critical Assembly : A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years , 1943 -- 1945 . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 44132 - 3 . OCLC 26764320 . Hoyt , Edwin P. ( 2001 ) . Japan 's War : The Great Pacific Conflict . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 8154 - 1118 - 9 . OCLC 12722494 . Hubbell , Harry ; Cheka , Joseph ; Jones , Throyce ( 1969 ) . The Epicenters of the Atomic Bombs . Reevaluation of All Available Physical Data With Recommended Values . Hiroshima : Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission . OCLC 404745043 . Ishikawa , Eisei ; Swain , David L. ( 1981 ) . Hiroshima and Nagasaki : The Physical , Medical , and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 02985 - 3 . OCLC 715904227 . Johnston , Barbara Rose ( 2008 ) . The Consequential Damages of Nuclear War : The Rongelap Report . Walnutt Creek : Left Coast Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59874 - 346 - 3 . Jones , Vincent ( 1985 ) . Manhattan : The Army and the Atomic Bomb . Washington , D.C. : United States Army Center of Military History . OCLC 10913875 . Jowett , Philip S. ; Andrew , Stephen ( 2002 ) . The Japanese Army 1931 -- 45 : 2 1942 -- 45 . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 354 - 5 . OCLC 59395824 . Kerr , E. Bartlett ( 1991 ) . Flames Over Tokyo : the US Army Air Forces ' Incendiary Campaign against Japan 1944 -- 1945 . New York : Donald I. Fine Inc . ISBN 1 - 55611 - 301 - 3 . Kerr , George D. ; Young , Robert W. ; Cullings , Harry M. ; Christy , Robert F. ( 2005 ) . `` Bomb Parameters '' . In Young , Robert W. ; Kerr , George D. Reassessment of the Atomic Bomb Radiation Dosimetry for Hiroshima and Nagasaki -- Dosimetry System 2002 ( PDF ) . Hiroshima : The Radiation Effects Research Foundation . OCLC 271477587 . Kido , Kōichi ; Yoshitake , Oka ( 1966 ) . 木 戶 幸一 日記 ( Kido Kōichi Diary ) ( in Japanese ) . Tōkyō : Tōkyō Daigaku Shuppankai . ISBN 4 - 13 - 030012 - 1 . Knebel , Fletcher ; Bailey , Charles W. ( 1960 ) . No High Ground . New York : Harper and Row . ISBN 0 - 313 - 24221 - 6 . Krimsky , Sheldon ; Shorett , Peter ( 2005 ) . Rights and Liberties in the Biotech Age : Why We Need a Genetic Bill of Rights . Lantham : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 4341 - 2 . Lewis , Robert A. ; Tolzer , Eliot ( August 1957 ) . `` How We Dropped the A-Bomb '' . Popular Science . pp. 71 -- 75 , 209 -- 210 . ISSN 0161 - 7370 . Lifton , Robert Jay ( 1991 ) . Death in Life : Survivors of Hiroshima . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4344 - X . OCLC 490493399 . Long , Gavin ( 1963 ) . The Final Campaigns . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 . Series 1 -- Army . Volume 7 . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . OCLC 1297619 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . McCormack , Mary ( 2008 ) . `` Radiotherapy and Cancer '' . In Sean Kehoe ; Eric Jauniaux ; Pierre Martin - Hirsch ; Philip Savage . Cancer and Reproductive Health . London : Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904752 - 61 - 5 . McNelly , Theodore H. ( 2000 ) . `` The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb '' . In Jacob Neufeld . Pearl Harbor to V-J Day : World War II in the Pacific . New York : Diane Publishing Co . ISBN 1 - 4379 - 1286 - 9 . Miller , Richard Lee ( 1986 ) . Under the Cloud : The Decades of Nuclear Testing . New York : Two - Sixty Press . ISBN 0 - 02 - 921620 - 6 . Monk , Ray ( 2012 ) . Robert Oppenheimer : A Life Inside the Center . New York ; Toronto : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 50407 - 2 . Moore , Mike ( July -- August 1995 ) . `` Troublesome Imagery '' . Bulletin of Atomic Scientists . Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science . 54 ( 4 ) : 73 -- 74 . ISSN 0096 - 3402 . Newman , Robert P. ( 1995 ) . Truman and the Hiroshima Cult . East Lansing , Michigan : Michigan State University Press . ISBN 0 - 87013 - 403 - 5 . OCLC 32625518 . Powaski , Ronald E. ( 1987 ) . March to Armageddon : The United States and the Nuclear Arms Race , 1939 to the Present . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 536454 - 5 . Preston , Diana ( 2005 ) . Before The Fallout : From Marie Curie to Hiroshima . New York : Walker & Co . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1445 - 5 . Reischauer , Edwin O. ( 1986 ) . My Life Between Japan And America . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039054 - 9 . OCLC 13114344 . Rotter , Andrew J. ( 2008 ) . Hiroshima : The World 's Bomb . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280437 - 5 . Russ , Harlow W. ( 1990 ) . Project Alberta : The Preparation of Atomic Bombs For Use in World War II . Los Alamos , New Mexico : Exceptional Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 944482 - 01 - 8 . OCLC 24429257 . Sandler , Stanley ( 2001 ) . World War II in the Pacific : an Encyclopedia . New York : Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 1883 - 9 . OCLC 44769066 . Schaffer , Ronald ( 1985 ) . Wings of Judgment : American Bombing in World War II . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503629 - 8 . OCLC 11785450 . Selden , Kyoko Iriye ; Selden , Mark ( 1990 ) . The Atomic Bomb : Voices from Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Armonk , New York : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 0 - 87332 - 773 - X . OCLC 20057103 . Sharp , Patrick B. `` From Yellow Peril to Japanese Wasteland : John Hersey 's ' Hiroshima ' '' . Twentieth Century Literature. 46 ( 2000 ) : 434 -- 452 . JSTOR 827841 . Sherwin , Martin J. ( 2003 ) . A World Destroyed : Hiroshima and its Legacies . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3957 - 9 . OCLC 52714712 . Sklar , Morty , ed. ( 1984 ) . Nuke - rebuke : Writers & Artists Against Nuclear Energy & Weapons . Iowa City , Iowa : The Spirit That Moves Us Press . ISBN 0 - 930370 - 16 - 3 . OCLC 10072916 . Slavinskiĭ , Boris Nikolaevich ( 2004 ) . The Japanese - Soviet Neutrality Pact : A Diplomatic History , 1941 -- 1945 . Nissan Institute / Routledge Japanese Studies Series . London ; New York : RoutledgeCurzon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 32292 - 8 . Sodei , Rinjiro ( 1998 ) . Were We the Enemy ? American Survivors of Hiroshima . Boulder , Colorado : Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 2960 - 4 . Stohl , Michael ( 1979 ) . The Politics of Terrorism . New York : M. Dekker . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 6764 - 8 . OCLC 4495087 . Sweeney , Charles ; Antonucci , James A. ; Antonucci , Marion K. ( 1997 ) . War 's End : An Eyewitness Account of America 's Last Atomic Mission . New York : Quill Publishing . ISBN 0 - 380 - 78874 - 8 . Thomas , Gordon ; Morgan - Witts , Max ( 1977 ) . Ruin from the Air . London : Hamilton . ISBN 0 - 241 - 89726 - 2 . OCLC 252041787 . Tibbets , Paul W. ( 1998 ) . Return Of The Enola Gay . New Hope , Pennsylvania : Enola Gay Remembered . ISBN 0 - 9703666 - 0 - 4 . OCLC 69423383 . Wainstock , Dennis D. ( 1996 ) . The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb . Westport , Connecticut : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95475 - 7 . OCLC 33243854 . Walker , J. Samuel ( January 1990 ) . `` The Decision to Use the Bomb : A Historiographical Update '' . Diplomatic History . 14 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 114 . ISSN 1467 - 7709 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.1990. tb00078. x . Walker , J. Samuel ( April 2005 ) . `` Recent Literature on Truman 's Atomic Bomb Decision : A Search for Middle Ground '' . Diplomatic History . 29 ( 2 ) : 311 -- 334 . ISSN 1467 - 7709 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.2005. 00476. x . Retrieved January 30 , 2008 . Werrell , Kenneth P. ( 1996 ) . Blankets of Fire : U.S. Bombers over Japan during World War II . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . ISBN 1 - 56098 - 665 - 4 . OCLC 32921746 . White , Geoffrey . M. ( July 1995 ) . `` Memory Wars : The Politics of Remembering the Asia - Pacific War '' ( PDF ) . Asia - Pacific Issues ( 21 ) . ISSN 1522 - 0966 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Williams , M.H. ( 1960 ) . Chronology , 1941 -- 1945 . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Chief of Military History , Department of the Army . OCLC 1358166 . Zaloga , Steven J. ; Noon , Steve ( 2010 ) . Defense of Japan 1945 . Fortress . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84603 - 687 - 9 . OCLC 503042143 . Further reading Allen , Thomas ; Polmar , Norman ( 1995 ) . Code - Name Downfall . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80406 - 9 . The Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki ( 1981 ) . Hiroshima and Nagasaki : The Physical , Medical , and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 02985 - X . Frank , Richard B. ( 1999 ) . Downfall . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0141001463 . Giangreco , D.M. ( 2011 ) . Hell to Pay : Operation DOWNFALL and the Invasion of Japan , 1945 - 1947 . Annapolis : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1682471654 . Gordin , Michael D. ( 2007 ) . Five Days in August : How World War II Became a Nuclear War . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 12818 - 9 . OCLC 70630623 . Gosling , Francis George ( 1994 ) . The Manhattan Project : Making the Atomic Bomb . Washington , D.C. : United States Department of Energy , History Division . OCLC 637052193 . Heinrichs , Waldo ; Gallicchio , Marc ( 2017 ) . Implacable Foes : War in the Pacific , 1944 - 1945 . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0190616755 . Hogan , Michael J. ( 1996 ) . Hiroshima in History and Memory . Cambridge , New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56206 - 6 . Hornfischer , James D. ( 2017 ) . The Fleet at Flood Tide : America at Total War in the Pacific , 1944 -- 1945 . New York : Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0345548702 . Kanabun ( 2012 ) . Kyoko ; Tam , Young , eds . A story of a girl who survived an atomic bomb ( 原爆 に 遭っ た 少女 の 話 ) . ASIN B00HJ6H2EK . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Krauss , Robert ; Krauss , Amelia ( 2005 ) . The 509th Remembered : A History of the 509th Composite Group as Told by the Veterans Themselves . Buchanan , Michigan : 509th Press . ISBN 0 - 923568 - 66 - 2 . OCLC 59148135 . Merton , Thomas ( 1962 ) . Original Child Bomb : Points for Meditation to be Scratched on the Walls of a Cave . New York : New Directions . OCLC 4527778 . Murakami , Chikayasu ( 2007 ) . Hiroshima no shiroi sora ( The White Sky in Hiroshima ) . Tokyo : Bungeisha . ISBN 4 - 286 - 03708 - 8 . Ogura , Toyofumi ( 1948 ) . Letters from the End of the World : A Firsthand Account of the Bombing of Hiroshima . Tokyo : Kodansha International . ISBN 4 - 7700 - 2776 - 1 . Sekimori , Gaynor ( 1986 ) . Hibakusha : Survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Tokyo : Kosei Publishing Company . ISBN 4 - 333 - 01204 - X . Thomas , Gordon ; Morgan - Witts , Max ( 1977 ) . Enola Gay : The Bombing of Hiroshima . New York : Konecky & Konecky . ISBN 1 - 56852 - 597 - 4 . Ward , Wilson ( Spring 2007 ) . `` The Winning Weapon ? Rethinking Nuclear Weapons in Light of Hiroshima '' . International Security . 31 ( 4 ) : 162 -- 179 . ISSN 1531 - 4804 . doi : 10.1162 / isec. 2007.31. 4.162 . Warren , Stafford L. ( 1966 ) . `` Manhattan Project '' . In Ahnfeldt , Arnold Lorentz . Radiology in World War II . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Surgeon General , Department of the Army . OCLC 630225 . External links Find more aboutAtomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasakiat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Present day Are Nagasaki and Hiroshima still radioactive ? -- No . Includes explanation . The decision `` Order from General Thomas Handy to General Carl Spaatz authorizing the dropping of the first atomic bomb '' . Wikisource. 2015 . `` Documents on the Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb '' . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` President Truman Defends Use of Atomic Bomb , 1945 : Original Letters '' . Shapell Manuscript Foundation . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . `` Correspondence Regarding Decision to Drop the Bomb '' . Nuclear Age Peace Foundation . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . The effects `` The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . 1946 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` Scientific Data of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Disaster '' . Atomic Bomb Disease Institute , Nagasaki University . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` Tale of Two Cities : The Story of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . National Science Digital Library . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . Atomic Archive. 1946 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II '' ( PDF ) . National Security Archive . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . The short film Children of Hiroshima ( Reel 1 of 2 ) ( 1952 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Children of Hiroshima ( Reel 2 of 2 ) ( 1952 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive `` Photo gallery of aftermath pictures '' . Time - Life . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Video footage of the bombing of Nagasaki ( silent ) on YouTube Video footage of the bombing of Hiroshima on YouTube The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki public domain audiobook at LibriVox Archives `` Nagasaki Archive '' . Google Earth mapping of Nagasaki bombing archives . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` Hiroshima Archive '' . Google Earth mapping of Hiroshima bombing archives . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Bibliographies `` Annotated bibliography for atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Commemoration An Unrecognized Loss -- Message From Hiroshima ( film ) Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall For The Atomic Bomb Victims Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall For The Atomic Bomb Victims Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum Hiroshima and Nagasaki : A Look Back at the US Atomic Bombing 64 Years Later -- video by Democracy Now ! Hiroshima & Nagasaki Remembered 2005 website commemorating 60th anniversary Manhattan Project Timeline Sites Ames Berkeley Chicago Dayton Hanford Inyokern Los Alamos Montreal New York Oak Ridge Trinity Wendover Heavy water sites Administrators Vannevar Bush Arthur Compton James Conant Priscilla Duffield Thomas Farrell Leslie Groves John Lansdale Ernest Lawrence James Marshall Franklin Matthias Dorothy McKibbin Kenneth Nichols Robert Oppenheimer Deak Parsons William Purnell Frank Spedding Charles Thomas Paul Tibbets Bud Uanna Harold Urey Stafford Warren Ed Westcott Roscoe Wilson Scientists Luis Alvarez Robert Bacher Hans Bethe Aage Bohr Niels Bohr Norris Bradbury James Chadwick John Cockcroft Harry Daghlian Enrico Fermi Richard Feynman Val Fitch James Franck Klaus Fuchs Maria Goeppert - Mayer George Kistiakowsky George Koval Willard Libby Edwin McMillan Mark Oliphant Norman Ramsey Isidor Isaac Rabi James Rainwater Bruno Rossi Glenn Seaborg Emilio Segrè Louis Slotin Henry DeWolf Smyth Leo Szilard Edward Teller Stanisław Ulam John von Neumann John Wheeler Eugene Wigner Robert Wilson Leona Woods Operations Alsos Mission Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Operation Crossroads Operation Peppermint Project Alberta Silverplate 509th Composite Group Enola Gay Bockscar The Great Artiste Weapons Fat Man Little Boy Pumpkin bomb Thin Man Related topics Atomic Energy Act of 1946 British contribution Chicago Pile - 1 Demon core Einstein -- Szilárd letter Interim Committee Oppenheimer security hearing Plutonium RaLa Experiment S - 1 Executive Committee S - 50 Project Smyth Report Uranium X-10 Graphite Reactor Manhattan Project Empire of Japan Overview Agriculture Censorship Demographics Economy Economic history Education Eugenics Foreign commerce and shipping Industrial production Militarism Nationalism Statism Internal politics State Shinto Kazoku Emperors Meiji ( Mutsuhito ) Taishō ( Yoshihito ) Shōwa ( Hirohito ) Symbols Flag of Japan Rising Sun Flag Imperial Seal of Japan Government Seal of Japan State Seal of Japan Privy Seal of Japan Kimigayo Government Constitution Charter Oath Privy Council Administrative structure Imperial Diet Peers Representatives Daijō - kan Ministry of the Imperial Household Ministry of the Treasury Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce Ministry of Commerce and Industry Ministry of Munitions East Asia Development Board ( Kōain ) Foreign relations Government and military commanders of World War II Gozen Kaigi Ministry of Colonial Affairs Ministry of Greater East Asia Home Ministry Imperial Rescript on Education Imperial Way Faction ( Kōdōha ) Kokutai National Spiritual Mobilization Movement Peace Preservation Law Political parties Supreme Court of Judicature Taisei Yokusankai Tokkō Tonarigumi Tōseiha Greater East Asia Conference Military Armed Forces Imperial General Headquarters Imperial Japanese Army Air Service General Staff Office Railways and Shipping Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service General Staff Land Forces Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors Senjinkun military code Ministry of the Military Ministry of the Army Ministry of the Navy Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman Imperial Guard Nuclear weapons program Kamikaze War crimes Supreme War Council Japanese holdout History Meiji period Meiji Restoration Boshin War Satsuma Rebellion First Sino - Japanese War Triple Intervention Boxer Rebellion Anglo - Japanese Alliance Russo - Japanese War Taishō period World War I Siberian Intervention General Election Law Washington Naval Treaty Shōwa period Shōwa financial crisis Pacification of Manchukuo Anti-Comintern Pact Second Sino - Japanese War Tripartite Pact Soviet -- Japanese Border War ( 1939 ) Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact Pacific War Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Soviet -- Japanese War ( 1945 ) Surrender ( Potsdam Declaration , Gyokuon - hōsō ) Occupation Territories Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Karafuto Korea Kwantung Manchukuo South Pacific Taiwan Occupied territories Borneo Burma Hong Kong Dutch East Indies Malaya Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Other topics Sonnō jōi Fukoku kyōhei Hakkō ichiu Internment camps German pre -- World War II industrial co-operation Racial Equality Proposal Shinmin no Michi Shōwa Modan Socialist thought Yasukuni Shrine International Military Tribunal for the Far East Japanese dissidence during the Shōwa period Harry S. Truman 33rd President of the United States ( 1945 -- 1953 ) 34th Vice President of the United States ( 1945 ) U.S. Senator from Missouri ( 1935 -- 1945 ) Presidency 1945 inauguration 1949 inauguration Potsdam Conference Agreement on Europe Declaration to Japan Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Fair Deal Mental Health Act National Institute of Mental Health National School Lunch Act Employment Act of 1946 Council of Economic Advisers Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan Loyalty Order National Security Act of 1947 Joint Chiefs of Staff National Security Council Department of the Air Force Central Intelligence Agency Key West Agreement Joint Long Range Proving Grounds Revolt of the Admirals Committee on Civil Rights Integration of the Armed Forces Housing Act of 1949 North Atlantic Treaty NATO Assassination attempt Korean War U.N. Security Council Resolutions 82 , 83 Relief of General MacArthur Office of Defense Mobilization Science Advisory Committee 1952 steel strike Puerto Rican constitutional referendum , 1952 National Security Agency State of the Union Address ( 1946 1950 1952 ) Judicial appointments Supreme Court Cabinet Truman Balcony `` The buck stops here '' Life Early life and career Presidential Library , Museum , and gravesite Missouri Office and Courtroom Truman Committee Democratic vice presidential nomination of 1944 Books Bibliography Homes Birthplace Harry S. Truman Farm Home Harry S. Truman home and National Historic Site Historic District Blair House Truman Little White House Elections United States Senate election in Missouri , 1934 1940 Democratic National Convention 1944 1948 United States presidential election , 1944 1948 `` Dewey Defeats Truman '' campaign song Democratic Party presidential primaries , 1952 Legacy Truman Day Harry S Truman Building Truman Dam and Reservoir Harry S. Truman Scholarship Truman Sports Complex U.S. Postage stamps Related Give ' em Hell , Harry ( 1975 play and film ) Truman ( 1995 film ) Family Bess Wallace Truman ( wife ) Margaret Truman ( daughter ) John Anderson Truman ( father ) Martha Ellen Young Truman ( mother ) Clifton Truman Daniel ( grandson ) ← Franklin D. Roosevelt Dwight D. Eisenhower → Category United States in World War II Home front American music during World War II United States aircraft production during World War II Arizona during World War II Nevada during World War II New Mexico during World War II Greatest Generation American women Women Airforce Service Pilots Women 's Army Corps Woman 's Land Army of America Rosie the Riveter Minorities Hispanic Americans in World War II Native Americans and World War II Puerto Ricans in World War II Military participation Army ( Uniforms ) Army Air Force Marine Corps Navy Service medals ( Medal of Honor recipients ) Events List of battles Attack on Pearl Harbor Normandy landings Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Minorities African Americans ( Tuskegee Airmen ) Asian Americans ( Japanese Americans ) Jewish Americans Diplomatic participation Lend - Lease Destroyers for Bases Agreement Project Hula World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - Jiangxi Midway Rzhev Blue Stalingrad Singapore Dieppe El Alamein Guadalcanal Torch 1943 Tunisia Kursk Smolensk Solomon Islands Attu Sicily Cottage Lower Dnieper Italy Armistice of Cassibile Gilbert and Marshall Islands Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde 1944 Monte Cassino / Shingle Narva Korsun -- Cherkassy Tempest Ichi - Go Overlord Neptune Normandy Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Tannenberg Line Warsaw Eastern Romania Belgrade Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Lapland Hungary Leyte Ardennes Bodenplatte Philippines ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) 1945 Vistula -- Oder Iwo Jima Western invasion of Germany Okinawa Italy ( Spring 1945 ) Borneo Syrmian Front Berlin Czechoslovakia Budapest West Hunan Guangxi Surrender of Germany Project Hula Manchuria Manila Borneo Taipei Atomic bombings Debate Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan End of World War II in Asia Aspects General Famines Bengal famine of 1943 Chinese famine of 1942 -- 43 Greek Famine of 1941 - 1944 Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 Air warfare of World War II Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Diplomacy Home front United States Australian United Kingdom Lend - Lease Manhattan Project Military awards Military equipment Military production Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Aftermath Expulsion of Germans Operation Paperclip Operation Osoaviakhim Operation Keelhaul Occupation of Germany Territorial changes of Germany Soviet occupations Romania Poland Hungary Baltic States Occupation of Japan First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Decolonization Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Popular culture War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German ( Forced labour ) / Wehrmacht war crimes Holocaust Aftermath Response Prosecution Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes against the Serbs against the Jews Romanian war crimes Wartime sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the liberation of Poland Prisoners Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the United States Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in World War II German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Bibliography Category Portal World War II city bombing Area bombardment Aerial bombing of cities Firestorm Strategic bombing V - weapons Acre Akita Aomori Augsburg Baedeker Bahrain Barrow - in - Furness Bath Bangkok Belfast Belgrade Berlin Birmingham Braunschweig Bremen Breslau Brighton Bristol Bucharest Caen Cardiff Chongqing Clydebank Cologne Coventry Darmstadt Darwin Dietzenbach Dresden Dublin Duisburg Essen Foggia Frampol Frankfurt Frascati Freiburg Gibraltar Gorky Greenock Haifa Hamamatsu Hamburg Hanau Heilbronn Helsinki Hildesheim Hiratsuka Hiroshima Hull Innsbruck Jaffa Kassel Kobe Kōfu Königsberg Kure Leeds Leipzig Leningrad Liverpool London Lübeck Malta Manchester Mandalay Mannheim Manila Milan Minsk Nagaoka Nagasaki Nagoya Naha Nanjing Naples Nexø Nijmegen Nottingham Numazu Okazaki Osaka Pearl Harbor Pforzheim Ploiești Plymouth Podgorica Prague Rabaul Allied Rangoon Rome Rønne Rotterdam Schaffhausen Schwäbisch Hall Sendai Shanghai Sheffield Shizuoka Allied Singapore Axis Singapore Sofia Southampton Stalingrad Stuttgart Swansea Taipei Tallinn Tel Aviv Tokyo Toyohashi Toyokawa Treviso Ulm Utsunomiya Vienna Warsaw Wesel Wieluń Wilhelmshaven Wuppertal Würzburg Yawata Zadar Zagreb Japan portal Nuclear technology portal United States portal World War II portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki&oldid=802487794 '' Categories : Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1945 in the environment 1945 in Japan August 1945 events Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Good articles Use mdy dates from December 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from August 2017 Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from August 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with LibriVox links Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 13 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what kind of bomb did the us drop on japan | [
"During the final stage of World War II, the United States dropped nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively. The United States had dropped the bombs with the consent of the United Kingdom as outlined in the Quebec Agreement. The two bombings, which killed at least 129,000 people, remain the only use of nuclear weapons for warfare in history."
] | [
"nuclear weapons"
] |
1210353450148182388 | Like a G6 | Like a G6 - wikipedia Like a G6 Jump to : navigation , search `` Like a G6 '' Single by Far East Movement featuring The Cataracs and Dev from the album Free Wired Released April 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 13 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2009 Genre Dance - pop hip house Length 3 : 38 Label Cherrytree Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Jae Choung Virman Coquia Kevin Nishimura James Roh Niles Holowell - Dhar David Singer - Vine Devin Star Tailes Producer ( s ) The Cataracs Far East Movement singles chronology `` Girls on the Dancefloor '' ( 2010 ) `` Like a G6 '' ( 2010 ) `` Rocketeer '' ( 2010 ) `` Girls on the Dancefloor '' ( 2010 ) `` Like a G6 '' ( 2010 ) `` Rocketeer '' ( 2010 ) The Cataracs singles chronology `` Club Love '' ( 2010 ) Club Love2010 `` Like a G6 '' ( 2010 ) Like a G62010 `` Bass Down Low '' ( 2010 ) Bass Down Low 2010 Dev singles chronology `` Like a G6 '' ( 2010 ) Like a G62010 `` Bass Down Low '' ( 2010 ) Bass Down Low 2010 `` Like a G6 '' is a 2010 song written and performed by Far East Movement , The Cataracs , and Dev , with the latter two being credited as featured artists . It is the lead single from Far East Movement 's third studio album Free Wired , and production was handled by The Cataracs . For the chorus , Dev samples a verse from her own single `` Booty Bounce '' , which was also written and produced by the Cataracs . `` Like a G6 '' peaked at number - one on the US Billboard Hot 100 for three non-consecutive weeks . The song also topped the charts in New Zealand and South Korea , and reached the top ten in Australia , Canada , Belgium , the Netherlands , Thailand , the United Kingdom , Sweden , Switzerland and Slovakia . The song was the first single by Asian - American artists to hit number - one on the Billboard Hot 100 , and the first by any artists of Asian descent since Kyu Sakamoto 's 1963 single `` Sukiyaki '' . Although the song is credited as `` Far East Movement , featuring The Cataracts and Dev '' , on iTunes all three artists are the lead artists . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Reception 3 Music video 4 Track listing 5 Covers and parodies 6 Charts and certifications 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Certifications 6.3 Year - end charts 7 Release history 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Production ( edit ) The `` G6 '' in the song `` Booty Bounce '' , which was sampled in `` Like a G6 '' , came about when the songs ' producers , the Cataracs , were looking for a rhyme for the line `` Sippin ' sizzurp in my ride , like Three 6 '' , a reference to the 2000 song `` Sippin ' on Some Syrup '' by rap group Three 6 Mafia . They settled on `` G6 '' , meant to be a reference to the private airplane model Gulfstream IV , referred to as a `` G4 '' . The G4 had been name - checked in songs such as Drake 's 2009 `` Forever '' . A G6 , they decided , was `` flyer than a G4 '' , according to Far East Movement member Kev Nish . The song has been incorrectly speculated to be about other things , including the Pontiac G6 and the Suunto G6 watch . When the song came out , the Gulfstream G650 model already existed , although the song 's writers were not aware of this at the time . Since then , the Gulfstream G600 has also been announced . Reception ( edit ) `` Like a G6 '' samples its chorus from Dev 's `` Booty Bounce '' . The song has sold 4 million paid downloads in the US , according to Nielsen SoundScan . Gulfstream Aerospace has stated that they were `` thrilled '' about the product reference . Music video ( edit ) The music video , which was directed by Matt Alonzo and edited by Thomas Uncles , premiered on YouTube and Vevo on June 2 , 2010 . The line `` sippin ' sizzurp '' and the word `` slizzered '' are censored on some channels . It follows a woman in a red dress ( Erica Ocampo ) picking up a friend from a restaurant and going to a liquor store , presumably in preparation for a party . A later scene shows the woman and her friends at the party , Colette Carr also make a cameo , Dev and the members of Far East Movement can also be seen in this party scene . The final scene shows the members of Far East Movement getting on a Gulfstream IV the next morning . Track listing ( edit ) Digital single `` Like a G6 '' ( featuring The Cataracs and Dev ) -- 3 : 38 CD single `` Like a G6 '' ( featuring The Cataracs and Dev ) -- 3 : 38 `` Like a G6 '' ( Cahill Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 15 Promo CD `` Like a G6 '' ( featuring The Cataracs and Dev ) -- 3 : 38 `` Like a G6 '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 35 `` Like a G6 '' ( Acappella ) -- 3 : 38 Digital remix EP `` Like a G6 '' ( RedOne Remix ) ( featuring Mohombi , The Cataracs , and Dev ) -- 4 : 41 `` Like a G6 '' ( Disco Fries Remix ) ( featuring The Cataracs and Dev ) -- 5 : 33 `` Like a G6 '' ( Big Syphe Remix ) ( featuring The Cataracs and Dev ) -- 4 : 58 `` Like a G6 '' ( DJ Solarz Remix ) ( featuring The Cataracs and Dev ) -- 5 : 05 `` Like a G6 '' ( Ruxpin Remix ) ( featuring The Cataracs and Dev ) -- 6 : 52 `` Like a G6 '' ( Guy Furious Remix ) ( featuring The Cataracs and Dev ) -- 4 : 00 `` Like a G6 '' ( Fantastadon Remix ) ( featuring The Cataracs and Dev ) -- 5 : 23 `` Like a G6 '' ( DJ Taraspaz Remix ) ( featuring The Cataracs and Dev ) -- 4 : 49 Trevor Simpson on Da Beat Remix single `` Like a G6 '' ( Remix ) -- 4 : 55 `` Like a G6 '' ( Remix Club Edit ) -- 5 : 11 Eyes Remix `` Like a G6 '' ( Eyes Remix ) -- 4 : 38 Bermudez - Chico Remix `` Like a G6 '' ( Bermudez - Chico Remix ) ( featuring The Cataracs and Dev ) - 4 : 33 Covers and parodies ( edit ) Diddy -- Dirty Money covered `` Like a G6 '' as part of their set for BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge , alongside `` Coming Home '' . The song then appeared on the sixth compilation of the Live Lounge . Colette Carr did a cover of the song , with new lyrics on her debut mixtape Sex Sells Stay Tooned along with Cherry Cherry Boom Boom . Richard Cheese covered `` Like a G6 '' on his 2011 album A Lounge Supreme . Connor Anderson made a parody of the song called `` Roll a D6 '' . `` Like Jesus '' was a parody produced by Totally Sketch . American comedian , musician and Internet personality Nice Peter recorded a Harry Potter - themed parody of the song called `` Like It 's Quidditch '' . Dierks Bentley references the song in his country music hit `` Drunk on a Plane '' , where he says their 737 will be rocking like a G6 . Adam Buxton parodied the song in several different incarnations on the Adam and Joe radio show on BBC 6 Music . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 -- 11 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( Billboard Hot 100 ) 8 Brazil ( Billboard Hot Pop Songs ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 28 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 19 European Hot 100 17 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 15 France ( SNEP ) 14 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 15 Ireland ( IRMA ) 12 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Poland ( Dance Top 50 ) 18 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 8 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 6 South Korea ( GAON ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 7 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 10 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 84 US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 10,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 15,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 27 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 35 Netherlands ( Mega Single Top 100 ) 46 US Billboard Hot 100 37 Chart ( 2011 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 72 Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label United Kingdom November 14 , 2010 Digital download Cherrytree Interscope See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles in 2010 ( New Zealand ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2010 List of number - one R&B hits of 2010 ( UK ) List of songs recorded by Dev References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Billy Johnson , Jr . ( November 10 , 2010 ) . `` Pop Rap Newcomer Dev ' Feels So Fly Like A G6 ′ '' . The New Now . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jue , Teresa . `` Bruin Bash lineup looks to fulfill diverse musical tastes '' . The Daily Bruin . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Far East Movement Explains Meaning Behind ' Like A G6 ' '' . Yahoo , November 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Alex Konrad ( October 8 , 2010 ) . `` Fly like a G6 ? '' . Fortune . Jump up ^ Michael Menachem ( September 3 , 2010 ) . `` Far East Movement Featuring the Cataracs & Dev , `` Like a G6 '' `` . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( January 9 , 2011 ) . `` Week Ending Jan. 9 , 2011 : Songs : Another Taboo Falls '' . Yahoo ! Music Blog . Yahoo ! Inc . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Diddy Dirty Money in the Live Lounge '' . BBC . January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ie = UTF8&qid = 1325009363&sr = 8 - 1 `` BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge - Volume 6 - Tracklist '' Check url = value ( help ) . Amazon . October 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ England , Dan ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Greeley filmmaker 's Dungeons & Dragons shout - out sets the Internet on fire '' . Greeley Tribune . McClatchy - Tribune Business News . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Goodman , William . `` '' Roll a D6 '' is sweet music video for fantasy gamers `` . CBS . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ewalt , David M. `` D&D Parody Song `` Roll A D6 '' Scores A Critical Hit `` . Forbes . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' LIKE A G6 '' - Far East Movement - `` LIKE JESUS '' Parody `` . YouTube . December 7 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The full ' Lizard in a Blizzard ' saga '' . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 50 Singles Chart '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . March 20 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2010 . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Far * East Movement feat . Cataracs & Dev -- Like a G6 '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Far * East Movement feat . Cataracs & Dev -- Like a G6 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Far * East Movement feat . Cataracs & Dev -- Like a G6 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Brasil Hot 100 Airplay '' . Billboard Brasil ( Brasil : bpp ) ( 2 ) : 86 . Fevereiro de 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brasil Hot Pop & Popular Songs '' . Billboard Brasil ( Brasil : bpp ) ( 2 ) : 86 . Fevereiro de 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Far East Movement -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Far East Movement . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201049 into search . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Far * East Movement feat . Cataracs & Dev -- Like a G6 '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20101118121836/http://www.billboard.com/ . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` IFPI - Far East Movement / Cataracs / Dev : Like a G6 '' . Jump up ^ `` Classement des ventes de titres téléchargés en France du 15 novembre au 21 novembre 2010 '' ( in French ) . Chartsinfrance.net . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Far East Movement Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 47 , 2010 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Far * East Movement feat . Cataracs & Dev search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Far * East Movement feat . Cataracs & Dev -- Like a G6 '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Dance Chart : : Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' ( in Polish ) . ZPAV . January 1 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201047 into search . Jump up ^ `` GAON Music Charts '' . Gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Far * East Movement feat . Cataracs & Dev -- Like a G6 '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Far * East Movement feat . Cataracs & Dev -- Like a G6 '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Far East Movement -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Far East Movement . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Far East Movement -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for Far East Movement . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Far East Movement -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs for Far East Movement . Jump up ^ `` Far East Movement -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Rap Songs for Far East Movement . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Far East Movement -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Far East Movement . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Far East Movement -- Chart history '' Billboard Rhythmic Songs for Far East Movement . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2011 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2011 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ THE FIELD id ( chart number ) MUST BE PROVIDED for NEW ZEALAND CERTIFICATION . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 2010 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Far East Movement feat . The Cataracs and Dev ; ' Like a G6 ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Far East Movement feat . The Cataracs and Dev -- Like a G6 '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2010 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Charts Year End : Canadian Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` dutchcharts.nl - Dutch charts portal '' . dutchcharts.nl ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien / hitparade.ch . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2010 : Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2011 : Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Like a G6 ( feat . The Cataracs & Dev ) - Single by Far East Movement - Download Like a G6 ( feat . The Cataracs & Dev ) - Single on iTunes '' . Itunes.apple.com . November 12 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Far East Movement Discography Kev Nish Prohgress J - Splif DJ Virman Free Wired `` Like a G6 '' `` Rocketeer '' `` 2gether '' `` If I Was You ( OMG ) '' Dirty Bass `` Live My Life '' `` Dirty Bass '' `` Turn Up the Love '' `` Change Your Life '' Featured singles `` Lights Out ( Go Crazy ) '' `` Get Up ( Rattle ) '' Other singles `` Jello '' `` The Illest '' Related articles Cherrytree Records Interscope Records The Cataracs Studio albums Technohop Vol. 1 Technohop Vol. 2 The 13th Grade Songs We Sung in Showers Extended plays Lingerie Gordo Taqueria Loud Xmas Loud Science Singles `` Club Love '' `` Top of the World '' `` Sunrise '' `` All You '' `` Alcohol '' `` Missed U 2 '' Featured singles `` Like a G6 '' `` Bass Down Low '' `` Backseat '' Related articles Universal Records Dev Far East Movement Dev Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums The Night the Sun Came Up I Only See You When I 'm Dreamin ' Extended plays Bittersweet July Bittersweet July , Pt. 2 Singles `` Bass Down Low '' `` In the Dark '' `` Naked '' `` Kiss It '' `` Honey Dip '' `` Parade '' `` Lowkey '' `` # 1 '' Featured singles `` Like a G6 '' `` Backseat '' `` Top of the World '' `` She Makes Me Wanna '' `` Hey Hey Hey ( Pop Another Bottle ) '' `` Hotter Than Fire '' `` Sunrise '' `` Turn The World On '' `` Danse '' `` Hey Ricky '' `` Electric Walk '' `` We Rock It '' Promotional singles `` Fireball '' `` Booty Bounce '' `` Lightspeed '' `` Take Her from You '' `` Me '' Associated acts The Cataracs Far East Movement Related articles Universal Republic Mohombi Discography Studio albums MoveMeant ( 2011 ) Universe ( 2014 ) Singles `` Bumpy Ride '' `` Miss Me '' `` Dirty Situation '' `` Coconut Tree '' `` Maraca '' `` In Your Head '' `` Movin ' '' `` Infinity '' Featured singles `` Sexy '' `` Suave ( Kiss Me ) '' `` I Need Your Love '' `` Baddest Girl in Town '' `` Balans '' `` Let Me Love You '' Related articles Avalon Trey Songz Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Like_a_G6&oldid=798638543 '' Categories : 2010 singles Far East Movement songs Dev ( singer ) songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand UK R&B Singles Chart number - one singles Song recordings produced by The Cataracs Cherrytree Records singles 2009 songs Songs about alcohol Songs written by David Singer - Vine Songs written by Niles Hollowell - Dhar Songs written by Dev ( singer ) Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Cite certification used with missing parameters CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use mdy dates from June 2013 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardrapsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 01 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the girl in far east movement like a g6 | [
"\"Like a G6\" is a 2010 song written and performed by Far East Movement, The Cataracs, and Dev, with the latter two being credited as featured artists. It is the lead single from Far East Movement's third studio album Free Wired, and production was handled by The Cataracs. For the chorus, Dev samples a verse from her own single \"Booty Bounce\", which was also written and produced by the Cataracs.[1]"
] | [
"Dev"
] |
2946201439298768800 | Gil McKinney | Gil McKinney - Wikipedia Gil McKinney The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for biographies . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Gil McKinney '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gil McKinney McKinney at Chicon 2014 ( 1979 - 02 - 05 ) February 5 , 1979 ( age 39 ) Houston , Texas , United States Years active 2003 -- present Mark Gilbert McKinney , known professionally as Gil McKinney , ( born February 5 , 1979 ) is an American film and television actor . He is best known for playing Dr. Paul Grady on ER , Derek Bishop on Friday Night Lights , and Prince Eric in Once Upon a Time , and for being the voice and face ( via MotionScan ) of Jack Kelso in the video game L.A. Noire . Gil also appeared in Supernatural as Henry Winchester . Contents 1 Filmography 1.1 Film 1.2 Television 1.3 Video Game 2 References 3 External links Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role 2003 Jeepers Creepers 2 Team member 2009 The Grudge 3 Max Morrison 2012 Hitchcock Reporter # 2 2014 Behaving Badly Officer Joe Tackett Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 -- 2009 ER Dr. Paul Grady 23 episodes 2008 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Martin Davlin 1 episode 2010 -- 2011 Friday Night Lights Derek Bishop 6 episodes The Mentalist Sean Meyers 1 episode 2011 Drop Dead Diva Ben Logan 1 episode 2012 Grey 's Anatomy Chris 1 episode 2012 Major Crimes Tom Ross 1 episode ' Medical Causes ' 2013 -- 2014 Supernatural Henry Winchester 2 episodes 2013 -- 2017 Once Upon a Time Prince Eric 4 episodes Video Game ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2011 L.A. Noire Jack Kelso Also motion capture References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( 30 November 2012 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' : Gil McKinney Cast In Important Season 8 Role '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Exclusive : Supernatural Patriarch Cast as Ariel 's Prince '' . TV Line . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Season 3 Cast -- Gil McKinney as Prince Eric TVLine '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon A Time ' : Gil McKinney Is Prince Eric -- Season 3 Spoiler - Hollywood Life '' . Hollywood Life . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time : Gil McKinney Becomes Part of Their World as Eric '' . Leaky News . Jump up ^ `` ' Supernatural ' : Gil McKinney Cast In Important Season 8 Role ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Supernatural Casting News : Gil McKinney to Portray Grandpa Winchester '' . Dread Central . External links ( edit ) Gil McKinney on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gil_McKinney&oldid=853869573 '' Categories : 1979 births Living people American male film actors American male television actors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : Articles with topics of unclear notability from January 2014 All articles with topics of unclear notability Biography articles with topics of unclear notability Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans تۆرکجه Español فارسی Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 13 : 33 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who plays eric on once upon a time | [
"Mark Gilbert McKinney, known professionally as Gil McKinney, (born February 5, 1979)[citation needed] is an American film and television actor. He is best known for playing Dr. Paul Grady on ER, Derek Bishop on Friday Night Lights, and Prince Eric in Once Upon a Time, and for being the voice and face (via MotionScan) of Jack Kelso in the video game L.A. Noire. Gil also appeared in Supernatural as Henry Winchester.\n",
"Mark Gilbert McKinney, known professionally as Gil McKinney, (born February 5, 1979)[citation needed] is an American film and television actor. He is best known for playing Dr. Paul Grady on ER, Derek Bishop on Friday Night Lights, and Prince Eric in Once Upon a Time, and for being the voice and face (via MotionScan) of Jack Kelso in the video game L.A. Noire. Gil also appeared in Supernatural as Henry Winchester.\n"
] | [
"Supernatural",
"Mark Gilbert McKinney"
] |
4525608975737028945 | Rupert Grint | Rupert Grint - wikipedia Rupert Grint This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 11 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Rupert Grint Rupert Grint in March 2012 Rupert Alexander Lloyd Grint ( 1988 - 08 - 24 ) 24 August 1988 ( age 29 ) Harlow , Essex , England Occupation Actor , producer Years active 2000 -- present Notable work Harry Potter film series Rupert Alexander Lloyd Grint ( born 24 August 1988 ) is an English actor and producer . He rose to prominence playing Ron Weasley , one of the three main characters in the Harry Potter film series . Grint was cast as Ron at the age of 11 , having previously acted only in school plays and at his local theatre group . From 2001 to 2011 , he starred in all eight Harry Potter films alongside Daniel Radcliffe playing as Harry Potter and Emma Watson playing as Hermione Granger . Beginning in 2002 , Grint began to work outside of the Harry Potter franchise , playing a co-leading role in Thunderpants . He has had starring roles in Driving Lessons , a dramedy released in 2006 , and Cherrybomb , a drama film of limited release in 2010 . Grint co-starred with Bill Nighy and Emily Blunt in Wild Target , a comedy . His first film project following the end of the Harry Potter series was the 2012 anti-war film , Into the White , in which he has a supporting role . In 2013 , Grint 's new film CBGB was released and he was cast in CBS 's new show Super Clyde . Grint made his stage debut in Jez Butterworth 's Mojo in October 2013 at the Harold Pinter Theatre in London . In 2014 he voiced the character of Josh in Postman Pat : The Movie , and in 2017 , he starred in and was executive producer of the television series Snatch , based on the film of the same name . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Harry Potter ( 2001 -- 11 ) 2.2 Other work ( 2002 -- present ) 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Theatre 4.4 Music 4.5 Other roles 5 Awards and nominations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Grint was born in Harlow , Essex , England , to Nigel Grint ( b . 1963 ) , a dealer in racing memorabilia , and Joanne Grint ( née Parsons ; b . 1967 ) . Grint is the eldest of five siblings , the others being James ( b . 1990 ) , Georgina ( b . 1993 ) , Samantha and Charlotte . He has stated that his earliest goal in life was to become an ice cream man . He attended Richard Hale School , in Hertford . While in school , Grint took an avid interest in theatre . He started performing in school productions and joined the Top Hat Stage and Screen School , a local theatre group that cast him as a fish in Noah 's Ark and a donkey in another nativity play . He continued performing in school plays as he moved into secondary school . However , Grint had never acted professionally before the Harry Potter series . At the age of 16 , he left school to focus on his acting career . `` I did n't really like school that much , '' he later commented . Career ( edit ) Harry Potter ( 2001 -- 11 ) ( edit ) Grint outside at the 2007 premiere of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix in Toronto , Ontario , Canada Handprints , footprints and wand prints of ( from left to right ) Watson , Radcliffe , Grint Starting in 2000 , casting began for the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , the best - selling novel written by author J.K. Rowling . Rowling personally insisted that the cast be British and assisted Susie Figgis and director Chris Columbus in casting the roles . Grint chose to audition for the role of protagonist Ron Weasley , one of Harry Potter 's best friends at Hogwarts , and was a fan of the book series . Having seen a Newsround report about the open casting , he sent in a video of himself rapping about how he wished to receive the role . His attempt was successful as the casting team asked for a meeting with him . On 8 August 2000 , Daniel Radcliffe , Emma Watson , and an 11 - year - old Grint were selected to play the roles of Harry , Hermione Granger , and Ron , respectively . Grint is the oldest member of the trio . The release of Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone in 2001 was Grint 's debut screen performance . Breaking records for opening - day sales and opening - weekend takings , it was the highest - grossing film of that year . With a total of US $974 million in its theatrical run , Philosopher 's Stone stands as the second most commercially successful entry in the series . It was also critically well - received , scoring mainly positive reviews from critics . However , a number of critics found the adaption staying faithful to the book to be both its best and worst quality . Grint won a Satellite Award in the category of `` Outstanding New Talent '' , and a Young Artist Award for `` Most Promising Young Newcomer '' . A year later , Grint again starred as Ron in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) , the second installment of the series . The film opened to positive reviews and critics generally enjoyed the lead actors ' performances . Both Los Angeles Times and New York Magazine observed that Grint and his peers had matured between films , with the latter pointing out that Grint had become `` more proficient '' and said they missed `` the amateurish ardour '' the actor and Watson carried in Philosopher 's Stone . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) was released on 31 May in the UK . The film sees all three of its lead characters hover on the brink of adolescence , `` and while they look braver and more capable than before , the dangers they face seem far more grave and their own vulnerability more intense . '' Academy Award - nominee Alfonso Cuarón took over direction for Prisoner of Azkaban which remains the lowest - grossing Harry Potter film with US $795 million in revenue . Nonetheless it was the second highest - grossing movie of 2004 behind Shrek 2 . Despite this it remains the second highest rated in the series in terms of critical reaction . Grint signing autographs at the 2009 premiere of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince In 2005 , Grint reprised his role again for the fourth film in the series -- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . The adaptation , unlike previous films , explored romantic elements and included more humour . In a 2005 interview with IGN , all three lead actors singled out the humour as being a reason for the film 's success . This project was directed by Mike Newell . According to the actor , the director was `` really loud and not afraid to swear at you , but he was really cool . '' Goblet of Fire stands as one of the best reviewed instalments within the series , and is noted for the maturity and sophistication of its characters , darker and more complex plotline , writing and performances of the lead actors . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , the fifth film in the Harry Potter franchise , was released to cinemas in 2007 . A huge financial success , Order of the Phoenix set a record worldwide opening - weekend gross of US $394 million , superseding Spider - Man 3 as the title holder . This entry was directed by a new filmmaker , David Yates , who would continue to direct all of the following movies . Grint said the laid back director was `` really good '' and helped keep the material fresh . As the fame of the actor and the series continued , Grint and fellow Harry Potter cast members left imprints of their hands , feet and wands in front of Grauman 's Chinese Theater in Hollywood . On 15 July 2009 , the series 's sixth instalment , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , was released . It did considerably better financially than the previous film , again setting new box office records . In its total theatrical run , Half - Blood Prince totalled in US $933 million ticket sales . Also , Half - Blood Prince remains one of the most positively reviewed entries within the series among film critics , who praised the film 's `` emotionally satisfying '' story , direction , cinematography , visuals and music . Grint observed a change in Ron in this entry , pointing out that his once insecure , often overshadowed character started to become more secure and even began to show a dark side of himself . The actor found it fun to personify a more emotional Ron . Between 2009 and 2010 , his work received three nominations , including one win -- an Otto Award from the German magazine Bravo . Radcliffe , Watson and Grint at the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 premiere in London , July 2011 Despite the success of the past films , the future of the franchise was put into question as all three lead actors were unsure about signing on to continue their roles for the final two films . However , by March 2007 , Grint agreed to return for the last instalments . For financial and scripting reasons , the last book was divided into two films which were shot back to back , with filming concluding in June 2010 . After completing the final film he said : `` I mean it literally has been my childhood and suddenly it all came down to really just one random scene , with us jumping through a fireplace , and then it was over . ( ... ) But because you shoot out of sequence , it 's often just ' Turn left , cross the room , okay , that 's a wrap . ' And you 're done . ( ... ) Yeah , it 's very odd . Because suddenly it was all over , just like that . It was really emotional for all of us , realising that we 're never going to be doing this again . Grint at the film premiere of Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 at the Alice Tully Center in New York City on 15 November 2010 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) was released in November and made over US $950 million . It set several box office records and opened to mostly favourable reviews in the media . His portrayal of Ron again earned him critical praise . Reviewing the adaption in Slate , Dana Stevens called all three of the leads `` terrific . '' Despite giving Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 a negative rating , Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal publication stated `` Grint has grown up to be a skilful actor who knows the value of a slow burn '' . New York Post writer Lou Lumenick , however , observed that both Grint and Radcliffe had grown weary of playing the same characters and expressed it in their performances . Grint 's performance scored him nominations from the MTV Movie Awards and National Movie Awards for Best Fight and Performance of the Year in 2011 . Grint reprised his role for the eighth time , in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 , the last Harry Potter instalment . This film picked - up from where the previous film left - off and included a lot of action , whereas the first part had focused more on character development . Rupert , along with the film , was critically acclaimed : Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post asked , `` Who could have predicted that Radcliffe , Grint and Watson would turn out to be good actors ? '' . The film broke several box office records , including biggest midnight release , biggest first - day opening , and biggest opening - weekend . Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 got up to the 4th highest - grossing film of all time , and is the second highest - grossing non-James Cameron film with more than US $1.3 billion worldwide ( behind The Avengers ) . Harry Potter 's author J.K. Rowling gave a speech during the final , world premiere of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 on 7 July 2011 in London , England . She announced that there are seven Harry Potter film series cast members , to whom she refers as `` The Big Seven , '' and she named Grint as one of the seven members , alongside Daniel Radcliffe , Emma Watson , Tom Felton , Matthew Lewis , Evanna Lynch and Bonnie Wright . Other work ( 2002 -- present ) ( edit ) In 2002 , Grint starred in his first non-Harry Potter film , Thunderpants , which revolves around Patrick ( played by Bruce Cook ) whose remarkable capacity for flatulence scores him a job as an astronaut . In this film , Grint portrayed the co-lead role of Alan , an anosmic boy who is Patrick 's only friend . It was generally ignored by critics and audiences alike . Most of the critics that did take notice of Thunderpants did not respond well to it , with one writing : `` This film should be shown in prisons so that inmates have a good reason to never return . '' Another film he appeared in was Driving Lessons , a comedy - drama released in 2006 , where he starred opposite Julie Walters . The film was met with a mixed reception by critics , but his portrayal of an oppressed teenaged boy was generally praised . `` Grint , on the other hand , is a revelation '' , who `` displays an innate naturalness mixed with personal charisma that turn a potentially pathetic Christian freak into a humorous , thoroughly likable -- if more than a little awkward -- young man '' , wrote Alt Film Guide 's Andre Soares . In July 2008 , it was announced that Grint would star in the drama film Cherrybomb with Robert Sheehan and Kimberley Nixon . Grint found shooting this film very different from the Harry Potter films since he had to adjust to doing a dozen scenes per day . Grint 's character -- Malachy , a worker at Belfast -- goes to great lengths to impress his boss 's daughter , with whom he is infatuated . This film , like his next project , would involve him playing violent roles . Despite premiering at the 2009 Berlin International Film Festival , the film was initially unable to find a distributor . An online campaign by Grint 's fans was credited with helping to secure a deal for distribution in the UK in 2010 . Jonathan Lynn directed Grint in Wild Target , a 2010 comedy thriller film , which he starred in alongside Emily Blunt and Bill Nighy . A remake of the 1993 French film Cible Emouvante , Wild Target was made on a relatively small production budget of US $8 million . However , it was a commercial failure , only earning back US $3.4 million . It also garnered mostly negative reviews in the media , which criticised it for dishonouring the original film and wasting the comedic potential of its cast , but Grint also attracted some positive notice : `` It 's nice to see Rupert Grint perform well in a role other than that of Ron Weasley , and it 's clear that he 's got a career ahead of him . '' In January 2011 , Grint made a cameo appearance in BBC popular comedy show Come Fly with Me starring comedy duo Matt Lucas and David Walliams ( Little Britain ) . In March 2011 , Grint was cast as the lead character in the small - budget anti-war Norwegian film Into the White , which was directed by Petter Næss . Principal photography started in April , and the project , which was shot on location , was released in 2012 . Into the White is based on a real incident that took place on 27 April 1940 , when German Luftwaffe pilot Horst Schopis 's bomber was shot down at Grotli by a Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm Blackburn Skua , which then crash - landed . The several German and British crew members found shelter by chance during a harsh winter there . Grint at the US premiere of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 in July 2011 In August 2011 , Grint did a photo shoot with his friend and Harry Potter co-star Tom Felton in Los Angeles for the autumn / winter collection of the fashion label Band of Outsiders . In September 2011 , it was announced that Grint would voice a character in the film adaptation of Postman Pat along with David Tennant , Stephen Mangan and Jim Broadbent ; the film was released in May 2014 . Grint also appears in the music video for Ed Sheeran 's song `` Lego House '' ; the video was released on 20 October 2011 . In March 2012 , the `` Visit Britain '' TV ad was released , which features Grint alongside Julie Walters , Michelle Dockery and Stephen Fry . The TV ad promotes holidaying at home in the UK . On 14 March 2012 , Variety reported that Grint had been cast alongside Chloë Grace Moretz in The Drummer , a biopic film about drummer Dennis Wilson of the Beach Boys . On the same day , The Hollywood Reporter confirmed this and announced filming was scheduled to begin on 15 June 2012 in California and Savannah , Georgia On 25 July 2012 , Grint carried the 2012 London Olympic torch during the Olympic Torch Relay , which is part of 2012 Summer Olympic Games in London . In interviews , Rupert told the BBC News that it was an `` overwhelming '' experience that he hoped to remember forever , and told The Daily Telegraph `` It was amazing , it was really overwhelming . It 's just such an honour to be a part of this . I 'm really proud '' . In October 2012 , Grint narrated We Are Aliens , a 25min 3D Planetarium Fulldome film about the possibility of other intelligent life in our Universe . On 13 February 2013 , The Hollywood Reporter 's Live Feed announced that Grint would star in a television show on CBS called Super Clyde . `` Grint will play the title role of Clyde , the well - meaning and sweet yet slightly neurotic guy who never feels like he really fits in . The avid comic book reader considers himself a borderline agoraphobic with mild to severe anxiety issues who wishes he were a super hero himself . When Clyde inherits a $100,000 a month inheritance from his long - dead eccentric Uncle Bill , he decides that the cash will be his secret super power and will use it only for good and reward the good - hearted . '' In July 2013 , it was confirmed that Grint will be making his stage debut in Jez Butterworth 's second run of his black comedy , Mojo , playing the role as a minor hood called Sweets who pops amphetamines like Smarties and does a sort of double act , full of comic menace . Grint will be starring alongside actors Brendan Coyle , Ben Whishaw and Daniel Mays . The play is based on real - life events and ran from 26 October 2013 until 8 February 2014 at the Harold Pinter Theatre in London . He won the WhatsOnStage Award for Best London Newcomer for his role in this play . In September 2013 , The Hollywood Reporter confirmed that in an adaptation of Macbeth called Enemy of Man , Grint will be starring with Sean Bean , Charles Dance , Jason Flemyng , James D'Arcy , Neil Maskell and Joe Gilgun , directed by Vincent Regan . The filming production began in January 2014 in the United Kingdom . In June 2014 , it was announced that Grint would make his Broadway debut as Frank Finger in the play It 's Only a Play at the Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre , appearing alongside Matthew Broderick , Nathan Lane , Stockard Channing , and Megan Mullally . Grint 's first performance was on 28 August 2014 and his last performance was on 4 January 2015 . Personal life ( edit ) Grint is involved with charity , having donated items such as clothes to charity auctions , as well as participating in the Wacky Rally in 2010 with James and Oliver Phelps , which raised money for Britain 's Royal National Lifeboat Institution . He was one of more than forty participants to produce designs for Chrysalis Collection for Keech Hospice Care in London . His piece , a painted butterfly , was auctioned on eBay.com in March 2010 . In May 2011 , along with other celebrities , Grint took part in the ad campaign for `` Make Mine Milk '' to promote daily milk drinking . His ads can be seen on thousands of bus sides and posters across the United Kingdom . Grint supports Little Star Award since 2011 in support of Cancer Research UK , joining Leona Lewis among others . `` I think that it 's wonderful that Cancer Research UK is helping to bring a little bit of magic to the children 's lives in this way , '' said Grint . Grint is private about his personal life , but was confirmed to be in a relationship in October 2014 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Key Denotes films that have not yet been released Year Title Role Director ( s ) Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Ron Weasley Chris Columbus 2002 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Thunderpants Alan A. Allen Peter Hewitt Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Ron Weasley Alfonso Cuarón 2005 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Mike Newell 2006 Driving Lessons Ben Marshall Jeremy Brock 2007 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Ron Weasley David Yates 2009 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Cherrybomb Malachy McKinney Glenn Leyburn & Lisa Barros D'Sa Wild Target Tony Jonathan Lynn Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Ron Weasley David Yates 2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 2012 Cross of Honour Gunner Robert Smith Petter Næss 2013 The Necessary Death of Charlie Countryman Karl Fredrik Bond CBGB Cheetah Chrome Randall Miller The Unbeatables Amadeo ( voice ) Juan José Campanella 2014 Postman Pat : The Movie Josh ( voice ) Mike Disa 2015 Moonwalkers Jonny Antoine Bardou - Jacquet Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2005 Happy Birthday , Peter Pan Peter Pan ( voice ) TV documentary special Come Fly with Me Himself BBC One mockumentary television comedy series , one episode 2012 American Dad ! Liam ( voice ) `` Killer Vacation '' 2012 Top Gear Himself As the star in the reasonably priced car 2013 Super Clyde Clyde Pilot ( CBS Released Online ) 2016 Tracey Ullman 's Show Himself 1 episode 2016 The Artist August `` Gustl '' Kubizek Mini-Series ( Sky Arts ) 2017 Sick Note Daniel Glass Series ( Sky Atlantic ) 2017 Snatch Charlie Cavendish Series ( Sony Pictures Television ) 2017 Urban Myths August Kubizek ( Adolf 's Roommate ) `` Adolf the Artist '' ( Episode ) TBA Imperial City TBA ( main role ) Pre-production Theatre ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2013 Mojo Sweets Stage production at the Harold Pinter Theatre , London 2014 It 's Only a Play Frank Finger Stage production at the Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre , Broadway Music ( edit ) Year Title Format Notes 2011 `` Lego House '' Music Video Song by English singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran 2012 `` Over the Rainbow '' Song Into the White Soundtrack 2014 `` Struck by Lightning '' Song Postman Pat : The Movie Soundtrack Other roles ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2003 Baggy Trousers Molesworth Series , BBC Radio 4 2012 We Are Aliens Narrator The National Space Centre 's Show Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Film Result 2002 Satellite Award Outstanding New Talent Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Won Young Artist Award Most Promising Young Newcomer Won Best Ensemble in a Feature Film ( Shared with Emma Watson and Tom Felton ) Nominated 2006 2006 MTV Movie Awards Best On - Screen Team ( shared with Daniel Radcliffe and Emma Watson ) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Nominated 2007 National Movie Award Best Performance by a Male Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Nominated 2009 Portrait Choice Award Best Male Movie Performance Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Nominated 2009 Scream Awards Best Supporting Actor Nominated Best Ensemble Won BBC Radio 1 Teen Awards Best British Actor Nominated Otto Award Movie Star Won 36th People 's Choice Awards Favorite On - Screen Team Nominated 2011 National Movie Awards Performance of the Year Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Nominated 2011 MTV Movie Awards Best Fight ( Shared with Daniel Radcliffe , Emma Watson , Arben Bajraktaraj and Rod Hunt ) Nominated 2011 Scream Awards Best Supporting Actor Nominated BBC Radio 1 Teen Awards Best British Actor Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Won IGN Summer Movie Awards Best Ensemble Cast Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society Award Best Ensemble Performance Won Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award Best Ensemble Nominated 2012 38th People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Ensemble Won Favourite Film Star ( under 25 ) Nominated 2012 MTV Movie Awards Best Kiss ( Shared With Emma Watson ) Nominated Best Cast ( Shared with Daniel Radcliffe , Emma Watson and Tom Felton ) Won 2014 WhatsOnStage Awards Best London Newcomer of the Year Mojo Won See also ( edit ) List of Harry Potter cast members References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Rupert Grint biography '' . biography.com . Retrieved 26 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Weasley ( Note : Click appropriate actor 's image , click `` Actor Bio '' ) `` . Warner Bros. Retrieved 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Benedict , David . `` West End Review : ' Mojo ' '' . ^ Jump up to : O'Sullivan , Michael ( 6 November 2006 ) . `` Rupert Grint : In the Driver 's Seat Now '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Whitty , Stephen . `` Rupert Grint interview : ' Potter ' star chats about famed role in blockbuster series '' . New Jersey On - Line . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Hiscock , John ( 29 June 2007 ) . `` How Harry Potter and friends grew up '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group Limited . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 30 March 2000 ) . `` Chris Columbus Talks Potter '' . IGN . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Martyn ( 3 November 2001 ) . `` When Danny Met Harry '' . The Times . UK : Times Newspapers . pp. 28 -- 30 ( Times Magazine supplement ) . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Radcliffeyes , Rupert Grint and Emma Watson Bring Harry , Ron and Hermione to Life for Warner Bros. Pictures Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' . Warner Bros. 21 August 2000 . Archived from the original on 4 April 2007 . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rupert Grint : Teenage Ice Cream Man '' . CBS News . CBS Interactive Inc. 17 July 2007 . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rupert Grint '' . The-Numbers.com . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rupert Grint '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2002 6th Annual SATELLITE TM Awards '' . Satellite Awards . Archived from the original on 10 May 2011 . Retrieved 5 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twenty - Third Annual Young Artist Awards 2002 '' . Young Artist Awards . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( 15 November 2002 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 28 December 2005 . Retrieved 22 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Rainer , Peter ( 16 January 2003 ) . `` Chamber Made '' . New York Magazine . New York Media LLC . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ A.O. Scott ( 3 June 2004 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban : Film review '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 25 May 2008 . Retrieved 23 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Nicole ( 4 June 2004 ) . `` Cuaron 's Magic Touch '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Daniel Radcliffe , Emma Watson and Rupert Grint '' . IGN. 15 November 2005 . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Rupert Grint '' . IGN. 26 June 2007 . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time worldwide opening records '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 25 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` David Yates to Direct ' Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ' '' . Box Office Mojo. 19 January 2005 . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Blvd Celebrates Potter 's ' Wands of Fame ' '' . KCBS - TV . CBS . 9 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 10 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Adam ( 15 July 2009 ) . `` ' Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ' Breaks Midnight Records '' . MTV . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Grey , Brandon ( 16 July 2009 ) . `` Sixth ' Harry Potter ' Posts Franchise - Best Opening Day '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen . `` How Good is Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ? '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved 2 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` BRAVO OTTO - Wahl 2010 ! '' ( in German ) . Bravo . Retrieved 5 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter Will Be Played by Daniel Radcliffe in Final Two Flicks '' . MTV . 2 March 2007 . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Edidin , Peter ( 24 March 2007 ) . `` Gang 's all here '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Richards , Olly ( 14 March 2008 ) . `` Potter Producer Talks Deathly Hallows '' . Empire . Bauer Consumer Media . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Ditzian , Eric ( 21 June 2010 ) . `` Daniel Radcliffe Recalls ' Weeping ' During Final ' Harry Potter ' Shoot '' . MTV . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( 21 November 2010 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Deathly Hallows ' Scores Top Non-Summer Opening Ever '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Dana ( 18 November 2010 ) . `` Harry Casts a Spell '' . Slate . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Joe ( 18 November 2010 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' and the Endless Ending '' . Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company , Inc . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Lou Lumenick ( 18 November 2010 ) . `` Weary Potter '' . New York Post . Paul Carlucci . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : MTV Movie Award Staff ( 3 May 2011 ) . `` ' Eclipse , ' ' Inception ' Lead 2011 MTV Movie Awards Nominations '' . MTV . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nominees and Trailers '' . National Movie Awards . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( 26 November 2010 ) . `` Daniel Radcliffe on the Differences Between ' Deathly Hallow ' Parts 1 and 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Hornaday , Ann ( 13 July 2011 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Brandon ( 16 July 2011 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Conjures Opening Day Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( 18 July 2011 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Harry ' Makes History '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . Jump up ^ tzekoulis ( 7 July 2011 ) . `` J.K. Rowling 's Emotional Speech at the Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2 London Premiere '' . Retrieved 2 October 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Waldron - Mantgani , Ian ( 28 May 2002 ) . `` Review : Thunderpants '' . UK Critic . Jump up ^ `` DRIVING LESSONS -- Rupert Grint , Julie Walters '' . Alt Film Guide . 28 September 2006 . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Vineyard , Jennifer ( 29 September 2008 ) . `` Rupert Grint Gets Bloody for ' Cherrybomb ' -- Check Out Exclusive Photos ! '' . MTV . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fans secure film deal for Grint '' . BBC News . BBC . 5 October 2009 . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Dawtrey , Adam ( 18 May 2008 ) . `` CinemaNX boards trio '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 7 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wild Target '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 7 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wild Target ( 2009 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 7 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wild Target review -- Best For Film -- Film reviews and movie news '' . Bestforfilm.com. 24 June 2010 . Retrieved 9 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rupert Grint Cameo Appearance In `` Come fly with me '' `` . Teen Stars World . Flixster . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rupert Grint to star in Comrade '' . Harry Potter Fans. 24 March 2011 . Retrieved 9 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Rossing ( 6 April 2011 ) . `` Rupert Grint starts shooting Norwegian WWII epic Comrade '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved 7 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter stars give modelling a whirl '' . Marie Claire . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Stuart ( 16 September 2011 ) . `` Rupert Grint Joins Voice Cast for Big - Screen Version of British Kids ' TV Show ' Postman Pat ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 9 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Music Video : Ed Sheeran `` Lego House '' Starring Rupert Grint `` . The Round Table Online . Associated Newspapers Ltd. 21 October 2011 . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Whitelocks , Sadie ( 7 March 2012 ) . `` Downton - by - sea : Stars of the screen unite to promote UK tourism and our glorious landscapes '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( 14 March 2012 ) . `` Moretz , Grint join ' Drummer ' cast '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` chloe moretz rupert grint join beach boy biopic '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Harry Potter star Rupert Grint carries Olympic Flame . BBC . Retrieved on 25 July 2012 Jump up ^ `` London 2012 Olympics : Harry Potter star Rupert Grint carries torch '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved on 26 July 2012 Jump up ^ `` Meet our Narrator '' . 10 December 2012 . Retrieved 1 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( 13 February 2013 ) . `` ' Harry Potter 's ' Rupert Grint to Star in CBS ' Greg Garcia Comedy ' Super Clyde ' '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 1 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Rupert Grint Confirmed For West End London Debut In Mojo October 26 , SnitchSeeker.com , Retrieved on 25 July 2013 Jump up ^ Daniel Radcliffe and Rupert Grint win at WhatsOnStage Awards , telegraph.co.uk , Retrieved on 26 February 2014 Jump up ^ `` Rupert Grint , Sean Bean join ' Macbeth ' adaptation ' Enemy of Man ' '' . hypable.com. 6 September 2013 . Retrieved 2 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Toronto : Rupert Grint Lined Up for Macbeth Adaptation The Hollywood Reporter.com , Retrieved on 6 September 2013 Jump up ^ Rupert Grint in Hunger TV photo shoot preview , Enemy of Man filming in January 2014 Snitchseeker.com , Retrieved on 6 September 2013 Jump up ^ `` '' Harry Potter '' Star Rupert Grint Joins `` It 's Only a Play '' `` . NBC New York . NBC News . 22 June 2014 . Retrieved 22 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Rooney , David ( 17 June 2014 ) . `` Rupert Grint to Make Broadway Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stars donate clothes to cancer charity auction '' . OK !. 25 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 23 August 2012 . Retrieved 5 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` James and Oliver Phelps -- Actors '' . Royal National Lifeboat Institution . Archived from the original on 27 July 2011 . Retrieved 5 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter 's Rupert Grint turn artist for charity '' . Metro . Associated Newspapers Ltd. 1 March 2010 . Retrieved 5 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rupert Grint joins celebrities backing milk campaign '' . BBC News . BBC . 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter star in search for courageous cancer children in Birmingham '' . Birmingham Mail . Associated Newspapers Ltd. 21 November 2011 . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Moodie , Clemmie ( 3 October 2014 ) . `` Harry Potter star Rupert Grint : Money I got was ' ridiculous ' '' . mirror.co.uk . Retrieved 2 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Go Ron Then ! Rupert Grint Will Play a Hero For New Comic Book Based TV Show '' . moviepilot.com . Retrieved 2 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rupert Grint to star in comic book pilot '' . digitalspy.co.uk. 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 2 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Larry ( 24 April 2006 ) . `` Alba , Carell , ' Crashers , ' ' Virgin ' Big Nominees For MTV Movie Awards '' . MTV . Retrieved 5 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Movie Awards 2007 winners '' . BBC News . BBC . 29 September 2009 . Retrieved 5 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Lee , Angela. `` 2009 Portrait Choice Awards as voted by YOU ! '' . Portrait Choice Award . Retrieved 5 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Press Office -- Radio 1 's Teen Awards winners announced '' . BBC . 15 November 2010 . Retrieved 8 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp , Sandra Bullock Top 2010 People 's Choice Awards Winners '' . AOL TV . AOL Inc. 7 January 2010 . Retrieved 5 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 IGN Award for Best Ensemble Cast '' . IGN . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rupert Grint . Rupert Grint on IMDb Rupert Grint at Box Office Mojo Rupert Grint : Overview at MSN Movies site Rupert Grint at TV.com ( hide ) MTV Movie Award for Best On - Screen Duo Best On - Screen Duo Dana Carvey & Mike Myers ( 1992 ) Mel Gibson & Danny Glover ( 1993 ) Harrison Ford & Tommy Lee Jones ( 1994 ) Sandra Bullock & Keanu Reeves ( 1995 ) Chris Farley & David Spade ( 1996 ) Nicolas Cage & Sean Connery ( 1997 ) John Travolta & Nicolas Cage ( 1998 ) Jackie Chan & Chris Tucker ( 1999 ) Mike Myers & Verne Troyer ( 2000 ) Mark Wahlberg & Seth MacFarlane ( 2013 ) Vin Diesel & Paul Walker ( 2014 ) Zac Efron & Dave Franco ( 2015 ) Hugh Jackman & Dafne Keen ( 2017 ) Best On - Screen Team Drew Barrymore , Cameron Diaz & Lucy Liu ( 2001 ) Vin Diesel & Paul Walker ( 2002 ) Sean Astin , Andy Serkis & Elijah Wood ( 2003 ) Adam Sandler & Drew Barrymore ( 2004 ) Lindsay Lohan , Rachel McAdams , Lacey Chabert & Amanda Seyfried ( 2005 ) Vince Vaughn & Owen Wilson ( 2006 ) Best Cast Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint , Emma Watson & Tom Felton ( 2012 ) VIAF : 85081712 LCCN : no2002035841 ISNI : 0000 0001 1450 2042 GND : 132159422 SUDOC : 077284259 BNF : cb14071476r ( data ) BNE : XX1668132 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rupert_Grint&oldid=800017521 '' Categories : 1988 births 21st - century English male actors People from Harlow English male child actors English male film actors English male radio actors English male television actors Male actors from Essex Living people English male stage actors English male voice actors People from Watton - at - Stone People educated at Richard Hale School Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from April 2014 Use British English from April 2014 Good articles Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 04 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the actor that plays ron weasley | [
"Rupert Alexander Lloyd Grint[2] (born 24 August 1988) is an English actor and producer. He rose to prominence playing Ron Weasley, one of the three main characters in the Harry Potter film series. Grint was cast as Ron at the age of 11, having previously acted only in school plays and at his local theatre group. From 2001 to 2011, he starred in all eight Harry Potter films alongside Daniel Radcliffe playing as Harry Potter and Emma Watson playing as Hermione Granger."
] | [
"Rupert Alexander Lloyd Grint"
] |
8159441517718940122 | Your Mama Don't Dance | Your Mama Do n't Dance - wikipedia Your Mama Do n't Dance Jump to : navigation , search `` Your Mama Do n't Dance '' Single by Loggins and Messina from the album Loggins and Messina B - side `` Golden Ribbons '' Released November 1972 Format 45 - rpm record Recorded 1972 at Studio Columbia Studios , Los Angeles Genre Rock Length 2 : 48 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Kenny Loggins , Jim Messina Producer ( s ) Kenny Loggins , Jim Messina `` Your Mama Do n't Dance '' is a hit 1972 song by the rock duo Loggins and Messina . Released on their self - titled album Loggins and Messina , it reached number four on the Billboard pop chart and number 19 on the Billboard Easy Listening Chart as a single in early 1973 . This song , whose refrain and first verse is done in a blues format , deals with the 1950s and 1960s lifestyle concerning the generation gap , where the parents oppose the Rock and Roll Revolution , of the younger generation , which includes the rebelliousness against the old society that monitors curfews on dating , as well as being arrested for making love with a girl in the back seat of a car , during a drive - in movie , which happens during the bridge section of the song . When released as a single , it was the duo 's biggest hit as well as their only Gold single . `` Your Mama Do n't Dance '' was covered in 1973 by Australian band the Bootleg Family Band . It made the top 5 in Australia . `` Your Mama Do n't Dance '' was covered in 1985 by the rock band Y&T , in 1988 by the rock band Poison , and it was the fourth single from their second album Open Up and Say ... Ahh ! . The Poison version released as a single in 1989 on Capitol Records reached number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 39 on the Mainstream rock charts and has since gone Gold in the US . The song also charted at number 21 on the Australian charts and number 13 on the UK Singles chart . The single 's B - side is `` Tearin ' Down the Walls '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Albums 2 Personnel 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly singles charts 3.2 Year - end charts 3.3 Poison version 4 References 5 External links Albums ( edit ) `` Your Mama Do n't Dance '' is on the following albums : Loggins and Messina The Best of Friends Kenny Loggins ' 1993 Solo Album : Outside : From the Redwoods The Poison version is available on : Open Up and Say ... Ahh ! Swallow This Live ( live version ) Poison 's Greatest Hits : 1986 - 1996 Crack a Smile ... and More ! ( Unplugged ) The Best of Poison : 20 Years of Rock Open Up and Say ... Ahh ! - 20th Anniversary Edition Poison 'd The Y&T version is available on : Down for the Count Personnel ( edit ) Loggins & Messina version Kenny Loggins - vocals , electric guitar ( plus solo ) Jim Messina - vocals , electric guitar Jon Clarke - baritone saxophone Al Garth - alto saxophone Larry Sims - bass , backing vocals Merel Bregante - drums , backing vocals Michael Omartian - piano Milt Holland - congas , cowbells Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Loggins and Messina version : Chart ( 1972 -- 73 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles 5 New Zealand ( Listener ) 11 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 19 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Rank Canada 58 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 53 Poison version ( edit ) `` Your Mama Do n't Dance '' Single by Poison from the album Open Up and Say ... Ahh ! B - side `` Tearin ' Down the Walls '' Released February 1 , 1989 Format CD single , 7 - inch single Recorded Genre Glam metal Length 2 : 59 Label Enigma / Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Kenny Loggins , Jim Messina Producer ( s ) Tom Werman Poison singles chronology `` Every Rose Has Its Thorn '' ( 1988 ) `` Your Mama Do n't Dance '' ( 1989 ) `` Unskinny Bop '' ( 1990 ) Chart ( 1989 -- 90 ) Peak position Australian ARIA Charts 21 UK Singles Chart 13 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 10 U.S. Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks 39 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 8th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) Jump up ^ Hyatt , Wesley ( 1999 ) . The Billboard Book of # 1 Adult Contemporary Hits ( Billboard Publications ) Jump up ^ `` Allmusic ( Poison charts and awards ) Billboard singles '' . Jump up ^ `` Poison chart stats '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ RPM Canada Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1973 / Top 100 Songs of 1973 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Steve Huey . `` Open Up and Say ... Ahh ! - Poison Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song Loggins and Messina Kenny Loggins Jim Messina Studio albums Sittin ' In ( 1971 ) Loggins and Messina ( 1972 ) Full Sail ( 1973 ) Mother Lode ( 1974 ) So Fine ( 1975 ) Native Sons ( 1976 ) Live albums On Stage ( 1974 ) Finale ( 1977 ) Live : Sittin ' In Again at the Santa Barbara Bowl ( 2005 ) Compilation albums The Best of Friends ( 1976 ) The Best of Loggins & Messina ( 1980 ) The Best : Sittin ' in Again ( 2005 ) Singles `` Your Mama Do n't Dance '' ( 1972 ) `` Thinking of You '' ( 1973 ) Other songs `` Danny 's Song '' `` House at Pooh Corner '' `` Listen to a Country Song '' `` A Love Song '' Commons Poison Bret Michaels Rikki Rockett Bobby Dall C.C. DeVille Matt Smith Richie Kotzen Blues Saraceno Studio albums Look What the Cat Dragged In Open Up and Say ... Ahh ! Flesh & Blood Native Tongue Crack a Smile ... and More ! Power to the People Hollyweird Poison 'd ! Live albums Swallow This Live Great Big Hits Live ! Bootleg Seven Days Live ( CD ) Live , Raw & Uncut ( CD ) Compilations Poison 's Greatest Hits : 1986 -- 1996 Poison -- Rock Champions Best of Ballads & Blues The Best of Poison : 20 Years of Rock Poison -- Box Set ( Collector 's Edition ) Double Dose : Ultimate Hits Videos Sight for Sore Ears Flesh , Blood , & Videotape Swallow This Live : Flesh & Blood World Tour Seven Days Live Poison Greatest Video Hits Nothing but a Good Time ! Unauthorized Poison Video Hits The Best of Poison : 20 Years of Rock ( DVD ) Live , Raw & Uncut ( DVD ) Singles `` Cry Tough '' `` Talk Dirty to Me '' `` I Want Action '' `` I Wo n't Forget You '' `` Rock and Roll All Nite '' `` Nothin ' but a Good Time '' `` Fallen Angel '' `` Every Rose Has Its Thorn '' `` Your Mama Do n't Dance '' `` Unskinny Bop '' `` Something to Believe In '' `` Ride the Wind '' `` Life Goes On '' `` ( Flesh & Blood ) Sacrifice '' `` So Tell Me Why '' `` Stand '' `` Until You Suffer Some ( Fire and Ice ) '' `` Body Talk '' `` Shut Up , Make Love '' `` Be the One '' `` Power to the People '' `` The Last Song '' `` Rockstar '' `` Squeeze Box '' `` Shooting Star '' `` We 're an American Band '' `` What I Like About You '' `` SexyBack '' Solo albums A Letter from Death Row Glitter 4 Your Soul Songs of Life Freedom of Sound Rock My World Custom Built Jammin ' with Friends True Grit Related articles Discography Bret Michaels discography Samantha 7 Devil City Angels A Letter from Death Row ( film ) The Surreal Life Rock of Love Season 1 Celebrity Apprentice 3 Bret Michaels : Life as I Know It Celebrity Apprentice : All - Stars Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Your_Mama_Don%27t_Dance&oldid=795490642 '' Categories : 1972 singles 1989 singles Loggins and Messina songs Poison ( American band ) songs Songs written by Kenny Loggins Song recordings produced by Tom Werman 1972 songs Capitol Records singles Songs written by Jim Messina ( musician ) Columbia Records singles Enigma Records singles Songs about dancing Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2017 , at 15 : 37 . About Wikipedia | who sang your mama don't dance and your daddy don't rock and roll | [
"\"Your Mama Don't Dance\" is a hit 1972 song by the rock duo Loggins and Messina. Released on their self-titled album Loggins and Messina, it reached number four on the Billboard pop chart[1] and number 19 on the Billboard Easy Listening Chart[2] as a single in early 1973."
] | [
"rock duo Loggins and Messina"
] |
3286554219940173970 | This Is the House That Jack Built | This is the house that Jack built - wikipedia This is the house that Jack built Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The House That Jack Built ( disambiguation ) . `` This Is the House That Jack Built '' Randolph Caldecott illustration from The complete collection of pictures & songs , published 1887 ( digitally restored ) Nursery rhyme Published 1755 `` This Is the House That Jack Built '' is a popular British nursery rhyme and cumulative tale . It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 20584 . It is Aarne -- Thompson type 2035 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 2 Narrative technique 3 Origins 4 Syntactic structure 5 References in popular culture 5.1 In literature and journalism 5.2 In politics 5.3 In television and film 5.4 In popular music 5.5 In sports 5.6 Others 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Lyrics ( edit ) This is perhaps the most common set of modern lyrics : This is the house that Jack built . This is the malt that lay in the house that Jack built . This is the rat that ate the malt That lay in the house that Jack built . This is the cat that killed the rat That ate the malt that lay in the house that Jack built . This is the dog that worried the cat That killed the rat that ate the malt That lay in the house that Jack built . This is the cow with the crumpled horn That tossed the dog that worried the cat That killed the rat that ate the malt That lay in the house that Jack built . This is the maiden all forlorn That milked the cow with the crumpled horn That tossed the dog that worried the cat That killed the rat that ate the malt That lay in the house that Jack built . This is the man all tattered and torn That kissed the maiden all forlorn That milked the cow with the crumpled horn That tossed the dog that worried the cat That killed the rat that ate the malt That lay in the house that Jack built . This is the judge all shaven and shorn That married the man all tattered and torn That kissed the maiden all forlorn That milked the cow with the crumpled horn That tossed the dog that worried the cat That killed the rat that ate the malt That lay in the house that Jack built . This is the rooster that crowed in the morn That woke the judge all shaven and shorn That married the man all tattered and torn That kissed the maiden all forlorn That milked the cow with the crumpled horn That tossed the dog that worried the cat That killed the rat that ate the malt That lay in the house that Jack built . This is the farmer sowing his corn That kept the rooster that crowed in the morn That woke the judge all shaven and shorn That married the man all tattered and torn That kissed the maiden all forlorn That milked the cow with the crumpled horn That tossed the dog that worried the cat That killed the rat that ate the malt That lay in the house that Jack built . This is the horse and the hound and the horn That belonged to the farmer sowing his corn That kept the rooster that crowed in the morn That woke the judge all shaven and shorn That married the man all tattered and torn That kissed the maiden all forlorn That milked the cow with the crumpled horn That tossed the dog that worried the cat That killed the rat that ate the malt That lay in the house that Jack built . Some versions use `` cheese '' instead of `` malt '' , `` priest '' instead of `` judge '' , `` cock '' instead of `` rooster '' , the older past tense form `` crew '' instead of `` crowed '' , or `` chased '' in place of `` killed '' . Also in some versions the horse , the hound , and the horn are left out and the rhyme ends with the farmer . Narrative technique ( edit ) This Is the House That Jack Built illustrated by Randolph Caldecott It is a cumulative tale that does not tell the story of Jack 's house , or even of Jack who built the house , but instead shows how the house is indirectly linked to other things and people , and through this method tells the story of `` The man all tattered and torn '' , and the `` Maiden all forlorn '' , as well as other smaller events , showing how these are interlinked . Origins ( edit ) It has been argued that the rhyme is derived from an Aramaic hymn Chad Gadya ( lit. , `` One Young Goat '' ) in Sepher Haggadah , first printed in 1590 ; but although this is an early cumulative tale that may have inspired the form , the lyrics bear little relationship . It was suggested by James Orchard Halliwell that the reference to the `` priest all shaven and shorn '' indicates that the English version is probably very old , presumably as far back as the mid-sixteenth century . There is a possible reference to the song in The Boston New Letter of 12 April 1739 and the line : `` This is the man all forlorn , &c '' . However , it did not appear in print until it was included in Nurse Truelove 's New - Year 's - Gift , or the Book of Books for Children , printed in London in 1755 . It was printed in numerous collections in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries . Randolph Caldecott produced an illustrated version in 1878 . Cherrington Manor , a handsome timber - framed house in North East Shropshire , England , is reputed to be the actual house that Jack built . There is a former malt house in the grounds . Syntactic structure ( edit ) Each sentence in the story is an example of an increasingly deeply nested relative clause . The last version , `` This is the horse ... '' , would be quite difficult to untangle if the previous ones were not present . See the Noun Phrase for more details about postmodification of the noun phrase in this manner . References in popular Culture ( edit ) Illustration by Walter Crane This section indiscriminately collects miscellaneous information . Please compress this material to remove any irrelevant or unimportant information . ( March 2017 ) The rhyme continues to be a popular choice for illustrated children 's books , with recent examples by Simms Taback and Quentin Blake showing how illustrators can introduce a fresh angle and humour into a familiar tale . The popularity of the rhyme can be seen in its use in a variety of other cultural contexts , including : In literature and journalism ( edit ) Samuel Taylor Coleridge used it as the basis of a self - parody published in 1797 under the name Nehemiah Higginbotham . This was one of three sonnets , the other two parodying Charles Lamb and Charles Lloyd . Beginning `` And this reft house is that the which he built / Lamented Jack ! And here his malt he piled / Cautious in vain ! '' it piled together phrases from Coleridge 's serious work put to ludicrous use . An adaptation by Frederick Winsor appeared in The Space Child 's Mother Goose ( 1958 ) as `` This is the theory Jack built . '' It commented on the progress of science by describing the creation , obfuscation , and eventual destruction of a flawed theory . The poem `` The Responsibility '' by Peter Appleton parodies this rhyme to make a social comment about the manufacture of weapons . The poem `` Château Jackson '' by Irish poet Louis MacNeice , in The Burning Perch collection , is a reinterpretation based on the same cumulative process . It starts with `` Where is the Jack that built the house '' . The twelfth Torchwood novel is titled The House that Jack Built . The news stories in 2006 about the shady dealings of lobbyist Jack Abramoff led to editorials about `` the house that Jack built '' . There is a political version with Hillary Clinton in it . Laurie Faria Stolarz referenced it in her book Blue is for Nightmares . One of the main characters receives an e-mail from an ex-boyfriend with a link to an animation of the poem . Louisa May Alcott in her novel Little Women says the `` ' cow with a crumpled horn ' used to invite rash youths to come and be tossed . '' In the graphic novel From Hell by Alan Moore , Inspector Frederick Abberline refers to his house as `` the house Jack built '' noting the role of Jack the Ripper in financing his home . In The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes , an adventure titled `` The House that Jack Built '' written by Edward Wellen . Holmes battles Moriarty within the mind of an `` idiot savant '' frequently visualizing these lyrics to navigate a mental labyrinth . Mystery author Ed McBain published one of his `` Matthew Hope '' novels with the name The House that Jack Built in 1988 . Practically every character had a corresponding counterpart to one in the original poem -- an unpleasant heavyset older woman with a faulty hearing aid represented `` the cow with the crumpled horn , '' for example . One of the rhymes remembered by Mr Charrington in George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty - Four . Mentioned in A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens ( `` A Hand at Cards '' , Book the Third , Ch . VIII ) The House that Jack Built was chosen as the English title for the first book in the Lars Winkler crime series by Danish author Jakob Melander . An unflattering 1819 caricature of the Prince Regent by George Cruikshank , illustrating `` The Political House that Jack Built '' . `` The Atom that Bohr built '' was a poem written in the style of the original as part of the printed tribute , or ' festschrift ' to Niels Bohr on his 50th birthday ( 1935 ) called `` The Journal of Jocular Physics . '' In politics ( edit ) One of the `` Political Miscellanies '' associated with the Rolliad , an eighteenth - century British satire , was `` This Is the House That George Built '' , referring to George Nugent Grenville , Marquess of Buckingham , who had briefly supported William Pitt the Younger into government before resigning from office . The parody is attributed to Joseph Richardson . Thomas Jefferson , prior to serving as President , first used it to criticize the broad construction approach of the Necessary and Proper Clause of the U.S. Constitution with respect to a bill to grant a federal charter to a mining company . The term was used to suggest that the expansion of federal powers under these arguments would give the federal government infinite powers . `` Congress are authorized to defend the nation . Ships are necessary for defense ; copper is necessary for ships ; mines , necessary for copper ; a company necessary to work the mines ; and who can doubt this reasoning who has ever played at ' This is the House that Jack Built ' ? Under such a process of filiation of necessities the sweeping clause makes clean work . '' A British Radical satire , published in 1819 in response to public outrage over the Peterloo Massacre , was `` The Political House That Jack Built , '' written by William Hone and illustrated by George Cruikshank . In 1863 , David Claypoole Johnston published a cartoon `` The House that Jeff Built '' , a satirical denunciation of Jefferson Davis , slavery , and the Confederacy . During The Great War , British Propaganda promoted the following version of the rhyme : This is the house that Jack built . This is the bomb that fell on the house that Jack built . This is the Hun who dropped the bomb that fell on the house that Jack built . This is the gun that killed the Hun who dropped the bomb that fell on the house that Jack built . In television and Film ( edit ) A 1959 Warner Brothers cartoon is entitled The Mouse that Jack Built . It is a parody of The Jack Benny Show , whose stars supply the voices of mouse caricatures of themselves . In 1966 an episode of The Avengers was titled `` The House That Jack Built '' . A 1967 animated short The House That Jack Built was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film . A 1976 Soyuzmultfilm cartoon The House That Jack Built nominated on International Short Film Festival Oberhausen at 1977 The climax of the first adventure of the British fantasy series Sapphire & Steel hinged on the recitation of the rhyme . A public information film from the 1970s -- 1980s about fire safety was entitled The House That Jack Built , and was presented as an animated book containing the story of how a house ( built by a man named Jack ) burnt down in the night due to an unguarded fire and open doors , which resulted in the deaths of Jack 's wife and newborn baby . The ending of the advert urges viewers to buy a smoke alarm and follow fire safety plans . In episode 3.05 of the TV show Frasier , actor Kelsey Grammer as the character Frasier says : `` I cut myself because I was shaving without water . And why was there no water ? Because I had to move your chair which gouged the floor which made me call for Joe who found bad pipes which called for Cecil who ate the cat who killed the rat that lived in the house that Frasier built ! '' In Lars von Trier 's The Element of Crime the prostitute Kim tells the poem to a child . Both are being kept in a cage at Frau Gerdas Whorehouse in Halbestadt . The rhyme was referenced in the classic Doctor Who serial The Seeds of Doom by the Fourth Doctor and companion Sarah Jane Smith to mock the villains who were trying to force information out of them . In popular Music ( edit ) In 1967 Alan Price had an international chart hit with his song `` The House that Jack Built '' . It reached # 4 in the UK , # 12 in Ireland , # 26 in the Netherlands and # 38 in Germany . Aretha Franklin had a number - six pop and number - two R&B hit single with `` The House That Jack Built '' ( not a version of the rhyme ) in 1968 . English singer Tracie Young had a hit single with `` The House That Jack Built '' ( not a version of the rhyme ) in 1983 . In 1987 the Australian band The Go - Betweens released the album Tallulah containing the song `` The House that Jack Kerouac built '' . In 1987 a pioneering house music act under the name ' Jack N Chill ' released a single called `` The Jack That House Built '' , which has since been sampled and re-mixed into many other songs ( particularly in the house genre ) . In 1987 near the end of the track `` Home '' by Roger Waters on his Radio K.A.O.S. CD , he makes a reference to it . It is done in similar fashion to the original prose - only mentioning Jack after a lengthy list of other references to the idea of Home . In 1995 Clutch released the song `` The House that Peterbilt '' , a reference to the truck company . In 1996 Metallica released the album Load containing a song called `` The House Jack Built '' . The Capitol Steps created and performed a parody called `` The House That Jack Bribed '' , also referring to Jack Abramoff . The lyrics of the song `` Alla Fiera Dell'Est '' ( `` At the Eastern Fair '' ) by Italian songwriter Angelo Branduardi , show a marked resemblance to ' The House that Jack Built ' In the Danish movie After the Wedding by Susanne Bier , volunteer worker Jacob teaches English to the children in an orphanage in India by using `` The House that Jack Built '' . The second studio album by indie band , The Heavy is named The House That Dirt Built , a satirisation of ' The House That Jack Built ' . The fourth song by A Day to Remember on their 2010 studio album , What Separates Me from You , is named `` This is the House That Doubt Built '' . The fifth song by Jesca Hoop on her 2012 album The House That Jack Built , is named `` The House That Jack Built '' . In sports ( edit ) The former stadium of the New York Yankees , Yankee Stadium , was nicknamed `` The house that Ruth built '' . Babe Ruth 's tremendous drawing power made the stadium possible . Others ( edit ) The Nostalgia Critic used to quote the poem in his earlier videos . See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Cumulative song Chad Gadya The Twelve Days of Christmas ( song ) There Was an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly References ( edit ) Jump up ^ D.L. Ashliman , The House That Jack Built : an English nursery rhyme of folktale type 2035 ^ Jump up to : I. Opie and P. Opie , The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes ( Oxford University Press , 1951 , 2nd edn. , 1997 ) , pp. 229 - 32 . Jump up ^ James Orchard Halliwell - Phillipps , Popular Rhymes and Nursery Tales : A Sequel to the Nursery Rhymes of England , p. 6 . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ English Translation of Hebrew source . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ William S. Baring - Gould and Ceil Baring - Gould , The Annotated Mother Goose ( New York , 1962 ) , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Twinkletrax Children 's Songs . Jump up ^ Taback , Simms ( 2004 ) . This is the house that Jack built ( null ed . ) . New York : Puffin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 240200 - 9 . Jump up ^ Blake , John Yeoman ; illustrated by Quentin ( 1996 ) . The do - it - yourself house that Jack built ( null ed . ) . London : Puffin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 055323 - 9 . Jump up ^ Peter Appleton , `` The Responsibility , '' in 20th Century Poetry and War . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Paul ( 4 January 2006 ) . `` The hum you hear is from lobbyists '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Suspended in Language ( 2004 ) Jim Ottaviani and Leland Purvis . pub G.T. Labs Jump up ^ `` Project Gutenberg '' . Jump up ^ Marcus Wood , Radical Satire and Print Culture 1790 - 1822 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1994 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 811278 - 5 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Internet Movie Database '' . IMDb. 4 April 1959 . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Movie Database '' . IMDb. 5 March 1966 . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Tunis , Ron ( 1967 ) . `` The House That Jack Built '' . National Film Board of Canada . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Sapphire and Steel - The TV Series '' . h2g2 The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : Earth Edition . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 3.05 - Kisses Sweeter Than Wine '' . Frasier Online Episode Guide . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Aretha Franklin , `` The House That Jack Built '' Chart Positions Retrieved 20 September 2013 Jump up ^ `` EMP Museum - Music + Sci - fi + Pop Culture '' . Jump up ^ `` METALLICA - Encyclopedia Metallica - Song Info - The House That Jack Built : '' . Encycmet.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://adtr.com/releases/what_separates_me_from_you Jump up ^ `` BBC - Music - Review of Jesca Hoop - The House That Jack Built '' . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yankee stadium history '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) The House That Jack Built ~ Photographs of Advertising from 1897 for Dr. J.C. Ayer & Co The House That Jack Built Resources on the Web `` Lyrics , Origins and History of ' The House That Jack Built ' '' . Anthology of Kid 's Songs , Lullabies and Nursery Rhymes . TwinkleTrax Children 's Songs . 2011 . Retrieved 30 April 2011 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_Is_the_House_That_Jack_Built&oldid=802754380 '' Categories : Jack tales English nursery rhymes Roud Folk Song Index songs Hidden categories : Articles with trivia sections from March 2017 All articles with trivia sections All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Use dmy dates from July 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 07 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who milked the cow with the crumpled horn | [
"\nThis is the maiden all forlorn\nThat milked the cow with the crumpled horn\nThat tossed the dog that worried the cat\nThat killed the rat that ate the malt\nThat lay in the house that Jack built.\n"
] | [
"the maiden all forlorn"
] |
-3208111727588809400 | Pakistani general election, 2018 | Pakistani general election , 2018 - wikipedia Pakistani general election , 2018 Pakistani general election , 2018 ← 2013 25 July 2018 Next → ← outgoing members elected members → All 342 seats in the National Assembly 172 seats needed for a majority Opinion polls Turnout 51.6 % ( 3.4 pp ) First party Second party Third party Leader Imran Khan Shehbaz Sharif Bilawal Bhutto Zardari Party PTI PML ( N ) PPP Leader since 25 April 1996 6 March 2018 30 December 2007 Leader 's seat Mianwali - I Lahore - X Larkana - I Last election 35 seats , 16.92 % 166 seats , 32.77 % 42 seats , 15.23 % Seats won 149 / 342 82 / 342 54 / 342 Seat change 114 84 12 Popular vote 16,903,702 12,934,589 6,924,356 Percentage 31.82 % 24.35 % 13.03 % Swing 14.90 pp 8.42 pp 2.29 pp Prime Minister before election Shahid Khaqan Abbasi PML ( N ) Elected Prime Minister Imran Khan PTI General elections were held in Pakistan on Wednesday 25 July , after the completion of a five - year term by the outgoing government . At the national level , elections were held in 270 constituencies , each electing one member to the National Assembly . At the provincial level , elections were held in each of the four provinces to elect Members of the Provincial Assemblies ( MPA ) . As a result of the elections , the Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf ( PTI ) became the single largest party at the national level both in terms of popular vote and seats . At the provincial level , the PTI became the largest party in Punjab and remained the largest party in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( KP ) ; the Pakistan Peoples Party ( PPP ) remained the largest party in Sindh and the newly - formed Balochistan Awami Party ( BAP ) became the largest party in Balochistan . Opinion polling had consistently shown leads for the Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) ( PML - N ) over the PTI . From a 11 - point lead , the PML - N 's lead began to diminish in the final weeks of the campaign , with some polls close to the election showing PTI with a lead . In the final result , the PTI made a net gain with 31.82 % of the vote ( its highest share of the vote since its foundation ) , whilst the PML - N made a net loss with 24.35 % . In the lead - up to the elections , there had been allegations by some international journalists and scholars about pre-poll rigging being conducted by the judiciary , the military and the intelligence agencies to sway the election results in favour of the PTI and against the PML - N. Almost all parties , excluding Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf , alleged large - scale vote rigging and administrative malpractices . However , Election Commission of Pakistan ( ECP ) outrightly rejected such reports and stated that elections were conducted fair and free . A top electoral watchdog , Free and Fair Election Network ( Fafen ) , also said that the 2018 general elections in Pakistan have been `` more transparent in some aspects '' than the previous polls . The European Union Election Observation Mission said , in its preliminary report , that no rigging has been found during the election day in general , however , `` lack of equality of opportunity '' in the pre-election campaign , and there were systematic attempts to undermine the ruling party PML - N. The European Union assessed the conduct of polling on election day as `` transparent '' . Contents 1 Background 1.1 2013 elections 1.2 Azadi March ( 2014 ) 1.3 Panama Papers case ( 2016 ) 1.4 Disqualification of Nawaz Sharif ( 2017 ) 2 Electoral system 2.1 Electoral reforms 3 Contesting parties 4 Campaign 4.1 Major by - elections ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 4.1. 1 Lahore by - election , September 2017 4.1. 2 Peshawar by - election , October 2017 4.1. 3 Lodhran by - election , 2018 4.2 Pakistan Muslim League -- N 4.3 Pakistan Tehreek - i - Insaf 4.4 Pakistan Peoples Party 4.5 Campaigning 4.5. 1 Nomination papers 5 Opinion polls 6 Conduct 6.1 Pre-election violence 6.2 Election day violence 6.3 Allegations of election meddling 6.3. 1 Pre-poll 6.3. 2 Election day 7 Results 7.1 National Assembly 8 Government formation 8.1 Election for Speakers of the National Assembly 8.2 Election for Prime Minister 9 Reactions 9.1 Domestic 9.2 Economic 9.3 International 10 See also 11 References Background ( edit ) 2013 elections ( edit ) Further information : Pakistani general election , 2013 § Results Following the elections in 2013 , Pakistan Muslim League ( Nawaz ) , led by twice Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif , emerged as the largest party with 166 seats out of a total of 342 in the National Assembly . Although this was short of a majority , Sharif was able to form a government after several independents joined his party . During the election campaign , Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf ( PTI ) , led by prominent cricketer turned politician Imran Khan , was widely expected to have huge success in the polls . The party fell short of these expectations , instead only taking 35 seats . It became the 3rd largest party in the National Assembly and formed a coalition government in the restive north - western province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . Azadi March ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Further information : Azadi March PTI had initially conceded the elections to PML ( N ) , although they asked for manual recounts to be carried out in several constituencies where rigging had been allegedly carried out . These calls were not answered by the government or the Supreme Court , despite a 2,100 page white paper by the party which allegedly contained evidence of vote - rigging in favour of the PML ( N ) . An ' Azadi March ' was started by Khan on 14 August 2014 which demanded the government to call a snap election . The sit - in in Islamabad continued for 126 days , until the 2014 Peshawar school massacre occurred , which forced Khan to end the protest for the sake of ' national unity ' . A judicial commission was formed by the government which would probe the allegations of vote - rigging : it found the election to have been largely conducted in a free and fair manner , while also stating that PTI 's request for a probe was not `` entirely unjustified '' . Panama papers Case ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Further information : Panama Papers case On 3 April 2016 the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists ( ICIJ ) made 11.5 million secret documents , later known as the Panama Papers , available to the public . The documents , sourced from Panamanian law firm Mossack Fonseca , among other revelations about other public figures in many other countries , included details of eight offshore companies with links to the family of Nawaz Sharif , the then - incumbent Prime Minister of Pakistan , and his brother Shehbaz Sharif , the incumbent Chief Minister of Punjab . According to the ICIJ , Sharif 's children Maryam Nawaz , Hassan Nawaz and Hussain Nawaz `` were owners or had the right to authorise transactions for several companies '' . Sharif refused to resign and instead make an unsuccessful attempt to form a judicial commission . The opposition leader Khan filed a petition to the Supreme Court of Pakistan on 29 August seeking the disqualification of Sharif from the premiership and as a member of the National Assembly . Political leaders Sheikh Rasheed and Siraj - ul - Haq also supported this petition . Khan called , once again , for his supporters to put Islamabad in lockdown until Sharif resigned , although this was called off soon before it was meant to take place . On 20 April 2017 , on a 3 - 2 verdict , the Supreme Court decided against the disqualification of Sharif , instead calling for a Joint Investigation Team ( JIT ) to be created which would probe these allegations further . On 10 July 2017 , JIT submitted a 275 - page report in the apex court . The report requested NAB to file a reference against Sharif , his daughter Maryam , and his sons under section 9 of National Accountability Ordinance . Additionally , the report claimed that his daughter Maryam was guilty of falsifying documents , as she submitted a document from 2006 which used the Calibri font despite the font itself not being available for public use until 2007 . Disqualification of Nawaz Sharif ( 2017 ) ( edit ) On 28 July 2017 , following the submittal of the JIT report , the Supreme Court unanimously decided that Sharif was dishonest , therefore not fulfilling the requirements of articles 62 and 63 of the constitution which require one who holds public office to be Sadiq and Ameen ( Urdu for Truthful and Virtuous ) . Hence , he was disqualified as Prime Minister and as a Member of the National Assembly . The court also ordered National Accountability Bureau to file a reference against Sharif , his family and his former Finance Minister Ishaq Dar on corruption charges . Electoral system ( edit ) The 342 members of the National Assembly are elected by two methods in three categories ; 272 are elected in single - member constituencies by first - past - the - post voting ; 60 are reserved for females and 10 for religious minority groups ; both sets of reserved seats use proportional representation with a 5 % electoral threshold . This proportional number , however , is based on the number of seats won rather than votes cast . To win a simple majority , a party would have to take 137 seats . The 2018 General Elections were held under new delimitation of constituencies as a result of 2017 Census of Pakistan . Parliament of Pakistan amended the Constitution , allowing a one - time exemption for redrawing constituency boundaries using 2017 provisional census results . As per the notification issued on 5 March 2018 , the Islamabad Capital Territory ( ICT ) now has three constituencies , Punjab 141 , Sindh 61 , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 39 , Balochistan 16 and Federally Administered Tribal Areas ( FATA ) has 12 constituencies in the National Assembly . 106 million people were registered to vote for members of the National Assembly of Pakistan and four Provincial Assemblies . Likewise for elections to provincial assemblies , Punjab has 297 constituencies , Sindh 130 , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 99 and Balochistan 51 . Electoral reforms ( edit ) In June 2017 the Economic Coordination Committee approved the procurement of new printing machines with a bridge loan of 864 million rupees . The government has also developed new software for the Election Commission of Pakistan and NADRA to ensure a `` free , fair , impartial , transparent and peaceful general election . '' The former Federal Law Minister Zahid Hamid elaborated that youth reaching the age of 18 will automatically be registered as voters when they apply for a CNIC from NADRA . Contesting parties ( edit ) Party Political Position Leader Seats won previously ( FPTP ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Centre - right Shehbaz Sharif 126 Pakistan Peoples Party Centre - left Bilawal Bhutto Zardari 33 Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Centre to Centre - right Imran Khan 28 Muttahida Qaumi Movement - Pakistan Left wing Khalid Maqbool Siddiqui 19 Muttahida Majlis - e-Amal Far right Fazl - ur - Rehman 14 Pashtunkhwa Milli Awami Party Left wing Mahmood Khan Achakzai Awami National Party Left wing Asfandyar Wali Khan Pak Sarzameen Party Left wing Syed Mustafa Kamal 0 Tehreek Labbaik Pakistan Far right Khadim Hussain Rizvi 0 Balochistan Awami Party Centre Jam Kamal Khan 0 Grand Democratic Alliance Big tent Pir Pagaro 0 Balochistan National Party ( Mengal ) Left wing Akhtar Mengal 0 Campaign ( edit ) Major by - elections ( 2017 -- 2018 ) ( edit ) Following the disqualification of Nawaz Sharif , several by - elections were held throughout Pakistan . Lahore by - election , September 2017 ( edit ) The first of these was the by - election in Sharif 's former constituency , NA - 120 Lahore , which is located in the capital city of the Punjab province , a province where the PML ( N ) was the ruling party . It retained this seat , albeit with a much reduced majority due to gains by the PTI and minor Islamist parties . Peshawar by - election , October 2017 ( edit ) The second of these was a by election in Peshawar , capital city of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province , where the Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf was the ruling party . NA - 4 once again voted for PTI , despite a reduced majority : once again mainly due to the rise of Islamist parties . These by - elections largely were largely seen as indicators that the ruling parties in both Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab were still electorally strong . Lodhran by - election , 2018 ( edit ) On 15 December 2017 , Jahangir Khan Tareen , General Secretary of the PTI , was disqualified from holding public office . Hence , his NA - 154 Lodhran seat was vacated . In a previous by - election in this constituency in 2015 , Tareen won this seat with a majority in excess of 35,000 votes . Therefore , this seat was seen as a stronghold for the PTI . In what was seen as an upset result , Iqbal Shah of the PML ( N ) won this by - election with a majority over 25,000 votes against Jahangir Tareen 's son , Ali Tareen . Many saw this as a failure on the PTI 's behalf , and the result led to a drop in morale for PTI workers . Pakistan Muslim League -- N ( edit ) Pakistan Muslim League -- N launched its election campaign on 25 June 2018 from Karachi . On 5 July 2018 , PMLN unvieled its election manifesto . Pakistan Tehreek - i - Insaf ( edit ) Pakistan Tehreek - i - Insaf started its election campaign on 24 June 2018 from Mianwali . On 9 July 2018 , Imran Khan launched PTI 's election manifesto . On 23 July 2018 , PTI concluded its electioneering with rallies in Lahore . Pakistan Peoples party ( edit ) On 28 June 2018 , PPP became the first political party to unviel its election manifesto . PPP kicked off its election campaign on 30 June 2018 , as Bilawal inaugurated their election office in Lyari , Karachi . Campaigning ( edit ) The National Assembly and provincial assemblies of Pakistan dissolved as early as 28 May for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Sindh , and as late as 31 May for Punjab , Balochistan , and the National Assembly . The assemblies dissolved during the holy month of Ramadan , a month where Muslims worldwide refrain from eating or drinking from sunrise to sundown . Hence , most major parties did not start campaigning until late June . Nomination papers ( edit ) On 4 June , parties and individuals started filing nomination papers for the elections . This process continued until 8 June . After this , the returning officer in each constituency began scrutiny of the nominated candidates and decided whether or not to accept the nomination papers . The scrutiny resulted in many high - profile politicians having their nomination papers rejected : Imran Khan ( chairman of PTI ) , Farooq Sattar ( chairman of Muttahida Qaumi Movement ( Pakistan ) ( MQM - P ) and Pervez Musharraf ( chairman of All Pakistan Muslim League and former President ) , had their nomination papers rejected . Both Sattar and Khan had their nomination papers later accepted . Additionally , politicians Fawad Chaudhry ( Information Secretary of PTI ) and Shahid Khaqan Abbasi ( former Prime Minister ) were disqualified from contesting these elections by election tribunals due to the non declaration of assets in their nomination papers . This was controversial because election tribunals were seen as not having the jurisdiction to disqualify candidates , rather only to accept or reject their nomination papers . The Lahore High Court eventually overturned these judgements and allowed the respective candidates to contest their elections . Two major politicians of Tehreek - e-Insaf from Chakwal , Sardar Ghulam Abbas and Sardar Aftab Akbar Khan were disqualified to contest elections producing major problem in Chakwal district for the party . Opinion polls ( edit ) Main article : Opinion polling for the Pakistani general election , 2018 Each coloured line specifies a political party and how strong their voting intention is nationwide for the National Assembly , based on a 3 - point moving average . Parties which poll below 10 % are not shown . Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Pakistan Peoples Party Date Pollster Publisher Sample PML - N PTI PPP MQM - P MMA * ANP Others Lead 25 July 2018 Election 2018 ECP 53,123,733 24.35 % 31.82 % 13.01 % 1.38 % 4.81 % 1.53 % 22.98 % 7.47 % 12 July 2018 SDPI Herald 6,004 25 % 29 % 20 % N / A 3 % 1 % 20 % 4 % 4 July 2018 IPOR GSP 3,735 32 % 29 % 13 % 2 % 3 % 1 % 20 % 3 % 6 June 2018 Gallup Pakistan Geo / Jang 3,000 26 % 25 % 16 % N / A 2 % 1 % 30 % 1 % 28 May 2018 Pulse Consultant 3,163 27 % 30 % 17 % 1 % 4 % 1 % 20 % 3 % May 2018 Gallup Pakistan Self 3,000 38 % 25 % 15 % 22 % 13 % Mar 2018 Gallup Pakistan WSJ 2,000 36 % 24 % 17 % 23 % 12 % 1 November 2017 Gallup Pakistan Geo / Jang 3,000 34 % 26 % 15 % 2 % 2 % 2 % 19 % 8 % 25 October 2017 Pulse Consultant 3,243 36 % 23 % 15 % 2 % 1 % 1 % 22 % 13 % 24 October 2017 IPOR GSP 4,540 38 % 27 % 17 % 3 % 1 % 1 % 14 % 11 % 11 May 2013 Election 2013 ECP 45,388,404 32.77 % 16.92 % 15.23 % 5.41 % 3.22 % 1.00 % 25.57 % 15.85 % * Muttahida Majlis - e-Amal is an alliance of Islamist political parties , formed in 2002 and dissolved after the 2008 elections . The restoration of this alliance occurred in December 2017 . Polls conducted before the restoration show the sum for Jamiat Ulema - e-Islam ( F ) , the major political party in this alliance . Conduct ( edit ) There were 272 national and 577 provincial assembly constituencies , contested by over 3,600 and 8,800 candidates respectively . A total of 811,491 staff were deployed for election duties as presiding officers , assistant presiding officers , and polling officers , in addition to 371,000 armed forces personnel who provided security duties alongside police and other law enforcement agencies . There were 85,317 polling stations set up , comprising over 242,000 polling booths . Pre-election violence ( edit ) In the beginning of July , a bombing took place in Ramzak tehsil of North Waziristan at the office of Malik Aurangzeb Khan , PTI 's candidate for NA - 48 ( Tribal Area - IX ) leaving 10 people injured . On 7 July , a bomb planted in a motorcycle was remotely exploded at an election campaign of Muttahida Majlis - e-Amal 's PK -- 89 candidate Shein Malik in the Takhti Khel area of the Bannu . On 10 July , a suicide bombing attack claimed by Tehrik - i - Taliban Pakistan ( TTP ) on political rally of Awami National Party ( ANP ) in Yakatoot neighborhood of Peshawar left twenty people dead and sixty three others injured . Among the killed was ANP 's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly candidate , Haroon Bilour . Following Bilour 's death , elections for Constituency PK - 78 were postponed to an disclosed date by the Election Commission . On 12 July , a spokesperson for former Member of National Assembly Alhaj Shah Jee Gul Afridi was killed and another citizen was injured after unidentified men opened fire at the spokesperson 's car in Peshawar . On the same day , the Balochistan Awami Party ( BAP ) 's office in Khuzdar came under gunfire before a bomb detonated injuring 2 people . On 13 July , two separate bombings on election rallies in Mastung and Bannu left 154 people dead and injured more than 220 others . In Bannu , 4 citizens were killed and 10 were injured after a planted bomb exploded near the car of JUI - F candidate Akram Khan Durrani . In Mastung , a suicide bomber affiliated with Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( ISIL ) blew himself up at the election rally of Balochistan Awami Party 's candidate for the Balochistan Assembly , Nawabzada Siraj Raisani , killing him and 148 others people and injured over 186 . On 22 July , PTI 's candidate for constituency PK - 99 Ikramullah Gandapur and his driver were killed after a suicide bomber blew himself near his car as he was headed towards a corner meeting in the outskirts of Dera Ismail Khan . The same day , unknown gunmen opened fires on the vehicle of Durrani in Bannu . No one was hurt during firing as the vehicle was bulletproof . This was second unsuccessful attempt to assassinate Durrani and third terrorist incident in the city in the span of two weeks . On 24 July , four people were killed including three Pakistani Army soldiers in Kech District , Balochistan . Election day violence ( edit ) Main article : Pakistani general election , 2018 violence On 25 July , during polling in Quetta , a bomb went off which resulted in 31 people being killed and 35 injured . In Swabi , a city in the northern province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , one person was killed and three injured after PTI supporters exchanged fire with those from the secularist Awami National Party ( ANP ) . At least three other people were injured in a grenade attack outside a polling station in Larkana , in the southern province of Sindh . In Khanewal , a man was shot dead and another one was injured in a political clash . Several more people were injured in 7 other incidents . Allegations of election meddling ( edit ) Pre-poll ( edit ) There have been allegations by some international journalists and scholars , claiming that there was a plan between judiciary and military bodies to influence the outcome of the election . These allegations were also made by the outgoing PML - N following Nawaz Sharif 's disqualification for corruption . It was suggested that alleged goal of these attempts was to halt the party of Nawaz Sharif from coming into power and to bring the results in favor of PTI , so that Imran Khan -- who is alleged as close to the military -- can be installed as the prime minister . Khan has denied these allegations as a `` foreign conspiracy '' and `` against the facts '' , while the military also categorically rejected them . There have been claims of PML ( N ) 's campaign material being ripped apart by authorities while leaving alone material belonging to PTI . There have been suggestions that candidates belonging to PML ( N ) have been coerced by ISI to switch to those parties whose future government can be better controlled by military . On the last day of scrutiny of nomination papers , seven PML ( N ) candidates from Southern Punjab returned their tickets leaving no option for PML ( N ) to field replacement candidates , depriving them an opportunity to win those seats . There have also been reports of election engineering by army and intelligence agencies in Balochistan province in favor of Balochistan Awami Party . Reports further suggested that there was evidence of collusion between the judiciary and military , in that two military officials were appointed to the Joint Investigation Team to investigate corruption allegations against former prime minister Nawaz Sharif , which were further strengthened by the circumstances of the Avenfield case verdict against the Sharifs . Justice Shaukat Aziz Siddiqui , an Islamabad High Court senior justice , released a statement on 22 July alleging that judges were pressured by ISI not to release Sharif before the election . However , he provided no evidence and was at the time facing corruption and misconduct charges pending at the Supreme Judicial Council , leading to rumours about the timing of his statement . Pakistan 's Chief Justice Saqib Nisar said he felt `` saddened '' at Siddiqui 's comments , and whilst criticising them , stated that `` as the head of judiciary , I assure you that we are not under any sort of pressure '' . There have been allegations that the micromanagement of political parties and the censorship of the newspapers , social media and TV channels is to further influence the election result . An official from the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan stated that `` The level of army interference and political engineering is unprecedented . '' Another institution , the National Accountability Bureau has been described as being used by military intelligence agencies , including ISI , to bring politicians in line by threatening to bring corruption cases against them . Due to interference by military and intelligence agencies , The Financial Times described these elections as `` the dirtiest in years '' . Furthermore , the EU observer mission released their report after the election stating that there were `` systematic attempts to undermine the ruling party '' , `` lack of equality of opportunity '' , pressure on the media , far stronger efforts than usual to encourage switching parties and judicial conduct had all negatively influenced the vote . Some of these allegations have also been made by certain political parties and figures more prominently by PML ( N ) . Among the politicians , Farhatullah Babar has been very vocal against the election meddling by military describing it as a `` creeping coup against civilian authority '' . Raza Rabbani also leveled same allegations including the Election Commission of Pakistan , National Accountability Bureau and security agencies as the culprit behind pre-poll rigging . Election day ( edit ) Almost all political parties , with the exception of PTI , have alleged large scale election day rigging . The winning PTI have alleged rigging in some constituencies as well . Doubts were raised by unprecedented delays in the declaration of results . The fairness of the election was also criticized due to the Election Commission 's failure to provide Form 45s , official forms which include the tally of votes and are prepared in the presence of political agents of all the candidates . Party leaders alleged that their representatives were barred from polling stations before counting began and the Form 45s were prepared in their absence and behind closed doors . In some instances , the representatives were given results on plain paper instead of official forms . In another instance , the presiding officer signed blank forms , allowing the possibility of results being manipulated afterwards . Independent candidate Jibran Nasir also made similar allegations . There was also an incident of seven people being arrested for alleged vote rigging in Karachi . According to FAFEN observer Sarwar Bari , `` Only one polling agent of every party is allowed when Form 45 is given out by the polling staff , so we ca n't rule out the fact that it could be a misunderstanding . '' A few days after the election , in the NA - 241 ( Korangi Karachi - III ) constituency , ballots cast for candidates of PML ( N ) , PPP , and MQM - P were found in a garbage heap . A PTI candidate won the election in that constituency . Chairman of winning party Imran Khan pledged that he will allow to open any constituency his opponents think are rigged , he said that opposition has full right into recounting or accountability over election process to ensure transparency . The Free and Fair Election Network , an election watchdog , said the 2018 polls were `` more transparent '' in some aspects than the previous elections and that `` significant improvements in the quality of critical electoral processes '' inspired `` greater public confidence '' . According to former Indian Chief Election Commissioner S.Y. Quraishi , a member of the international observers group in Pakistan , the election system was transparent , free and fair , and the minor technical glitches which showed up later in the day were due to inexperience . On 12 August 2018 , it was reported that 90 % of Form - 45s were not signed by any polling agent , which is a violation of Election Act 2017 . However , an ECP spokesperson clarified the discrepancy by stating that there was no designated space on the Form - 45s to obtain the signatures of polling agents . The signatures were instead done on tamper - evident bags that were used to transport the results . For the transparency reasons and to combat controversy surrounding form 45 , election commission of Pakistan published all form 45 publicly on their website . Results ( edit ) National Assembly ( edit ) Party Votes % Seats General Reserved Total + / -- Women Minorities Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf 16,903,702 31.82 116 28 5 149 + 114 Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) 12,934,589 24.35 64 16 82 -- 84 Pakistan Peoples Party 6,924,356 13.03 43 9 54 + 12 Muttahida Majlis - e-Amal 2,573,939 4.85 12 15 -- 4 Tehreek - i - Labbaik Pakistan 2,234,316 4.21 0 0 0 0 New Grand Democratic Alliance 1,260,147 2.37 0 -- 4 Awami National Party 815,998 1.54 0 0 -- 2 Muttahida Qaumi Movement 733,245 1.38 6 0 7 -- 17 Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) 517,408 0.97 0 5 + 3 Balochistan Awami Party 319,348 0.60 0 5 New Balochistan National Party ( Mengal ) 238,817 0.45 0 + 3 Allah - o - Akbar Tehreek 172,120 0.32 0 0 0 0 Sindh United Party 140,303 0.26 0 0 0 0 Pashtunkhwa Milli Awami Party 134,846 0.25 0 0 0 0 -- 4 Pak Sarzameen Party 126,128 0.24 0 0 0 0 Awami Muslim League 119,362 0.22 0 0 0 Pakistan Awami Raj 115,226 0.22 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Muslim League ( F ) 72,553 0.14 0 0 0 0 Qaumi Watan Party 57,249 0.11 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Rah - e-Haq Party 55,859 0.11 0 0 0 0 Balochistan National Party ( Awami ) 55,206 0.10 0 0 0 0 Tehreek - e-Labbaik Islam 55,155 0.10 0 0 0 0 All Pakistan Muslim League 36,566 0.07 0 0 0 0 Pakistan National Muslim League 35,415 0.07 0 0 0 0 Jamiat Ulama - e-Islam Nazryati 34,247 0.06 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Human Party 34,246 0.06 0 0 0 0 National Party 33,432 0.06 0 0 0 0 Mutahidda Qabail Party 28,469 0.05 0 0 0 0 Jamiat Ulama - e-Islam Pakistan ( S ) 24,582 0.05 0 0 0 0 Jamhoori Wattan Party 23,274 0.04 0 0 + 1 Jamiat Ulama - e-Pakistan ( Noorani ) 22,145 0.04 0 0 0 0 Mohajir Qaumi Movement Pakistan 21,521 0.04 0 0 0 0 Majlis Wahdat - e-Muslimeen 19,615 0.04 0 0 0 0 Awami Workers Party 17,935 0.03 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Justice and Democratic Party 12,637 0.02 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Kissan Ittehad ( Ch . Anwar ) 12,255 0.02 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Peoples Party ( Shaheed Bhutto ) 10,032 0.02 0 0 0 0 Hazara Democratic Party 7,942 0.01 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Nazriati 6,755 0.01 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Muslim Alliance 6,703 0.01 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Siraiki Party ( T ) 6,523 0.01 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Sunni Tehreek 5,943 0.01 0 0 0 0 Sunni Ittehad Council 5,939 0.01 0 0 0 0 Tehreek Jawanan Pakistan 5,841 0.01 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Awami Inqelabi League 5,046 0.01 0 0 0 0 Roshan Pakistan League 4,267 0.01 0 0 0 0 Tehreek Tabdili Nizam Pakistan 4,161 0.01 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf - Gulalai 4,146 0.01 0 0 0 0 Balochistan National Movement 3,971 0.01 0 0 0 0 Tabdeeli Pasand Party Pakistan 3,698 0.01 0 0 0 0 Amun Taraqqi Party 3,646 0.01 0 0 0 0 Jamote Qaumi Movement 3,269 0.01 0 0 0 0 Barabri Party Pakistan 2,702 0.01 0 0 0 0 Move On Pakistan 2,580 0.00 0 0 0 0 All Pakistan Muslim League ( Jinnah ) 2,418 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Falah Party 2,167 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pasban Pakistan 2,154 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Awami League 1,780 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Aman Tehreek 1,718 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Peoples Party 1,587 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Quami Yakjehti Party 1,571 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Muslim League ( Z ) 1,406 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Muslim League ( Sher - e-Bangal ) 1,332 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Freedom Movement 1,096 0.00 0 0 0 0 Mustaqbil Pakistan 1,053 0.00 0 0 0 0 Humdardan - e-Watan Pakistan 936 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Aman Party 852 0.00 0 0 0 0 Aam Admi Tehreek Pakistan 828 0.00 0 0 0 0 Awami Justice Party Pakistan 730 0.00 0 0 0 0 Saraiskistan Democratic Party 724 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Supreme Democratic 708 0.00 0 0 0 0 Aam Log Party Pakistan 606 0.00 0 0 0 0 Tehreek - e-Suba Hazara Pakistan 545 0.00 0 0 0 0 Awam League 493 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Welfare Party 426 0.00 0 0 0 0 Aam Awam Party 364 0.00 0 0 0 0 Jannat Pakistan Party 248 0.00 0 0 0 0 National Peace Council Party 242 0.00 0 0 0 0 Front National ( Pakistan ) 233 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Muslim League Organization 211 0.00 0 0 0 0 All Pakistan Tehreek 155 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Human Rights Party 139 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaniat 98 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Muslim League Council 91 0.00 0 0 0 0 Peoples Movement of Pakistan ( PMP ) 37 0.00 0 0 0 0 Independents 6,087,410 11.46 13 0 0 13 + 5 Postponed -- -- -- -- -- Invalid / blank votes -- -- -- -- -- -- Total 53,123,733 100 272 60 10 342 0 Registered voters / turnout 51.6 -- -- -- -- -- Source : ECP Government formation ( edit ) Despite rejecting the results of the election due to alleged rigging , the Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) made the decision to take oath in the elected assemblies for the sake of democracy , conceding that Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf 's Imran Khan was likely to be the Prime Minister . Hence , the government formation at the federal level was left to the PTI alone . Talks began with smaller parties and independents to form a government . Muttahida Qaumi Movement which won six seats , Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) which won four , Balochistan Awami Party which won four , Grand Democratic Alliance which won two , and thirteen independent candidates were invited to join the PTI - led government . Additionally , Awami Muslim League led by Sheikh Rasheed Ahmed , the party 's only MNA , had already vowed its support to PTI before the elections . On 28 July , PML ( Q ) pledged its support to PTI 's candidates for Chief Minister of Punjab , making it unlikely to oppose PTI in the National Assembly . On 31 July , Balochistan Awami Party announced its support for a PTI led federal government . On 1 August , Muttahida Qaumi Movement was told by the PPP that it had to choose between sitting in a coalition with them in Sindh or sitting in a coalition with PTI in the centre . On the same day , MQM - P convener Khalid Maqbool Siddiqui announced the party 's six MNAs would lend their support to the PTI in the National Assembly . On 2 August , Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) , Pakistan Peoples Party , Muttahida Majlis - e-Amal and Awami National Party announced to form a `` Grand Opposition Alliance '' whereby the Speaker , Prime Minister and other key posts would be jointly nominated and elected . The Speakership would be given to the PPP , the Deputy Speakership to the MMA and the Premiership to the PML - N. However , on 16 August , after the elections for speaker , PPP decided to withdraw their support for Shehbaz Sharif for the post of Prime Minister , owing to previous statements made by the individual about the party 's co-chairman and ex-President of Pakistan , Asif Ali Zardari . Over the next few weeks , other parties pledged their support towards the PTI nominees for speaker , deputy speaker . These parties include Balochistan National Party ( Mengal ) , Grand Democratic Alliance and Jamhoori Watan Party . In addition to this , 9 independents joined the party . Election for speakers of the National Assembly ( edit ) The election for the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly took place on 15 August 2018 . Candidate Party Contesting for Votes Obtained Required majority → 172 out of 342 Asad Qaiser Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf ( 151 ) supporters : MQM - P ( 7 ) , BAP ( 5 ) , BNP - M ( 4 ) , PML - Q ( 3 ) , GDA ( 3 ) , AML ( 1 ) , JWP ( 1 ) , IND ( 1 ) Speaker 176 Y Qasim Suri Deputy Speaker 183 Y Khurshid Shah Pakistan Peoples Party ( 54 ) Muttahida Majlis - e-Amal ( 15 ) supporters : PML - N ( 81 ) , ANP ( 1 ) Speaker 146 N Asad Mehmood Deputy Speaker 144 N Election for Prime Minister ( edit ) The election for the premiership took place on 17 August 2018 . Candidate Party Votes Obtained Required majority → 172 out of 342 Imran Khan Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf ( 151 ) supporters : MQM - P ( 7 ) , BAP ( 5 ) , BNP - M ( 4 ) , PML - Q ( 3 ) , GDA ( 3 ) , AML ( 1 ) , JWP ( 1 ) , IND ( 1 ) 176 Y Shehbaz Sharif Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) ( 81 ) supporters : PPP ( 54 ) , MMA ( 15 ) , ANP ( 1 ) 96 N Abstentions 53 Reactions ( edit ) Domestic ( edit ) As the results began to pour in , many of the main opposition parties declared that the elections were not ' free and fair ' . The Election Commission of Pakistan denied the allegations but announced that it would be willing to investigate if proof was provided . PTI chairman Imran Khan also addressed the allegations in his first national address and said that he would be willing to look into any allegations of rigging . He also added that he thought that the elections were the `` cleanest in Pakistan 's history . '' Celebrations across Pakistan also erupted as early results indicated a win for Tehreek - e-Insaf . Khan 's fellow cricketers and celebrities took to Twitter in celebration of his assumed victory even before election results were finalized or a government formed . Economic ( edit ) The Pakistan Stock Exchange ( PSX ) reacted positively and opened 2 % higher as the prospect of a hung government dissipated . The KSE index closed 749 points higher on Thursday . On 3 July 2018 , the benchmark KSE - 100 index gained 314 points to reach 43,100 points . It closed up 770 points at 43,556 points . The US dollar shed Rs5. 36 against the rupee in the inter-bank market for the first time in four years , falling to Rs122. 5 . The positive economic indicators are considered to be largely driven by what investors consider the return of political stability following the 25 July polls . International ( edit ) Supranational bodies United Nations -- United Nations spokesperson Stéphane Dujarric did not acknowledge the results of the election , he commended the Electoral Commission for their organizational efforts , `` noting positive initiatives related to training and efforts to enhance the inclusion of women , persons with disabilities and other marginalized groups , as well as first - time voters , in the electoral process . '' European Union -- The European Union 's monitoring delegate Michael Gahler said , `` Our overall assessment of the election process is that it is not as good as in 2013 ... ( but ) the election results are credible . '' Gahler particularly criticized the ill - treatment given to the former ruling party and threats against the press from the various campaigns . Ambassador of the European Union to Pakistan Jean Francois Cautain congratulated Khan on his party 's recent electoral victory and assured the PM - in - waiting that the EU is keen to work with his government . Cautain said , `` We are ready to collaborate in the fields of security , economy , education and rural development . We will assist the newly elected government in securing investments from EU 's member countries as we wish to see stability and development in Pakistan . The EU is also ready to help Pakistan escape the grey list of the Financial Action Task Force . '' He further added , `` The EU also does not have any objections to the Iran -- Pakistan gas pipeline project . '' States Afghanistan -- President of Afghanistan Ashraf Ghani congratulated Khan and wrote , `` I just spoke to Imran Khan and congratulated him on the victory in parliamentary elections . We both agreed to overcome the past and to lay a new foundation for a prosperous political , social and economic future of both countries . '' He also invited Khan to visit Kabul and Khan has accepted the invitation . Azerbaijan -- President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev has congratulated Imran Khan on his election as Prime Minister of Pakistan . He expressed the hope that the two governments would work to improve the bilateral relationship . Canada -- Canada 's High Commissioner in Pakistan issued the statement on the elections in Pakistan , `` We congratulate the millions of Pakistani citizens who exercised their democratic rights by casting votes in the National Assembly and Provincial Assembly elections on July 25 . The participation of tens of millions of voters is a testament to the strong democratic convictions of the people of Pakistan . We are saddened by the incidents of violence which occurred on July 25 and in the lead - up to the election , resulting in significant loss of life . Canada condemns these senseless acts and vicious attacks on democracy and conveys its condolences to the families of those whose lives were lost , as well as those injured . '' China -- The spokesperson for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People 's Republic of China Geng Shuang expressed pleasure for smooth completion of the general election and congratulated Imran Khan . At the regular press conference , he said , `` China welcomes the smooth completion of the general election in Pakistan and congratulates the Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf led by Mr. Imran Khan for winning this election . We are willing to work together with the new Pakistani government to push China - Pakistan all - weather strategic partnership to a new level . '' France -- Spokesperson of the French Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs issued the statement , `` France welcomes the mobilization of the Pakistani people , who went to the polls to exercise their electoral rights despite calls from extremist groups and incidents during the electoral process , which will be detailed in the final report of the Election Observation Mission of the European Union . We strongly condemn the violence that has bereaved the electoral process , including the attacks in Mastung and Quetta , and express our condolences to the families of the victims . France congratulates the future leaders of the country and stands ready to start constructive relations with the government which will be chosen by the parliament . This election marks , for the first time in the history of Pakistan , the second consecutive transfer of power between two democratically elected governments . It constitutes a new step in the strengthening of democracy in Pakistan . France will stand alongside Pakistan in the continuation of this process , as well as support the economic and social development of the country . '' Germany -- Government of Germany commended the 25 July general election held in Pakistan , saying it was `` ready to work closely and confidently '' with the new leadership . In a statement , the German Foreign Office spokesperson said , `` Our country looks forward to ( assisting ) them in accomplishing these tasks . Germany understands that the new government will face great challenges that include improving the living conditions of all Pakistanis , combating corruption , and strengthening regional stability . Germany stands by and ready to work closely and confidently with the new Pakistani government and to assist them in accomplishing these task , '' referring to the newly - elected Pakistani government . India -- Prime Minister Narendra Modi telephoned Khan and congratulated him over his party 's success in the general elections and expressed hope that the democracy will take deeper roots in Pakistan , and reiterated his vision of peace and development in the entire neighborhood . Indian Ministry of External Affairs Spokesperson Raveesh Kumar expressed hope for better bilateral relations with Pakistan and said , `` India desires a prosperous and progressive Pakistan at peace with its neighbors . We hope that the new Government of Pakistan will work constructively to build a safe , stable , secure and developed South Asia free of terror and violence . '' India 's Foreign Affairs Ministry did not directly comment on Khan 's call for talks , but said it welcomed that `` the people of Pakistan have reposed their faith in democracy through general elections '' . Iran -- Iranian President Hassan Rouhani extended his sincere congratulations to Imran Khan on his election as the new Prime Minister of Pakistan and expressed hope that the two countries would further improve relations during his tenure . In his congratulatory message to Imran , Rouhani said that the Islamic Republic of Iran as always and particularly during the new era expresses its readiness to expand relations and cooperation with the Islamic Republic of Pakistan . The Iranian president said that Imran Khan 's election is the result of willpower of the brave Pakistani nation . Iran 's ambassador to Pakistan Mehdi Honardoost congratulated Khan on winning the general elections , and expressed to enhance cooperation with the government - in - waiting . He said in a letter written to Khan , `` People of Pakistan have demonstrated their desire to achieve progress and development by turning up in large numbers and using their right of franchise in the 25 July polls . '' Japan -- Government of Japan congratulated Imran Khan and his political party on victory in the general election 2018 . The government expressed hopes that the relations between the two countries will get better with the new Pakistani leadership in place and that Imran 's government will continue to work on deals between the two countries . Maldives -- President of Maldives Abdulla Yameen telephoned Khan and felicitated him on his success in the general elections , and expressed his best wishes for him . The Prime Minister - designate Imran Khan thanked the President of Maldives . Nepal -- Prime Minister of Nepal Khadga Prasad Oli , sent a message of congratulations to Imran Khan on his assumption of the high office of the Prime Minister of Pakistan.In the message , Prime Minister Oli has recalled friendly relations between Nepal and Pakistan and has wished for successful tenure of the newly elected Prime Minister of Pakistan. Prime Minister Oli has also expressed hope that bilateral relations between Nepal and Pakistan will be further strengthened during the tenure of Prime Minister Imran Khan . Qatar -- Qatar 's Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al - Thani telephoned PTI Chairman Imran Khan and congratulated him on election win . Extending an invitation to the prime minister - in - waiting to visit Qatar , Sheikh Tamim expressed his desire to expand ties with the incoming government in Pakistan . Khan , on his part , said that Pakistan accords great respect to its ties with Qatar and expressed the hope that the two governments would work to improve the bilateral relationship . Russia -- Russian Ambassador to Pakistan Alexey Dedov called on Prime Minister - in - waiting and Chairman PTI Imran Khan in Bani Gala and congratulated him on the victory in elections 2018 . The Russian Ambassador expressed desire to further enhance cooperation between Pakistan and Russia . Saudi Arabia -- Saudi Arabian Ambassador to Pakistan Nawaf bin Said Al - Malki met Imran Khan and congratulated him . Talking about Khan 's speech he termed it as `` comprehensive and positive . '' Ambassador said that the Saudi Crown Prince would visit Pakistan soon after Imran Khan takes the oath and the transition to the new government , and put in place a new stronger bilateral relationship between the two countries . Sri Lanka -- Sri Lankan President Maithripala Sirisena congratulated Imran Khan after he took oath today as the Prime Minister of Pakistan . `` I am confident that your leadership will help steer Pakistan towards peace , prosperity and sustainability , as relations between our two countries grow further '' . Turkey -- President of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan telephoned Khan and congratulated him on his victory . He also offered his well wishes to Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf and expressed hope for the future government . During the telephonic exchange , the two leaders exchanged the hope for the beginning of a positive chapter in the bilateral relations . United Arab Emirates -- United Arab Emirates Ambassador Hamad Obaid Ibrahim Salem Al Zaabi called on Imran Khan at his Bani Gala residence and congratulated him for his party 's victory in the parliamentary elections . The two sides also touched on the political and bilateral ties between the two friendly countries . United Kingdom -- Foreign Secretary Jeremy Hunt congratulated `` the millions of voters who participated in Pakistan 's elections '' in spite of terrorism , calling it an `` important moment for democracy in Pakistan '' . Hunt also expressed concern about the reports of `` pressure on the media '' and the number of parties `` who preach violence and intolerance '' . He also wished for a successful transition , adding that he hopes that all sides will `` resolve any disputed results peacefully and in accordance with Pakistan 's electoral laws . '' United States -- The Trump administration and the US State Department , which had no election observers on the ground mainly due to security concerns , refused to confirm that the elections were free and fair , and the State Department `` expressed concern over reports regarding limits on freedom of expression before the polls '' . It added that the United States will look for opportunities to work with the new government `` to advance our goals of security , stability , and prosperity in South Asia '' . State Department spokesperson Heather Nauert congratulated the Pakistani people , especially the women , for having the courage to vote in view of the violent circumstances surrounding the election . See also ( edit ) Punjab provincial election , 2018 Sindh provincial election , 2018 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provincial election , 2018 Balochistan provincial election , 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Assembly Wise Voters Turnout '' . Ecp.gov.pk . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nawaz Sharif verdict : Ahead of general elections , Pakistan Army exhibits super show of ' soft coup ' to prop up extremist parties '' . Firstpost.com . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kanwar , Kamlendra ( 7 July 2018 ) . `` Nawaz Sharif sentencing : More to the judgment than meets the eye '' . newsnation.in . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The End of Democracy or a New Resurgence in Pakistan ? '' . Economic and Political Weekly . 53 ( 24 ) . 5 June 2015 . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A manipulated outcome '' . telegraphindia.com . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pak Army wants to install a puppet government : Nadeem Nusrat '' . Aninews.in . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The assault on Pakistan media ahead of vote '' . Bbc.com. 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistanis tiring of elections manipulated by establishment -- Asia Times '' . Atimes.com . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Patronage and power plays in Pakistan 's electoral politics '' . eastasiaforum.org. 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fair , C. Christine ( 27 July 2018 ) . `` Pakistan 's Sham Election '' . Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-cricketer Khan leads Pakistan elections in early counting '' . BBC News . 26 July 2018 . Retrieved 27 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Gannon , Kathy ( 26 July 2018 ) . `` Unofficial Results in Pakistan 's Election Show Lead For Imran Khan , But Opponents Allege Fraud '' . TIME Magazine . Retrieved 26 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Shah , Saeed ( 25 July 2018 ) . `` Ex-Cricket Star Imran Khan Headed for Pakistan Election Victory '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 26 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan election : Party of Ex-PM Nawaz Sharif concedes to Imran Khan '' . Jump up ^ `` ECP rejects political parties ' claim of ' rigging ' on election day '' . Jump up ^ `` ' PML - N rejects poll results , ' declares Shahbaz Sharif '' . Dawn. 25 July 2018 . Retrieved 26 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FAFEN satisfied with transparency of polls , urges ECP to allay opposition 's concerns '' . July 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Barker , Memphis ( 27 July 2018 ) . `` EU piles pressure on Imran Khan after Pakistan election '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` EU monitors team says Pakistan election not a level playing field '' . Geo TV news . 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nawaz Sharif 's PML - N emerges as single largest party in Pak polls '' . Zeenews. 14 May 2013 . Retrieved 22 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Imran Khan : ' Pakistan will never be the same again ' '' . BBC News . 12 May 2013 . Retrieved 26 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PTI concedes defeat in Pakistan elections '' . The Express Tribune . AFP . 23 February 2011 . Retrieved 13 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Imran demands recount with fingerprint verification on 4 constituencies '' . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nawaz Sharif Has Lost All Moral Authority , Imran Khan Tells NDTV : Highlights '' . NDTV.com . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` For a national cause : PTI calls off dharna after 126 days '' . Express Tribune . 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` JC finds 2013 elections fair and in accordance with law '' . 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Vasilyeva , Natalya ; Anderson , Mae ( 3 April 2016 ) . `` News Group Claims Huge Trove of Data on Offshore Accounts '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . Retrieved 4 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Cheema , Umer . `` House of Sharifs Named In Panama Papers '' . Centre for Investigative Reporting in Pakistan . CIRP . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Giant leak of offshore financial records exposes global array of crime and corruption '' . OCCRP . The International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. 3 April 2016 . Archived from the original on 4 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Ghumman , Khawar ( 7 October 2016 ) . `` Imran plans siege of Islamabad on Oct 30 '' . Dawn . Dawn Group . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the SC judges behind the Panama Papers ruling '' . Dawn.com . Jump up ^ `` JIT report '' . supremecourt.gov.pk . Jump up ^ `` Complete Report of Joint Investigation Team ( JIT ) in Panama Case '' . SUCH TV . SUCH TV NEWS. 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JIT report raises doubts about use of ' Calibri ' font in papers submitted by Maryam '' . Dawn.com . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sadiq and Ameen '' . Thenation.com.pk. 28 July 2017 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Bhatti , Haseeb ( 28 July 2017 ) . `` Nawaz Sharif steps down as PM after SC 's disqualification verdict '' . Dawn . Jump up ^ `` Panama Case verdict : Pakistan Supreme Court disqualifies PM Nawaz Sharif '' . Daily Pakistan . 28 July 2017 . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan polls : Jailed Sharif 's PML - N takes guard against Imran 's PTI '' . Jump up ^ `` The Pathan Suits : Can Imran Khan Lay A New Path For Pakistan 's Fractured Polity ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Election for Pakistani National Assembly '' . IEFS. 11 May 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Chalmers , John . `` Pakistan marks democratic milestone in close - fought election '' . U.S . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Elections 101 : What is delimitation and why does it matter ? '' . Jump up ^ `` How constituency boundaries were redrawn across Pakistan '' . Jump up ^ `` Complete list of National Assembly constituencies for General Elections 2018 -- Dispatch News Desk '' . dnd.com.pk. 7 March 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Download Polling Scheme of Sindh for National Assembly General Elections 2018 -- Dispatch News Desk '' . dnd.com.pk. 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Download Polling Scheme for Balochistan Provincial Assembly General Elections 2018 -- Dispatch News Desk '' . dnd.com.pk. 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Voting ends in Pakistan ; 35 killed in suicide blast , poll - related violence '' . Jump up ^ `` General elections 2018 : ECC approves Rs864m for procuring new printing machines '' . The News International . 8 June 2017 . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Next general election to be held on time : Zahid Hamid '' . The Nation. 11 June 2017 . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official result of NA - 120 announced , Kulsoom polls 61,745 votes '' . dunya.tv. 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PTI 's Arbab Amir wins NA - 4 by - election with reasonable margin : unofficial results '' . dunya.tv. 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Imran Khan gets clean chit , Jahangir Khan Tareen disqualified '' . www.thenews.com.pk . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PML - N candidate poised to win by - polls in NA - 154 Lodhran '' . dawn.com. 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shahbaz launches PML - N election campaign from Karachi '' . Dawn. 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PML - N unveils party manifesto for elections 2018 '' . The News International . 5 July 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PTI to kick - start election campaign from Mianwali '' . Express Tribune . 23 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Imran Khan launches PTI manifesto for General Election 2018 '' . The News International . 9 July 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Election campaign ends amid PTI , PML - N power shows '' . Samaa TV . 24 July 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PPP unveils election manifesto promising to ' save and develop Pakistan ' '' . Express Tribune . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bilawal kicks off election campaign from Karachi '' . Express Tribune . 1 July 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` National Assembly stands dissolved as second successive democratic government completes five - year term '' . Dawn.com. 1 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Imran to kick - start PTI 's election campaign from Mianwali today '' . Geo.tv. 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ECP : Change in date of filing nomination papers '' . 6 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nomination papers of Sattar , Musharraf rejected '' . Geo.tv . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Agencies . `` Imran Khan 's nomination papers rejected '' . gulfnews.com . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PTI chief Imran Khan allowed to contest polls from NA - 53 , NA - 35 '' . geo.tv . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Bilal , Rana ( 28 June 2018 ) . `` LHC suspends appellate tribunal 's disqualification verdict against PTI 's Fawad Chaudhry '' . dawn.com . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Bilal , Rana ( 29 June 2018 ) . `` LHC suspends tribunal decision on Abbasi 's disqualification for life '' . dawn.com . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PTI left without candidate in NA - 64 '' . dawn.com . June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Survey shows elections too close to call '' . Jump up ^ `` National Survey of Current Political Survey in Pakistan '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Elections Exclusive : 3 poll results in ! Who will you vote for Pakistan ? '' . geo.tv . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Ijaz Shafi Gilani , Chairman Gallup Pakistan talks about the changing trends in public opinion and motivations of the voters with respect to the upcoming Election on Jirga with SaleemKhanSafi on Geo News '' . Gallup Pakistan . 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Shah , Saeed ( 25 April 2018 ) . `` Trial of Ex-Leader Rattles Pakistan 's Democracy '' . ( www.wsj.com ) . ^ Jump up to : Elahi , Manzar ; Haider , Sajjad ( 24 November 2017 ) . `` PML - N remains most popular party , Nawaz most favourite leader : survey '' . Geo TV . Jump up ^ `` Shehbaz favoured by Pakistan 's majority to become premier : GSP survey '' . Dunya News . 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Public Opinion Survey '' . Global Strategic Partners . 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Party wise total vote bank '' ( PDF ) . Government of Pakistan . 27 May 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hamdani , Kazim ( 27 July 2018 ) . `` FAFEN satisfied with transparency of polls , urges ECP to allay opposition 's concerns '' . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Jamal , Sana ( 4 July 2018 ) . `` More than 12,000 contesting Pakistan Elections 2018 '' . Gulf News . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Ali , Akbar ( 3 July 2018 ) . `` 10 injured in blast at PTI candidate 's election office in North Waziristan '' . Dawn . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 7 including MMA candidate injured in Bannu blast '' . Dawn. 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ANP 's Haroon Bilour among 20 martyred in Peshawar suicide attack '' . The News International . 11 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Political worker shot dead in Peshawar '' . Tribune.com.pk . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Syed , Ali Shah ( 12 July 2018 ) . `` 2 injured in blast near political party 's office in Khuzdar '' . Dawn . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Four killed as blast targets JUI - F leader Akram Khan Durrani 's convoy in Bannu '' . Geo.tv . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Death toll in Mastung blast escalates to 131 '' . Dunya News . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PTI 's Ikramullah Khan Gandapur martyred in DI Khan suicide blast '' . Express Tribune . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` JUI - F leader Akram Durrani safe as shots fired at vehicle in Bannu '' . Geo News . 22 July 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Three security personnel among four martyred in Balochistan gun attack : ISPR '' . The News . 25 July 2018 . Retrieved 26 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Six policemen among 29 martyred in suicide attack outside Quetta polling station '' . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PTI worker shot dead in clash with ANP supporters in Swabi '' . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` At least three injured in explosion outside polling station in Larkana '' . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Clashes , violence mar polling in various constituencies ; at least 2 killed '' . DAWN.COM. 25 July 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mir , Asfandyar ( 26 July 2018 ) . `` What just happened in Pakistan 's election ? And what happens next ? '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistan : General Elections Subverted By Army - Judiciary Nexus -- Analysis '' . eurasiareview.com. 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Aziz , Saba ( 26 July 2018 ) . `` Pakistan elections : Who is Imran Khan ? '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nawaz Sharif : Pakistan 's army yet again takes on the wrong fight -- The Economic Times '' . economictimes.com . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistan elections around the corner , but many say results already decided '' . hindustantimes.com . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Shah , Saeed ; Gillani , Waqar ( 20 July 2018 ) . `` Pakistan 's Military Wields More Influence Ahead of National Election '' . Wsj.com . Retrieved 21 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Birmani , Tariq Saeed ; Faheem , Kanwer ; Ali , Mohammad ( 30 June 2018 ) . `` PML - N 's troubles continue as 7 candidates in south Punjab return party tickets '' . dawn.com . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shadow of ' engineering ' hangs over Pakistan election '' . Aljazeera.com . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan election raises fears of ' creeping coup ' '' . Bbc.com. 23 July 2018 . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Reporter , The Newspaper 's Staff ( 22 July 2018 ) . `` Justice Shaukat sees erosion of independence of judiciary '' . dawn.com . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Naseer , Tahir ( 21 July 2018 ) . `` IHC judge makes startling allegations against security agencies ' meddling ' in judicial affairs '' . Dawn . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` CJP Nisar responds angrily to Justice Shaukat 's statement '' . The News . 22 July 2018 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` In Pre-Election Pakistan , a Military Crackdown Is the Real Issue '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan heads for dirtiest election in years '' . amp.ft.com . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Guramani , Nadir ( 12 June 2018 ) . `` ' Creeping coup ' underway in lead - up to election , alleges Babar '' . dawn.com . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raza Rabbani , accuses NAB , judiciary , ECP of pre-poll rigging - Global Village Space '' . globalvillagespace.com. 13 July 2018 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Dirtiest Polls in Pakistan 's History ' : Shehbaz Sharif Says Blatant Rigging Taking Nation 30 Years Back '' . News18.com . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Rajat Sharma ( 2018 - 07 - 26 ) . `` Pakistan Polls : Parties allege large scale rigging '' . Aninews.in . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's a list of constituencies where PTI , PML - N , PPP are alleging rigging '' . 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Election Results 2018 updates : 5 parties allege poll rigging as PTI emerges in lead ; Imran Khan 's party says open to recounting '' . firstpost.com . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistan Election 2018 : PPP , PML - N allege large - scale rigging as PTI widens lead - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis '' . Dnaindia.com . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Political parties protest against irregularity in vote counting '' . nation.com.pk. 25 July 2018 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Karachi : 7 , including a woman , arrested from polling stations in NA - 238 '' . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stamped ballot papers recovered from garbage dump in Karachi '' . Geo.tv . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Imran Khan 's speech in full : READ new Pakistan leaders complete victory speech in English '' . 26 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Elections Free And Fair , Says Indian Observer SY Quraishi '' . NDTV. 26 July 2018 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` اہم خبریں - 90 فیصد سے زائد فارم 45 پر پولنگ ایجنٹوں کے دستخط نہیں '' . Daily Jang . Jump up ^ Durrani , Fakhar ( 12 August 2018 ) . `` More than 90pc Form - 45 not signed by polling agents '' . The News . Jump up ^ `` ECP uploads Form 45 , others containing election results data on its website '' . The Dawn . August 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PTI 's NA total rises to 158 after addition of 33 reserved seats '' . Geo.tv . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan election : Party of Ex-PM Nawaz Sharif concedes to Imran Khan '' . 27 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan election : Imran Khan begins coalition talks as opposition parties protest ' rigged ' vote '' . Jump up ^ `` Number games for Punjab CM : PML - Q gives thumbs down to PML - N '' . Jump up ^ `` BAP announces support for PTI in National Assembly '' . geo.tv . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` MQM - P lends support to PTI in forming federal govt - The Express Tribune '' . tribune.com.pk . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Opposition ' parties resolve to bring their own prime minister , NA speaker '' . dawn.com. 2 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` PPP withdraws support for Shehbaz Sharif as PM candidate Pakistan '' . Geo.tv. 2018 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` BNP - M , PTI deal secures Mengal 's support for Imran at centre Pakistan '' . Geo.tv. 2018 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ ( 2018 - 08 - 09 ) . `` GDA assures unconditional support to PTI - Pakistan '' . Dunya News . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Shahzain Bugti announces support for Imran Khan - Pakistan '' . Dawn. 2018 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` PTI 's Asad Qaiser , Qasim Suri elected NA speaker and deputy speaker amid opposition ruckus '' . dawn.com. 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Imran Khan elected as Pakistan 's prime minister '' . aljazeera.com. 17 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Article in Firstpost Jump up ^ `` Election body rejects ' rigging ' accusations '' . thenews.com.pk . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Imran Khan says ready to investigate rigging claims '' . thenews.com.pk . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Will aid in probing opposition 's rigging allegations : Imran Khan '' . geo.tv . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Report , Asma Ali Zain / Web . `` ECP officially declares Imran Khan 's PTI as winner '' . m.khaleejtimes.com . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ First Post staff ( 26 July 2018 ) . `` Pakistan General Elections 2018 : Twitter reacts to Imran Khan 's win ; ' ... my sons ' father is Pakistan 's next PM ' , tweets Jemima '' . First Post . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan stock exchange remains bullish , gains 749 points in post election rally '' . arabnews.com. 26 July 2018 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` In a first in four years , dollar falls by Rs5. 36 in interbank market '' . Geo News . 30 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Latest : US commends ' courage ' of Pakistanis who voted '' . Washington Post . 26 July 2018 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' EU deeply interested in collaborating with PTI govt , ' European Union envoy tells Imran '' . Dawn. 6 August 2018 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' EU ready to help Pakistan get out of FATF grey list ' '' . Dunya News . 6 August 2018 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` EU Ambassador Jean - Francois calls on Imran Khan '' . The News . 6 August 2018 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ashraf Ghani on Twitter '' . 29 July 2018 . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan president invites Khan after Pakistan election win '' . Arab News . 29 July 2018 . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijani President congratulates new Pakistan 's PM '' . Azernews.az. 2018 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ TNS2 . `` Azerbaijan Prime Minister felicitates Imran Khan on becoming PM '' . Tns. world . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Government of Canada , Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada . `` Canada 's statement on Pakistan elections '' . GAC . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` China congratulates Imran Khan , PTI on winning elections '' . The News . 30 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan - Parliamentary Elections ( 25 July 2018 ) '' . La France au Pakistan - Ambassade de France au Pakistan . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Germany ready to work closely , confidently with new Pak govt ' : Foreign Office '' . The News . 28 July 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Indian PM congratulates Imran over success in election '' . Geo News . 30 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` India says hopes new Pakistan government will work for terror - free South Asia '' . Reuters. 28 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` India desires improved ties as Pakistan readies for new government '' . The Express Tribune . 30 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iranian president , Azerbaijan PM felicitate Imran on becoming prime minister '' . Pakistantoday.com.pk . Retrieved 29 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iran ready to enhance cooperation with Imran Khan 's govt - in - waiting '' . The Express Tribune . 30 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Japan congratulates Imran Khan , hopes to further strengthen bilateral ties '' . Geo.tv. 28 July 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` President of Maldives telephones PM elect Imran Khan '' . Times of Islamabad. 30 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Posted onAugust 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 18 ) . `` Press Release on the Congratulatory Message sent by Rt . Hon . Prime Minister - Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA '' . Mofa.gov.np . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar emir invites PM - in - waiting Imran Khan for visit '' . Dunya News . 7 August 2018 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar 's Emir calls PM designate Imran Khan , invites him for official visit '' . Daily Pakistan . 7 August 2018 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Pakistan . `` Russian Ambassador calls on Imran Khan Pakistan '' . Thenews.com.pk . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ . `` Russian envoy calls on Imran Khan - Pakistan - Dunya News '' . Dunyanews.tv . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi ambassador greets Imran , congratulations pour in from China , Afghanistan '' . The News . 27 July 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Leaders Congratulate Imran Khan on his Victory '' . 30 July 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Forgot Username or Password ( 2018 - 08 - 18 ) . `` As Pakistan 's Khan takes office Sri Lanka expresses confidence in him '' . Menafn.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Imran Khan receives a congratulatory phone call from Turkey 's Erdogan '' . The News . 31 July 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Erdogan congratulates Imran on election performance via telephone '' . Dawn. 31 July 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UAE envoy meets Imran Khan '' . The News . 31 July 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Secretary statement on the Pakistan election '' . Gov.uk. 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Doubts raised in US over fairness of Pakistan elections '' . Times of India . 26 July 2018 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan election 2018 : Trump administration REFUSES to declare the polls ' FREE AND FAIR ' '' . Daily Express . 25 July 2018 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` US state department response over general elections 2018 in Pakistan '' . Times of Islamabad. 26 July 2018 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Pakistani general election , 2018 ← 2013 election Constituencies MNAs elected Opinion polling Prime Minister - caretaker : Nasirul Mulk Prime Minister - elect : Imran Khan Election violence Pre-election violence 2018 Peshawar suicide bombing 2018 Mastung and Bannu bombings 2018 Kulachi suicide bombing 2018 Pakistani general election violence 2018 Quetta suicide bombing Parties elected to the National Assembly Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Pakistan Peoples Party Muttahida Majlis - e-Amal Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) Muttahida Qaumi Movement Grand Democratic Alliance Balochistan National Party ( Mengal ) Awami Muslim League Awami National Party Balochistan Awami Party Jamhoori Wattan Party Provincial elections Balochistan ( MPAs elected ) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( MPAs elected ) Punjab ( MPAs elected ) Sindh ( MPAs elected ) Elections and referendums in Pakistan General elections 1920 1923 1926 1930 1934 1945 1970 1977 1985 2002 2008 2013 2018 next Regional elections 1937 1946 1951 1953 1954 Referendums 1960 1984 2002 See also : Elections in Azad Kashmir Balochistan Gilgit - Baltistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Punjab Sindh Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pakistani_general_election,_2018&oldid=866422520 '' Categories : Pakistani general election , 2018 2018 elections in Pakistan General elections in Pakistan July 2018 events in Pakistan Electoral fraud in Pakistan Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2018 Use dmy dates from July 2018 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Deutsch Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano پښتو Polski Русский Simple English سنڌي اردو 粵語 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 06 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many seats required to make government in pakistan 2018 | [
"Pakistani general election, 2018\n\n\n← 2013\n25 July 2018\nNext →\n\n← outgoing memberselected members →All 342 seats in the National Assembly172 seats needed for a majority\nOpinion pollsTurnout\n51.6%[1] ( 3.4pp)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nFirst party\n\nSecond party\n\nThird party\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLeader\n\nImran Khan\n\nShehbaz Sharif\n\nBilawal Bhutto Zardari\n\n\nParty\n\nPTI\n\nPML (N)\n\nPPP\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLeader since\n\n25 April 1996\n\n6 March 2018\n\n30 December 2007\n\n\nLeader's seat\n\nMianwali-I\n\nLahore-X\n\nLarkana-I\n\n\nLast election\n\n35 seats, 16.92%\n\n166 seats, 32.77%\n\n42 seats, 15.23%\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSeats won\n\n149 / 342\n\n82 / 342\n\n54 / 342\n\n\n\n\nSeat change\n\n 114\n\n 84\n\n 12\n\n\nPopular vote\n\n16,903,702\n\n12,934,589\n\n6,924,356\n\n\nPercentage\n\n31.82%\n\n24.35%\n\n13.03%\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSwing\n\n 14.90pp\n\n 8.42pp\n\n 2.29pp\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPrime Minister before election\nShahid Khaqan Abbasi\nPML (N)\n\n\nElected Prime Minister \nImran Khan\nPTI\n\n"
] | [
"342"
] |
-4788503056079494959 | Chandni | Chandni - Wikipedia Chandni Jump to : navigation , search Chandni Theatrical release poster Directed by Yash Chopra Produced by Yash Chopra T. Subbarami Reddy Written by Kamna Chandra Umesh Kalbagh Arun Kaul Sagar Sarhadi Starring Sridevi Rishi Kapoor Vinod Khanna Waheeda Rehman Music by Shiv - Hari Cinematography Manmohan Singh Edited by Keshav Naidu Production company Yash Raj Films Distributed by Yash Raj Films Release date 14 September 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 14 ) Running time 187 minutes Country India Language Hindi Box office ₹ 80.5 million ( equivalent to ₹ 610 million or US $9.4 million in 2017 ) Chandni ( Translation : Moonlight ) is a 1989 Indian romantic musical drama film , directed and produced by Yash Chopra in a screenplay written by Kamna Chandra , Arun Kaul , Sagar Sarhadi and Umesh Kalbagh . The film stars Sridevi in the titular role . Rishi Kapoor , Vinod Khanna and Waheeda Rehman are featured in supporting roles . The film focuses on Chandni , whose fiancé is paralysed in an accident and she 's forced to start afresh . Her boss falls in love with her and she agrees to marry him . She faces a dilemma when her fiancé returns to her life . The eighties marked a professional setback in Chopra 's career , as several films he directed and produced in that period were critical and commercial failures . After a series of failed action movies , Chopra decided to return to his roots and make a romantic musical , a film with all the hallmarks of what has come to be known as the `` Yash Chopra style '' : heroine - oriented , romantic , emotional , depicting the lifestyle of the super elite , with melodic music used in songs picturised in foreign locations . The film marked the first collaboration between Chopra and Sridevi . Upon release , Chandni received widespread critical acclaim and was a major commercial success , grossing ₹ 80.5 million , becoming the fourth - highest - grossing film of 1989 . The huge success of the film and its soundtrack were instrumental in ending the era of violent action films in Indian Cinema and rejuvenating the romantic musical genre . The success of Chandni consolidated Sridevi 's position as the top female star of the era . Over the years , Chandni is hailed as one of the greatest Indian films of all time and one of Chopra 's finest movies . At the 37th National Film Awards , the film received the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment . At the 35th Filmfare Awards , Chandni received 10 nominations including Best Film and winning Best Cinematography . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Music 4 Reception 5 Awards 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Rohit ( Rishi Kapoor ) meets Chandni ( Sridevi ) at a wedding of a relative and falls instantly in love with her and pursues her relentlessly until she agrees to date him . Eventually , they are engaged to be married soon . His family is against this marriage decision because of the vast difference in their social status , but that does not bother Rohit at all and he does not care . One day , Rohit wants to surprise his beloved with something extra special - he calls Chandni and asks her to wait for him on the terrace of her house . As she 's waiting , the afternoon 's silence is broken by the roaring blades of a helicopter , from which a smiling Rohit appears to shower Chandni with lots of red rose petals from the copter . After five minutes of this delight , he disappears and she is surrounded by silence . When she reaches home downstairs , she has a bad feeling that something ominous has happened . After she reaches inside her home , the phone rings and Chandni picks it up . She is informed by Rohit 's family that Rohit has been hospitalised . She immediately makes her way to the hospital ICU unit where Rohit is admitted in critical condition ! His family , who are all at the hospital , greet her with stony expressions and accuse her of being the cause for Rohit 's falling from the helicopter . Learning that he is paralyzed on his right side , his family continues to berate her . Rohit soon realises that because of his physical disability he would never be able fulfil the role of a good husband . He decides to let Chandni go . Chandni heartbroken that Rohit no longer wants her in his life , moves to Bombay . In Bombay , she starts working for a travel agency headed by Lalit ( Vinod Khanna ) , a handsome and charming widower . He soon falls in love with Chandni and asks her to marry him . After a few years of dating and wooing , she finally agrees to this and meets Lalit 's mother ( Waheeda Rehman ) , who is so delighted to have a super pretty daughter - in - law . Like a twist of fate , Lalit meets Rohit on a business trip in Switzerland where Rohit is receiving treatment from the professional therapists and physicians . Rohit is able to stand now and no longer needs a wheelchair . Lalit and Rohit become fast friends and tell each other their love - stories , sing with the joy of love , not knowing they are singing about the same woman ( they are in love with the same woman ) . Back in India , Rohit shows up one evening to meet his friend Lalit and Chandni opens the door . They are both delighted to see each other with tears in their eyes and to her amazement , he can now stand on both feet without stumbling and also does a little dance . They are both so keyed up with emotion and Rohit seizes this opportunity to propose to her . However , at this time Chandni has to tell him the truth , very much to his dismay , that -- she is committed to someone else called `` Lalit '' . Obviously , Rohit becomes angry at her betrayal , but Chandni asks him what he would have done in her place ... to which he has no reply and so regretfully leaves . As Rohit and Lalit had become good friends in Switzerland , Lalit invites him to his wedding . In all the subsequent ceremonies and meetings / parties , Rohit and Chandni pretend to be strangers to spare Lalit . On the day of the wedding , Rohit drinks a bit too much in order to drive away the pain of the loss of a beloved one , and starts mumbling and then stumbles down a flight of stairs . Chandni immediately upon seeing this behaviour of his , can not contain herself any longer and screams / yearns for him to be saved . She comes so close to him , hugs him and starts crying , at which Lalit realises that she is the woman Rohit was always talking about , but hiding her identity . Fortunately , Rohit is rushed to the hospital and the doctor says the condition is not too serious . Soon after , Rohit regains the pink of health and this time he proposes to Chandni again , to which she agrees after receiving a nod from her fiancé Lalit . Lalit and his mother share a brief sad moment as they watch Chandni and Rohit rekindle and reconcile . Then , they get married and live happily ever after . Cast ( edit ) Sridevi as Chandni Mathur Rishi Kapoor as Rohit Gupta Vinod Khanna as Lalit Khanna Waheeda Rehman as Mrs. Khanna ( Lalit 's mother ) Sushma Seth as Mrs. Gupta ( Rohit 's mother ) Mita Vasisht as Kiran ( Chandni 's friend ) Anant Mahadevan as Brij ( Kiran 's Husband ) Achala Sachdev Beena Banerjee Manohar Singh as Rohit 's father Ram Gopal Bajaj as Shiv Prasad Mathur Lalit Tiwari Suhas Joshi Renu Arya Bharat Bhushan as Doctor Anupam Kher as Ramesh ( Rohit 's Brother - In - Law ) Juhi Chawla as Devika ( cameo ) Music ( edit ) The music of Chandni was composed by Shiv Kumar Sharma and Hariprasad Chaurasia , known together as Shiv - Hari . The lyrics were provided by Anand Bakshi . In addition to the songs listed below , there was a recurring instrumental love melody , not part of a full song . That melody was further developed into the song `` Kabhi Main Kahoon '' for Chopra 's next movie Lamhe , also scored by Shiv - Hari . The film 's soundtrack was a major success in India . It is believed that the soundtrack brought back the musical genre , with its songs and lyrics all being critically acclaimed . According to Yash Raj Films , the soundtrack went four times Platinum on the day of the premiere . By the 25th week , it went 25 times Platinum , a new standard in the music industry . No . Title Singer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Mere Haathon Mein '' Lata Mangeshkar 05 : 34 2 . `` Mehbooba '' Lata Mangeshkar , Vinod Rathod 04 : 53 3 . `` Main Sasural Nahi Jaaungi '' Pamela Chopra 04 : 06 4 . `` Mitwa ( Tere Mere Honton Pe ) '' Lata Mangeshkar , Babla Mehta 04 : 31 5 . `` Aa Meri Jaan '' Lata Mangeshkar 04 : 21 6 . `` Dance Music '' Instrumental 03 : 16 7 . `` Chandni O Meri Chandni '' Sridevi , Jolly Mukherjee 04 : 32 8 . `` Lagi Aaj Sawan Ki '' Suresh Wadkar , Anupama Deshpande 03 : 25 9 . `` Parbat Se Kaali '' Asha Bhosle , Vinod Rathod 04 : 22 10 . `` Tu Mujhe Suna '' Nitin Mukesh , Suresh Wadkar 04 : 30 11 . `` Mere Haathon Mein '' Instrumental 05 : 47 Reception ( edit ) Chandni received highly positive reviews upon its release with critics highlighting the film 's impact in being instrumental in bringing an end to an era of violent action movies in Indian Cinema and rejuvenating the genre of romantic musical . According to iDiva , Chandni was `` more an event and less a movie . Even as its shooting rolled on the sets , the film was a constant subject of discussion in the press . '' Chandni emerged as one of the biggest blockbusters of 1989 with The Hindu stating that `` the film opened to full houses and distributors had to drastically increase the number of theatres . '' ' It was cited by Times of India as `` one of the most watched films of Indian Cinema . '' Hindustan Times featured the movie in its list of ' Yash Chopra 's Greatest Hits ' saying `` it was instrumental in ending the era of violence in Bollywood and bringing back the romance into Hindi films . '' The film consolidated Sridevi 's position as the top female star of the era . Describing Sridevi 's performance in Chandni , Indiatimes wrote `` True to her screen - name , she was an epitome of radiance , warmth and vivacity . She effortlessly introduced us to the powerful streaks , her classic , angelic character was laden with . '' The scene where she confronts Rishi Kapoor was ranked by Rediff as one of the `` Ten Best Scenes from Yash Chopra Films . '' While Sridevi topped the Hindustan Times ' list of Yash Chopra 's `` Top 5 Heroines , '' CNN - IBN ranked her no . 1 on its list of `` Yash Chopra 's 10 Most Sensuous Heroines , '' saying that `` Yash Chopra immortalised Sridevi as the perfect Chandni . '' The titular character became one of the most famous characters of Hindi cinema with India Today including it in its list of ' Yash Chopra 's Iconic Characters ' . CNN - IBN listed it among ' The Cult Characters Yash Chopra Created ' while NDTV featured it in its list of ' Yash Chopra 's Greatest Creations ' stating that the film established Sridevi `` as the nation 's sweetheart '' and `` reinforced her position as the reigning actress in Bollywood . '' Sridevi 's iconic ' Chandni Look ' revolutionized fashion in North India and became synonymous with the actress , with Rediff stating `` A luminous Sridevi slips into every possible design in white for a major chunk of the romance and no one complains . '' Speaking about the look , Yash Chopra told film critic Rajeev Masand `` While making Chandni , I had a vision of who I wanted this girl to be . I told Sridevi that most of her costumes in the film would be in white . '' The Tribune wrote `` Leena Daru scored a winner again when she created the ' Chandni Look ' for Sridevi . Every street corner sold the salwar - kameez and dupatta that gave the heroine a refreshingly understated look , rarely seen on the Indian screen . '' while Mid Day reported `` Leena Daru dressed Bollywood 's beauties for several years . But it was her simple white churidar and kurta with the leheriya dupatta for Sridevi in the film Chandni that gave the Southern belle an angelic image and caused the Chandni Chowk stores to hit the jackpot with thousands of copies . '' BizAsia described the effect of the look saying `` Chopra never quite got over his Sridevi hangover and almost always chose to present his lead heroines in similar outfits ( Juhi Chawla in Darr ( 1993 ) , Madhuri Dixit in Dil To Pagal Hai ( 1997 ) ) , but none of them became half as iconic as Sridevi did after Chandni . '' The ' Chandni Look ' was also highlighted in the film 's famous Tandav dance sequence by Sridevi , where Rediff said `` the actress transformed into a mythical goddess in a white number . '' Sridevi 's chiffons became equally popular with Indian Express writing `` This movie made the chiffon sari a must - have in every Indian woman 's wardrobe . '' The music of Chandni became a multi-Platinum success with Sridevi 's famous dance number `` Mere Hathon Mein Nau Nau Choodiyan Hain '' finding a place in the Rediff chart of ' Bollywood 's Top 25 Wedding Songs . ' The actress also lent her voice to the film 's popular title - track ' Chandni O Meri Chandni ' which featured among the ' Top 5 Songs ' of Yash Chopra by Hindustan Times . Talking about her role in Chandni , Sridevi said it was `` a lively and vibrant girl in the first half ( who ) becomes quiet and goes into a shell in the second half . I loved that transformation and when you have a director like Yash Chopra at the helm , you can be sure that he will make the best out of everything . '' Awards ( edit ) 37th National Film Awards Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment - Yash Chopra & T. Subbarami Reddy 35th Filmfare Awards Wins Best Cinematography - Manmohan Singh Nominations Best Film - Yash Chopra & T. Subbarami Reddy Best Director - Yash Chopra Best Actress - Sridevi Best Actor - Rishi Kapoor Best Supporting Actor - Vinod Khanna Best Supporting Actress - Waheeda Rehman Best Music - Shiv - Hari Best Lyricist - Anand Bakshi - `` Lagi Aaj Sawan Ki '' Best Male Singer - Suresh Wadkar - `` Lagi Aaj Sawan Ki '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Yahoo . `` Best of Yash Chopra '' . Jump up ^ Rediff . `` The Very Best of Yash Chopra '' . Jump up ^ TOI . `` Top 10 Yash Chopra Films '' . ^ Jump up to : iDiva . `` Sridevi - The Dancing Queen '' . Jump up ^ Boxofficeindia.co.in . `` Worth Their Weight In Gold ! ( 80s ) '' . Jump up ^ The Hindu . `` Yash , he can ! '' . Chennai , India . Jump up ^ Times of India ( 23 October 2012 ) . `` Top 10 Yash Chopra Films '' . The Times Of India . Jump up ^ Hindustan Times . `` Yash Chopra 's greatest hits '' . Jump up ^ Indiatimes . `` Most Iconic Names in Yash Chopra Films ! '' . The Times Of India . Jump up ^ Rediff . `` The Ten Best Film Scenes from Yash Chopra '' . ^ Jump up to : Hindustan Times . `` Top 50 : Glorious moments from Yash Chopra 's oeuvre '' . Jump up ^ CNN - IBN . `` Yash Chopra 's 10 Most Sensuous Heroines '' . Jump up ^ India Today . `` Yash Chopra 's iconic characters '' . Jump up ^ CNN - IBN . `` The cult characters Yash Chopra created '' . Jump up ^ NDTV . `` Vijay , Chandni : Yash Chopra 's greatest creations '' . Jump up ^ Mid Day . `` C for Chopra , C for chiffon '' . Jump up ^ Rediff . `` Yash Chopra 's visions in white '' . Jump up ^ RajeevMasand.com . `` Yash Chopra : `` I see movies today , and I realize that love has changed '' `` . Jump up ^ The Tribune . `` Sunday Reading '' . Jump up ^ Mid Day . `` Tinseltown Trendsetters '' . Jump up ^ bizAsia . `` Yash Chopra classic flashback : ' Chandni ' ( 1989 ) '' . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Rediff . `` Your Favourite Sridevi Avatar Onscreen ? '' . Jump up ^ Indian Express . `` Yash Chopra : Timeline '' . Jump up ^ Rediff . `` Bollywood 's Top 25 Wedding Songs '' . Jump up ^ BusinessofCinema . `` Anybody Can Sing ! '' . Jump up ^ Magnamags.com . `` I Felt Yashji Was Immortal : SRIDEVI '' . Jump up ^ National - film - awards - 1990 Jump up ^ Filmfareawards Archived 8 July 2012 at Archive.is External links ( edit ) Chandni on IMDb National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment 1974 -- 1980 Kora Kagaz ( 1974 ) Tapasya ( 1975 ) -- ( 1976 ) Swami ( 1977 ) Ganadevata ( 1978 ) Sankarabharanam ( 1979 ) -- ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 -- ( 1981 ) -- ( 1982 ) -- ( 1983 ) Kony ( 1984 ) -- ( 1985 ) Samsaram Adhu Minsaram ( 1986 ) Pushpaka Vimana ( 1987 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1988 ) Chandni and Geethanjali ( 1989 ) Ghayal ( 1990 ) -- ( 1991 ) Sargam ( 1992 ) Darr and Manichitrathazhu ( 1993 ) Hum Aapke Hain Koun ... ! ( 1994 ) Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( 1995 ) Maachis ( 1996 ) Dil To Pagal Hai ( 1997 ) Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) Sarfarosh ( 1999 ) Vaanathaippola ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Lagaan ( Once Upon a Time in India ) ( 2001 ) Devdas ( 2002 ) Munna Bhai M.B.B.S. ( 2003 ) Autograph and Veer - Zaara ( 2004 ) Rang De Basanti ( 2005 ) Lage Raho Munna Bhai ( 2006 ) Chak De ! India ( 2007 ) Oye Lucky ! Lucky Oye ! ( 2008 ) 3 Idiots ( 2009 ) Dabangg ( 2010 ) Azhagarsamiyin Kuthirai ( 2011 ) Vicky Donor and Ustad Hotel ( 2012 ) Bhaag Milkha Bhaag ( 2013 ) Mary Kom ( 2014 ) Bajrangi Bhaijaan ( 2015 ) Sathamanam Bhavati ( 2016 ) Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion ( 2017 ) Yash Raj Films About Head Office Y - Films Yash Chopra Daag : A Poem of Love ( 1973 ) Kabhie Kabhie ( 1976 ) Kaala Patthar ( 1979 ) Silsila ( 1981 ) Mashaal ( 1984 ) Faasle ( 1985 ) Vijay ( 1988 ) Chandni ( 1989 ) Lamhe ( 1991 ) Darr ( 1993 ) Dil To Pagal Hai ( 1997 ) Veer - Zaara ( 2004 ) Jab Tak Hai Jaan ( 2012 ) Aditya Chopra Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( 1995 ) Mohabbatein ( 2000 ) Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi ( 2008 ) Befikre ( 2016 ) Kunal Kohli Mujhse Dosti Karoge ( 2002 ) Hum Tum ( 2004 ) Fanaa ( 2006 ) Thoda Pyaar Thoda Magic ( 2008 ) Shaad Ali Saathiya ( 2002 ) Bunty Aur Babli ( 2005 ) Jhoom Barabar Jhoom ( 2007 ) Kill Dil ( 2014 ) Siddharth Anand Salaam Namaste ( 2005 ) Ta Ra Rum Pum ( 2007 ) Bachna Ae Haseeno ( 2008 ) Sanjay Gadhvi Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai ( 2002 ) Dhoom ( 2004 ) Dhoom 2 ( 2006 ) Shimit Amin Chak De ! India ( 2007 ) Rocket Singh : Salesman of the Year ( 2009 ) Jugal Hansraj Roadside Romeo ( 2008 ) Pyaar Impossible ! ( 2010 ) Kabir Khan Kabul Express ( 2006 ) New York ( 2009 ) Ek Tha Tiger ( 2012 ) Pradeep Sarkar Laaga Chunari Mein Daag ( 2007 ) Lafangey Parindey ( 2010 ) Mardaani ( 2014 ) Maneesh Sharma Band Baaja Baaraat ( 2010 ) Ladies vs Ricky Bahl ( 2011 ) Shuddh Desi Romance ( 2013 ) Fan ( 2016 ) Vijay Krishna Acharya Tashan ( 2008 ) Dhoom 3 ( 2013 ) Thugs of Hindostan ( 2018 ) Ramesh Talwar Doosra Aadmi ( 1977 ) Sawaal ( 1982 ) Ali Abbas Zafar Mere Brother Ki Dulhan ( 2011 ) Gunday ( 2014 ) Sultan ( 2016 ) Tiger Zinda Hai ( 2017 ) Habib Faisal Ishaqzaade ( 2012 ) Daawat - e-Ishq ( 2014 ) Qaidi Band ( 2017 ) Dibakar Banerjee Detective Byomkesh Bakshy ! ( 2015 ) Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar ( 2018 ) Sharat Katariya Dum Laga Ke Haisha ( 2015 ) Sui Dhaaga ( 2018 ) Other Noorie ( 1979 ) Nakhuda ( 1981 ) Aaina ( 1993 ) Yeh Dillagi ( 1994 ) Neal ' n ' Nikki ( 2005 ) Aaja Nachle ( 2007 ) Dil Bole Hadippa ! ( 2009 ) Badmaash Company ( 2010 ) Aurangzeb ( 2013 ) Aaha Kalyanam ( 2014 ) Bewakoofiyaan ( 2014 ) Titli ( 2014 ) Meri Pyaari Bindu ( 2017 ) Hichki ( 2018 ) List of films released by Yash Raj Films Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandni&oldid=843445426 '' Categories : 1989 films 1980s Hindi - language films Indian films Films directed by Yash Chopra Films scored by Shiv - Hari Yash Raj Films films Indian romance films Indian musical films Films set in Mumbai Films set in Delhi Films shot in Mumbai Films shot in Delhi Hindi - language films dubbed in Telugu Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award winners Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Use dmy dates from November 2015 Use Indian English from November 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Track listings with input errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی हिन्दी Italiano मराठी नेपाल भाषा Polski Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 06 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang the song chandni o meri chandni | [
"\n\nNo.\nTitle\nSinger(s)\nLength\n\n\n1.\n\"Mere Haathon Mein\"\nLata Mangeshkar\n05:34\n\n\n2.\n\"Mehbooba\"\nLata Mangeshkar, Vinod Rathod\n04:53\n\n\n3.\n\"Main Sasural Nahi Jaaungi\"\nPamela Chopra\n04:06\n\n\n4.\n\"Mitwa (Tere Mere Honton Pe)\"\nLata Mangeshkar, Babla Mehta\n04:31\n\n\n5.\n\"Aa Meri Jaan\"\nLata Mangeshkar\n04:21\n\n\n6.\n\"Dance Music\"\nInstrumental\n03:16\n\n\n7.\n\"Chandni O Meri Chandni\"\nSridevi, Jolly Mukherjee\n04:32\n\n\n8.\n\"Lagi Aaj Sawan Ki\"\nSuresh Wadkar, Anupama Deshpande\n03:25\n\n\n9.\n\"Parbat Se Kaali\"\nAsha Bhosle, Vinod Rathod\n04:22\n\n\n10.\n\"Tu Mujhe Suna\"\nNitin Mukesh, Suresh Wadkar\n04:30\n\n\n11.\n\"Mere Haathon Mein\"\nInstrumental\n05:47\n\n",
"\n\nNo.\nTitle\nSinger(s)\nLength\n\n\n1.\n\"Mere Haathon Mein\"\nLata Mangeshkar\n05:34\n\n\n2.\n\"Mehbooba\"\nLata Mangeshkar, Vinod Rathod\n04:53\n\n\n3.\n\"Main Sasural Nahi Jaaungi\"\nPamela Chopra\n04:06\n\n\n4.\n\"Mitwa (Tere Mere Honton Pe)\"\nLata Mangeshkar, Babla Mehta\n04:31\n\n\n5.\n\"Aa Meri Jaan\"\nLata Mangeshkar\n04:21\n\n\n6.\n\"Dance Music\"\nInstrumental\n03:16\n\n\n7.\n\"Chandni O Meri Chandni\"\nSridevi, Jolly Mukherjee\n04:32\n\n\n8.\n\"Lagi Aaj Sawan Ki\"\nSuresh Wadkar, Anupama Deshpande\n03:25\n\n\n9.\n\"Parbat Se Kaali\"\nAsha Bhosle, Vinod Rathod\n04:22\n\n\n10.\n\"Tu Mujhe Suna\"\nNitin Mukesh, Suresh Wadkar\n04:30\n\n\n11.\n\"Mere Haathon Mein\"\nInstrumental\n05:47\n\n"
] | [
"Sridevi",
"Jolly Mukherjee"
] |
236848321534991189 | M. Suryanarayan | M Suryanarayan - wikipedia M Suryanarayan This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) M. Suryanarayan 1 February 1930 Madras Presidency , India India Nationality Indian Occupation Indian cricketer M. Suryanarayan ( 1930 -- 2010 ) was an Indian first - class cricketer who was born on February 1 , 1930 during Madras presidency . M. Suryanarayan is the first son of M. Baliah Naidu and the Grandson of Buchi Babu Naidu who is also known as the ' Father of South Indian Cricket ' the doyen of Madras Cricket . He was also a member of the First Ranji Trophy triumph team of Tamilnadu in 1954 - 1955 , which the Madras team won against Holkar . He was a right - handed batsman and a right - arm medium bowler . The Hindu describing his Cricket , once said : `` His batting resembles very closely that of his father - dashing and carefree - and his cover - drive , a joy to watch , has amazing impetus ... '' And it added that he had `` enriched Madras sport as his father had '' . His only younger brother M.M Kumar represented in the Ranji Trophy . The First Ranji Trophy Triumph Team of Tamilnadu in 1954 - 1955 Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Later life 3 References 4 External links Career ( edit ) M. Suryanarayan was a stylish right - hand middle order batsman who played off and cover drives in particularly elegant fashion . A stalwart of Madras cricket in the forties and fifties , ` Suri ' as he was popularly known , played 11 matches for the state in the Ranji Trophy and earned selection for the Indian team for the fifth and final ` Test ' against the SJOC team at Lucknow in 1953 - 54 . Suryanarayan proved his mettle by scoring two unbeaten half - centuries against bowlers of the class of Frank Worrell , Fazal Mahmood , Amir Elahi , Khan Mohamed , Loxton , Peter Loader , and Jim McConnel . He Captained Madras and Mysore at the highest levels , besides scoring three centuries before lunch in first - class cricket in Madras and Bangalore . He won the All - India University Tennis Doubles title , Partnering Ramanathan Krishnan , and played in the qualifying rounds of the doubles tournament at Wimbledon . He also won several titles in Table tennis and golf in South Indian Competitions . Tamilnadu Test Cricketers gathers in front of the historic MCC Pavilion Later life ( edit ) M. Suryanarayan followed in his father 's footsteps in many ways . He was a natural at all ball games . M. Suryanarayan did a University of Madras Science degree from Presidency College , then moved into the British Indian world of commerce in Madras and Bangalore before going into business on his own . He also spent some years abroad promoting Indian handlooms on behalf of the Government of India . He published a book written by Suri & Raja ( ed ) , Buchi Babu ( Father of Madras Cricket ) and his sporting clan , 1993 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` M Suryanarayan India Cricket Team Official Cricket Profiles PCB '' . Pcb.com.pk . Archived from the original on 2017 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` M Suryanarayan '' . Cricinfo . Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Buchi Babu clan -- masters of sport from cricket to golf '' . Wisdenindia.com. 2015 - 08 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . External links ( edit ) M. Suryanarayan at ESPNcricinfo M. Suryanarayan at CricketArchive ( subscription required ) ^ C. Ramaswami , My reminiscences , The Sunday Standard ( undated ) , reproduced in Suri & Raja ( ed ) , Buchi Babu ( Father of Madras Cricket ) and his sporting clan , 1993 . V Ramnarayan , Mosquitos and other Jolly Rovers `` CHAPTER - II : FORMATION OF TNCA '' ( PDF ) . Shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._Suryanarayan&oldid=826692373 '' Categories : 1930 births 2010 deaths Hindus cricketers Indian cricketers India Test cricketers Tamil Nadu cricketers Tamil sportspeople Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from December 2017 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with hCards Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 14 : 32 . About Wikipedia | who is known as the father of india cricketer | [
"M. Suryanarayan (1930 – 2010) was an Indian first-class cricketer who was born on February 1, 1930 during Madras presidency.[1][2] M. Suryanarayan is the first son of M.Baliah Naidu and the Grandson of Buchi Babu Naidu who is also known as the 'Father of South Indian Cricket' the doyen of Madras Cricket. He was also a member of the First Ranji Trophy triumph team of Tamilnadu in 1954-1955, which the Madras team won against Holkar. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium bowler. The Hindu describing his Cricket, once said: \" His batting resembles very closely that of his father -dashing and carefree -and his cover-drive, a joy to watch, has amazing impetus...\"And it added that he had \"enriched Madras sport as his father had\". His only younger brother M.M Kumar represented in the Ranji Trophy."
] | [
"Buchi Babu Naidu"
] |
-8250453384557336834 | Lactase | Lactase - wikipedia Lactase Jump to : navigation , search Lactase Lactase tetramer , E. Coli Identifiers EC number 3.2. 1.108 CAS number 9031 - 11 - 2 Databases IntEnz IntEnz view BRENDA BRENDA entry ExPASy NiceZyme view KEGG KEGG entry MetaCyc metabolic pathway PRIAM profile PDB structures RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum Gene Ontology AmiGO / QuickGO ( show ) Search PMC articles PubMed articles NCBI proteins Glycosylceramidase ( Phlorizin hydrolase ) Identifiers EC number 3.2. 1.62 CAS number 9033 - 10 - 7 Databases IntEnz IntEnz view BRENDA BRENDA entry ExPASy NiceZyme view KEGG KEGG entry MetaCyc metabolic pathway PRIAM profile PDB structures RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum Gene Ontology AmiGO / QuickGO ( show ) Search PMC articles PubMed articles NCBI proteins Lactase Identifiers Symbol LCT Alt . symbols LAC ; LPH ; LPH1 Entrez 3938 HUGO 6530 OMIM 603202 RefSeq NM_002299 UniProt P09848 Other data EC number 3.2. 1.108 Locus Chr. 2 q21 Lactase is an enzyme produced by many organisms . It is located in the brush border of the small intestine of humans and other mammals . Lactase is essential to the complete digestion of whole milk ; it breaks down lactose , a sugar which gives milk its sweetness . Lacking lactase , a person consuming dairy products may experience the symptoms of lactose intolerance . Lactase can be purchased as a food supplement , and is added to milk to produce `` lactose - free '' milk products . Lactase ( also known as lactase - phlorizin hydrolase , or LPH ) , a part of the β - galactosidase family of enzymes , is a glycoside hydrolase involved in the hydrolysis of the disaccharide lactose into constituent galactose and glucose monomers . Lactase is present predominantly along the brush border membrane of the differentiated enterocytes lining the villi of the small intestine . In humans , lactase is encoded by the LCT gene . Contents ( hide ) 1 Uses 1.1 Food use 1.2 Medical use 1.3 Industrial use 2 Mechanism 3 Structure and biosynthesis 4 Genetic expression and regulation 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Uses ( edit ) Food use ( edit ) Lactase is an enzyme that some people are unable to produce in their small intestine . Without it they ca n't break down the natural lactose in milk , leaving them with diarrhea , gas and bloating when drinking regular milk . Lactase is added to Lactose Free Milk to neutralize lactose naturally found in milk , leaving it slightly sweet but digestible by everyone . Without lactase , lactose intolerant people pass the lactose undigested to the colon where bacteria break it down creating carbon dioxide and that leads to bloating and flatulence . Medical use ( edit ) Lactase supplements are sometimes used to treat lactose intolerance . Industrial use ( edit ) Lactase produced commercially can be extracted both from yeasts such as Kluyveromyces fragilis and Kluyveromyces lactis and from molds , such as Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae . Its primary commercial use , in supplements such as Lacteeze and Lactaid , is to break down lactose in milk to make it suitable for people with lactose intolerance , However , the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has not formally evaluated the effectiveness of these products . Lactase is also used to screen for blue white colonies in the multiple cloning sites of various plasmid vectors in Escherichia coli or other bacteria . Mechanism ( edit ) The optimum temperature for human lactase is about 37 ° C for its activity and has an optimum pH of 6 . In metabolism , the β - glycosidic bond in D - lactose is hydrolyzed to form D - galactose and D - glucose , which can be absorbed through the intestinal walls and into the bloodstream . The overall reaction that lactase catalyzes is C H O + H O → C H O + C H O + heat . The catalytic mechanism of D - lactose hydrolysis retains the substrate anomeric configuration in the products . While the details of the mechanism are uncertain , the stereochemical retention is achieved through a double displacement reaction . Studies of E. coli lactase have proposed that hydrolysis is initiated when a glutamate nucleophile on the enzyme attacks from the axial side of the galactosyl carbon in the β - glycosidic bond . The removal of the D - glucose leaving group may be facilitated by Mg - dependent acid catalysis . The enzyme is liberated from the α - galactosyl moiety upon equatorial nucleophilic attack by water , which produces D - galactose . Substrate modification studies have demonstrated that the 3 ′ - OH and 2 ′ - OH moieties on the galactopyranose ring are essential for enzymatic recognition and hydrolysis . The 3 ′ - hydroxy group is involved in initial binding to the substrate while the 2 ′ - group is not necessary for recognition but needed in subsequent steps . This is demonstrated by the fact that a 2 - deoxy analog is an effective competitive inhibitor ( K = 10mM ) . Elimination of specific hydroxyl groups on the glucopyranose moiety does not completely eliminate catalysis . Lactase also catalyzes the conversion of phlorizin to phloretin and glucose . Structure and biosynthesis ( edit ) Preprolactase , the primary translation product , has a single polypeptide primary structure consisting of 1927 amino acids . It can be divided into five domains : ( i ) a 19 - amino - acid cleaved signal sequence ; ( ii ) a large prosequence domain that is not present in mature lactase ; ( iii ) the mature lactase segment ; ( iv ) a membrane - spanning hydrophobic anchor ; and ( v ) a short hydrophilic carboxyl terminus . The signal sequence is cleaved in the endoplasmic reticulum , and the resulting 215 - kDa pro-LPH is sent to the Golgi apparatus , where it is heavily glycosylated and proteolytically processed to its mature form . The prodomain has been shown to act as an intramolecular chaperone in the ER , preventing trypsin cleavage and allowing LPH to adopt the necessary 3 - D structure to be transported to the Golgi apparatus . Schematic of processing and localization of human lactase translational product Mature human lactase consists of a single 160 - kDa polypeptide chain that localizes to the brush border membrane of intestinal epithelial cells . It is oriented with the N - terminus outside the cell and the C - terminus in the cytosol . LPH contains two catalytic glutamic acid sites . In the human enzyme , the lactase activity has been connected to Glu - 1749 , while Glu - 1273 is the site of phlorizin hydrolase function . Genetic expression and regulation ( edit ) Lactase is encoded by a single genetic locus on chromosome 2 . It is expressed exclusively by mammalian small intestine enterocytes and in very low levels in the colon during fetal development . Humans are born with high levels of lactase expression . In most of the world 's population , lactase transcription is down - regulated after weaning , resulting in diminished lactase expression in the small intestine , which causes the common symptoms of adult - type hypolactasia , or lactose intolerance . Some population segments exhibit lactase persistence resulting from a mutation that is postulated to have occurred 5,000 -- 10,000 years ago , coinciding with the rise of cattle domestication . This mutation has allowed almost half of the world 's population to metabolize lactose without symptoms . Studies have linked the occurrence of lactase persistence to two different single - nucleotide polymorphisms about 14 and 22 kilobases upstream of the 5 ' - end of the LPH gene . Both mutations , C → T at position - 13910 and G → A at position - 22018 , have been independently linked to lactase persistence . The lactase promoter is 150 base pairs long and is located just upstream of the site of transcription initiation . The sequence is highly conserved in mammals , suggesting that critical cis - transcriptional regulators are located nearby . Cdx - 2 , HNF - 1α , and GATA have been identified as transcription factors . Studies of hypolactasia onset have demonstrated that despite polymorphisms , little difference exists in lactase expression in infants , showing that the mutations become increasingly relevant during development . Developmentally regulated DNA - binding proteins may down - regulate transcription or destabilize mRNA transcripts , causing decreased LPH expression after weaning . See also ( edit ) Molecular and Cellular Biology portal MCM6 Lactase persistence References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Järvelä I , Torniainen S , Kolho KL ( 2009 ) . `` Molecular genetics of human lactase deficiencies '' . Annals of Medicine . 41 ( 8 ) : 568 -- 75 . doi : 10.1080 / 07853890903121033 . PMID 19639477 . ^ Jump up to : Skovbjerg H , Sjöström H , Norén O ( Mar 1981 ) . `` Purification and characterisation of amphiphilic lactase / phlorizin hydrolase from human small intestine '' . European Journal of Biochemistry / FEBS. 114 ( 3 ) : 653 -- 61 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1432 - 1033.1981. tb05193. x . PMID 6786877 . ^ Jump up to : Mantei N , Villa M , Enzler T , Wacker H , Boll W , James P , Hunziker W , Semenza G ( Sep 1988 ) . `` Complete primary structure of human and rabbit lactase - phlorizin hydrolase : implications for biosynthesis , membrane anchoring and evolution of the enzyme '' . The EMBO Journal . 7 ( 9 ) : 2705 -- 13 . PMC 457059 . PMID 2460343 . Jump up ^ Harvey CB , Fox MF , Jeggo PA , Mantei N , Povey S , Swallow DM ( Jul 1993 ) . `` Regional localization of the lactase - phlorizin hydrolase gene , LCT , to chromosome 2q21 '' . Annals of Human Genetics . 57 ( Pt 3 ) : 179 -- 85 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 1809.1993. tb01593. x . PMID 8257087 . Jump up ^ `` Lactose Intolerance '' . Mayo Clinic . Mayo Clinic . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Asked : How do dairies make lactose free milk ? '' . USA Today . 3 Sept 2014 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Lactose Intolerance '' . NIDDK . June 2014 . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Seyis I , Aksoz N ( 2004 ) . `` Production of lactase by Trichoderma sp '' ( PDF ) . Food Technol Biotechnol. 42 : 121 -- 124 . Jump up ^ `` Re : GRAS Notification for Acid Lactase from Aspergillus oryzae Expressed in Aspergillus niger '' . United States Food and Drug Administration . Jump up ^ Holsinger VH ( 1992 ) . `` The Lactaid Story '' . Innovative Products for Food Industries . Rural Development Publications Collection . pp. 256 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Tarantino , LM ( 2003 - 12 - 03 ) . `` Agency Response Letter GRAS Notice No . GRN 000132 '' . U.S. Food and Drug Administration . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Hermida C , Corrales G , Cañada FJ , Aragón JJ , Fernández - Mayoralas A ( Jul 2007 ) . `` Optimizing the enzymatic synthesis of beta - D - galactopyranosyl - D - xyloses for their use in the evaluation of lactase activity in vivo '' . Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry . 15 ( 14 ) : 4836 -- 40 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bmc. 2007.04. 067 . PMID 17512743 . ^ Jump up to : Sinnott M ( November 1990 ) . `` Catalytic mechanisms of enzymic glycosyl transfer '' . Chem. Rev. 90 ( 7 ) : 1171 -- 1202 . doi : 10.1021 / cr00105a006 . ^ Jump up to : Juers DH , Heightman TD , Vasella A , McCarter JD , Mackenzie L , Withers SG , Matthews BW ( Dec 2001 ) . `` A structural view of the action of Escherichia coli ( lacZ ) beta - galactosidase '' . Biochemistry . 40 ( 49 ) : 14781 -- 94 . doi : 10.1021 / bi011727i . PMID 11732897 . ^ Jump up to : Fernandez P , Cañada FJ , Jiménez - Barbero J , Martín - Lomas M ( Jul 1995 ) . `` Substrate specificity of small - intestinal lactase : study of the steric effects and hydrogen bonds involved in enzyme - substrate interaction '' . Carbohydrate Research . 271 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 42 . doi : 10.1016 / 0008 - 6215 ( 95 ) 00034 - Q. PMID 7648581 . Jump up ^ Naim HY , Sterchi EE , Lentze MJ ( Jan 1987 ) . `` Biosynthesis and maturation of lactase - phlorizin hydrolase in the human small intestinal epithelial cells '' . The Biochemical Journal . 241 ( 2 ) : 427 -- 34 . doi : 10.1042 / bj2410427 . PMC 1147578 . PMID 3109375 . Jump up ^ Naim HY , Jacob R , Naim H , Sambrook JF , Gething MJ ( Oct 1994 ) . `` The pro region of human intestinal lactase - phlorizin hydrolase '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 269 ( 43 ) : 26933 -- 43 . PMID 7523415 . Jump up ^ Zecca L , Mesonero JE , Stutz A , Poirée JC , Giudicelli J , Cursio R , Gloor SM , Semenza G ( Sep 1998 ) . `` Intestinal lactase - phlorizin hydrolase ( LPH ) : the two catalytic sites ; the role of the pancreas in pro-LPH maturation '' . FEBS Letters. 435 ( 2 - 3 ) : 225 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / S0014 - 5793 ( 98 ) 01076 - X . PMID 9762914 . ^ Jump up to : Troelsen JT , Mitchelmore C , Spodsberg N , Jensen AM , Norén O , Sjöström H ( Mar 1997 ) . `` Regulation of lactase - phlorizin hydrolase gene expression by the caudal - related homoeodomain protein Cdx - 2 '' . The Biochemical Journal . 322 ( Pt 3 ) ( Pt. 3 ) : 833 -- 8 . PMC 1218263 . PMID 9148757 . Jump up ^ Reference , Genetics Home . `` LCT gene '' . Genetics Home Reference . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Bersaglieri T , Sabeti PC , Patterson N , Vanderploeg T , Schaffner SF , Drake JA , Rhodes M , Reich DE , Hirschhorn JN ( Jun 2004 ) . `` Genetic signatures of strong recent positive selection at the lactase gene '' . American Journal of Human Genetics . 74 ( 6 ) : 1111 -- 20 . doi : 10.1086 / 421051 . PMC 1182075 . PMID 15114531 . Jump up ^ Kuokkanen M , Enattah NS , Oksanen A , Savilahti E , Orpana A , Järvelä I ( May 2003 ) . `` Transcriptional regulation of the lactase - phlorizin hydrolase gene by polymorphisms associated with adult - type hypolactasia '' . Gut. 52 ( 5 ) : 647 -- 52 . doi : 10.1136 / gut. 52.5. 647 . PMC 1773659 . PMID 12692047 . ^ Jump up to : Troelsen JT ( May 2005 ) . `` Adult - type hypolactasia and regulation of lactase expression '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1723 ( 1 - 3 ) : 19 -- 32 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbagen. 2005.02. 003 . PMID 15777735 . ^ Jump up to : Wang Y , Harvey CB , Hollox EJ , Phillips AD , Poulter M , Clay P , Walker - Smith JA , Swallow DM ( Jun 1998 ) . `` The genetically programmed down - regulation of lactase in children '' . Gastroenterology. 114 ( 6 ) : 1230 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / S0016 - 5085 ( 98 ) 70429 - 9 . PMID 9609760 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lactase . The Lactase Protein E. coli β - galactosidase : PDB : 1JYY Gene Ontology for Lactase Making of the Fittest : Got Lactase ? The Co-evolution of Genes and Culture Lactase persistence shows indication of association with Obesity Metabolism : carbohydrate metabolism fructose and galactose enzymes Fructose / Fructolysis Hepatic fructokinase Aldolase B Triokinase Sorbitol Sorbitol dehydrogenase Aldose reductase Galactose / Galactolysis Galactokinase Galactose - 1 - phosphate uridylyltransferase / UDP - glucose 4 - epimerase Aldose reductase Lactose Lactose synthase Lactase Mannose Mannose phosphate isomerase Hydrolase : sugar hydrolases ( EC 3.2 ) 3.2. 1 : Glycoside hydrolases Disaccharidase Sucrase / Sucrase - isomaltase / Invertase Maltase Trehalase Lactase Glucosidases Cellulase Alpha - glucosidase Acid Neutral AB Neutral C Beta - glucosidase cytosolic Debranching enzyme Other Amylase Alpha - amylase Chitinase Lysozyme Neuraminidase NEU1 NEU2 NEU3 NEU4 Bacterial neuraminidase Viral neuraminidase Galactosidases Alpha Beta alpha - Mannosidase Glucuronidase Hyaluronidase Pullulanase Glucosylceramidase lysosomal non-lysosomal Galactosylceramidase Alpha - N - acetylgalactosaminidase NAGA Alpha - N - acetylglucosaminidase Fucosidase Hexosaminidase HEXA HEXB Iduronidase Maltase - glucoamylase Heparanase HPSE2 3.2. 2 : Hydrolysing N - Glycosyl compounds DNA glycosylases : Oxoguanine glycosylase Enzymes Activity Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Catalytically perfect enzyme Coenzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis Regulation Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Classification EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes Kinetics Enzyme kinetics Eadie -- Hofstee diagram Hanes -- Woolf plot Lineweaver -- Burk plot Michaelis -- Menten kinetics Types EC1 Oxidoreductases ( list ) EC2 Transferases ( list ) EC3 Hydrolases ( list ) EC4 Lyases ( list ) EC5 Isomerases ( list ) EC6 Ligases ( list ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lactase&oldid=834014454 '' Categories : Genes on human chromosome 2 Food additives Antiflatulents EC 3.2. 1 Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Protein pages needing a picture All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Українська 粵語 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 13 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is lactase found in the human body | [
"Lactase is an enzyme produced by many organisms. It is located in the brush border of the small intestine of humans and other mammals. Lactase is essential to the complete digestion of whole milk; it breaks down lactose, a sugar which gives milk its sweetness. Lacking lactase, a person consuming dairy products may experience the symptoms of lactose intolerance.[1] Lactase can be purchased as a food supplement, and is added to milk to produce \"lactose-free\" milk products."
] | [
"in the brush border of the small intestine"
] |
-1467634739058081523 | Pyramid of Djoser | Pyramid of Djoser - wikipedia Pyramid of Djoser Jump to : navigation , search Pyramid of Djoser Owner Djoser Location Egypt Coordinates 29 ° 52 ′ 16.56 '' N 31 ° 12 ′ 59.02 '' E / 29.8712667 ° N 31.2163944 ° E / 29.8712667 ; 31.2163944 Coordinates : 29 ° 52 ′ 16.56 '' N 31 ° 12 ′ 59.02 '' E / 29.8712667 ° N 31.2163944 ° E / 29.8712667 ; 31.2163944 Architect Imhotep Constructed c. 2667 -- 2648 BC ( 3rd dynasty ) Type Step pyramid Material Limestone Height 62 metres ( 203 ft ) Base 125.27 metres ( 411 ft ) ( larger ) 109.12 metres ( 358 ft ) ( smaller ) Volume 330,400 cubic metres ( 11,667,966 cu ft ) UNESCO World Heritage Site Criteria Cultural : ( i ) , ( iii ) , ( vi ) Reference 86 - 002 Inscription 1979 ( 3rd Session ) ( edit on Wikidata ) Location of Pyramid of Djoser Related media on Wikimedia Commons ( edit on Wikidata ) The Pyramid of Djoser ( or Djeser and Zoser ) , or step pyramid ( kbhw - ntrw in Egyptian ) is an archeological remain in the Saqqara necropolis , Egypt , northwest of the city of Memphis . It was built during the 27th century BC for the burial of Pharaoh Djoser by his vizier , Imhotep . It is the central feature of a vast mortuary complex in an enormous courtyard surrounded by ceremonial structures and decoration . This first Egyptian pyramid consisted of six mastabas ( of decreasing size ) built atop one another in what were clearly revisions and developments of the original plan . It is seven levels high and four - sided . The pyramid originally stood 62 metres ( 203 ft ) tall , with a base of 109 m × 125 m ( 358 ft × 410 ft ) and was clad in polished white limestone . The step pyramid ( or proto - pyramid ) is considered to be the earliest large - scale cut stone construction , although the pyramids at Caral in South America are contemporary and the nearby enclosure known as Gisr el - mudir would seem to predate the complex . Perspective view , plan and elevation images Djoser 's Pyramid Complex taken from a 3d model Contents ( hide ) 1 Djoser 2 Precedents 3 Overview 3.1 Enclosure wall 3.2 Great Trench 3.3 Roofed colonnade entrance 3.4 South Court 3.5 South Tomb 3.6 Step Pyramid 4 Pyramid substructure 4.1 Burial chamber 4.2 North Temple and Serdab Court 4.3 Heb - sed Court 5 References Djoser ( edit ) Djoser was the first or second king of the 3rd Dynasty ( ca . 2667 to 2648 BC ) of the Egyptian Old Kingdom ( ca . 2686 to 2125 BC ) . He is believed to have ruled for 19 years or , if the 19 years were biennial taxation years , 38 years . He reigned long enough to allow the grandiose plan for his pyramid to be realized in his lifetime . Djoser is best known for his innovative tomb , which dominates the Saqqara landscape . In this tomb he is referred to by his Horus name Netjeriykhet ; Djoser is a name given by New Kingdom visitors thousands of years later . Djoser 's step pyramid is astounding in its departure from previous architecture . It sets several important precedents , perhaps the most important of which is its status as the first monumental structure made of stone . The social implications of such a large and carefully sculpted stone structure are staggering . The process of building such a structure would be far more labor - intensive than previous monuments of mud - brick . This suggests that the state , and therefore the royal government had a new level of control of resources , both material and human . Also , from this point on , kings of the Old Kingdom are buried in the North , rather than at Abydos . Furthermore , although the plan of Djoser 's pyramid complex is different than later complexes , many elements persist and the step pyramid sets the stage for later pyramids of the 4th , 5th , and 6th Dynasties , including the great pyramids of Giza . Finally , another intriguing first is the identification of the architect Imhotep , who is credited with the design and construction of the complex . Precedents ( edit ) Djoser 's Pyramid draws ideas from several precedents . The most relevant precedent is found at Saqqara mastaba 3038 . The substructure lay in a 4m deep rectangular pit , and had mudbrick walls rising to 6 m . Three sides were extended and built out to create eight shallow steps rising at an angle of 49 ° . This would have been an elongated step pyramid if the remaining side had not been left uncovered . In another parallel to Djoser 's complex , to complete this mastaba complex a niched enclosure wall was erected . Comparison of approximate profiles of the Pyramid of Djoser with some notable pyramidal or near - pyramidal buildings . Dotted lines indicate original heights , where data are available . In its SVG file , hover over a pyramid to highlight and click for its article . Overview ( edit ) Entry hall . Step Pyramid Complex , Saqqara . Temples of the festival complex . Djoser 's Step Pyramid complex has several structures pivotal to its function in both life and the afterlife . Several are discussed below with attention paid to function and form . The pyramid was not simply a grave in ancient Egypt . Its purpose was to facilitate a successful afterlife for the king so that he could be eternally reborn . The symbolism of the step pyramid form , which did not survive the 3rd Dynasty , is unknown , but it has been suggested that it may be a monumental symbol of the crown , especially the royal mortuary cult , since seven small step pyramids ( not tombs ) were built in the provinces . Another well accepted theory is that it facilitated the king 's ascension to join the eternal North Star . The main excavator of the Step Pyramid was Jean - Philippe Lauer , a French architect who reconstructed key portions of the complex . The complex covers 15ha and is about 2.5 times as large as the Old Kingdom town of Heirakonpolis . Several features of the complex differ from those of later Old Kingdom pyramids . The pyramid temple is situated at the north side of the pyramid , whereas in later pyramids it is on the east side . Also , the Djoser complex is built on a North - South axis whereas later complexes utilize an East - West axis . Furthermore , the Djoser complex has one niched enclosure wall , whereas later pyramids have two enclosure walls with the outside one being smooth and the inside one sometimes niched . Enclosure wall ( edit ) The Djoser complex is surrounded by a wall of light Tura limestone 10.5 m high . The wall design recalls the appearance of 1st Dynasty tombs , with the distinctive paneled construction known as the palace façade , which imitates bound bundles of reeds . The overall structure imitates mudbrick . The wall is interrupted by 14 doors , however only one entrance , in the south corner of the east façade , is functional for the living . This arrangement resembles Early Dynastic funerary enclosures at Abydos in which the entrance was on the east side . The remaining doors are known as false doors , and were meant for the king 's use in the afterlife . They functioned as portals through which the king 's ka could pass between life and the afterlife . The functional door at the southeast end of the complex leads to a narrow passageway that connects to the roofed colonnade . Great trench ( edit ) Outside the enclosure wall , Djoser 's complex is completely surrounded by a trench dug in the underlying rock . The trench measures 750 m long and 40 m wide and is a rectangle on a North - South axis . The walls of the trench were originally decorated with niches and its function seems to have been to make entry into the complex more difficult . Roofed colonnade entrance ( edit ) Roofed colonnade corridor leading into the complex , with stone pillars carved to imitate bundled plant stems . The roofed colonnade led from the enclosure wall to the south of the complex . A passageway with a limestone ceiling constructed to look as though it was made from whole tree trunks led to a massive stone imitation of two open doors . Beyond this portal was a hall with twenty pairs of limestone columns composed of drum shaped segments built to look like bundles of plant stems and reaching a height of 6.6 m . The columns were not free - standing , but were attached to the wall by masonry projections . Between the columns on both sides of the hall were small chambers , which some Egyptologists propose may have been for each of the provinces of Upper and Lower Egypt . At the end of the colonnade was the transverse hypostyle room with eight columns connected in pairs by blocks of limestone . This led to the South Court . South court ( edit ) The South Court is a large court between the South Tomb and the pyramid . Within the court are curved stones thought to be territorial markers associated with the Heb - sed festival , an important ritual completed by Egyptian kings ( typically after 30 years on the throne ) to renew their powers . These would have allowed Djoser to claim control over all of Egypt , while its presence in the funerary complex would allow Djoser to continue to benefit from the ritual in the afterlife . At the southern end of the court was a platform approached by steps . It has been suggested that this was a platform for the double throne . This fits into the theory proposed by Barry Kemp , and generally accepted by many , that suggests the whole step pyramid complex symbolizes the royal palace enclosure and allows the king to eternally perform the rituals associated with kingship . At the very south of the South Court lay the South Tomb . South Tomb ( edit ) Relief of Djoser facing the temple of Horus of Behedet ( modern Edfu ) in a blue faience chamber of the south tomb . The South Tomb has been likened to the satellite pyramids of later Dynasties , and has been proposed to house the ka in the afterlife . Another proposal is that it may have held the canopic jar with the king 's organs , but this does not follow later trends where the canopic jar is found in the same place as the body . These proposals stem from the fact that the granite burial vault is much too small to have facilitated an actual burial . The substructure of the South Tomb is entered through a tunnel - like corridor with a staircase that descends about 30m before opening up into the pink granite burial chamber . The staircase then continues west and leads to a gallery that imitates the blue chambers below the step pyramid . Current evidence suggests that the South Tomb was finished before the pyramid . The symbolic king 's inner palace , decorated in blue faience , is much more complete than that of the pyramid . Three chambers of this substructure are decorated in blue faience to imitate reed - mat facades , just like the pyramid . One room is decorated with three finely niche reliefs of the king , one depicting him running the Heb - sed . Importantly , Egyptian builders chose to employ their most skilled artisans and depict their finest art in the darkest , most inaccessible place in the complex . This highlights the fact that this impressive craftsmanship was not meant for the benefit of the living but was meant to ensure the king had all the tools necessary for a successful afterlife . Step pyramid ( edit ) The design of the Step Pyramid used royal cubits . The superstructure of the Step Pyramid is six steps / seven levels ( including rooftop ) and was built in six stages , as might be expected with an experimental structure . The pyramid began as a square mastaba ( this designation as a mastaba is contended for several reasons ) ( M1 ) which was gradually enlarged , first evenly on all four sides ( M2 ) and later just on the east side ( M3 ) . The mastaba was built up in two stages , first to form a four - stepped structure ( P1 ) and then to form a six - stepped structure ( P2 ) , which now had a rectangular base on an east -- west axis . The fact that the initial mastaba was square has led many to believe that the monument was never meant to be a mastaba , as no other known mastabas had ever been square . When the builders began to transform the mastaba into the four step pyramid , they made a major shift in construction . Like in the construction of the mastaba , they built a crude core of rough stones and then cased them in fine limestone with packing in between . The major difference is that in mastaba construction they laid horizontal courses , but for the pyramid layers , they built in accretion layers that leaned inwards , while using blocks that were both bigger and higher quality . Much of the rock for the pyramid was likely quarried from the construction of the great trench . It is widely accepted that ramps would have been used to raise heavy stone to construct the pyramid , and many plausible models have been suggested . Apparatuses like rollers in which the heavy stone could be placed and then rolled were employed in transport . Pyramid substructure ( edit ) Under the step pyramid is a labyrinth of tunneled chambers and galleries that total nearly 6 km in length and connect to a central shaft 7 m square and 28 m deep . These spaces provide room for the king 's burial , the burial of family members , and the storage of goods and offerings . The entrance to the 28 m shaft was built on the north side of the pyramid , a trend that would remain throughout the Old Kingdom . The sides of the underground passages are limestone inlaid with blue faience tile to replicate reed matting . These `` palace façade '' walls are further decorated by panels decorated in low relief that show the king participating in the Heb - sed . Together these chambers constitute the funerary apartment that mimicked the palace and would serve as the living place of the royal ka . On the east side of the pyramid eleven shafts 32 m deep were constructed and annexed to horizontal tunnels for the royal harem ( The existence of this `` harem '' is debated ) . These were incorporated into the preexisting substructure as it expanded eastward . In the storerooms along here over 40,000 stone vessels were found , many of which predate Djoser . These would have served Djoser 's visceral needs in the afterlife . An extensive network of underground galleries was located to the north , west and south of the central burial chamber and crude horizontal magazines were carved into these . Burial chamber ( edit ) The burial chamber was a vault constructed of four courses of well - dressed granite . It had one opening , which was sealed with a 3.5 ton block after the burial . No body was recovered as the tomb had been extensively robbed . Lauer believes that a burial chamber of alabaster existed before the one of granite . He found interesting evidence of limestone blocks with five pointed stars in low relief that were likely on the ceiling , indicating the first occurrence of what would become a tradition . The king sought to associate himself with the eternal North Stars that never set so as to ensure his rebirth and eternity . North temple and serdab court ( edit ) The northern ( funerary / mortuary ) temple was on the north side of the pyramid and faced the north stars , which the king wished to join in eternity . This structure provided a place in which the daily rituals and offerings to the dead could be performed , and was the cult center for the king . To the east of the temple is the serdab , which is a small enclosed structure that housed the ka statue . The king 's ka inhabited the ka statue in order to benefit from daily ceremonies like the opening of the mouth , a ceremony that allowed him to breathe and eat , and the burning of incense . He witnessed these ceremonies through two small eye holes cut in the north wall of the serdab . This temple appeared on the north side of the pyramid throughout the Third Dynasty , as the king wished to go north to become one of the eternal stars in the North Sky that never set . In the Fourth Dynasty , when there was a religious shift to an emphasis on rebirth and eternity achieved through the sun , the temple was moved to the east side of the temple where the sun rises , so that through association the king may be reborn every day . Heb - sed court ( edit ) The Heb - sed court is rectangular and parallel to the South Courtyard . It was meant to provide a space in which the king could perform the Heb - sed ritual in the afterlife . Flanking the east and west sides of the court are the remains of two groups of chapels , many of which are dummy buildings , of three different architectural styles . At the north and south ends there are three chapels with flat roves and no columns . The remaining chapels on the west side are decorated with fluted columns and capitals flanked by leaves . Each of the chapels has a sanctuary accessed by a roofless passage with walls that depict false doors and latches . Some of these buildings have niches for statues . Egyptologists believe that these buildings were related to the important double coronation of the king during the Heb - sed . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pyramid of Djoser . ^ Jump up to : Shaw , Ian , ed. ( 2000 ) . The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press . p. 480 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 815034 - 2 . Jump up ^ Harry Adès A Traveller 's History of Egypt ( Chastleton Travel / Interlink , 2007 ) ISBN 1 - 905214 - 01 - 4 p48 Jump up ^ Lehner , Mark ( 1997 ) . The Complete Pyramids . New York : Thames and Hudson . p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05084 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : George Hart , Pharaohs and Pyramids , A Guide Through Old Kingdom Egypt ( London : The Herbert Press , 1991 ) , 57 - 68 . ^ Jump up to : Kathryn A. Bard , An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt ( Oxford : Blackwell Publishing Ltd , 2008 ) , 128 - 33 . ^ Jump up to : Lehner , Mark ( 1997 ) . The Complete Pyramids . New York : Thames and Hudson . pp. 80 -- 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05084 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Martin Isler , Sticks , Stones , and Shadows : Building the Egyptian Pyramids ( Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 2001 ) , 90 - 99 . ^ Jump up to : Alberto Siliotti , Guide to the Pyramids of Egypt with forward by Zahi Hawass ( New York : Barnes and Noble Books , 1997 ) , 105 - 113 . ^ Jump up to : A.J. Spencer , Early Egypt : The Rise of Civilization in the Nile Valley ( London : British Museum Press , 1993 ) , 98 - 110 . ^ Jump up to : Gay Robins , The Art of Ancient Egypt ( Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 2000 ) , 40 - 45 . ^ Jump up to : Miroslav Verner , The Pyramids ( New York : Grove Press , 1998 ) , 105 - 139 . ^ Jump up to : Dick Parry , Engineering the Pyramids ( Phoenix : Sutton Publishing Limited , 2004 ) , 14 Jump up ^ Dieter Arnold , Building in Egypt , Pharaonic Stone Masonry ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1991 ) , 79 - 101 . Records Preceded by Tower of Jericho World 's tallest structure c. 2650 BCE -- 2610 BCE 62 m Succeeded by Meidum Egyptian pyramids List of Egyptian pyramids ( Lepsius ) Commons Period Dynasty Pyramids Old Kingdom ( 2686 -- 2181 BC ) III Djoser Buried Layer Lepsius I ( de ) Athribis Elephantine Edfu South el - Kula ( de ) Naqada Saujet el - Meitin ( de ) Sinki ( de ) IV Seila ( de ) Meidum Bent Red Khufu Djedefre Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan Khafre Menkaure Khentkaus I ( de ) Mastabet el - Fara'un G1 - a G1 - b G1 - c G1 - d Lepsius L ( de ) V Userkaf Neferhetepes ( de ) Sahure Neferirkare Khentkaus II Neferefre Unfinished Niuserre ( de ) Lepsius XXIV Double Headless Djedkare - Isesi Unas VI Teti Pepi I Merenre Pepi II Sesheshet 1 Intermediate Period ( 2181 -- 2040 BC ) VII VIII Ity Neferkare Neby Ibi Khui X Merikare Middle Kingdom ( 2040 -- 1650 BC ) XI Reherishefnakht XII Amenemhat I Senusret I White Senusret II ( de ) Senusret III Black Hawara Neferuptah ( de ) Central Dahshur ( de ) South Mazghuna North Mazghuna XIII Ameny Qemau Khendjer Southern South Saqqara SAK S 3 SAK S 7 ( de ) South Dahshur A ( de ) South Dahshur B ( de ) DAS 46 DAS 49 DAS 50 DAS 51 DAS 53 ( de ) S 9 S 10 Merneferre Ay Second Intermediate ( 1650 -- 1570 BC ) XVII Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre - Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose New Kingdom ( 1570 -- 1070 BC ) XVIII Ahmose Step pyramid Construction techniques Seked Texts Pyramidion Pyramidology VIAF : 244808418 GND : 7755488 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Djoser&oldid=808594059 '' Categories : Buildings and structures completed in the 27th century BC Former world 's tallest buildings Saqqara Pyramids of the Third Dynasty of Egypt Djoser Ancient Egyptian step pyramids Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Articles using infobox pyramid using locally defined parameters Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Македонски مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 21 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the first step pyramid built in egypt | [
"The Pyramid of Djoser (or Djeser and Zoser), or step pyramid (kbhw-ntrw in Egyptian) is an archeological remain in the Saqqara necropolis, Egypt, northwest of the city of Memphis. It was built during the 27th century BC for the burial of Pharaoh Djoser by his vizier, Imhotep. It is the central feature of a vast mortuary complex in an enormous courtyard surrounded by ceremonial structures and decoration."
] | [
"during the 27th century BC"
] |
2297578662097833476 | The Canterbury Tales | The Canterbury Tales - wikipedia The Canterbury Tales Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Canterbury Tales ( disambiguation ) . The Canterbury Tales A woodcut from William Caxton 's second edition of The Canterbury Tales printed in 1483 Author Geoffrey Chaucer Original title Tales of Caunterbury Country England Language Middle English Publication date 1387 Original text Tales of Caunterbury at Wikisource The Canterbury Tales ( Middle English : Tales of Caunterbury ) is a collection of 24 stories that runs to over 17,000 lines written in Middle English by Geoffrey Chaucer between 1387 and 1400 . In 1386 , Chaucer became Controller of Customs and Justice of Peace and , in 1389 , Clerk of the King 's work . It was during these years that Chaucer began working on his most famous text , The Canterbury Tales . The tales ( mostly written in verse , although some are in prose ) are presented as part of a story - telling contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together on a journey from London to Canterbury to visit the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral . The prize for this contest is a free meal at the Tabard Inn at Southwark on their return . After a long list of works written earlier in his career , including Troilus and Criseyde , House of Fame , and Parliament of Fowls , The Canterbury Tales is near - unanimously seen as Chaucer 's magnum opus . He uses the tales and descriptions of its characters to paint an ironic and critical portrait of English society at the time , and particularly of the Church . Chaucer 's use of such a wide range of classes and types of people was without precedent in English . Although the characters are fictional , they still offer a variety of insights into customs and practices of the time . Often , such insight leads to a variety of discussions and disagreements among people in the 14th century . For example , although various social classes are represented in these stories and all of the pilgrims are on a spiritual quest , it is apparent that they are more concerned with worldly things than spiritual . Structurally , the collection resembles Giovanni Boccaccio 's The Decameron , which Chaucer may have read during his first diplomatic mission to Italy in 1372 . It has been suggested that the greatest contribution of The Canterbury Tales to English literature was the popularisation of the English vernacular in mainstream literature , as opposed to French , Italian or Latin . English had , however , been used as a literary language centuries before Chaucer 's time , and several of Chaucer 's contemporaries -- John Gower , William Langland , the Pearl Poet , and Julian of Norwich -- also wrote major literary works in English . It is unclear to what extent Chaucer was seminal in this evolution of literary preference . While Chaucer clearly states the addressees of many of his poems , the intended audience of The Canterbury Tales is more difficult to determine . Chaucer was a courtier , leading some to believe that he was mainly a court poet who wrote exclusively for nobility . The Canterbury Tales is generally thought to have been incomplete at the end of Chaucer 's life . In the General Prologue , some 30 pilgrims are introduced . According to the Prologue , Chaucer 's intention was to write four stories from the perspective of each pilgrim , two each on the way to and from their ultimate destination , St. Thomas Becket 's shrine ( making for a total of about 120 stories ) . Although perhaps incomplete , The Canterbury Tales is revered as one of the most important works in English literature . It is also open to a wide range of interpretations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 1.1 Order 2 Language 3 Sources 4 Genre and structure 5 Style 6 Historical context and themes 6.1 Religion 6.2 Social class and convention 6.3 Relativism versus realism 6.4 Liminality 7 Influence on literature 8 Reception 8.1 15th century 9 Literary additions and supplements 10 Literary adaptations 11 Adaptations and homages 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Text ( edit ) The question of whether The Canterbury Tales is a finished work has not been answered to date . There are 84 manuscripts and four incunable editions of the work , dating from the late medieval and early Renaissance periods , more than for any other vernacular literary text with the exception of The Prick of Conscience . This is taken as evidence of the Tales ' popularity during the century after Chaucer 's death . Fifty - five of these manuscripts are thought to have been originally complete , while 28 are so fragmentary that it is difficult to ascertain whether they were copied individually or as part of a set . The Tales vary in both minor and major ways from manuscript to manuscript ; many of the minor variations are due to copyists ' errors , while it is suggested that in other cases Chaucer both added to his work and revised it as it was being copied and possibly as it was being distributed . Determining the text of the work is complicated by the question of the narrator 's voice which Chaucer made part of his literary structure . Even the oldest surviving manuscripts of the Tales are not Chaucer 's originals . The very oldest is probably MS Peniarth 392 D ( called `` Hengwrt '' ) , written by a scribe shortly after Chaucer 's death . The most beautiful , on the other hand , is the Ellesmere Manuscript , a manuscript whose order and many editors have followed even down to the present day . The first version of The Canterbury Tales to be published in print was William Caxton 's 1476 edition . Only 10 copies of this edition are known to exist , including one held by the British Library and one held by the Folger Shakespeare Library . In 2004 , Linne Mooney claimed that she was able to identify the scrivener who worked for Chaucer as an Adam Pinkhurst . Mooney , then a professor at the University of Maine and a visiting fellow at Corpus Christi College , Cambridge , said she could match Pinkhurst 's signature , on an oath he signed , to his handwriting on a copy of The Canterbury Tales that might have been transcribed from Chaucer 's working copy . Order ( edit ) Main articles : Order of The Canterbury Tales and List of The Canterbury Tales characters In the absence of consensus as to whether or not a complete version of the Tales exists , there is also no general agreement regarding the order in which Chaucer intended the stories to be placed . Textual and manuscript clues have been adduced to support the two most popular modern methods of ordering the tales . Some scholarly editions divide the Tales into ten `` Fragments '' . The tales that make up a Fragment are closely related and contain internal indications of their order of presentation , usually with one character speaking to and then stepping aside for another character . However , between Fragments , the connection is less obvious . Consequently , there are several possible orders ; the one most frequently seen in modern editions follows the numbering of the Fragments ( ultimately based on the Ellesmere order ) . Victorians frequently used the nine `` Groups '' , which was the order used by Walter William Skeat whose edition Chaucer : Complete Works was used by Oxford University Press for most of the twentieth century , but this order is now seldom followed . Fragment Group Tales 01 Fragment I General Prologue , The Knight 's Tale , The Miller 's Tale , The Reeve 's Tale , The Cook 's Tale 02 Fragment II The Man of Law 's Tale 03 Fragment III The Wife of Bath 's Tale , The Friar 's Tale , The Summoner 's Tale 04 Fragment IV The Clerk 's Tale , The Merchant 's Tale 05 Fragment V The Squire 's Tale , The Franklin 's Tale 06 Fragment VI The Physician 's Tale , The Pardoner 's Tale 07 Fragment VII The Shipman 's Tale , The Prioress 's Tale , Sir Thopas ' Tale , The Tale of Melibee , The Monk 's Tale , The Nun 's Priest 's Tale 08 Fragment VIII The Second Nun 's Tale , The Canon 's Yeoman 's Tale 09 Fragment IX The Manciple 's Tale 10 Fragment X The Parson 's Tale An alternative ordering ( seen in an early manuscript containing The Canterbury Tales , the early - fifteenth century Harley MS . 7334 ) places Fragment VIII before VI . Fragments I and II almost always follow each other , just as VI and VII , IX and X do in the oldest manuscripts . Fragments IV and V , by contrast , vary in location from manuscript to manuscript . Language ( edit ) The Merchant 's Prologue Recording in reconstructed Middle English pronunciation Problems playing this file ? See media help . Chaucer wrote in late Middle English , which has clear differences from Modern English . From philological research , we know certain facts about the pronunciation of English during the time of Chaucer . Chaucer pronounced - e at the end of words , so that care was ( ˈkaːrə ) , not / kɛər / as in Modern English . Other silent letters were also pronounced , so that the word knight was ( kniçt ) , with both the k and the gh pronounced , not / naɪt / . In some cases , vowel letters in Middle English were pronounced very differently from Modern English , because the Great Vowel Shift had not yet happened . For instance , the long e in wepyng `` weeping '' was pronounced as ( eː ) , as in modern German or Italian , not as / iː / . Below is an IPA transcription of the opening lines of The Merchant 's Prologue : ' Wepyng and waylyng , care and oother sorwe I knowe ynogh , on even and a-morwe , ' Quod the Marchant , ' and so doon oother mo That wedded been . ' ˈweːpɪŋɡ and ˈwailɪŋɡ ‖ ˈkaːr ‿ and ˈoːðər ˈsɔrwə ‖ iː ˈknɔu əˈnoːx ‖ ɔn ˈɛːvən and aˈmɔrwə ‖ ˈkwɔd ðə ˈmartʃant ‖ and ˈsɔː ˈdoːn ˈoːðər ˈmɔː ‖ ðat ˈwɛddəd ˈbeːn ‖ ' Weeping and wailing , care and other sorrow I know enough , in the evening and in the morning , ' said the Merchant , ' and so does many another who has been married . ' Although no manuscript exists in Chaucer 's own hand , two were copied around the time of his death by Adam Pinkhurst , a scribe with whom he seems to have worked closely before , giving a high degree of confidence that Chaucer himself wrote the Tales . Because the final - e sound was lost soon after Chaucer 's time , scribes did not accurately copy it , and this gave scholars the impression that Chaucer himself was inconsistent in using it . It has now been established , however , that - e was an important part of Chaucer 's grammar , and helped to distinguish singular adjectives from plural and subjunctive verbs from indicative . Sources ( edit ) A Tale from the Decameron by John William Waterhouse No other work prior to Chaucer 's is known to have set a collection of tales within the framework of pilgrims on a pilgrimage . It is obvious , however , that Chaucer borrowed portions , sometimes very large portions , of his stories from earlier stories , and that his work was influenced by the general state of the literary world in which he lived . Storytelling was the main entertainment in England at the time , and storytelling contests had been around for hundreds of years . In 14th - century England the English Pui was a group with an appointed leader who would judge the songs of the group . The winner received a crown and , as with the winner of The Canterbury Tales , a free dinner . It was common for pilgrims on a pilgrimage to have a chosen `` master of ceremonies '' to guide them and organise the journey . Harold Bloom suggests that the structure is mostly original , but inspired by the `` pilgrim '' figures of Dante and Virgil in The Divine Comedy . New research suggests that the General Prologue , in which the innkeeper and host Harry Bailey introduces each pilgrim , is a pastiche of the historical Harry Bailey 's surviving 1381 poll - tax account of Southwark 's inhabitants . The Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio contains more parallels to The Canterbury Tales than any other work . Like the Tales , it features a number of narrators who tell stories along a journey they have undertaken ( to flee from the Black Death ) . It ends with an apology by Boccaccio , much like Chaucer 's Retraction to the Tales . A quarter of the tales in The Canterbury Tales parallel a tale in the Decameron , although most of them have closer parallels in other stories . Some scholars thus find it unlikely that Chaucer had a copy of the work on hand , surmising instead that he must have merely read the Decameron at some point , while a new study claims he had a copy of the Decameron and used it extensively as he began work on his own collection . Each of the tales has its own set of sources that have been suggested by scholars , but a few sources are used frequently over several tales . They include poetry by Ovid , the Bible in one of the many vulgate versions in which it was available at the time ( the exact one is difficult to determine ) , and the works of Petrarch and Dante . Chaucer was the first author to use the work of these last two , both Italians . Boethius ' Consolation of Philosophy appears in several tales , as the works of John Gower do . Gower was a known friend to Chaucer . A full list is impossible to outline in little space , but Chaucer also , lastly , seems to have borrowed from numerous religious encyclopaedias and liturgical writings , such as John Bromyard 's Summa praedicantium , a preacher 's handbook , and Jerome 's Adversus Jovinianum . Many scholars say there is a good possibility Chaucer met Petrarch or Boccaccio . Genre and structure ( edit ) Canterbury Cathedral from the north west circa 1890 -- 1900 ( retouched from a black & white photograph ) The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories built around a frame narrative or frame tale , a common and already long established genre of its period . Chaucer 's Tales differs from most other story `` collections '' in this genre chiefly in its intense variation . Most story collections focused on a theme , usually a religious one . Even in the Decameron , storytellers are encouraged to stick to the theme decided on for the day . The idea of a pilgrimage to get such a diverse collection of people together for literary purposes was also unprecedented , though `` the association of pilgrims and storytelling was a familiar one '' . Introducing a competition among the tales encourages the reader to compare the tales in all their variety , and allows Chaucer to showcase the breadth of his skill in different genres and literary forms . While the structure of the Tales is largely linear , with one story following another , it is also much more than that . In the General Prologue , Chaucer describes not the tales to be told , but the people who will tell them , making it clear that structure will depend on the characters rather than a general theme or moral . This idea is reinforced when the Miller interrupts to tell his tale after the Knight has finished his . Having the Knight go first gives one the idea that all will tell their stories by class , with the Monk following the Knight . However , the Miller 's interruption makes it clear that this structure will be abandoned in favour of a free and open exchange of stories among all classes present . General themes and points of view arise as the characters tell their tales , which are responded to by other characters in their own tales , sometimes after a long lapse in which the theme has not been addressed . Lastly , Chaucer does not pay much attention to the progress of the trip , to the time passing as the pilgrims travel , or to specific locations along the way to Canterbury . His writing of the story seems focused primarily on the stories being told , and not on the pilgrimage itself . Style ( edit ) Title page of Geoffrey Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales in the hand of Adam Pinkhurst , c. 1400 The variety of Chaucer 's tales shows the breadth of his skill and his familiarity with many literary forms , linguistic styles , and rhetorical devices . Medieval schools of rhetoric at the time encouraged such diversity , dividing literature ( as Virgil suggests ) into high , middle , and low styles as measured by the density of rhetorical forms and vocabulary . Another popular method of division came from St. Augustine , who focused more on audience response and less on subject matter ( a Virgilian concern ) . Augustine divided literature into `` majestic persuades '' , `` temperate pleases '' , and `` subdued teaches '' . Writers were encouraged to write in a way that kept in mind the speaker , subject , audience , purpose , manner , and occasion . Chaucer moves freely between all of these styles , showing favouritism to none . He not only considers the readers of his work as an audience , but the other pilgrims within the story as well , creating a multi-layered rhetorical puzzle of ambiguities . Thus Chaucer 's work far surpasses the ability of any single medieval theory to uncover . With this , Chaucer avoids targeting any specific audience or social class of readers , focusing instead on the characters of the story and writing their tales with a skill proportional to their social status and learning . However , even the lowest characters , such as the Miller , show surprising rhetorical ability , although their subject matter is more lowbrow . Vocabulary also plays an important part , as those of the higher classes refer to a woman as a `` lady '' , while the lower classes use the word `` wenche '' , with no exceptions . At times the same word will mean entirely different things between classes . The word `` pitee '' , for example , is a noble concept to the upper classes , while in the Merchant 's Tale it refers to sexual intercourse . Again , however , tales such as the Nun 's Priest 's Tale show surprising skill with words among the lower classes of the group , while the Knight 's Tale is at times extremely simple . Chaucer uses the same meter throughout almost all of his tales , with the exception of Sir Thopas and his prose tales . It is a decasyllable line , probably borrowed from French and Italian forms , with riding rhyme and , occasionally , a caesura in the middle of a line . His meter would later develop into the heroic meter of the 15th and 16th centuries and is an ancestor of iambic pentameter . He avoids allowing couplets to become too prominent in the poem , and four of the tales ( the Man of Law 's , Clerk 's , Prioress ' , and Second Nun 's ) use rhyme royal . Historical context and themes ( edit ) The Peasants ' Revolt of 1381 is mentioned in the Tales . The Canterbury Tales was written during a turbulent time in English history . The Catholic Church was in the midst of the Western Schism and , though it was still the only Christian authority in Europe , was the subject of heavy controversy . Lollardy , an early English religious movement led by John Wycliffe , is mentioned in the Tales , which also mention a specific incident involving pardoners ( sellers of indulgences , which were believed to relieve the temporal punishment due for sins that were already forgiven in the Sacrament of Confession ) who nefariously claimed to be collecting for St. Mary Rouncesval hospital in England . The Canterbury Tales is among the first English literary works to mention paper , a relatively new invention that allowed dissemination of the written word never before seen in England . Political clashes , such as the 1381 Peasants ' Revolt and clashes ending in the deposing of King Richard II , further reveal the complex turmoil surrounding Chaucer in the time of the Tales ' writing . Many of his close friends were executed and he himself moved to Kent to get away from events in London . While some readers look to interpret the characters of The Canterbury Tales as historical figures , other readers choose to interpret its significance in less literal terms . After analysis of Chaucer 's diction and historical context , his work appears to develop a critique of society during his lifetime . Within a number of his descriptions , his comments can appear complimentary in nature , but through clever language , the statements are ultimately critical of the pilgrim 's actions . It is unclear whether Chaucer would intend for the reader to link his characters with actual persons . Instead , it appears that Chaucer creates fictional characters to be general representations of people in such fields of work . With an understanding of medieval society , one can detect subtle satire at work . Religion ( edit ) The Tales reflect diverse views of the Church in Chaucer 's England . After the Black Death , many Europeans began to question the authority of the established Church . Some turned to lollardy , while others chose less extreme paths , starting new monastic orders or smaller movements exposing church corruption in the behaviour of the clergy , false church relics or abuse of indulgences . Several characters in the Tales are religious figures , and the very setting of the pilgrimage to Canterbury is religious ( although the prologue comments ironically on its merely seasonal attractions ) , making religion a significant theme of the work . Two characters , the Pardoner and the Summoner , whose roles apply the Church 's secular power , are both portrayed as deeply corrupt , greedy , and abusive . Pardoners in Chaucer 's day were those people from whom one bought Church `` indulgences '' for forgiveness of sins , who were guilty of abusing their office for their own gain . Chaucer 's Pardoner openly admits the corruption of his practice while hawking his wares . Summoners were Church officers who brought sinners to the Church court for possible excommunication and other penalties . Corrupt summoners would write false citations and frighten people into bribing them to protect their interests . Chaucer 's Summoner is portrayed as guilty of the very kinds of sins for which he is threatening to bring others to court , and is hinted as having a corrupt relationship with the Pardoner . In The Friar 's Tale , one of the characters is a summoner who is shown to be working on the side of the devil , not God . The murder of Thomas Becket Churchmen of various kinds are represented by the Monk , the Prioress , the Nun 's Priest , and the Second Nun . Monastic orders , which originated from a desire to follow an ascetic lifestyle separated from the world , had by Chaucer 's time become increasingly entangled in worldly matters . Monasteries frequently controlled huge tracts of land on which they made significant sums of money , while peasants worked in their employ . The Second Nun is an example of what a Nun was expected to be : her tale is about a woman whose chaste example brings people into the church . The Monk and the Prioress , on the other hand , while not as corrupt as the Summoner or Pardoner , fall far short of the ideal for their orders . Both are expensively dressed , show signs of lives of luxury and flirtatiousness and show a lack of spiritual depth . The Prioress 's Tale is an account of Jews murdering a deeply pious and innocent Christian boy , a blood libel against Jews that became a part of English literary tradition . The story did not originate in the works of Chaucer and was well known in the 14th century . Pilgrimage was a very prominent feature of medieval society . The ultimate pilgrimage destination was Jerusalem , but within England Canterbury was a popular destination . Pilgrims would journey to cathedrals that preserved relics of saints , believing that such relics held miraculous powers . Saint Thomas Becket , Archbishop of Canterbury , had been murdered in Canterbury Cathedral by knights of Henry II during a disagreement between Church and Crown . Miracle stories connected to his remains sprang up soon after his death , and the cathedral became a popular pilgrimage destination . The pilgrimage in the work ties all of the stories together and may be considered a representation of Christians ' striving for heaven , despite weaknesses , disagreement , and diversity of opinion . Social class and convention ( edit ) Bors ' Dilemma -- he chooses to save a maiden rather than his brother Lionel The upper class or nobility , represented chiefly by the Knight and his Squire , was in Chaucer 's time steeped in a culture of chivalry and courtliness . Nobles were expected to be powerful warriors who could be ruthless on the battlefield yet mannerly in the King 's Court and Christian in their actions . Knights were expected to form a strong social bond with the men who fought alongside them , but an even stronger bond with a woman whom they idealised to strengthen their fighting ability . Though the aim of chivalry was to noble action , its conflicting values often degenerated into violence . Church leaders frequently tried to place restrictions on jousts and tournaments , which at times ended in the death of the loser . The Knight 's Tale shows how the brotherly love of two fellow knights turns into a deadly feud at the sight of a woman whom both idealise . To win her , both are willing to fight to the death . Chivalry was in Chaucer 's day on the decline , and it is possible that The Knight 's Tale was intended to show its flaws , although this is disputed . Chaucer himself had fought in the Hundred Years ' War under Edward III , who heavily emphasised chivalry during his reign . Two tales , Sir Topas and The Tale of Melibee are told by Chaucer himself , who is travelling with the pilgrims in his own story . Both tales seem to focus on the ill - effects of chivalry -- the first making fun of chivalric rules and the second warning against violence . The Tales constantly reflect the conflict between classes . For example , the division of the three estates : the characters are all divided into three distinct classes , the classes being `` those who pray '' ( the clergy ) , `` those who fight '' ( the nobility ) , and `` those who work '' ( the commoners and peasantry ) . Most of the tales are interlinked by common themes , and some `` quit '' ( reply to or retaliate against ) other tales . Convention is followed when the Knight begins the game with a tale , as he represents the highest social class in the group . But when he is followed by the Miller , who represents a lower class , it sets the stage for the Tales to reflect both a respect for and a disregard for upper class rules . Helen Cooper , as well as Mikhail Bakhtin and Derek Brewer , call this opposition `` the ordered and the grotesque , Lent and Carnival , officially approved culture and its riotous , and high - spirited underside . '' Several works of the time contained the same opposition . Relativism versus realism ( edit ) Chaucer 's characters each express different -- sometimes vastly different -- views of reality , creating an atmosphere of testing , empathy , and relativism . As Helen Cooper says , `` Different genres give different readings of the world : the fabliau scarcely notices the operations of God , the saint 's life focuses on those at the expense of physical reality , tracts and sermons insist on prudential or orthodox morality , romances privilege human emotion . '' The sheer number of varying persons and stories renders the Tales as a set unable to arrive at any definite truth or reality . Liminality ( edit ) The concept of liminality figures prominently within The Canterbury Tales . A liminal space , which can be both geographical as well as metaphorical or spiritual , is the transitional or transformational space between a `` real '' ( secure , known , limited ) world and an unknown or imaginary space of both risk and possibility . The notion of a pilgrimage is itself a liminal experience , because it centers on travel between destinations and because pilgrims undertake it hoping to become more holy in the process . Thus , the structure of The Canterbury Tales itself is liminal ; it not only covers the distance between London and Canterbury , but the majority of the tales refer to places entirely outside the geography of the pilgrimage . Jean Jost summarises the function of liminality in The Canterbury Tales , `` Both appropriately and ironically in this raucous and subversive liminal space , a ragtag assembly gather together and tell their equally unconventional tales . In this unruly place , the rules of tale telling are established , themselves to be both disordered and broken ; here the tales of game and earnest , solas and sentence , will be set and interrupted . Here the sacred and profane adventure begins , but does not end . Here , the condition of peril is as prominent as that of protection . The act of pilgrimaging itself consists of moving from one urban space , through liminal rural space , to the next urban space with an ever fluctuating series of events and narratives punctuating those spaces . The goal of pilgrimage may well be a religious or spiritual space at its conclusion , and reflect a psychological progression of the spirit , in yet another kind of emotional space . '' Liminality is also evident in the individual tales . An obvious instance of this is the Friar 's Tale in which the yeoman devil is a liminal figure because of his transitory nature and function ; it is his purpose to issue souls from their current existence to hell , an entirely different one . The Franklin 's Tale is a Breton Lai tale , which takes the tale into a liminal space by invoking not only the interaction of the supernatural and the mortal , but also the relation between the present and the imagined past . Influence on literature ( edit ) It is sometimes argued that the greatest contribution that this work made to English literature was in popularising the literary use of the vernacular English , rather than French or Latin . English had , however , been used as a literary language for centuries before Chaucer 's life , and several of Chaucer 's contemporaries -- John Gower , William Langland , and the Pearl Poet -- also wrote major literary works in English . It is unclear to what extent Chaucer was responsible for starting a trend rather than simply being part of it . It is interesting to note that , although Chaucer had a powerful influence in poetic and artistic terms , which can be seen in the great number of forgeries and mistaken attributions ( such as The Floure and the Leafe , which was translated by John Dryden ) , modern English spelling and orthography owe much more to the innovations made by the Court of Chancery in the decades during and after his lifetime . Reception ( edit ) Chaucer as a Pilgrim from the Ellesmere manuscript . Opening prologue of The Wife of Bath 's Tale from the Ellesmere Manuscript . While Chaucer clearly states the addressees of many of his poems ( the Book of the Duchess is believed to have been written for John of Gaunt on the occasion of his wife 's death in 1368 ) , the intended audience of The Canterbury Tales is more difficult to determine . Chaucer was a courtier , leading some to believe that he was mainly a court poet who wrote exclusively for the nobility . He is referred to as a noble translator and poet by Eustache Deschamps and by his contemporary John Gower . It has been suggested that the poem was intended to be read aloud , which is probable as this was a common activity at the time . However , it also seems to have been intended for private reading as well , since Chaucer frequently refers to himself as the writer , rather than the speaker , of the work . Determining the intended audience directly from the text is even more difficult , since the audience is part of the story . This makes it difficult to tell when Chaucer is writing to the fictional pilgrim audience or the actual reader . Chaucer 's works may have been distributed in some form during his lifetime in part or in whole . Scholars speculate that manuscripts were circulated among his friends , but likely remained unknown to most people until after his death . However , the speed with which copyists strove to write complete versions of his tale in manuscript form shows that Chaucer was a famous and respected poet in his own day . The Hengwrt and Ellesmere manuscripts are examples of the care taken to distribute the work . More manuscript copies of the poem exist than for any other poem of its day except The Prick of Conscience , causing some scholars to give it the medieval equivalent of bestseller status . Even the most elegant of the illustrated manuscripts , however , is not nearly as highly decorated as the work of authors of more respectable works such as John Lydgate 's religious and historical literature . 15th century ( edit ) John Lydgate and Thomas Occleve were among the first critics of Chaucer 's Tales , praising the poet as the greatest English poet of all time and the first to show what the language was truly capable of poetically . This sentiment was universally agreed upon by later critics into the mid-15th century . Glosses included in The Canterbury Tales manuscripts of the time praised him highly for his skill with `` sentence '' and rhetoric , the two pillars by which medieval critics judged poetry . The most respected of the tales was at this time the Knight 's , as it was full of both . Literary additions and supplements ( edit ) The incompleteness of the Tales led several medieval authors to write additions and supplements to the tales to make them more complete . Some of the oldest existing manuscripts of the tales include new or modified tales , showing that even early on , such additions were being created . These emendations included various expansions of the Cook 's Tale , which Chaucer never finished , The Plowman 's Tale , The Tale of Gamelyn , the Siege of Thebes , and the Tale of Beryn . The Tale of Beryn , written by an anonymous author in the 15th century , is preceded by a lengthy prologue in which the pilgrims arrive at Canterbury and their activities there are described . While the rest of the pilgrims disperse throughout the town , the Pardoner seeks the affections of Kate the barmaid , but faces problems dealing with the man in her life and the innkeeper Harry Bailey . As the pilgrims turn back home , the Merchant restarts the storytelling with Tale of Beryn . In this tale , a young man named Beryn travels from Rome to Egypt to seek his fortune only to be cheated by other businessmen there . He is then aided by a local man in getting his revenge . The tale comes from the French tale Bérinus and exists in a single early manuscript of the tales , although it was printed along with the tales in a 1721 edition by John Urry . John Lydgate wrote The Siege of Thebes in about 1420 . Like the Tale of Beryn , it is preceded by a prologue in which the pilgrims arrive in Canterbury . Lydgate places himself among the pilgrims as one of them and describes how he was a part of Chaucer 's trip and heard the stories . He characterises himself as a monk and tells a long story about the history of Thebes before the events of the Knight 's Tale . John Lydgate 's tale was popular early on and exists in old manuscripts both on its own and as part of the Tales . It was first printed as early as 1561 by John Stow , and several editions for centuries after followed suit . There are actually two versions of The Plowman 's Tale , both of which are influenced by the story Piers Plowman , a work written during Chaucer 's lifetime . Chaucer describes a Plowman in the General Prologue of his tales , but never gives him his own tale . One tale , written by Thomas Occleve , describes the miracle of the Virgin and the Sleeveless Garment . Another tale features a pelican and a griffin debating church corruption , with the pelican taking a position of protest akin to John Wycliffe 's ideas . The Tale of Gamelyn was included in an early manuscript version of the tales , Harley 7334 , which is notorious for being one of the lower - quality early manuscripts in terms of editor error and alteration . It is now widely rejected by scholars as an authentic Chaucerian tale , although some scholars think he may have intended to rewrite the story as a tale for the Yeoman . Dates for its authorship vary from 1340 to 1370 . Literary adaptations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Many literary works ( both fiction and non-fiction alike ) have used a similar frame narrative to The Canterbury Tales as an homage . Science - fiction writer Dan Simmons wrote his Hugo Award winning novel Hyperion based on an extra-planetary group of pilgrims . Evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins used The Canterbury Tales as a structure for his 2004 non-fiction book about evolution titled The Ancestor 's Tale : A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution . His animal pilgrims are on their way to find the common ancestor , each telling a tale about evolution . Henry Dudeney 's book The Canterbury Puzzles contains a part reputedly lost from what modern readers know as Chaucer 's tales . Historical - mystery novelist P.C. Doherty wrote a series of novels based on The Canterbury Tales , making use of both the story frame and Chaucer 's characters . Canadian author Angie Abdou translates The Canterbury Tales to a cross section of people , all snow - sports enthusiasts but from different social backgrounds , converging on a remote back - country ski cabin in British Columbia in the 2011 novel The Canterbury Trail . Adaptations and homages ( edit ) The Two Noble Kinsmen , by William Shakespeare and John Fletcher , a retelling of `` The Knight 's Tale '' , was first performed in 1613 or 1614 and published in 1634 . In 1961 , Erik Chisholm completed his opera , The Canterbury Tales . The opera is in three acts : The Wyf of Bath 's Tale , The Pardoner 's Tale and The Nun 's Priest 's Tale . Nevill Coghill 's modern English version formed the basis of a musical version that was first staged in 1964 . A Canterbury Tale , a 1944 film jointly written and directed by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger , is loosely based on the narrative frame of Chaucer 's tales . The movie opens with a group of medieval pilgrims journeying through the Kentish countryside as a narrator speaks the opening lines of the General Prologue . The scene then makes a now - famous transition to the time of World War II . From that point on , the film follows a group of strangers , each with his or her own story and in need of some kind of redemption , who are making their way to Canterbury together . The film 's main story takes place in an imaginary town in Kent and ends with the main characters arriving at Canterbury Cathedral , bells pealing and Chaucer 's words again resounding . A Canterbury Tale is recognised as one of the Powell - Pressburger team 's most poetic and artful films . It was produced as wartime propaganda , using Chaucer 's poetry , referring to the famous pilgrimage , and offering photography of Kent to remind the public of what made Britain worth fighting for . In one scene a local historian lectures an audience of British soldiers about the pilgrims of Chaucer 's time and the vibrant history of England . Pier Paolo Pasolini 's 1972 film The Canterbury Tales features several of the tales , some of which keep close to the original tale and some of which are embellished . The Cook 's Tale , for instance , which is incomplete in the original version , is expanded into a full story , and the Friar 's Tale extends the scene in which the Summoner is dragged down to hell . The film includes these two tales as well as the Miller 's Tale , the Summoner 's Tale , the Wife of Bath 's Tale , and the Merchant 's Tale . On April 26 , 1986 , American radio personality Garrison Keillor opened `` The News from Lake Wobegon '' portion of the first live TV broadcast of his A Prairie Home Companion radio show with a reading of the original Middle English text of the General Prologue . He commented , `` Although those words were written more than 600 years ago , they still describe spring . '' Television adaptations include Alan Plater 's 1975 re-telling of the stories in a series of plays for BBC2 : Trinity Tales . In 2003 , BBC again featured modern re-tellings of selected tales . Ezra Winter , Canterbury tales mural ( 1939 ) , Library of Congress John Adams Building , Washington , D.C. This mural is located on the west wall of the North Reading Room , and features the Miller , Host , Knight , Squire , Yeoman , Doctor , Chaucer , Man of Law , Clerk , Manciple , Sailor , Prioress , Nun and three Priests ; the other pilgrims appear on the east wall mural . The Knight The Squire The Reeve The Miller The Cook The Wife of Bath The Franklin The Shipman The Manciple The Merchant The Clerk of Oxford The Sergeant of Law The Physician The Parson The Monk The Prioress The Second Nun The Nun 's Priest The Friar The Summoner The Pardoner The Canon Yeoman Geoffrey Chaucer Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carlson , David . `` The Chronology of Lydgate 's Chaucer References '' . The Chaucer Review , Vol. 38 , No. 3 ( 2004 ) , pp. 246 -- 254 . Accessed 6 January 2014 . Jump up ^ The name `` Tales of Caunterbury '' appears within the surviving texts of Chaucer 's work . Its modern name first appeared as Canterbury talys in John Lydgate 's 1421 -- 1422 prologue to the Siege of Thebes . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Brittanica Jump up ^ Prestwich , Michael ( 2014 ) . Medieval People : Vivid Lives in a Distant Landscape . London : Thames & Hudson . pp. 4 . An Age of Plague 1300 -- 1400 . ISBN 9780500252031 . Jump up ^ `` Geoffrey Chaucer ( 1342 -- 1400 ) `` The Canterbury Tales '' ( in middle english and modern english ) `` . www.librarius.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Black , Joseph ( 2011 ) . The Broadview Anthology of British Literature . Canada : Broadview Press . pp. 229 -- 331 . Jump up ^ Pearsall , 8 . Jump up ^ Cooper , 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Pearsall , 10 , 17 . Jump up ^ Cooper , 8 . Jump up ^ Linne R. Mooney ( 2006 ) , `` Chaucer 's Scribe , '' Speculum , 81 : 97 -- 138 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , 7 Jump up ^ Pearsall , 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Text from The Riverside Chaucer , ed. by Larry D. Benson , 3rd edn ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1987 ) , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Based on the information in Norman Davies , `` Language and Versification '' , in The Riverside Chaucer , ed. by Larry D. Benson , 3rd edn ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1987 ) , pp. xxv -- xli . Jump up ^ Linne R. Mooney , `` Chaucer 's Scribe '' , Speculum , 81 ( 2006 ) , 97 -- 138 . Jump up ^ e.g. Ian Robinson , Chaucer 's Prosody : A Study of the Middle English Verse Tradition ( London : Cambridge University Press , 1971 ) . Jump up ^ Seminal studies included M.L. Samuels , `` Chaucerian Final ' - e ' '' , Notes and Queries , 19 ( 1972 ) , 445 -- 48 , and D. Burnley , `` Inflection in Chaucer 's Adjectives '' , Neuphilologische Mitteilungen , 83 ( 1982 ) , 169 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Cooper , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Harold ( 11 November 2009 ) . `` Road Trip '' . New York Times . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Sobecki , Sebastian ( 2017 ) . `` A Southwark Tale : Gower , the 1381 Poll Tax , and Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales '' . Speculum. 92 ( 3 ) : 630 -- 660 . doi : 10.1086 / 692620 . Jump up ^ Cooper , pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Biggs , Frederick M. Chaucer 's Decameron and the Origin of the Canterbury Tales . D.S. Brewer , . Cambridge . ISBN 9781843844754 . OCLC 971521732 . Jump up ^ Cooper , pp. 12 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Brewer , p. 227 . Although Chaucer undoubtedly studied the works of these celebrated writers , and particularly of Dante before this fortunate interview ; yet it seems likely , that these excursions gave him a new relish for their compositions , and enlarged his knowledge of the Italian fables . Jump up ^ Brewer , p. 277 ... where he became thoroughly inbued with the spirit and excellence of the great Italian poets and prose - writers : Dante , Petrarch , Boccaccio ; and is said to have had a personal contact interview with one of these , Petrarch . Jump up ^ Hendrickson , pp. 183 -- 192 . Professor G.L. Hendrickson of the University of Chicago gives a detailed analysis as to Chaucer coming in contact with Petrarch . Jump up ^ Rearden , p. 458 . There can be no moral doubt but that Chaucer knew Petrarch personally . They were both in France many times , where they might have met . They were both courtiers . They both had an enthusiasm for scholarship . Whether they met then , or whether Chaucer , when on his visit to Genoa , specially visited the Italian , it does not appear ... but the only reason that such a visit could not have occurred lies in the fact that Petrarch himself does not record it . Still , on the other hand , would he have mentioned the visit of a man who was the servant of a barbarous monarch , and whose only claim to notice , literary-wise , was his cultivation of an unknown and uncouth dialect that was half bastard French ? Jump up ^ Skeat ( 1874 ) , p. xxx . And we know that Petrarch , on his own shewing , was so pleased with the story of Griselda that he learnt it by heart as well as he could , for the express purpose of repeating it to friends , before the idea of turning it into Latin occurred to him . Whence we may conclude that Chaucer and Petrarch met at Padua early in 1373 ; that Petrarch told Chaucer the story by word of mouth , either in Italian or French ; and that Chaucer shortly after obtained a copy of Petrarch 's Latin version , which he kept constantly before him whilst making his own translation . Jump up ^ `` Sources and Analogues of the Canterbury Tales '' , 2002 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Cooper , 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Cooper , 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Cooper , 18 . ^ Jump up to : Podgorski , Daniel ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Puppetry and the `` Popet : '' Fiction , Reality , and Empathy in Geoffrey Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales `` . The Gemsbok . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cooper , 22 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Cooper , 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Cooper , 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Cooper , 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Donald R. Howard , Chaucer and the Medieval World ( London , 1987 ) , pp. 410 -- 417 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 49 -- 51 , 56 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 50 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 61 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 66 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 73 -- 75 , 81 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 91 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Rubin , 106 -- 107 . Jump up ^ `` The Prioress 's Tale '' , by Prof. Jane Zatta . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 99 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 110 -- 113 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 117 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 123 -- 131 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 132 -- 134 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 139 -- 142 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 138 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 141 -- 142 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 143 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , 19 Jump up ^ Cooper , 21 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Norma J. `` Liminal Space in Travellers ' Tales : Historical and Fictional Passages ( Folklore , Ritual , History ) . '' Order No. 8615152 The Pennsylvania State University , 1986 . Ann Arbor : ProQuest . Web . 30 Sep. 2015 . Jump up ^ Jost , Jean . `` Urban and Liminal Space in Chaucer 's Knight 's Tale : Perilous or Protective ? '' Albrecht Classen , ed . Fundamentals of Medieval and Early Modern Culture : Urban Space in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age . Berlin , DEU : Walter de Gruyter , 2009 . Print . Jump up ^ Bloomfield , Morton W . `` The ' Friar 's Tale ' as a Liminal Tale . '' The Chaucer Review 17.4 ( 1983 ) : 286 -- 291 . Print . Jump up ^ Nowlin , Steele . `` Between Precedent and Possibility : Liminality , Historicity , and Narrative in Chaucer 's ' The Franklin 's Tale . ' '' Studies in Philology 103.1 ( 2006 ) : 47 -- 67 . Print . Jump up ^ Pearsall , 294 - 5 . Jump up ^ Pearsall , 295 - 97 . Jump up ^ Pearsall , 298 -- 302 . Jump up ^ Trigg , Stephanie , Congenial Souls : Reading Chaucer from Medieval to Postmodern , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press , 2002 , p. 86 . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 3823 - 3 . Jump up ^ Trigg , pp. 86 -- 88 , 97 . Jump up ^ Trigg , pp. 88 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Brewer , Charlotte , Editing Piers Plowman : The Evolution of the Text , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1996 , pp. 8 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 34250 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ohlgren , Thomas , Medieval Outlaws , Parlor Press , 2005 , pp. 264 -- 265 . ISBN 1 - 932559 - 62 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Steve , Chaucer at Large , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press , 2000 , pp. 64 -- 65 . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 3376 - 2 . Jump up ^ Pencak , William , The Films of Derek Jarman , Jefferson : McFarland & Co , 2002 , pp. 178 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1430 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Drama -- Canterbury Tales '' . BBC Drama article about the series . Retrieved 6 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` On These Walls : Inscriptions and Quotations in the Buildings of the Library of Congress '' . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . References ( edit ) Bisson , Lillian M. ( 1998 ) . Chaucer and the late medieval world . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 10667 - 6 . Cooper , Helen ( 1996 ) . The Canterbury tales . Oxford guides to Chaucer ( 2 ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 871155 - 1 . Pearsall , Derek Albert ( 1985 ) . The Canterbury tales . Unwin critical library . London : G. Allen & Unwin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 04 - 800021 - 7 . Scattered among the nations : documents affecting Jewish history , 49 to 1975 . Alexis P. Rubin ( ed . ) . Toronto , ON : Wall & Emerson . 1993 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 895131 - 10 - 9 . Further reading ( edit ) Collette , Carolyn P. ( 2001 ) . Species , phantasms , and images : vision and medieval psychology in The Canterbury tales . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . doi : 10.3998 / mpub. 16499 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 11161 - 9 . Kolve , V.A. ; Olson , Glending ( 2005 ) . The Canterbury tales : fifteen tales and the general prologue : authoritative text , sources and backgrounds , criticism . A Norton critical edition ( 2 ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 92587 - 6 . Sobecki , Sebastian ( 2017 ) . `` A Southwark Tale : Gower , the 1381 Poll Tax , and Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales '' . Speculum. 92 ( 3 ) : 630 -- 660 . doi : 10.1086 / 692620 . Thompson , N.S. ( 1996 ) . Chaucer , Boccaccio , and the debate of love : a comparative study of the Decameron and the Canterbury tales . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 812378 - 1 . Spark Notes : The Canterbury Tales . New York , New York : Spark Publishing . 2014 . No Fair : The Canterbury Tales . New York , New York : Spark Publishing . 2009 . Dogan , Sandeur ( 2013 ) . `` The Three Estates Model : Represented and Satirised in Chaucer 's General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales '' . Journal of History , Culture & Art Research / Tarih Kültür ve Sanat Arastirmalari Dergisi . Jun2013 , Vol. 2 Issue 2 , p49 - 56 . Biggs , Frederick ( 2017 ) . Chaucer 's Decameron and the origin of the Canterbury tales . D.S. Brewer , . * Cambridge . ISBN 9781843844754 . OCLC 971521732 Nicholls , Jonathan . `` Review : Chaucer 's Narrators by David Lawton , '' The Modern Language Review , 2017 . Pugh , Tison . `` Gender , Vulgarity , and the Phantom Debates of Chaucer 's Merchant 's Tale , '' Studies in Philology , Vol. 114 Issue 3 , 473 - 496 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Novels portal Find more aboutThe Canterbury Talesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity General Modern Translation and Other Resources at eChaucer The Canterbury Tales Project : publishing transcripts , images , collations and analysis of all surviving 15th - century copies The Canterbury Tales public domain audiobook at LibriVox Online texts The Canterbury Tales and Other Poems at Project Gutenberg Ecker , Ronald L. ; Crook , Eugene Joseph ( 1993 ) . The Canterbury Tales : A Complete Translation into Modern English . Palatka , FL : Hodge & Braddock . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9636512 - 3 - 5 . Facsimiles The Hengwrt Manuscript : the oldest manuscript copy Ellesmere Chaucer British Library , Harley MS 7334 British Library , Harley MS 1758 Caxton 's Chaucer : scans of William Caxton 's two editions of Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales Geoffrey Chaucer Works The Canterbury Tales General Prologue The Knight 's Tale The Miller 's Tale The Reeve 's Tale The Cook 's Tale The Man of Law 's Tale The Wife of Bath 's Tale The Friar 's Tale The Summoner 's Tale The Clerk 's Tale The Merchant 's Tale The Squire 's Tale The Franklin 's Tale The Physician 's Tale The Pardoner 's Tale The Shipman 's Tale The Prioress 's Tale Sir Thopas The Tale of Melibee The Monk 's Tale The Nun 's Priest 's Tale The Second Nun 's Tale The Canon 's Yeoman 's Tale The Manciple 's Tale The Parson 's Tale Chaucer 's Retraction Other works The Romaunt of the Rose The Book of the Duchess The House of Fame Anelida and Arcite The Parliament of Fowls Boece Troilus and Criseyde The Legend of Good Women A Treatise on the Astrolabe Spurious The Cuckoo and the Nightingale The Complaint of the Black Knight The Floure and the Leafe Pierce the Ploughman 's Crede Jack Upland Tales The Tale of Gamelyn Prologue and Tale of Beryn The Plowman 's Tale The Pilgrim 's Tale Language and Texts Rhyme royal Heroic couplet English words first attested in Chaucer MSS Tradition Order of The Canterbury Tales Hengwrt Chaucer Ellesmere Chaucer Harley MS . 7334 Adam Pinkhurst Scribe D Related Chaucer 's influence on fifteenth - century Scottish literature Influence of Italian humanism on Chaucer Philippa Roet ( wife ) Katherine Swynford ( wife 's sister ) Thomas Chaucer ( son ) Alice de la Pole ( granddaughter ) Geoffrey Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales Order of The Canterbury Tales General Prologue The Knight 's Tale The Miller 's Tale The Reeve 's Tale The Cook 's Tale The Man of Law 's Tale The Wife of Bath 's Tale The Friar 's Tale The Summoner 's Tale The Clerk 's Tale The Merchant 's Tale The Squire 's Tale The Franklin 's Tale The Physician 's Tale The Pardoner 's Tale The Shipman 's Tale The Prioress 's Tale Sir Thopas The Tale of Melibee The Monk 's Tale The Nun 's Priest 's Tale The Second Nun 's Tale The Canon 's Yeoman 's Tale The Manciple 's Tale The Parson 's Tale Addenda The Plowman 's Tale The Tale of Gamelyn Siege of Thebes Prologue and Tale of Beryn Films The Canterbury Tales ( 1972 ) Stage The Two Noble Kinsmen ( 1634 play ) The Canterbury Pilgrims ( 1917 opera ) Canterbury Tales ( 1964 musical ) Television Trinity Tales ( 1975 ) The Canterbury Tales ( 2003 ) Literature The Canterbury Puzzles A Commentary on the General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales Single tale derivations The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle Chanticleer and the Fox The Book of the Dun Cow Palamon and Arcite God Spede the Plough `` The Pilgrim 's Tale '' Related Chaucer 's Retraction Ellesmere Chaucer Hengwrt Chaucer Descriptive Catalogue `` Have a nice day '' Words first used in Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Canterbury_Tales&oldid=815757280 '' Categories : The Canterbury Tales 14th - century books 14th - century poems Adultery in short stories Arthurian literature in Middle English Astrological texts Canterbury Frame stories Middle English poems Narrative poems Novels set in Kent Unfinished poems Hidden categories : Articles containing Middle English - language text EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles that link to foreign - language Wikisources Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing more detailed references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008 Articles needing additional references from November 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with LibriVox links Articles with Project Gutenberg links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 23 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when were the canterbury tales written and in what language | [
"The Canterbury Tales (Middle English: Tales of Caunterbury[2]) is a collection of 24 stories that runs to over 17,000 lines written in Middle English by Geoffrey Chaucer between 1387 and 1400.[3] In 1386, Chaucer became Controller of Customs and Justice of Peace and, in 1389, Clerk of the King's work.[4] It was during these years that Chaucer began working on his most famous text, The Canterbury Tales. The tales (mostly written in verse, although some are in prose) are presented as part of a story-telling contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together on a journey from London to Canterbury to visit the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral. The prize for this contest is a free meal at the Tabard Inn at Southwark on their return."
] | [
"written in Middle English by Geoffrey Chaucer between 1387 and 1400"
] |
5671685589756641739 | Angela Carter | Angela Carter - Wikipedia Angela Carter Angela Carter Angela Olive Stalker ( 1940 - 05 - 07 ) 7 May 1940 Eastbourne , England 16 February 1992 ( 1992 - 02 - 16 ) ( aged 51 ) London , England Occupation Novelist , short story writer , journalist Nationality British Alma mater University of Bristol Spouse Paul Carter ( m . 1960 ; div. 1972 ) Mark Pearce ( m . 1977 ) Children Website www.angelacarter.co.uk Angela Olive Carter - Pearce ( née Stalker ; 7 May 1940 -- 16 February 1992 ) , who published under the pen name Angela Carter , was an English novelist , short story writer and journalist , known for her feminist , magical realism , and picaresque works . She is best known for her book The Bloody Chamber , which was published in 1979 . In 2008 , The Times ranked Carter tenth in their list of `` The 50 greatest British writers since 1945 '' . In 2012 , Nights at the Circus was selected as the best ever winner of the James Tait Black Memorial Prize . Contents 1 Biography 2 Works 2.1 Novels 2.2 Short fiction collections 2.3 Poetry collections 2.4 Dramatic works 2.5 Children 's books 2.6 Non-fiction 2.7 As editor 2.8 As translator 2.9 Film adaptations 2.10 Radio plays 2.11 Television 3 Works on Angela Carter 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Biography ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Born Angela Olive Stalker in Eastbourne , in 1940 , to Sophia Olive ( née Farthing ; 1905 -- 1969 ) and Hugh Alexander Stalker ( 1896 -- 1988 ) , Carter was evacuated as a child to live in Yorkshire with her maternal grandmother . As a teenager she battled against anorexia . After attending Streatham and Clapham High School , in south London , she began work as a journalist on The Croydon Advertiser , following in the footsteps of her father . Carter attended the University of Bristol where she studied English literature. . Up until her teenage years she was an obedient and ' chubby ' child until she went on diet , lost weight and changed her style of dress . This was perhaps why she became anorexic . She became a rude child who challenged authorities and was abusive to her mother , at this point she had few friends . She switched between extreme shyness and depression . This change did not however affect her performance in school . She decided against going to Oxford University and chose marriage instead which she felt would allow her to escape her parents . She married twice , first in 1960 to Paul Carter , divorcing in 1972 . In 1969 , she used the proceeds of her Somerset Maugham Award to leave her husband and relocate for two years to Tokyo , where she claims in Nothing Sacred ( 1982 ) that she `` learnt what it is to be a woman and became radicalised '' . She wrote about her experiences there in articles for New Society and a collection of short stories , Fireworks : Nine Profane Pieces ( 1974 ) , and evidence of her experiences in Japan can also be seen in The Infernal Desire Machines of Doctor Hoffman ( 1972 ) . She then explored the United States , Asia and Europe , helped by her fluency in French and German . She spent much of the late 1970s and 1980s as a writer in residence at universities , including the University of Sheffield , Brown University , the University of Adelaide , and the University of East Anglia . In 1977 , Carter married Mark Pearce , with whom she had one son . In 1979 , both The Bloody Chamber , and her influential essay , The Sadeian Woman and the Ideology of Pornography , appeared . In the essay , according to the writer Marina Warner , Carter `` deconstructs the arguments that underlie The Bloody Chamber . It 's about desire and its destruction , the self - immolation of women , how women collude and connive with their condition of enslavement . She was much more independent - minded than the traditional feminist of her time . '' As well as being a prolific writer of fiction , Carter contributed many articles to The Guardian , The Independent and New Statesman , collected in Shaking a Leg . She adapted a number of her short stories for radio and wrote two original radio dramas on Richard Dadd and Ronald Firbank . Two of her fictions have been adapted for film : The Company of Wolves ( 1984 ) and The Magic Toyshop ( 1987 ) . She was actively involved in both adaptations ; her screenplays are published in the collected dramatic writings , The Curious Room , together with her radio scripts , a libretto for an opera of Virginia Woolf 's Orlando , an unproduced screenplay entitled The Christchurch Murders ( based on the same true story as Peter Jackson 's Heavenly Creatures ) and other works . These neglected works , as well as her controversial television documentary , The Holy Family Album , are discussed in Charlotte Crofts ' book , Anagrams of Desire ( 2003 ) . Her novel Nights at the Circus won the 1984 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for literature . Her last novel , Wise Children , is a surreal wild ride through British theatre and music hall traditions . At the time of her death , Carter had started work on a sequel to Charlotte Brontë 's Jane Eyre based on the later life of Jane 's stepdaughter , Adèle Varens ; only a synopsis survives . Angela Carter died aged 51 in 1992 at her home in London after developing lung cancer . Works ( edit ) Novels ( edit ) Shadow Dance ( 1966 , also known as Honeybuzzard ) The Magic Toyshop ( 1967 ) Several Perceptions ( 1968 ) Heroes and Villains ( 1969 ) Love ( 1971 ) The Infernal Desire Machines of Doctor Hoffman ( 1972 , also known as The War of Dreams ) The Passion of New Eve ( 1977 ) Nights at the Circus ( 1984 ) Wise Children ( 1991 ) Short fiction collections ( edit ) Fireworks : Nine Profane Pieces ( 1974 ; also published as Fireworks : Nine Stories in Various Disguises and Fireworks ) The Bloody Chamber ( 1979 ) The Bridegroom ( 1983 ) ( Uncollected short story ) Black Venus ( 1985 ; published as Saints and Strangers in the United States ) American Ghosts and Old World Wonders ( 1993 ) Burning Your Boats ( 1995 ) Poetry collections ( edit ) Five Quiet Shouters ( 1966 ) Unicorn ( 1966 ) Unicorn : The Poetry of Angela Carter ( 2015 ) Dramatic works ( edit ) Come Unto These Yellow Sands : Four Radio Plays ( 1985 ) The Curious Room : Plays , Film Scripts and an Opera ( 1996 ) ( includes Carter 's screenplays for adaptations of The Company of Wolves and The Magic Toyshop ; also includes the contents of Come Unto These Golden Sands : Four Radio Plays ) Children 's books ( edit ) The Donkey Prince ( 1970 , illustrated by Eros Keith ) Miss Z , the Dark Young Lady ( 1970 , illustrated by Eros Keith ) Comic and Curious Cats ( 1979 , illustrated by Martin Leman ) Moonshadow ( 1982 ) illustrated by Justin Todd Sea - Cat and Dragon King ( 2000 , illustrated by Eva Tatcheva ) Non-fiction ( edit ) The Sadeian Woman and the Ideology of Pornography ( 1979 ) Nothing Sacred : Selected Writings ( 1982 ) Expletives Deleted : Selected Writings ( 1992 ) Shaking a Leg : Collected Journalism and Writing ( 1997 ) She wrote two entries in `` A Hundred Things Japanese '' published in 1975 by the Japan Culture Institute . ISBN 0 - 87040 - 364 - 8 It says `` She has lived in Japan both from 1969 to 1971 and also during 1974 '' ( p. 202 ) . As editor ( edit ) Wayward Girls and Wicked Women : An Anthology of Subversive Stories ( 1986 ) The Virago Book of Fairy Tales ( 1990 ) a.k.a. The Old Wives ' Fairy Tale Book The Second Virago Book of Fairy Tales ( 1992 ) a.k.a. Strange Things Still Sometimes Happen : Fairy Tales From Around the World ( 1993 ) Angela Carter 's Book of Fairy Tales ( 2005 ) ( collects the two Virago Books above ) As translator ( edit ) The Fairy Tales of Charles Perrault ( 1977 ) Sleeping Beauty and Other Favourite Fairy Tales ( 1982 ) illustrated by Michael Foreman ( Perrault stories with two by Leprince de Beaumont ) Film adaptations ( edit ) The Company of Wolves ( 1984 ) adapted by Carter with Neil Jordan from her short story of the same name , `` Wolf - Alice '' and `` The Werewolf '' The Magic Toyshop ( 1987 ) adapted by Carter from her novel of the same name , and directed by David Wheatley Radio plays ( edit ) Vampirella ( 1976 ) written by Carter and directed by Glyn Dearman for BBC . Formed the basis for the short story `` The Lady of the House of Love '' . Come Unto These Yellow Sands ( 1979 ) The Company of Wolves ( 1980 ) adapted by Carter from her short story of the same name , and directed by Glyn Dearman for BBC Puss - in - Boots ( 1982 ) adapted by Carter from her short story and directed by Glyn Dearman for BBC A Self - Made Man ( 1984 ) Television ( edit ) The Holy Family Album ( 1991 ) Omnibus : Angela Carter 's Curious Room ( 1992 ) Works on Angela Carter ( edit ) Dimovitz , Scott A. Angela Carter : Surrealist , Psychologist , Moral Pornographer . New York : Routledge , 2016 . Dimovitz , Scott A. ' I Was the Subject of the Sentence Written on the Mirror : Angela Carter 's Short Fiction and the Unwriting of the Psychoanalytic Subject . ' Lit : Literature Interpretation Theory 21.1 ( 2010 ) : 1 - 19 . Dimovitz , Scott A. ' Angela Carter 's Narrative Chiasmus : The Infernal Desire Machines of Doctor Hoffman and The Passion of New Eve . ' Genre XVII ( 2009 ) : 83 - 111 . Dimovitz , Scott A. ' Cartesian Nuts : Rewriting the Platonic Androgyne in Angela Carter 's Japanese Surrealism ' . FEMSPEC : An Interdisciplinary Feminist Journal , 6 : 2 ( December 2005 ) : 15 -- 31 . Dmytriieva , Valeriia V. ' Gender Alterations in English and French Modernist `` Bluebeard '' Fairytale ' . ' English Language and literature studies , 6 : 3 . ( 2016 ) : 16 -- 20 . Enright , Anne ( 17 February 2011 ) . `` Diary '' . London Review of Books . 33 ( 4 ) : 38 -- 39 . Retrieved 11 February 2011 . Gordon , Edmund The Invention of Angela Carter : A Biography London : Chatto & Windus , 2016 . Kérchy , Anna ( 2008 ) , Body - Texts in the Novels of Angela Carter . Writing from a Corporeagraphic Perspective . Lampeter : The Edwin Mellen Press Milne , Andrew ( 2006 ) , The Bloody Chamber d'Angela Carter , Paris : Editions Le Manuscrit , Université Milne , Andrew ( 2007 ) , Angela Carter 's The Bloody Chamber : A Reader 's Guide , Paris : Editions Le Manuscrit Université Tonkin , Maggie . Angela Carter and Decadence : Critical Fictions / Fictional Critiques . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan , 2012 . Topping , Angela ( 2009 ) , Focus on The Bloody Chamber and Other Stories London : The Greenwich Exchange References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The 50 greatest British writers since 1945 . 5 January 2008 . The Times . Retrieved on 2018 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Alison Flood ( 6 December 2012 ) . `` Angela Carter named best ever winner of James Tait Black award '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.angelacartersite.co.uk/ Retrieved 5 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Angela Carter '' . 17 February 1992 . Retrieved 18 May 2018 -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Angela Carter - Biography '' . The Guardian . 22 July 2008 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Angela Carter 's Feminism '' . www.newyorker.com . Jump up ^ Hill , Rosemary ( 2016 - 10 - 22 ) . `` The Invention of Angela Carter : A Biography by Edmund Gordon -- review '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/oct/01/angela-carter-far-from-fairytale-edmund-gordon Jump up ^ Marina Warner , speaking on Radio Three 's the Verb , February 2012 Jump up ^ `` Book Of A Lifetime : Shaking a Leg , By Angela Carter '' . The Independent . 2012 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/books/live/2017/feb/21/angela-carter-webchat-with-biographer-edmund-gordon-post-your-questions-now Jump up ^ Clapp , Susannah ( 29 January 2006 ) . `` The greatest swinger in town '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Sarah Waters ( 3 October 2009 ) . `` My hero : Angela Carter '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael Dirda , `` The Unconventional Life of Angela Carter - prolific author , reluctant feminist , '' Washington Post , March 8 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Acocella , Joan ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Metamorphoses : how Angela Carter became feminism 's great mythologist '' . The Critics . Books . The New Yorker . 93 ( 4 ) : 71 -- 76 . Wisker , Gina . `` At Home all was Blood and Feathers : The Werewolf in the Kitchen - Angela Carter and Horror '' . In Clive Bloom ( ed ) , Creepers : British Horror and Fantasy in the Twentieth Century . London and Boulder CO : Pluto Press , 1993 , pp. 161 -- 75 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Angela Carter Official website of the Estate of Angela Carter Angela Carter at British Council : Literature BBC interview ( video , 25 June 1991 , 25 mins ) Petri Liukkonen . `` Angela Carter '' . Books and Writers Angela Carter at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Angela Carter on IMDb `` Angela Carter remembered '' Daily Telegraph 3 May 2010 A Conversation with Angela Carter by Anna Katsavos , The Review of Contemporary Fiction , Fall 1994 , Vol . 14.3 Angela Carter talks about her life and work to Elizabeth Jolley , British Library ( audio , 1988 , 53 mins ) Essay on Colette , Vol. 2 No. 19 2 October 1980 , London Review of Books by Angela Carter Angela Carter 's radio work Angela Carter at the British Library Works by Angela Carter Novels Shadow Dance The Magic Toyshop Several Perceptions Heroes and Villains Love The Infernal Desire Machines of Doctor Hoffman The Passion of New Eve Nights at the Circus Wise Children Short fiction Fireworks : Nine Profane Pieces The Bloody Chamber The Bridegroom Black Venus American Ghosts and Old World Wonders Burning Your Boats Dramatic works The Curious Room The Holy Family Album Children 's books The Donkey Prince Comic and Curious Cats Non-fiction The Sadeian Woman and the Ideology of Pornography Film adaptations The Company of Wolves The Magic Toyshop Related Anagrams of Desire BNE : XX1038650 BNF : cb118953566 ( data ) GND : 119058804 ISNI : 0000 0001 2127 2038 LCCN : n79088989 MusicBrainz : 06fc69eb - 5775 - 40ae - 999a - c1d4106dfc47 NDL : 00435420 NKC : jo2004213804 NLA : 35086688 SELIBR : 180311 SNAC : w61v7cj4 SUDOC : 02676945X VIAF : 34454299 Jump up ^ Online version is titled `` Angela Carter 's feminist mythology '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angela_Carter&oldid=854464504 '' Categories : 1940 births 1992 deaths 20th - century English novelists 20th - century British women writers Academics of the University of East Anglia Academics of the University of Sheffield Alumni of the University of Bristol Deaths from cancer in England Deaths from lung cancer English women novelists English short story writers English socialists English feminist writers Women science fiction and fantasy writers James Tait Black Memorial Prize recipients John Llewellyn Rhys Prize winners Magic realism writers People from Eastbourne Socialist feminists British women short story writers 20th - century translators 20th - century British short story writers Hidden categories : Use British English from July 2012 Use dmy dates from May 2011 Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 15 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 20th century english writer known for her feminist and magical works | [
"Angela Olive Carter-Pearce (née Stalker; 7 May 1940 – 16 February 1992), who published under the pen name Angela Carter, was an English novelist, short story writer and journalist, known for her feminist, magical realism, and picaresque works. She is best known for her book The Bloody Chamber, which was published in 1979. In 2008, The Times ranked Carter tenth in their list of \"The 50 greatest British writers since 1945\".[1] In 2012, Nights at the Circus was selected as the best ever winner of the James Tait Black Memorial Prize.[2]\n"
] | [
"Angela Olive Carter-Pearce"
] |
2188405413105201354 | North Magnetic Pole | North magnetic Pole - wikipedia North magnetic Pole Jump to : navigation , search `` Magnetic North '' redirects here . For other uses , see Magnetic North ( disambiguation ) . Location of the North Magnetic Pole and the North Geomagnetic Pole in 2017 . The North Magnetic Pole is the point on the surface of Earth 's Northern Hemisphere at which the planet 's magnetic field points vertically downwards ( in other words , if a magnetic compass needle is allowed to rotate about a horizontal axis , it will point straight down ) . There is only one location where this occurs , near ( but distinct from ) the Geographic North Pole and the Geomagnetic North Pole . The North Magnetic Pole moves over time due to magnetic changes in the Earth 's core . In 2001 , it was determined by the Geological Survey of Canada to lie west of Ellesmere Island in northern Canada at 81 ° 18 ′ N 110 ° 48 ′ W / 81.3 ° N 110.8 ° W / 81.3 ; - 110.8 ( Magnetic North Pole 2001 ) . It was situated at 83 ° 06 ′ N 117 ° 48 ′ W / 83.1 ° N 117.8 ° W / 83.1 ; - 117.8 ( Magnetic North Pole 2005 est ) in 2005 . In 2009 , while still situated within the Canadian Arctic territorial claim at 84 ° 54 ′ N 131 ° 00 ′ W / 84.9 ° N 131.0 ° W / 84.9 ; - 131.0 ( Magnetic North Pole 2009 ) , it was moving toward Russia at between 55 and 60 kilometres ( 34 and 37 mi ) per year . As of 2017 , the pole is projected to have moved beyond the Canadian Arctic territorial claim to 86 ° 30 ′ N 172 ° 36 ′ W / 86.5 ° N 172.6 ° W / 86.5 ; - 172.6 ( Magnetic North Pole 2017 est ) . Its southern hemisphere counterpart is the South Magnetic Pole . Since the Earth 's magnetic field is not exactly symmetrical , the North and South Magnetic Poles are not antipodal , meaning that a straight line drawn from one to the other does not pass through the geometric centre of the Earth . The Earth 's North and South Magnetic Poles are also known as Magnetic Dip Poles , with reference to the vertical `` dip '' of the magnetic field lines at those points . Contents ( hide ) 1 Polarity 2 History 3 Expeditions and measurements 3.1 Early 3.2 Project Polaris 3.3 Modern ( post-1996 ) 4 Magnetic north and magnetic declination 5 North Geomagnetic Pole 6 Geomagnetic reversal 7 See also 8 Notes and references 9 External links Polarity ( edit ) See also : Magnet § Pole naming conventions All magnets have two poles , where the lines of magnetic flux enter and emerge . By analogy with the Earth 's magnetic field , these are called the magnet 's `` north '' and `` south '' poles . The convention in early compasses was to call the end of the needle pointing to the Earth 's North Magnetic Pole the `` north pole '' ( or `` north - seeking pole '' ) and the other end the `` south pole '' ( the names are often abbreviated to `` N '' and `` S '' ) . Because opposite poles attract , this definition means that the Earth 's North Magnetic Pole is actually a magnetic south pole and the Earth 's South Magnetic Pole is a magnetic north pole . The direction of magnetic field lines is defined such that the lines emerge from the magnet 's north pole and enter into the magnet 's south pole . History ( edit ) Part of the Carta Marina of 1539 by Olaus Magnus , depicting the location of magnetic north vaguely conceived as `` Insula Magnetu ( m ) '' ( Latin for `` Island of Magnets '' ) off modern day Murmansk . The man holding the rune staffs is the Norse hero Starkad . Early European navigators believed that compass needles were attracted to a `` magnetic island '' somewhere in the far north ( see Rupes Nigra ) , or to the Pole Star . The idea that the Earth itself acts as a giant magnet was first proposed in 1600 by the English physician and natural philosopher William Gilbert . He was also the first to define the North Magnetic Pole as the point where the Earth 's magnetic field points vertically downwards . This is the definition used nowadays , though it would be a few hundred years before the nature of the Earth 's magnetic field was understood properly . Expeditions and measurements ( edit ) See also : Arctic exploration , Farthest North , and List of Arctic expeditions Early ( edit ) The first expedition to reach the North Magnetic Pole was led by James Clark Ross , who found it at Cape Adelaide on the Boothia Peninsula on June 1 , 1831 . Roald Amundsen found the North Magnetic Pole in a slightly different location in 1903 . The third observation was by Canadian government scientists Paul Serson and Jack Clark , of the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory , who found the pole at Allen Lake on Prince of Wales Island in 1947 . Project Polaris ( edit ) At the start of the Cold War , the United States Department of War recognized a need for a comprehensive survey of the North American Arctic and asked the United States Army to undertake the task . An assignment was made in 1946 for the newly formed Army 's Air Corps Strategic Air Command to explore the entire Arctic Ocean area . The exploration was conducted by the 46th ( later re-designated the 72nd ) Photo Reconnaissance Squadron and reported on as a classified Top Secret mission named Project Nanook . This project in turn was divided into many separate , but identically classified , projects , one of which was Project Polaris , which was a radar , photographic ( trimetrogon , or three - angle , cameras ) and visual study of the entire Canadian Archipelago . A Canadian officer observer was assigned to accompany each flight . Directing Project Polaris was its navigation leader , 1st Lieutenant Frank O. Klein , a World War II combat veteran . Incidental to the project and taken up at his own initiative was a study of northern terrestrial magnetism . The study was prompted by the surprise that the fluxgate compass did not behave erratically as expected . It oscillated no more than 1 to 2 degrees over much of the region . With the cooperation of many of his squadron teammates in obtaining many hundreds of statistical readings , startling results were revealed : The centre of the north magnetic dip pole was on Prince of Wales Island some 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) NNW of the positions determined by Amundsen and Ross , and the dip pole occupied a larger elliptical area , with foci about 400 km ( 250 mi ) apart on Boothia Peninsula and Bathurst Island . Klein called the two foci local poles , for their importance to navigation in emergencies when using a `` homing '' procedure . About 3 months after Klein 's findings were officially reported , a Canadian ground expedition was sent into the Archipelago to locate the position of the magnetic pole . R. Glenn Madill , Chief of Terrestrial Magnetism , Department of Mines and Resources , Canada , wrote to Lt. Klein on 21 July 1948 : ... we agree on one point and that is the presence of what we can call the main magnetic pole on northwestern Prince of Wales Island . I have accepted as a purely preliminary value the position latitude 73 ° N and longitude 100 ° W. Your value of 73 ° 15'N and 99 ° 45'W is in excellent agreement , and I suggest that you use your value by all means . -- R. Glenn Madill ( The positions were less than 30 km ( 20 mi ) apart . ) Modern ( post-1996 ) ( edit ) The movement of Earth 's north magnetic pole across the Canadian arctic . Speed of the north magnetic pole according to the IGRF - 12 model . The Canadian government has made several measurements since , which show that the North Magnetic Pole is moving continually northwestward . In 2001 , an expedition located the pole at 81 ° 18 ′ N 110 ° 48 ′ W / 81.3 ° N 110.8 ° W / 81.3 ; - 110.8 ( Magnetic North Pole 2001 location ) . In 2007 , the latest survey found the pole at 83 ° 57 ′ N 120 ° 43 ′ W / 83.95 ° N 120.72 ° W / 83.95 ; - 120.72 ( Magnetic North Pole 2007 location ) . During the 20th century it moved 1100 km , and since 1970 its rate of motion has accelerated from 9 km / year to approximately 52 km / year ( 2001 -- 2007 average ; see also Polar drift ) . Members of the 2007 expedition to locate the magnetic north pole wrote that such expeditions have become logistically difficult , as the pole moves farther away from inhabited locations . They expect that in the future , the magnetic pole position will be obtained from satellite data instead of ground surveys . This general movement is in addition to a daily or diurnal variation in which the North Magnetic Pole describes a rough ellipse , with a maximum deviation of 80 km from its mean position . This effect is due to disturbances of the geomagnetic field by charged particles from the Sun . North Magnetic Pole ( 2001 ) 81 ° 18 ′ N 110 ° 48 ′ W / 81.3 ° N 110.8 ° W / 81.3 ; - 110.8 ( 2004 est ) 82 ° 18 ′ N 113 ° 24 ′ W / 82.3 ° N 113.4 ° W / 82.3 ; - 113.4 ( 2007 ) 83 ° 57 ′ N 120 ° 43 ′ W / 83.95 ° N 120.72 ° W / 83.95 ; - 120.72 South Magnetic Pole ( 1998 ) 64 ° 36 ′ S 138 ° 30 ′ E / 64.6 ° S 138.5 ° E / - 64.6 ; 138.5 ( 2004 est ) 63 ° 30 ′ S 138 ° 00 ′ E / 63.5 ° S 138.0 ° E / - 63.5 ; 138.0 ( 2007 ) 64 ° 29 ′ 49 '' S 137 ° 41 ′ 02 '' E / 64.497 ° S 137.684 ° E / - 64.497 ; 137.684 The first team of novices to reach the Magnetic North Pole did so in 1996 , led by David Hempleman - Adams . It included the first British woman Sue Stockdale and first Swedish woman to reach the Pole . The team also successfully tracked the location of the Magnetic North Pole on behalf of the University of Ottawa , and certified its location by magnetometer and theodolite at 78 ° 35.7 ′ N 104 ° 11.9 ′ W / 78.5950 ° N 104.1983 ° W / 78.5950 ; - 104.1983 ( Magnetic North Pole 1996 ) . The biennial Polar Race takes place between Resolute Bay in northern Canada and the 1996 - certified location of the North Magnetic Pole at 78 ° 35.7 ′ N 104 ° 11.9 ′ W / 78.5950 ° N 104.1983 ° W / 78.5950 ; - 104.1983 ( Magnetic North Pole 1996 ) . On 25 July 2007 , the Top Gear Polar Challenge Special was broadcast on BBC Two in the United Kingdom , in which Jeremy Clarkson and James May ( and their support and camera team ) became the first people in history to reach this location in a car . Magnetic North and magnetic declination ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Magnetic declination from true north in 2000 . Main article : Magnetic declination The direction in which a compass needle points is known as magnetic north . In general , this is not exactly the direction of the North Magnetic Pole ( or of any other consistent location ) . Instead , the compass aligns itself to the local geomagnetic field , which varies in a complex manner over the Earth 's surface , as well as over time . The local angular difference between magnetic north and true north is called the magnetic declination . Most map coordinate systems are based on true north , and magnetic declination is often shown on map legends so that the direction of true north can be determined from north as indicated by a compass . Magnetic declination has been measured in many countries , including the U.S. The line of zero declination ( the agonic line ) in North America runs from the North Magnetic Pole through Lake Superior and southward into the Gulf of Mexico . Along this line , true north is the same as magnetic north . West of the line of zero declination , a compass will give a reading that is east of true north . Conversely , east of the line of zero declination , a compass reading will be west of true north . Magnetic declination is still very important for certain types of navigation that have traditionally made much use of magnetic compasses . North Geomagnetic Pole ( edit ) Main article : Geomagnetic pole As a first - order approximation , the Earth 's magnetic field can be modelled as a simple dipole ( like a bar magnet ) , tilted about 10 ° with respect to the Earth 's rotation axis ( which defines the Geographic North and Geographic South Poles ) and centred at the Earth 's centre . The North and South Geomagnetic Poles are the antipodal points where the axis of this theoretical dipole intersects the Earth 's surface . If the Earth 's magnetic field were a perfect dipole then the field lines would be vertical at the Geomagnetic Poles , and they would coincide with the Magnetic Poles . However , the approximation is imperfect , and so the Magnetic and Geomagnetic Poles lie some distance apart . Like the North Magnetic Pole , the North Geomagnetic Pole attracts the north pole of a bar magnet and so is in a physical sense actually a magnetic south pole . It is the centre of the region of the magnetosphere in which the Aurora Borealis can be seen . As of 2005 it was located at approximately 79 ° 44 ′ N 71 ° 47 ′ W / 79.74 ° N 71.78 ° W / 79.74 ; - 71.78 ( Geomagnetic North Pole 2005 est ) , off the northwest coast of Greenland , but it is now drifting away from North America and toward Siberia . Geomagnetic reversal ( edit ) Main article : Geomagnetic reversal Over the life of the Earth , the orientation of Earth 's magnetic field has reversed many times , with magnetic north becoming magnetic south and vice versa -- an event known as a geomagnetic reversal . Evidence of geomagnetic reversals can be seen at mid-ocean ridges where tectonic plates move apart and the seabed is filled in with magma . As the magma seeps out of the mantle the magnetic particles contained within it are oriented in the direction of the magnetic field at the time the magma cools and solidifies . See also ( edit ) Book : Geomagnetism South Magnetic Pole North Pole Polar alignment Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Merrill , Ronald T. ; McElhinny , Michael W. ; McFadden , Phillip L. ( 1996 ) . `` Chapter 8 '' . The magnetic field of the earth : paleomagnetism , the core , and the deep mantle . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 491246 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : World Data Center for Geomagnetism , Kyoto . `` Magnetic North , Geomagnetic and Magnetic Poles '' . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ North Magnetic Pole Moving East Due to Core Flux , National Geographic , December 24 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` The Magnetic North Pole '' . Ocean bottom magnetology laboratory . Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Serway , Raymond A. ; Chris Vuille ( 2006 ) . Essentials of college physics . USA : Cengage Learning . p. 493 . ISBN 0 - 495 - 10619 - 4 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Russell , Randy . `` Earth 's Magnetic Poles '' . Windows to the Universe . National Earth Science Teachers Association . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Early Concept of the North Magnetic Pole , Natural Resources Canada , retrieved June 2007 Jump up ^ History of Expeditions to the North Magnetic Pole , Natural Resources Canada ^ Jump up to : White , Ken ( 1994 ) . World in Peril : The Origin , Mission & Scientific Findings of the 46th / 72nd Reconnaissance Squadron ( 2nd revised ed . ) . K.W. White & Associates . ISBN 978 - 1883218102 . Jump up ^ Wack , Fred John ( 1992 ) . The Secret Explorers : Saga of the 46th / 72nd Reconnaissance Squadrons . Seeger 's Print . ^ Jump up to : L.R. Newitt , A. Chulliat , and J. - J. Orgeval , Location of the North Magnetic Pole in April 2007 , Earth Planets Space , 61 , 703 -- 710 , 2009 Jump up ^ Geomagnetism -- Daily Movement of the North Magnetic Pole , Natural Resources Canada Jump up ^ `` Geomagnetism , North Magnetic Pole '' . Geological Survey of Canada . Natural Resources Canada . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 11 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Poles and Directions '' . Australian Antarctic Division . 2011 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ 1996 Certified Position of the Magnetic North Pole , Jock Wishart , Polar Race organiser Jump up ^ `` Polar Challenge '' . Top Gear. 25 July 2007 . 0 : 22 minutes in . BBC Two . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Geomagnetism Frequently Asked Questions '' . National Geophysical Data Center . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Earth 's Inconstant Magnetic Field -- NASA Science External links ( edit ) ( show ) Map all coordinates using OSM Map all coordinates using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF `` Wandering of the geomagnetic poles '' . Geomagnetism . National Geophysical Data Center . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . `` Geomagnetism '' . Natural Resources Canada . April 1 , 2012 . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . Map of pole 's wandering `` North Magnetic Pole could be leaving Canada '' . CNN.com. 20 March 2002 . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . `` Magnetic pole drifting fast '' . BBC News . 12 December 2005 . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . Nemiroff , R. ; Bonnell , J. , eds. ( 25 November 2002 ) . `` The Earth 's magnetic field '' . Astronomy Picture of the Day . NASA . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 19 . Polar exploration Arctic Ocean History Expeditions Research stations Farthest North North Pole Barentsz Hudson Marmaduke Carolus Parry North Magnetic Pole J. Ross J.C. Ross Abernethy Kane Hayes Polaris Polaris C.F. Hall British Arctic Expedition HMS Alert Nares HMS Discovery Stephenson Markham Lady Franklin Bay Expedition Greely Lockwood Brainard 1st Fram expedition Fram Nansen Johansen Sverdrup Jason Amedeo F. Cook Peary Sedov Byrd Airship Norge Amundsen Nobile Wisting Riiser - Larsen Ellsworth Airship Italia Nautilus Wilkins ANT - 25 Chkalov Baydukov Belyakov `` North Pole '' manned drifting ice stations NP - 1 Papanin Shirshov E. Fyodorov Krenkel NP - 36 NP - 37 Sedov Badygin Wiese USS Nautilus USS Skate Plaisted Herbert NS Arktika Barneo Arktika 2007 Mir submersibles Sagalevich Chilingarov Iceland Greenland Pytheas Brendan Papar Vikings Naddodd Svavarsson Arnarson Norse colonization of the Americas Ulfsson Galti Erik the Red Christian IV 's expeditions J. Hall Cunningham Lindenov C. Richardson Danish colonization Egede Scoresby Jason Nansen Sverdrup Peary Rasmussen Northwest Passage Northern Canada Cabot G. Corte - Real M. Corte - Real Frobisher Gilbert Davis Hudson Discovery Bylot Baffin Munk I. Fyodorov Gvozdev HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Discovery Clerke Mackenzie Kotzebue J. Ross HMS Griper Parry HMS Hecla Lyon HMS Fury Hoppner Crozier J.C. Ross Coppermine Expedition Franklin Back Dease Simpson HMS Blossom Beechey Franklin 's lost expedition HMS Erebus HMS Terror Collinson Rae -- Richardson Expedition Rae J. Richardson Austin McClure Expedition HMS Investigator McClure HMS Resolute Kellett Belcher Kennedy Bellot Isabel Inglefield 2nd Grinnell Expedition USS Advance Kane Fox McClintock HMS Pandora Young Fram Sverdrup Gjøa Amundsen Rasmussen Karluk Stefansson Bartlett St. Roch H. Larsen Cowper North East Passage Russian Arctic Pomors Koch boats Willoughby Chancellor Barentsz Mangazeya Hudson Poole Siberian Cossacks Perfilyev Stadukhin Dezhnev Popov Ivanov Vagin Permyakov Great Northern Expedition Bering Chirikov Malygin Ovtsyn Minin V. Pronchishchev M. Pronchishcheva Chelyuskin Kh . Laptev D. Laptev Chichagov Lyakhov Billings Sannikov Gedenschtrom Wrangel Matyushkin Anjou Litke Lavrov Pakhtusov Tsivolko Middendorff Austro - Hungarian Expedition Weyprecht Payer Vega Expedition A.E. Nordenskiöld Palander USS Jeannette De Long Yermak Makarov Zarya Toll Kolomeitsev Matisen Kolchak Sedov Rusanov Kuchin Brusilov Expedition Sv . Anna Brusilov Albanov Konrad Wiese Nagórski Taymyr / Vaygach Vilkitsky Maud Amundsen AARI Samoylovich Begichev Urvantsev Sadko Ushakov Glavsevmorput Schmidt Aviaarktika Shevelev Sibiryakov Voronin Chelyuskin Krassin Gakkel Nuclear - powered icebreakers NS Lenin Arktika class Antarctic Continent History Expeditions Southern Ocean Roché Bouvet Kerguelen HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Smith San Telmo Vostok Bellingshausen Mirny Lazarev Bransfield Palmer Davis Weddell Morrell Astrolabe Dumont d'Urville United States Exploring Expedition USS Vincennes Wilkes USS Porpoise Ringgold Ross expedition HMS Erebus ( J.C. Ross Abernethy ) HMS Terror ( Crozier ) Cooper Challenger expedition HMS Challenger Nares Murray Jason C.A. Larsen `` Heroic Age '' Belgian Antarctic Expedition Belgica de Gerlache Lecointe Amundsen Cook Arctowski Racoviță Dobrowolski Southern Cross Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Discovery Discovery Hut Gauss Gauss Drygalski Swedish Antarctic Expedition Antarctic O. Nordenskjöld C.A. Larsen Scottish Antarctic Expedition Bruce Scotia Orcadas Base Nimrod Expedition Nimrod French Antarctic Expeditions Pourquoi - Pas Charcot Japanese Antarctic Expedition Shirase Amundsen 's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Framheim Polheim Terra Nova Terra Nova Scott Wilson E.R. Evans Crean Lashly Filchner Australasian Antarctic Expedition SY Aurora Mawson Far Eastern Party Imperial Trans - Antarctic Expedition Endurance Ernest Shackleton Wild James Caird Ross Sea party Mackintosh Shackleton -- Rowett Expedition Quest IPY IGY Modern research Christensen Byrd BANZARE BGLE Rymill New Swabia Ritscher Operation Tabarin Marr Operation Highjump Captain Arturo Prat Base British Antarctic Survey Operation Windmill Ketchum Ronne Expedition F. Ronne E. Ronne Schlossbach Operation Deep Freeze McMurdo Station Commonwealth Trans - Antarctic Expedition Hillary V. Fuchs Soviet Antarctic Expeditions 1st Somov Klenova Mirny 2nd Tryoshnikov 3rd Tolstikov Antarctic Treaty System Transglobe Expedition Fiennes Burton Lake Vostok Kapitsa Farthest South South Pole HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Weddell HMS Erebus J.C. Ross HMS Terror Crozier Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Barne Nimrod Shackleton Wild Marshall Adams South Magnetic Pole Mawson David Mackay Amundsen 's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Bjaaland Helmer Hassel Wisting Polheim Terra Nova Scott E. Evans Oates Wilson Bowers Byrd Balchen McKinley Dufek Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station Hillary V. Fuchs Pole of Cold Vostok Station Pole of inaccessibility Pole of Inaccessibility Station Tolstikov Crary A. Fuchs Messner Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Magnetic_Pole&oldid=799593426 '' Categories : Polar regions of the Earth Geography of the Arctic Geomagnetism Geology of the Arctic Geography of the Northwest Territories Orientation ( geometry ) Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Interlingua Íslenska ქართული Қазақша 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 17 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where will you find earth's magnetic north pole | [
"The North Magnetic Pole moves over time due to magnetic changes in the Earth's core.[1] In 2001, it was determined by the Geological Survey of Canada to lie west of Ellesmere Island in northern Canada at 81°18′N 110°48′W / 81.3°N 110.8°W / 81.3; -110.8 (Magnetic North Pole 2001). It was situated at 83°06′N 117°48′W / 83.1°N 117.8°W / 83.1; -117.8 (Magnetic North Pole 2005 est) in 2005. In 2009, while still situated within the Canadian Arctic territorial claim at 84°54′N 131°00′W / 84.9°N 131.0°W / 84.9; -131.0 (Magnetic North Pole 2009),[2] it was moving toward Russia at between 55 and 60 kilometres (34 and 37 mi) per year.[3] As of 2017, the pole is projected to have moved beyond the Canadian Arctic territorial claim to 86°30′N 172°36′W / 86.5°N 172.6°W / 86.5; -172.6 (Magnetic North Pole 2017 est).[2]"
] | [
"86°30′N 172°36′W / 86.5°N 172.6°W"
] |
6029210022898880912 | Visible spectrum | Visible spectrum - wikipedia Visible spectrum Jump to : navigation , search `` Color spectrum '' redirects here . For The Dear Hunter album , see The Color Spectrum . White light is dispersed by a prism into the colors of the visible spectrum . The visible spectrum is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye . Electromagnetic radiation in this range of wavelengths is called visible light or simply light . A typical human eye will respond to wavelengths from about 390 to 700 nm . In terms of frequency , this corresponds to a band in the vicinity of 430 -- 770 THz . The spectrum does not , however , contain all the colors that the human eyes and brain can distinguish . Unsaturated colors such as pink , or purple variations such as magenta , are absent , for example , because they can be made only by a mix of multiple wavelengths . Colors containing only one wavelength are also called pure colors or spectral colors . Visible wavelengths pass through the `` optical window '' , the region of the electromagnetic spectrum that allows wavelengths to pass largely unattenuated through the Earth 's atmosphere . An example of this phenomenon is that clean air scatters blue light more than red wavelengths , and so the midday sky appears blue . The optical window is also referred to as the `` visible window '' because it overlaps the human visible response spectrum . The near infrared ( NIR ) window lies just out of the human vision , as well as the Medium Wavelength IR ( MWIR ) window , and the Long Wavelength or Far Infrared ( LWIR or FIR ) window , although other animals may experience them . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Animal color vision 3 Spectral colors 4 Spectroscopy 5 Color display spectrum 6 See also 7 References History ( edit ) Newton 's color circle , from Opticks of 1704 , showing the colors he associated with musical notes . The spectral colors from red to violet are divided by the notes of the musical scale , starting at D . The circle completes a full octave , from D to D. Newton 's circle places red , at one end of the spectrum , next to violet , at the other . This reflects the fact that non-spectral purple colors are observed when red and violet light are mixed . In the 13th century , Roger Bacon theorized that rainbows were produced by a similar process to the passage of light through glass or crystal . In the 17th century , Isaac Newton discovered that prisms could disassemble and reassemble white light , and described the phenomenon in his book Opticks . He was the first to use the word spectrum ( Latin for `` appearance '' or `` apparition '' ) in this sense in print in 1671 in describing his experiments in optics . Newton observed that , when a narrow beam of sunlight strikes the face of a glass prism at an angle , some is reflected and some of the beam passes into and through the glass , emerging as different - colored bands . Newton hypothesized light to be made up of `` corpuscles '' ( particles ) of different colors , with the different colors of light moving at different speeds in transparent matter , red light moving more quickly than violet in glass . The result is that red light is bent ( refracted ) less sharply than violet as it passes through the prism , creating a spectrum of colors . Newton 's observation of prismatic colors ( David Brewster 1855 ) Newton divided the spectrum into seven named colors : red , orange , yellow , green , blue , indigo , and violet . He chose seven colors out of a belief , derived from the ancient Greek sophists , of there being a connection between the colors , the musical notes , the known objects in the solar system , and the days of the week . The human eye is relatively insensitive to indigo 's frequencies , and some people who have otherwise - good vision can not distinguish indigo from blue and violet . For this reason , some later commentators , including Isaac Asimov , have suggested that indigo should not be regarded as a color in its own right but merely as a shade of blue or violet . However , the evidence indicates that what Newton meant by `` indigo '' and `` blue '' does not correspond to the modern meanings of those color words . Comparing Newton 's observation of prismatic colors to a color image of the visible light spectrum shows that `` indigo '' corresponds to what is today called blue , whereas `` blue '' corresponds to cyan . In the 18th century , Goethe wrote about optical spectra in his Theory of Colours . Goethe used the word spectrum ( Spektrum ) to designate a ghostly optical afterimage , as did Schopenhauer in On Vision and Colors . Goethe argued that the continuous spectrum was a compound phenomenon . Where Newton narrowed the beam of light to isolate the phenomenon , Goethe observed that a wider aperture produces not a spectrum but rather reddish - yellow and blue - cyan edges with white between them . The spectrum appears only when these edges are close enough to overlap . In the early 19th century , the concept of the visible spectrum became more definite , as light outside the visible range was discovered and characterized by William Herschel ( infrared ) and Johann Wilhelm Ritter ( ultraviolet ) , Thomas Young , Thomas Johann Seebeck , and others . Young was the first to measure the wavelengths of different colors of light , in 1802 . The connection between the visible spectrum and color vision was explored by Thomas Young and Hermann von Helmholtz in the early 19th century . Their theory of color vision correctly proposed that the eye uses three distinct receptors to perceive color . Animal color vision ( edit ) See also : Color vision § Physiology of color perception Many species can see light within frequencies outside the human `` visible spectrum '' . Bees and many other insects can detect ultraviolet light , which helps them find nectar in flowers . Plant species that depend on insect pollination may owe reproductive success to their appearance in ultraviolet light rather than how colorful they appear to humans . Birds , too , can see into the ultraviolet ( 300 -- 400 nm ) , and some have sex - dependent markings on their plumage that are visible only in the ultraviolet range . Many animals that can see into the ultraviolet range , however , can not see red light or any other reddish wavelengths . Bees ' visible spectrum ends at about 590 nm , just before the orange wavelengths start . Birds , however , can see some red wavelengths , although not as far into the light spectrum as humans . The popular belief that the common goldfish is the only animal that can see both infrared and ultraviolet light is incorrect , because goldfish can not see infrared light . Similarly , dogs are often thought to be color blind but they have been shown to be sensitive to colors , though not as many as humans . Spectral colors ( edit ) Color Wavelength Frequency Photon energy Violet 380 -- 450 nm 668 -- 789 THz 2.75 -- 3.26 eV Blue 450 -- 495 nm 606 -- 668 THz 2.50 -- 2.75 eV Green 495 -- 570 nm 526 -- 606 THz 2.17 -- 2.50 eV Yellow 570 -- 590 nm 508 -- 526 THz 2.10 -- 2.17 eV Orange 590 -- 620 nm 484 -- 508 THz 2.00 -- 2.10 eV Red 620 -- 750 nm 400 -- 484 THz 1.65 -- 2.00 eV Colors that can be produced by visible light of a narrow band of wavelengths ( monochromatic light ) are called pure spectral colors . The various color ranges indicated in the illustration are an approximation : The spectrum is continuous , with no clear boundaries between one color and the next . Spectroscopy ( edit ) Rough plot of Earth 's atmospheric opacity to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation , including visible light Spectroscopy is the study of objects based on the spectrum of color they emit , absorb or reflect . Spectroscopy is an important investigative tool in astronomy , where scientists use it to analyze the properties of distant objects . Typically , astronomical spectroscopy uses high - dispersion diffraction gratings to observe spectra at very high spectral resolutions . Helium was first detected by analysis of the spectrum of the sun . Chemical elements can be detected in astronomical objects by emission lines and absorption lines . The shifting of spectral lines can be used to measure the Doppler shift ( red shift or blue shift ) of distant objects . Color display spectrum ( edit ) Approximation of spectral colors on a display results in somewhat distorted chromaticity A rendering of the visible spectrum on a gray background produces non-spectral mixtures of pure spectrum with gray , which fit into the sRGB color space . Color displays ( e.g. computer monitors and televisions ) can not reproduce all colors discernible by a human eye . Colors outside the color gamut of the device , such as most spectral colors , can only be approximated . For color - accurate reproduction , a spectrum can be projected onto a uniform gray field . The resulting mixed colors can have all their R , G , B coordinates non-negative , and so can be reproduced without distortion . This accurately simulates looking at a spectrum on a gray background . See also ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Definition of the Color Indigo Wikimedia Commons has media related to Visible spectrum . High - energy visible light Electromagnetic absorption by water # Visible region , why water is blue References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cecie Starr ( 2005 ) . Biology : Concepts and Applications . Thomson Brooks / Cole . ISBN 0 - 534 - 46226 - X . Jump up ^ Coffey , Peter ( 1912 ) . The Science of Logic : An Inquiry Into the Principles of Accurate Thought . Longmans . Jump up ^ Isacoff , Stuart ( 16 January 2009 ) . Temperament : How Music Became a Battleground for the Great Minds of Western Civilization . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . pp. 12 -- 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 56051 - 3 . Retrieved 18 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Asimov , Isaac ( 1975 ) . Eyes on the universe : a history of the telescope . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 20716 - 1 . Jump up ^ Evans , Ralph M. ( 1974 ) . The perception of color ( null ed . ) . New York : Wiley - Interscience . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 24785 - 2 . Jump up ^ McLaren , K. ( March 2007 ) . `` Newton 's indigo '' . Color Research & Application. 10 ( 4 ) : 225 -- 229 . doi : 10.1002 / col. 5080100411 . Jump up ^ Waldman , Gary ( 2002 ) . Introduction to light : the physics of light , vision , and color ( Dover ed . ) . Mineola : Dover Publications . p. 193 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 42118 - 6 . Jump up ^ Mary Jo Nye ( editor ) ( 2003 ) . The Cambridge History of Science : The Modern Physical and Mathematical Sciences . 5 . Cambridge University Press . p. 278 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 57199 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ John C.D. Brand ( 1995 ) . Lines of light : the sources of dispersive spectroscopy , 1800 -- 1930 . CRC Press . pp. 30 -- 32 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 88449 - 163 - 1 . Jump up ^ Cuthill , Innes C ( 1997 ) . `` Ultraviolet vision in birds '' . In Peter J.B. Slater . Advances in the Study of Behavior . 29 . Oxford , England : Academic Press . p. 161 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 004529 - 7 . Jump up ^ Jamieson , Barrie G.M. ( 2007 ) . Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Birds . Charlottesville VA : University of Virginia . p. 128 . ISBN 1 - 57808 - 386 - 9 . Jump up ^ Skorupski , Peter ; Chittka , Lars ( 10 August 2010 ) . `` Photoreceptor Spectral Sensitivity in the Bumblebee , Bombus impatiens ( Hymenoptera : Apidae ) '' . PLoS ONE . 5 ( 8 ) : e12049 . Bibcode : 2010PLoSO ... 512049S . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0012049 . Jump up ^ Varela , F.J. ; Palacios , A.G. ; Goldsmith T.M. `` Color vision of birds '' in Ziegler & Bischof ( 1993 ) 77 -- 94 Jump up ^ `` True or False ? `` The common goldfish is the only animal that can see both infra - red and ultra-violet light . '' -- Skeptive `` . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Neumeyer , Christa ( 2012 ) . `` Chapter 2 : Color Vision in Goldfish and Other Vertebrates '' . In Lazareva , Olga ; Shimizu , Toru ; Wasserman , Edward . How Animals See the World : Comparative Behavior , Biology , and Evolution of Vision . Oxford Scholarship Online . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533465 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Colour cues proved to be more informative for dogs than brightness '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas J. Bruno , Paris D.N. Svoronos . CRC Handbook of Fundamental Spectroscopic Correlation Charts . CRC Press , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Reproducing Visible Spectra '' . RepairFAQ.org . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 09 . Electromagnetic spectrum ← higher frequencies longer wavelengths → Gamma rays X-rays Ultraviolet Visible Infrared Terahertz radiation Microwave Radio Visible ( optical ) Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red Microwaves W band V band Q band K band K band K band X band S band C band L band Radio EHF SHF UHF VHF HF MF LF VLF ULF SLF ELF Wavelength types Microwave Shortwave Medium wave Longwave Physiology of vision Gaze Accommodation Intraocular pressure Visual field Color vision Color blindness Achromatopsia Opponent process Monochromacy Dichromacy Trichromacy Tetrachromacy Pentachromacy Radiation ( physics and health ) Main articles Non-ionizing radiation Acoustic radiation force Infrared Light Microwave Radio waves Ultraviolet Ionizing radiation Alpha particle Background radiation Beta particle Cosmic ray Gamma ray Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion Radioactive decay Nuclear reactors Nuclear weapons Particle accelerators Radioactive materials X-ray Earth 's radiation balance Electromagnetic radiation Thermal radiation Gravitational Radiation Radiation and health Acute radiation syndrome Health physics Dosimetry Electromagnetic radiation and health Laser safety Lasers and aviation safety Medical radiography Mobile phone radiation and health Radiation poisoning Radiation Protection Radiation therapy Radioactivity in the life sciences Radioactive contamination Radiobiology Biological dose units and quantities Wireless electronic devices and health Radiation Heat - transfer Related articles Half - life Nuclear physics Radioactive source Radiation hardening List of civilian radiation accidents 1996 Costa Rica accident 1987 Goiânia accident 1984 Moroccan accident 1990 Zaragoza accident See also : the categories Radiation effects , Radioactivity , Radiobiology , and Radiation protection . Color topics Red Orange Yellow Green Cyan Blue Indigo Violet Purple Magenta Pink Brown White Gray Black Color science Color physics Electromagnetic spectrum Light Rainbow Visible Spectral colors Chromophore Structural coloration Animal coloration On Vision and Colors Metamerism Spectral power distribution Color perception Color vision Color blindness Achromatopsia test Tetrachromacy Color constancy Color term Color depth Color photography Spot color Color printing Web colors Color mapping Color code Color management Chrominance False color Chroma key Color balance Color cast Color temperature Eigengrau Color psychology Color symbolism Color preferences Lüscher color test Kruithof curve Political color National colors Chromophobia Chromotherapy Color philosophy Color space Color model additive subtractive Color mixing Primary color Secondary color Tertiary color ( intermediate ) Quaternary color Quinary color Aggressive color ( warm ) Receding color ( cool ) Pastel colors Color gradient Color scheme Color tool Monochromatic colors Complementary colors Analogous colors Achromatic colors ( Neutral ) Polychromatic colors Impossible colors Light - on - dark Tinctures in heraldry Color theory Chromaticity diagram Color solid Color wheel Color triangle Color analysis ( art ) Color realism ( art style ) Color terms Basic terms Blue Green Red Yellow Pink Purple Orange Black Gray White Brown Cultural differences Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate Blue -- green distinction in language Color history Color in Chinese culture Traditional colors of Japan Human skin color Color dimensions Hue Dichromatism Colorfulness ( chroma and saturation ) Tints and shades Lightness ( tone and value ) Grayscale Color organizations Pantone Color Marketing Group The Color Association of the United States International Colour Authority International Commission on Illumination ( CIE ) International Color Consortium International Colour Association Lists List of colors : A -- F List of colors : G -- M List of colors : N -- Z List of colors ( compact ) List of colors by shade List of color palettes List of color spaces List of Crayola crayon colors history pencil colors marker colors Color chart List of fictional colors List of RAL colors List of web colors Related Vision Image processing Multi-primary color display Quattron Qualia Lighting Local color ( visual art ) Portal Index of color - related articles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visible_spectrum&oldid=825552985 '' Categories : Color Electromagnetic spectrum Optical spectrum Vision Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Монгол Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Patois Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 01 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the wave length of green light | [
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nColor\nWavelength\nFrequency\nPhoton energy\n\n\nViolet\n380–450 nm\n668–789 THz\n2.75–3.26 eV\n\n\nBlue\n450–495 nm\n606–668 THz\n2.50–2.75 eV\n\n\nGreen\n495–570 nm\n526–606 THz\n2.17–2.50 eV\n\n\nYellow\n570–590 nm\n508–526 THz\n2.10–2.17 eV\n\n\nOrange\n590–620 nm\n484–508 THz\n2.00–2.10 eV\n\n\nRed\n620–750 nm\n400–484 THz\n1.65–2.00 eV\n\n"
] | [
"495–570 nm"
] |
4542142512635304045 | List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason droughts | List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason droughts - wikipedia List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason droughts Part of a series on the Major League Baseball postseason Tie Breakers Tie Breaker Games Wild Card Wild Card Game Division Series ALDS NLDS League Championship Series ALCS ( Winners list ) NLCS ( Winners list ) World Series List of World Series champions Commissioner 's Trophy Teams Appearances Series Streaks Droughts Throughout the history of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , franchises have had various postseason and World Series droughts . All 16 of the original Major League franchises ( i.e. , those in place when the first World Series was played in 1903 ) have won the World Series , with the longest wait for a franchise 's first championship being for the Phillies ( 77 years , ending in 1980 ) . Since expansion began in 1961 , seven of the 14 expansion teams have never won the World Series . Further , one franchise ( the Indians ) has a current championship drought that pre-dates the expansion era . The three longest championship droughts in history were ended recently by the Red Sox ( 85 years , ending in 2004 ) , the White Sox ( 87 years , ending in 2005 ) , and the Cubs ( 107 years , ending in 2016 ) . Discounting the 33 years in which there was no MLB franchise in Washington , there have been 60 seasons played in Washington since their last World Series championship ( in 1924 ) . Only two expansion franchises ( the Expos / Nationals and the Mariners ) have never won a pennant ( i.e. , the league championship , the two winners of which meet in the World Series ) . The two longest pennant droughts in history were recently ended by the Rangers ( 49 years , starting with the team 's foundation , ending in 2010 ) and the Cubs ( 70 years , ending in 2016 ) . The Expos / Nationals pennant drought includes 36 years in Montreal , which no longer hosts a team , and 13 years since the move to Washington ; discounting the 33 years in which there was no MLB franchise in Washington , there have been 51 seasons played in Washington since their last pennant ( in 1933 ) . Every MLB franchise has at least been to the postseason , especially since expansion of the playoffs in 1994 made that feat easier . The Mariners have the longest active postseason drought at 16 years . Long postseason droughts were ended recently by the Nationals ( 30 years for the franchise , 45 seasons over 78 years for the city , ending in 2012 ) , the Pirates ( 20 years , ending in 2013 ) , the Royals ( 28 years , ending in 2014 ) , and the Blue Jays ( 21 years , ending in 2015 ) . This list includes only the modern World Series between the American League ( AL ) and the National League ( NL ) , not the various 19th - century championship series . Those teams which have never achieved a particular accomplishment in their franchise history are listed by the date they entered the leagues . Contents 1 World Series championship droughts 1.1 Longest current World Series championship droughts 1.2 Longest World Series championship droughts through history 1.3 World Series championship droughts by city / region 1.4 World Series in which neither team had previously won a championship 1.5 World Series in which both teams had ended pennant droughts of 20 - plus seasons 1.6 World Series in which neither franchise had won a championship in 30 - plus seasons 2 Major League pennant droughts 2.1 Longest current Major League pennant droughts 2.2 Longest Major League pennant droughts through history 2.3 Major League pennant droughts by city / region 2.4 World Series droughts by division 3 Postseason droughts 3.1 Longest current postseason droughts 3.2 Longest postseason droughts in the expanded - postseason era 4 See also 5 External links World Series championship droughts ( edit ) Longest current World Series championship droughts ( edit ) No World Series was played in 1994 , and counts as a drought season for those franchises . Seasons Team Last World Series championship won Last World Series appearance 69 Cleveland Indians 1948 2016 57 Texas Rangers Never ( franchise began 1961 ) 2011 49 Milwaukee Brewers Never ( franchise began 1969 ) 1982 49 San Diego Padres Never ( franchise began 1969 ) 1998 49 Washington Nationals Never ( franchise began 1969 ) Never 41 Seattle Mariners Never ( franchise began 1977 ) Never 38 Pittsburgh Pirates 1979 1979 34 Baltimore Orioles 33 Detroit Tigers 1984 2012 31 New York Mets 1986 2015 29 Los Angeles Dodgers 1988 2017 28 Oakland Athletics 1989 1990 27 Cincinnati Reds 1990 1990 26 Minnesota Twins 1991 1991 25 Colorado Rockies Never ( franchise began 1993 ) 2007 24 Toronto Blue Jays 1993 1993 22 Atlanta Braves 1995 1999 20 Tampa Bay Rays Never ( franchise began 1998 ) 2008 16 Arizona Diamondbacks 2001 2001 15 Los Angeles Angels 2002 2002 14 Miami Marlins 2003 2003 12 Chicago White Sox 2005 2005 9 Philadelphia Phillies 2008 2009 8 New York Yankees 2009 2009 6 St. Louis Cardinals 2011 2013 Boston Red Sox 2013 2013 San Francisco Giants 2014 2014 Kansas City Royals 2015 2015 Chicago Cubs 2016 2016 * Houston Astros 2017 2017 The asterisk ( * ) represents the current defending World Series Champion Longest World Series championship droughts through history ( edit ) The first World Series was played in 1903 . No World Series was played in 1904 or 1994 . This list only shows droughts of 30 or more seasons . Active droughts are listed in bold type . Seasons Team Previous Title Next Title 107 Chicago Cubs 1908 2016 87 Chicago White Sox 1917 2005 85 Boston Red Sox 1918 77 Philadelphia Phillies 1903 * 1980 69 Cleveland Indians 1948 -- 63 St. Louis Browns / Baltimore Orioles 1903 * 1966 62 Washington Senators / Minnesota Twins 1924 57 Washington Senators / Texas Rangers 1961 * -- 55 Houston Colt . 45s / Astros 1962 * 2017 55 New York / San Francisco Giants 1954 52 Brooklyn Dodgers 1903 * 1955 49 Seattle Pilots / Milwaukee Brewers 1969 * -- 49 San Diego Padres 1969 * -- 49 Montreal Expos / Washington Nationals 1969 * -- 42 Boston / Milwaukee Braves 1914 1957 41 Philadelphia / Kansas City / Oakland Athletics 1930 1972 41 Los Angeles - California - Anaheim Angels 1961 * 2002 41 Seattle Mariners 1977 * -- 38 Pittsburgh Pirates 1979 -- 37 Milwaukee / Atlanta Braves 1957 1995 34 Pittsburgh Pirates 1925 1960 34 Cincinnati Reds 1940 34 Baltimore Orioles -- 33 Detroit Tigers 1984 -- 32 Detroit Tigers 1903 * 1935 31 New York Mets 1986 -- * Year does not indicate a title won , but rather the team 's first year of existence or the first year of the modern World Series ( 1903 ) . World Series championship droughts by city / region ( edit ) This list only includes cities / regions with current Major League Baseball franchises . Years during which a city / region did not field a Major League Baseball team are not counted . Region Drought ( seasons ) Last World Series title Cleveland 69 Cleveland Indians , 1948 Washington , D.C. 60 * Washington Senators ( original A.L. ) , 1924 Milwaukee 56 * * Milwaukee Braves , 1957 San Diego 49 ‡ None Dallas - Ft . Worth 46 ‡ None Seattle 42 ‡ † None Pittsburgh 38 Pittsburgh Pirates , 1979 Baltimore 34 Baltimore Orioles , 1983 Detroit 33 Detroit Tigers , 1984 Cincinnati 27 Cincinnati Reds , 1990 Minneapolis -- Saint Paul 26 Minnesota Twins , 1991 Denver 25 ‡ None Toronto 24 Toronto Blue Jays , 1993 Atlanta 22 Atlanta Braves , 1995 Tampa - St. Petersburg 20 ‡ None Phoenix 16 Arizona Diamondbacks , 2001 Los Angeles 15 Anaheim Angels , 2002 Miami - Ft . Lauderdale 14 Florida Marlins , 2003 Philadelphia 9 Philadelphia Phillies , 2008 New York City 8 New York Yankees , 2009 St. Louis 6 St. Louis Cardinals , 2011 Boston Boston Red Sox , 2013 San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Giants , 2014 Kansas City Kansas City Royals , 2015 Chicago Chicago Cubs , 2016 Houston 0 Houston Astros , 2017 * city without Major League Baseball franchise for 33 seasons ( 1972 -- 2004 ) * * city without Major League Baseball franchise for 4 seasons ( 1966 -- 1969 ) † city without Major League Baseball franchise for 7 seasons ( 1970 -- 1976 ) ‡ number does n't indicate a title won , but rather total seasons played . World Series in which neither team had previously won a championship ( edit ) In these instances , the World Series matchup ensured that one team would win the first championship in its history . Season Won Lost 1980 Philadelphia Phillies Kansas City Royals 1920 Cleveland Indians Brooklyn Dodgers 1909 Pittsburgh Pirates Detroit Tigers 1907 Chicago Cubs Detroit Tigers 1906 * Chicago White Sox Chicago Cubs 1905 * New York Giants Philadelphia Athletics 1903 * Boston Americans Pittsburgh Pirates * In these cases , each team was making its first World Series appearance . World Series in which both teams had ended pennant droughts of 20 - plus seasons ( edit ) Season Won Drought ( seasons ) Lost Drought ( seasons ) 2005 Chicago White Sox 45 Houston Astros 43 1948 Cleveland Indians 27 Boston Braves 33 World Series in which neither franchise had won a championship in 30 - plus seasons ( edit ) Teams that had never won the World Series are included , even if they were less than 30 seasons old at the time . Bold denotes team that won . Season American League Drought ( seasons ) National League Drought ( seasons ) 2016 Cleveland Indians 67 Chicago Cubs 107 Texas Rangers 49 * San Francisco Giants 55 2005 Chicago White Sox 87 Houston Astros 43 * 2002 Anaheim Angels 41 * San Francisco Giants 47 1997 Cleveland Indians 48 Florida Marlins 4 * 1995 Cleveland Indians 46 Atlanta Braves 37 1992 Toronto Blue Jays 15 * Atlanta Braves 34 1980 Kansas City Royals 11 * Philadelphia Phillies 77 * Boston Red Sox 56 Cincinnati Reds 34 1972 Oakland Athletics 40 Cincinnati Reds 31 1920 Cleveland Indians 17 * Brooklyn Dodgers 17 * 1909 Detroit Tigers 6 * Pittsburgh Pirates 6 * 1907 Detroit Tigers 4 * Chicago Cubs 4 * 1906 Chicago White Sox 3 * Chicago Cubs 3 * 1905 Philadelphia Athletics 2 * New York Giants 2 * 1903 Boston Americans 0 * Pittsburgh Pirates 0 * Numbers marked with * indicates that the number is counted from either the franchise 's first year of existence or the first year of the modern World Series ( 1903 ) . Major League pennant droughts ( edit ) Longest current Major League pennant droughts ( edit ) No pennants were won in 1994 due to the players ' strike that year . Seasons Team Last pennant 49 Washington Nationals Never ( franchise started in 1969 ) 41 Seattle Mariners Never ( franchise started in 1977 ) 38 Pittsburgh Pirates 1979 35 Milwaukee Brewers 1982 ( never since joining NL in 1998 ) 34 Baltimore Orioles 27 Cincinnati Reds 1990 27 Oakland Athletics 1990 26 Minnesota Twins 1991 24 Toronto Blue Jays 1993 19 San Diego Padres 1998 18 Atlanta Braves 1999 16 Arizona Diamondbacks 2001 15 Los Angeles Angels 2002 14 Miami Marlins 2003 12 Chicago White Sox 2005 10 Colorado Rockies 2007 9 Tampa Bay Rays 2008 8 New York Yankees 2009 8 Philadelphia Phillies 2009 6 Texas Rangers 2011 5 Detroit Tigers 2012 St. Louis Cardinals 2013 Boston Red Sox 2013 San Francisco Giants 2014 Kansas City Royals 2015 New York Mets 2015 Chicago Cubs 2016 Cleveland Indians 2016 0 Houston Astros 2017 0 Los Angeles Dodgers 2017 Longest Major League pennant droughts through history ( edit ) List begins with 1903 , about the time the current configuration of National League and American League stabilized and also the year of the first World Series . No pennants were won in 1994 due to the players strike that year . This list only shows droughts of 20 or more seasons . Active droughts are listed in bold type . Seasons Team Prev . Pennant Next Pennant 70 Chicago Cubs 1945 2016 49 Washington Senators / Texas Rangers 1961 * 49 Montreal Expos / Washington Nationals 1969 * -- 45 Chicago White Sox 1959 2005 43 Houston Colt . 45s / Astros 1962 * 2005 41 St. Louis Browns 1903 * 1944 41 Los Angeles - California - Anaheim Angels 1961 * 2002 41 Seattle Mariners 1977 * -- 40 Philadelphia / Kansas City / Oakland Athletics 1931 1972 40 Cleveland Indians 1954 1995 39 Chicago White Sox 1919 1959 38 Pittsburgh Pirates 1979 -- 35 Milwaukee Brewers 1982 -- 34 Philadelphia Phillies 1915 1950 34 Baltimore Orioles -- 33 Boston Braves 1914 1948 32 Pittsburgh Pirates 1927 1960 32 Milwaukee / Atlanta Braves 1958 1991 31 Washington Senators / Minnesota Twins 1933 1965 29 Philadelphia Phillies 1950 1980 28 Kansas City Royals 1985 2014 28 Los Angeles Dodgers 1988 2017 27 Boston Red Sox 1918 1946 27 Cleveland Indians 1920 1948 27 Oakland Athletics 1990 -- 27 Cincinnati Reds 1990 -- 26 San Francisco Giants 1962 1989 26 Minnesota Twins 1991 -- 24 Detroit Tigers 1909 1934 24 Toronto Blue Jays 1993 -- 23 St. Louis Cardinals 1903 * 1926 22 Detroit Tigers 1945 1968 21 St. Louis Browns / Baltimore Orioles 1944 1966 21 Minnesota Twins 1965 21 Detroit Tigers 1984 2006 21 Washington Senators 1903 * 1924 20 Brooklyn Dodgers 1920 1941 20 Cincinnati Reds 1940 1961 20 Boston Red Sox 1946 1967 * Year does not indicate a pennant , but rather the team 's first year of existence or the first year of the modern World Series ( 1903 ) . Numbers reflect drought at start of current season . Major League pennant droughts by city / region ( edit ) This list only includes cities / regions with current Major League Baseball franchises . Years during which a city / region did not field a Major League Baseball team are not counted . Region Drought ( seasons ) Last pennant Washington , D.C. 51 * Washington Senators ( original A.L. ) , 1933 Seattle 42 * * † None Pittsburgh 38 Pittsburgh Pirates , 1979 Milwaukee 35 Milwaukee Brewers , 1982 ( in A.L. ) Baltimore 34 Baltimore Orioles , 1983 Cincinnati 27 Cincinnati Reds , 1990 Minneapolis -- Saint Paul 26 Minnesota Twins , 1991 Toronto 24 Toronto Blue Jays , 1993 San Diego 19 San Diego Padres , 1998 Atlanta 18 Atlanta Braves , 1999 Phoenix 16 Arizona Diamondbacks , 2001 Miami - Ft . Lauderdale 14 Florida Marlins , 2003 Denver 10 Colorado Rockies , 2007 Tampa - St. Petersburg 9 Tampa Bay Rays , 2008 Philadelphia 8 Philadelphia Phillies , 2009 Dallas - Ft . Worth 6 Texas Rangers , 2011 Detroit 5 Detroit Tigers , 2012 St. Louis St. Louis Cardinals , 2013 Boston Boston Red Sox , 2013 San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Giants , 2014 Kansas City Kansas City Royals , 2015 New York City New York Mets , 2015 Cleveland Cleveland Indians , 2016 Chicago Chicago Cubs , 2016 Los Angeles 0 Los Angeles Dodgers , 2017 Houston 0 Houston Astros , 2017 * city without Major League Baseball franchise for 33 seasons ( 1972 -- 2004 ) * * city without Major League Baseball franchise for 7 seasons ( 1970 -- 1976 ) † number does n't indicate a title won , but rather total seasons played . World Series droughts by division ( edit ) Division Last World Series win Seasons NL East 2008 -- Phillies 9 AL East 2013 -- Redsox NL West 2014 -- Giants AL Central 2015 -- Royals NL Central 2016 -- Cubs AL West 2017 -- Astros 0 Postseason droughts ( edit ) Longest current postseason droughts ( edit ) Seasons Team Last appearance 16 Seattle Mariners * 2001 ALCS 14 Miami Marlins 2003 World Series 11 San Diego Padres 2006 NLDS 9 Chicago White Sox 2008 ALDS 6 Philadelphia Phillies 2011 NLDS 6 Milwaukee Brewers 2011 NLCS Cincinnati Reds 2013 NL Wild Card Atlanta Braves 2013 NLDS Tampa Bay Rays 2013 ALDS Oakland Athletics 2014 AL Wild Card Detroit Tigers 2014 ALDS Los Angeles Angels 2014 ALDS Pittsburgh Pirates 2015 NL Wild Card St. Louis Cardinals 2015 NLDS Kansas City Royals 2015 World Series Baltimore Orioles 2016 AL Wild Card New York Mets 2016 NL Wild Card San Francisco Giants 2016 NLDS Texas Rangers 2016 ALDS Toronto Blue Jays 2016 ALCS 0 Colorado Rockies 2017 NL Wild Card 0 Minnesota Twins 2017 AL Wild Card 0 Arizona Diamondbacks 2017 NLDS 0 Boston Red Sox 2017 ALDS 0 Cleveland Indians 2017 ALDS 0 Washington Nationals 2017 NLDS 0 Chicago Cubs 2017 NLCS 0 New York Yankees 2017 ALCS 0 Houston Astros 2017 World Series 0 Los Angeles Dodgers 2017 World Series * Also longest active drought in North American sports Longest postseason droughts in the expanded - postseason era ( edit ) After the postseason was expanded in 1995 to include eight teams ( further expanded in 2012 to ten teams ) , 18 of the 30 teams qualified within the first five years , and few teams went for long droughts without at least participating in the first round of the postseason . This list only shows droughts of 15 or more seasons that occurred primarily in the expanded - postseason era . Active droughts are listed in bold type . Seasons Team Previous Postseason Appearance Next Postseason Appearance 30 Montreal Expos / Washington Nationals 1981 2012 28 Kansas City Royals 1985 2014 25 Milwaukee Brewers 1982 2008 21 Toronto Blue Jays 1993 2015 20 Pittsburgh Pirates 1992 2013 18 Detroit Tigers 2006 16 Seattle Mariners 2001 -- 15 Los Angeles Angels 1986 2002 See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason streaks List of Major League Baseball postseason series by franchise List of Major League Baseball postseason teams List of all - time Major League Baseball win - loss records List of National Basketball Association franchise post-season droughts List of National Football League franchise post-season droughts List of National Hockey League franchise post-season droughts List of Major League Soccer franchise post-season droughts External links ( edit ) Major League Baseball ( 2018 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Schedule Spring training Opening Day Jackie Robinson Day Civil Rights Game All - Star Game Interleague play International games Players Weekend World Baseball Classic Postseason World Series Champions AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Business Draft Rule 5 Players Association Highest paid players Luxury tax Lockouts / strikes Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions Media Logo Radio Television MLB.com MLB Advanced Media Minor League Baseball Authentication Program Miscellaneous Instant replay Team uniforms Stadiums Mascots Rivalries History History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Golden age of baseball Defunct and relocated teams Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents AL NL World Series Series not held in 1904 because the NL champions refused to participate , or in 1994 due to a players ' strike . 1900s -- 1910s 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s -- 1930s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s -- 1950s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s -- 1970s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s -- 1990s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s -- 2010s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Related Pre-World Series champions Dauvray Cup Temple Cup Chronicle - Telegraph Cup World Series champions Most Valuable Players Starting pitchers Babe Ruth Award Commissioner 's Trophy World Series ring Appearances Streaks Droughts Series ( by franchise ) Broadcasters TV ratings ALCS NLCS ALDS NLDS ALWC NLWC Game 7 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Book : World Series Category : World Series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_franchise_postseason_droughts&oldid=853599769 '' Categories : Major League Baseball playoffs and champions Major League Baseball records Playoff streaks Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 21 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | baseball teams that have never been to the world series | [
"\n\nSeasons\n\nTeam\n\nLast pennant\n\n\n49\nWashington Nationals\nNever (franchise started in 1969)\n\n\n41\nSeattle Mariners\nNever (franchise started in 1977)\n\n\n38\nPittsburgh Pirates\n1979\n\n\n35\nMilwaukee Brewers\n1982 (never since joining NL in 1998)\n\n\n34\nBaltimore Orioles\n1983\n\n\n27\nCincinnati Reds\n1990\n\n\n27\nOakland Athletics\n1990\n\n\n26\nMinnesota Twins\n1991\n\n\n24\nToronto Blue Jays\n1993\n\n\n19\nSan Diego Padres\n1998\n\n\n18\nAtlanta Braves\n1999\n\n\n16\nArizona Diamondbacks\n2001\n\n\n15\nLos Angeles Angels\n2002\n\n\n14\nMiami Marlins\n2003\n\n\n12\nChicago White Sox\n2005\n\n\n10\nColorado Rockies\n2007\n\n\n9\nTampa Bay Rays\n2008\n\n\n8\nNew York Yankees\n2009\n\n\n8\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n2009\n\n\n6\nTexas Rangers\n2011\n\n\n5\nDetroit Tigers\n2012\n\n\n4\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n2013\n\n\n4\nBoston Red Sox\n2013\n\n\n3\nSan Francisco Giants\n2014\n\n\n2\nKansas City Royals\n2015\n\n\n2\nNew York Mets\n2015\n\n\n1\nChicago Cubs\n2016\n\n\n1\nCleveland Indians\n2016\n\n\n0\nHouston Astros\n2017\n\n\n0\nLos Angeles Dodgers\n2017\n",
"\n\nSeasons\n\nTeam\n\nLast pennant\n\n\n49\nWashington Nationals\nNever (franchise started in 1969)\n\n\n41\nSeattle Mariners\nNever (franchise started in 1977)\n\n\n38\nPittsburgh Pirates\n1979\n\n\n35\nMilwaukee Brewers\n1982 (never since joining NL in 1998)\n\n\n34\nBaltimore Orioles\n1983\n\n\n27\nCincinnati Reds\n1990\n\n\n27\nOakland Athletics\n1990\n\n\n26\nMinnesota Twins\n1991\n\n\n24\nToronto Blue Jays\n1993\n\n\n19\nSan Diego Padres\n1998\n\n\n18\nAtlanta Braves\n1999\n\n\n16\nArizona Diamondbacks\n2001\n\n\n15\nLos Angeles Angels\n2002\n\n\n14\nMiami Marlins\n2003\n\n\n12\nChicago White Sox\n2005\n\n\n10\nColorado Rockies\n2007\n\n\n9\nTampa Bay Rays\n2008\n\n\n8\nNew York Yankees\n2009\n\n\n8\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n2009\n\n\n6\nTexas Rangers\n2011\n\n\n5\nDetroit Tigers\n2012\n\n\n4\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n2013\n\n\n4\nBoston Red Sox\n2013\n\n\n3\nSan Francisco Giants\n2014\n\n\n2\nKansas City Royals\n2015\n\n\n2\nNew York Mets\n2015\n\n\n1\nChicago Cubs\n2016\n\n\n1\nCleveland Indians\n2016\n\n\n0\nHouston Astros\n2017\n\n\n0\nLos Angeles Dodgers\n2017\n"
] | [
"Washington Nationals",
"Seattle Mariners"
] |
-5961938308008610407 | Better Call Saul | Better Call Saul - wikipedia Better Call Saul This article is about the television series . For the Breaking Bad episode , see Better Call Saul ( Breaking Bad ) . For the Homeland episode , see Better Call Saul ( Homeland ) . Better Call Saul Genre Crime drama Black comedy Legal drama Created by Vince Gilligan Peter Gould Starring Bob Odenkirk Jonathan Banks Rhea Seehorn Patrick Fabian Michael Mando Michael McKean Giancarlo Esposito Theme music composer Little Barrie Composer ( s ) Dave Porter Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 30 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Vince Gilligan Peter Gould Mark Johnson Melissa Bernstein Thomas Schnauz Gennifer Hutchison Producer ( s ) Bob Odenkirk Nina Jack Diane Mercer Robin Sweet Gordon Smith Jonathan Glatzer Location ( s ) Albuquerque , New Mexico Cinematography Arthur Albert Running time 42 -- 56 minutes Production company ( s ) High Bridge Productions Crystal Diner Productions Gran Via Productions Sony Pictures Television Distributor Sony Pictures Television Release Original network AMC Original release February 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 08 ) -- present Chronology Preceded by Breaking Bad Related shows Talking Saul External links Website Better Call Saul is an American television crime drama series created by Vince Gilligan and Peter Gould . It is a spin - off prequel of Gilligan 's prior series Breaking Bad . Set in the early 2000s , Better Call Saul follows the story of con - man turned small - time lawyer , James Morgan `` Jimmy '' McGill ( Bob Odenkirk ) , six years before the events of Breaking Bad , showing his transformation into the persona of Saul Goodman , as well as briefly explore his life some time after the events of Breaking Bad . The series also explores the situations of other Breaking Bad characters in the years prior . The show premiered on AMC on February 8 , 2015 and has since finished airing its third season ; the 10 - episode fourth season is scheduled to air starting August 6 , 2018 . Like its predecessor , Better Call Saul has received critical acclaim , particularly for its acting , writing , and directing , with many critics calling it a worthy successor to Breaking Bad . It has garnered several nominations , including a Peabody Award , 23 Primetime Emmy Awards , seven Writers Guild of America Awards , five Critics ' Choice Television Awards , a Screen Actors Guild Award , and two Golden Globe Awards . The series premiere held the record for the highest - rated scripted series premiere in basic cable history at the time of its airing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Production 2.1 Conception 2.2 Casting 2.3 Development history 3 Cast and characters 3.1 Main cast 3.2 Recurring cast 3.2. 1 Introduced in season 1 3.2. 2 Introduced in season 2 3.2. 3 Introduced in season 3 3.2. 4 Breaking Bad characters 4 Episodes 4.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 4.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 4.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 5 Talking Saul 5.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 5.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 6 Broadcast 7 Reception 7.1 Critical response 7.1. 1 Season 1 7.1. 2 Season 2 7.1. 3 Season 3 7.2 Awards and accolades 7.3 Ratings 8 Home media 9 Comics 10 References 11 External links Premise ( edit ) Better Call Saul follows the life of the character Saul Goodman some years prior to the events of Breaking Bad . Goodman , born as James `` Jimmy '' McGill , is a former con artist now trying to follow a more lawful career as an aspiring lawyer in Albuquerque , New Mexico . He seeks to become a partner in the law firm in which his older brother Charles `` Chuck '' McGill is a senior partner . However , Jimmy 's work is frequently overshadowed by Chuck 's past reputation , and he struggles to find a way to prove himself , even with the help of another associate in the firm , Kim Wexler , with whom he also becomes romantically involved . At the same time , Jimmy frequently takes care of Chuck , who claims to have electromagnetic hypersensitivity , a condition that makes him physically ill in the presence of anything with an electronic component and has caused him to take an extended leave from his firm and regular law work . Interspersed among Jimmy 's activities are the prior histories of other Breaking Bad characters , including Mike Ehrmantraut , a former police officer who becomes involved in illegal drug trafficking schemes , and drug kingpins Hector Salamanca and Gus Fring , who help distribute drugs illegally brought to the area from Mexico . The series also provides brief glimpses of Saul 's fate after the events of Breaking Bad : he has taken on a new identity in Omaha , Nebraska as a Cinnabon manager and goes by the name Gene . Production ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) In July 2012 , Breaking Bad creator Vince Gilligan hinted at a possible spin - off about Saul Goodman . In a July 2012 interview , Gilligan said he liked `` the idea of a lawyer show in which the main lawyer will do anything it takes to stay out of a court of law '' , including settling on the courthouse steps . In April 2013 , the series was confirmed to be in development by Gilligan and Gould ; the latter wrote the Breaking Bad episode that introduced the character . Casting ( edit ) Bob Odenkirk stars as lawyer Jimmy McGill ( known as Saul Goodman in Breaking Bad ) . In January 2014 , it was announced that Jonathan Banks would reprise his Breaking Bad role as Mike Ehrmantraut and be a series regular . Among new cast members include Michael McKean as McGill 's elder brother Chuck , having previously guest - starred in an episode of Odenkirk 's Mr. Show and Gilligan 's X-Files episode `` Dreamland '' . The cast also includes Patrick Fabian as Howard Hamlin , Rhea Seehorn as Kimberly `` Kim '' Wexler , and Michael Mando as Ignacio `` Nacho '' Varga . In October 2014 , Kerry Condon was cast as Stacey Ehrmantraut , Mike 's daughter - in - law . In November 2014 , it was announced that Julie Ann Emery and Jeremy Shamos had been cast as Betsy and Craig Kettleman , described as `` the world 's squarest outlaws . '' Going into Season 3 , it was announced that Giancarlo Esposito would return to play Gus Fring . The showrunners have teased that `` familiar faces '' from Breaking Bad will make appearances during Season 4 . They will also cast an actor for the character `` Lalo '' , mentioned only by name in the episode `` Better Call Saul '' episode of Breaking Bad . Both Bryan Cranston and Aaron Paul said , as of Season 3 , they are both open to reappearing on the show as Walter White and Jesse Pinkman , respectively , if asked , believing that Gilligan would have a sufficiently good reason to bring them in . Paul had previously mentioned the possibility of a cameo during Season 1 but this fell through . Anna Gunn also mentioned a `` talk '' with Gilligan over possible guest appearances as Skyler White . Dean Norris , another Breaking Bad alumnus , stated he could not be part of the earlier seasons , partly due to his involvement in the CBS series Under the Dome . Gilligan said that by Season 3 that show had been on long enough that any reuse of Breaking Bad characters would be more than `` just a cameo or an Alfred Hitchcock walkthrough '' , and that their appearances would be necessary for the story . Development history ( edit ) By July 2013 , the series had yet to be green - lighted . Netflix was one of many interested distributors , but ultimately a deal was made between AMC and Breaking Bad production company Sony Pictures Television . Gilligan and Gould serve as co-showrunners and Gilligan directed the pilot . Former Breaking Bad writers Thomas Schnauz and Gennifer Hutchison joined the writing staff , with Schnauz serving as co-executive producer and Hutchison as supervising producer . Also on the writing staff are Bradley Paul , and Gordon Smith , who was a writer 's assistant on Breaking Bad . In developing the series , the producers considered making the show a half - hour comedy , but ultimately chose an hour - long format more typical of a drama . In October 2014 , Odenkirk called the show `` 85 percent drama , 15 percent comedy . '' During his appearance on Talking Bad , Odenkirk noted that Saul was one of the most popular characters on the show , speculating that the audience likes the character because he is the program 's least hypocritical figure , and is good at his job . Better Call Saul also employs Breaking Bad 's signature time jumps . As filming began on June 2 , 2014 , Gilligan expressed some concern regarding the possible disappointment from the series ' turnout , in terms of audience reception . The first teaser trailer debuted on AMC on August 10 , 2014 , and confirmed its premiere date of February 2015 . In November 2014 , AMC announced the series would have a two - night premiere ; the first episode aired on Sunday , February 8 , 2015 , at 10 : 00 pm ( ET ) , and then moved into its regular time slot the following night , airing Mondays at 10 : 00 pm . In May 2015 , Gilligan confirmed that more of the prominent characters from Breaking Bad would be making guest appearances in season 2 , but remained vague on which characters were likely to be seen . In June 2014 , prior to the series ' launch , AMC had renewed the series for a second season of 13 episodes to premiere in early 2016 ; however , it was later reduced to 10 episodes . The second season premiered on February 15 , 2016 . In March 2016 , AMC announced that Better Call Saul was renewed for a 10 - episode third season which premiered April 10 , 2017 . AMC renewed the series for a 10 - episode fourth season in June 2017 , and is scheduled to premiere on August 6 , 2018 . Like its predecessor , Better Call Saul is set and filmed in Albuquerque , New Mexico . Cast and characters ( edit ) Bob Odenkirk ( Jimmy McGill ) Jonathan Banks ( Mike Ehrmantraut ) Rhea Seehorn ( Kim Wexler ) Patrick Fabian ( Howard Hamlin ) Michael Mando ( Nacho Varga ) Michael McKean ( Chuck McGill ) Giancarlo Esposito ( Gus Fring ) Main cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Breaking Bad and Better Call Saul characters Bob Odenkirk as James Morgan `` Jimmy '' McGill , a lawyer and a former scam artist , who becomes involved with the criminal world Jonathan Banks as Mike Ehrmantraut , a former Philadelphia police officer working independently as a parking lot attendant , and later a private investigator , bodyguard and `` cleaner '' Rhea Seehorn as Kimberly `` Kim '' Wexler , a lawyer formerly working at the Hamlin , Hamlin & McGill ( HHM ) law firm , now running her own law firm , who is Jimmy 's close friend and love interest Patrick Fabian as Howard Hamlin , a name partner at Hamlin , Hamlin & McGill , first appearing as Jimmy 's nemesis , until it becomes clear that he acts under Charles McGill 's orders Michael Mando as Ignacio `` Nacho '' Varga , an upholstery shop worker who is also an intelligent , ambitious member of Tuco Salamanca 's gang Michael McKean as Charles L. `` Chuck '' McGill , Jr. , Jimmy 's elder brother and a named partner at HHM who is confined to his home by electromagnetic hypersensitivity , expressing disdain and hostility toward his brother whom he considers to be a disgrace to the law practice ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Giancarlo Esposito as Gus Fring , a methamphetamine distributor who uses his fast food restaurant chain Los Pollos Hermanos as a front ( seasons 3 -- present ) Recurring cast ( edit ) Introduced in season 1 ( edit ) Kerry Condon as Stacey Ehrmantraut , Mike 's daughter - in - law and the mother of Kaylee Ehrmantraut Faith Healey ( season 1 ) and Abigail Zoe Lewis ( season 2 ) as Kaylee Ehrmantraut , Mike 's granddaughter Eileen Fogarty as Mrs. Nguyen , owner of a nail salon which houses Jimmy 's law office ( and home ) in its back room Peter Diseth as Bill Oakley , a deputy district attorney Joe DeRosa as Dr. Caldera , a veterinarian who serves as Mike Ehrmantraut 's liaison to the criminal underworld Dennis Boutsikaris as Rick Schweikart , the attorney for Sandpiper Crossing Mark Proksch as Daniel `` Pryce '' Wormald , a small - time drug dealer who hires Mike as security Brandon K. Hampton as Ernesto , Chuck 's assistant who works at HHM Josh Fadem and Julian Bonfiglio as Joey Dixon and Sound Guy , film students who help Jimmy film various projects Jeremy Shamos and Julie Ann Emery as Craig and Betsy Kettleman , a county treasurer and his wife , accused of embezzlement Steven Levine and Daniel Spenser Levine as Lars and Cal Lindholm , twin skateboarders and small - time scam artists Míriam Colón as Abuelita , Tuco 's grandmother and Hector 's mother Barry Shabaka Henley as Detective Sanders , a Philadelphia cop who was formerly partnered with Mike on the force Mel Rodriguez as Marco Pasternak , Jimmy 's best friend and partner - in - crime in Cicero , Illinois Clea DuVall as Dr. Cruz , a doctor who treats Chuck and suspects his condition is psychosomatic Jean Effron as Irene Landry , an elderly client of Jimmy McGill overcharged by the Sandpiper Crossing Introduced in season 2 ( edit ) Ed Begley , Jr. as Clifford Main , law partner of Davis & Main Omar Maskati as Omar , Jimmy 's assistant at Davis & Main Jessie Ennis as Erin Brill , a lawyer at Davis & Main who is ordered to shadow Jimmy Vincent Fuentes as Arturo , a criminal associate of Hector Salamanca Rex Linn as Kevin Wachtell , chairman of Mesa Verde Bank and Trust and a client of HHM and Kim Cara Pifko as Paige Novick , senior legal counsel for Mesa Verde Bank and Trust and a friend of Kim Ann Cusack as Rebecca Bois , Chuck 's ex-wife Manuel Uriza as Ximenez Lecerda , an associate of Hector Salamanca Hayley Holmes as Drama Girl , a film student who helps Jimmy on various projects Introduced in season 3 ( edit ) Bonnie Bartlett as Helen Kimberly Hebert Gregory as ADA Kyra Hay Tamara Tunie as Anita , a member of Mike and Stacey 's support group Breaking Bad characters ( edit ) Raymond Cruz as Tuco Salamanca , a ruthless , psychotic drug distributor in the South Valley ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Cesar García as No - Doze , Tuco 's henchman ( season 1 ) Jesús Payán Jr. as Gonzo , Tuco 's henchman ( season 1 ) Kyle Bornheimer as Ken ( `` Ken Wins '' ) , an arrogant , self - absorbed stockbroker ( season 2 ) Stoney Westmoreland as Officer Saxton , an Albuquerque Police Department officer ( season 2 ) Jim Beaver as Lawson , a local weapons dealer in Albuquerque ( season 2 ) Maximino Arciniega as Domingo `` Krazy - 8 '' Molina , one of Tuco 's distributors ( seasons 2 -- present ) Mark Margolis as Hector Salamanca , Tuco 's uncle and high - ranking member of the cartel ( seasons 2 -- present ) Debrianna Mansini as Fran , a waitress at Loyola 's Diner ( season 2 ) Daniel and Luis Moncada as Leonel and Marco Salamanca , Tuco 's cousins and Hector 's nephews who are hitmen for the cartel ( season 2 , 4 -- present ) Jennifer Hasty as Stephanie Doswell , a real estate agent ( season 2 ) Tina Parker as Francesca Liddy , Jimmy 's receptionist ( season 3 ) Jeremiah Bitsui as Victor , Gus ' henchman ( season 3 -- present ) Ray Campbell as Tyrus Kitt , a henchman on Gus Fring 's payroll ( season 3 -- present ) JB Blanc as Dr. Barry Goodman , a doctor on Gus Fring 's payroll ( season 3 ) Steven Bauer as Don Eladio Vuente , the head of the Juarez drug cartel ( season 3 ) Javier Grajeda as Juan Bolsa , a high - level member of the Juárez drug cartel ( season 3 ) Lavell Crawford as Huell Babineaux , a professional pickpocket hired by Jimmy ( season 3 ) Laura Fraser as Lydia Rodarte - Quayle , a Madrigal Electromotive executive and associate of Gus Fring ( season 3 -- present ) Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Better Call Saul episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 February 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 08 ) April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 10 February 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 15 ) April 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 18 ) 10 April 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 10 ) June 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 19 ) 10 August 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 06 ) October 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 08 ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Better Call Saul ( season 1 ) Jimmy , serving as a public defender , inadvertently becomes entangled in an embezzlement case involving the Kettleman family , currently being represented by Chuck 's firm Hamlin Hamlin & McGill . Jimmy schemes to become the Kettleman 's lawyer , which causes Kim , the associate at HHM overseeing the case , to be demoted . Jimmy gains attention from the case , finding himself taking up several elder law cases , and discovers that Sandpiper Retirement Homes have been mishandling their residents ' funds , leading to a potential multi-million class action lawsuit . Jimmy tries to offer this suit to HHM and to hire him , but Chuck secretly blocks this . Jimmy discovers Chuck 's involvement and instead ends up turning the case over to HHM for counsel 's fees and requiring Howard Hamlin to take over caring for Chuck . Later , Jimmy learns that the Sandpiper case has gotten too big and HHM is portioning part of the work to a second firm , Davis & Main , who want to hire Jimmy due to his knowledge of the case . Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Better Call Saul ( season 2 ) Jimmy is put in charge of outreach for the Sandpiper case , but there are very few responses from potential class members from traditional mailings . Jimmy does improper face - to - face solicitation to draw in class members , but Chuck points out this runs afoul of state law . Instead , Jimmy creates his own ad targeted to seniors and airs it without getting its approval by his senior partners . While the ad draws in many clients , Jimmy is reprimanded , and Kim , who was aware Jimmy was making the ad , is further shunned and demoted down to document review at HHM . To try to regain her position , Kim runs through her old contacts , and eventually is able to arrange a meeting between HHM and Mesa Verde , a large regional bank . Though HHM secures the deal , Howard denies Kim any of the credit . Jimmy , who has quit out of Davis & Main , leads Kim to quit HHM and establish her own firm co-located with his as to share the overhead costs . She nearly resecures the Mesa Verde deal herself but Chuck interjects to block her . In revenge , Jimmy makes falsified copies of all the deal papers with an incorrect address , which , when HHM and Mesa Verde present to the government , are forced to put the deal on hold ; Chuck becomes paranoid and is convinced Jimmy fakes it , while Kim is able to come in and take back Mesa Verde for herself . When Jimmy next visits Chuck , Chuck feigns illness to bring Jimmy to confess falsifying the documents , which he records on tape . Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Better Call Saul ( season 3 ) Chuck plots for Jimmy to learn of the existence of the taped conversation through Kim . Jimmy breaks open Chuck 's door and breaks the tape , but Chuck has Howard and a private investigator hiding nearby to witness this , allowing him to issue a criminal offence against Jimmy , which can include having his license to practice law pulled . At the hearing , Jimmy creates a situation where Chuck 's electromagnetic hypersensitivity was tested , putting his sanity into question ; Jimmy is only blocked from practicing law for a year . To try to cover his part of the shared office , Jimmy turns to producing commercials for local businesses under the name `` Saul Goodman '' , but Kim still is forced to take on extra clients to fully cover expenses , leading to sleep deprivation and causing her to crash her car and break her arm . HHM 's insurance learns of Chuck 's condition from the trial and threatens to raise their rates as a result , and while Chuck tries to work with a doctor to avoid his hypersensitivity symptoms , Howard ultimately buys Chuck out of his share of HHM , terminating him from the firm . Jimmy tries to make amends , but Chuck refuses to listen , and his hypersensitivity symptoms return . After a fit of tearing out the wiring from his home , Chuck purposely knocks a gas lantern over and starts a fire . Talking Saul ( edit ) Talking Saul is a live aftershow hosted by Chris Hardwick , which features guests discussing episodes of Better Call Saul . The show uses the same format as Talking Dead , Talking Bad , and other similar aftershows also hosted by Hardwick . AMC announced that Talking Saul would air after the second season Better Call Saul premiere on February 15 , 2016 , and again after the second - season finale on April 18 , 2016 . It returned following the season 3 premiere and finale . Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) These episodes discuss season two of Better Call Saul . No . overall No. in season Episode discussed Guests Original air date US viewers ( millions ) `` Switch '' Vince Gilligan , Peter Gould , Bob Odenkirk and Rhea Seehorn February 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 15 ) 0.744 `` Klick '' Jonathan Banks , Vince Gilligan and Peter Gould April 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 18 ) 0.641 Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) These episodes discuss season three of Better Call Saul . No . overall No. in season Episode discussed Guests Original air date US viewers ( millions ) `` Mabel '' Vince Gilligan , Peter Gould , Jonathan Banks and Rhea Seehorn April 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 10 ) 0.545 `` Lantern '' Peter Gould , Patrick Fabian and Michael Mando ; Michael McKean via satellite June 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 19 ) 0.589 Broadcast ( edit ) In December 2013 , Netflix announced that the entire first season would be available for streaming in the U.S. after the airing of the first - season finale , and in Latin America and Europe each episode would be available a few days after the episode airs in the U.S. However , the first season was not released on Netflix in the U.S. until February 1 , 2016 . Netflix is the exclusive video - on - demand provider for the series and makes the content available in all its territories , except for Australia and New Zealand . In Australia , Better Call Saul premiered on the streaming service Stan on February 9 , 2015 , acting as the service 's flagship program . In New Zealand , the show is exclusive to the New Zealand - based subscription video - on - demand service , Lightbox . The episodes were available for viewing within three days of broadcast in the U.S. In the United Kingdom and Ireland , the series was acquired by Netflix on December 16 , 2013 , and the first episode premiered on February 9 , 2015 , with the second episode released the following day . Every subsequent episode was released each week thereafter . In India , the series is broadcast on Colors Infinity within 24 hours of the U.S. broadcast . The series premiere drew in 4.4 million and 4 million in the 18 -- 49 and 25 -- 54 demographics , respectively , and received an overall viewership of 6.9 million . This was the record for the highest - rated scripted series premiere in basic cable history , until it was surpassed later the same year by another AMC series , Fear the Walking Dead . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Better Call Saul has received a very favorable response from critics . Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 98 % ( 59 reviews ) 78 ( 43 reviews ) 97 % ( 29 reviews ) 85 ( 18 reviews ) 97 % ( 35 reviews ) 87 ( 18 reviews ) Season 1 ( edit ) Main article : Better Call Saul ( season 1 ) § Reception On Rotten Tomatoes , the first season has a rating of 98 % , based on 59 reviews , with an average rating of 8.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Better Call Saul is a quirky , dark character study that manages to stand on its own without being overshadowed by the series that spawned it . '' On the review aggregator website Metacritic , the first season has a score of 78 out of 100 , based on 43 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Season 2 ( edit ) Main article : Better Call Saul ( season 2 ) § Reception On Rotten Tomatoes , the second season has a score of 97 % , based on 29 reviews , with an average rating of 8.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Better Call Saul continues to tighten its hold on viewers with a batch of episodes that inject a surge of dramatic energy while showcasing the charms of its talented lead . '' On the review aggregator website Metacritic , the second season has a score of 85 out of 100 , based on 18 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Season 3 ( edit ) Main article : Better Call Saul ( season 3 ) § Reception On Rotten Tomatoes , the third season has an approval rating of 97 % based on 35 reviews , with an average rating of 8.82 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus is , `` Better Call Saul shows no signs of slipping in season 3 , as the introduction of more familiar faces causes the inevitable transformation of its lead to pick up exciting speed . '' On the review aggregator website Metacritic , the season has a score of 87 out of 100 , based on 18 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Awards and accolades ( edit ) Year Ceremony Category Recipients Result 2015 2015 American Film Institute Awards Television Programs of the Year Better Call Saul Won 5th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Actor in a Drama Series Bob Odenkirk Won Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Jonathan Banks Won 31st TCA Awards Outstanding New Program Better Call Saul Won Individual Achievement in Drama Bob Odenkirk Nominated 67th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series Kelley Dixon ( `` Five - O '' ) Nominated Kelley Dixon and Chris McCaleb ( `` Marco '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series Phillip W. Palmer , Larry Benjamin , Kevin Valentine ( `` Marco '' ) Nominated 67th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Better Call Saul Nominated Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Bob Odenkirk Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Jonathan Banks Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Gordon Smith ( `` Five - O '' ) Nominated 2016 73rd Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Bob Odenkirk Nominated 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Bob Odenkirk Nominated 68th Writers Guild of America Awards Drama Series Better Call Saul Nominated New Series Better Call Saul Nominated Episodic Drama Vince Gilligan and Peter Gould ( `` Uno '' ) Won 20th Satellite Awards Best Drama Series Better Call Saul Won Best Actor in a Drama Series Bob Odenkirk Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Series , Miniseries or TV Film Jonathan Banks Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Series , Miniseries or TV Film Rhea Seehorn Won 32nd TCA Awards Outstanding Achievement in Drama Better Call Saul Nominated Individual Achievement in Drama Bob Odenkirk Nominated 68th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series Kelley Dixon ( `` Rebecca '' ) Nominated Kelley Dixon and Chris McCaleb ( `` Nailed '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series Phillip W. Palmer , Larry Benjamin , Kevin Valentine ( `` Klick '' ) Nominated Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role For the episode `` Fifi '' Nominated 68th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Better Call Saul Nominated Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Bob Odenkirk Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Jonathan Banks Nominated 7th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Better Call Saul Nominated Best Actor in a Drama Series Bob Odenkirk Won Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Michael McKean Nominated 2016 American Film Institute Awards Television Programs of the Year Better Call Saul Won 2017 74th Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Bob Odenkirk Nominated 21st Satellite Awards Best Drama Series Better Call Saul Nominated Best Actor in a Drama Series Bob Odenkirk Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Series , Miniseries or TV Film Jonathan Banks Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Series , Miniseries or TV Film Rhea Seehorn Won 53rd Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series -- One Hour Phillip W. Palmer , Larry B. Benjamin , Kevin Valentine , Matt Hovland and David Michael Torres ( `` Klick '' ) Nominated 69th Writers Guild of America Awards Drama Series Better Call Saul Nominated Episodic Drama Gordon Smith ( `` Gloves - Off '' ) Nominated Heather Marion and Vince Gilligan ( `` Klick '' ) Nominated Thomas Schnauz ( `` Switch '' ) Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in a Contemporary TV Series Christian Diaz de Bedoya Nominated 33rd TCA Awards Outstanding Achievement in Drama Better Call Saul Nominated 69th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Music Supervision Thomas Golubić ( `` Sunk Costs '' ) Nominated Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series Skip Macdonald ( `` Chicanery '' ) Nominated Kelley Dixon and Skip Macdonald ( `` Witness '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( One Hour ) Phillip W. Palmer , Larry Benjamin , Kevin Valentine ( `` Witness '' ) Nominated 69th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Better Call Saul Nominated Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Bob Odenkirk Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Jonathan Banks Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Vince Gilligan ( `` Witness '' ) Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Gordon Smith ( `` Chicanery '' ) Nominated 2018 75th Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Bob Odenkirk Nominated 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Bob Odenkirk Nominated 70th Writers Guild of America Awards Drama Series Better Call Saul Nominated Episodic Drama Gordon Smith ( `` Chicanery '' ) Won Heather Marion ( `` Slip '' ) Nominated 22nd Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actor in a Series , Miniseries or TV Film Michael McKean Won 54th Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series -- One Hour Phillip W. Palmer , Larry B. Benjamin , Kevin Valentine , Matt Hovland and David Michael Torres ( `` Lantern '' ) Nominated 44th Saturn Awards Best Action - Thriller Television Series Better Call Saul Won Best Supporting Actor on Television Michael McKean Won Best Supporting Actress on Television Rhea Seehorn Won Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Monday 10 : 00 pm 10 February 8 , 2015 6.88 April 6 , 2015 2.53 3.21 10 February 15 , 2016 2.57 April 18 , 2016 2.26 2.16 10 April 10 , 2017 1.81 June 19 , 2017 1.85 1.64 Better Call Saul : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 6.88 3.42 3.23 2.87 2.71 2.57 2.67 2.87 2.38 2.53 2.57 2.23 2.20 2.20 1.99 2.11 2.03 1.93 2.06 2.26 1.81 1.46 1.52 1.56 1.76 1.72 1.65 1.63 1.47 1.85 Source : Nielsen Media Research Home Media ( edit ) The first season was released on Blu - ray and DVD in region 1 on November 10 , 2015 . The set contains all 10 episodes , plus audio commentaries for every episode , uncensored episodes , deleted scenes , gag reel , and several behind - the - scenes featurettes . A limited edition Blu - ray set was also released with 3D packaging and a postcard vinyl of the Better Call Saul theme song by Junior Brown . The second season was released on Blu - ray and DVD in region 1 on November 15 , 2016 . The set contains all 10 episodes , plus audio commentaries for every episode and several behind - the - scenes featurettes . The third season was released on Blu - ray and DVD in region 1 on January 16 , 2018 . The set contains all 10 episodes , plus audio commentaries for every episode and several behind - the - scenes featurettes . Comics ( edit ) AMC has released two digital comic books for Better Call Saul . The first , titled Better Call Saul : Client Development , released in February 2015 , in advance of the series premiere , details the history of Saul and Mike , acting as a spin - off of the Breaking Bad episode that introduced Saul . In February 2016 , in advance of the second - season premiere , AMC released Better Call Saul : Saul Goodman and the Justice Consortium in the Clutches of the Judgernaut ! References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Better Call Saul '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` TV Review : ' Better Call Saul ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' : New photos , details from ' Breaking Bad ' spin - off '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Comic - Con Q&A : Vince Gilligan on ' Breaking Bad ' '' . Deadline.com . July 15 , 2012 . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( September 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad ' Saul Goodman Spinoff A Go At AMC , Will Serve As Prequel To Original '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` AMC Eyes ' Breaking Bad ' Spinoff Toplined By Bob Odenkirk '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cornet , Roth ( September 11 , 2013 ) . `` Breaking Bad Spinoff Series Better Call Saul Confirmed '' . IGN . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kenneally , Tim ( January 27 , 2014 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad ' Prequel ' Better Call Saul ' Enlists Jonathan Banks '' . The Wrap . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Friedlander , Whitney ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` Michael McKean Joins ' Breaking Bad ' Prequel ' Better Call Saul ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Silman , Anna ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` Michael McKean : `` Better Call Saul '' is about `` the American escape hatch instead of the American dream '' `` . Salon . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Friedlander , Whitney ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' : Cast , Timeline Details and New Photos '' . Variety . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Aoife ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` Irish actress Kerry Condon scores role in ' Breaking Bad ' spin - off ' Better Call Saul ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' Adds Julie Ann Emery and Jeremy Shamos to Cast '' . Variety . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` Better Call Saul Season 3 : Yep , Giancarlo Esposito Will Be Breaking Bad '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Real , Evan ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' and ' Breaking Bad ' Overlap to Get `` Bigger and Bigger '' With Season 4 `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Snierson , Dan ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Breaking Bad creator ' desperately ' wants Walt and Jesse in Better Call Saul '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ryan ( March 9 , 2014 ) . `` Aaron Paul wants in , Dean Norris out for ' Better Call Saul , ' the ' Breaking Bad ' spinoff '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Erin ( June 13 , 2014 ) . `` Aaron Paul Offers Two Different ' Better Call Saul ' Scenarios For Jesse Pinkman '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Anna Gunn Coming to Breaking Bad Spinoff ? Star Reveals There 's Been Talk -- Plus , Why We 're Dying Over Gracepoint ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dekel , Jonathan ( July 3 , 2014 ) . `` Dean Norris says appearance on Better Call Saul unlikely : CBS , exec Les Moonves ' wo n't let me do it ' '' . The National Post . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Molloy , Tim ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Breaking Bad Creator Vince Gilligan : Saul Goodman Spinoff Moving ' Full Speed Ahead ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Guthrie , Melissa ; Rose , Lacey ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` How AMC Almost Lost Breaking Bad Spinoff Better Call Saul to Netflix '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' Renewed for Second Season by AMC ; First Season Pushed Back to 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad ' Writers Join ' Better Call Saul ' Staff '' . Variety . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryn Elise ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` Bob Odenkirk on ' Better Call Saul ' : `` It 's Total Drama '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Talking Bad . Episode 3 . August 25 , 2013 . AMC . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( December 31 , 2013 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad ' creator Vince Gilligan on the finale , ' Better Call Saul ' and his acting debut on ' Community ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . We think , by and large , this show will be a prequel , but the wonderful thing about the fractured chronology we employed on Breaking Bad for many years is the audience will not be thrown by us jumping around in time . So it 's possible that we may indeed do that , and we 'll see the past and perhaps the future . Jump up ^ O'Neal , Sean ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` It 's time to begin overanalyzing the first Better Call Saul set photos '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Toomer , Jessica ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` Vince Gilligan Admits His ' Breaking Bad ' Spinoff Might Be A Mistake '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Katie ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` Vince Gilligan Says ' Better Call Saul ' Might Be a ' Mistake ' '' . Moviefone . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Better Call Saul : First teaser trailer shows younger Saul , confirms release date '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Better Call Saul Gets Two - Night February Premiere on AMC '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bernardino , Shiena ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' season 2 air date , spoilers , plot news : More ' Breaking Bad ' appearances , major character to die next season ? '' . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' Season 2 Order Reduced from 13 Episodes '' . ScreenCrush . Townsquare Media , Inc . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' returns to AMC in February '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Better Call Saul renewed for season 3 by AMC '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` AMC Sets Premiere Dates for ' Better Call Saul , ' ' Into the Badlands ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Better Call Saul renewed for season 4 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Better Call Saul : Here 's your season 4 first look , premiere date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Christine ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad ' prequel ' Better Call Saul ' begins filming in Albuquerque , NM today ! '' . On Location Vacations . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' Premiere : Meet Jimmy McGill 's Love Interest '' . Variety . Penske Corporation . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Aguilera , Leanne ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul 's Rhea Seehorn on Kim and Jimmy 's Complicated Past : ' She Loves Him ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . CBS Corporation . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Better Call Saul renewed for season 4 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Better Call Saul : Here 's your season 4 first look , premiere date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Better Call Saul : Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . Click the `` Episode Guide '' tab to view all listed episodes . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Talking Saul ' To Follow ' Better Call Saul 's Premiere And Season Finale On AMC '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Marissa ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` Talking Saul Returns With Special Guests Vince Gilligan , Peter Gould and More '' . AMC . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' stays steady , ' Better Call Saul ' premieres low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.18. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Spangler , Todd ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix to Stream ' Better Call Saul ' After AMC Airs ' Breaking Bad ' Spinoff in 2014 '' . Variety . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix to Stream Episodes of Better Call Saul Internationally the Day After They Air ( Updated ) '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stan launches on Australia Day '' . TV Tonight . January 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Video streaming service Stan to launch on Australia Day '' . mUmBRELLA . January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking Bad spin - off Better Call Saul coming to Lightbox '' . The New Zealand Herald . November 27 , 2014 . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The court is in session : Better Call Saul on Lightbox '' . Scoop . January 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix UK & Ireland Inks SPT Deal For Exclusive Rights To ' Breaking Bad ' Spin - Off ' Better Call Saul ' '' . TV Wise . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix UK Unveils Trailer For ' Breaking Bad ' Spin - Off ' Better Call Saul ' '' . TV Wise . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bansal , Shilpa ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' Season 2 India Premiere : Where to watch Episode 1 ' Switch ' on TV tonight ( Spoilers ) '' . International Business Times . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Returns to 15.6 Million Viewers + ' Better Call Saul ' is Biggest Series Premiere in Cable History '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Debut Ratings Draw 10.1 M Viewers , Shatters Cable Records '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Better Call Saul : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Better Call Saul : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Better Call Saul : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Better Call Saul : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Better Call Saul : Season 3 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Better Call Saul : Season 3 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI AWARDS 2015 OFFICIAL SELECTIONS '' . American Film Institute . December 16 , 2015 . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( May 31 , 2015 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Television Awards : HBO , Better Call Saul , Taraji P. Henson and Amy Schumer Among Big Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 8 , 2015 ) . `` TCA Awards 2015 : Empire , Jon Hamm , Amy Schumer , Americans , Fosters and John Oliver Among Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hipes , Patrick ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Emmy Nominations 2015 -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` Golden Globes : Mr. Robot and Mozart Win Big ; Taraji P. Henson , Lady Gaga , Jon Hamm , Rachel Bloom Grab Gold '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` SAG Awards : Game of Thrones , Homeland , House of Cards Lead Noms ; Empire , Inside Amy Schumer Shut Out ; Mr. Robot 's Rami Malek Sneaks In '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` WGA Honors ' Big Short , ' ' Spotlight , ' ' Mad Men ' at 68th Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite Awards ( 2015 ) '' . International Press Academy . December 1 , 2015 . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' People v. O.J. Simpson ' Tops 2016 TCA Award Winners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Emmy Nominations 2016 : Full List of Nominees '' . Variety . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Critics ' Choice TV Nominations Unveiled '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI AWARDS 2016 '' . American Film Institute . December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Golden Globe Nominations : ' La La Land ' , ' Moonlight ' Lead Films ; ' People Vs. OJ ' Tops TV '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Satellite Award Nominees Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE INTERNATIONAL PRESS ACADEMY ANNOUNCES WINNERS FOR THE 21 ANNUAL SATELLITE AWARDS '' ( PDF ) . International Press Academy . December 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Wins Cinema Audio Society Award for Sound Mixing '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Writers Guild TV Nominations : ' Stranger Things , ' ' Westworld , ' ' This Is Us , ' ' Atlanta ' Break Through '' . Variety . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Among Location Managers Guild Award Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Atlanta , ' ' This Is Us , ' ' Handmaid 's Tale ' Lead TCA Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 69th Emmy ® Awards Nominations '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bacle , Ariana ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Emmys 2017 : See the full list of nominees here '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Better Call Saul '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globes : Big Little Lies , FEUD , Fargo , This Is Us and The Handmaid 's Tale Lead TV Nominations '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Writers Guild Award TV Nominations : ' The Americans , ' ' Handmaid 's Tale , ' ' GLOW ' Grab Multiple Mentions '' . Variety . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 54th Annual CAS Awards Timeline '' . Cinema Audio Society . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Reigns at Saturn Awards , ' Better Call Saul ' and ' Twin Peaks ' Top TV Field '' . Variety . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Talking Dead ' , ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Raw ' Tops Night + ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Black Ink Crew ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Better Call Saul : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale. April 7 , 2015 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' finale holds steady , NBA Playoffs soar '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Better Call Saul : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale. April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' premieres low , ' Love & Hip Hop ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' season finale ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Better Call Saul : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Better Call Saul -- Sony 's Official Press Release for ' Season 1 ' on DVD and Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Better Call Saul - Blu - rays , DVDs for ' Season 2 ' : Date , Cost , Packaging , Extras ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2017 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Better Call Saul - ' Season 3 ' DVDs , Blu - rays : Street Date Confirmed , Front and Rear Package Art '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` AMC unveils ' Better Call Saul ' digital comic book ahead of series premiere '' . Mashable . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Michael ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` BETTER CALL SAUL Has Its Own Digital Comic Book , With Flying Jimmy '' . Nerdist . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutBetter Call Saulat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Official website Better Call Saul on IMDb Better Call Saul Characters Saul Goodman Mike Ehrmantraut Kim Wexler Chuck McGill Howard Hamlin Nacho Varga Gustavo Fring Episodes Season 1 `` Uno '' `` Mijo '' `` Nacho '' `` Hero '' `` Alpine Shepherd Boy '' `` Five - O '' `` Bingo '' `` RICO '' `` Pimento '' `` Marco '' Season 2 `` Switch '' `` Cobbler '' `` Amarillo '' `` Gloves Off '' `` Rebecca '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` Inflatable '' `` Fifi '' `` Nailed '' `` Klick '' Season 3 `` Mabel '' `` Witness '' `` Sunk Costs '' `` Sabrosito '' `` Chicanery '' `` Off Brand '' `` Expenses '' `` Slip '' `` Fall '' `` Lantern '' Related shows Talking Saul Breaking Bad Breaking Bad Characters Walter White Skyler White Jesse Pinkman Hank Schrader Saul Goodman Gustavo Fring Mike Ehrmantraut Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Related shows Talking Bad Metástasis Better Call Saul Related articles Awards and nominations Category AMC original programming Current Better Call Saul ( since 2015 ) Dietland ( since 2018 ) Fear the Walking Dead ( since 2015 ) Geeking Out ( since 2016 ) Humans ( since 2015 ) Into the Badlands ( since 2015 ) McMafia ( since 2018 ) Preacher ( since 2016 ) Ride with Norman Reedus ( since 2016 ) The Son ( since 2017 ) Talking Dead ( since 2011 ) Talking Preacher ( since 2016 ) Talking Saul ( since 2016 ) Talking with Chris Hardwick ( since 2017 ) The Terror ( since 2018 ) The Walking Dead ( since 2010 ) Former 1980s debuts The Movie Masters ( 1989 -- 90 ) 1990s debuts The Lot ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Remember WENN ( 1996 -- 98 ) 2000s debuts Breaking Bad ( 2008 -- 13 ) Broken Trail ( 2006 ) Celebrity Charades ( 2005 ) DVD TV ( 2002 -- 08 ) Mad Men ( 2007 -- 15 ) Movies That Shook the World ( 2005 ) The Prisoner ( 2009 ) Shootout ( 2003 -- 08 ) 2010s debuts 4th and Loud ( 2014 ) The American West ( 2016 ) Comic Book Men ( 2012 -- 18 ) Feed the Beast ( 2016 ) Freakshow ( 2013 -- 14 ) Game of Arms ( 2014 ) Halt and Catch Fire ( 2014 -- 17 ) Hell on Wheels ( 2011 -- 16 ) The Killing ( 2011 -- 13 ) Low Winter Sun ( 2013 ) The Making of the Mob ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Night Manager ( 2016 ) Owner 's Manual ( 2013 ) The Pitch ( 2012 -- 13 ) Rubicon ( 2010 ) Small Town Security ( 2012 -- 14 ) Talking Bad ( 2013 ) TURN : Washington 's Spies ( 2014 -- 17 ) Upcoming Lodge 49 ( 2018 ) NOS4A2 ( 2019 ) The Spy Who Came in from the Cold ( TBA ) Satellite Award for Best Television Series -- Drama The X-Files ( 1996 ) NYPD Blue ( 1997 ) Oz ( 1998 ) The West Wing ( 1999 ) The West Wing ( 2000 ) 24 ( 2001 ) CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( 2002 ) The Shield ( 2003 ) Nip / Tuck ( 2004 ) House ( 2005 ) House ( 2006 ) Dexter ( 2007 ) Dexter ( 2008 ) Breaking Bad ( 2009 ) Breaking Bad ( 2010 ) Justified ( 2011 ) Homeland ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad ( 2013 ) The Knick ( 2014 ) Better Call Saul ( 2015 ) The Crown ( 2016 ) Vikings ( 2017 ) TCA Award for Outstanding New Program Ally McBeal ( 1998 ) The Sopranos ( 1999 ) The West Wing ( 2000 ) Gilmore Girls ( 2001 ) 24 ( 2002 ) Boomtown ( 2003 ) Arrested Development ( 2004 ) Lost ( 2005 ) My Name is Earl ( 2006 ) Friday Night Lights ( 2007 ) Mad Men ( 2008 ) True Blood ( 2009 ) Glee ( 2010 ) Game of Thrones ( 2011 ) Homeland ( 2012 ) The Americans ( 2013 ) Orange Is the New Black ( 2014 ) Better Call Saul ( 2015 ) Mr. Robot ( 2016 ) This Is Us ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Better_Call_Saul&oldid=850560806 '' Categories : Better Call Saul American legal television series 2010s American crime drama television series 2015 American television series debuts AMC ( TV channel ) network shows American black comedy television programs Breaking Bad English - language television programs Nonlinear narrative television series Television series created by Vince Gilligan Prequel television series Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television series set in 2002 Television series set in 2003 Television shows filmed in New Mexico Television shows set in New Mexico American television spin - offs Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Use mdy dates from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Pälzisch Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 16 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does better call saul come out on netflix | [
"In December 2013, Netflix announced that the entire first season would be available for streaming in the U.S. after the airing of the first-season finale, and in Latin America and Europe each episode would be available a few days after the episode airs in the U.S.[52] However, the first season was not released on Netflix in the U.S. until February 1, 2016.[53]\n"
] | [
"February 1, 2016"
] |
-6447558688291064735 | Beijing dialect | Beijing dialect - wikipedia Beijing dialect Jump to : navigation , search Beijing dialect Pekingese 北京 話 Běijīnghuà Region Beijing urban districts Language family Sino - Tibetan Chinese Mandarin Beijing Mandarin Beijing dialect Language codes ISO 639 - 3 -- ISO 639 - 6 bjjg Linguist List cmn - bej Glottolog beij1234 Linguasphere 79 - AAA - bb This article contains IPA phonetic symbols . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Unicode characters . For an introductory guide on IPA symbols , see Help : IPA . This article contains Chinese text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Chinese characters . The Beijing dialect ( simplified Chinese : 北京 话 ; traditional Chinese : 北京 話 ; pinyin : Běijīnghuà ) , also known as Pekingese , is the prestige dialect of Mandarin spoken in the urban area of Beijing , China . It is the phonological basis of Standard Chinese , which is the official language in the People 's Republic of China and Republic of China and one of the official languages in Singapore . Although the Beijing dialect and Standard Chinese are similar , various differences generally make clear to Chinese speakers whether an individual is a native of Beijing speaking the local Beijing variant or is an individual speaking Standard Chinese . Contents ( hide ) 1 Beijing Mandarin 2 Mutual intelligibility with other Mandarin dialects 3 Phonology 3.1 Influence of Beijing dialect phonology on Manchu 4 Vocabulary 5 Grammar 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Beijing Mandarin ( edit ) In the classification used by the Language Atlas of China , the Beijing dialect is included in a dialect group called Beijing Mandarin ( simplified Chinese : 北京 官话 ; traditional Chinese : 北京 官 話 ; pinyin : Běijīng Guānhuà ) , distinguished from other Mandarin subgroups by the tonal reflexes of syllables that had Middle Chinese stop codas ( the so - called entering tone category ) . In the Atlas , Beijing Mandarin is divided into four subgroups : Jīngshī ( 京师 ) , covering the urban area of the capital . Huái -- Chéng ( 怀 承 ) , on the southeast edge of Beijing around Langfang , Huairou District and other northern districts of the municipality , and the northern part of Hebei , including the city of Chengde . Cháo -- Fēng ( 朝 峰 ) , spoken in a strip between the Huai -- Cheng dialects and the Northeast Mandarin area , and including the cities of Chaoyang and Chifeng . Shí -- Kè ( 石 克 ) or northern Xinjiang , including the cities of Shihezi and Karamay . In the second edition of the Atlas published in 2012 , the Shí -- Kè dialects are re-allocated to the Northern Xinjiang subgroup of Lanyin Mandarin , and the Jīngshī and Huái -- Chéng subgroups are demoted to clusters of a new Jīng -- Chéng ( 京 承 ) subgroup . Mutual intelligibility with other Mandarin dialects ( edit ) Dungan language speakers like Iasyr Shivaza and others have reported that Chinese who speak Beijing dialect can understand Dungan , but Dungans could not understand the Beijing Mandarin . Phonology ( edit ) This article contains IPA phonetic symbols . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Unicode characters . For an introductory guide on IPA symbols , see Help : IPA . In fundamental structure , the phonology of the Beijing dialect and Standard Chinese are almost identical . In part , this is because the pronunciation of Standard Chinese was based on Beijing pronunciation . ( See Standard Chinese for its phonology charts ; the same basic structure applies to the Beijing dialect . ) However , some striking differences exist . Most prominent is the proliferation of rhotic vowels . All rhotic vowels are the result of the use of the - 儿 / - ɚ / , a noun suffix , except for a few words pronounced ( ɐɚ̯ ) that do not have this suffix . In Standard Chinese , these also occur but much less often than they appear in Beijing dialect . This phenomenon is known as érhuà ( 儿 化 ) or rhotacization , as is considered one of the iconic characteristics of Beijing Mandarin . When / w / occurs in syllable - initial position , many speakers use ( ʋ ) before vowels other than ( o ) as in 我 wǒ , and ( u ) as in 五 wu , e.g. 尾巴 wěiba ( ʋei̯ ˨ pa ˦ ) . Moreover , Beijing dialect has a few phonetic reductions that are usually considered too `` colloquial '' for use in Standard Chinese . For example , in fast speech , initial consonants go through lenition if they are in an unstressed syllable : pinyin ⟨ zh ch sh ⟩ / tʂ tʂh ʂ / become ⟨ r ⟩ / ɻ / , so 不 知道 bùzhīdào `` do n't know '' can sound like bùrdào ; ⟨ jqx ⟩ / tɕ tɕh ɕ / become ⟨ y ⟩ / j / , so 赶紧 去 gǎnjǐnqù `` go quickly '' can sound like gǎnyǐnqù ; pinyin ⟨ bdg ⟩ / ptk / go through voicing to become ( bd ɡ ) ; similar changes also occur on other consonants . Some of these changes yield syllables that violate the syllable structure of Standard Chinese , such as 大 柵欄 Dà Zhàlán Street , which locals pronounce as Dàshlàr . The tones of Beijing dialect tend to be more exaggerated than Standard Chinese . In Standard Chinese , the four tones are high flat , high rising , low dipping , and falling ; in Beijing dialect , the first two tones are higher , the third one dips more prominently , and the fourth one falls more . Influence of Beijing dialect phonology on Manchu ( edit ) Many of the Manchu words are now pronounced with some Chinese peculiarities of pronunciation , so k before i and e = ch ' , g before i and e = ch , h and s before i = hs , etc . H before a , o , u , ū , is the guttural Scotch or German ch . A Manchu Grammar : With Analysed Texts , Paul Georg von Möllendorff , p. 1 . The Chinese Northern Mandarin dialect spoken in Beijing had a major impact on the phonology of the dialect of Manchu spoken in Beijing , and since Manchu phonology was transcribed into Chinese and European sources based on the sinified pronunciation of Manchus from Beijing , the original authentic Manchu pronunciation is unknown to scholars . The Manchus that lived in Peking ( Beijing ) were influenced by the Chinese dialect spoken in the area to the point where pronouncing Manchu sounds was hard for them , and they pronounced Manchu according to Chinese phonetics , while in contrast , the Manchus of Aigun ( in Heilongjiang ) could both pronounce Manchu sounds properly and mimick the sinified pronunciation of Manchus in Peking ( Beijing ) , since they learned the Pekinese ( Beijing ) pronunciation from either studying in Peking or from officials sent to Aigun from Beijing , and they could tell them apart , using the Chinese influenced Pekinese pronunciation when demonstrating that they were better educated or their superior stature in society . Vocabulary ( edit ) Beijing dialect typically uses many words that are considered slang , and therefore occur much less or not at all in Standard Chinese . Speakers not native to Beijing may have trouble understanding many or most of these . Many of such slang words employ the rhotic suffix `` - r '' , which is known as erhua . Examples include : 倍 儿 bèir -- very , especially ( referring to manner or attribute ) 别 价 biéjie -- do not ; usually followed by 呀 if used as an imperative ( usually used when rejecting a favor or politeness from close friends ) 搓 火 儿 cuōhuǒr -- to be angry 颠 儿 了 diārle -- to leave ; to run away 二 把 刀 èrbǎdāo -- a person with limited abilities , klutz 撒丫子 sayazi -- to let go on feet , to go , leave . 怂 sóng / 蔫 儿 niār -- no backbone , spiritless 消停 xiāoting -- to finally and thankfully become quiet and calm 辙 zhé -- way ( to do something ) ; equivalent to Standard Chinese 办法 褶子 了 zhezile -- ruined ( especially things to do ) 上 shang - often used in place of 去 , meaning `` to go '' . 搁 ge - often used in place of 放 , meaning `` to place '' . Some Beijing phrases may be somewhat disseminated outside Beijing : 抠门 儿 kōumér -- stingy , miserly ( may be used even outside Beijing ) 劳驾 láojia -- `` Excuse me '' ; heard often on public transportation , from Classical Chinese 溜达 liūda -- to stroll about ; equivalent to Standard Chinese 逛街 or 散步 Note that some of the slang are considered to be tuhua ( 土话 ) , or `` base '' or `` uneducated '' language , that are carryovers from an older generation and are no longer used amongst more educated speakers , for example : 起 小儿 qíxiǎor -- since a young age , similar to 打 小儿 dǎxiǎor , which is more often used by the younger generation 晕 菜 yūncài -- to be disoriented , to be confused , to be bewildered Others may be viewed as neologistic expressions used among younger speakers and in `` trendier '' circles : 爽 shuǎng -- cool ( in relation to a matter ) ; cf . 酷 ( kù ) ( describes a person ) 套 瓷 儿 tàocír -- to toss into the hoop ; used of basketball 小 蜜 xiǎomì -- special female friend ( negative connotation ) Grammar ( edit ) The Beijing dialect has been studied by linguists including Joseph Edkins and Robert Morrison . There are important dissimilarities between Standard Mandarin and Beijing dialect Mandarin even as Beijing Mandarin 's phonology is held to be the same as Standard Mandarin 's . 2 Both southern and Mandarin features of syntax were mixed into Standard Mandarin while northern Mandarin is the main basis of Beijing Mandarin and this sets the syntax of Standard Mandarin and Beijing Mandarin apart . The grammar of the Beijing dialect utilizes colloquial expressions differently from Standard Chinese . In general , Standard Chinese is influenced by Classical Chinese , which makes it more condensed and concise ; Beijing dialect can therefore seem more longwinded ( though note the generally faster speaking rate and phonetic reductions of colloquial Beijing speech ) . An example : Standard Chinese : 今天 会 下 雨 , 所以 出门 的 时候 要 记得 带 雨伞 . Jīntiān huì xiàyǔ , suǒyǐ chūmén de shíhou yào jìde dài yǔsan . Translation : It is going to rain today , so remember to bring an umbrella when you go out . Beijing dialect : 今 儿 得 下 雨 , ( 所以 ) 出门 儿 时候 记 着 带 雨伞 ! Jīnr děi xiàyǔ , ( suǒyǐ ) chūménr shíhòu jìzhe dài yǔsan ! Under the influence of the Beijing dialect 's phonetic reductions : Jīr děi xiàyǔ , ( suǒyǐ ) chūmér ríhòu jìr dài yǔsan ! See also ( edit ) China portal Journalism portal List of Chinese dialects References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hammarström , Harald ; Forkel , Robert ; Haspelmath , Martin , eds. ( 2017 ) . `` Beijing Mandarin '' . Glottolog 3.0 . Jena , Germany : Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History . Jump up ^ Beijing dialect . WordNet 3.0 , 2006 by Princeton University . Jump up ^ Yan , Margaret Mian ( 2006 ) . Introduction to Chinese Dialectology . LINCOM Europa . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 89586 - 629 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kurpaska , Maria ( 2010 ) . Chinese Language ( s ) : A Look Through the Prism of `` The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects '' . Walter de Gruyter . pp. 64 -- 65 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 021914 - 2 . Jump up ^ Wurm , Stephen Adolphe ; Li , Rong ; Baumann , Theo ; Lee , Mei W. ( 1987 ) . Language Atlas of China . Longman . Maps B2 and B5 . ISBN 978 - 962 - 359 - 085 - 3 . Jump up ^ Chinese Academy of Social Sciences ( 2012 ) . Zhōngguó yǔyán dìtú jí ( dì 2 bǎn ) : Hànyǔ fāngyán juǎn 中国 语言 地图 集 ( 第 2 版 ) : 汉语 方言 卷 ( Language Atlas of China ( 2nd edition ) : Chinese dialect volume ) . Beijing : The Commercial Press . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Fu ren da xue ( Beijing , China ) ; S.V.D. Research Institute ; Society of the Divine Word ; Monumenta Serica Institute ( 1977 ) . Monumenta serica , Volume 33 . H. Vetch . p. 351 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Seth Wiener & Ya - ting Shih . `` Divergent places of articulation : ( w ) and ( ʋ ) in modern spoken Mandarin '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Language Log Jump up ^ Möllendorff , Paul Georg von ( 1892 ) . A Manchu Grammar : With Analysed Texts ( reprint ed . ) . Shanghai : Printed at the American Presbyterian mission Press . p. 1 . Archived from the original on Oct 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Gorelova , Liliya M. , ed. ( 2002 ) . Manchu Grammar , Part 8 . Volume 7 of Handbook of Oriental Studies . Section 8 Uralic and Central Asian Studies . Brill . p. 77 . ISBN 9004123075 . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Cahiers de linguistique : Asie orientale , Volumes 31 - 32 . Contributor Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales . Centre de recherches linguistiques sur l'Asie orientale . Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales , Centre de recherches linguistiques sur l'Asie orientale. 2002 . p. 208 . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Shirokogoroff , S.M. ( 1934 ) ( August 1929 ) . `` Reading and Transliteration of Manchu Lit . '' . Archives polonaises d'etudes orientales , Volumes 8 - 10 . Contributors Polskie Towarzystwo Orientalistyczne , Polska Akademia Nauk . Komitet Nauk Orientalistycznych . Państwowe Wydawn . Naukowe . p. 122 . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Missionary recorder : a repository of intelligence from eastern missions , and a medium of general information , Volume 1 . FOOCHOW : American M.E. Mission Press . 1867 . p. 40 . Retrieved 23 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Chirkova , Katia ; Chen , Yiya . `` Běijīng Mandarin , the language of Běijīng '' . In Sybesma , Rint . Encyclopedia of Chinese Linguistics ( PDF ) . Leiden : Brill . p. 11 . External links ( edit ) Balfour , Frederic Henry ( 1883 ) . Idiomatic Dialogues in the Peking Colloquial for the Use of Students . SHANGHAI , HANKOW ROAD : Printed at the `` North - China Herald '' office . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . George Carter Stent ; Donald MacGillivray ( 1898 ) . A Chinese and English vocabulary in the Pekinese dialect ( 3rd ed . ) . American Presbyterian Mission Press . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 15 . ( 2 ) Ireneus László Legeza ( 1968 ) . Guide to transliterated Chinese in the modern Peking dialect . Brill Archive . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Ireneus László Legeza ( 1968 ) . Guide to transliterated Chinese in the modern Peking dialect . Brill Archive . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Ireneus László Legeza ( 1968 ) . Guide to transliterated Chinese in the modern Peking dialect , Volume 1 . E.J. Brill . p. 438 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . ( the University of Michigan ) ( Digitized May 14 , 2008 ) Ireneus László Legeza ( 1969 ) . Guide to transliterated Chinese in the modern Peking dialect , Volume 2 . E.J. Brill . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . ( the University of Michigan ) ( Digitized May 14 , 2008 ) Chinese language ( s ) Major subdivisions Mandarin Northeastern Harbin Shenyang Beijing Beijing Karamay Ji -- Lu Tianjin Jinan Jiao -- Liao Dalian Qingdao Weihai Central Plains Gangou Guanzhong Luoyang Xuzhou Dungan Dongping Lan -- Yin Southwestern Sichuanese Kunming Minjiang Wuhan Lower Yangtze Nanjing Wu Taihu Shanghainese Suzhou Wuxi Changzhou Hangzhou Shaoxing Ningbo Jinxiang Jiangyin Shadi Taizhou Wu Taizhou Oujiang Wenzhou Wuzhou Jinhua Chu -- Qu Quzhou Jiangshan Qingtian Xuanzhou Gan Chang -- Du Yi -- Liu Ying -- Yi Da -- Tong Xiang New Changsha Old Shuangfeng Ji -- Xu Yong -- Quan Qiyang Min Eastern Fuzhou Fuqing Fu'an Manjiang Southern Hokkien Quanzhou Zhangzhou Amoy Taiwanese Philippine Hokkien Medan Hokkien Penang Hokkien Singaporean Hokkien Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien Zhenan Longyan Teochew Shantou Haifeng Zhongshan Nanlang Sanxiang other Northern Jian'ou Jianyang Central Pu -- Xian Shao -- Jiang Leizhou Zhanjiang Hainan Hakka Meixian Wuhua Tingzhou Changting Taiwanese Hakka Sixian dialect Raoping dialect Yue Yuehai Cantonese Xiguan Jiujiang Shiqi Weitou Dapeng Gao -- Yang Siyi Taishan Goulou Wu -- Hua Yong -- Xun Luo -- Guang Qin -- Lian Proposed Huizhou Jin Hohhot Pinghua Unclassified Danzhou Mai Shaozhou Tuhua Waxiang Description of Mandarin Chinese Chinese grammar Chinese classifier Chinese Idiom Standardized forms Standard Chinese ( Mandarin ) Sichuanese Taiwanese Philippine Malaysian Singaporean Cantonese Taiwanese Hokkien Phonology Historical Old Old National Cantonese Mandarin Literary and colloquial readings History Old Chinese Eastern Han Middle Chinese Old Mandarin Middle Mandarin Proto - Min Ba -- Shu Gan Literary forms Official Classical Adoption in Vietnam Vernacular Other varieties Written Cantonese Written Dungan Written Hokkien Written Sichuanese Scripts Standard Simplified Traditional Historical Oracle bone Bronze Seal Clerical Semi-cursive Cursive Braille Cantonese Braille Mainland Chinese Braille Taiwanese Braille Two - Cell Chinese Braille Other Romanization Pinyin Wade -- Giles Bopomofo Xiao'erjing Nüshu Chinese punctuation Taiwanese kana Dungan Cyrillic List of varieties of Chinese Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beijing_dialect&oldid=797068237 '' Categories : Mandarin Chinese City colloquials Culture in Beijing Hidden categories : Articles containing Chinese - language text Dialects of languages with ISO 639 - 3 code Dialects with Linguist List code Languages without ISO 639 - 3 code but with Glottolog code Languages without ISO 639 - 3 code but with Linguasphere code Dialect articles with speakers set to ' unknown ' Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2017 , at 19 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what kind of chinese do they speak in beijing | [
"The Beijing dialect (simplified Chinese: 北京话; traditional Chinese: 北京話; pinyin: Běijīnghuà), also known as Pekingese, is the prestige dialect of Mandarin spoken in the urban area of Beijing, China.[2] It is the phonological basis of Standard Chinese, which is the official language in the People's Republic of China and Republic of China and one of the official languages in Singapore."
] | [
"Mandarin"
] |
-2180167813473907717 | Physical training uniform | Physical training uniform - wikipedia Physical training uniform Jump to : navigation , search A physical training uniform is a military uniform used during exercise , calisthenics , drills , and in some cases , very casual periods of time ( off - duty time during Initial Entry Training in the U.S. Army , for example ) . The United States Army , Marine Corps , Navy , Air Force , and Coast Guard require use of a physical training ( PT ) uniform during unit exercise ( including formation runs , calisthenics , and conditioning exercises ) . Some military units produce unique T - shirts with their unit insignia and motto , and for special events , this shirt is part of the uniform . Occasionally , exercise will be conducted in that branch 's utility uniforms , normally with the blouse removed and the undershirt exposed ( also known as `` boots and utes '' ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physical Training Uniforms of the U.S. Armed Forces 1.1 U.S. Army 1.2 U.S. Marine Corps 1.3 U.S. Navy 1.4 U.S. Air Force 1.5 U.S. Coast Guard 2 References Physical training uniforms of the U.S. armed forces ( edit ) U.S. Army ( edit ) Minnesota Army National Guardsmen wearing the Army 's former `` Improved Physical Fitness Uniform '' ( IPFU ) The Army Physical Fitness Uniform ( APFU ) consists of : Shirts : Black long - sleeve and short - sleeve shirts with gold ARMY lettering on the front . A Physical Fitness Badge may be worn for soldiers who excel at the A.P.F.T ( 270 or higher , with a 90 in each event ) . Shorts : Black with same gold ARMY lettering on the left leg . multipurpose : can be worn alone for swimming and exercise , worn with shirts or under the black trousers . Pants : Black with Army Star logo on the left thigh . Jacket : Black with gold chevron across chest and back and same Army Star logo on the left chest . The Physical Fitness Badge can be worn on this as well . Socks : Commercial calf - length or ankle - length , plain white or black socks with no logos . Shoes : Approved , well - fitting , comfortable running shoes . No five - toed shoes allowed . Black micro fleece cap and black gloves : optional for inclement weather . Army soldiers wearing special unit T - shirts For unit runs , esprit de corps or special occasions , Commanders may have soldiers wear unique T - shirts with the distinctive unit insignia and unit colors . U.S. Marine Corps ( edit ) Marines from the Wounded Warrior Regiment wearing the Marine Corps PT tracksuit All items worn by Marines conducting PT as a group are subject to uniformity , at the commander 's discretion . The Marine Corps PTUs consist of : Shirt : Plain olive - drab green short - sleeve T - shirt ( logos can be authorized . ) Shorts : Plain OD green shorts ( `` silky '' shorts are not authorized ; however , logos can be , like the shirts . ) Sweats : OD green with black USMC lettering and Marine 's logo on left chest of hoodless sweatshirt , and the same design on the left thigh of sweatpants . Tracksuit : OD green with reflective piping , Marines logo in reflective trim on left chest and MARINES lettering in red with gold trim centered on back of jacket , and same logo on upper right thigh and USMC lettering in the same style on lower right leg of pants . Shoes : appropriate civilian design , excessive bright coloring or designs are prohibited . Socks : commercial calf - length or ankle - length , plain white or black socks with no logos . Watch cap : fleece , coyote brown , black , or OD green ( replaced the black wool knit cap ) Hydration pack : green or coyote brown ( or subdued colors if personally owned packs are authorized ) U.S. Navy ( edit ) Navy sailors wearing the Navy PTU The Navy PTU 's nylon moisture wicking and odor resistant Navy blue shorts come in six and eight inch lengths , providing standard appearance among different height sailors . It also has side pockets with a hidden ID card pocket inside the waistband , which is something that all of the branches ' PTUs have in common . As with the Army uniform , optional compression shorts may be worn under the PTU shorts provided they are black or navy blue in color . The Navy PTUs consist of : Shirts : Gold long - sleeve and short - sleeve shirts with small reflective NAVY lettering on the left chests and same lettering on the backs , only larger . Shorts : Navy blue with same reflective NAVY lettering on the left leg . Tracksuit : Styled similar to the Marines ' except black with same Navy lettering on the same areas as on shirts but in gold on jacket and differently - styled lettering on lower right leg of pants . Sweats : Navy blue with same reflective Navy lettering on the same areas on sweatshirt with optional hood , and differently - styled reflective lettering on the side of left leg of sweatpants . Shoes : Approved , well - fitting , comfortable running shoes . U.S. Air Force ( edit ) Air Force airmen wearing the AFPTU The Air Force Physical Training Uniform ( AFPTU ) consists of : Shirts and Sweatshirt : Light - grey short - sleeve and long - sleeve shirts and hoodless sweatshirts with moisture wicking fabric with reflective Air Force logo and lettering on the left chests and logo centered on the backs . Shorts : Air Force blue with silver reflective stripes on the sides and the same AF logo and lettering on the left leg . Pants : AF blue with silver reflective piping on the lower legs . Jacket : Styled similar to the Army 's except AF blue with silver reflective chevron outlined by white piping across chest and back and same AF logo and lettering on the left chest but embroidered . A latex hood is hidden in the collar and can be pulled out during inclement weather . Shoes Athletic style shoes , with no color restrictions . Socks : White and black socks , small logos are authorized . U.S. Coast Guard ( edit ) The Coast Guard PTUs consist of : Shirt : Grey short - sleeve shirt with Coast Guard logo and lettering in reflective trim and blue lining on the left chest and Coast Guard lettering in the same design centered on the back . Shorts : Mesh - designed coast guard blue shorts with white Coast Guard lettering printed on the left leg . Sweats : CG blue with COAST GUARD lettering in orange with white lining centered on front and 7 reflective stripes on the back of hoodless sweatshirt , and USCG lettering in the same design on both legs of sweatpants . Swimming gear : Plain CG blue gender - standard swimsuits . Shoes : Approved , well - fitting , comfortable running shoes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ AR 600 - 8 - 22 , Army Awards , para. 8 - 51 Jump up ^ AR 670 - 1 , para. 14 - 5 Insignia ( on the Physical Training Uniform ) Jump up ^ http://www.armytimes.com/story/military/careers/army/2015/11/06/army-approves-black-socks-pt-uniforms/75169688/ Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/05/24/navy-debuts-new-tracksuit-female-dress-coat-for-sailors.html Jump up ^ http://www.navy.mil/viewGallery.asp?id=0&page=9818&r=4 ^ Jump up to : `` AIR FORCE INSTRUCTION 36 - 2903 '' ( PDF ) . United States Air Force . 17 January 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ https://shopcgx.com/uniforms/pt-gear/ Uniforms of the United States Army Uniforms of the United States Armed Forces Army Marines Navy Air Force Coast Guard Uniforms Combat Army Combat Uniform ( ACU ) ( 2005 -- present ) Garrison Army Service Uniform ( ASU ) ( 2008 -- present ) Formal Army Mess Uniform Exercise Army Improved Physical Fitness Uniform ( IPFU ) ( 2000 -- 2017 ) Army Physical Fitness Uniform ( APFU ) ( 2014 -- present ) Special Flight MultiCam Band Cadet Insignia Branch insignia I.D. Tag Medals and ribbons Tabs Badges Coat of Arms insignia Shoulder patch ( Left ; Headquarters insignia ) ( Right ; Former wartime headquarters insignia ) Overseas Service Bar Service stripe Beret flash Rank ( Officer ) ( Warrant Officer ) ( Non-Commissioned Officer ) ( Enlisted ) Headgear Berets Boonie hat Patrol cap Cavalry Stetson Garrison cap Campaign hat Peaked cap Footwear Army Combat Boot Mountain Combat Boot Modular Boot System Jungle boot Desert Combat Boot Jump boot Tanker boot Armor Interceptor Body Armor ( OTV IOTV ) MICH Helmet Modular Body Armor Vest ( MBAV ) Enhanced Combat Helmet ( ECH ) ( 2011 - present ) Retired : PASGT Vest ( 1983 - 2003 ) PASGT Helmet ( 1983 - 2004 ) Advanced Combat Helmet ( 2004 - present ) M1 helmet ( 1942 - 1983 ) M1C helmet ( WWII Era ) M1917 Helmet ( 1917 - 1942 ) ( WWI Era ) M - 69 Fragmentation Protective Body Armor ( Vietnam War Era ) M - 1952A Fragmentation Protective Body Armor ( Korean War Era ) Equipment carrier Load - Bearing Vest ( LBV ) Modular Lightweight Load - carrying Equipment ( MOLLE ) Retired : Load - Bearing Equipment ( LBE ) Load - Carrying Equipment ( LCE ) Modern Load - Carrying Equipment ( MLCE ) Retired uniforms Combat OG - 107 ( 1952 -- 1989 ) Battle Dress Uniform ( BDU ) ( 1981 -- 2008 ) Desert Battle Dress Uniform ( DBDU ) ( 1981 -- 1992 ) Desert Camouflage Uniform ( DCU ) ( 1993 -- 2008 ) Garrison Tan Service Uniform ( 1942 -- 1956 ) Green Service Uniform ( 1954 -- 2015 ) Formal White Service Uniform ( 1902 -- 2014 ) Exercise Physical Fitness Uniform ( PFU ) ( -- 2003 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physical_training_uniform&oldid=823821405 '' Categories : Military uniforms History of fashion Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 February 2018 , at 17 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does pt stand for in the army | [
"A physical training uniform is a military uniform used during exercise, calisthenics, drills, and in some cases, very casual periods of time (off-duty time during Initial Entry Training in the U.S. Army, for example). The United States Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, and Coast Guard require use of a physical training (PT) uniform during unit exercise (including formation runs, calisthenics, and conditioning exercises). Some military units produce unique T-shirts with their unit insignia and motto, and for special events, this shirt is part of the uniform. Occasionally, exercise will be conducted in that branch's utility uniforms, normally with the blouse removed and the undershirt exposed (also known as \"boots and utes\"[citation needed] )."
] | [
"physical training"
] |
8913803614925919272 | Ray Park | Ray Park - wikipedia Ray Park Jump to : navigation , search Ray Park Park in June 2011 Raymond Park ( 1974 - 08 - 23 ) 23 August 1974 ( age 43 ) Glasgow , Scotland , UK Nationality British Occupation Actor , martial artist , author Years active 1997 -- present Website raypark.com Raymond `` Ray '' Park ( born 23 August 1974 ) is a Scottish actor , author and martial artist . He is best known for playing Darth Maul in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , Toad in X-Men , Snake - Eyes in G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra and G.I. Joe : Retaliation , and Edgar on Heroes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) Ray Park was born in Glasgow , Scotland . At the age of seven , he moved with his family to London , England . Park was introduced to martial arts by his father , who was a fan of Bruce Lee , and began training in the traditional Chinese Northern Shaolin Kung Fu when he was seven years old . He added kickboxing , taekwondo and wushu to his hobbies by age 14 . When he was 16 , Park won Great Britain 's Martial Arts National Championship for his class and then went to Malaysia to try to improve his skills . He went on to compete in martial arts tournaments around the world and won awards before turning his attention to acting in the late 1990s . Career ( edit ) Park began working in films as a stunt double for the film Mortal Kombat : Annihilation , doing the stunts for both Robin Shou and James Remar. Park also did some cameos as monsters , including Baraka . All of these were non-speaking roles . In 1999 , Park appeared in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , as the Sith Lord Darth Maul . While the character had few lines , Park 's voice was dubbed over with that of actor Peter Serafinowicz . From his work on Star Wars , Park was cast in a cameo role in Fanboys as a Skywalker Ranch security guard who says , `` Time for you to get mauled , boy , '' as he pulls out two nightsticks . In addition to this acting work , he has also been Christopher Walken 's fight stunt double for the film Sleepy Hollow. Park appeared in the scene where Walken 's character , the Headless Horseman , murders the Killian family and Brom Bones , among others . Park posing with Vincent Pastore at the 2013 Wizard World New York Experience Park had his first real speaking part in X-Men as Toad . In December 2007 , Park was confirmed for the role of Snake - Eyes in G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra and G.I. Joe : Retaliation involving a variation of the international G.I. Joe force who fought the minions of Cobra in the comics . He worked with comic book creator - turned - filmmaker Kevin VanHook in the film Slayer , starring in the dual roles of acrobatic twin vampires . This film also saw him appearing again with Sleepy Hollow co-star Casper Van Dien . ComiCon 2007 saw the premiere of the teaser trailer for Descendants , another comic book adaptation based on an independent comic by writer Joey Andrade . Park appeared as Edgar in the fourth season of the television series Heroes . Park was also included in the motion capture team of the 2008 James Bond video game adaptation of Quantum of Solace . In the comic book - styled film Hellbinders , he plays a soulless mercenary who , along with an elite assassin ( Johnny Yong Bosch ) and the last remaining member of the long dead Knights Templar , Esteban Cueto , must overcome their innate mistrust of each other and join forces to defeat Legion before it opens the gates of hell itself and overruns the entire world . Park narrated on 26 February 2010 the introduction of The FireBreather , a car from Classic Design Concepts in Detroit Autorama 2010 , which appears in Park 's supernatural thriller Jinn . In 2011 , Park guest starred in the TV series Nikita as the London Guardian , Brendan . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Mortal Kombat : Annihilation Raptor # 3 / Tarkatan ( Baraka ) # 2 Also stunt double for Robin Shou and James Remar 1999 Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace Darth Maul Nominated -- MTV Movie Award for Best Fight ( shared with Liam Neeson and Ewan McGregor ) Nominated -- MTV Movie Award for Best Villain Sleepy Hollow Headless Horseman ( apart from Christopher Walken scenes ) 2000 X-Men Toad / Mortimer Toynbee 2002 Ballistic : Ecks vs. Sever A.J. Ross 2005 Potheads : The Movie Mr. D 2006 Slayer Acrobatic Vampire Twins 2007 What We Do Is Secret Brendan Mullen The Legend of Bruce Lee Chuck Norris 2009 Fanboys THX Security Guard # 2 G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra Snake - Eyes Heroes Edgar Season four , recurring role Hellbinders Max Lindermann 2009 Spartacus : Motion Comic Arkadios Narrator The King of Fighters Rugal Bernstein 2011 Nikita London Guardian , Brendan Episode : `` Into the Dark '' 2011 Supah Ninjas Harry Episode : `` Kickbutt '' 2013 G.I. Joe : Retaliation Snake - Eyes 2014 Jinn Gabriel 2015 Mortal Kombat X : Generations Erron Black 2016 Mortal Kombat : Legacy Erron Black 2018 Accident Man Mac TBA R.A.M. Damien Maxwell Pre-production TBA Future Fighters Henry `` Hank '' Liddell Pre-production References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wetmore , Jr. , Kevin J. ( 10 August 2017 ) . The Empire Triumphant : Race , Religion and Rebellion in the Star Wars Films . McFarland & Company . p. 127 . ISBN 9781476611716 . Jump up ^ `` GI JOE -- YO JOE , The Snake Has Returned '' . Kung Fu Magazine . Retrieved 22 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Ray Park on the Set of G.I. Joe '' . IESB . Retrieved 10 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Park : Unmasked on HEROES '' . Kung Fu Magazine . Retrieved 24 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Biography '' . Official Ray Park Website . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Ray Park Picture Pages . Superior Pics . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Park and Martial Arts : Part 1 '' . Kung Fu Magazine . Retrieved 24 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Park and Martial Arts : Part 2 '' . Kung Fu Magazine . Retrieved 24 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Butler , Blair ( July 26 , 2007 ) . `` g4tv. com - video17177 : ' The Descendants ' '' . G4TV . Jump up ^ `` Ray Park to Breathe Fire in Jinn ; Meet Him This Friday in Michigan '' . Dread Central . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ray Park . Star Wars portal Scotland portal Official website Ray Park on IMDb Ray Park at the TCM Movie Database Ray Park at AllMovie VIAF : 107431118 LCCN : no2010025880 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Park&oldid=824838689 '' Categories : 1974 births Male actors from Glasgow Male actors from London British wushu practitioners Living people People from Govan English people of Scottish descent English male film actors English stunt performers 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors Scottish male film actors Scottish stunt performers 20th - century Scottish male actors 21st - century Scottish male actors Hidden categories : Use British English from January 2011 Use dmy dates from January 2011 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 February 2018 , at 20 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the role of snake eyes in gi joe | [
"Raymond \"Ray\" Park (born 23 August 1974) is a Scottish actor, author and martial artist. He is best known for playing Darth Maul in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace,[1] Toad in X-Men, Snake-Eyes in G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra[2][3] and G.I. Joe: Retaliation, and Edgar on Heroes.[4]"
] | [
"Raymond \"Ray\" Park"
] |
-7690787535071753073 | List of Grand Slam men's singles champions | List of Grand Slam men 's singles champions - wikipedia List of Grand Slam men 's singles champions Jump to : navigation , search This article details the list of men 's singles Grand Slam tournaments tennis champions . Some major changes have taken place in history and have affected the number of titles that have been won by various players . These have included the opening of the French national championships to international players in 1925 , the elimination of the challenge round in 1922 , and the admission of professional players in 1968 ( the start of the Open era ) . Note : All of these tournaments have been listed since they began , rather than when they officially became majors . The Australian and US tournaments have only been officially regarded as majors by the ILTF ( now the ITF ) since 1924 ( though many regarded the US Championships as a major before then ) . The French Championships have only been a major since 1925 ( when it became open to all amateurs internationally ) . Before 1924 ( since 1912 / 1913 to 1923 ) there were 3 official majors : Wimbledon , the World Hard Court Championships ( played on clay ) and the World Covered Court Championships ( played on an indoor wood surface ) . Roger Federer has won 20 Major singles titles -- the most by any man in history , including a record eight Wimbledon titles . Rod Laver is the only man in history to win all four Majors in the same calendar year `` The Grand Slam '' twice ( 1962 and 1969 ) Don Budge is the only male player in tennis history to have won six consecutive Grand Slam singles titles , from Wimbledon 1937 to U.S. Championships 1938 . Rafael Nadal has won 16 Major titles , including 10 French Open titles at Roland Garros , making him the only male player with ten titles at one particular Grand Slam event . Pete Sampras won 14 Major titles , 7 of them at Wimbledon. 14 Major titles was the world record at the time of his retirement in 2002 . Bill Tilden won 10 Major titles in the 1920s , becoming the first male player to achieve this feat . Ken Rosewall holds a record 15 Pro Slam titles , and a record 23 overall Major titles , counting both Amateur and Pro circuits . Roy Emerson was the first male player in history to win each Major title twice , and the only player to have won a career Grand Slam in both singles and doubles . Novak Djokovic is the first player to hold all four major titles on three different surfaces simultaneously . He is tied with Roy Emerson for 12 major titles and he shares the all - time record of 6 Australian titles . Andre Agassi was the first male player to complete the Career Grand Slam on three different surfaces , and the first male player in history to win the Career Golden Slam ( winning the four Grand Slams and the Olympic Gold Medal in singles ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Champions by year 2 Statistics 2.1 Grand Slam singles titles by decade 2.1. 1 1920s 2.1. 2 1930s 2.1. 3 1940s 2.1. 4 1950s 2.1. 5 1960s 2.1. 6 1970s 2.1. 7 1980s 2.1. 8 1990s 2.1. 9 2000s 2.1. 10 2010s 2.2 Most Grand Slam singles titles ( 5 or more ) 2.3 Most singles titles by Grand Slam tournament 2.4 Grand Slam singles titles by country ( Open Era ) 2.5 Most consecutive years with at least one Grand Slam title 2.6 Achieved a Career Grand Slam 2.7 Completed the Grand Slam 2.8 Winners of three Grand Slam singles tournaments in the same calendar year 2.9 Winners of two Grand Slam singles tournaments in the same calendar year 2.10 Winners of three or more consecutive Grand Slam singles titles 2.11 Winners of five or more singles titles at one Grand Slam tournament 2.12 Winners of four or more consecutive singles titles at one Grand Slam tournament 2.13 Winning a Grand Slam singles tournament without losing a set 2.13. 1 Chronological timeline ( by player ) 2.13. 2 Occurrences by Grand Slam tournament 3 See also 4 Notes Champions by year Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open 1877 started in 1905 started in 1891 GBR : Spencer Gore started in 1881 1878 tournament not created tournament not created Frank Hadow tournament not created 1879 tournament not created tournament not created John Hartley ( 1 / 2 ) tournament not created 1880 tournament not created tournament not created John Hartley ( 2 / 2 ) tournament not created 1881 tournament not created tournament not created William Renshaw ( 1 / 7 ) USA : Richard Sears ( 1 / 7 ) 1882 tournament not created tournament not created William Renshaw ( 2 / 7 ) Richard Sears ( 2 / 7 ) 1883 tournament not created tournament not created William Renshaw ( 3 / 7 ) Richard Sears ( 3 / 7 ) 1884 tournament not created tournament not created William Renshaw ( 4 / 7 ) Richard Sears ( 4 / 7 ) 1885 tournament not created tournament not created William Renshaw ( 5 / 7 ) Richard Sears ( 5 / 7 ) 1886 tournament not created tournament not created William Renshaw ( 6 / 7 ) Richard Sears ( 6 / 7 ) 1887 tournament not created tournament not created Herbert Lawford Richard Sears ( 7 / 7 ) 1888 tournament not created tournament not created Ernest Renshaw Henry Slocum ( 1 / 2 ) 1889 tournament not created tournament not created William Renshaw ( 7 / 7 ) Henry Slocum ( 2 / 2 ) 1890 tournament not created tournament not created Willoughby Hamilton Oliver Campbell ( 1 / 3 ) 1891 tournament not created Briggs , H. H. Briggs * Wilfred Baddeley ( 1 / 3 ) Oliver Campbell ( 2 / 3 ) 1892 tournament not created FRA : Schopfer , Jean Jean Schopfer * Wilfred Baddeley ( 2 / 3 ) Oliver Campbell ( 3 / 3 ) 1893 tournament not created Riboulet , Laurent Laurent Riboulet * Joshua Pim ( 1 / 2 ) Robert Wrenn ( 1 / 4 ) 1894 tournament not created Vacherot , André André Vacherot * Joshua Pim ( 2 / 2 ) Robert Wrenn ( 2 / 4 ) 1895 tournament not created Vacherot , André André Vacherot * Wilfred Baddeley ( 3 / 3 ) Fred Hovey 1896 tournament not created Vacherot , André André Vacherot * Harold Mahony Robert Wrenn ( 3 / 4 ) 1897 tournament not created Aymé , Paul Paul Aymé * Reginald Doherty ( 1 / 4 ) Robert Wrenn ( 4 / 4 ) 1898 tournament not created Aymé , Paul Paul Aymé * Reginald Doherty ( 2 / 4 ) Malcolm Whitman ( 1 / 3 ) 1899 tournament not created Aymé , Paul Paul Aymé * Reginald Doherty ( 3 / 4 ) Malcolm Whitman ( 2 / 3 ) 1900 tournament not created Aymé , Paul Paul Aymé * Reginald Doherty ( 4 / 4 ) Malcolm Whitman ( 3 / 3 ) 1901 tournament not created Vacherot , André André Vacherot * Arthur Gore ( 1 / 3 ) William Larned ( 1 / 7 ) 1902 tournament not created Vacherot , Michel Michel Vacherot * Laurence Doherty ( 1 / 6 ) William Larned ( 2 / 7 ) 1903 tournament not created Decugis , Max Max Decugis * Laurence Doherty ( 2 / 6 ) Laurence Doherty ( 3 / 6 ) 1904 tournament not created Decugis , Max Max Decugis * Laurence Doherty ( 4 / 6 ) Holcombe Ward 1905 AUS : Rodney Heath ( 1 / 2 ) Germot , Maurice Maurice Germot * Laurence Doherty ( 5 / 6 ) Beals Wright 1906 NZL : Anthony Wilding ( 1 / 6 ) Germot , Maurice Maurice Germot * Laurence Doherty ( 6 / 6 ) William Clothier 1907 Horace Rice Decugis , Max Max Decugis * Norman Brookes ( 1 / 3 ) William Larned ( 3 / 7 ) 1908 Fred Alexander Decugis , Max Max Decugis * Arthur Gore ( 2 / 3 ) William Larned ( 4 / 7 ) 1909 Anthony Wilding ( 2 / 6 ) Decugis , Max Max Decugis * Arthur Gore ( 3 / 3 ) William Larned ( 5 / 7 ) 1910 Rodney Heath ( 2 / 2 ) Germot , Maurice Maurice Germot * Anthony Wilding ( 3 / 6 ) William Larned ( 6 / 7 ) 1911 Norman Brookes ( 2 / 3 ) Gobert , André André Gobert * Anthony Wilding ( 4 / 6 ) William Larned ( 7 / 7 ) 1912 James Cecil Parke Decugis , Max Max Decugis * Anthony Wilding ( 5 / 6 ) Maurice McLoughlin ( 1 / 2 ) 1913 Ernie Parker Decugis , Max Max Decugis * Anthony Wilding ( 6 / 6 ) Maurice McLoughlin ( 2 / 2 ) 1914 Arthur O'Hara Wood Decugis , Max Max Decugis * Norman Brookes ( 3 / 3 ) Richard Williams ( 1 / 2 ) 1915 Francis Lowe no competition no competition William Johnston ( 1 / 3 ) 1916 no competition no competition no competition Richard Williams ( 2 / 2 ) 1917 no competition no competition no competition Robert Lindley Murray ( 1 / 2 ) 1918 no competition no competition no competition Robert Lindley Murray ( 2 / 2 ) 1919 Algernon Kingscote no competition Gerald Patterson ( 1 / 3 ) William Johnston ( 2 / 3 ) 1920 Pat O'Hara Wood ( 1 / 2 ) Gobert , André André Gobert * Bill Tilden ( 1 / 10 ) Bill Tilden ( 2 / 10 ) 1921 Rhys Gemmell Samazeuilh , Jean Jean Samazeuilh * Bill Tilden ( 3 / 10 ) Bill Tilden ( 4 / 10 ) 1922 James Anderson ( 1 / 3 ) Cochet , Henri Henri Cochet * Gerald Patterson ( 2 / 3 ) Bill Tilden ( 5 / 10 ) 1923 Pat O'Hara Wood ( 2 / 2 ) Blanchy , François François Blanchy * William Johnston ( 3 / 3 ) Bill Tilden ( 6 / 10 ) 1924 James Anderson ( 2 / 3 ) Borotra , Jean Jean Borotra * Jean Borotra ( 1 / 4 ) Bill Tilden ( 7 / 10 ) 1925 James Anderson ( 3 / 3 ) René Lacoste ( 1 / 7 ) * * René Lacoste ( 2 / 7 ) Bill Tilden ( 8 / 10 ) 1926 John Hawkes Henri Cochet ( 1 / 7 ) Jean Borotra ( 2 / 4 ) René Lacoste ( 3 / 7 ) 1927 Gerald Patterson ( 3 / 3 ) René Lacoste ( 4 / 7 ) Henri Cochet ( 2 / 7 ) René Lacoste ( 5 / 7 ) 1928 Jean Borotra ( 3 / 4 ) Henri Cochet ( 3 / 7 ) René Lacoste ( 6 / 7 ) Henri Cochet ( 4 / 7 ) 1929 John Gregory René Lacoste ( 7 / 7 ) Henri Cochet ( 5 / 7 ) Bill Tilden ( 9 / 10 ) 1930 Edgar Moon Henri Cochet ( 6 / 7 ) Bill Tilden ( 10 / 10 ) John Doeg 1931 Jack Crawford ( 1 / 6 ) Jean Borotra ( 4 / 4 ) Sidney Wood Ellsworth Vines ( 1 / 3 ) 1932 Jack Crawford ( 2 / 6 ) Henri Cochet ( 7 / 7 ) Ellsworth Vines ( 2 / 3 ) Ellsworth Vines ( 3 / 3 ) 1933 Jack Crawford ( 3 / 6 ) Jack Crawford ( 4 / 6 ) Jack Crawford ( 5 / 6 ) Fred Perry ( 1 / 8 ) 1934 Fred Perry ( 2 / 8 ) GER : Gottfried von Cramm ( 1 / 2 ) Fred Perry ( 3 / 8 ) Fred Perry ( 4 / 8 ) 1935 Jack Crawford ( 6 / 6 ) Fred Perry ( 5 / 8 ) Fred Perry ( 6 / 8 ) Wilmer Allison 1936 Adrian Quist ( 1 / 3 ) GER : Gottfried von Cramm ( 2 / 2 ) Fred Perry ( 7 / 8 ) Fred Perry ( 8 / 8 ) 1937 Vivian McGrath Henner Henkel Don Budge ( 1 / 6 ) Don Budge ( 2 / 6 ) 1938 Don Budge ( 3 / 6 ) Don Budge ( 4 / 6 ) Don Budge ( 5 / 6 ) Don Budge ( 6 / 6 ) 1939 John Bromwich ( 1 / 2 ) Don McNeill ( 1 / 2 ) Bobby Riggs ( 1 / 3 ) Bobby Riggs ( 2 / 3 ) 1940 Adrian Quist ( 2 / 3 ) no competition no competition Don McNeill ( 2 / 2 ) 1941 no competition held under German occupation no competition Bobby Riggs ( 3 / 3 ) 1942 no competition held under German occupation no competition Ted Schroeder ( 1 / 2 ) 1943 no competition held under German occupation no competition Joseph Hunt 1944 no competition held under German occupation no competition Frank Parker ( 1 / 4 ) 1945 no competition Yvon Petra -- unrecognized winner no competition Frank Parker ( 2 / 4 ) 1946 John Bromwich ( 2 / 2 ) Marcel Bernard Yvon Petra Jack Kramer ( 1 / 3 ) 1947 Dinny Pails HUN : József Asbóth Jack Kramer ( 2 / 3 ) Jack Kramer ( 3 / 3 ) 1948 Adrian Quist ( 3 / 3 ) Frank Parker ( 3 / 4 ) Bob Falkenburg Pancho Gonzales ( 1 / 2 ) 1949 Frank Sedgman ( 1 / 5 ) Frank Parker ( 4 / 4 ) Ted Schroeder ( 2 / 2 ) Pancho Gonzales ( 2 / 2 ) 1950 Frank Sedgman ( 2 / 5 ) Budge Patty ( 1 / 2 ) Budge Patty ( 2 / 2 ) Arthur Larsen 1951 Richard Savitt ( 1 / 2 ) EGY : Jaroslav Drobný ( 1 / 3 ) Richard Savitt ( 2 / 2 ) Frank Sedgman ( 3 / 5 ) 1952 Ken McGregor Jaroslav Drobný ( 2 / 3 ) Frank Sedgman ( 4 / 5 ) Frank Sedgman ( 5 / 5 ) 1953 Ken Rosewall ( 1 / 8 ) Ken Rosewall ( 2 / 8 ) Vic Seixas ( 1 / 2 ) Tony Trabert ( 1 / 5 ) 1954 Mervyn Rose ( 1 / 2 ) Tony Trabert ( 2 / 5 ) EGY : Jaroslav Drobný ( 3 / 3 ) Vic Seixas ( 2 / 2 ) 1955 Ken Rosewall ( 3 / 8 ) Tony Trabert ( 3 / 5 ) Tony Trabert ( 4 / 5 ) Tony Trabert ( 5 / 5 ) 1956 Lew Hoad ( 1 / 4 ) Lew Hoad ( 2 / 4 ) Lew Hoad ( 3 / 4 ) Ken Rosewall ( 4 / 8 ) 1957 Ashley Cooper ( 1 / 4 ) SWE : Sven Davidson Lew Hoad ( 4 / 4 ) Malcolm Anderson 1958 Ashley Cooper ( 2 / 4 ) Mervyn Rose ( 2 / 2 ) Ashley Cooper ( 3 / 4 ) Ashley Cooper ( 4 / 4 ) 1959 Alex Olmedo ( 1 / 2 ) ITA : Nicola Pietrangeli ( 1 / 2 ) Alex Olmedo ( 2 / 2 ) Neale Fraser ( 1 / 3 ) 1960 Rod Laver ( 1 / 11 ) Nicola Pietrangeli ( 2 / 2 ) Neale Fraser ( 2 / 3 ) Neale Fraser ( 3 / 3 ) 1961 Roy Emerson ( 1 / 12 ) ESP : Manuel Santana ( 1 / 4 ) Rod Laver ( 2 / 11 ) Roy Emerson ( 2 / 12 ) 1962 Rod Laver ( 3 / 11 ) Rod Laver ( 4 / 11 ) Rod Laver ( 5 / 11 ) Rod Laver ( 6 / 11 ) 1963 Roy Emerson ( 3 / 12 ) Roy Emerson ( 4 / 12 ) Chuck McKinley MEX : Rafael Osuna 1964 Roy Emerson ( 5 / 12 ) Manuel Santana ( 2 / 4 ) Roy Emerson ( 6 / 12 ) Roy Emerson ( 7 / 12 ) 1965 Roy Emerson ( 8 / 12 ) Fred Stolle ( 1 / 2 ) Roy Emerson ( 9 / 12 ) Manuel Santana ( 3 / 4 ) 1966 Roy Emerson ( 10 / 12 ) Tony Roche Manuel Santana ( 4 / 4 ) Fred Stolle ( 2 / 2 ) 1967 Roy Emerson ( 11 / 12 ) Roy Emerson ( 12 / 12 ) John Newcombe ( 1 / 7 ) John Newcombe ( 2 / 7 ) 1968 William Bowrey Amateur era tennis ends Open era tennis begins Ken Rosewall ( 5 / 8 ) Rod Laver ( 7 / 11 ) Arthur Ashe ( 1 / 3 ) 1969 Rod Laver ( 8 / 11 ) Rod Laver ( 9 / 11 ) Rod Laver ( 10 / 11 ) Rod Laver ( 11 / 11 ) 1970 Arthur Ashe ( 2 / 3 ) TCH : Jan Kodeš ( 1 / 3 ) John Newcombe ( 3 / 7 ) Ken Rosewall ( 6 / 8 ) 1971 Ken Rosewall ( 7 / 8 ) Jan Kodeš ( 2 / 3 ) John Newcombe ( 4 / 7 ) Stan Smith ( 1 / 2 ) 1972 Ken Rosewall ( 8 / 8 ) Andrés Gimeno Stan Smith ( 2 / 2 ) ROU : Ilie Năstase ( 1 / 2 ) 1973 John Newcombe ( 5 / 7 ) Ilie Năstase ( 2 / 2 ) Jan Kodeš ( 3 / 3 ) John Newcombe ( 6 / 7 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1 / 8 ) Björn Borg ( 1 / 11 ) Jimmy Connors ( 2 / 8 ) Jimmy Connors ( 3 / 8 ) John Newcombe ( 7 / 7 ) Björn Borg ( 2 / 11 ) Arthur Ashe ( 3 / 3 ) Manuel Orantes 1976 Mark Edmondson Adriano Panatta Björn Borg ( 3 / 11 ) Jimmy Connors ( 4 / 8 ) 1977 Roscoe Tanner ARG : Guillermo Vilas ( 1 / 4 ) Björn Borg ( 4 / 11 ) Guillermo Vilas ( 2 / 4 ) Vitas Gerulaitis 1978 Guillermo Vilas ( 3 / 4 ) Björn Borg ( 5 / 11 ) Björn Borg ( 6 / 11 ) Jimmy Connors ( 5 / 8 ) 1979 Guillermo Vilas ( 4 / 4 ) Björn Borg ( 7 / 11 ) Björn Borg ( 8 / 11 ) John McEnroe ( 1 / 7 ) 1980 Brian Teacher Björn Borg ( 9 / 11 ) Björn Borg ( 10 / 11 ) John McEnroe ( 2 / 7 ) 1981 RSA : Johan Kriek ( 1 / 2 ) Björn Borg ( 11 / 11 ) John McEnroe ( 3 / 7 ) John McEnroe ( 4 / 7 ) 1982 Johan Kriek ( 2 / 2 ) Mats Wilander ( 1 / 7 ) Jimmy Connors ( 6 / 8 ) Jimmy Connors ( 7 / 8 ) Mats Wilander ( 2 / 7 ) Yannick Noah John McEnroe ( 5 / 7 ) Jimmy Connors ( 8 / 8 ) 1984 Mats Wilander ( 3 / 7 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1 / 8 ) John McEnroe ( 6 / 7 ) John McEnroe ( 7 / 7 ) 1985 Stefan Edberg ( 1 / 6 ) Mats Wilander ( 4 / 7 ) FRG : Boris Becker ( 1 / 6 ) Ivan Lendl ( 2 / 8 ) 1986 no competition Ivan Lendl ( 3 / 8 ) Boris Becker ( 2 / 6 ) Ivan Lendl ( 4 / 8 ) Stefan Edberg ( 2 / 6 ) Ivan Lendl ( 5 / 8 ) Pat Cash Ivan Lendl ( 6 / 8 ) 1988 Mats Wilander ( 5 / 7 ) Mats Wilander ( 6 / 7 ) Stefan Edberg ( 3 / 6 ) Mats Wilander ( 7 / 7 ) 1989 Ivan Lendl ( 7 / 8 ) Michael Chang Boris Becker ( 3 / 6 ) Boris Becker ( 4 / 6 ) Ivan Lendl ( 8 / 8 ) ECU : Andrés Gómez Stefan Edberg ( 4 / 6 ) Pete Sampras ( 1 / 14 ) 1991 GER : Boris Becker ( 5 / 6 ) Jim Courier ( 1 / 4 ) Michael Stich Stefan Edberg ( 5 / 6 ) 1992 Jim Courier ( 2 / 4 ) Jim Courier ( 3 / 4 ) Andre Agassi ( 1 / 8 ) Stefan Edberg ( 6 / 6 ) 1993 Jim Courier ( 4 / 4 ) Sergi Bruguera ( 1 / 2 ) Pete Sampras ( 2 / 14 ) Pete Sampras ( 3 / 14 ) 1994 Pete Sampras ( 4 / 14 ) Sergi Bruguera ( 2 / 2 ) Pete Sampras ( 5 / 14 ) Andre Agassi ( 2 / 8 ) 1995 Andre Agassi ( 3 / 8 ) AUT : Thomas Muster Pete Sampras ( 6 / 14 ) Pete Sampras ( 7 / 14 ) Boris Becker ( 6 / 6 ) RUS : Yevgeny Kafelnikov ( 1 / 2 ) NED : Richard Krajicek Pete Sampras ( 8 / 14 ) 1997 Pete Sampras ( 9 / 14 ) BRA : Gustavo Kuerten ( 1 / 3 ) Pete Sampras ( 10 / 14 ) Patrick Rafter ( 1 / 2 ) 1998 CZE : Petr Korda Carlos Moyá Pete Sampras ( 11 / 14 ) Patrick Rafter ( 2 / 2 ) 1999 Yevgeny Kafelnikov ( 2 / 2 ) Andre Agassi ( 4 / 8 ) Pete Sampras ( 12 / 14 ) Andre Agassi ( 5 / 8 ) 2000 Andre Agassi ( 6 / 8 ) Gustavo Kuerten ( 2 / 3 ) Pete Sampras ( 13 / 14 ) Marat Safin ( 1 / 2 ) Andre Agassi ( 7 / 8 ) Gustavo Kuerten ( 3 / 3 ) CRO : Goran Ivanišević Lleyton Hewitt ( 1 / 2 ) 2002 Thomas Johansson Albert Costa Lleyton Hewitt ( 2 / 2 ) Pete Sampras ( 14 / 14 ) 2003 Andre Agassi ( 8 / 8 ) Juan Carlos Ferrero SUI : Roger Federer ( 1 / 20 ) Andy Roddick Roger Federer ( 2 / 20 ) Gastón Gaudio Roger Federer ( 3 / 20 ) Roger Federer ( 4 / 20 ) 2005 Marat Safin ( 2 / 2 ) Rafael Nadal ( 1 / 16 ) Roger Federer ( 5 / 20 ) Roger Federer ( 6 / 20 ) 2006 Roger Federer ( 7 / 20 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2 / 16 ) Roger Federer ( 8 / 20 ) Roger Federer ( 9 / 20 ) 2007 Roger Federer ( 10 / 20 ) Rafael Nadal ( 3 / 16 ) Roger Federer ( 11 / 20 ) Roger Federer ( 12 / 20 ) 2008 SRB : Novak Djokovic ( 1 / 12 ) Rafael Nadal ( 4 / 16 ) Rafael Nadal ( 5 / 16 ) Roger Federer ( 13 / 20 ) 2009 Rafael Nadal ( 6 / 16 ) Roger Federer ( 14 / 20 ) Roger Federer ( 15 / 20 ) Juan Martín del Potro Roger Federer ( 16 / 20 ) Rafael Nadal ( 7 / 16 ) Rafael Nadal ( 8 / 16 ) Rafael Nadal ( 9 / 16 ) 2011 Novak Djokovic ( 2 / 12 ) Rafael Nadal ( 10 / 16 ) Novak Djokovic ( 3 / 12 ) Novak Djokovic ( 4 / 12 ) 2012 Novak Djokovic ( 5 / 12 ) Rafael Nadal ( 11 / 16 ) Roger Federer ( 17 / 20 ) Andy Murray ( 1 / 3 ) 2013 Novak Djokovic ( 6 / 12 ) Rafael Nadal ( 12 / 16 ) Andy Murray ( 2 / 3 ) Rafael Nadal ( 13 / 16 ) 2014 Stan Wawrinka ( 1 / 3 ) Rafael Nadal ( 14 / 16 ) Novak Djokovic ( 7 / 12 ) Marin Čilić 2015 Novak Djokovic ( 8 / 12 ) Stan Wawrinka ( 2 / 3 ) Novak Djokovic ( 9 / 12 ) Novak Djokovic ( 10 / 12 ) 2016 Novak Djokovic ( 11 / 12 ) Novak Djokovic ( 12 / 12 ) Andy Murray ( 3 / 3 ) Stan Wawrinka ( 3 / 3 ) 2017 Roger Federer ( 18 / 20 ) Rafael Nadal ( 15 / 16 ) Roger Federer ( 19 / 20 ) Rafael Nadal ( 16 / 16 ) 2018 Roger Federer ( 20 / 20 ) Legend Player won all 4 Grand Slam tournaments in the same year Player won 3 Grand Slam tournaments in the same year Player won 2 Grand Slam tournaments in the same year Italics -- open only to specific club members of the host country * authorities differ on whether these events should count toward grand slam totals * * The French Championships opened itself to international competitors and renamed as Championnats Internationaux de France ( de tennis ) . * * * French Championships held between 1941 and 1945 are not recognized by the tournament organizer . See Tournoi de France † Held in January 1920 , before the 1920 Australasian Championships † † Held in August 1923 , after Wimbledon and before the US National Championships † † † Renamed from Australasian Championships to Australian Championships † † † † Australian Open held in December of the year it is listed under , after the US Open Statistics Grand Slam singles titles by decade 1920s 9 Tilden 7 Lacoste 5 Cochet 3 Anderson , Borotra 2 Patterson , Wood 1 Gemmell , Gregory , Hawkes , Johnston 1930s 8 Perry 6 Budge , Crawford 3 Vines 2 Cochet , von Cramm , Riggs 1 Allison , Borotra , Bromwich , Doeg , Henkel , McGrath , McNeill , Moon , Quist , Tilden , Wood 1940s 4 Parker 3 Kramer 2 Gonzales , Quist , Schroeder 1 Asbóth , Bernard , Bromwich , Falkenburg , Hunt , McNeill , Pails , Petra , Riggs , Sedgman 1950s 5 Trabert 4 Cooper , Hoad , Rosewall , Sedgman 3 Drobný 2 Olmedo , Patty , Rose , Savitt , Seixas 1 Anderson , Davidson , Fraser , Larsen , McGregor , Pietrangeli 1960s 12 Emerson 11 Laver 4 Santana 2 Fraser , Newcombe , Stolle 1 Ashe , Bowrey , McKinley , Osuna , Pietrangeli , Roche , Rosewall 1970s 8 Borg 5 Newcombe , Connors 4 Vilas 3 Rosewall , Kodeš 2 Smith , Năstase , Ashe 1 Edmondson , Gerulaitis , Gimeno , McEnroe , Orantes , Panatta , Tanner 1980s 7 Lendl , Wilander 6 McEnroe 4 Becker 3 Borg , Connors , Edberg 2 Kriek 1 Cash , Chang , Noah , Teacher 1990s 12 Sampras 5 Agassi 4 Courier 3 Edberg 2 Becker , Bruguera , Kafelnikov , Rafter 1 Gómez , Korda , Krajicek , Kuerten , Lendl , Moyá , Muster , Stich 2000s 15 Federer 6 Nadal 3 Agassi 2 Hewitt , Kuerten , Safin , Sampras 1 Costa , Djokovic , Ferrero , Gaudio , Ivanišević , Johansson , del Potro , Roddick 2010s 11 Djokovic 10 Nadal 5 Federer 3 Murray , Wawrinka 1 Čilić Most Grand Slam singles titles ( 5 or more ) All - time Rank Player Total Years Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Roger Federer 20 2003 -- 2018 6 8 5 Rafael Nadal 16 2005 -- 2017 10 Pete Sampras 14 1990 -- 2002 0 7 5 Roy Emerson 12 1961 -- 1967 6 Novak Djokovic 12 2008 -- 2016 6 6 Rod Laver 11 1960 -- 1969 Björn Borg 11 1974 -- 1981 0 6 5 0 8 Bill Tilden 10 1920 -- 1930 0 0 7 9 Fred Perry 8 1933 -- 1936 Ken Rosewall 8 1953 -- 1972 0 Jimmy Connors 8 1974 -- 1983 0 5 Ivan Lendl 8 1984 -- 1990 0 Andre Agassi 8 1992 -- 2003 14 Richard Sears 7 1881 -- 1887 0 0 0 7 William Renshaw 7 1881 -- 1889 0 0 7 0 William Larned 7 1901 -- 1911 0 0 0 7 René Lacoste 7 1925 -- 1929 0 Henri Cochet 7 1926 -- 1932 0 John Newcombe 7 1967 -- 1975 0 John McEnroe 7 1979 -- 1984 0 0 Mats Wilander 7 1982 -- 1988 0 22 Laurence Doherty 6 1902 -- 1906 0 0 5 Tony Wilding 6 1906 -- 1913 0 0 Jack Crawford 6 1931 -- 1935 0 Don Budge 6 1937 -- 1938 Stefan Edberg 6 1985 -- 1992 0 Boris Becker 6 1985 -- 1996 0 28 Frank Sedgman 5 1949 -- 1952 0 Tony Trabert 5 1953 -- 1955 0 Open Era Rank Player Total Years Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Roger Federer 20 2003 -- 2018 6 8 5 Rafael Nadal 16 2005 -- 2017 10 Pete Sampras 14 1990 -- 2002 0 7 5 Novak Djokovic 12 2008 -- 2016 6 5 Björn Borg 11 1974 -- 1981 0 6 5 0 6 Jimmy Connors 8 1974 -- 1983 0 5 Ivan Lendl 8 1984 -- 1990 0 Andre Agassi 8 1992 -- 2003 9 John McEnroe 7 1979 -- 1984 0 0 Mats Wilander 7 1982 -- 1988 0 11 Stefan Edberg 6 1985 -- 1992 0 Boris Becker 6 1985 -- 1996 0 13 Rod Laver 5 1968 -- 1969 John Newcombe 5 1970 -- 1975 0 Most singles titles by Grand Slam tournament All - time Grand Slam Wins Player ( s ) Australian Open 6 Roy Emerson Novak Djokovic Roger Federer French Open 10 Rafael Nadal Wimbledon 8 Roger Federer US Open 7 Richard Sears William Larned Bill Tilden Open Era Grand Slam Wins Player ( s ) Australian Open 6 Novak Djokovic Roger Federer French Open 10 Rafael Nadal Wimbledon 8 Roger Federer US Open 5 Jimmy Connors Pete Sampras Roger Federer Note : Bold indicates player still active . Grand Slam singles titles by country ( Open Era ) 51 United States 25 Sweden 23 Spain 23 Switzerland 20 Australia 12 Czechoslovakia ( one as Czech Republic ) 12 Serbia 7 Germany ( also West Germany ) 6 Argentina 4 Russia 3 Brazil , United Kingdom 2 Croatia , Romania , South Africa 1 Austria , Ecuador , France , Italy , Netherlands Most consecutive years with at least one Grand Slam title Years Span Player ( s ) 10 2005 -- 2014 Rafael Nadal 8 1974 -- 1981 Björn Borg 8 1993 -- 2000 Pete Sampras 8 2003 -- 2010 Roger Federer 7 1881 -- 1887 Richard Sears Note : * indicates ongoing streak , bold indicates player still active . Achieved a Career Grand Slam These players won all four majors . The year listed is the year the player first won each tournament ; the last one is marked in bold . The age listed is the age at the end of that last tournament , i.e. , the age at which the player completed his Career Grand Slam . Player Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Age Fred Perry 1934 1935 1934 1933 26 years , 15 days Don Budge 1938 1938 1937 1937 22 years , 357 days Rod Laver 1960 1962 1961 1962 24 years , 32 days Roy Emerson 1961 1963 1964 1961 27 years , 244 days Andre Agassi 1995 1999 1992 1994 29 years , 38 days Roger Federer 2009 2003 27 years , 203 days Rafael Nadal 2009 2005 2008 24 years , 101 days Novak Djokovic 2008 2016 2011 2011 29 years , 14 days Completed the Grand Slam ( Winners of all four Grand Slam singles tournaments in the same calendar year ) Australian -- French -- Wimbledon -- U.S. : 1938 Don Budge 1962 Rod Laver 1969 Rod Laver ( 2 ) Winners of three Grand Slam singles tournaments in the same calendar year Note : players with four titles are not included here . Australian -- French -- Wimbledon : 1933 Jack Crawford 1956 Lew Hoad Australian -- French -- U.S. : 1988 Mats Wilander Australian -- Wimbledon -- U.S. : 1934 Fred Perry 1958 Ashley Cooper 1964 Roy Emerson 1974 Jimmy Connors 2004 Roger Federer 2006 Roger Federer ( 2 ) 2007 Roger Federer ( 3 ) 2011 Novak Djokovic 2015 Novak Djokovic ( 2 ) French -- Wimbledon -- U.S. : 1955 Tony Trabert 2010 Rafael Nadal Winners of two Grand Slam singles tournaments in the same calendar year Note : players with more than two titles are not included here . Australian -- French : 1953 Ken Rosewall 1963 Roy Emerson 1967 Roy Emerson ( 2 ) 1992 Jim Courier 2016 Novak Djokovic Australian -- Wimbledon : 1951 Dick Savitt 1959 Alex Olmedo 1965 Roy Emerson 1994 Pete Sampras 1997 Pete Sampras ( 2 ) 2017 Roger Federer Australian -- U.S. : 1961 Roy Emerson 1973 John Newcombe French -- Wimbledon : 1925 René Lacoste 1935 Fred Perry 1950 Budge Patty 1978 Björn Borg 1979 Björn Borg ( 2 ) 1980 Björn Borg ( 3 ) 2008 Rafael Nadal 2009 Roger Federer French -- U.S. : 1927 René Lacoste 1928 Henri Cochet 1977 Guillermo Vilas 1986 Ivan Lendl 1987 Ivan Lendl ( 2 ) 1999 Andre Agassi 2013 Rafael Nadal 2017 Rafael Nadal ( 2 ) Wimbledon -- U.S. : 1903 Laurence Doherty 1920 Bill Tilden 1921 Bill Tilden ( 2 ) 1932 Ellsworth Vines 1936 Fred Perry 1937 Don Budge 1939 Bobby Riggs 1947 Jack Kramer 1952 Frank Sedgman 1960 Neale Fraser 1967 John Newcombe 1981 John McEnroe 1982 Jimmy Connors 1984 John McEnroe ( 2 ) 1989 Boris Becker 1993 Pete Sampras 1995 Pete Sampras ( 2 ) 2005 Roger Federer Winners of three or more consecutive Grand Slam singles titles Titles Players Years 6 Don Budge 1937 -- 38 Rod Laver 1962 Rod Laver 1969 Novak Djokovic 2015 -- 16 Jack Crawford 1933 Tony Trabert 1955 Lew Hoad 1956 Roy Emerson 1964 -- 65 Pete Sampras 1993 -- 94 Roger Federer 2005 -- 06 Roger Federer 2006 -- 07 Rafael Nadal Novak Djokovic 2011 -- 12 Winners of five or more singles titles at one Grand Slam tournament All - time Titles Player Grand Slam 10 Rafael Nadal French Open 8 Roger Federer Wimbledon 7 Richard Sears U.S. Championships William Renshaw Wimbledon Championships William Larned U.S. Championships Bill Tilden U.S. Championships Pete Sampras Wimbledon 6 Roy Emerson Australian Championships Björn Borg French Open Novak Djokovic Australian Open Roger Federer Australian Open 5 Laurence Doherty Wimbledon Björn Borg Wimbledon Jimmy Connors US Open Pete Sampras US Open Roger Federer US Open Open Era Titles Player Grand Slam 10 Rafael Nadal French Open 8 Roger Federer Wimbledon 7 Pete Sampras Wimbledon 6 Björn Borg French Open Novak Djokovic Australian Open Roger Federer Australian Open 5 Björn Borg Wimbledon Jimmy Connors US Open Pete Sampras US Open Roger Federer US Open Winners of four or more consecutive singles titles at one Grand Slam tournament All - time Titles Player Grand Slam Years 7 Richard Sears U.S. Championships 1881 -- 87 6 William Renshaw Wimbledon 1881 -- 86 Bill Tilden U.S. Championships 1920 -- 25 5 Laurence Doherty Wimbledon 1902 -- 06 William Larned U.S. Championships 1907 -- 11 Roy Emerson Australian Championships 1963 -- 67 Björn Borg Wimbledon 1976 -- 80 Roger Federer Wimbledon 2003 -- 07 Roger Federer US Open 2004 -- 08 Rafael Nadal French Open 2010 -- 14 Reginald Doherty Wimbledon 1897 -- 1900 Tony Wilding Wimbledon 1910 -- 13 Björn Borg French Open 1978 -- 81 Pete Sampras Wimbledon 1997 -- 2000 Rafael Nadal French Open 2005 -- 08 Open Era Titles Player Grand Slam Years 5 Björn Borg Wimbledon 1976 -- 80 Roger Federer Wimbledon 2003 -- 07 Roger Federer US Open 2004 -- 08 Rafael Nadal French Open 2010 -- 14 Björn Borg French Open 1978 -- 81 Pete Sampras Wimbledon 1997 -- 2000 Rafael Nadal French Open 2005 -- 08 Bold = Active Streaks Winning a Grand Slam singles tournament without losing a set Chronological timeline ( by player ) Most in category * Player Times Grand Slam Tournaments Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Richard Sears 3 * -- -- -- 1881 , 1882 , 1883 * Laurence Doherty -- -- -- 1903 Holcombe Ward -- -- -- 1904 William Larned -- -- -- 1907 Tony Wilding 1909 * -- -- -- Rodney Heath 1910 * -- -- -- Pat O'Hara Wood 1923 * -- -- -- Don Budge 1938 * -- 1938 * -- John Bromwich 1939 * -- -- -- Frank Parker -- -- -- 1945 Frank Sedgman -- -- -- 1952 Tony Trabert 3 * -- -- 1955 * 1953 , 1955 Neale Fraser -- -- -- 1960 Chuck McKinley -- -- 1963 * -- Roy Emerson 1964 * -- -- -- Ken Rosewall 1971 * -- -- -- Ilie Năstase -- 1973 -- -- Björn Borg 3 * -- 1978 , 1980 1976 * -- Roger Federer 2007 * -- 2017 * -- Rafael Nadal 3 * -- 2008 , 2010 , 2017 * -- -- Occurrences by Grand Slam tournament Grand Slam Tournament Times Number of Players Player ( s ) Australian Open 8 8 Tony Wilding Rodney Heath Pat O'Hara Wood Don Budge John Bromwich Roy Emerson Ken Rosewall Roger Federer French Open 6 Ilie Năstase Björn Borg ( twice ) Rafael Nadal ( 3 times ) Wimbledon 5 5 Don Budge Tony Trabert Chuck McKinley Björn Borg Roger Federer US Open 11 8 Richard Sears ( 3 times ) Laurence Doherty Holcombe Ward William Larned Frank Parker Frank Sedgman Tony Trabert ( twice ) Neale Fraser See also Tennis statistics Chronological list of men 's major tennis champions List of Grand Slam women 's singles champions List of Grand Slam men 's doubles champions List of Grand Slam women 's doubles champions List of Grand Slam mixed doubles champions List of Grand Slam boys ' singles champions List of Grand Slam girls ' singles champions List of men 's Grand Slam , Olympic and ATP Tour Finals and Masters Series singles champions Notes Jump up ^ ESPN Sports Almanac 2006 , page 814 Jump up ^ World Book Encyclopedia 2008 T p166a Jump up ^ Compton Encyclopedia 1975 ST p301 Jump up ^ Concord Encyclopedia Jump up ^ CBS Sports `` ( 1 ) '' Jump up ^ Top End Sports `` ( 2 ) '' Jump up ^ USA Today Tennis `` ( 3 ) '' Jump up ^ Tennis 28 Slams `` ( 4 ) '' Jump up ^ USOpen.org Archived 1 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` WTA Tour '' . wtatour.com . Archived from the original on 25 November 2010 . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ROGER FEDERER `` CERTAINLY HAS THE CHANCE '' AT THE GRAND SLAM , SAYS LAVER `` . worldtennismagazine.com . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stats - All Grand Slam Winners - Grand Slam History '' . www.grandslamhistory.com . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ CROWE , JERRY ( 22 May 1994 ) . `` Return to Grand Slam Glory : Rod Laver Was the Last Man to Sweep Four Major Titles and Thinks It Can Be Done Again '' . Retrieved 5 September 2017 -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ `` Neale Fraser wins 1960 US Open without dropping set '' . ATP World Tour . Archived from the original on 22 January 2015 . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Grand Slam tournament champions Australian Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) French Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) Wimbledon Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) US Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) All tournaments Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Boys ' singles Girls ' singles Boys ' doubles Girls ' doubles Grand Slam overall records Tennis records and statistics Grand Slam Records Champions Men 's singles Chronological Women 's singles Chronological Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Boys ' singles Girls ' singles Boys ' doubles Girls ' doubles Champions by country Singles Singles finals Open Era singles Men 's finals Women 's finals Age of first title Men 's Singles Open Era All - time Misc . ATP Tour Rankings Records Elite champions Singles Doubles Awards No. 1 rankings ATP singles ATP doubles All - time Select players Singles Doubles Open Era Match wins Masters Series Women 's Singles Open Era All - time WTA Tour Rankings Records Elite champions Awards No. 1 rankings WTA singles and doubles All - time Select players Other Notable rivalries Open Era Titles leaders Records Ranking per country Tournaments Singles Doubles Olympics ITF Rankings Champions Match duration Longest Shortest Tiebreaker Golden set Serving Speed Aces Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Grand_Slam_men%27s_singles_champions&oldid=835218846 '' Categories : Lists of Grand Slam ( tennis ) champions Grand Slam ( tennis ) champions in men 's singles Lists of male tennis players Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles with hCards Use dmy dates from May 2011 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français हिन्दी Hrvatski مصرى 日本 語 Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 09 : 14 . About Wikipedia | who has won the most grand slam singles tennis titles | [
"\n\nRank\nPlayer\nTotal\nYears\nAustralian Open\nFrench Open\nWimbledon\nUS Open\n\n\n1\n Roger Federer\n20\n2003–2018\n6\n1\n8\n5\n\n\n2\n Rafael Nadal\n16\n2005–2017\n1\n10\n2\n3\n\n\n3\n Pete Sampras\n14\n1990–2002\n2\n0\n7\n5\n\n\n4\n Roy Emerson\n12\n1961–1967\n6\n2\n2\n2\n\n\n Novak Djokovic\n12\n2008–2016\n6\n1\n3\n2\n\n\n6\n Rod Laver\n11\n1960–1969\n3\n2\n4\n2\n\n\n Björn Borg\n11\n1974–1981\n0\n6\n5\n0\n\n\n8\n Bill Tilden\n10\n1920–1930\n0\n0\n3\n7\n\n\n9\n Fred Perry\n8\n1933–1936\n1\n1\n3\n3\n\n\n Ken Rosewall\n8\n1953–1972\n4\n2\n0\n2\n\n\n Jimmy Connors\n8\n1974–1983\n1\n0\n2\n5\n\n\n Ivan Lendl\n8\n1984–1990\n2\n3\n0\n3\n\n\n Andre Agassi\n8\n1992–2003\n4\n1\n1\n2\n\n\n14\n Richard Sears\n7\n1881–1887\n0\n0\n0\n7\n\n\n William Renshaw\n7\n1881–1889\n0\n0\n7\n0\n\n\n William Larned\n7\n1901–1911\n0\n0\n0\n7\n\n\n René Lacoste\n7\n1925–1929\n0\n3\n2\n2\n\n\n Henri Cochet\n7\n1926–1932\n0\n4\n2\n1\n\n\n John Newcombe\n7\n1967–1975\n2\n0\n3\n2\n\n\n John McEnroe\n7\n1979–1984\n0\n0\n3\n4\n\n\n Mats Wilander\n7\n1982–1988\n3\n3\n0\n1\n\n\n22\n Laurence Doherty\n6\n1902–1906\n0\n0\n5\n1\n\n\n Tony Wilding\n6\n1906–1913\n2\n0\n4\n0\n\n\n Jack Crawford\n6\n1931–1935\n4\n1\n1\n0\n\n\n Don Budge\n6\n1937–1938\n1\n1\n2\n2\n\n\n Stefan Edberg\n6\n1985–1992\n2\n0\n2\n2\n\n\n Boris Becker\n6\n1985–1996\n2\n0\n3\n1\n\n\n28\n Frank Sedgman\n5\n1949–1952\n2\n0\n1\n2\n\n\n Tony Trabert\n5\n1953–1955\n0\n2\n1\n2\n\n"
] | [
"Roger Federer"
] |
796383823205983699 | Halloween (1978 film) | Halloween ( 1978 film ) - wikipedia Halloween ( 1978 film ) For other uses , see Halloween ( disambiguation ) . Halloween Theatrical release poster Directed by John Carpenter Produced by Debra Hill Written by John Carpenter Debra Hill Starring Donald Pleasence Jamie Lee Curtis P.J. Soles Nancy Loomis Music by John Carpenter Cinematography Dean Cundey Edited by Tommy Wallace Charles Bornstein Production company Falcon International Productions Distributed by Compass International Pictures Release date October 25 , 1978 ( 1978 - 10 - 25 ) Running time 91 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $300,000 -- 325,000 Box office $70 million Halloween is a 1978 American slasher film directed and scored by John Carpenter , co-written with producer Debra Hill , and starring Donald Pleasence and Jamie Lee Curtis in her film debut . The film tells the story of Michael Myers , who was committed to a sanitarium as a child for the murder of his older sister Judith Myers . Fifteen years later , he escapes to stalk and kill the people of the fictional town of Haddonfield , Illinois while being chased by his former psychiatrist , Samuel Loomis . Halloween was produced on a budget of $300,000 and grossed $47 million at the box office in the United States and $23 million internationally for a total of $70 million worldwide , selling almost 30 million tickets in 1978 . It became one of the most profitable independent films . Primarily praised for its direction and musical score , many critics credit the film as the first in a long line of slasher films inspired by Alfred Hitchcock 's Psycho ( 1960 ) . In 2006 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Some critics have suggested that Halloween may encourage sadism and misogyny by audiences identifying with its villain . Others have suggested the film is a social critique of the immorality of youth and teenagers in 1970s America , with many of Myers ' victims being sexually promiscuous substance abusers , while the lone heroine is depicted as innocent and pure , hence her survival . Carpenter dismisses such analyses . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Writing 3.2 Casting 3.3 Direction 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Theatrical run 4.2 Television rights 4.3 Home video releases 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Themes and analysis 5.3 Awards 6 Influence 7 Sequels and remake 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1963 , on Halloween night in the Midwestern United States town of Haddonfield , Illinois , Michael Myers , dressed in a clown costume and mask , inexplicably stabs his older sister Judith to death with a kitchen knife in their home . He is subsequently hospitalized at Warren County 's Smith 's Grove Sanitarium . Fifteen years later , on October 30 , 1978 , Michael 's child psychiatrist , Dr. Sam Loomis , and his colleague , Marion Chambers , arrive at Smith 's Grove Sanitarium to take Michael to court . Michael escapes from the sanitarium , stealing Loomis ' car . Returning home to Haddonfield , Michael kills a mechanic for his uniform and steals a white mask , a couple of knives , and some rope from a local store . The next day , on Halloween , Michael stalks high school student Laurie Strode after she and Tommy Doyle drop off a key at his former house , so her father can sell it . Throughout the day , Laurie notices Michael following her , but her friends Annie Brackett and Lynda Van der Klok dismiss her concerns . Loomis arrives in Haddonfield in search of Michael , knowing his intentions . After discovering that Judith Myers ' headstone has been stolen from the local cemetery , Loomis meets with Annie 's father , Sheriff Leigh Brackett . The two begin their search at Michael 's house , where Loomis tries to warn the skeptical sheriff about the danger Michael poses , explaining that Michael is pure evil and capable of further violence , despite years of catatonia . Sheriff Brackett patrols the streets while Loomis waits and watches the house , expecting Michael to return there . Later that night , Laurie goes over to babysit Tommy , while Annie babysits Lindsey Wallace just across the street , unaware that Michael is watching them . When Annie 's boyfriend , Paul , calls her to come and pick him up , she takes Lindsey over to the Doyle house to spend the night with Laurie and Tommy . Annie is just about to leave in her car when Michael , who stowed away in the back seat , strangles her before slitting her throat , killing her . Soon after , Lynda and her boyfriend Bob Simms arrive at the Wallace house . After having sex , Bob goes downstairs to get a beer for Lynda , but Michael stabs him with a knife which pins him to the wall , killing him . Michael then poses as Bob in a ghost costume and confronts Lynda , who teases him , having no effect . Lynda calls Laurie ; just as Laurie picks up , Michael strangles Lynda to death with the telephone cord . Meanwhile , Loomis discovers the stolen car and begins combing the streets . Suspicious , Laurie goes over to the Wallace house . There , she finds the corpses of Annie , Bob , and Lynda in an upstairs bedroom , as well as Judith Myers ' headstone . Horrified , Laurie cowers in the hallway , when Michael suddenly appears and attacks her , slashing her arm . Barely escaping , Laurie races back to the Doyle house . Michael gets in and attacks her again , but Laurie manages to fend him off long enough for Tommy and Lindsey to escape . Laurie defends herself by stabbing him with a knitting needle , a metal hanger , and his own knife , but Michael re-animates and attacks Laurie . Loomis sees the two children fleeing the house , and goes to investigate , finding Michael and Laurie fighting upstairs . Loomis shoots Michael six times , knocking him off the balcony ; when Loomis goes to check Michael 's body , he finds it missing . Unsurprised , Loomis stares off into the night , while Laurie begins sobbing in terror . Places where Michael had previously been are shown as his breathing is heard , indicating he could be anywhere . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Halloween characters Donald Pleasence as Dr. Sam Loomis Jamie Lee Curtis as Laurie Strode Nick Castle as Michael Myers / The Shape Tony Moran as Michael Myers ( unmasked ) Will Sandin as Michael Myers ( age 6 ) P.J. Soles as Lynda Van Der Klok Nancy Kyes as Annie Brackett Charles Cyphers as Sheriff Leigh Brackett Kyle Richards as Lindsey Wallace Brian Andrews as Tommy Doyle John Michael Graham as Bob Simms Nancy Stephens as Marion Chambers Arthur Malet as Graveyard Keeper Mickey Yablans as Richie Brent Le Page as Lonnie Adam Hollander as Keith Sandy Johnson as Judith Margaret Myers David Kyle as Judith 's Boyfriend Peter Griffith as Laurie 's Father Robert Phalen as Dr. Terence Wynn Production ( edit ) After viewing Carpenter 's film Assault on Precinct 13 ( 1976 ) at the Milan Film Festival , independent film producer Irwin Yablans and financier Moustapha Akkad sought out Carpenter to direct a film for them about a psychotic killer that stalked babysitters . In an interview with Fangoria magazine , Yablans stated , `` I was thinking what would make sense in the horror genre , and what I wanted to do was make a picture that had the same impact as The Exorcist . '' Carpenter and his then - girlfriend Debra Hill began drafting a story originally titled The Babysitter Murders , but , as Carpenter told Entertainment Weekly , Yablans suggested setting the movie on Halloween night and naming it Halloween instead . Akkad agreed to put up $300,000 for the film 's budget , which was considered low at the time ( Carpenter 's previous film , Assault on Precinct 13 , had an estimated budget of $100,000 ) . Akkad worried over the tight , four - week schedule , low budget , and Carpenter 's limited experience as a filmmaker , but told Fangoria , `` Two things made me decide . One , Carpenter told me the story verbally and in a suspenseful way , almost frame for frame . Second , he told me he did n't want to take any fees , and that showed he had confidence in the project '' . Carpenter received $10,000 for directing , writing , and composing the music , retaining rights to 10 percent of the film 's profits . Because of the low budget , wardrobe and props were often crafted from items on hand or that could be purchased inexpensively . Carpenter hired Tommy Lee Wallace as production designer , art director , location scout and co-editor . Wallace created the trademark mask worn by Michael Myers throughout the film from a Captain Kirk mask purchased for $1.98 . Carpenter recalled how Wallace `` widened the eye holes and spray - painted the flesh a bluish white . In the script it said Michael Myers 's mask had ' the pale features of a human face ' and it truly was spooky looking . I can only imagine the result if they had n't painted the mask white . Children would be checking their closet for William Shatner after Tommy got through with it . '' Hill adds that the `` idea was to make him almost humorless , faceless -- this sort of pale visage that could resemble a human or not . '' Many of the actors wore their own clothes , and Curtis ' wardrobe was purchased at J.C. Penney for around a hundred dollars . The limited budget also dictated the filming location and time schedule . Halloween was filmed in 20 days in the spring of 1978 in South Pasadena , California , Garfield Elementary School in Alhambra , and the cemetery at Sierra Madre , California . An abandoned house owned by a church stood in as the Myers house . Two homes on Orange Grove Avenue ( near Sunset Boulevard ) in Hollywood were used for the film 's climax . The crew had difficulty finding pumpkins in the spring , and artificial fall leaves had to be reused for multiple scenes . Local families dressed their children in Halloween costumes for trick - or - treat scenes . In August 2006 , Fangoria reported that Synapse Films had discovered boxes of negatives containing footage cut from the film . One was labeled `` 1981 '' suggesting that it was additional footage for the television version of the film . Synapse owner Don May , Jr. said , `` What we 've got is pretty much all the unused original camera negative from Carpenter 's original Halloween . Luckily , Billy ( Kirkus ) was able to find this material before it was destroyed . The story on how we got the negative is a long one , but we 'll save it for when we 're able to showcase the materials in some way . Kirkus should be commended for pretty much saving the Holy Grail of horror films . '' It was later reported , `` We just learned from Sean Clark , long time Halloween genius , that the footage found is just that : footage . There is no sound in any of the reels so far , since none of it was used in the final edit . '' Writing ( edit ) It took approximately 10 days to write the script . Yablans and Akkad ceded most of the creative control to writers Carpenter and Hill ( whom Carpenter wanted as producer ) , but Yablans did offer several suggestions . According to a Fangoria interview with Hill , `` Yablans wanted the script written like a radio show , with ' boos ' every 10 minutes . '' Hill explained that the script took three weeks to write and much of the inspiration behind the plot came from Celtic traditions of Halloween such as the festival of Samhain . Although Samhain is not mentioned in the plot of the first film , Hill asserts that : ... the idea was that you could n't kill evil , and that was how we came about the story . We went back to the old idea of Samhain , that Halloween was the night where all the souls are let out to wreak havoc on the living , and then came up with the story about the most evil kid who ever lived . And when John came up with this fable of a town with a dark secret of someone who once lived there , and now that evil has come back , that 's what made Halloween work . Hill wrote most of the female characters ' dialogue , while Carpenter drafted Loomis ' speeches on the soullessness of Michael Myers . Many script details were drawn from Carpenter 's and Hill 's adolescence and early careers . The fictional town of Haddonfield , Illinois was derived from Haddonfield , New Jersey , where Hill grew up , and most of the street names were taken from Carpenter 's hometown of Bowling Green , Kentucky . Laurie Strode was the name of one of Carpenter 's old girlfriends and Michael Myers was the name of an English producer who had previously entered , with Yablans , Assault on Precinct 13 in various European film festivals . In Halloween , Carpenter pays homage to Alfred Hitchcock with two characters ' names : Tommy Doyle is named after Lt. Det . Thomas J. Doyle ( Wendell Corey ) from Rear Window ( 1954 ) , and Dr. Loomis ' name was taken from Sam Loomis ( John Gavin ) from Psycho , the boyfriend of Marion Crane ( Janet Leigh , who is the real - life mother of Jamie Lee Curtis ) . Sheriff Leigh Brackett shared the name of a Hollywood screenwriter . `` I met this six year old child with this blank , pale , emotionless face , and the blackest eyes ; the devil 's eyes ( ... ) I realized what was living behind that boy 's eyes was purely and simply ... evil . '' -- Loomis ' description of a young Michael was inspired by John Carpenter 's experience with a real life mental patient . Carpenter 's inspiration for the `` evil '' that Michael would embody came when he was in college . While on a class trip at a mental institution in Kentucky , Carpenter visited `` the most serious , mentally ill patients '' . Among those patients was a young boy around twelve to thirteen years - old . The boy gave this `` schizophrenic stare '' , `` a real evil stare '' , which Carpenter found `` unsettling '' , `` creepy '' , and `` completely insane '' . Carpenter 's experience would inspire the characterization that Loomis would give of Michael to Sheriff Brackett in the film . Casting ( edit ) Jamie Lee Curtis , in her feature film debut , plays Laurie Strode , the heroine of the film . The cast of Halloween included veteran actor Donald Pleasence and then - unknown actress Jamie Lee Curtis . The low budget limited the number of big names that Carpenter could attract , and most of the actors received very little compensation for their roles . Pleasence was paid the highest amount at $20,000 , Curtis received $8,000 , and Nick Castle earned $25 a day . The role of Dr. Loomis was originally intended for Peter Cushing , who had recently appeared as Grand Moff Tarkin in Star Wars ( 1977 ) ; Cushing 's agent rejected Carpenter 's offer due to the low salary . Christopher Lee was also approached for the role ; he too turned it down , although the actor would later tell Carpenter and Hill that declining the role was the biggest mistake he made during his career . Yablans then suggested Pleasence , who agreed to star because his daughter Lucy , a guitarist , had enjoyed Assault on Precinct 13 for Carpenter 's score . American audiences were primarily acquainted with Pleasence due to his portrayal of the villain Ernst Stavro Blofeld in the James Bond film You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) . In an interview , Carpenter admits that `` Jamie Lee was n't the first choice for Laurie . I had no idea who she was . She was 19 and in a TV show at the time , but I did n't watch TV . '' He originally wanted to cast Anne Lockhart , the daughter of June Lockhart from Lassie , as Laurie Strode . However , Lockhart had commitments to several other film and television projects . Hill says of learning that Jamie Lee was the daughter of Psycho actress Janet Leigh , `` I knew casting Jamie Lee would be great publicity for the film because her mother was in Psycho . '' Halloween was Curtis ' feature film debut and launched her career as a `` scream queen '' horror star . Another relatively unknown actress , Nancy Kyes ( credited in the film as Nancy Loomis ) , was cast as Laurie 's friend Annie Brackett , daughter of Haddonfield sheriff Leigh Brackett ( Charles Cyphers ) . Kyes had previously starred in Assault on Precinct 13 ( as had Cyphers ) and happened to be dating Halloween 's art director Tommy Lee Wallace when filming began . Carpenter chose P.J. Soles to play Lynda Van Der Klok , another friend of Laurie 's , best remembered in the film for dialogue peppered with the word `` totally . '' Soles was an actress known for her supporting role in Carrie ( 1976 ) and her minor part in The Boy in the Plastic Bubble ( 1976 ) . According to one source , `` Carpenter realized she had captured the aura of a happy go lucky teenage girl in the 70s . '' The role of `` The Shape '' -- as the masked Michael Myers character was billed in the end credits -- was played by Nick Castle , who befriended Carpenter while they attended the University of Southern California . After Halloween , Castle became a director , taking the helm of films such as The Last Starfighter ( 1984 ) , The Boy Who Could Fly ( 1986 ) , Dennis the Menace ( 1993 ) , and Major Payne ( 1995 ) . Direction ( edit ) Historian Nicholas Rogers notes that film critics contend that Carpenter 's direction and camera work made Halloween a `` resounding success '' . Roger Ebert remarks , `` It 's easy to create violence on the screen , but it 's hard to do it well . Carpenter is uncannily skilled , for example , at the use of foregrounds in his compositions , and everyone who likes thrillers knows that foregrounds are crucial ... '' The opening title , featuring a jack - o ' - lantern placed against a black backdrop , sets the mood for the entire film . The camera slowly moves toward the jack - o ' - lantern 's left eye as the main title theme plays . After the camera fully closes in , the jack - o ' - lantern 's light dims and goes out . Film historian J.P. Telotte says that this scene `` clearly announces that ( the film 's ) primary concern will be with the way in which we see ourselves and others and the consequences that often attend our usual manner of perception '' . During the conception of the plot , Yablans instructed `` that the audience should n't see anything . It should be what they thought they saw that frightens them '' . Carpenter seemingly took Yablans ' advice literally , filming many of the scenes from Michael Myers 's point - of - view that allowed audience participation . Carpenter is not the first director to employ this method or use of a steadicam ; for instance , the first scene of Psycho offers a voyeuristic look at lovers in a seedy hotel . Telotte argues , `` As a result of this shift in perspective from a disembodied , narrative camera to an actual character 's eye ... we are forced into a deeper sense of participation in the ensuing action '' . Along with the 1974 Canadian horror film Black Christmas , Halloween made use of seeing events through the killer 's eyes . This scene features Michael ( right ) , who pins Bob ( left ) to the door and observes his dying motions . Remaining relatively un-graphic , this scene displays the use of lighting to create its atmosphere rather than graphic blood and violence . The first scene of the young Michael 's voyeurism is followed by the murder of Judith seen through the eye holes of Michael 's clown costume mask . According to one commentator , Carpenter 's `` frequent use of the unmounted first - person camera to represent the killer 's point of view ... invited ( viewers ) to adopt the murderer 's assaultive gaze and to hear his heavy breathing and plodding footsteps as he stalked his prey '' . Another technique that Carpenter adapted from Alfred Hitchcock 's Psycho ( 1960 ) was suspense with minimal blood and gore . Hill comments , `` We did n't want it to be gory . We wanted it to be like a jack - in - the box . '' Film analysts refer to this as the `` false startle '' or `` the old tap - on - the - shoulder routine '' in which the stalkers , murderers , or monsters `` lunge into our field of vision or creep up on a person . '' Carpenter worked with the cast to create the desired effect of terror and suspense . According to Curtis , Carpenter created a `` fear meter '' because the film was shot out - of - sequence and she was not sure what her character 's level of terror should be in certain scenes . `` Here 's about a 7 , here 's about a 6 , and the scene we 're going to shoot tonight is about a 91⁄2 '' , remembered Curtis . She had different facial expressions and scream volumes for each level on the meter . Carpenter 's direction for Castle in his role as Myers was minimal . For example , when Castle asked what Myers ' motivation was for a particular scene , Carpenter replied that his motivation was to walk from one set marker to another . The documentary titled Halloween Un-masked , featured in the 22nd anniversary DVD of Halloween , John Carpenter states he also instructed Castle to tilt his head a couple of times as if he was observing the corpse , particularly in the scene when Myers impaled one of his victims against a wall . Music ( edit ) Main article : Halloween ( soundtrack ) Another major reason for the success of Halloween is the moody musical score , particularly the main theme . Lacking a symphonic soundtrack , the film 's score consists of a piano melody played in a 10 / 8 or `` complex 5 / 4 '' meter composed and performed by director John Carpenter . It took Carpenter three days to compose the entire score for the film . Critic James Berardinelli calls the score `` relatively simple and unsophisticated '' , but admits that `` Halloween 's music is one of its strongest assets '' . Carpenter stated in an interview , `` I can play just about any keyboard , but I ca n't read or write a note . '' In the end credits , Carpenter bills himself as the `` Bowling Green Philharmonic Orchestra '' for performing the film 's score , but he did receive assistance from composer Dan Wyman , a music professor at San José State University . Some songs can be heard in the film , one being an untitled song performed by Carpenter and a group of his friends who formed a band called The Coupe De Villes . The song is heard as Laurie steps into Annie 's car on her way to babysit Tommy Doyle . Another song , `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' by classic rock band Blue Öyster Cult , appears in the film . The soundtrack was first released in the United States in October 1983 , by Varèse Sarabande / MCA . It was subsequently released on Compact Disc in 1985 , re-released in 1990 , and again in 2000 . On the film 's 40th anniversary , coinciding with the release of Anthology : Movie Themes 1974 -- 1998 , a remix of the theme by Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross was released . Release ( edit ) Ad , The Village Voice , Nov. 6 , 1978 : only known , published window for date of film 's New York City premiere ( `` Held over ... 2nd week '' ) Theatrical run ( edit ) Halloween premiered on October 25 , 1978 in Kansas City , Missouri ( at the AMC Midland / Empire ) and sometime afterward in Chicago , Illinois , and in New York City . It had its Los Angeles debut October 27 , 1978 . It opened in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , on November 22 , 1978 . The film grossed $47 million in the United States and an additional $23 million internationally , making the theatrical total $70 million . On September 7 , 2012 , the official Halloween Movies Facebook page announced that the original Halloween would be theatrically re-released starting October 25 , 2013 in celebration of the film 's 35th anniversary in 2013 . A new documentary was screened before the film at all locations , entitled , You Ca n't Kill the Boogeyman : 35 Years of Halloween , written and directed by HalloweenMovies.com webmaster Justin Beahm . Television rights ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1980 , the television rights to Halloween were sold to the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) for $4 million . After a debate among Carpenter , Hill and NBC 's Standards and Practices over censoring of certain scenes , Halloween appeared on television for the first time in October 1981 . To fill the two - hour time slot , Carpenter filmed twelve minutes of additional material during the production of Halloween II . The newly filmed scenes include Dr. Loomis at a hospital board review of Michael Myers and Dr. Loomis talking to a then - 6 - year - old Michael at Smith 's Grove , telling him , `` You 've fooled them , have n't you , Michael ? But not me . '' Another extra scene features Dr. Loomis at Smith 's Grove examining Michael 's abandoned cell after his escape and seeing the word `` Sister '' scratched into the door . Finally , a scene was added in which Lynda comes over to Laurie 's house to borrow a silk blouse before Laurie leaves to babysit , just as Annie telephones asking to borrow the same blouse . The new scene had Laurie 's hair hidden by a towel , since Curtis was by then wearing a much shorter hairstyle than she had worn in 1978 . Home Video Releases ( edit ) Since Halloween 's premiere , it has been released in several home video formats , including VHS , LaserDisc , DVD , UMD and Blu - ray . Early VHS versions were released by Media Home Entertainment and Blockbuster Video issued a commemorative edition in August 3 , 1995 . Anchor Bay Entertainment ( succeder in - interest to Media Home Entertainment and Video Treasures ) has released several restored editions of Halloween on VHS and DVD , including `` Halloween : Unmasked '' ; a documentary produced and directed by Mark Cerulli which featured an array of interviews with original Halloween cast and crew including Jamie Lee Curtis , Debra Hill , John Carpenter , Nick Castle and others . The most recent release of the film is the 2007 single - disc restored version , with improved picture and sound quality . Anchor Bay has also released an `` extended edition '' of Halloween that features the original theatrical release with the scenes that were shot for the broadcast TV version edited in at their proper places . In 2003 , the film was released on a two - disc `` 25th Anniversary edition '' with improved DiviMax picture and audio , along with an audio commentary by John Carpenter , Jamie Lee Curtis and Debra Hill , the A Cut Above The Rest documentary , On Location : 25 Years Later featurette , the trailer , TV spots , radio spots , poster and still gallery , and DVD - ROM content . In 2007 , the movie was released on Blu - ray as well , marking the film 's first ever Blu - ray release . The Blu - ray features a commentary track by Carpenter , Hill and Curtis , the trailer , TV spots , radio spots , fast film facts and the documentary Halloween : A Cut Above the Rest . In 2008 , a `` 30th Anniversary commemorative set '' was released , containing the film on DVD and Blu - ray along with the `` extended edition '' , disc one of the 25 Years of Terror documentary DVD and the sequels : Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers and Halloween 5 : The Revenge of Michael Myers , including a replica Michael Myers mask . The DVD release was THX certified . The film has made $18,500,000 in home video rentals . On June 6 , 2013 , it was announced that a second , 35th anniversary , Blu - ray release for Halloween is in the works and that John Carpenter and Jamie Lee Curtis have recorded a new commentary . On June 11 , it was announced that Dean Cundey is supervising a new high - definition transfer . On July 22 , the official cover art for the 35th anniversary Blu - ray release was revealed including the new special features such as the all - new high definition transfer by Cundey , the new commentary track by Carpenter and Curtis as well as a new 7.1 audio mix , the original mono audio mix , a new featurette with Curtis titled `` The Night She Came Home '' , an `` On - Location '' featurette , the trailer , television and radio spots and the additional scenes from the extended television version . The 35th - anniversary release earned a Saturn Award for Best Classic Film Release . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Upon its initial release , Halloween performed well with little advertising -- relying mostly on word - of - mouth , but many critics seemed uninterested or dismissive of the film . Pauline Kael wrote a scathing review in The New Yorker suggesting that `` Carpenter does n't seem to have had any life outside the movies : one can trace almost every idea on the screen to directors such as Hitchcock and Brian De Palma and to the Val Lewton productions '' and claiming that `` Maybe when a horror film is stripped of everything but dumb scariness -- when it is n't ashamed to revive the stalest device of the genre ( the escaped lunatic ) -- it satisfies part of the audience in a more basic , childish way than sophisticated horror pictures do . '' The first glowing review by a prominent film critic came from Tom Allen of The Village Voice in November 1978 . Allen noted that the film was sociologically irrelevant but ceded that the Hitchcock - like technique was effective and `` the most honest way to make a good schlock film '' . Allen pointed out the stylistic similarities to Psycho and George A. Romero 's Night of the Living Dead ( 1968 ) . The following month , Voice lead critic Andrew Sarris wrote a follow - up feature on cult films , citing Allen 's appraisal of Halloween and saying in the lead sentence that the film `` bids fair to become the cult discovery of 1978 . Audiences have been heard screaming at its horrifying climaxes '' . Roger Ebert gave the film similar praise in his 1979 review in the Chicago Sun - Times and selected it as one of his top ten films of 1978 . Once - dismissive critics were impressed by Carpenter 's choice of camera angles and simple music , and surprised by the lack of blood and graphic violence . On review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 93 % based on 54 reviews , with an average rating of 8.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Scary , suspenseful , and viscerally thrilling , Halloween set the standard for modern horror films . '' Many compared the film with the work of Alfred Hitchcock , although TV Guide calls comparisons made to Psycho `` silly and groundless '' and critics in the late 1980s and early 1990s blame the film for spawning the slasher subgenre , which they felt had rapidly descended into sadism and misogyny . Almost a decade after its premiere , Mick Martin and Marsha Porter critiqued the first - person camera shots that earlier film reviewers had praised and later slasher - film directors utilized for their own films ( for example , 1980 's Friday the 13th ) . Claiming it encouraged audience identification with the killer , Martin and Porter pointed to the way `` the camera moves in on the screaming , pleading , victim , ' looks down ' at the knife , and then plunges it into chest , ear , or eyeball . Now that 's sick . '' Years after its debut , Halloween enjoys a reputation as a classic and is considered by many as one of the best films of 1978 . Themes and analysis ( edit ) Many criticisms of Halloween and other slasher films come from postmodern academia . Some feminist critics , according to historian Nicholas Rogers , `` have seen the slasher movies since Halloween as debasing women in as decisive a manner as hard - core pornography . '' Critics such as John Kenneth Muir state that female characters such as Laurie Strode survive not because of `` any good planning '' or their own resourcefulness , but sheer luck . Although she manages to repel the killer several times , in the end , Strode is rescued in Halloween and Halloween II only when Dr. Loomis arrives to shoot Myers . On the other hand , other feminist scholars such as Carol J. Clover argue that despite the violence against women , slasher films turned women into heroines . In many pre-Halloween horror films , women are depicted as helpless victims and are not safe until they are rescued by a strong masculine hero . Despite the fact that Loomis saves Strode , Clover asserts that Halloween initiates the role of the `` final girl '' who ultimately triumphs in the end . Strode fights back against Myers and severely wounds him . Had Myers been a normal man , Strode 's attacks would have killed him ; even Loomis , the male hero of the story , who shoots Michael repeatedly at near point blank range with a large caliber handgun , can not kill him . Aviva Briefel argued that moments such as when Michael 's face was temporarily revealed are meant to give pleasure to the male viewer . Briefel further argues that these moments are masochistic in nature and give pleasure to men because they are willingly submitting themselves to the women of the film ; they submit themselves temporarily because it will make their return to authority even more powerful . Critics , such as Pat Gill , see Halloween as a critique of American social values . She remarks that parental figures are almost entirely absent throughout the film , noting that when Laurie is attacked by Michael while babysitting , `` No parents , either of the teenagers or of the children left in their charge , call to check on their children or arrive to keen over them . '' Another major theme found in the film is the dangers of pre-marital sex . Clover believes that killers in slasher films are fueled by a `` psychosexual fury '' and that all the killings are sexual in nature . She reinforces this idea by saying that `` guns have no place in slasher films '' and when examining the film I Spit on Your Grave she notes that `` a hands - on killing answers a hands - on rape in a way that a shooting , even a shooting preceded by a humiliation , does not . '' Equating sex with violence is important in Halloween and the slasher genre according to Pat Gill , who made a note of this in her essay `` The Monstrous Years : Teens , Slasher Films , and the Family '' . She remarks that Laurie 's friends `` think of their babysitting jobs as opportunities to share drinks and beds with their boyfriends . One by one they are killed ... by Michael Myers an asylum escapee who years ago at the age of six murdered his sister for preferring sex to taking care of him . '' The danger of suburbia is another major theme that runs throughout the movie and the slasher genre itself , Pat Gill states that slasher films `` seem to mock white flight to gated communities , in particular the attempts of parents to shield their children from the dangerous influences represented by the city '' . Halloween and slasher films , generally , are supposed to represent the underside of suburbia . Michael Myers was raised in a suburban household and after he escapes the mental hospital he returns to his hometown to kill again ; Myers is a product of the suburban environment . Carpenter himself dismisses the notion that Halloween is a morality play , regarding it as merely a horror movie . According to Carpenter , critics `` completely missed the point there '' . He explains , `` The one girl who is the most sexually uptight just keeps stabbing this guy with a long knife . She 's the most sexually frustrated . She 's the one that 's killed him . Not because she 's a virgin but because all that sexually repressed energy starts coming out . She uses all those phallic symbols on the guy . '' Awards ( edit ) Halloween was nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Horror Film by the Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films in 1979 , but lost to The Wicker Man ( 1973 ) . In 2001 , Halloween ranked # 68 on the American Film Institute TV program 100 Years ... 100 Thrills . The film was # 14 on Bravo 's The 100 Scariest Movie Moments ( 2004 ) . Similarly , the Chicago Film Critics Association named it the 3rd scariest film ever made . In 2006 , Halloween was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . In 2007 , the AOL 31 Days of Horror countdown named Halloween the greatest horror movie . In 2008 , the film was selected by Empire magazine as one of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time . In 2010 , Total Film selected the film as one of The 100 Greatest Movies of All Time . American Film Institute lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- # 68 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains : Michael Myers -- Nominated Villain AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Nominated Influence ( edit ) Halloween is a widely influential film within the horror genre ; it was largely responsible for the popularization of slasher films in the 1980s . Halloween popularized many tropes that have become completely synonymous with the slasher genre . Halloween helped to popularize the final girl trope , the killing off of characters who are substance abusers or sexually promiscuous , and the use of a theme song for the killer . Carpenter also shot many scenes from the perspective of the killer in order to build tension . These elements have become so established that many historians argue that Halloween is responsible for the new wave of horror that emerged during the 1980s . Due to its popularity , Halloween became a blueprint for success that many other horror films , such as Friday the 13th and A Nightmare on Elm Street , would follow , and that others like Scream would satirise . The major themes present in Halloween would also become common in the slasher films it inspired . Film scholar Pat Gill notes that in Halloween , there is a theme of absentee parents but films such as A Nightmare on Elm Street and Friday the 13th feature the parents becoming directly responsible for the creation of the killer . There are slasher films that predated Halloween , such as The Texas Chain Saw Massacre and Black Christmas which contained prominent elements of the slasher genre ; both involving a group of teenagers being murdered by a stranger as well having the final girl trope . Halloween , however , is seen by historians as being responsible for the new wave of horror films because it not only used these tropes but also pioneered many others . A mass market paperback novelization of the same name , written by Curtis Richards ( a pseudonym that was used by author Richard Curtis ) , was published by Bantam Books in 1979 . It was reissued in 1982 ; it later went out of print . The novelization adds aspects not featured in the film , such as the origins of the curse of Samhain and Michael Myers ' life in Smith 's Grove Sanatorium , which contradict its source material . For example , the novel 's version of Michael speaks during his time at the sanitarium ; in the film , Dr. Loomis states , `` He has n't spoken a word in fifteen years . '' In 1983 , Halloween was adapted as a video game for the Atari 2600 by Wizard Video . None of the main characters in the game were named . Players take on the role of a teenage babysitter who tries to save as many children from an unnamed , knife - wielding killer as possible . The game was not popular with parents or players and the graphics were simple , as was typical in Atari 2600 games . In another effort to save money , most versions of the game did not even have a label on the cartridge . It was simply a piece of tape with `` Halloween '' written in marker . The game contained more gore than the film , however . When the babysitter is killed , her head disappears and is replaced by blood pulsating from the neck as she runs around exaggeratedly . The game 's primary similarity to the film is the theme music that plays when the killer appears onscreen . Sequels and remake ( edit ) Main article : Halloween ( franchise ) Halloween spawned seven sequels , a 2007 remake directed by Rob Zombie , and a 2009 sequel to the remake , which is unrelated to the sequel of the original . Of these films , only the first sequel was written by Carpenter and Hill . It begins exactly where Halloween ends and was intended to finish the story of Michael Myers and Laurie Strode . Halloween II was a box office success , becoming the second - highest grossing horror film of 1981 behind An American Werewolf in London . Carpenter did not direct any of the subsequent films in the Halloween series , although he did produce Halloween III : Season of the Witch ( 1982 ) , the plot of which is unrelated to the other films in the series due to the absence of Michael Myers . He , along with Alan Howarth , also composed the music for the second and third films . After the negative critical and commercial reception for Season of the Witch , the filmmakers brought back Michael Myers in Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers ( 1988 ) , which was successful enough to warrant its own direct sequel with Halloween 5 : The Revenge of Michael Myers ( 1989 ) , as well as Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers ( 1995 ) . The sequels feature more explicit violence and blood and are generally dismissed by mainstream film critics , excluding Halloween II ( 1981 ) and Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later ( 1998 ) , which did receive better reviews than most of the other sequels in the franchise , yet still paled in comparison to the original film . They were filmed on larger budgets than the original : in contrast to Halloween 's modest budget of $300,000 , Halloween II 's budget was around $2.5 million , while the final sequel to the original , Halloween : Resurrection ( 2002 ) , boasted a budget of $15 million . Financier Moustapha Akkad continued to work closely with the Halloween franchise , acting as executive producer of every sequel until his death in the 2005 Amman bombings . With the exception of Halloween III , the sequels further develop the character of Michael Myers and the Samhain theme . Even without considering the third film , the Halloween series contains continuity issues , which some sources attribute to the different writers and directors involved in each film . The 10 Halloween films , including the 2007 remake and its sequel , have had eight directors . Only Rick Rosenthal and Rob Zombie directed more than one : Rosenthal directed the first sequel as well as Halloween : Resurrection , while Zombie directed the remake of the original film and its sequel . On February 9 , 2017 , Carpenter announced that a new Halloween film was going to be written by David Gordon Green and Danny McBride and will be directed by Green . It will be a direct sequel to the original film and will ignore all the sequels . In September 2017 , Jamie Lee Curtis confirmed that she would reprise her role as Laurie Strode . In October , Judy Greer entered negotiations to play Laurie 's daughter Karen Strode . In December 2017 , it was announced Andi Matichak had signed on to play Karen Strode 's daughter and Laurie 's granddaughter . The film will be distributed by Universal Pictures , their first involvement in the franchise since distributing 1982 's Halloween III : Season of the Witch . On October 17 , 2017 , Carpenter announced that he would be returning to score the upcoming film , saying `` I 'll be consulting with the director to see what he feels . I could create a new score , we could update the old score and amplify it , or we could combine those two things . I 'll have to see the movie to see what it requires . '' On December 20 , 2017 , it was announced that Nick Castle would be reprising his role as Michael Myers . Filming began on January 13 , 2018 , concluding on February 19 , 2018 . The film will be released on October 19 , 2018 . An independent documentary titled The Shape Lives : 40 Years of Halloween was announced on April 4 , 2018 , which plans to look at Halloween and its many sequels in - depth . A teaser trailer was released on the same day . See also ( edit ) Film portal Horror portal 1970s portal List of Halloween characters Coulrophobia Evil clowns References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Halloween '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Associated Press ( March 8 , 2005 ) . `` Debra Hill , 54 , Film Producer Who Helped Create ' Halloween , ' Dies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Halloween ( 1978 ) - Financial Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Halloween ( 1978 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` John Carpenter On Why You Should See ' Halloween ' in Theaters ( Video ) '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Films Selected to The National Film Registry , 1989 - 2010 '' . National Film Registry . Library of Congress . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mick Martin and Marsha Porter ( 1986 ) . Video Movie Guide 1987 . New York : Ballantine Books . p. 60 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 33872 - 3 . Jump up ^ Tony Williams , `` Trying to Survive on the Darker Side : 1980s Family Horror '' , in Barry K. Grant , ed. , The Dread of Difference : Gender and the Horror Film ( Austin : University of Texas Press , 1996 ) , pp. 164 -- 165 , ISBN 0 - 292 - 72794 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : John Carpenter , Debra Hill , Nick Castle , Jamie Lee Curtis , and Tommy Lee Wallace ( 2003 ) . A Cut Above the Rest ( Halloween : 25th Anniversary Edition DVD Special Features ) ( DVD ( Region 2 ) ) . United States : Anchor Bay . ^ Jump up to : Carpenter , quoted in Alan Jones , The Rough Guide to Horror Movies ( New York : Rough Guides , 2005 ) , p. 102 , ISBN 1 - 84353 - 521 - 1 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , John ( Writer / Director ) and Debra Hill ( Writer ) ( 1978 ) . Halloween ( DVD ) . United States : Compass International Pictures . ^ Jump up to : Behind the Scenes at HalloweenMovies.com ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Irwin Yablans , Fangoria interview , quoted at HalloweenMovies.com ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Carpenter , Entertainment Weekly interview , quoted at HalloweenMovies.com ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Moustapha Akkad , Fangoria interview , quoted at HalloweenMovies.com ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Fangoria interview , quoted at HalloweenMovies.com ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween Filming Locations '' . Seeing-stars.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Synapse Finds Complete Halloween Negatives , '' August 29 , 2006 , at Fangoria ; last accessed September 3 , 2006 . Archived February 28 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Holy Grail of Halloween Footage Found '' at Dread Central ; last accessed on September 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Pleasence casting information at HalloweenMovies.com ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Nancy Loomis casting information at HalloweenMovies.com ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ P.J. Soles casting information at HalloweenMovies.com ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 Jump up ^ Nick Castle casting information at HalloweenMovies.com ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Rogers , Halloween : From Pagan Ritual to Party Night ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2002 ) , p. 111 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 516896 - 8 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert , review of Halloween , Chicago Sun - Times , October 31 , 1979 , at RogerEbert.com ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ J.P. Telotte , `` Through a Pumpkin 's Eye : The Reflexive Nature of Horror , '' in Gregory Waller , ed. , American Horrors : Essays on the Modern American Horror Film ( Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 1992 ) , p. 116 , ISBN 0 - 252 - 01448 - 0 . Jump up ^ Telotte , `` Through a Pumpkin 's Eye , '' pp. 116 -- 117 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Halloween , p. 111 . Jump up ^ David Scott Diffrient , `` A Film is Being Beaten : Notes on the Shock Cut and the Material Violence of Horror , '' in Steffen Hantke , Horror Film : Creating and Marketing Fear ( Jackson : University Press of Mississippi , 2004 ) , p. 61 , ISBN 1 - 57806 - 692 - 1 . Jump up ^ Curtis interview , quoted at HalloweenMovies.com ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Berardinelli , James . `` review of Halloween '' . ReelViews.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dan Wyman 's faculty website at Dr. Daniel Wyman -- San José State University Archived July 20 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. ; last accessed September 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Halloween Soundtrack information from HalloweenMovies.com ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Hear Trent Reznor , Atticus Ross ' Chilling Take on ' Halloween ' Theme '' . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Tom , `` The Sleeper That 's Here to Stay '' , The Village Voice , November 6 , 1978 , pp. 67 , 70 . While the review gives no New York City premiere date or specific theater , a display advertisement on page 72 reads : `` Held over ! 2nd week of horror ! At a Flagship Theatre near you '' . Per the movie listings on pages 82 , 84 and 85 , respectively , it played at four since - defunct theaters : the Essex , located at 375 Grand Street in Chinatown , per Cinema Treasures : Essex Theatre ; the RKO 86th Street Twin , on East 86th Street near Lexington Avenue ; the Rivoli , located at 1620 Broadway , in the Times Square area , per Cinema Treasures : Rivoli Theatre ; and the Times Square Theater , located at 217 West 42nd Street , per Treasures : Times Square Theater ^ Jump up to : Distribution at HalloweenMovies.com ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Anderson , George . `` Low - Budget ' Halloween ' on Thanksgiving : More in the Way of a Trick Than a Treat '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , November 23 , 1978 . `` Opening yesterday at the Gateway , Downtown , the Cinemette East in Monroeville and the Showcase West in Robinson Township ... '' Jump up ^ `` Here 's the Poster for Halloween Re-Release '' . Shock Till You Drop. 13 September 2012 . Retrieved 13 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` John Carpenter 's Halloween Returning to Theaters This Fall '' . Shock Till You Drop. 13 September 2012 . Retrieved 13 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween ( 1978 ) - > Releases '' . allrovi.com . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Naugle , Patrick ( August 24 , 2001 ) . `` Halloween : Extended Version '' . DVD Verdict . Archived from the original on 2004 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` Anchor Bay working on Halloween 35th anniversary Blu - ray ; Carpenter and Curtis record new commentary '' . Dread Central . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Serafini , Matt ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Dean Cundey will supervise Halloween 35th anniversary Blu - ray '' . Dread Central . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The 40th Saturn Awards Winners Archived February 29 , 2012 , at WebCite Jump up ^ Pauline Kael , review of Halloween , The New Yorker , 1978 , at TheManWiththeHypnoticEye.com ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Allen , Tom . `` Halloween '' ( November 1978 review ) , reprinted at Criterion.com , `` The Criterion Collection , Online Cinematheque '' Jump up ^ Sarris , Andrew . `` Those Wild and Crazy Cult Movies '' , The Village Voice , December 18 , 1978 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( October 31 , 1979 ) . `` Halloween Movie Review & Film Summary ( 1979 ) '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roger Ebert 's 10 Best Lists : 1967 -- present '' . RogerEbert.com . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2005 . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Halloween at Rotten Tomatoes ; last accessed October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Halloween ( review ) , TVGuide.com Movie Database ; last accessed May 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Halloween , pp. 117 -- 118 . Jump up ^ `` Gene Siskel 's 10 Best Lists : 1969 -- 1998 '' . Caltech.edu . Retrieved April 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Films of 1978 '' . AMC Filmsite.org . Retrieved April 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Best Movies of 1978 '' . Film.com . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2010 . Retrieved April 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Movies of 1978 by Rank '' . Films101.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ John Kenneth Muir , Wes Craven : The Art of Horror ( Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Company , 1998 ) , p. 104 , ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1923 - 7 . Jump up ^ Carol J. Clover , Men , Women , and Chainsaws : Gender in the Modern Horror Film ( Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press , 1992 ) , p. 189 , ISBN 0 - 691 - 00620 - 2 . Jump up ^ Aviva Briefel , `` Monster Pains : Masochism , Menstruation , and Identification in the Horror Film '' , Film Quarterly , 58 : 3 , ( Spring 2005 ) , 17 - 18 . https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/fq.2005.58.3.16 . ^ Jump up to : Pat Gill , `` The Monstrous Years : Teens , Slasher Films , and the Family '' , Journal of Film and Video , 54 : 4 , ( Winter 2002 ) , 22 . https://www.jstor.org/stable/20688391 . Jump up ^ Carol Clover , `` Her Body , Himself : Gender in the Slasher Film '' , Representations 20 , ( Autumn , 1987 ) , 194 . https://www.jstor.org/stable/2928507 . Jump up ^ Carol Clover , `` Her Body , Himself : Gender in the Slasher Film '' , Representations 20 , ( Autumn , 1987 ) , 198 . https://www.jstor.org/stable/2928507 . ^ Jump up to : Pat Gill , `` The Monstrous Years : Teens , Slasher Films , and the Family '' , Journal of Film and Video , 54 : 4 , ( Winter 2002 ) , 16 . https://www.jstor.org/stable/20688391 . Jump up ^ Saturn Award Nominees and Winners , 1979 at Internet Movie Database ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills '' ( PDF ) . afi.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bravo 's 100 Scariest Movie Moments '' . web.archive.org . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2007 . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Critics ' Scariest Films '' . AltFilmGuide.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween Added to the National Film Registry '' . Horror Movies . CA . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2010 . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 31 Days of Horror Countdown ; accessed February 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Empire 's 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . Empire . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Total Film . `` Film features : 100 Greatest Movies Of All Time '' . TotalFilm.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Carol Clover , Men , Women , and Chainsaws : Gender in the Modern Horror Film ( Princetom : Princeton University Press , 1993 ) , 24 . ^ Jump up to : Ian Conrich , `` Killing Time and Time Again : The Popular Appeal of Carpenters Horror 's and the Impact of the Thing and Halloween '' , in The Cinema of John Carpenter : The Technique of Terror , ed . Ian Conrich , and David Woods ( Wallflower Press , 2005 ) , 92 . Jump up ^ Pat Gill , Journal of Film and Video , 54 : 4 , ( Winter 2002 ) , 26 . `` The Monstrous Years : Teens , Slasher Films , and the Family '' . Jump up ^ Curtis Richards , Halloween ( Bantam Books , 1979 ) , ISBN 0 - 553 - 13226 - 1 ; 1982 reissue ISBN 0 - 553 - 26296 - 3 . Jump up ^ Review of Halloween video game at X-Entertainment.com ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Gregory D. George , `` History of Horror : A Primer of Horror Games for Your Atari '' at The Atari Times ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . Archived April 22 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ HalloweenMovies.com ; last accessed May 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Behind the Scenes of Halloween III : Season of the Witch at HalloweenMovies.com Archived September 6 , 2012 , at Archive.is ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Business statistics for Halloween II at Internet Movie Database ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Business statistics for Halloween : Resurrection at Internet Movie Database ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Moustapha Akkad ( obituary ) '' . The Daily Telegraph ( London ) . November 12 , 2005 . Retrieved April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Zombie interview '' . HalloweenMovies.com . June 16 , 2006 . Retrieved April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Halloween & Down ? David Gordon Green To Direct New Franchise Take , Pen Script With Danny McBride '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daw , Robbie ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Q&A : John Carpenter Talks New Album Anthology & The Upcoming Halloween Sequel '' . Stereogum . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Danny McBride on ' Halloween ' : ' I just hope that we do n't f * * * it up and p * * * people off ' '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Jamie Lee ( @ jamieleecurtis ) ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` '' Same porch . Same clothes . Same issues . 40 years later . Headed back to Haddonfield one last time for Halloween . Release date 10 / 19 / 18. `` '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Judy Greer Joins Halloween Sequel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Andi Matichak Cast in the 2018 HALLOWEEN Film Nightmare on Film Street '' . Nightmare on Film Street . December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Carpenter Discusses Movie Themes Anthology , Directorial Career & Overcoming Stage Fright '' . Billboard . October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Halloween ' Reboot Will Bring Back the Original Michael Myers Actor '' . Collider . Jump up ^ `` ( SPOILER ALERT ! ) First Behind - The - Scenes Photos of New HALLOWEEN Movie Nightmare on Film Street '' . Nightmare on Film Street . January 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Turek , Ryan ( February 19 , 2018 ) . `` Ryan Turek on Instagram '' . Instagram . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SquabbleBox.co.uk - Entertainment Under Attack ( 2018 - 04 - 04 ) , The Shape Lives : 40 Years of Halloween - TEASER TRAILER , retrieved 2018 - 08 - 20 Bibliography Badley , Linda ( 1995 ) . Film , Horror , and the Body Fantastic . Westport , Connecticut , United States : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 27523 - 8 . Baird , Robert ( Spring 2000 ) . `` The Startle Effect : Implications for Spectator Cognition and Media Theory '' . Film Quarterly . 3 ( 53 ) : 12 -- 24 . Noël , Carroll ( Autumn 1987 ) . `` The Nature of Horror '' . Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 1 ( 46 ) : 51 -- 59 . Cumbow , Robert C. ( 2000 ) . Order in the Universe : The Films of John Carpenter ( 2nd ed . ) . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 3719 - 6 . Johnson , Kenneth . `` The Point of View of the Wandering Camera '' . Cinema Journal . 2 ( 32 , Winter 1993 ) : 49 -- 56 . King , Stephen ( 1981 ) . Danse Macabre . New York : Berkley Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 10433 - 8 . Prince , Stephen ( 2004 ) . The Horror Film . New Brunswick , New Jersey , United States : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 3363 - 5 . Schneider , Steven Jay ( 2004 ) . Horror Film and Psychoanalysis : Freud 's Worst Nightmare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82521 - 0 . Williams , Tony ( 1996 ) . Hearths of Darkness : The Family in the American Horror Film . Rutherford , New Jersey , United States : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press . ISBN 0 - 8386 - 3564 - 4 . Clover , Carol ( 1993 ) . Men , Women , and Chainsaws : Gender in the Modern Horror Film . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . Conrich , Ian ( 2005 ) . `` Killing Time and Time Again : The Popular Appeal of Carpenters Horror 's and the Impact of the Thing and Halloween '' . In Conrich , Ian ; Woods , David . The Cinema of John Carpenter : The Technique of Terror . Wallflower Press . pp. 91 -- 106 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Halloween ( 1978 film ) Official website of the Halloween series Halloween on IMDb Halloween at Rotten Tomatoes Halloween Films Halloween ( 1978 ) Halloween II ( 1981 ) Halloween III : Season of the Witch Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers Halloween 5 : The Revenge of Michael Myers Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later Halloween : Resurrection Halloween ( 2007 ) Halloween II ( 2009 ) Halloween ( 2018 ) Characters Michael Myers Laurie Strode Samuel Loomis Jamie Lloyd Annie Brackett John Carpenter Filmography Directed Captain Voyeur ( 1969 , short ) Dark Star ( 1974 ) Assault on Precinct 13 ( 1976 ) Halloween ( 1978 ) Someone 's Watching Me ! ( 1978 ) Elvis ( 1979 ) The Fog ( 1980 ) Escape from New York ( 1981 ) The Thing ( 1982 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Starman ( 1984 ) Big Trouble in Little China ( 1986 ) Prince of Darkness ( 1987 ) They Live ( 1988 ) Memoirs of an Invisible Man ( 1992 ) Body Bags ( 1993 ) In the Mouth of Madness ( 1995 ) Village of the Damned ( 1995 ) Escape from L.A. ( 1996 ) Vampires ( 1998 ) Ghosts of Mars ( 2001 ) John Carpenter 's Cigarette Burns ( TV , 2005 ) Pro-Life ( TV , 2006 ) The Ward ( 2010 ) Written The Resurrection of Broncho Billy ( 1970 , short ) Eyes of Laura Mars ( 1978 ) Halloween II ( 1981 ) Black Moon Rising ( 1986 ) Produced only Halloween III : Season of the Witch ( 1982 ) Vampires : Los Muertos ( 2002 ) Discography Studio albums Lost Themes ( 2015 ) Lost Themes II ( 2016 ) Anthology : Movie Themes 1974 -- 1998 ( 2017 ) Remix albums Lost Themes Remixed ( 2015 ) EPs Classic Themes Redux EP ( 2016 ) Scores and soundtracks Halloween ( 1979 ) Dark Star ( 1980 ) Escape from New York ( 1981 ) Halloween II ( 1981 ) Halloween III : Season of the Witch ( 1982 ) The Fog ( 1984 ) Big Trouble in Little China ( 1986 ) Prince of Darkness ( 1987 ) They Live ( 1988 ) Christine ( 1989 ) Body Bags ( 1993 ) In the Mouth of Madness ( 1995 ) Village of the Damned ( 1995 ) Escape from L.A. ( 1996 ) Vampires ( 1998 ) Ghosts of Mars ( 2001 ) Assault on Precinct 13 ( 2003 ) GND : 7671785 - 9 LCCN : no98046857 VIAF : 183290594 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halloween_(1978_film)&oldid=856852242 '' Categories : 1978 films English - language films Halloween ( franchise ) films Teen thriller films 1978 horror films 1970s serial killer films 1970s slasher films American films American teen horror films American teen films Films directed by John Carpenter Screenplays by John Carpenter Films set in 1963 Films set in 1978 Films set in Illinois Films shot in California Films shot in Los Angeles American independent films American serial killer films American slasher films United States National Film Registry films Films scored by John Carpenter Sororicide in fiction 1970s horror thriller films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links Webarchive template archiveis links Use mdy dates from October 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 22 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played young michael myers in halloween 1978 | [
"Nick Castle as Michael Myers / The Shape\nTony Moran as Michael Myers (unmasked)\nWill Sandin as Michael Myers (age 6)"
] | [
"Will Sandin"
] |
2944301265913959087 | Sunshine of Your Love | Sunshine of Your Love - wikipedia Sunshine of Your Love Jump to : navigation , search For the Ella Fitzgerald album , see Sunshine of Your Love ( album ) . `` Sunshine of Your Love '' German single picture sleeve Single by Cream from the album Disraeli Gears B - side `` SWLABR '' Released November 1967 ( 1967 - 11 ) ( album ) December 1967 ( US single ) September 1968 ( UK single ) Recorded April -- May 1967 Studio Atlantic , New York City Genre Psychedelic rock hard rock blues rock Length 4 : 08 ( album version ) 3 : 03 ( US single edit ) Label Reaction / Polydor ( UK ) Atco ( US ) Composer ( s ) Jack Bruce Eric Clapton Lyricist ( s ) Pete Brown Producer ( s ) Felix Pappalardi Cream US singles chronology `` Spoonful '' ( 1967 ) `` Sunshine of Your Love '' ( 1967 ) `` Anyone for Tennis '' ( 1968 ) Cream UK singles chronology `` Anyone for Tennis '' ( 1968 ) `` Sunshine of Your Love '' ( 1968 ) `` White Room '' ( 1969 ) `` Sunshine of Your Love '' is a 1967 song by the British rock band Cream . With elements of hard rock , psychedelia , and pop , it is one of Cream 's best known and most popular songs . Cream bassist and vocalist Jack Bruce based it on a distinctive bass riff , or repeated musical phrase , he developed after attending a Jimi Hendrix concert . Guitarist Eric Clapton and lyricist Pete Brown later contributed to the song . Recording engineer Tom Dowd suggested the rhythm arrangement in which drummer Ginger Baker plays a distinctive tom - tom drum rhythm , although Baker has claimed it was his idea . The song was included on Cream 's second album Disraeli Gears in November 1967 , which was a best seller . Atco Records , the group 's American label , was initially unsure of the song 's potential . After recommendations by other label - affiliated artists , it released an edited single version in December 1967 . The song became Cream 's first and highest charting American single and one of the most popular singles of 1968 . In September 1968 , it became a modest chart hit after being released in the UK . Cream performed `` Sunshine of Your Love '' regularly in concert and several live recordings have been issued , including on the Royal Albert Hall London May 2 - 3 - 5 - 6 , 2005 reunion album and video . Hendrix performed faster instrumental versions of the song , which he often dedicated to Cream . Several rock journals have placed the song on their greatest song lists , such as Rolling Stone , Q magazine , and VH1 . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame included it on its list of the `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Recording 3 Releases and charts 4 Recognition and influence 5 Other recordings 6 Notes 7 External links Composition ( edit ) Cream 's `` Sunshine of Your Love '' First 20 seconds of intro Problems playing this file ? See media help . In early 1967 , Cream were writing and rehearsing songs for their second album . Their December 1966 debut album , Fresh Cream , was a mix of updated blues numbers and pop - oriented rock songs . Inspired by recent developments in rock music , they began pursuing a more overtly psychedelic direction . `` Sunshine of Your Love '' began as a bass phrase or riff developed by Cream bassist Jack Bruce . Cream attended a concert on 29 January 1967 by the Jimi Hendrix Experience at the Saville Theatre in London . Cream guitarist Eric Clapton elaborated in a 1988 Rolling Stone magazine interview : He ( Hendrix ) played this gig that was blinding . I do n't think Jack ( Bruce ) had really taken him in before ... and when he did see it that night , after the gig he went home and came up with the riff . It was strictly a dedication to Jimi . And then we wrote a song on top of it . Music writers Covach and Boone describe the riff as blues - derived , which uses a minor blues pentatonic scale with an added flattened fifth note ( or common blues scale ) . The song follows a blues chord progression ( I -- IV -- I ) during the first eight bars . Brown had a difficult time writing lyrics that fit the riff . After an all - night session , Bruce played it on a standup bass while lyricist Pete Brown was staring out the window . Slowly , he started to write `` It 's getting near dawn and lights close their tired eyes '' , which is used in the first verse . Later , to break up the rhythm , Clapton wrote a refrain which also yielded the song 's title . It consists of eight - bar sections using three chords , when the key shifts to the V chord ( I = V ) : I ♭ III -- ♭ VII ♭ III -- ♭ VII ♭ III -- ♭ VII A bootleg recording from the Ricky - Tick club in London before Cream recorded the song in the studio , shows `` Sunshine of Your Love '' with a beat common to rock for the period . Cream drummer Ginger Baker compared it to the uptempo `` Hey Now , Princess '' , another Bruce / Brown composition Cream recorded in March . He has said that he advised Bruce to slow it down and came up with the distinctive drum pattern which emphasises beats one and three ( typical rock drumming favours beats two and four and is known as the backbeat ) . However , Bruce and recording engineer Tom Dowd dispute Baker 's claim , which they say he only made much later . Dowd later explained Where all the other songs that they ( Cream ) played were prepared , ( but ) this one song , they never found a pocket , they were never comfortable ... I said , ' You know , have you ever seen any American Westerns ( films that have ) the Indian beat , where the downbeat is the beat ? ' ... And when he ( Ginger ) started playing it that way , all of the parts came together and right away they were elated . Recording ( edit ) Cream performed their first American concerts in New York City in 1967 . Robert Stigwood , the group 's manager , booked them for a Murray the K package show at the RKO Manhattan Theatre from 25 March to 2 April 1967 . When it was finished , Stigwood arranged for a recording session with Ahmet Ertegun at Atlantic Studios . Bruce and Brown had a number of new songs in various stages of development and entered the studio on 3 April . Initially , Ertegun assigned Dowd to work with the trio . Dowd had worked with many of the biggest jazz and rhythm and blues musicians in the 1950s and 1960s . However , Cream was his first exposure to extreme volume levels . The group arrived at Atlantic with their concert setup of multiple Marshall amplifiers ( each 100 watts ) . Dowd was surprised by the amount of equipment accompanying the trio : `` They recorded at ear - shattering level ... Everyone I 'd worked with before was using Fender Deluxes ( about 20 watts ) or Twins ( about 80 watts ) -- six - and seven - piece bands that did n't play as loud as this three piece did . '' Ertegun brought in producer Felix Pappalardi , who he believed could work as a go - between with the group and Dowd . They began with `` Strange Brew '' , `` Tales of Brave Ulysses '' , and `` Sunshine of Your Love '' . Ertegun previewed the demos and was unhappy , expecting more blues - based material that was found on Fresh Cream . Jerry Wexler , Ertegun 's Atlantic Records partner , reportedly went as far as to call it `` psychedelic hogwash '' . However , Booker T. Jones ( producer and keyboardist of Booker T. & the M.G. 's ) and Otis Redding ( both whose Stax recordings at the time were distributed by Atco parent Atlantic ) gave `` Sunshine of Your Love '' their wholehearted approval . Differences were smoothed over by the time Cream returned in May 1967 to finish recording the songs for Disraeli Gears . With Pappalardi and Dowd , work continued on `` Sunshine of Your Love '' . For his guitar solo , Clapton used a sound known as the `` woman tone '' on his 1964 Gibson SG Standard . Author Mitch Gallagher describes it as a `` smooth , dark , singing , sustaining sound '' . It is one of the best - known examples of the woman tone and quotes the melody from the perennial pop standard `` Blue Moon '' . By using the song 's major pentatonic scale , Clapton provides a contrast with the riff 's blues scale . A writer for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame describes this as `` creating a balance between the sun and the moon '' . Baker plays much of the song on the tom - toms , described as sounding African ( Schumacher ) and Native American ( Shapiro ) . Covach and Boone note he `` concentrates on the lower tom sounds and uses an articulation and sound reminiscent of the jazz drumming in the Woody Herman or Benny Goodman bands '' . Releases and charts ( edit ) `` Sunshine of Your Love '' was included as the second track on Disraeli Gears , which was released in November 1967 by Reaction Records in the UK and Atco Records in the US . At first , Atco did not see the song as a single ( `` Strange Brew '' , backed with `` Tales of Brave Ulysses '' had been released as a single in June 1967 ) . However , in December 1967 , the label issued an edited version of the song as the second single from the album , backed with `` SWLABR '' ( the running time was trimmed from 4 : 08 to 3 : 03 ) . It entered Billboard magazine 's Hot 100 chart on 13 January 1968 , reaching number 36 during its initial 14 - week run . The record re-entered the chart on 6 July 1968 and reached number five on 31 August 1968 . In the UK , the single was not released until September 1968 , after Cream had announced their impending breakup . Polydor Records issued the UK single , which reached number 25 in the charts . Top singles charts 1968 Peak position Weeks on chart Australia Go - Set Top 40 22 8 Canada RPM 100 11 Dutch Charts 17 UK Singles Chart 25 7 US Billboard Hot 100 5 26 US Cash Box Top Singles 6 24 The Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) certified the single gold on 26 September 1968 , signifying sales in excess of 1,000,000 copies . In the US , it became one of the best selling singles of 1968 and one of the best - selling at the time for the Atlantic group of labels . 1968 Year - end Charts Position Canada RPM Top Singles 21 US Billboard Top 10 Singles 6 As one of Cream 's most popular songs , several of the group 's compilation albums include the full - length studio recording , such as Best of Cream , Heavy Cream , The Very Best of Cream , and the boxed set Those Were the Days . Recognition and influence ( edit ) In 2004 , the song ranked number 65 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . In March 2005 , Q magazine placed `` Sunshine of Your Love '' at number 19 on its list of the `` 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks Ever ! '' In 2009 , VH1 included it at number 44 on its list of the `` Top 100 Hard Rock Songs '' . The song is on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's list of the `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . Ertegun later admitted that , while his tastes ran more to Robert Johnson ( Clapton had recorded Johnson 's `` Ramblin ' on My Mind '' with John Mayall , `` Crossroads '' with the Powerhouse , and `` Four Until Late '' with Cream ) , Cream 's and Pappalardi 's vision resulted in songs which had a much larger impact on the rock audiences of the time . Covach and Boone have identified `` Sunshine of Your Love '' as foreshadowing future trends in rock : ' Sunshine of Your Love ' , Cream 's best - known song , is a culmination of the British adaptation of blues into rock and also the direct precursor of Led Zeppelin and heavy metal , where this type of blues - based motivic riff and harmonic motions like A -- C -- G or E -- G -- A ( as in `` Whole Lotta Love '' ) serve as the basis for a seemingly endless number of songs . Other recordings ( edit ) Several live recordings of `` Sunshine of Your Love '' have been issued on Cream albums . These include a 24 October 1967 recording by the BBC ( BBC Sessions ) , 9 March 1968 at the Winterland Ballroom ( Live Cream Volume II ) , and 26 November 1968 at the Royal Albert Hall ( Cream 's Farewell Concert ) . A recording from Cream 's reunion show on 3 May 2005 is included on Royal Albert Hall London May 2 - 3 - 5 - 6 , 2005 . During their post-Cream careers , Clapton and Bruce have recorded several live performances of the song . A variety of musicians have recorded `` Sunshine of Your Love '' . After Cream announced their breakup , Hendrix often performed it in concert as a tribute to the group , apparently unaware that they had dedicated the song to him . He played it as an instrumental and sometimes as part of a medley . A performance by the Experience on 4 January 1969 is one of the best - known . During the live broadcast of A Happening for Lulu , a music variety show hosted by pop singer Lulu on BBC Television , the Experience suddenly broke with the programme . Hendrix announced , `` We 'd like to stop playing this rubbish ( '' Hey Joe `` ) and dedicate a song to the Cream , regardless of what kind of group they may be in -- dedicate this to Eric Clapton , Ginger Baker , and Jack Bruce '' . As their performance of `` Sunshine of Your Love '' ran into the time allotted for Lulu 's closing number , the show 's producer and staff were frantically signalling for the Experience to stop . However , they continued playing and the show ended on a fade . Hendrix later apologised to Lulu , who thought the performance made for a great television moment . Notes ( edit ) Footnotes ^ Jump up to : Although several music writers indicate a January 1968 or 1968 release , including Bobby Owsinski , Riley Haas , Chris Welch , and Bob Leszczak , the single entered the Cash Box Looking Ahead chart dated 30 December 1967 , precluding the possibility of a January 1968 release . ^ Jump up to : Several Polydor Records singles issued outside of the US show running times close to the album track . Jump up ^ Cream 's equipment was painted in psychedelic designs and colours by the Dutch design collective the Fool and was first used at the Murray the K shows . Clapton 's 1964 Gibson SG Standard ( also called `` the Fool '' ) , Bruce 's Fender Bass VI , and Baker 's drums were painted to match . Jump up ^ Pappalardi was so upset with Atlantic 's reaction to Cream 's early recordings , when he joined Leslie West to form Mountain , he chose to work with another record label . Citations Jump up ^ Russo , Nicholas ( 2015 ) . ' Feels like we only go backwards ' : nostalgia and contemporary retro rock music ( Doctor of Philosophy thesis ) . School of the Arts , English and Media , University of Wollongong . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bambarger , Bradley ( 6 September 1997 ) . `` Polydor Gears Up for Its Cream Retrospective '' . Billboard . Vol. 109 no . 36 . p. 116 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . ^ Jump up to : `` VH1 Top 100 Hard Rock Songs '' . 1 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 2009 . Retrieved 7 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Cash Box ( 30 December 1967 ) . `` Looking Ahead '' . Cash Box . 29 ( 23 ) : 18 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . Cream : Fresh Cream -- Review at AllMusic . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Schumacher 2003 , pp. 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . Cream : Disraeli Gears -- Review at AllMusic . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Shapiro & Glebbeek 1990 , p. 137 . ^ Jump up to : Covach & Boone 1997 , p. 84 . ^ Jump up to : Schumacher 2003 , p. 89 . ^ Jump up to : Shapiro 2009 , p. 97 . ^ Jump up to : Covach & Boone 1997 , pp. 84 -- 85 . ^ Jump up to : Brewer 2005 , DVD . Jump up ^ Birnbaum 2012 , pp. 127 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Roberty 1993 , p. 41 . ^ Jump up to : Shapiro 2009 , p. 98 . ^ Jump up to : Schumacher 2003 , pp. 87 -- 88 . ^ Jump up to : Schumacher 2003 , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Oxman 2011 , pp. 62 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Schumacher 2003 , pp. 88 -- 89 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson 2012 , eBook . Jump up ^ Shapiro 2009 , p. 99 . ^ Jump up to : Gallagher 2012 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Adelt 2007 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Munro 2005 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Shelby ( 1993 ) . `` Rare Performances : Cream in 1993 -- `` Sunshine of Your Love '' `` . The Story of Rock . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Welch 2011 , p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : Roberty 1993 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Sunshine of Your Love ( Single label ) . The Cream ( sic ) . Atco Records . 1968 . OCLC 642983575 . 45 - 6544 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2015 , p. 137 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cream -- Singles '' . Official Charts . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sunshine of Your Love '' at Discogs ( list of releases ) Jump up ^ `` Go - Set Australian charts -- 27 March 1968 '' . Poparchives.com.au . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 -- Week of August 26 , 1968 '' . Libraries and Archives Canada . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cream -- Sunshine of Your Love '' . dutchcharts.nl ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . Cream : `` Sunshine of Your Love '' -- Review at AllMusic . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Hoffmann 1983 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Search -- Cream '' . RIAA . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Schumacher 2003 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles of 1968 '' . Libraries and Archives Canada . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Billboard ( 15 December 1984 ) . `` Top 10 Singles 1946 -- 1983 '' . Billboard. 96 ( 50 ) : 90TH - 45 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone ( December 9 , 2004 ) . `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone ( 963 ) . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks Ever ! '' . Q. March 2005 . Archived from the original on 2013 . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 1995 . Archived from the original on 2 May 2007 . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Covach & Boone 1997 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Shapiro & Glebbeek 1990 , pp. 137 , 300 . Jump up ^ Belmo & Loveless 1998 , pp. 461 -- 465 . ^ Jump up to : McDermott , Kramer & Cox 2009 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Shapiro & Glebbeek 1990 , pp. 326 -- 327 . Jump up ^ Black 1999 , p. 173 . References Adelt , Ulrich ( 2007 ) . Black , White and Blue : Racial Politics of Blues Music in the 1960s . ProQuest . ISBN 978 - 0549341963 . Belmo ; Loveless , Steve ( 1998 ) . Jimi Hendrix : Experience the Music . Burlington , Ontario : Collector 's Guide Publishing . ISBN 1 - 896522 - 45 - 9 . Birnbaum , Larry ( 2012 ) . Before Elvis : The Prehistory of Rock ' n ' Roll . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 8629 - 2 . Black , Johnny ( 1999 ) . Jimi Hendrix : The Ultimate Experience . New York City : Thunder 's Mouth Press . ISBN 1 - 56025 - 240 - 5 . Brewer , Jon ( Director ) ( 2005 ) . Cream : Their Fully Authorized Story ( DVD documentary ) . Chatsworth , California : Image Entertainment . OCLC 78626813 . ID324715DVD . Covach , John ; Boone , Graeme M. ( 1997 ) . Understanding Rock : Essays in Musical Analysis : Essays in Musical Analysis . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0195356625 . Denisoff , R. Serge ( 1975 ) . Solid Gold : The Popular Record Industry . Piscataway , New Jersey : Transaction Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0878555864 . Gallagher , Mitch ( 2012 ) . Guitar Tone : Pursuing the Ultimate Guitar Sound . Boston , Massachusetts : Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 1435456211 . Hoffmann , Frank ( 1983 ) . The Cash Box Singles Charts , 1950 -- 1981 . Lanham , Maryland : The Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0810815957 . McDermott , John ; Kramer , Eddie ; Cox , Billy ( 2009 ) . Ultimate Hendrix . New York City : Backbeat Books . ISBN 0 - 87930 - 938 - 5 . Munro , Doug ( 2005 ) . Jazz Guitar : Organ Trio Blues. Van Nuys , California : Alfred Music . ISBN 978 - 0757937279 . Oxman , J. Craig ( December 2011 ) . `` Clapton 's Fool : History 's Greatest Guitar ? '' . Vintage Guitar . Alan Greenwood . ISSN 1067 - 2605 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Roberty , Mark ( 1993 ) . Slowhand : The Complete Life and Times of Eric Clapton . New York City : Crown Trade Paperbacks . ISBN 0 - 517 - 88118 - 7 . Schumacher , Michael ( 2003 ) . Crossroads : The Life and Music of Eric Clapton . New York City : Citadel Press . ISBN 978 - 0806524665 . Shapiro , Harry ; Glebbeek , Cesar ( 1990 ) . Jimi Hendrix : Electric Gypsy . New York City : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 05861 - 6 . Shapiro , Harry ( 2009 ) . Jack Bruce : Composing Himself : The Authorised Biography . Jawbone Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1906002268 . Thompson , Dave ( 2012 ) . Cream : How Eric Clapton Took the World by Storm . New York City : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1448133710 . Welch , Chris ( 2000 ) . Cream : The Legendary Sixties Supergroup . Backbeat Books . ISBN 978 - 1476851501 . Welch , Chris ( 2011 ) . Clapton . Voyageur Press . ISBN 978 - 1610597715 . Whitburn , Joel ( 2015 ) . Top Pop Singles 1955 -- 1996 . Menomomee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 123 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Cream Ginger Baker Jack Bruce Eric Clapton Studio albums Fresh Cream Disraeli Gears Wheels of Fire Goodbye Live albums Live Cream Live Cream Volume II BBC Sessions Royal Albert Hall London May 2 - 3 - 5 - 6 , 2005 Compilations Best of Cream Heavy Cream Strange Brew : The Very Best of Cream The Very Best of Cream Those Were the Days Gold Singles `` Wrapping Paper '' `` I Feel Free '' `` Strange Brew '' / `` Tales of Brave Ulysses '' `` Spoonful '' `` Sunshine of Your Love '' / `` SWLABR '' `` Anyone for Tennis '' `` White Room '' `` Crossroads '' `` Badge '' `` Lawdy Mama '' Other songs `` Four Until Late '' `` Rollin ' and Tumblin ' '' `` I 'm So Glad '' `` Toad '' `` We 're Going Wrong '' `` Outside Woman Blues '' `` Sitting on Top of the World '' `` Born Under a Bad Sign '' `` Steppin ' Out '' `` Doing That Scrapyard Thing '' Film Cream 's Farewell Concert Collaborators Pete Brown Felix Pappalardi Martin Sharp Gail Collins Janet Godfrey George Harrison Mike Taylor Robert Stigwood Related articles Discography Songs The Graham Bond Organisation John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers Eric Clapton and the Powerhouse Blind Faith BBM Book Category Jimi Hendrix Original 1966 -- 1970 releases are marked in bold . Studio albums Are You Experienced Axis : Bold as Love Electric Ladyland The Cry of Love Rainbow Bridge War Heroes Loose Ends Crash Landing Midnight Lightning Nine to the Universe Voodoo Soup First Rays of the New Rising Sun Valleys of Neptune People , Hell and Angels Both Sides of the Sky Live albums Band of Gypsys Historic Performances Recorded at the Monterey International Pop Festival Experience Isle of Wight Hendrix in the West More Experience The Jimi Hendrix Concerts Jimi Plays Monterey Johnny B. Goode Band of Gypsys 2 Live at Winterland Radio One Stages Live Isle of Wight ' 70 Woodstock BBC Sessions Live at the Fillmore East Live at Woodstock Blue Wild Angel : Live at the Isle of Wight Live at Berkeley Live at Monterey Winterland Miami Pop Festival Freedom : Atlanta Pop Festival Machine Gun : The Fillmore East First Show Compilations Smash Hits Soundtrack Recordings from the Film Jimi Hendrix Musique Originale du Film Jimi Plays Berkeley Re-Experienced The Essential Jimi Hendrix The Essential Jimi Hendrix Volume Two Stone Free The Singles Album Kiss the Sky Live & Unreleased : The Radio Show Cornerstones : 1967 -- 1970 Lifelines : The Jimi Hendrix Story Stages The Ultimate Experience Blues South Saturn Delta Experience Hendrix : The Best of Jimi Hendrix The Jimi Hendrix Experience Voodoo Child : The Jimi Hendrix Collection The Singles Collection Martin Scorsese Presents the Blues : Jimi Hendrix West Coast Seattle Boy : The Jimi Hendrix Anthology Fire : The Jimi Hendrix Collection Official bootlegs Live at the Oakland Coliseum Live at Clark University Morning Symphony Ideas Live in Ottawa Baggy 's Rehearsal Sessions Paris 1967 / San Francisco 1968 Hear My Music Live at the Isle of Fehmarn Burning Desire Live in Paris & Ottawa 1968 Live at Woburn Live in Cologne Concert tours The Jimi Hendrix Experience French Tour The Cry of Love Tour Films , books , tributes Rainbow Bridge Jimi Hendrix Stone Free : A Tribute to Jimi Hendrix Hendrix Power of Soul : A Tribute to Jimi Hendrix Room Full of Mirrors An Illustrated Experience Becoming Jimi Hendrix Jimi : All Is by My Side Related people and acts Curtis Knight Lonnie Youngblood Jimmy James and the Blue Flames The Jimi Hendrix Experience Noel Redding Mitch Mitchell Chas Chandler Eddie Kramer Roger Mayer Michael Jeffery Billy Cox Buddy Miles Alan Douglas Leon Hendrix Kathy Etchingham Monika Dannemann Related articles Original discography Posthumous discography List of songs Videography Canadian drug charges and trial Electric Lady Studios Black Gold Death of Jimi Hendrix Book Category Rob Thomas Discography Studio albums ... Something to Be Cradlesong The Great Unknown Singles `` Lonely No More '' `` This Is How a Heart Breaks '' `` Ever the Same '' `` ... Something to Be '' `` Streetcorner Symphony '' `` Her Diamonds '' `` Give Me the Meltdown '' `` Someday '' `` Mockingbird '' Featured singles `` Smooth '' `` Sunshine of Your Love '' Soundtrack singles `` Little Wonders '' Tours Something to Be Tour Cradlesong Tour The Great Unknown Tour Related articles Matchbox Twenty Tabitha 's Secret Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunshine_of_Your_Love&oldid=835842498 '' Categories : 1967 songs 1968 singles Cream ( band ) songs Songs written by Eric Clapton Songs written by Jack Bruce Song recordings produced by Felix Pappalardi Atco Records singles Polydor Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Good articles Use British English from April 2012 Use dmy dates from April 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano עברית Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 03 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang lead vocals on sunshine of your love | [
"\"Sunshine of Your Love\" is a 1967 song by the British rock band Cream. With elements of hard rock, psychedelia, and pop, it is one of Cream's best known and most popular songs. Cream bassist and vocalist Jack Bruce based it on a distinctive bass riff, or repeated musical phrase, he developed after attending a Jimi Hendrix concert. Guitarist Eric Clapton and lyricist Pete Brown later contributed to the song. Recording engineer Tom Dowd suggested the rhythm arrangement in which drummer Ginger Baker plays a distinctive tom-tom drum rhythm, although Baker has claimed it was his idea."
] | [
"Jack Bruce"
] |
2964448325904905103 | 2017–18 NBA season | 2017 -- 18 NBA season - wikipedia 2017 -- 18 NBA season Jump to : navigation , search 2017 -- 18 NBA season League National Basketball Association Sport Basketball Duration October 17 , 2017 -- April 11 , 2018 April 14 -- May 28 , 2018 ( Playoffs ) May 31 -- June 17 , 2018 ( Finals ) Number of games 82 Number of teams 30 TV partner ( s ) ABC , TNT , ESPN , NBA TV Draft Top draft pick Markelle Fultz Picked by Philadelphia 76ers Regular season Playoffs Finals NBA seasons ← 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 → The 2017 -- 18 NBA season is the 72nd season of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The regular season began on October 17 , 2017 , earlier than previous seasons to reduce the number of `` back - to - back '' games teams are scheduled to play , with the 2017 runners - up Cleveland Cavaliers hosting a game against the Boston Celtics at Quicken Loans Arena in Cleveland , Ohio . Christmas games will be played on December 25 . The 2018 NBA All - Star Game will be played on February 18 , 2018 , at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . The regular season will end on April 11 , 2018 and the playoffs will begin on April 14 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Transactions 1.1 Retirement 1.2 Free agency 1.3 Coaching changes 1.3. 1 Off - season 1.3. 2 In - season 2 Preseason 2.1 International games 3 Regular season 3.1 By conference 3.2 International games 4 Statistics 4.1 Individual statistic leaders 4.2 Individual game highs 4.3 Team statistic leaders 5 Awards 5.1 Players of the Week 5.2 Players of the Month 5.3 Rookies of the Month 5.4 Coaches of the Month 6 Arenas 7 Media 8 Uniforms 8.1 Uniform sponsorships 9 Notable occurrences 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Transactions ( edit ) Main article : List of 2017 -- 18 NBA season transactions Retirement ( edit ) On July 17 , 2017 , Paul Pierce signed a ceremonial contract with the Boston Celtics and officially retired as a Celtic after playing 19 seasons and winning one championship with the Celtics . On July 19 , 2017 , James Jones was announced to be the vice president of basketball operations for the Phoenix Suns , which signified his retirement after playing 14 seasons and winning two championships with the Miami Heat and one championship with the Cleveland Cavaliers . On August 4 , 2017 , Jason Maxiell signed a ceremonial contract with the Detroit Pistons and officially retired after playing 14 seasons . On August 15 , 2017 , Tayshaun Prince was announced to be assistant general manager for the Memphis Grizzlies , which signified his retirement after playing 15 seasons and winning one championship with the Detroit Pistons . On September 2 , 2017 , Primož Brezec announced his retirement after 21 professional seasons . Brezec had played in Russia , Cyprus , Kuwait and his native country Slovenia since last playing in the NBA during the 2009 -- 10 NBA season . On October 23 , 2017 Ron Artest was hired as player development coach for the South Bay Lakers , the Los Angeles Lakers ' NBA G League affiliate , thus ending his 18 - year playing career with the NBA . During his carer , he won one championship with the L.A. Lakers . Free agency ( edit ) Free agency negotiations began on July 1 . Players began signing on July 6 , after the July moratorium ended . Coaching changes ( edit ) Coaching changes In - season Team Outgoing coach Incoming coach Phoenix Suns Earl Watson Jay Triano ( interim ) Off - season ( edit ) For the first time since the inauguration of the BAA , there would be no coaching changes entering the regular season . In fact , the 536 days from Dave Joerger being fired as coach of the Memphis Grizzlies to the day the Phoenix Suns fired Earl Watson as head coach would be the longest period in NBA history without any coaching changes occur . In - season ( edit ) On October 22 , 2017 , the Phoenix Suns fired head coach Earl Watson and replaced him with the team 's associate coach Jay Triano as interim head coach for the rest of the season . Preseason ( edit ) The preseason began on September 30 and ended on October 13 . International games ( edit ) The Golden State Warriors and Minnesota Timberwolves played two preseason games in China , at Shenzhen on October 5 and Shanghai on October 8 . Minnesota won the first game 111 -- 97 , while Golden State emerged victorious in the second one , 142 -- 110 . Regular season ( edit ) The regular season began on October 17 , 2017 . Christmas Day games will be played on December 25 , 2017 . The regular season will end on April 11 , 2018 . Eastern Conference Atlantic Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Boston Celtics 12 . 857 0.0 6 -- 1 6 -- 1 3 -- 0 14 New York Knicks 7 5 . 583 4.0 6 -- 2 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 12 Toronto Raptors 7 5 . 583 4.0 4 -- 1 3 -- 4 1 -- 1 12 Philadelphia 76ers 6 6 . 500 5.0 2 -- 2 4 -- 4 0 -- 2 12 Brooklyn Nets 5 8 . 385 6.5 3 -- 2 2 -- 6 0 -- 1 13 Central Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Detroit Pistons 10 . 769 0.0 7 -- 1 3 -- 2 2 -- 0 13 Milwaukee Bucks 6 6 . 500 3.5 3 -- 3 3 -- 3 0 -- 3 12 Cleveland Cavaliers 6 7 . 462 4.0 3 -- 4 3 -- 3 3 -- 1 13 Indiana Pacers 6 8 . 429 4.5 3 -- 3 3 -- 5 2 -- 1 14 Chicago Bulls 9 . 182 7.0 1 -- 4 1 -- 5 0 -- 2 11 Southeast Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Orlando Magic 8 5 . 615 0.0 4 -- 2 4 -- 3 1 -- 1 13 Washington Wizards 7 5 . 583 0.5 4 -- 3 3 -- 2 1 -- 0 12 Miami Heat 6 7 . 462 2.0 3 -- 3 3 -- 4 1 -- 1 13 Charlotte Hornets 5 7 . 417 2.5 4 -- 1 1 -- 6 2 -- 0 12 Atlanta Hawks 11 . 154 6.0 0 -- 4 2 -- 7 0 -- 3 13 Western Conference Northwest Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Denver Nuggets 8 5 . 615 0.0 6 -- 2 2 -- 3 1 -- 1 13 Minnesota Timberwolves 7 5 . 583 0.5 4 -- 1 3 -- 4 3 -- 0 12 Portland Trail Blazers 6 6 . 500 1.5 4 -- 4 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 12 Oklahoma City Thunder 6 7 . 462 2.0 4 -- 2 2 -- 5 0 -- 5 13 Utah Jazz 6 7 . 462 2.0 6 -- 3 0 -- 4 3 -- 1 13 Pacific Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Golden State Warriors 10 . 769 0.0 5 -- 2 5 -- 1 1 -- 0 13 Los Angeles Clippers 5 7 . 417 4.5 3 -- 4 2 -- 3 2 -- 1 12 Los Angeles Lakers 5 8 . 385 5.0 4 -- 3 1 -- 5 1 -- 1 13 Phoenix Suns 5 9 . 357 5.5 3 -- 5 2 -- 4 1 -- 2 14 Sacramento Kings 9 . 250 6.5 2 -- 3 1 -- 6 0 -- 1 12 Southwest Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Houston Rockets 11 . 786 0.0 4 -- 2 7 -- 1 2 -- 2 14 San Antonio Spurs 8 5 . 615 2.5 6 -- 2 2 -- 3 0 -- 0 13 Memphis Grizzlies 7 5 . 583 3.0 4 -- 2 3 -- 3 4 -- 2 12 New Orleans Pelicans 7 6 . 538 3.5 2 -- 3 5 -- 3 1 -- 1 13 Dallas Mavericks 12 . 143 9.0 1 -- 6 1 -- 6 1 -- 3 14 By conference ( edit ) Eastern Conference # Team PCT GB GP Boston Celtics * 12 . 857 -- 14 Detroit Pistons * 10 . 769 1.5 13 Orlando Magic * 8 5 . 615 3.5 13 New York Knicks 7 5 . 583 4.0 12 5 Toronto Raptors 7 5 . 583 4.0 12 6 Washington Wizards 7 5 . 583 4.0 12 7 Philadelphia 76ers 6 6 . 500 5.0 12 8 Milwaukee Bucks 6 6 . 500 5.0 12 9 Cleveland Cavaliers 6 7 . 462 5.5 13 10 Miami Heat 6 7 . 462 5.5 13 11 Indiana Pacers 6 8 . 429 6.0 14 12 Charlotte Hornets 5 7 . 417 6.0 12 13 Brooklyn Nets 5 8 . 385 6.5 13 14 Chicago Bulls 9 . 182 8.5 11 15 Atlanta Hawks 11 . 154 9.5 13 Western Conference # Team PCT GB GP Houston Rockets * 11 . 786 -- 14 Golden State Warriors * 10 . 769 0.5 13 Denver Nuggets * 8 5 . 615 2.5 13 San Antonio Spurs 8 5 . 615 2.5 13 5 Memphis Grizzlies 7 5 . 583 3.0 12 6 Minnesota Timberwolves 7 5 . 583 3.0 12 7 New Orleans Pelicans 7 6 . 538 3.5 13 8 Portland Trail Blazers 6 6 . 500 4.0 12 9 Oklahoma City Thunder 6 7 . 462 4.5 13 10 Utah Jazz 6 7 . 462 4.5 13 11 Los Angeles Clippers 5 7 . 417 5.0 12 12 Los Angeles Lakers 5 8 . 385 5.5 13 13 Phoenix Suns 5 9 . 357 6.0 14 14 Sacramento Kings 9 . 250 7.0 12 15 Dallas Mavericks 12 . 143 9.0 14 Notes * -- division leader International games ( edit ) On August 9 , 2017 , the NBA announced that the Brooklyn Nets would play two regular season games at Mexico City Arena in Mexico City , Mexico . On December 7 , 2017 , the Nets would play against the Oklahoma City Thunder and on December 9 , 2017 , they would match up against the Miami Heat . On August 10 , 2017 , the NBA announced that the Philadelphia 76ers would play the Boston Celtics at The O2 Arena in London , United Kingdom on January 11 , 2018 . Statistics ( edit ) Individual statistic leaders ( edit ) Category Player Team Statistic Points per game Giannis Antetokounmpo Milwaukee Bucks 31.7 Rebounds per game Andre Drummond Detroit Pistons 15.6 Assists per game James Harden Houston Rockets 10.2 Steals per game Paul George Oklahoma City Thunder 2.54 Blocks per game Rudy Gobert Utah Jazz 2.50 Turnovers per game DeMarcus Cousins New Orleans Pelicans 5.2 Fouls per game Ersan İlyasova Atlanta Hawks 4.3 Minutes per game LeBron James Cleveland Cavaliers 38.3 FG % Clint Capela Houston Rockets 69.6 % FT % Rodney Hood Utah Jazz 97.0 % 3FG % Aaron Gordon Orlando Magic 55.3 % Efficiency per game Giannis Antetokounmpo Milwaukee Bucks 32.75 Double - doubles DeMarcus Cousins New Orleans Pelicans 12 Triple - doubles Russell Westbrook Oklahoma City Thunder Individual game highs ( edit ) Category Player Team Statistic Points LeBron James Cleveland Cavaliers 57 Rebounds DeAndre Jordan Los Angeles Clippers 24 Assists Russell Westbrook Oklahoma City Thunder 16 Darren Collison Indiana Pacers Steals 5 players 6 Blocks DeMarcus Cousins New Orleans Pelicans 7 Kevin Durant Golden State Warriors Three Pointers J.J. Redick Philadelphia 76ers 8 Team statistic leaders ( edit ) Category Team Statistic Points per game Golden State Warriors 120.3 Rebounds per game Portland Trail Blazers 48.3 Assists per game Golden State Warriors 31.0 Steals per game Oklahoma City Thunder 10.7 Blocks per game Golden State Warriors 9.0 Turnovers per game Philadelphia 76ers 17.8 Los Angeles Lakers FG % Golden State Warriors 52.1 % FT % Utah Jazz 83.0 % 3FG % Golden State Warriors 41.5 % + / − Golden State Warriors + 12.0 Awards ( edit ) Players of the Week ( edit ) The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Week . Week Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref . 01 October 17 -- 22 Antetokounmpo , Giannis Giannis Antetokounmpo ( Milwaukee Bucks ) ( 1 / 1 ) Harden , James James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) ( 1 / 2 ) 02 October 23 -- 29 Oladipo , Victor Victor Oladipo ( Indiana Pacers ) ( 1 / 1 ) Cousins , DeMarcus DeMarcus Cousins ( New Orleans Pelicans ) ( 1 / 1 ) 03 October 30 -- November 5 Porziņģis , Kristaps Kristaps Porziņģis ( New York Knicks ) ( 1 / 1 ) Harden , James James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) ( 2 / 2 ) 04 November 6 -- 12 Harris , Tobias Tobias Harris ( Detroit Pistons ) ( 1 / 1 ) Jokić , Nikola Nikola Jokić ( Denver Nuggets ) ( 1 / 1 ) 05 November 13 -- 19 Players of the Month ( edit ) The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Month . Month Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref . 01 October Rookies of the Month ( edit ) The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Rookies of the Month . Month Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref . 01 October Coaches of the Month ( edit ) The following coaches were named the Eastern and Western Conference Coaches of the Month . Month Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref . 01 October Arenas ( edit ) This is the Detroit Pistons ' first season at Little Caesars Arena after playing at The Palace of Auburn Hills from 1988 to 2017 . The team played their first game there against the Charlotte Hornets on October 18 , 2017 . This also marks the first time the Pistons have regularly played in the city of Detroit since 1978 . This is the Milwaukee Bucks ' final season at the BMO Harris Bradley Center , their home since 1988 . The team will play its final game there on April 9 against the Orlando Magic . The team is scheduled to move into the new Wisconsin Entertainment and Sports Center prior to the start of the 2018 -- 19 NBA season . The team played a `` Return to the MECCA '' game at the UW -- Milwaukee Panther Arena ( the former Milwaukee or `` MECCA '' Arena , their home from 1969 until 1989 ) on October 26 against the Boston Celtics as part of the team 's 50th season celebration . The Washington Wizards home arena , the Verizon Center , was renamed Capital One Arena . The Toronto Raptors owners Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment announce that their Air Canada Centre arena will be renamed Scotiabank Arena at the end of the 2017 -- 18 season . Media ( edit ) This is the second season of the current nine - year contracts with ABC , ESPN , TNT , and NBA TV . Uniforms ( edit ) Nike will be the official on - court apparel provider beginning with the 2017 -- 18 season . During this time , each team will be provided with four different jersey apparel that will be displayed throughout the seasons : the `` Association Edition '' , `` Icon Edition '' , `` Statement Edition '' ( tentatively called the Athlete 's Mindset ) , and `` Community Edition '' jerseys will replace the more typical home and road jersey ideas with alternatives also being included as well . In addition to those jerseys , eight teams will also be provided a `` Classic Edition '' jersey to commemorate some of their past designs throughout the season . The Charlotte Hornets will use an Air Jordan - branded apparel , which is endorsed by their owner Michael Jordan and is owned by Nike . The Cleveland Cavaliers debuted their new uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season after unveiling the new logo on May 31 , 2017 . The Detroit Pistons debuted their new uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season after unveiling the new logo on May 17 , 2017 . The Indiana Pacers debuted their new uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season after unveiling new alternate logos and home floor along with their uniforms on July 28 , 2017 . The Minnesota Timberwolves debuted their new uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season after unveiling the new logo on April 11 , 2017 , and unveiling their new uniforms on August 10 , 2017 . The Portland Trail Blazers debuted their new uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season after unveiling the new logo on May 8 , 2017 , and unveiling their new uniforms on July 29 , 2017 . Uniform sponsorships ( edit ) Advertisements begin to appear on league uniforms starting this season . As of November 13 , 2017 , nineteen teams have confirmed to sign uniform sponsorship deals : Atlanta Hawks -- Sharecare Boston Celtics -- General Electric Brooklyn Nets -- Infor Charlotte Hornets -- LendingTree Cleveland Cavaliers -- Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Denver Nuggets -- Western Union Detroit Pistons -- Flagstar Bank Golden State Warriors -- Rakuten Los Angeles Lakers -- Wish Miami Heat -- Ultimate Software Milwaukee Bucks -- Harley - Davidson Minnesota Timberwolves -- Fitbit New Orleans Pelicans -- Zatarain 's New York Knicks -- Squarespace Orlando Magic -- The Walt Disney Company Philadelphia 76ers -- StubHub Sacramento Kings -- Blue Diamond Growers Toronto Raptors -- Sun Life Financial Utah Jazz -- Qualtrics Notable occurrences ( edit ) On July 6 , 2017 , the NBA unveiled an update to its logo , featuring new typography and a modified color scheme . The regular season started eight days earlier than the previous season . This move by the NBA aims for fewer `` back - to - back '' games , even fewer than the previous season which had already reached an all - time low to help address teams that are `` resting '' their superstars . The NBA decreased the maximum number of timeouts in a regulation game from 18 to 14 . The three team timeouts during the last two minutes of the game were also decreased to two per team in the last three minutes to improve the flow and pace of the game . The trade deadline was moved from four days after the NBA All - Star Game to ten days before it , so teams can settle their rosters before the All - Star break . Free - throw shooters will be assessed a delay - of - game violation if they venture outside of the three - point line in between attempts . The NBA also added two - way contracted players , signifying an increasing partnership between the NBA and the newly branded NBA G League . Referees can now assess dangerous closeouts of defenders to jump shooters with little space to land for a technical or a flagrant foul . Informally dubbed as the `` Zaza rule '' . Also , officials can now assess if a player is in a shooting motion when determining if a perimeter foul is a shooting or a common foul . The type of foul will be determined on the sequencing of the player 's movement if the foul happened before or after the player starts a shooting motion . Additionally , they can also assess an offensive foul if an offensive player intentionally lunged into the defender or locked arms to create contact , a rule informally dubbed as the `` Harden rule '' . On September 28 , 2017 , the NBA board of governors approved the changes to draft lottery system to discourage teams from losing on purpose . Starting with the 2018 -- 19 NBA season , the teams with three worst records will have equal odds at the # 1 pick . In addition , the revised draft lottery will consist of selecting the top four teams instead of the usual three that occurred for over two decades . The approval for the change was nearly unanimous , with only the Oklahoma City Thunder voting against and the Dallas Mavericks abstaining from voting . On October 3 , 2017 , the NBA and NBPA announced the changes to the NBA All - Star Game format . The vote leaders for each conferences will be assigned as team captains and will be able to select players from the rest of the starters and the reserves , regardless of the conference they play in , to form their own teams . The newly formed teams will also play for a charity of choice to help the games remain competitive . This marks the first time , the conferences will not play against each other since the inaugural All - Star game . Selection process will remain the same . On October 17 , 2017 , during the season opener with the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Boston Celtics , Gordon Hayward landed awkwardly on his ankle with his behind after attempting an alley - oop off a pass from Kyrie Irving . He suffered a dislocated ankle and a fractured tibia five minutes into the game in his debut as a Celtic . On October 18 , 2017 , Brooklyn Nets point guard Jeremy Lin fell to the ground hard after making a layup when playing the Indiana Pacers , causing him to miss the entire season . He suffered a ruptured patellar tendon of his right knee . That same day , in the season opening game for the Portland Trail Blazers and Phoenix Suns , the Trail Blazers would defeat the Suns 124 - 76 in what would be the greatest deficit for a season - opening game in league history . On October 19 , 2017 , Oklahoma City Thunder point guard Russell Westbrook recorded his 80th career triple - double . On October 25 , 2017 , the Cleveland Cavaliers ' LeBron James , normally a frontcourt player , recorded his 56th career triple - double and 1st career triple - double as starting point guard . That same day , Oklahoma City Thunder point guard Russell Westbrook recorded his 81st career triple - double . On October 28 , 2017 , Oklahoma City Thunder point guard Russell Westbrook recorded his 82nd career triple - double , becoming the first player in NBA history to record a triple double against all 29 opposing teams . On November 3 , 2017 , LeBron James scored 57 points for the night and his 29,000 th career point , becoming the youngest player , and just the seventh overall , to reach that mark ( 32 years , 309 days ) . LeBron James also passed both Kevin Garnett for 12th on the NBA 's all - time field goals list ( with 10,506 career field goals to his name ) and passed John Havlicek for 11th on the NBA 's all - time field goals list with 10,514 career field goals . On November 7 , 2017 , Ben Simmons became the only player in NBA history with at least 170 points , 100 rebounds and 80 assists in his team 's first 10 games . On November 7 , 2017 , the Sacramento Kings set a record for most points scored before a starter scored . The King 's bench scored the team 's first 29 points before Willie Cauley - Stein scored a free throw at 4 : 08 of the second quarter . The previous record was held by the Milwaukee Bucks at 23 points set on April 5 , 2011 against the Orlando Magic . See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wells , Adam . `` Adam Silver Says 2017 - 18 NBA Season Will Start on Oct. 17 '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Unveils Schedule For 2017 - 18 KIA Tip - Off And Christmas Day Games '' . NBA.com . August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hightower , Kyle . `` Paul Pierce signs with Boston Celtics , then retires '' . NBA.com . The Associated Press . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Baum , Bob ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Suns Extend Ryan McDonough as General Manager , Name James Jones Vice President of Basketball Operations '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Maxiell officially retires from NBA as a Detroit Piston '' . freep.com . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Tillery , Ronald ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Grizzlies hiring Tayshaun Prince for front office job '' . The Commercial Appeal . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brezec retired and become a scout for the Cavs '' . Eurohoops . September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` An NBA first : Every coach who started last season is back '' . nbcsports.com. 22 September 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Suns Relieve Earl Watson of Head Coaching Duties '' . NBA.com . October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors , Minnesota Timberwolves get preseason games in China '' . NBA.com . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA To Play Two Regular - Season Games In Mexico City '' . NBA.com . August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 76ers and Boston Celtics To Play Regular - Season NBA Game in London '' . NBA.com . August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Giannis Antetokounmpo , James Harden Named NBA 's Players Of The Week '' . basketball.realgm.com . RealGM. 23 October 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Victor Oladipo , DeMarcus Cousins Named NBA 's Players Of The Week '' . basketball.realgm.com . RealGM. 30 October 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kristaps Porzingis , James Harden Named Players Of The Week '' . basketball.realgm.com . RealGM. 6 November 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons to Move to Downtown Detroit '' . NBA.com . November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Engine for future growth : '' Milwaukee Bucks , Design Team Release Vision for New Multi-Purpose Arena `` . WITI . Milwaukee . April 7 , 2015 . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Velasquez , Matt ( 29 August 2017 ) . `` Milwaukee Bucks ' Return to the MECCA ' game set for Oct. 26 vs. Celtics '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Dan ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Verizon Center to become Capital One Arena , starting now '' . Washington Post . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Chris ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Air Canada Centre changing name to Scotiabank Arena next summer '' . Sportsnet.ca . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nike to become uniform , apparel provider for NBA '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 10 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets Sports & Entertainment Announces Plans to Switch Locations of Spectrum Center Box Office and Hornets Fan Shop '' . NBA.com. April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . The re-opening of the Hornets Fan Shop will coincide with the launch of the team 's new Jordan Brand uniforms as Nike becomes the NBA 's uniform provider beginning this season . The Hornets will be the only team in the NBA wearing Jordan Brand uniforms , and with the agreement taking effect , the Hornets Fan Shop will have even more of the popular Jordan Brand Hornets merchandise than it has had previously . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Logo Suite Evolves to Modernize Look '' . NBA.com . May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PISTONS NEW LOGO FOR 2017 -- 18 SEASON UNVELIED '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` After a day of teasing , the Pacers delivered a full redesign and fans are underwhelmed '' . Indianapolis Star . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Previews of the Indiana Pacers ' New Uniforms , Court , and Logos '' . Indiana Sports Coverage . July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TIMBERWOLVES NEW LOGO FOR 2017 -- 18 SEASON UNVEILED '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul . `` Nike 's new NBA looks keep on coming '' . ESPN . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Holdahl , Casey ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Trail Blazers Update Pinwheel , Prepare For Jersey Changes '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trail Blazers Uniforms '' . NBA.com . July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sharecare and Hawks Launch Jersey Patch Partnership And Innovative Health Movement '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics and GE announce multi-year partnership '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Nets Form Wide - Ranging Partnership With Global Software Leader Infor '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.nba.com/hornets/press-releases/hornets-lendingtree-announce-new-multi-year-founding-level-partnership-highlighted Jump up ^ `` Goodyear , Cavaliers Relationship Built on Shared Principles of Drive , Determination and Commitment to the Community '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets and Western Union Announce Multi-Year Sponsorship in the Mile High City '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons and Flagstar Bank Announce Historic Jersey Partnership Detroit Pistons '' . Detroit Pistons . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Rohrbach , Ben . `` Warriors , tech company reach NBA 's richest jersey advertising deal -- by far '' . sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers sign jersey - patch deal with Wish '' . theScore.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Winderman , Ira . `` Weston - based Ultimate Software to sponsor Heat uniform patches '' . Sun-Sentinel.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MILWAUKEE BUCKS AND HARLEY - DAVIDSON ROLL FULL THROTTLE INTO NBA SEASON WITH JERSEY PATCH SPONSORSHIP '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MINNESOTA TIMBERWOLVES AND FITBIT ANNOUNCE MULTI-YEAR PARTNERSHIP NAMING COMPANY `` OFFICIAL WEARABLE , '' `` OFFICIAL SLEEP TRACKER '' AND JERSEY PATCH SPONSOR `` . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Pelicans name Zatarain 's as jersey patch sponsor '' . nba.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Squarespace X Knicks Announce Signature Partnership '' . nba.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Magic , Disney Expanded Partnership Exciting for Both Brands '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sixers become first NBA team to get sponsor on jersey '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento Kings , Blue Diamond Partner to Showcase California Growers and Inspire Health and Wellness '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Raptors and Sun Life Financial Announce Ground - Breaking , Expanded Partnership '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Jazz and Qualtrics Partner To Revolutionize Fan Experience and Analytics and Accelerate Efforts to Eradicate Cancer '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 13 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A first look at the NBA 's refreshed logo '' . NBA.com. 6 July 2017 . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Feldman , Dan . `` NBA moves up trade deadline , reduces timeouts '' . sports.yahoo.com . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Ward - Henninger , Colin . `` NBA moves trade deadline to before All - Star Game , reduces amount of timeouts '' . CBSSports.com . CBS Sports . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Maury . `` NBA Makes Sweeping Pace - Of - Play Changes ; MLB Likely Next '' . Forbes.com . Forbes . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Dauster , Rob ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` D - League salaries , two - way contracts increase NBA Draft early entries '' . CollegeBasketballTalk . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian . `` NBA referees can rule closeouts as flagrants or technical fouls '' . NBA.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bushnell , Henry . `` The NBA is cracking down on dangerous Zaza-esque closeouts '' . sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boone , Kyle ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` The NBA is finally cracking down on James Harden 's foul - drawing antics '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA implementing ' Zaza Pachulia , ' ' James Harden ' rules '' . NBCSports.com . September 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Board Of Governors Approves Changes To Draft Lottery System '' . NBA.com . September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` NBA owners pass lottery reform , new rules on resting players '' . ProBasketballTalk . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No more East vs. West as NBA revamps All - Star Game format '' . NBA.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics ' Gordon Hayward suffers fractured ankle in season opener '' . NBA.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Simmons did something even LeBron ( or anyone else in NBA history ) has n't matched '' . Newsweek.com. 8 November 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kings set record for most points scored before a starter scores vs. Thunder '' . clutchpoints.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website NBA seasons 1940s 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1950s 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1960s 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1970s 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1980s 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1990s 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 2000s 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2010s 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2017 -- 18 NBA season by team Draft Summer League All - Star Game Playoffs Finals Transactions G League Eastern Atlantic Boston Brooklyn New York Philadelphia Toronto Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Indiana Milwaukee Southeast Atlanta Charlotte Miami Orlando Washington Western Northwest Denver Minnesota Oklahoma City Portland Utah Pacific Golden State L.A. Clippers L.A. Lakers Phoenix Sacramento Southwest Dallas Houston Memphis New Orleans San Antonio National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game MVP Playoffs List Finals Champions MVP Others NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players ABA Merger Arenas Awards BAA Cheerleading Collective bargaining agreement Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal G League Dress code Draft eligibility Global Games Africa 2015 , Africa 2017 First overall draft picks Hall of Fame Members Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches Lockouts Larry O'Brien Trophy Mascots Midwest Division NBA champions NBA Store Media TV NBA TV NBL NBPA Owners Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity Retired numbers Banned or suspended Highest paid Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Rivalries Salary cap Seasons Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Category Portal 2017 -- 18 season Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017 -- 18_NBA_season&oldid = 810196130 '' Categories : 2017 -- 18 NBA season National Basketball Association seasons Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano עברית 日本 語 Русский Српски / srpski Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 21 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the nba regular season start in 2017 | [
"The 2017–18 NBA season is the 72nd season of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The regular season began on October 17, 2017, earlier than previous seasons to reduce the number of \"back-to-back\" games teams are scheduled to play,[1] with the 2017 runners-up Cleveland Cavaliers hosting a game against the Boston Celtics at Quicken Loans Arena in Cleveland, Ohio.[2] Christmas games will be played on December 25. The 2018 NBA All-Star Game will be played on February 18, 2018, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. The regular season will end on April 11, 2018 and the playoffs will begin on April 14, 2018."
] | [
"October 17, 2017"
] |
-402554926792511321 | A Horse with No Name | A Horse with No Name - wikipedia A Horse with No Name Jump to : navigation , search For the 2010 film , see A Horse with No Name ( film ) . `` A Horse with No Name '' Single by America from the album America B - side `` Everyone I Meet Is from California '' `` Sandman '' Released November 12 , 1971 Format 7 - inch single Recorded 1971 Studio Morgan Studios , London Genre Folk rock Length 4 : 08 Label Warner Bros . Songwriter ( s ) Dewey Bunnell Producer ( s ) Ian Samwell America singles chronology `` A Horse with No Name '' ( 1971 ) `` I Need You '' ( 1972 ) Audio sample file help `` A Horse with No Name '' is a song written by Dewey Bunnell , and originally recorded by the folk rock band America . It was the band 's first and most successful single , released in late - 1971 in Europe and early - 1972 in the US , and topped the charts in several countries . It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Composition 3 Reception 4 Personnel 5 In popular culture 5.1 Soundtrack appearances 5.2 Musical references 5.3 Other references to the song 6 Charts 7 References 8 External links Development ( edit ) America 's self - titled debut album was released initially in Europe , without `` A Horse with No Name , '' and achieved only moderate success . Originally called `` Desert Song '' , `` Horse '' was written while the band was staying at the home studio of musician Arthur Brown , near Puddletown , Dorset . The first two demos were recorded there , by Jeff Dexter and Dennis Elliott , and were intended to capture the feel of the hot , dry desert that had been depicted at the studio from a Salvador Dalí painting , and the strange horse that had ridden out of an M.C. Escher picture . Writer Dewey Bunnell also says he remembered his childhood travels through the Arizona and New Mexico desert when his family lived at Vandenberg Air Force Base . Trying to find a song that would be popular in both the United States and Europe , Warner Brothers was reluctant to release Beckley 's `` I Need You '' ballad as the first single from America . The label asked the band if it had any other material , then arranged for America to record four more songs at Morgan Studios , Willesden in London . `` A Horse with No Name '' was released as the featured song on a three - track single in the UK , Ireland , France , Italy and the Netherlands in late 1971 . On the release `` A Horse with No Name '' shared the A-side with `` Everyone I Meet Is from California '' ; `` Sandman '' featured on the B - side . However , its early - 1972 two - track US release did not include `` Sandman '' , with `` Everyone I Meet Is from California '' appearing on the B - side . Composition ( edit ) `` A Horse with No Name '' was recorded in the key of E Dorian with acoustic guitars , bass guitar , drum kit , and bongo drums . The only other chord is a D , fretted on the low E and G strings , second fret . A 12 - string guitar plays an added F ♯ ( second fret , high E string ) on the back beat of the Em . A noted feature of the song is the driving bass line with a hammer - hook in each chorus . A `` waterfall '' - type solo completes the arrangement . Produced by Ian Samwell on the day of final recording at Morgan Studios , when at first the group thought it was too corny and took some convincing to actually play it . Gerry Beckley has explained in Acoustic Guitar magazine ( March 2007 ) that the correct tuning for the guitar is DEDGBD , low to high . The chord pattern that repeats throughout the entire song is : 202002 ( Em ) , then 020202 and 000202 . The tuning is unique to this song ; they did not use it on any other America song . Reception ( edit ) Despite the song being banned by some U.S. radio stations because of supposed drug references to heroin use , the song ascended to number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , and the album quickly reached platinum status . The song charted earlier in the Netherlands ( reaching number 11 ) and the UK ( reaching number 3 , the band 's only Top 40 hit in the country ) than it did in the United States . The interpretation of the song as a drug reference comes from the fact that the word `` horse '' is a common slang term for heroin . The song 's resemblance to some of Neil Young 's work aroused some controversy . `` I know that virtually everyone , on first hearing , assumed it was Neil '' , Bunnell says . `` I never fully shied away from the fact that I was inspired by him . I think it 's in the structure of the song as much as in the tone of his voice . It did hurt a little , because we got some pretty bad backlash . I 've always attributed it more to people protecting their own heroes more than attacking me . '' By coincidence , it was `` A Horse with No Name '' that replaced Young 's `` Heart of Gold '' at the number 1 spot on the U.S. pop chart . The song has received criticism for its banal , oddly phrased lyrics , including `` The heat was hot '' ; `` There were plants , and birds , and rocks , and things '' ; and `` ' Cause there ai n't no one for to give you no pain . '' Penn Jillette asked the band about their lyrics , `` there were plants , and birds , and rocks , and things '' after a show in Atlantic City , where America opened for Penn & Teller . According to Jillette , their explanation for the lyrics was that they were intoxicated with cannabis while writing it . In a 2012 interview , Beckley disputed Jillette 's story , saying , `` I do n't think Dew was stoned . '' Personnel ( edit ) ( Per back cover of 1972 vinyl issue of America . ) America Dewey Bunnell -- lead vocal , acoustic guitar Gerry Beckley -- 12 - string acoustic guitar , backing vocal Dan Peek -- bass , backing vocal Session musicians Ray Cooper -- percussion Kim Haworth -- drums In popular culture ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section indiscriminately collects miscellaneous information . Please compress this material to remove any irrelevant or unimportant information . ( May 2017 ) Soundtrack appearances ( edit ) The song was featured in Hideous Kinky , a British -- French 1998 film , during a trip on the Moroccan desert . In 2008 , it was used in a Kohls TV commercial for Vera Wang . It can also be heard in Season 2 of Millennium , in the episode `` Owls '' . It can be heard on an episode of The Simpsons , `` The Haw - Hawed Couple '' . In another episode , `` A Star Is Born Again '' . Ned Flanders can be heard singing it , with alternative lyrics . The song is heard in the background of season 3 episode 16 of `` Parks and Recreation '' . It was featured in the video game Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas on the fictional classic rock radio station K - DST . The song bookends the second episode of the third season of Breaking Bad , `` Caballo sin Nombre '' ( Spanish for `` Horse without Name '' ) , where the song plays on a car radio as Walter White drives through the desert in the beginning , before being pulled over for driving with a cracked windshield . At the end of the episode the song is sung by Walter in the shower . The song was also featured in the show Friends in Season 5 , Episode 22 , `` The One With Joey 's Big Break '' . The song is also featured in the movies The Devil 's Daughter , The Trip , and Air America . The song is also featured on the soundtrack of the 2013 motion picture American Hustle directed by David O. Russell and 2016 movie The Nice Guys . In 2014 , the song was featured in an advertisement for the Toyota Auris Hybrid . In the season 4 episode of BoJack Horseman `` The Old Sugarman Place '' , the title character drives through the desert to Patrick Carney and Michelle Branch 's interpretation of the song . This version also appears on the soundtrack album of the series . Musical references ( edit ) The song was one of many popular songs quoted and parodied on the album The Third Reich ' n Roll by The Residents . The song `` Face '' by American rock band Aerosmith released in 2001 bears a strong resemblance towards `` A Horse With No Name '' . Michael Jackson 's song `` A Place with No Name '' was released posthumously by TMZ as a 25 - second snippet on July 16 , 2009 . The snippet closely resembles `` A Horse with No Name '' . Jim Morey , both Jackson 's and America 's former band manager , has stated that `` America was honored that Michael chose to do their song and they hope it becomes available for all Michael 's fans to hear . '' The song was remastered and released in its entirety along with the original Michael Jackson recording on Jackson 's 2014 album , Xscape . The manner in which American band Drive - by Truckers ' song `` The Fourth Night of My Drinking '' begins , nods to `` A Horse with No Name '' . Other references to the song ( edit ) The song was covered by a band in the bar Robin Williams ' character hangs out at in the 1987 movie Good Morning Vietnam . Also appeared in Air America from 1990 . Plants and Birds and Rocks and Things was the title of the 1993 debut album by The Loud Family , and was quoted by songwriter Scott Miller in the first track , `` He Do the Police in Different Voices '' ( `` Maybe plants and birds and rocks and things can justify my day '' ) . It also appeared sung by members of a hippie group , `` The People '' , in Series 3 of HBO 's Six Feet Under , in the episode : `` Tears , Bones and Desire '' as the women make mops . In the episode `` Bill 's Autobiography '' on NewsRadio , Dave Foley 's character was found singing the song on an audiotape on which he records his thoughts . In 1999 , the literary magazine Lamia Ink published a short play by American playwright Meron Langsner entitled The Name of the Horse , in which the problem of the horse 's name is explored . The play is also included in a collection of parodies entitled The Sacred Cow Slaughterhouse published by Indie Theatre Now . In The Simpsons episode `` The Haw - Hawed Couple '' , Homer and Marge trick Bart and Lisa into thinking they 're busy arguing so they can have their time alone . They accidentally throw a piece of clothing at the tape recorder and `` A Horse With No Name '' plays . In computer game NetHack , when the player character dismounts an unnamed horse , the game issues the message `` You 've been through the dungeon on a horse with no name '' , or , when hallucinating , `` It felt good to get out of the rain . '' In the October 7 , 2015 episode of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert , Colbert , wearing a big and furry hat , proclaims that the titular horse 's name is `` Gary the horse '' . In the Reno 911 season five episode `` Junior Runs for Office '' , after consuming an entire pan of hashish brownies , Junior panics upon learning that `` A Horse With No Name '' is not available in the jukebox of the bar that they are in . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Canada ( RPM ) Finland ( Finnish Singles Chart ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 11 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Easy Listening US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Singles Chart US Record World Singles Chart References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` VH1 's 40 Most Softsational Soft - Rock Songs '' . Stereogum . SpinMedia . May 31 , 2007 . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Horse with No Name '' USA chart history , Billboard.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ RIAA . `` RIAA Gold & Platinum Database '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.dorsetlife.co.uk/2015/06/decadence-and-depravity-with-added-cheese/ Jump up ^ `` Highway Highlight ( from the box set booklet ) '' . Archived from the original on 2 June 2008 . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Craig ( September 30 , 1996 ) . The Billboard book of number one albums : the inside story behind pop music 's blockbuster records . Billboard Books . Jump up ^ Guitar Noise ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Guitar Coach Mag ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Liner notes , Highway Highlight '' . Archived from the original on 15 June 2006 . Retrieved June 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` America singles charts history '' . Official Charts . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ America biography at Billboard Jump up ^ John Mendelsohn ( 1972 ) . `` Rolling Stone Review '' . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Jillette , Penn . ( 2012 ) . Gilbert Gottfried Again ! ( Episode 14 , 2012 / 05 / 21 ) . Penn 's Sunday School . Ace Broadcasting Network . Jump up ^ `` Q&A With America Singer Gerry Beckley '' . Patch.com . Dec 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ splendAd - Kohl 's - Simply Vera Spring 2008 commercial Jump up ^ AMCTV ( 2010 ) . `` Walt Gets Arrested '' . Archived from the original on 1 April 2010 . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ IMDB ( 1999 ) . `` The One with Joey 's Big Break '' . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Place with No Name sounds like Horse with No Name '' . news.com.au . July 17 , 2009 . Retrieved March 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ NetHack source code Jump up ^ Billboard : 53 . October 7 , 1972 . CS1 maint : Untitled periodical ( link ) Jump up ^ Search for Irish peaks Jump up ^ `` America -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for America . External links ( edit ) Official America Homepage Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Heart Of Gold '' by Neil Young Billboard Hot 100 number - one single March 25 , 1972 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' by Roberta Flack ( hide ) America Gerry Beckley Dewey Bunnell Dan Peek Studio albums America Homecoming Hat Trick Holiday Hearts Hideaway Harbor Silent Letter Alibi View from the Ground Your Move Perspective Hourglass Human Nature Holiday Harmony Here & Now Back Pages Lost & Found Compilations History : America 's Greatest Hits Encore : More Greatest Hits Highway The Complete Greatest Hits Hits : 40th Anniversary Edition Live albums America Live In Concert ( 1985 ) In Concert ( 1995 ) Horse with No Name The Grand Cayman Concert Live In Concert : Wildwood Springs Soundtracks The Last Unicorn Singles `` A Horse with No Name '' `` I Need You '' `` Ventura Highway '' `` Muskrat Love '' `` Tin Man '' `` Lonely People '' `` Sister Golden Hair '' `` Daisy Jane '' `` Woman Tonight '' `` Today 's the Day '' `` Amber Cascades '' `` You Can Do Magic '' `` Right Before Your Eyes '' `` The Border '' Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Horse_with_No_Name&oldid=806620034 '' Categories : Songs about horses 1971 songs 1971 singles 1972 singles Songs written by Dewey Bunnell America ( band ) songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Debut singles Warner Bros. Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Untitled periodical Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from October 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with trivia sections from May 2017 All articles with trivia sections Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Sicilianu Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 04 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang desert on a horse with no name | [
"\"A Horse with No Name\" is a song written by Dewey Bunnell, and originally recorded by the folk rock band America. It was the band's first and most successful single, released in late-1971 in Europe and early-1972 in the US, and topped the charts in several countries.[2] It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America.[3]"
] | [
"America"
] |
4604779571187283669 | Pitch Perfect 2 | Pitch Perfect 2 - wikipedia Pitch Perfect 2 Jump to : navigation , search Pitch Perfect 2 Theatrical release poster Directed by Elizabeth Banks Produced by Elizabeth Banks Paul Brooks Max Handelman Written by Kay Cannon Based on Pitch Perfect : The Quest for Collegiate a Cappella Glory by Mickey Rapkin Characters by Kay Cannon Starring Anna Kendrick Rebel Wilson Hailee Steinfeld Brittany Snow Skylar Astin Ben Platt Adam DeVine Katey Sagal Anna Camp Alexis Knapp Hana Mae Lee Ester Dean Chrissie Fit Kelley Jakle Shelley Regner John Michael Higgins Elizabeth Banks Music by Mark Mothersbaugh Cinematography Jim Denault Edited by Craig Alpert Production company Gold Circle Films Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) ( Las Vegas ) May 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 15 ) ( United States ) Running time 115 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $29 million Box office $287.5 million Pitch Perfect 2 is a 2015 American musical comedy film directed and co-produced by Elizabeth Banks and written by Kay Cannon . It is a sequel to the 2012 film Pitch Perfect and the second installment in the Pitch Perfect series . The film centers on the fictional Barden University and The Bellas , an all - female a cappella singing group . The film features an ensemble cast , including Anna Kendrick , Rebel Wilson , Hailee Steinfeld , Brittany Snow , Alexis Knapp , Hana Mae Lee , Ester Dean , Chrissie Fit , Kelley Jakle , and Shelley Regner as The Bellas . It was released on May 15 , 2015 by Universal Pictures . The film grossed over $287 million and surpassed the total gross of the original film ( $115.4 million ) in five days , and also became the highest - grossing music comedy film of all - time , overtaking School of Rock ( $131.3 million ) . A sequel , Pitch Perfect 3 , is set to be released on December 22 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 The Barden Bellas 2.2 Additional characters 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 6.3. 1 Billboard Music Awards 6.3. 2 Teen Choice Awards 6.3. 3 People 's Choice Awards 6.3. 4 Kids Choice Awards 6.3. 5 MTV Movie Awards 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Three years after winning the previous competition , the Barden Bellas are now led by Beca Mitchell and three - time super senior Chloe Beale . The Bellas have become ICCA champions each of these three years . However , the group becomes involved in a national scandal , dubbed Muffgate , when a wardrobe malfunction causes Fat Amy 's pants to rip in front of President Barack Obama , as well as showing her vagina to the public since she did not wear underwear , leading to the Bellas ' suspension from the ICCAs . Beca makes a deal to allow the Bellas to be reinstated should they win the World Championship of a cappella . Freshman Emily Junk begins her college career , hoping to follow in her mother Katherine 's footsteps by being a Bella . At orientation , she watches an a cappella performance by the Treblemakers , now led by Beca 's boyfriend Jesse Swanson . Benjamin `` Benji '' Applebaum , Jesse 's best friend , overhears Emily , leading to a crush on her . The Bellas learn that German a cappella group , Das Sound Machine , have replaced the Bellas on their victory tour . Additionally , Beca has started an internship at a recording studio , Residual Heat , something only Jesse knows . Emily goes to the Bellas ' sorority house to audition for them because of their absence from the auditions . When she sings her unfinished song `` Flashlight , '' she succeeds in joining the Bellas . At a car show where the ICCA winners are due to perform , the Bellas scout their replacements , German powerhouse `` Das Sound Machine '' ( DSM ) - led by intimidating duo Pieter Krämer and Kommissar , who take delight in mocking the all - girl group . Later , the Bellas are invited to an exclusive riff - off , but end up losing to DSM in the final round when a nervous Emily flubs an attempt to sing `` Flashlight , '' her original song not from the right category ( `` 90 's Hip - Hop Jamz '' ) . The next day at the warmups , the Bellas ' chance of winning end in disaster when the performance makes John and Gail question the Bellas ' identity and sets Cynthia - Rose 's hair on fire by pyrotechnics . In order to regain harmony and sync , Chloe takes them to a retreat led by former leader Aubrey Posen . Beca starts a heated debate with Chloe over herself being the only one thinking about life beyond the Bellas and Chloe 's obsession with winning Worlds . To prove to her boss that she can produce music well , Beca offers Emily to produce `` Flashlight '' at the studio . The group realizes that they will no longer be together and may go their separate ways after graduation , and regain harmony by singing `` Cups ( When I 'm Gone ) . '' At the studio , Emily and Beca present their song to Beca 's boss , in which he demonstrates envy for their talent and looks forward to producing with them . The senior Bellas graduate and they all head off to Copenhagen for the World Finals , with Jesse and Benji to cheer them on . They perform a harmonized version of `` Flashlight '' with Aubrey , Katherine , and other past Bellas joining in . The Bellas win the championship and repair their damaged legacy . As the senior Bellas leave Barden , they give Emily a belated proper initiation with Fat Amy showing her how to do the last tradition : christening the house by sliding down the staircase . In a mid-credits scene , Bumper performs on The Voice , he chooses Christina Aguilera as his coach and makes her uncomfortable when he gives her an oddly lengthy hug . Cast ( edit ) The Barden Bellas ( edit ) Anna Kendrick as Beca Mitchell , the senior leader of the Bellas , known for creating the unique modern - day sound of the Bellas . She is an aspiring record producer and is now an intern at Residual Heat , a record label . Brittany Snow as Chloe Beale , the three - time super senior with a Type A personality who is the co-leader of the Bellas . Rebel Wilson as Patricia `` Fat Amy '' , a senior Bella from Australia and Bumper 's love interest . Alexis Knapp as Stacie Conrad , a senior Bella known for being overly sexual . Ester Dean as Cynthia - Rose Adams , a lesbian senior Bella known for her strong urban vocal skills . Hana Mae Lee as Lilly Onakurama , a senior Bella known for her quiet speaking voice , odd remarks , and beat - boxing . Hailee Steinfeld as Emily Junk , a freshman legacy Bella who is an aspiring songwriter , and Benji 's love interest . Her mother was also a Barden Bella . Chrissie Fit as Florencia `` Flo '' Fuentes , a senior Bella who joined the group her sophomore year when she came to Barden University from Guatemala . Kelley Jakle as Jessica , a senior Bella . Shelley Regner as Ashley , a senior Bella . Additional characters ( edit ) Skylar Astin as Jesse Swanson , the leader of the Treblemakers and Beca 's boyfriend . Adam DeVine as Bumper Allen , Fat Amy 's love interest , former leader of the Treblemakers and current member of the Tone Hangers . After working for John Mayer , he returns to Barden University as a security guard . Anna Camp as Aubrey Posen , former leader of the Bellas , now runs the Lodge of Fallen Leaves . Ben Platt as Benjamin `` Benji '' Applebaum , a senior Treblemaker , Jesse 's best friend , and Emily 's love interest . Birgitte Hjort Sørensen as Kommissar , Das Sound Machine 's leader . Flula Borg as Pieter Krämer , Das Sound Machine 's ' second in command ' Katey Sagal as Katherine Junk , Emily 's mother and a former Bella . John Michael Higgins as John Smith , an a cappella competition commentator . Elizabeth Banks as Gail Abernathy - McKadden - Feinberger , an a cappella competition commentator . Keegan - Michael Key as Sammy , Beca 's boss at Residual Heat , a rude but successful producer . Shawn Carter Peterson as Dax , an intern at Residual Heat . David Cross as the Riff - Off host . Reggie Watts , John Hodgman , Jason Jones , and Joe Lo Truglio as Tone Hanger singers . Pentatonix as Team Canada Penn Masala as Team India Green Bay Packers players Clay Matthews , David Bakhtiari , Don Barclay , Josh Sitton , and T.J. Lang play themselves in cameo appearances . Also appearing as themselves are Snoop Dogg , Natalie Morales , Jake Tapper , Joe Scarborough , Mika Brzezinski , Jimmy Kimmel , Rosie O'Donnell , Rosie Perez , Nicolle Wallace , Jordan Rodgers , Christina Aguilera , Adam Levine , Blake Shelton , and Pharrell Williams . Robin Roberts , C.J. Perry , and Kether Donohue appear as Legacy Bellas during the finale . Additionally , President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama briefly appear via archive footage . Production ( edit ) In December 2012 , Skylar Astin revealed that he and Rebel Wilson had had meetings with Universal Studios about the potential sequel . In April 2013 , it was confirmed that a sequel would be released in 2015 . Elizabeth Banks directed the sequel , and Kay Cannon returned as screenwriter . Paul Brooks produced for Gold Circle Films , alongside Banks and Max Handelman . Deke Sharon returned as vocal producer , and has a brief cameo as a German reporter . As in the first movie , they ran a month of `` a cappella boot camp '' before filming . Casting ( edit ) Anna Kendrick and Wilson returned to the cast early in 2014 to play the characters they originated in the first film . Brittany Snow reprised her character . On April 24 , Chrissie Fit was added to the cast . On May 1 , Hailee Steinfeld was added to the cast , playing a new member of the Barden Bellas . On May 5 , Adam DeVine was reported to return in the film . On May 14 , Katey Sagal was added to the cast , playing Steinfeld 's character 's mother . On May 29 , Flula Borg was added to the cast . He played the leader of a European a cappella group , Das Sound Machine , that competed with the Bellas . It was confirmed on June 18 , 2014 that Christopher Shepard was added to the cast . It was confirmed on June 19 , 2014 that Pentatonix would play the role of a rival group to the Barden Bellas . It was later confirmed that The Filharmonic from season 4 of The Sing Off would make a cameo appearance as a rival group from the Philippines . On August 24 , 2014 it was announced that Penn Masala , the all - male Hindi a cappella group from director Elizabeth Banks 's and producer Max Handelman 's alma mater The University of Pennsylvania , would be featured as a team from Southeast Asia . On June 25 , Birgitte Hjort Sørensen was confirmed added to the cast . Filming ( edit ) On May 21 , 2014 , principal photography began at Louisiana State University ( LSU ) campus in Baton Rouge . Music ( edit ) On December 3 , 2014 , Mark Mothersbaugh was hired to compose the music for the film . The official soundtrack was released on May 12 , 2015 . The special edition soundtrack was later released on August 8 , 2015 . The original album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 , earning 107,000 album - equivalent units ( 92,000 copies of traditional sales ) in the week ending May 17 , 2015 . No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Universal Fanfare '' Elizabeth Banks John Michael Higgins 0 : 33 2 . `` Kennedy Center Performance ( We Got the World / Timber / America The Beautiful / Wrecking Ball ) '' The Barden Bellas 2 : 27 3 . `` Lollipop '' The Treblemakers 2 : 43 4 . `` Car Show ( Uprising / Tsunami ) '' Das Sound Machine 1 : 47 5 . `` Winter Wonderland / Here Comes Santa Claus '' Snoop Dogg Anna Kendrick 3 : 04 6 . `` Riff Off ( Thong Song / ( Shake , Shake , Shake ) Shake Your Booty / Low / Bootylicious / Baby Got Back / Live Like You Were Dying / Before He Cheats / A Thousand Miles / We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together / What 's Love Got to Do with It / This Is How We Do It / Doo Wop ( That Thing ) / Poison / Scenario / Insane in the Brain / Flashlight ) '' Das Sound Machine Tone Hangers The Barden Bellas Green Bay Packers The Treblemakers 4 : 24 7 . `` Jump '' Das Sound Machine Tone Hanger The Treblemakers Green Bay Packers 1 : 16 8 . `` Convention Performance ( Promises / Problem ) '' The Barden Bellas 1 : 41 9 . `` Back to Basics ( Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy / You Ca n't Hurry Love / Lady Marmalade / MMMBop / My Lovin ' ( You 're Never Gonna Get It ) ) '' The Barden Bellas 1 : 30 10 . `` Cups ( '' When I 'm Gone `` ) ( Campfire Version ) '' The Barden Bellas 0 : 45 11 . `` We Belong '' Rebel Wilson Adam DeVine 3 : 34 12 . `` Any Way You Want It ( World Championship Medley ) '' Pentatonix Filharmonic The Cantasticos The Singboks Penn Masala 1 : 56 13 . `` World Championship Finale 1 ( My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) / All I Do Is Win ) '' Das Sound Machine 2 : 01 14 . `` World Championship Finale 2 ( Run the World ( Girls ) / Where Them Girls At / Lady Marmalade / We Belong / Timber / Flashlight ) '' The Barden Bellas 4 : 16 15 . `` Crazy Youngsters '' Ester Dean 3 : 39 16 . `` Pitch Perfect 2 End Credit Medley '' Mark Mothersbaugh 3 : 00 17 . `` Flashlight '' Jessie J 3 : 29 18 . `` All of Me ( Bumper 's Audition ) '' Adam DeVine 1 : 27 Total length : 43 : 32 ( show ) Special edition No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Universal Fanfare '' Elizabeth Banks John Michael Higgins 0 : 33 2 . `` Kennedy Center Performance ( We Got the World / Timber / America The Beautiful / Wrecking Ball ) '' The Barden Bellas 2 : 27 3 . `` Bang Bang '' Jessie J Ariana Grande Nicki Minaj 3 : 19 4 . `` Lollipop '' The Treblemakers 2 : 43 5 . `` Change Your Life '' Iggy Azalea ( feat . T.I. ) 3 : 41 6 . `` Sunshine '' Teddybears 3 : 20 7 . `` Car Show ( Uprising / Tsunami ) '' Das Sound Machine 1 : 47 8 . `` A Different Beat '' Little Mix 3 : 27 9 . `` Winter Wonderland / Here Comes Santa Claus '' Snoop Dogg Anna Kendrick 3 : 04 10 . `` Riff Off ( Thong Song / ( Shake , Shake , Shake ) Shake Your Booty / Low / Bootylicious / Baby Got Back / Live Like You Were Dying / Before He Cheats / A Thousand Miles / We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together / What 's Love Got to Do with It / This Is How We Do It / Doo Wop ( That Thing ) / Poison / Scenario / Insane in the Brain / Flashlight ) '' Das Sound Machine Tone Hangers The Barden Bellas Green Bay Packers The Treblemakers 4 : 24 11 . `` Jump '' Das Sound Machine Tone Hanger The Treblemakers Green Bay Packers 1 : 16 12 . `` Convention Performance ( Promises / Problem ) '' The Barden Bellas 1 : 41 13 . `` Back to Basics ( Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy / You Ca n't Hurry Love / Lady Marmalade / MMMBop / My Lovin ' ( You 're Never Gonna Get It ) ) '' The Barden Bellas 1 : 30 14 . `` Cups ( '' When I 'm Gone `` ) ( Campfire Version ) '' The Barden Bellas 0 : 45 15 . `` We Belong '' Rebel Wilson Adam Devine 3 : 34 16 . `` Any Way You Want It ( World Championship Medley ) '' Pentatonix Filharmonic The Cantasticos The Singboks Penn Masala 1 : 56 17 . `` World Championship Finale 1 ( My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) / All I Do Is Win ) '' Das Sound Machine 2 : 01 18 . `` World Championship Finale 2 ( Run the World ( Girls ) / Where Them Girls At / Lady Marmalade / We Belong / Timber / Flashlight ) '' The Barden Bellas 4 : 16 19 . `` Crazy Youngsters '' Ester Dean 3 : 39 20 . `` Heartbreak Dream '' Betty Who 3 : 38 21 . `` Pitch Perfect 2 End Credit Medley '' Mark Mothersbaugh 3 : 00 22 . `` Flashlight '' Jessie J 3 : 29 23 . `` All of Me ( Bumper 's Audition ) '' Adam DeVine 1 : 27 24 . `` Flashlight ( Sweet Life Mix ) '' Hailee Steinfeld 2 : 58 25 . `` Any Way You Want It '' Pentatonix 2 : 30 26 . `` Flashlight ( Rebel Mix ) '' Jessie J 3 : 41 27 . `` Jungle '' The Barden Bellas 0 : 32 Total length : 70 : 38 Weekly charts Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 11 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 144 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 12 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 8 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 26 Taiwanese Albums ( Five Music ) US Digital Albums ( Billboard ) US Billboard 200 US Vinyl Albums ( Billboard ) Year - end charts Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 27 US Billboard 200 52 Release ( edit ) The film was released on May 7 , 2015 in Australia and New Zealand , and May 15 in the United States and Canada . Marketing ( edit ) A still from the rehearsals for the film was revealed on May 16 , 2014 . The poster was released on November 18 , 2014 and the trailer came out the following day . A second trailer was aired during the Super Bowl on February 1 , 2015 . Home Media ( edit ) Director Elizabeth Banks stated an additional performance by the Treblemakers was filmed specifically for the DVD release . Also included on the DVD will be deleted scenes . On May 20 , 2015 , it was announced that FX Networks had acquired U.S. television broadcasting rights to the film . The Blu - ray and DVD editions of Pitch Perfect 2 were released on September 22 , 2015 in the U.S. with a Target - exclusive edition containing additional bonus features being released the same day . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Pitch Perfect 2 grossed $184.2 million in North America and $103.2 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $287.5 million , against a budget of $29 million . In its first five days , the film surpassed the total gross of the original ( $115.4 million ) , and also overtook School of Rock ( $131.3 million ) for the highest grossing musical - comedy of all - time and the second greatest musical debut ever ( behind Beauty and the Beast 's $174.8 million in 2017 ) . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $139.6 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film . In the United States and Canada , Pitch Perfect 2 grossed $4.6 million from Thursday night showings and $27.8 million on its opening day , increasing the opening weekend projections from $40 million to $64 million . In its opening weekend , the film grossed $69.2 million , finishing first at the box office . The opening weekend gross was more than the entire North American total gross of the first film ( $65 million ) , is the third biggest PG - 13 comedy opening of all - time ( behind The Simpsons Movie 's $74 million in 2007 and Austin Powers in Goldmember 's $73 million in 2002 ) and the highest grossing opening ever for a musical . Outside North America , the film opened at number one in Australia and New Zealand , earning $7.6 million and $1.2 million respectively . The film grossed $22.1 million in Australia , $27.3 million in the United Kingdom and $2.7 million in New Zealand . Critical response ( edit ) Pitch Perfect 2 received positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 66 % based on 183 reviews , with an average rating of 6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Pitch Perfect 2 sings in sweet comedic harmony , even if it does n't hit quite as many high notes as its predecessor . '' On Metacritic , the film holds score of 63 out of 100 , based on 39 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave Pitch Perfect 2 an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Accolades ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Billboard Music Awards ( edit ) 2016 Top Soundtrack ( won ) Teen Choice Awards ( edit ) 2015 Choice Movie : Comedy ( won ) 2015 Choice Movie Actor : Comedy ( Skylar Astin , won ) 2015 Choice Movie Actress : Comedy ( Anna Kendrick , won ) 2015 Choice Movie Actress : Comedy ( Rebel Wilson , nominated ) 2015 Choice Movie : Chemistry ( Anna Kendrick and Brittany Snow , won ) 2015 Choice Movie : Liplock ( Rebel Wilson and Adam DeVine , nominated ) 2015 Choice Movie : Hissy Fit ( Anna Kendrick , won ) 2015 Choice Movie : Scene Stealer ( Adam DeVine , nominated ) 2015 Choice Movie : Scene Stealer ( Green Bay Packers , nominated ) 2015 Choice Movie : Scene Stealer ( Hailee Steinfeld , nominated ) People 's Choice Awards ( edit ) Favorite Movie ( lost to Furious 7 ) Favorite Comedic Movie ( won ) Favorite Comedic Movie Actress ( Anna Kendrick , Rebel Wilson , both lost to Melissa McCarthy ) Kids Choice Awards ( edit ) Favorite Movie ( lost to Star Wars : The Force Awakens ) Favorite Movie Actress ( Anna Kendrick , Rebel Wilson , lost to Jennifer Lawrence ) MTV Movie Awards ( edit ) Best Female Performance ( Anna Kendrick , nominated ) Best Comedic Performance ( Rebel Wilson , nominated ) Best Kiss ( Rebel Wilson and Adam DeVine , won ) Best Ensemble Cast ( won ) Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Pitch Perfect 3 On April 11 , 2015 , a month before the release of the film , it was announced that Rebel Wilson would return for a third film , although she stated that she did not know if Anna Kendrick or any of the other cast members would also be reprising their roles . She added that she would be `` up for a Fat Amy spin - off , '' although nothing has been confirmed . Director , star , and producer Elizabeth Banks acknowledged the possibility of a third film , saying , `` I will say , it would be disingenuous to say that no one 's talking about a Pitch Perfect 3 ; the possibility of it . We are really focused on getting as many butts in seats for this one . If fans embrace it , we are going to seriously think about what the continuing journey would look like , but we do n't know what that is yet '' . On June 10 , 2015 , a third film was officially confirmed , with Kay Cannon returning to write the script . Several days later it was announced both Kendrick and Wilson would reprise their roles , and later Brittany Snow was also confirmed to return . Banks will also return to produce , but in June 2016 it was announced she would not be directing the film . The film was originally slated for a July 21 , 2017 release , and was later pushed back to August 4 , 2017 before moving back to the July 21 slot . In May 2016 it was moved again , this time being pushed back to December 22 , 2017 . As of January 2 , 2017 , Anna Kendrick , Rebel Wilson , Anna Camp , Brittany Snow , Ester Dean , Alexis Knapp , Hana Mae Lee , Kelley Jakle , Shelley Regner , Hailee Steinfeld , Chrissie Fit , and Elizabeth Banks have been confirmed to be reprising their roles . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` PITCH PERFECT 2 ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . April 20 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Mad Max : Fury Road , ' ' Pitch Perfect 2 ′ Eye $40 Million Openings '' . Variety . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of Top Grossing Music Comedy Films , 1984 - Present '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Anita Busch . `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ′ Gets Summer 2017 Bow ; Anna Kendrick , Rebel Wilson Back - Deadline '' . Deadline . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' Pushed Back '' . Deadline . September 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Orange , B. Alan ( December 19 , 2012 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Pitch Perfect 2 in the Works ; Rebel Wilson to Return '' . MovieWeb.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Grady ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` ' Pitch Perfect ' sequel coming in 2015 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( January 27 , 2014 ) . `` Elizabeth Banks to Direct ' Pitch Perfect 2 ' '' . Variety . PMC . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Profile , indystar.com , February 25 , 2015 ; accessed May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pitch Perfect 2 -- Featurette : `` Aca - Bootcamp '' ( HD ) . YouTube . May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Anna Kendrick , Rebel Wilson will return for ' Pitch Perfect 2 ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsaay ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Casting Net : Brittany Snow is back for ' Pitch Perfect 2 ' ; Plus , Jessica Alba , more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chrissie Fit Cast In ' Pitch Perfect 2 ′ '' . deadline.com. April 24 , 2014 . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hailee Steinfeld Joining Pitch Perfect 2 '' . vulture.com . May 1 , 2014 . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` Adam DeVine will return for ' Pitch Perfect 2 ' '' . ew.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Katey Sagal Joins Cast of ' Pitch Perfect 2 ′ '' . variety.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pitch Perfect 2 ′ Adds German YouTuber Flula Borg '' . deadline.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( November 21 , 2014 ) . `` Game On , Pitches ! '' . EW.com . Entertainment Weekly & Time Inc . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Banks , Elizabeth ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pitch Perfect 2 ′ Extra : Christopher Shepard ! ! ! This is a mash up of Pitch Perfect 2 and The Hunger Games . Amazing crowd , THANK YOU '' . deadline.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pentatonix to appear in Pitch Perfect 2 , insidemovies.ew.com ; accessed May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford . `` ' Pitch Perfect 2 ' Adds ' The Sing - Off ' A Cappella Group The Filharmonic ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Lim , Eunice ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` The South Asian a cappella group is the only real collegiate performance group in the movie '' . The Daily Pennsylvanian . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tauber , Michelle ; Price , Lydia ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Pitch Perfect 2 : All the Details Behind UPenn 's A Cappella Group Cameo '' . People.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pitch Perfect 2 ′ Taps Danish Import Birgitte Hjort Sørensen '' . deadline.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christine ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pitch Perfect 2 ′ is filming at LSU tomorrow with lots of extras '' . onlocationvacations.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Mothersbaugh to Score ' Pitch Perfect 2 ′ '' . filmmusicreporter.com . December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` iTunes -- Music -- Pitch Perfect 2 ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) by Various Artists '' . iTunes . ^ Jump up to : Pitch Perfect 2 : Special Edition ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) , itunes.apple.com ; accessed January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keith Claufield ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pitch Perfect 2 ' Soundtrack Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart '' . Billboard . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spotify '' . spotify.com . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Pitch Perfect 2 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Soundtrack -- Pitch Perfect 2 '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack -- Pitch Perfect 2 '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Longplay - Chartverfolgung at Musicline '' ( in German ) . Musicline.de . Phononet GmbH . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Soundtrack -- Pitch Perfect 2 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Pitch Perfect 2 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 20 -- Five Music Chart 2015 / 5 / 15 - 2015 / 5 / 21 '' ( in Chinese ) . Five Music . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2015 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Chart History ( Digital Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Chart History ( Vinyl Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Albums 2015 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TOP BILLBOARD 200 ALBUMS : YEAR END 2015 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Pitch Perfect 2 '' . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` First Look : Anna Kendrick & Barden Bellas Back in ' Pitch Perfect 2 ' '' . firstshowing.net . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Super Bowl Official Trainer . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Banks talks accessed May 17 , 2015 Jump up ^ Denise Petski . `` ' Pitch Perfect 2 ′ Heads To FX -- Network Lands Exclusive TV Rights -- Deadline '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 2 Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 2 Target edition Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` No. 11 ' Pitch Perfect 2 ' -- 2015 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pitch Perfect 2 blows away Mad Max and heads for $64 million debut , thewrap.com ; accessed May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ' Pitch Perfect 2 ′ Makes $69.2 Million After Final Box Office Numbers Released , Variety ; accessed May 18 , 2015 Jump up ^ Box office report : Pitch Perfect 2 earns biggest movie musical opening ever , Entertainment Weekly ; accessed May 18 , 2015 Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pitch Perfect 2 ′ Sings , Soars Down Under ; ' Ultron ' Adds $68.3 M -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Pitch Perfect 2 Pitch - Slaps Mad Max : Fury Road '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' in the Works ; Rebel Wilson to Return '' . Collider.com . Complex Media . April 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Banks talks Pitch Perfect 3 accessed May 17 , 2015 Jump up ^ / Pitch Perfect 3 Announced Retrieved October 6 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Brittany Snow Set to Return for ' Pitch Perfect 3 ′ '' . Variety . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . July 28 , 2015 . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Universal Changes ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' Release Date Again ; ' Girl Trip ' Moves In '' . Jump up ^ `` Anna Camp Returning for ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Ester Dean Jan 2 , 2017 at 11 : 15pm UTC '' . Instagram . External links ( edit ) Pitch Perfect 2 on IMDb Pitch Perfect 2 at Box Office Mojo Pitch Perfect 2 at Rotten Tomatoes Pitch Perfect 2 at Metacritic Pitch Perfect Films Pitch Perfect ( 2012 ) Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2015 ) Pitch Perfect 3 ( 2017 ) Songs Soundtrack `` Cups '' Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie -- Comedy There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me ( 2000 ) Miss Congeniality ( 2001 ) American Pie 2 ( 2002 ) Sweet Home Alabama ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) She 's the Man ( 2006 ) Knocked Up ( 2007 ) Juno ( 2008 ) Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) Date Night ( 2010 ) Bad Teacher ( 2011 ) 21 Jump Street ( 2012 ) Pitch Perfect ( 2013 ) The Other Woman ( 2014 ) Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2015 ) Ride Along 2 ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pitch_Perfect_2&oldid=812340536 '' Categories : 2015 films English - language films 2010s buddy films 2010s LGBT - related films 2010s musical comedy films 2010s sequel films American buddy films American female buddy films American films American LGBT - related films American musical comedy films American sequel films Cultural depictions of Barack Obama Directorial debut films Films scored by Mark Mothersbaugh Films about competitions Films about music and musicians Films directed by Elizabeth Banks Films set in universities and colleges Films shot in Louisiana Gold Circle Films films Green Bay Packers LGBT - related buddy films LGBT - related comedy films LGBT - related musical films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Use mdy dates from August 2015 Track listings with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 08 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays the record producer in pitch perfect 2 | [
"Anna Kendrick as Beca Mitchell, the senior leader of the Bellas, known for creating the unique modern-day sound of the Bellas. She is an aspiring record producer and is now an intern at Residual Heat, a record label."
] | [
"Anna Kendrick"
] |
-4942037548823719097 | What's Wrong with Secretary Kim | What 's Wrong with Secretary Kim - wikipedia What 's Wrong with Secretary Kim What 's Wrong with Secretary Kim Promotional poster Also known as Why Secretary Kim Original title 김비서 가 왜 그럴까 Genre Romance comedy Based on Why Secretary Kim by Jung Kyung - yoon Developed by Studio Dragon Written by Jung Eun - young Directed by Park Joon - hwa Starring Park Seo - joon Park Min - young Country of origin South Korea Original language ( s ) Korean No. of episodes 16 Production Executive producer ( s ) Jang Jeong - do Moon Suk - hwan Oh Kwang - hee Producer ( s ) Lee Young - ok Camera setup Single - camera Running time 60 - 70 minutes Production company ( s ) Bon Factory Worldwide Distributor tvN Release Original network tvN Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital Original release June 6 ( 2018 - 06 - 06 ) -- July 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 26 ) External links Website What 's Wrong with Secretary Kim ( Hangul : 김비서 가 왜 그럴까 ; RR : Kimbiseoga wae geureolkka ) is a 2018 South Korean television series starring Park Seo - joon and Park Min - young . It is based on the web novel of the same title by Jung Kyung - yoon which was first published in 2013 , which was then serialized into a comic in 2015 . The series aired on tvN from June 6 to July 26 , 2018 on Wednesdays and Thursdays for 16 episodes . Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 People around Lee Young - joon 2.2. 2 Mi - so 's Family 2.2. 3 Yoomyung Group 2.3 Others 2.4 Special appearance 3 Production 4 Original soundtrack 4.1 OST Part 1 4.2 OST Part 2 4.3 OST Part 3 4.4 OST Part 4 4.5 OST Part 5 4.6 OST Part 6 4.7 OST Part 7 4.8 OST Part 8 5 Ratings 6 International broadcast 7 References 8 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Revolves around the narcissistic Vice Chairman of a major corporation , Lee Young - joon , and his highly capable secretary , Kim Mi - so . Misunderstandings arise when she announces that she will resign from her position , after working for Lee Young - joon for nine years . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Park Seo - joon as Lee Young - joon Moon Woo - jin as 9 - year - old Lee Young - joon Vice Chairman of Yoomyung Group . He is handsome and capable , but his narcissism makes him difficult to work with . He later on develops strong feelings towards Mi - so after realizing that he might lose her . Park Min - young as Kim Mi - so Kim Ji - yoo as 5 - year - old Kim Mi - so A highly skilled secretary who has worked with Young - joon for nine years . She soon reciprocates Young - joon 's feelings after realizing that he was a part of her childhood . Recurring ( edit ) People around Lee Young - joon ( edit ) Lee Tae - hwan as Lee Sung - yeon / Morpheus Bae Gang - yoo as young Lee Sung - yeon Young - joon 's older brother and a famous author . He has a crush on Mi - so . Kim Byeong - ok as Chairman Lee Go Se - won as young Chairman Lee Young - joon and Sung - yeon 's father . Chairman of Yoomyung Group . Kim Hye - ok as Madame Choi Lee Soo - kyung as young Madame Choi Young - joon and Sung - yeon 's mother . Mi - so 's Family ( edit ) Baek Eun - hye as Kim Pil - nam , Mi - so 's oldest sister Heo Sun - mi as Kim Mal - hee , Mi - so 's second oldest sister Jo Deok - hyun as Mi - so 's father Yoomyung Group ( edit ) Kang Ki - young as Park Yoo - sik Director of Yoomyung Group . Young - joon 's best friend . Provides Young - joon with much advice . Hwang Chan - sung as Go Gwi - nam Employee of Yoomyung Group . He is known for his handsome looks , elite education , being a workaholic , and extreme frugality . Pyo Ye - jin as Kim Ji - a A rookie secretary under Mi - so . Kim Ye - won as Sul Ma - eum Yoo - sik 's secretary , who has a clumsy personality . Hwang Bo - ra as Bong Se - ra Lee Yoo - joon as Jung Chi - in Lee Jung - min as Lee Young - ok Kim Jung - woon as Park Joon - hwan Kang Hong - suk as Yang Cheol Bae Hyun - sung as Intern Staff Others ( edit ) Hong Ji - yoon as Oh Ji - ran Choi Na - mu as woman at the Spanish Embassy party ( Ep. 1 ) Shin Joo - yeon as Kim Mi - so 's friend ( Ep. 1 ) Kim Hyun - joo as woman who Lee Sung - yeon gave a hat to at airplane ( Ep. 3 ) Lee Do - yeon as a reporter who interviewed Morpheus ( Ep. 4 ) Lee Chang as center director of the Art Center ( Ep. 4 ) Jung Soo - young as agency staff ( Ep. 9 ) Choi Hyun - woo as Magician ( Ep. 10 ) Special appearance ( edit ) Park Byung - eun as Park Byung - eun , the man who Kim Mi - so met in a blind date ( Ep. 3 ) Seo Hyo - rim as Choi Seo - jin , Park Yoo - sik 's ex-wife ( Ep. 9 , 11 , 12 & 16 ) Lee Min - ki as young Mi - so 's father ( Ep. 10 ) Jung So - min as young Mi - so 's mother ( Ep. 10 ) Son Sung - yoon as kidnapper ( Ep. 11 & 12 ) Jung Yu - mi as Jung Yu - mi , a friend of Lee Young - joon ( Ep. 14 ) Lee Byung - joon as wedding dress ' designer ( Ep. 16 ) Production ( edit ) Much of the visual styling of the series protagonists have referenced the comic version 's cues , including clothing designs and reenacting the comic cover for the drama 's promotional stills and images . The first script reading was held on April 10 , 2018 at Studio Dragon in Sangam - dong , Seoul , South Korea . The press conference for the drama was held on May 30 , 2018 at the Times Square in Seoul with the attendance of the main cast and crew . Original soundtrack ( edit ) What 's Wrong with Secretary Kim OST Soundtrack album by Various artists Released 2018 Genre K - pop Soundtrack Language Korean English Label Bon Factory Worldwide , kakao M Producer Moon Seok - hwan , Oh Kwang - hee OST Part 1 ( edit ) Released on June 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 14 ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Love Virus '' ZigZag Note , Kim Myeong - shin ZigZag Note , Kim Myeong - shin Kihyun ( Monsta X ) , SeolA ( Cosmic Girls ) 03 : 27 2 . `` Love Virus ( Inst . ) '' ZigZag Note , Kim Myeong - shin 03 : 27 Total length : 06 : 54 OST Part 2 ( edit ) Released on June 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` It 's You '' Good Choice , Yoda Kim Se - jin , Midnight Jeong Se - woon 03 : 39 2 . `` It 's You ( Inst . ) '' Kim Se - jin , Midnight 03 : 39 Total length : 07 : 18 OST Part 3 ( edit ) Released on June 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Wanna Be '' ZigZag Note ZigZag Note GFriend 03 : 09 2 . `` Wanna Be ( Inst . ) '' ZigZag Note 03 : 09 Total length : 06 : 18 Ost part 4 ( edit ) Released on June 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Just A Little Bit More '' ( 조금만 더 ) ZigZag Note , Kim Young - sung , Good Choice ZigZag Note , Kim Young - sung Jinho ( Pentagon ) , Rothy 03 : 25 2 . `` Just A Little Bit More ( Inst . ) '' ( 조금만 더 ( Inst . ) ) ZigZag Note , Kim Young - sung 03 : 25 Total length : 06 : 50 Ost part 5 ( edit ) Released on June 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Because I Only See You '' ( 그대 만 보여서 ) Good Choice , Red Socks Red Socks Kim Na - young 03 : 40 2 . `` Because I Only See You ( Inst . ) '' ( 그대 만 보여서 ( Inst . ) ) Red Socks 03 : 40 Total length : 07 : 20 Ost part 6 ( edit ) Released on July 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 04 ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Why Am I Like This '' ( 왜 이럴까 ) Moon Sung - nam , Im Joo - yeon Moon Sung - nam , Im Joo - yeon Lee Da - yeon 02 : 40 2 . `` Why Am I Like This ( Inst . ) '' ( 왜 이럴까 ( Inst . ) ) Moon Sung - nam , Im Joo - yeon 02 : 40 Total length : 05 : 20 OST Part 7 ( edit ) Released on July 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 05 ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` In The End '' ( 토로 ) Kang Myeong - shin , ZigZag Note , Noh Eun - jong ZigZag Note , Noh Eun - jong Yun Ddan Ddan 04 : 25 2 . `` In The End ( Inst . ) '' ( 토로 ( Inst . ) ) ZigZag Note , Noh Eun - jong 04 : 25 Total length : 08 : 50 Ost part 8 ( edit ) Released on July 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 12 ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Words Being Said For The First Time '' ( 처음 하는 말 ) Good Choice Kim Se - jin , Midnight Song Yuvin ( Myteen ) 03 : 56 2 . `` Words Being Said For The First Time ( Inst . ) '' ( 처음 하는 말 ( Inst . ) ) Kim Se - jin , Midnight 03 : 56 Total length : 07 : 52 Ratings ( edit ) In the table below , the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings . Episode # Original broadcast date Average audience share AGB Nielsen Ratings TNmS Ratings Nationwide Seoul June 6 , 2018 5.757 % 6.446 % 6.3 % June 7 , 2018 5.403 % 5.529 % 5.6 % June 13 , 2018 6.950 % 8.252 % 8.3 % June 14 , 2018 6.379 % 6.945 % 6.3 % 5 June 20 , 2018 6.855 % 7.500 % 7.0 % 6 June 21 , 2018 7.687 % 8.554 % 7.7 % 7 June 27 , 2018 7.281 % 8.201 % 8.5 % 8 June 28 , 2018 8.120 % 9.326 % 8.3 % 9 July 4 , 2018 7.767 % 9.428 % 8.8 % 10 July 5 , 2018 8.403 % 9.545 % 9.2 % 11 July 11 , 2018 8.665 % 10.565 % 10.6 % 12 July 12 , 2018 8.393 % 10.052 % 9.7 % 13 July 18 , 2018 7.673 % 8.717 % 8.7 % 14 July 19 , 2018 8.100 % 9.506 % 9.2 % 15 July 25 , 2018 7.107 % 7.725 % 8.0 % 16 July 26 , 2018 8.602 % 10.001 % 9.8 % Average 7.446 % 8.518 % 8.3 % This drama airs on a cable channel / pay TV which normally has a relatively smaller audience compared to free - to - air TV / public broadcasters ( KBS , SBS , MBC and EBS ) . International broadcast ( edit ) Sri Lanka : The drama is available to stream on - demand on Iflix . During its original run , each episode of the drama was available to stream 24 hours after its original South Korean broadcast with subtitles . Malaysia , Singapore , Indonesia : The drama was broadcast on tvN Asia in Malaysia , Singapore and Indonesia with subtitles . Philippines : The drama will be broadcast on ABS - CBN . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Park Seo - joon may become the boss in webtoon adaptation Why Secretary Kim '' . DramaBeans . December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Park Seo - jun , Park Min - young cast in drama '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Park Seo - joon , Park Min - young to find out ' What 's Wrong with Secretary Kim ' '' . Kpop Herald . May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New tvN series promises tantalizing , hilarious office romance '' . Yonhap News Agency . May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Park Seo Jun to Star in a New Romantic Drama '' . SBS News . March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Park Seo - joon on why he chose ' What 's Wrong with Secretary Kim ' '' . Kpop Herald . May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 누나 들 심장 에 불 지르고 있는 ' 박서준 아역 ' 문 우진 군 '' . Insight ( in Korean ) . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Park Min Young to Star in a Romance Drama with Park Seo Jun '' . SBS News . April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Park Min - young talks about starring in rom - com '' . Kpop Herald . May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lee Tae - hwan to star in ' What 's Wrong With Secretary Kim ? ' '' . Kpop Herald . April 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kim Hye - ok and Kim Byung - ok in `` Why Secretary Kim '' as Married Couple `` . Hancinema . Star News . April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' 김비서 가 왜 그럴까 ' 이수경 - 고세원 , 박서준 어린 시절 부모 役 카메오 출연 ! '' . iMBC ( in Korean ) . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( 인터뷰 ) 허순미 `` 오디션 때 ' 발 연기 ' 했는데 합격 했죠 '' `` . Sports Donga ( in Korean ) . July 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kang Ki - young , Hwang Chan - sung , Pyo Ye - jin , and Kim Yewon Join `` Why Secretary Kim '' `` . Hancinema . Asia Today . April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 황보라 , ' 김비서 가 왜 그럴까 ' 출연 `` 자칭 팜므 파탈 '' `` . TenAsia ( in Korean ) . April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' 김비서 가 왜 그럴까 ' 황보라 - 강홍석 - 이유준 , 신 스틸러 군단 출격 '' . Seoul Economic Daily ( in Korean ) . April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( 공식 ) 홍지윤 , ' 김비서 가 왜 그럴까 ' 캐스팅 ... 박서준 - 박민영 과 호흡 '' . The Chosun Ilbo ( in Korean ) . May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 박병 은 , ' 김비서 가 왜 그럴까 ' 특별 출연 ... 4 차원 소개팅 男 으로 '' . MK News ( in Korean ) . June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' 김비서 ' 측 `` 서효림 , 강기영 전 와이프 로 오늘 ( 4 일 ) 첫 등장 '' ( 공식 ) `` . TV Report ( in Korean ) . Retrieved July 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' 김비서 ' 측 `` 이민기 - 정소민 카메오 촬영 완료 '' 박준화 PD 와 의리 ( 공식 ) `` . Newsen ( in Korean ) . June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( 공식 입장 ) `` ' 윤 식당 ' 박서준 과 재회 '' ... 정유미 , ' 김비서 ' 카메오 출연 `` . Xports News ( in Korean ) . July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 박민영 x 박서준 . 웹툰 찢고 나왔다 ... ' 김비서 가 왜 그럴까 ' 스페셜 포스터 '' . Herald Corporation ( in Korean ) . May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' 김비서 가 왜 그럴까 ' 박서준 - 박민영 - 이태환 대본 리딩 현장 포착 ! ' 이 조합 퍼펙트 ' '' . imbc ( in Korean ) . April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' What 's Wrong With Secretary Kim '' holds press conference `` . Asia Today . May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Baek Ji - eun ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` 김비서 ' 박서준 `` 박민영 ' 하이킥 ' 때 부터 팬 , 케미 좋다 '' `` . Sports Chosun ( in Korean ) . Jump up ^ `` ( 현장 ) ' 김비서 ' 이태환 , `` 실제 는 95 년생 , 30 대 역할 부담 없다면 거짓말 '' `` . SE Daily ( in Korean ) . May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AGB Daily Ratings : this links to current day - select the date from drop down menu '' . AGB Nielsen Media Research ( in Korean ) . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Watch ' What 's Wrong with Secretary Kim ' now on iflix '' . The Daily Mirror . June 15 , 2018 . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WHAT 'S WRONG WITH SECRETARY KIM '' . tvN Asia . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/KapamilyaNovela/status/1026438167958671361 External links ( edit ) Official website ( in Korean ) What 's Wrong with Secretary Kim at HanCinema What 's Wrong with Secretary Kim webtoon at TappyToon tvN : Wednesday - Thursday dramas Previous program What 's Wrong with Secretary Kim ( June 6 -- July 26 , 2018 ) Next program My Mister ( March 21 -- May 17 , 2018 ) Familiar Wife ( August 1 , 2018 ) tvN 's Wednesday -- Thursday dramas 2000s Hyena Manny Mermaid Story Romance Hunter The Great Catsby 2010 -- 2014 Twelve Men in a Year Queen In - hyun 's Man I Need Romance 2012 The 3rd Hospital The Blue Tower Fantasy Tower The Blue Tower ZERO The Blue Tower Return She Is Wow Let 's Eat The Idle Mermaid 2017 -- 2018 Criminal Minds Avengers Social Club Prison Playbook Mother My Mister What 's Wrong with Secretary Kim Familiar Wife Hundred Million Stars From the Sky Boyfriend Works by Studio Dragon As producer Another Miss Oh Dear My Friends Squad 38 The Good Wife On the Way to the Airport Woman with a Suitcase Entourage Legend of the Blue Sea Circle My Golden Life Bravo My Life Drama Stage Children of a Lesser God The Guest Hundred Million Stars From the Sky Love Alarm As creator / developer Hey Ghost , Let 's Fight Cinderella with Four Knights The K2 Guardian : The Lonely and Great God Voice Introverted Boss Tomorrow , With You The Liar and His Lover Tunnel Chicago Typewriter Duel Stranger The Bride of Habaek Criminal Minds Save Me Live Up to Your Name Argon Black Revolutionary Love Because This is My First Life Avengers Social Club The Most Beautiful Goodbye Bad Guys 2 A Korean Odyssey Mother Cross Live My Mister Mistress About Time What 's Wrong with Secretary Kim Life on Mars Mr. Sunshine Familiar Wife Voice 2 Player 100 Days My Prince Tale of Gyeryong Fairy Boyfriend Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What%27s_Wrong_with_Secretary_Kim&oldid=854711108 '' Categories : Korean - language television programs TVN ( South Korea ) television dramas 2018 South Korean television series debuts 2010s South Korean television series Television series by Studio Dragon South Korean romantic comedy television series Television programs based on South Korean novels 2018 South Korean television series endings Hidden categories : CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Articles containing Korean - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Articles with Korean - language external links HanCinema drama ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Tiếng Việt 吴语 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 07 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does episode 5 of what's wrong with secretary kim come out | [
"\n\nEpisode #\n\nOriginal broadcast date\n\nAverage audience share\n\n\nAGB Nielsen Ratings[27]\n\nTNmS Ratings\n\n\nNationwide\n\nSeoul\n\n\n1\n\nJune 6, 2018\n\n5.757%\n\n6.446%\n\n6.3%\n\n\n2\n\nJune 7, 2018\n\n5.403%\n\n5.529%\n\n5.6%\n\n\n3\n\nJune 13, 2018\n\n6.950%\n\n8.252%\n\n8.3%\n\n\n4\n\nJune 14, 2018\n\n6.379%\n\n6.945%\n\n6.3%\n\n\n5\n\nJune 20, 2018\n\n6.855%\n\n7.500%\n\n7.0%\n\n\n6\n\nJune 21, 2018\n\n7.687%\n\n8.554%\n\n7.7%\n\n\n7\n\nJune 27, 2018\n\n7.281%\n\n8.201%\n\n8.5%\n\n\n8\n\nJune 28, 2018\n\n8.120%\n\n9.326%\n\n8.3%\n\n\n9\n\nJuly 4, 2018\n\n7.767%\n\n9.428%\n\n8.8%\n\n\n10\n\nJuly 5, 2018\n\n8.403%\n\n9.545%\n\n9.2%\n\n\n11\n\nJuly 11, 2018\n\n8.665%\n\n10.565%\n\n10.6%\n\n\n12\n\nJuly 12, 2018\n\n8.393%\n\n10.052%\n\n9.7%\n\n\n13\n\nJuly 18, 2018\n\n7.673%\n\n8.717%\n\n8.7%\n\n\n14\n\nJuly 19, 2018\n\n8.100%\n\n9.506%\n\n9.2%\n\n\n15\n\nJuly 25, 2018\n\n7.107%\n\n7.725%\n\n8.0%\n\n\n16\n\nJuly 26, 2018\n\n8.602%\n\n10.001%\n\n9.8%\n\n\nAverage\n\n7.446%\n\n8.518%\n\n8.3%\n"
] | [
"June 20, 2018"
] |
-2747299035052165525 | Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom | Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom - wikipedia Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 2018 American science fiction adventure film Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Theatrical release poster Directed by J.A. Bayona Produced by Frank Marshall Patrick Crowley Belén Atienza Written by Derek Connolly Colin Trevorrow Based on Characters by Michael Crichton Starring Chris Pratt Bryce Dallas Howard Rafe Spall Justice Smith Daniella Pineda James Cromwell Toby Jones Ted Levine B.D. Wong Isabella Sermon Geraldine Chaplin Jeff Goldblum Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Óscar Faura Edited by Bernat Vilaplana Production companies Universal Pictures Amblin Entertainment The Kennedy / Marshall Company Legendary Pictures Perfect World Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date May 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 21 ) ( WiZink Center ) June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 128 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $170 -- 187 million Box office $1.276 billion Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom is a 2018 American science fiction adventure film and the sequel to Jurassic World ( 2015 ) . Directed by J.A. Bayona , it is the fifth installment of the Jurassic Park film series , as well as the second installment of a planned Jurassic World trilogy . Derek Connolly and Jurassic World director Colin Trevorrow both returned as writers , with Trevorrow and original Jurassic Park director Steven Spielberg acting as executive producers . Set on the fictional Central American island of Isla Nublar , off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica , it follows Owen Grady and Claire Dearing as they rescue the remaining dinosaurs on the island before a volcanic eruption destroys it . Chris Pratt , Bryce Dallas Howard , B.D. Wong , and Jeff Goldblum reprise their roles from previous films in the series , with Rafe Spall , Justice Smith , Daniella Pineda , James Cromwell , Toby Jones , Ted Levine , Isabella Sermon , and Geraldine Chaplin joining the cast . Filming took place from February to July 2017 in the United Kingdom and Hawaii . Produced and distributed by Universal Pictures , Fallen Kingdom premiered in Madrid on May 21 , 2018 , and was released internationally in early June 2018 and in the United States on June 22 , 2018 . The film has grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide , making it the third Jurassic film to pass the mark , the third highest - grossing film of 2018 and the 13th highest - grossing film of all time . It received mixed reviews from critics , who praised Pratt 's performance , Bayona 's direction , the visuals , and the `` surprisingly dark moments '' , although many criticized the screenplay and lack of innovation , with some suggesting the series has run its course . An untitled sequel is set to be released on June 11 , 2021 , with Trevorrow returning to direct . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Writing 3.4 Casting 3.5 Filming 3.6 Creatures on screen 4 Marketing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 United States and Canada 6.1. 2 Outside North America 6.2 Critical response 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot Shortly after the events of Jurassic World , a small team of mercenaries arrives on the abandoned Isla Nublar to collect DNA from the remains of the Indominus rex at the bottom of the park 's lagoon . After successfully collecting a bone fragment , the team 's survivors barely escape the island following attacks by the Mosasaurus and Tyrannosaurus rex . Three years later in 2018 , a U.S. Senate hearing in Washington , D.C. debates whether Isla Nublar 's dinosaurs should be saved from an impending volcanic eruption . Mathematician Dr. Ian Malcolm testifies that the dinosaurs should be allowed to perish to correct John Hammond 's mistake of cloning them . Meanwhile , Jurassic World 's former operations manager Claire Dearing has established the Dinosaur Protection Group to save the animals . After the Senate rules against rescuing the dinosaurs , Hammond 's former partner , Benjamin Lockwood , summons Claire to his Northern California estate . Lockwood and his aide , Eli Mills , reveal a plan to relocate the dinosaurs to a new island sanctuary . Claire is needed to help reactivate the park 's dinosaur tracking system to locate the animals , particularly Blue , the last living Velociraptor . Although they are estranged , Claire recruits Jurassic World 's former Velociraptor trainer and Blue 's alpha , Owen Grady , to help capture her . On Isla Nublar , Claire and former park technician Franklin Webb get the tracking system online . Owen , paleo - veterinarian Zia Rodriguez , and a mercenary team led by Ken Wheatley search for Blue . Upon finding her , the encounter escalates , resulting in a mercenary shooting Blue and Wheatley tranquilizing Owen . The mercenaries take Zia so she can treat Blue 's injury . Their ship departs for the U.S. mainland as the animals left behind die in the eruption . Claire , Franklin , and Owen sneak aboard in time and assist Zia in transfusing Blue with Tyrannosaurus blood . The group now realize the captured dinosaurs were never being transported to a new island and are for another purpose . Back at the estate , Lockwood 's orphaned pre-teen granddaughter Maisie overhears Mills and auctioneer Gunnar Eversol secretly planning to auction the captured dinosaurs on the black market . They will also unveil the Indoraptor , a new genetically - engineered dinosaur created by geneticist Dr. Henry Wu using Indominus rex and Velociraptor DNA . Wu wants Blue 's DNA to create an enhanced Indoraptor , unaware that Blue 's blood is contaminated . After Maisie informs Lockwood about the auction , he confronts Mills , who murders him . Maisie is later revealed to have been cloned from Lockwood 's deceased daughter and is the reason John Hammond , who opposed human cloning , ended their partnership . The dinosaurs are transported to Lockwood 's estate and caged . Zia and Franklin evade capture , but Owen and Claire are apprehended and confined . Owen incites a Stygimoloch into breaking open their cell . They find Maisie who leads them to the auction where the Indoraptor is being sold despite Wu 's protests that it is a prototype . Owen disrupts the proceedings by luring the Stygimoloch into the room . In the ensuing chaos , Wheatley tranquilizes the Indoraptor to extract a tooth as a trophy , but it feigns sedation and escapes , killing him , Eversol , and others . The Indoraptor hunts Owen , Claire , and Maisie throughout the mansion . Zia releases Blue , who attacks the Indoraptor , causing it to fall through a glass roof to its death . When a hydrogen cyanide gas leak threatens the caged animals , Maisie is unable to let them die and frees them despite Owen 's warning . Mills is killed and the Indominus bone destroyed by the Tyrannosaurus . Owen , Claire , Maisie , Zia , and Franklin safely get away , while Blue and the other dinosaurs escape . In a new U.S. Senate hearing , Dr. Malcolm declares the beginning of a Neo-Jurassic Age where humans and dinosaurs must learn to coexist . The closing scenes show the freed dinosaurs roaming wilderness and outer urban areas . Cast Main article : List of Jurassic Park characters Chris Pratt as Owen Grady : A Navy veteran and former Velociraptor handler for Jurassic World . Bryce Dallas Howard as Claire Dearing : Jurassic World 's former operations manager , now a dinosaur - rights activist , who has founded the Dinosaur Protection Group at San Francisco to save the surviving dinosaurs from Isla Nublar . Rafe Spall as Eli Mills : Lockwood 's ambitious assistant who recruits Owen and Claire to rescue the dinosaurs . Speaking of his character 's actions over the course of the film , Spall noted that , `` Ambition is such a powerful emotion , you can get wrapped up in it and end up doing things in order to succeed . This character believes he is doing right . He has been entrusted with pushing Lockwood 's fortune into the future and making it survive after he dies . Mills feels he is simply doing what he was asked to do . '' Justice Smith as Franklin Webb : A former IT technician for Jurassic World who is now the Dinosaur Protection Group 's systems analyst and hacker . Daniella Pineda as Zia Rodriguez : A former Marine who is now the Dinosaur Protection Group 's paleoveterinarian . James Cromwell as Sir Benjamin Lockwood : John Hammond 's former partner in developing the technology to clone dinosaurs . Toby Jones as Gunnar Eversol : An auctioneer host at Lockwood Estate who sells the Isla Nublar dinosaurs for profit . In an interview , Jones likened his character to that of `` a rogue arms dealer ; he sees profits in selling these creatures as weapons . He is totally morally neutral about whatever he is selling . He is only interested in whether or not it will make him a profit . '' Ted Levine as Ken Wheatley : A seasoned mercenary who commands the rescue operation on Isla Nublar . B.D. Wong as Henry Wu : The former head geneticist of both Jurassic World and the original Jurassic Park . Speaking of his character 's actions , Wong stated : `` I do think he 's motivated by his love for science and his own ego , which is well supported by his massive achievements ... I think he turns a blind eye to the human suffering that comes as a result because he thinks he 's looking at some bigger picture . '' Isabella Sermon as Maisie Lockwood : Lockwood 's juvenile granddaughter and legal ward following her parents ' deaths . Geraldine Chaplin as Iris : The Lockwood Estate housekeeper , Maisie 's nanny , and protector of the Lockwood family 's secrets . Jeff Goldblum as Ian Malcolm : An expert in chaos theory who once consulted for InGen 's Jurassic Park . In a podcast interview , Goldblum revealed of his role `` It 's small ... who knows , they may cut me out entirely ! But if I stay in , I 'll be a sprig of parsley or a little garnish , hopefully with some impact ! '' Director Bayona confirmed that Goldblum 's role is simply a cameo , stating , `` He does n't have a major role in the action but it 's definitely a very meaningful one in terms of the story . '' Peter Jason as Senator Sherwood : A Senator who is among those who debate about saving the dinosaurs on Isla Nublar . Production Development During early conversations on the 2015 film Jurassic World , executive producer Steven Spielberg told director Colin Trevorrow that he was interested in having several more films made . In April 2014 , Trevorrow announced that sequels had been discussed : `` We wanted to create something that would be a little bit less arbitrary and episodic , and something that could potentially arc into a series that would feel like a complete story . '' Trevorrow said Chris Pratt and Omar Sy might reprise their roles for the next few films and said he would direct the film if asked . Trevorrow later told Spielberg that he would only focus on directing one film in the series . In May 2015 , Trevorrow announced that he would not direct another film in the series : `` I would be involved in some way , but not as director . '' Trevorrow felt that different directors could bring different qualities to future films . Pratt had been signed for future films in the series , as was Ty Simpkins , who portrayed Gray in Jurassic World . On June 3 , 2015 , Trevorrow stated that Jurassic World left many story possibilities open : `` I really like the idea that this group of geneticists are n't the only people who can make a dinosaur ( ... ) when you think of the differences between Apple and PC -- the minute something goes open - source , there are all kinds of entities and interests that may be able to utilize that technology . '' On June 8 , 2015 , Jurassic World producer Frank Marshall met with Trevorrow and Universal Pictures to discuss a sequel . Later that month , Trevorrow did not deny that the film could involve `` dinosaur soldiers '' and said the series is `` not always gon na be about a Jurassic Park '' , saying he felt that future films could explore the idea of dinosaurs and humans co-existing . Trevorrow also hinted that the next film may not involve the Jurassic World theme park and said he would be interested in seeing a Jurassic Park film made by one of several Spanish horror film directors , whose names he did not mention . Pre-production On July 23 , 2015 , Universal announced that a fifth film had been scheduled for a June 22 , 2018 , release date in the U.S. It was also announced that Trevorrow would write the script with his writing partner Derek Connolly , as they did for Jurassic World ; that the film would be produced by Frank Marshall ; and that Spielberg and Trevorrow would act as executive producers . Universal also said that Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard would reprise their roles from the previous film . At the time of the film 's announcement , Trevorrow said the series `` is n't always going to be limited to theme parks '' and confirmed that the film would not involve `` a bunch of dinosaurs chasing people on an island '' stating , `` That 'll get old real fast . '' Trevorrow also spoke of the film 's possible open - source storyline : `` It 's almost like InGen is Mac , but what if PC gets their hands on it ? What if there are 15 different entities around the world who can make a dinosaur ? '' In August 2015 , Howard said that the script was being written , and it was announced that the film would be released in the UK two weeks early , on June 7 , 2018 . Later that year , B.D. Wong said he `` would be happy to return '' as Dr. Henry Wu , while Howard announced that filming would begin in 2017 . Howard also said she would be interested in seeing characters from earlier Jurassic Park films return for the fifth film , saying , `` I could see versions of the film where a lot of the characters come back . '' By October 2015 , director J.A. Bayona was being considered to direct the film , although he chose instead to direct the World War Z sequel , a project to which he had already signed on . In January 2016 , it was reported that Bayona could still be a candidate to direct the film after he dropped out of the World War Z sequel due to other commitments . In March 2016 , London was being scouted as a possible filming location and setting for the film , and it was subsequently announced that filming would take place at a UK studio . On April 14 , 2016 , actor Jeff Goldblum said he had no plans to appear in the film as his character Ian Malcolm , although he said he was open to the possibility . On April 18 , 2016 , Bayona was announced as the film 's director , with Belén Atienza and Patrick Crowley joining Marshall as producers . Spielberg , Marshall , and Kathleen Kennedy had been impressed by Bayona 's 2012 film , The Impossible , and initially considered having him direct Jurassic World , but he declined as he felt there was not enough time for production . Trevorrow wanted Bayona to direct the film after seeing his 2007 horror film , The Orphanage . Before Bayona was hired , he met with Trevorrow and became enthused with the project after being shown the script 's second half , which would play out like a haunted house film . After Bayona was hired , Trevorrow said about the film , `` We 're moving it into new territory . J.A. Bayona is an incredible director and I know he 'll push the boundaries of what a ' Jurassic ' movie is . I think it 's important that we take risks . A franchise must evolve or perish . '' Trevorrow and Bayona worked closely throughout the film 's production . In June 2016 , actor Sam Neill was asked if he would return to the series as Dr. Alan Grant and responded , `` You never say never , but I think it 's moved on . It 's different times . '' The film , under the working title of Ancient Futures , was in full pre-production as of July 2016 , with storyboards being designed . Andy Nicholson was hired as the film 's production designer and spent four weeks with Bayona in Barcelona , discussing reference pictures and background details , as well as Bayona 's ideas for the Lockwood mansion . Production was scheduled to begin in Hawaii in February 2017 . Wales was also confirmed as a filming location , including Brecon Beacons and Penbryn . Trevorrow stated that Hawaii would be used as a primary filming location , while U.K. shooting would be limited to studios , without the story taking place there . Trevorrow also said that the film would feature many dinosaurs that were not seen in previous films and denied that the film 's story would involve militarized dinosaurs , which would only be mentioned in the film . For the film 's second half in which dinosaurs are transported by boat to the mainland , Ecuador and Peru had both been scouted as possible filming locations and settings , while Marshall thought that Cabo San Lucas would be ideal , but such locations ultimately did not work for the film 's story . Although the film was partially shot in England , Spielberg felt that the country was too far from the fictional Isla Nublar to be used as the in - film setting during the second half , as he and the producers did not want the film to focus too much time on a boat . Crowley stated , `` Rather than making it a movie about traveling on a boat , which is not very exciting , you needed to get to the place . '' In September 2016 , Bayona confirmed that the film would be the second chapter in a planned Jurassic World trilogy . Later that year , Marshall said that Wong was `` probably going to come back , '' while Jurassic World composer Michael Giacchino confirmed that he would return to compose the fifth film . Óscar Faura was announced as the film 's cinematographer at the end of the year . Writing Although Spielberg was heavily involved in the development of ideas for Jurassic World , he had Trevorrow and Connolly devise their own ideas for the sequel , while retaining final approval on the project . In June 2015 , approximately two weeks after the theatrical release of Jurassic World , Trevorrow embarked on a road trip from Los Angeles back to his home state of Vermont . Connolly agreed to accompany Trevorrow on the trip so they could discuss a basic set of ideas that Trevorrow had for the film . During their eight - day trip , the writers began work on the script and devised the basic story . Trevorrow said the film 's story was inspired by a quote from Dr. Alan Grant in the first film : `` Dinosaurs and man , two species separated by 65 million years of evolution , have suddenly been thrown back into the mix together . How can we possibly have the slightest idea of what to expect ? '' Trevorrow also said that the story was heavily inspired by the idea that , `` A mistake made a long time ago just ca n't be undone . '' The film is also based on concepts from Michael Crichton 's novel Jurassic Park ( 1990 ) and its sequel The Lost World ( 1995 ) , and includes dialogue from the first novel . Isla Nublar 's volcano was an idea that existed in the first novel , and the writers chose to incorporate the idea into the film 's plot . Trevorrow compared the destruction of Isla Nublar to `` the burning down of a church or a temple , '' stating , `` I honestly think it 's like killing off a character in a way , and if you 're going to do that , as long as you approach it with the proper respect and acknowledgement that you understand how indelible and permanent what you 're doing is , then hopefully people will have an emotional response but they wo n't hate you for it . '' The idea to include a `` silent partner '' of John Hammond was also inspired by the Jurassic Park novel . Although the character of Benjamin Lockwood was not featured in the novel , the book depicts the early years leading up to the cloning of dinosaurs , which made Trevorrow realize that there would have been many people involved in such a project , convincing him that someone like Lockwood would be among those people . In his initial film treatment , Trevorrow had included story elements that Marshall and Crowley considered excessive for a single film , as the producers felt it was also important to include details about Owen and Claire 's lives after the events of Jurassic World . Although the original ending was the same as the final film , Trevorrow had wanted to include more details about the integration of dinosaurs into the world , before choosing to remove such details to keep the story focused . For the script 's structure , Trevorrow said he had been inspired by Spielberg 's 2015 film Bridge of Spies , in which two seemingly unrelated stories `` collide in the middle , and move on together . '' Trevorrow was also inspired by the 1975 film Three Days of the Condor , stating , `` It 's one of those places where you think you know what the score is , and then everything changes , and then suddenly you do n't know who to trust . '' Having directed Jurassic World , Trevorrow became familiar with how animatronics worked and wrote scenes into the sequel in a way that would allow for their use , as animatronics are incapable of certain actions such as running . Regarding the idea of human cloning , Trevorrow stated that `` we 're so much closer to cloning humans than we are to cloning dinosaurs . It felt like far less of a leap to me than dinosaurs do . ( ... ) To have a character who has such deep love and has felt such loss and the inability to go on , I think is something we all feel . So the idea that you might be able to bring someone back in that way is emotionally grounded in a very universal idea . '' Trevorrow also stated that he was interested in `` the larger impact '' of genetic power , including its emotional impact and its potential human impact , while further stating `` we knew that we did n't want to continue to make movies about the dangers of messing with science . We want to tell a story about where we are now , which is that we have messed with science , we have fundamentally altered our world and now we 're dealing with the consequences . '' Trevorrow was nervous about how audiences would react to the story 's human cloning aspect , an idea that was supported by Spielberg , who was excited about the questions that such an idea could raise in the film 's sequel . Because of criticism regarding the death of Zara in the previous film , Trevorrow stated that for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom , `` We made sure that every death was earned . Everybody deserves their death in this movie , a lesson learned . In 2018 everyone earns it . Horrible people . '' After Bayona was hired , he began reading all of Crichton 's novels -- including Jurassic Park and The Lost World -- for inspiration and `` to try to immerse myself in Crichton 's mind . '' Trevorrow and Connolly began working with Bayona in July 2016 , to perfect the script to the director 's liking . Trevorrow stated that the film would be more `` suspenseful and scary '' than its predecessor : `` It 's just the way it 's designed ; it 's the way the story plays out . I knew I wanted Bayona to direct it long before anyone ever heard that it was a possibility , so the whole thing was just built around his skillset . '' Trevorrow later described the film as `` The Impossible meets The Orphanage with dinosaurs . '' Bayona stated that with the first half of the film set on an island , `` you have what you expect from a Jurassic movie , '' while the second half `` moves to a totally different environment that feels more suspenseful , darker , claustrophobic , and even has this kind of gothic element , which I love . '' Bayona 's concept of gothic suspense for the film was influenced by Alfred Hitchcock films , and he compared the film to The Empire Strikes Back and Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan , which were both considered darker than their predecessors . Trevorrow said the film 's dinosaurs would be `` a parable of the treatment animals receive today : the abuse , medical experimentation , pets , having wild animals in zoos like prisons , the use the military has made of them , animals as weapons . '' The idea of weaponized dinosaurs came from Spielberg . Trevorrow said that with the film 's dinosaur auction , `` The worst instincts of mankind are revealed . The first film was very clearly about corporate greed . This is just about human greed . '' The film includes ideas previously featured in a rejected 2004 draft for Jurassic Park IV ( later Jurassic World ) , presented in the same structure : a return to Isla Nublar followed by a second half set in a large Gothic building on the mainland . The idea of a dinosaur auction was also present in the rejected draft , which Trevorrow had read while writing the first Jurassic World film . Bayona had his own ideas incorporated into the script while essentially retaining the same original story devised by Trevorrow and Connolly . The film 's underwater opening sequence was already in Trevorrow and Connolly 's script , and Bayona asked Trevorrow to push for it to become a bigger scene with a larger set . Among Trevorrow 's ideas was to include Jeff Goldblum 's character of Ian Malcolm , who appeared in the franchise 's earlier films . Trevorrow and Goldblum discussed dialogue ideas for Malcolm , and Trevorrow stated that he used a lot of dialogue from Crichton 's Jurassic Park novel for the character . Marshall stated that Trevorrow wrote Malcolm as `` the ' Uh oh , danger , I told you so ' kind of character , '' and Trevorrow said about the character , `` I saw him as kind of Al Gore . He 's got a beard now , and he 's like , ' I told all of you this was going to be a disaster , and sure enough it is . ' '' Bayona and Trevorrow ultimately removed certain moments from the script that they felt would be better for the sequel , which was expected to depict dinosaurs having spread around the world . Casting In October 2016 , casting was underway for the role of a nine - year - old girl . Approximately 2,500 girls were interviewed for the role , which ultimately went to Isabella Sermon , marking her film debut . By November 2016 , Tom Holland -- who previously starred in The Impossible -- had discussed having a possible role in the film , but he did not believe he would be available for filming because of scheduling conflicts . Toby Jones , Rafe Spall , and Justice Smith were cast at the end of the year . Daniella Pineda , Ted Levine and James Cromwell were cast in early 2017 , while Wong confirmed his return as Dr. Henry Wu . To maintain secrecy , the Ancient Futures title was used in the casting phase . During auditions , references to dinosaurs were replaced with animals such as lions and grizzly bears . To convince the studio that Pineda was right for the role of Zia , Bayona had her demonstrate that she could perform comedy and drama scenes , as well as improvisation . Pineda auditioned a total of seven times before receiving the role . She auditioned for Bayona , Atienza , and Crowley , and did not meet the cast until she arrived in England for filming . In March 2017 , Bayona announced that Geraldine Chaplin , who had roles in each of his previous films , had joined the cast . The next month , it was announced that Jeff Goldblum would be reprising his role as Dr. Ian Malcolm from the first two films . Bayona considered Malcolm a `` great character ! '' while Marshall said , `` The world has changed a lot since Ian Malcolm went to Jurassic Park and we need his point of view now more than ever . He told us about chaos theory , he was right . '' Filming Filming began at Langley Business Centre in Slough , England , on February 23 , 2017 . Scenes shot at the business center included Claire 's Dinosaur Protection Group office , Owen training his baby raptors , and Owen and Claire attempting to retrieve blood from the sedated T. rex . A majority of filming in England took place at Pinewood Studios . Because of its large sound stages , Pinewood Studios was considered perfect for the film 's many interior scenes . After filming concluded in England , production moved to Hawaii , which was used as a primary filming location . Scenes shot in Hawaii were set on Isla Nublar , the fictional island featured in the first and fourth films . Scenes were also expected to be shot at Brecon Beacons National Park in Wales . The film was shot in CinemaScope , and is the first entry in the Jurassic Park series that is presented in a 2.40 : 1 aspect ratio . The film crew used Arri Alexa 65 cameras throughout the duration of filming . Several scenes were shot to reference various films including From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) and Dracula ( 1979 ) , as well as Spielberg 's films Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) . Spielberg was shown scenes from the film during production and he offered his opinions to Bayona . During filming and in between takes , Bayona used an iPod to play different types of music on set to inspire the actors during certain scenes , as he had done for his previous films . Bayona also played sound effects from previous films in the series , including a T. rex roar that he sometimes used to get a natural reaction from the actors . In particular , Bayona played unexpected sounds and loud music to scare Smith for certain scenes , as his character is portrayed as easily frightened . Prior to being filmed , Bayona and Pratt discussed each scene involving the character of Owen , and many of Pratt 's ideas were added into the film . Speaking about Levine 's character , Bayona said , `` He came with this idea of creating this kind of military man . He just wanted to portray the most hateable character possible . ( ... ) And he was so creative on set , trying to give ideas , bringing story notes to make this character more and more hateable . '' The film includes several indirect references to U.S. president Donald Trump , including an idea from Trevorrow in which a news ticker states that the `` U.S. president '' has questioned the `` existence of dinosaurs in the first place . '' Jones was allowed to decide his character 's appearance , which included a wig similar to Trump 's hairstyle . An unscripted moment that was left in the film involves Levine 's character referring to Pineda 's character Zia as a `` nasty woman '' , a line that was previously made famous by Trump . In April 2017 , scenes were filmed at East Berkshire College in Berkshire , England , and at Loch Long in Argyll and Bute , Scotland . Also that month , filming took place at Hartland Park -- formerly the Pyestock jet engine test site -- in Fleet , Hampshire , England , where the film 's opening sequence was shot . The scene was filmed through the night and involved helicopters , rain machines , and lightning simulators to depict a thunderstorm . Bayona described the opening scene as a `` massive action piece '' that resembled the prologues used in James Bond films . Scenes were filmed on sets at Hawley Common , also in Hampshire , where the exterior of Lockwood 's mansion was built , as well as a mainland loading dock where the dinosaurs are brought . The exterior of the ship that transports Isla Nublar 's dinosaurs to the mainland was created entirely through computer - generated effects by Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) , which worked on the previous films . The ship 's interior was constructed by Nicholson and his team as a large set at Pinewood Studios , and after filming , the set was rebuilt to depict the large rooftop of the Lockwood Estate . The exterior of the Cragside country house in Northumberland , England , along with its coniferous surrounding , was used to depict the Lockwood Estate exterior . The film crew took plate shots of Cragside and used a computer to combine the shots with footage filmed on set to create the exterior of the Lockwood Estate . No actors were involved in the Cragside shoot . Nicholson previsualized each of the sets that he and his team built to ensure they would be large enough for the intended scenes , stating , `` Someone can tell you a Velociraptor is X-feet long , but until you see it in the space , you ca n't appreciate what that means in terms of your set and the action that needs to take place within it . '' The interior of the multi-floor Lockwood Estate was built entirely on sound stages at Pinewood Studios . The estate set included Eli Mills ' office , Dr. Wu 's large underground laboratory , an underground dinosaur containment facility , separate bedrooms belonging to Benjamin and Maisie Lockwood , and a large library with dinosaur skeletons and artifacts . When filming was completed in the Lockwood library , the set was redecorated and converted into the estate 's underground garage , where the dinosaur auction takes place . Pratt stated that the film involved significantly more stunts than its predecessor . An improvised fist fight scene , between Owen and several men during the dinosaur auction , was added late in filming . It was the first such scene to be featured in the film series , and was filmed in a single continuous shot with the use of a dolly track . On May 10 , 2017 , it was reported that scenes were being filmed at Rock Barracks military base , near Woodbridge , Suffolk . On May 24 , 2017 , scenes were shot at Hampshire 's Blackbushe Airport , which stood in as an American airfield . Filming in the United Kingdom concluded on June 10 , 2017 . Up to that point , Trevorrow was present as an on - set writer for each day of production so he could aid Bayona with any possible script changes . Goldblum shot his scenes in a single day at Pinewood Studios , during the last day of filming in the United Kingdom . Jones also filmed his scenes on large sets at Pinewood Studios . Filming in Hawaii was underway as of June 13 , 2017 , and lasted more than 25 days , with locations that included Dillingham Airfield and Pua'ena Point . On June 21 , 2017 , filming began at Heʻeia Kea Small Boat Harbor in Heʻeia , Hawaii , which served as Isla Nublar 's shipping dock . More than half of the harbor was closed for filming , which required the use of smoke machines . Scenes were scheduled to be shot at the harbor throughout the end of the month . Filming also took place in a nearby Heʻeia jungle for scenes in which Owen searches for and locates Blue . As a reference to the first Jurassic Park film , the scene between Owen and Blue includes an overturned Ford Explorer , previously featured in the original film as a Jurassic Park tour vehicle . Trevorrow had initially considered including the vehicle in a scene in Jurassic World , before settling on the original Jurassic Park visitor center instead . On June 22 , 2017 , the film 's official title was announced as Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom . At the time , filming was underway at Kualoa Ranch on the Hawaiian island of Oahu . Filming at Kualoa Ranch included the exterior set for a radio tower bunker . In Hawaii , scenes in which characters are running were filmed with the use of the Edge Arm , a stabilized camera that was attached to a crane , which was mounted to a truck that drove alongside the actors . The specialized camera allowed for scenes to be shot steadily despite the truck driving over rough terrain . The film includes a scene on Isla Nublar in which Claire and Franklin are riding in a ball - shaped Jurassic World Gyrosphere ride to evade dinosaurs . The scene was shot at Kualoa Ranch and in England , and Bayona described it as one of the film 's biggest challenges . In Hawaii , the Edge Arm was used to film the actors riding in the Gyrosphere as it was hauled on a trailer to simulate its movement . In England , an outdoor roller coaster track with a 40 - foot drop was constructed for the Gyrosphere , which Howard and Smith rode in to shoot a scene in which the ride plummets off a cliff and into the water surrounding Isla Nublar . Although this portion of the scene could have been shot with the use of a green screen , Bayona wanted the actors to have genuine fear for the scene . The final portion of the scene was shot at Pinewood Studios , where a large indoor tank was constructed and filled with water to depict the submerged ride as Owen tries to break it open and rescue Claire and Franklin . Bayona wanted this portion of the scene to have the appearance of a single continuous shot ; to achieve this , the scene was filmed in five different takes that were merged to make it seem like a single shot . Pratt was aided by a diving instructor for the scene , which also involved Howard and Smith underwater . Filming in the tank lasted five days , and required 85 crew members . The scene in the tank was primarily shot by a second unit crew , as Bayona was busy directing scenes on other soundstages . David Vickery and his team at ILM created the volcanic special effects and consulted volcanologists for research . According to Vickery , the team inquired `` how a volcano of this type might erupt '' and also requested information about `` the various stages of lava and pyroclastic flow . We are speeding it up a bit for the sake of our film , but it is definitely all based on real science . '' All of the lava in the film was created through digital effects , although one scene used cat litter set on fire as a stand - in on set , so the actors would know where to react . The scene was set in an Isla Nublar bunker as lava begins dripping from the roof . The litter had been soaked in flammable liquid , and was dropped from 12 different nozzles above the set . The Main Street section of the Jurassic World theme park was rebuilt on Police Beach in Hawaii for a scene in which Owen and Claire return to the island . The set had previously been built in Louisiana for filming of the previous Jurassic World , but was dismantled after filming concluded . For the sequel , Nicholson had part of the Main Street practically built , although the park 's visitor center could not be constructed in its entirety because of its large size . Unbuilt portions of the park were created by ILM using digital set extensions . Main Street was the largest set built in Hawaii , and required more than three months to complete . Many of the same prop makers returned to recreate the Main Street set , which then had to be aged to give the appearance of abandonment . On July 7 , 2017 , filming took place at Oahu 's Hālona Blowhole , where Pratt , Howard and Smith shot scenes on a beach . Filming concluded on July 8 , 2017 , after shooting was completed at Hālona Blowhole . Bayona said that making the film was the biggest challenge of his life . The original cut of the film was approximately two hours and 45 minutes , which the filmmakers considered too long . The film was trimmed to two hours and eight minutes for the final cut . One scene that was removed from the film would reveal the character of Zia to be a lesbian , an idea that came from Bayona and Trevorrow , who chose to cut it out for runtime reasons . Creatures on screen See also : List of cloned animals in the Jurassic Park series The film 's dinosaurs were created through a combination of animatronics and computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) . Special effects artist Neal Scanlan served as the film 's creature effects creative supervisor , while Vickery and Alex Wuttke served as visual effects supervisors . Scanlan worked on the animatronic dinosaurs , while Vickery and his ILM team created versions of the dinosaurs through CGI . ILM animators in Vancouver worked on dinosaur stampede scenes , while ILM 's London studio created the remaining creature scenes . Approximately 52 ILM animators worked on the film . Scanlan worked closely with Bayona and Vickery to create the creatures , and Vickery and ILM did extensive research to accurately create and depict the dinosaurs , which included consulting with paleontologists . The ILM team also referred to elephants and rhinos to determine how the dinosaurs should move and behave . Dinosaur expert John Hankla , of the Denver Museum of Nature and Science , served as an advisor on the film . After reading fan thoughts on dinosaurs and speaking with children , Bayona realized that dinosaur textures and colors were frequently brought up , and stated , `` I thought that was the area where I could play with . They feel somehow a little bit more exotic and richer in this movie . '' New research had also suggested that real dinosaurs were more colorful and brighter than previously thought . The film features more dinosaurs than any previous film in the series , as Bayona wanted to include several new dinosaurs not previously seen in earlier films , including Allosaurus , Baryonyx , Carnotaurus , Sinoceratops , Stygimoloch , and the fictional Indoraptor . Baryonyx and Carnotaurus were among the creatures created through CGI . Dilophosaurus was in the film 's original cut , but was removed . The film features more animatronic dinosaurs than any previous sequel , and the animatronics used were more technologically advanced than in the previous films . Five animatronic dinosaurs were created for the film , whereas the previous film only featured one . More animatronics were used because the film features closer interaction between humans and dinosaurs than its predecessor , including a scene in which Howard rode atop the sedated T. rex . Bayona stated that animatronics `` are very helpful on set , especially for the actors so they have something to perform against . There 's an extra excitement if they can act in front of something real . '' Scanlan stated that animatronics were not best for every scene : `` In some ways it will have an impact on your shooting schedule ; you have to take time to film with an animatronic . In the balance , we ask ourselves if it is economically and artistically more valuable to do it that way , or as a post-production effect . Once we have looked at each particular case , with the director and the VFX supervisor we decide whether -- because of the environment or the circumstances -- it is the right way to go practically . '' Scanlan spent more than eight months at Pinewood Studios to work on the creatures before and during filming , with a crew of approximately 35 people . Scanlan 's team created functional animatronic models of the T. rex , the Indoraptor and Blue , while ILM worked on CGI versions of the creatures . The T. rex was one of the first animatronic creatures needed for filming , in the form of a full - scale head and shoulders . ILM sent Scanlan a model of the T. rex from its appearance in Jurassic World , and Scanlan used it to create a full - scale 3D print of the T. rex head and shoulders . The life - sized T. rex animatronic was controlled through joysticks , with the ability to breathe and move its head . The T. rex animatronic was used for a scene in which the sedated creature is inside a cage while Owen and Claire attempt to retrieve blood from it . The beginning shots in the scene were created using only the animatronic , while the ending shots solely used CGI , with the middle portion of the scene using a combination of the two methods . Within the film 's story , the T. rex is portrayed as the same individual featured in previous films . Trevorrow said , `` We 've been following this same character since the beginning ; she 's the same T. rex that was in Jurassic Park and in Jurassic World . She is iconic -- not just because she 's a T. rex , but because she 's this T. rex . '' The Blue animatronic was created to lay down on an operating table , depicting the animal in an injured state while the character of Zia operates on the creature . Up to 12 puppeteers , hidden under the operating table , were needed to control the animatronic during filming . The scene was shot twice , with and without the Blue animatronic , and the two versions were later combined for a seamless effect . In creating Blue through CGI , the animators referred to the animal 's appearance in the previous film . According to Vickery , Blue 's movements were designed to resemble a dog : `` You look at the way Blue cocks her head and looks up at you . It 's exactly like a dog . You 're trying to sort of connect the dinosaur with things that you understand as a human . '' The Indoraptor was primarily created through CGI , while a practical head , neck , shoulders , foot and arm were created for close - up shots . For some scenes , an inflatable dinosaur was operated by two puppeteers as a Indoraptor stand - in on set , while a CGI version of the creature would be added in later . The Indoraptor was designed to have long human - like arms , and the creature is depicted as a quadruped and biped , with a height of approximately 10 feet tall while standing on two legs . The Indoraptor 's black color was chosen as Bayona wanted the creature to have the appearance of a black shadow , stating that `` it 's very terrifying when you see the Indoraptor in the dark because you can only see the eyes and the teeth . '' Scanlan 's team also made puppeteering aids , rod puppets , and several prop dinosaurs , all created in coordination with Vickery to ensure a consistent result between the practical effects and CGI . Animal motions that could not be perfected with puppetry , such as blinking , were instead created with computer technology . Among the puppeteer dinosaurs were baby velociraptors , which were used for a scene with Pratt , while the final , wider shots of the scene used two - wheeled , remote - controlled toys to stand - in for the baby raptors on set . The toys included a spring which gave them the ability to jump , and the feature was used to get a genuinely startled reaction from Pratt . Although motion capture was used in the previous film to depict velociraptors , ILM determined after several tests that the technology would not be adequate for depicting dinosaurs in Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom , and the team chose instead to use key frame animation done for the previous films . However , some motion capture was done as a form of previsualization to aid Bayona . ILM used key framing to create scenes involving a large number of dinosaurs , and referred to high - speed photography of horses racing for aid in creating such scenes . The fight scene between Blue and the Indoraptor , set in Maisie 's bedroom , was designed in London and key framed by ILM . Jance Rubinchik , animation supervisor for ILM , stated that the fight was the `` trickiest sequence '' because of the lack of previsualization . According to Bayona , a Brachiosaurus that is shown dying in the volcanic eruption is meant to be the same individual that is first seen in the original Jurassic Park . The Brachiosaurus in the new film was created using the same animations from the 1993 film . The dinosaur 's death was the last shot on the entire film to be finished ; Bayona and the post-production team stayed up through the night to perfect the scene 's colors and composition , shortly before the film 's release . For advice on veterinary procedures and animatronic movements , the filmmakers sought a veterinary surgeon who had experience with African wildlife . Jonathan Cranston , a Gloucestershire veterinary surgeon , was recommended for the position because of his experience with wildlife in South Africa . Cranston advised Bayona and the producers on how to choreograph several scenes to accurately depict complex veterinarian procedures that involved the dinosaurs . Cranston also worked closely with Pratt , Howard , Pineda and Smith to teach them how to perform such procedures . Additionally , Cranston advised the puppeteers on creating subtle and authentic animal movements , and also worked with Bayona on two scenes . Cranston was on set for 12 days , primarily at Pinewood Studios . Marketing A six - second clip from the film was released on November 22 , 2017 . The first trailer was teased for release on November 30 , 2017 , but this was later confirmed to be incorrect . Several teaser trailers and a behind - the - scenes featurette of the film were released in early December 2017 , prior to the release of a full - length trailer on December 7 . That month , Universal launched a website for the Dinosaur Protection Group that ultimately included miscellaneous information about the group and its effort to save the island 's dinosaurs , as well as a video featuring Howard , Pineda and Smith as their characters . The website was created by Timothy Glover and Jack Anthony Ewins , who previously created the Masrani Global website for Jurassic World . A second trailer aired during Super Bowl LII on February 4 , 2018 . A 30 - second teaser trailer was released on April 13 , 2018 , announcing the release of a third full trailer on April 18 . Several of the trailers and commercials for the film included scenes from the ending that depict the Tyrannosaurus rex and the Mosasaurus now loose in the world , which frustrated Trevorrow , who preferred not to show such scenes prior to the film 's release . Universal spent $185 million on partners for a global marketing campaign , more than double the cost of the previous film 's partner program . The campaign included nine partners which aired television commercials and sold products to promote the film . The partners were Dairy Queen , Doritos , Dr Pepper , Ferrero SpA , Jeep , Juicy Fruit , Kellogg 's , M&M 's , and Skittles . The global marketing campaign consisted of 1.3 billion items to promote the film , including 100 million boxes of Kellogg 's products and 15 million packages of Kinder Joy candy by Ferrero . Dairy Queen , a returning partner from the previous film , sold `` Jurassic Chomp '' ice cream desserts in collectable cups , while Doritos and Dr Pepper marketed versions of their products that featured images of the film 's dinosaurs . For Super Bowl LII , Trevorrow directed a Jeep commercial starring Goldblum and featuring a T. rex . Within 24 hours of its release , the commercial received 39.7 million online views , which was more than any film trailer that was watched online following its Super Bowl LII television debut . Universal also teamed up with Amazon for a marketing stunt in which a large dinosaur - sized box was driven around Los Angeles on a truck to promote the film . Licensing partners included Mattel , Lego , and Funko , all of which created toys based on the film . Mattel produced a variety of toys , including dinosaurs and action figures , as well as Barbie dolls featuring the likeness of Pratt and Howard as their characters . A mobile app titled Jurassic World Facts was released as a tie - in to Mattel 's dinosaur toys , which included symbols that could be scanned to collect facts about each creature . Lego is expected to release 13 Lego sets based on the film . A video game , Jurassic World Evolution , was released simultaneously with the film . A two - part virtual reality miniseries titled Jurassic World : Blue was released for Oculus VR headsets as a film tie - in . It was created by Felix & Paul Studios and Industrial Light and Magic , and features Blue on Isla Nublar at the time of the volcanic eruption . A website and campaign for `` Extinction Now ! '' , the antithesis to the Dinosaur Protection Group , was created by Trevorrow , Glover and Ewins , and was launched shortly before the film 's release . The campaign included a found - footage clip of a Tyrannosaurus loose in San Diego , a reference to The Lost World : Jurassic Park . Release Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom had its premiere at the WiZink Center in Madrid , Spain , on May 21 , 2018 . The international theatrical release began on June 6 , with the film being released in Singapore and Malaysia on June 7 , in the United Kingdom , India , Italy , South Korea and Angola on June 8 , and in Pakistan on June 16 , 2018 . The film was released in the United States on June 22 , 2018 . Home Media Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom is scheduled for digital release on September 4 , 2018 and Blu - ray , DVD , Blu - ray 3D and 4K Blu - ray on September 18 , 2018 . Reception Box Office As of August 12 , 2018 , Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom has grossed $409.6 million in the United States and Canada and $866.8 million in other territories for a total worldwide gross of $1.276 billion , against a production budget in the range of $170 -- 187 million . The film crossed the $1 billion mark on July 5 , 2018 , becoming the 35th film all - time to make the milestone , and seventh for Universal . It also made Universal the second studio ( behind Disney ) to have at least two films in three different franchises make $1 billion worldwide , alongside The Fast and the Furious and Despicable Me . United States and Canada In December 2017 , a survey from Fandango indicated that Fallen Kingdom was one of the most anticipated films of 2018 . Initial projections three weeks before its release had the film grossing between $130 -- 150 million in its opening weekend in the United States and Canada , with BoxOffice magazine estimating a total of $325 -- 380 million for its final domestic gross . By the week of its release , the low - end of projections had reached $135 million . It was released on June 22 , 2018 , in 4,475 theaters ( the second - widest release ever behind Despicable Me 3 ) grossing $58.7 million on its opening day , the second - highest of the franchise and 28th - best on record . The film grossed $15.3 million from Thursday night previews at 3,600 theaters , down from the $18.5 million grossed by Jurassic World . It ended up debuting to $148 million , the 20th - best opening weekend of all - time and second highest for Universal . It also marked the first time two films opened to over $100 million in back - to - back weekends , following the Incredibles 2 's $182.7 million debut the week before . In its second weekend the film made $60 million , a drop of 59 % and less than the $105.8 million made by Jurassic World in its sophomore weekend , and in its third weekend made $28.3 million . Outside north america Overseas , the film was released in 48 countries between June 6 and June 8 , 2018 , including France , Germany , South Korea , the United Kingdom , Italy , Russia , and Spain , and was projected to gross $130 -- 145 million in its opening weekend . It made $20.2 million on its first day , including $1.4 million in France and $1 million in Indonesia . In South Korea , it grossed $9.7 million ( ₩ 10.3 billion ) and sold over 1 million tickets , setting opening day records for both ( beating The Mummy 's ₩ 7.4 billion and Avengers : Infinity War 's 980,000 , respectively ) . It went on to have an international debut of $151.1 million , including $8 million from IMAX screenings . Its largest opening markets were South Korea ( $27.2 million ) , the UK ( $19.9 million ) , France ( $10 million ) , Spain ( $9.5 million ) and Germany ( $9.1 million ) . In China , the film was released on June 15 and made $34.4 million ( ¥ 220 million ) on its opening day , nearly double the first day total of its predecessor ( $17.5 million ) . It went on to open to $111.9 million ( ¥ 715 million ) , the fourth best - ever in the country for a Hollywood release ( behind The Fate of the Furious , Avengers : Infinity War and Transformers : The Last Knight ) , and bringing the film 's two week international total to $372.1 million , more than the entire lifetime gross of Jurassic Park III ( $368 million ) . In its third week of international release the film made $106.7 million , bringing its total to $561.5 million . China remained one of the top markets with $32.4 million ( a standard 71 % drop for Hollywood films in the country ) , while it was also released in Mexico ( $12.3 million ) , Brazil ( $9.2 million ) and Australia $7.9 million ) . As of July 5 , 2018 , the film has grossed $245.5 million in China , making it the 5th highest grossing Hollywood film of all - time in the country . Critical response On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , Fallen Kingdom holds an approval rating of 51 % based on 311 reviews , and an average rating of 5.7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom adds another set piece - packed entry to the blockbuster franchise , although genuinely thrilling moments are in increasingly short supply . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100 , based on 59 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A − '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 82 % overall positive score . Variety 's Owen Gleiberman called the film better than the first Jurassic World but wrote `` ... ( Fallen Kingdom ) ends up being just a so - so ride . I hope the next one is an all - out ride -- but that for the first time since Spielberg 's 1993 original , it 's actually a great one . The audience for this series has proved that it will turn out in mega-droves . '' Lindsey Bahr of the Associated Press wrote , `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom will not stand up to rigorous scrutiny , and yet , it 's kind of an enjoyable , preposterous and thrilling ride that ticks through nostalgia beats like a shopping list . '' The Boston Globe 's Ty Burr likened the film to a `` Universal Studios theme park ride '' noting , `` It 's enough for a fun fright night at the movies but lacks anything else : character , mystery , wonder , danger . The film 's a rush for an audience that only wants the high . '' In a more critical assessment , Peter Travers of Rolling Stone stated that `` ... this sequel has the perfunctory vibe that comes from filmmakers who cynically believe the public will buy anything T. rex - related , no matter how shoddy the goods or warmed - over the plot . '' Senior Editor Matt Goldberg of Collider also criticized the screenplay stating , `` The film is too lazy to even bother with the modest housekeeping of explaining its characters ' motives . '' The Verge 's Bryan Bishop was equally critical , writing , `` Like its predecessor , Fallen Kingdom is overstuffed with ethical conundrums , and not sophisticated enough to fully engage with them ... the movie 's villains become such cartoony caricatures that it 's impossible to take Fallen Kingdom 's attempted philosophical musings seriously . '' Sam Machkovech of Ars Technica called the film a B movie consisting of `` a sixth - grade sketchbook mash of dino - murder , cartoonish villains , and plot holes '' , while Travis M. Andrews of The Washington Post said the film had `` achieved the impossible : it makes dinosaurs boring '' . In a positive review , Scott Mendelson of Forbes wrote , `` Fallen Kingdom is a gorgeous , mostly enjoyable blockbuster that looked great in IMAX . That it does n't cash all the checks it tries to write is why it 's merely a good movie instead of a great one . '' Writing for The Hollywood Reporter , John DeFore also praised the film saying , `` Finally making good on its name , J.A. Bayona 's Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom says goodbye to the park for good , not just carrying the de-extincted dinos off the island but freeing itself from the genre trappings of the previous four films . '' Exclaim ! 's Alex Hudson said the film is `` a straight - ahead monster movie : it 's dumb , occasionally gory , and mostly plenty of fun ... It wo n't rekindle your childhood fascination with dinosaurs , but it makes for a suitably silly creature feature . '' Many reviewers singled out the scene where a lone Brachiosaurus , stranded on Isla Nublar , succumbs to the volcanic fumes while the characters helplessly watch from the departing ship , as `` poignant '' or `` haunting '' , especially given the species role in the first movie . Sequel Further information : Jurassic Park § Jurassic World 3 ( 2021 ) An untitled sequel , known as Jurassic World 3 , is scheduled for release on June 11 , 2021 . Trevorrow will direct the film , and will write the screenplay with Emily Carmichael , based on a story by him and Connolly . Trevorrow will also serve as executive producer along with Steven Spielberg ; Marshall and Crowley will serve as producers . Pratt and Howard will reprise their roles for the film . References Jump up ^ Bayona , JA ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` Excited to announce that my longtime collaborator @ BernatVilaplana will be the editor for the new Jurassic film '' . Twitter . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom -- Production Information '' ( PDF ) . Universal Pictures . May 2018 . pp. 2 -- 4 , 6 , 8 , 12 , 16 , 18 , 21 , 26 , 28 , 30 -- 34 . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` JURASSIC WORLD : FALLEN KINGDOM ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 26 , 2018 . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Untitled Jurassic World Sequel ( 2018 ) '' . AllMovie . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Ready To Leave $135 M+ Footprint Stateside As Global Evolves To $600 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Graeme McMillank ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' -- What the Critics Are Saying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Adam ( July 4 , 2018 ) . `` When Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 's Opening Scene Actually Takes Place '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Colin Trevorrow clarified that the opening scene takes place only a few weeks , or at most a month , after Jurassic World . Jump up ^ Trevorrow , Colin ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` Let 's call it 6 months '' . Twitter . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rebecca Ford ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' Set for 2018 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Trumbore , Dave ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Plot Details Emerge ... and They 're Bonkers '' . Collider . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rafe Spall Reveals His Character Name in Jurassic World Fallen Kingdom '' . Jurassic Outpost . October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bui , Hoai - Tran ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Viral Website Reveals What Claire Has Been Doing '' . / Film . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` James Cromwell shares details about ' Jurassic World ' sequel '' . Ora TV . April 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` James Cromwell Joins ' Jurassic World ' Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Rucha ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Dinosaur trade goes awry in the final trailer for ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . Daily News and Analysis . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Schwerdtfeger , Connor ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Is Bringing Back A Favorite Character '' . CinemaBlend.com . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jurassic World ' Star BD Wong Says It 's `` Simplistic '' to Think of His Character as a Villain `` . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Producers Frank Marshall and Pat Crowley on Going Back to the Park ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 2 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` 10 movies you absolutely must see this summer , from ' Avengers ' to young Han Solo '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Maisie ( Isabella Sermon ) wakes up to a nightmarish guest -- a new dinosaur called the Indoraptor -- in the sequel `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' ( June 22 ) . Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` We just saw hundreds of new toys coming out this year -- here are the hottest things every kid will want '' . MSN . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Full ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Trailer Teases a Darker Sequel '' . Collider . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Jacob ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' Will Toss Geraldine Chaplin Into the Maw of a T - Rex '' . / Film . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Jeff Goldblum Joins ' Jurassic World ' Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Goldblum says his role in Jurassic World 2 is a small one '' . Scified . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nugent , John ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Empire Podcast Jeff Goldblum Interview Special '' . Empire . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 director JA Bayona : ' Jeff Goldblum Fallen Kingdom role is a cameo ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( June 13 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World : Colin Trevorrow Talks Building a Foundation for Future Installments '' . Collider.com . Event occurs at 4 : 30 -- 7 : 58 . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Phil de Semlyen ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Jurassic World Sequels Planned '' . Empire . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Colin Trevorrow Not Directing the Next Jurassic Park Film '' . ComingSoon.net . May 31 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2015 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( June 13 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Pratt is signed on for more Jurassic World movies '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( June 10 , 2015 ) . `` Ty Simpkins Talks Jurassic World , Marvel Movies , & Deadpool '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World sequel could see Apple vs Microsoft - style dinosaur tech race '' . Radio Times . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2015 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 : Colin Trevorrow and Frank Marshall Talk Future of the Franchise '' . SlashFilm.com . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ward , Tom ( June 10 , 2015 ) . `` Will Jurassic World Be As Good As Jurassic Park ? '' . Esquire . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2015 . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( June 14 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World director Colin Trevorrow on where the franchise can go next '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2015 . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Semlyen , Phil ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Empire Spoiler Podcast : Ten Secrets Of Jurassic World '' . Empire . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rundle , Michael ( July 24 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : Jurassic World 2 may be off - island , with open - source dinos '' . Wired UK . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2015 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bryce Dallas Howard on Her Hope for the Jurassic World Sequel '' . IGN . August 15 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( August 13 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World Sequel Opening in UK Cinemas Before US '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Krupa , Daniel ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World Star Wants His Character to Die in the Sequel '' . IGN.com . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bryce Dallas Howard - eTalk Extended Jurassic World Interview '' . YouTube.com . October 20 , 2015 . 7 : 24 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2015 . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Krupa , Daniel ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Classic Characters Could Return for Jurassic World 2 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ; Kit , Borys ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' World War Z ' Sequel Moves Forward After ' Jurassic World 2 ' Drama ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2015 . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Brad Pitt ' World War Z ' Sequel Loses Director Juan Antonio Bayona '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` J World sequel set for London '' . The Sun . March 18 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Nia ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Jurassic World sequel to film in the UK '' . TheKnowledgeOnline.com . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Would Jeff Goldblum Ever Return to the ' Jurassic ' Franchise ? Here 's His Answer '' . Fandango . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' Sequel Finds Its Director '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Steven Spielberg , Kathleen Kennedy and Frank Marshall on How to Win in Hollywood Today '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Producers Frank Marshall and Pat Crowley on Going Back to the Park ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 3 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Stolworthy , Jacob ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 trailer : Director J.A. Bayona reveals huge Fallen Kingdom details - interview '' . The Independent . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Colin Trevorrow Says ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' is ' The Impossible ' Meets ' The Orphanage ' with Dinosaurs '' . Collider . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards , Matt ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` JA Bayona interview : directing Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Perez , Rodrigo ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Interview : Colin Trevorrow Talks The ' Book Of Henry ' & Going From Blockbusters To Indie Films Again '' . ThePlaylist.net . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Calia , Michael ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Sam Neill Leaves His Comfort Zone in ' Hunt for the Wilderpeople ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pugh , Chris ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Jurassic World 2 's working title is ' Ancient Futures ' '' . Jurassic Outpost . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cabin , Chris ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' Hawaii Production Gets 2017 Start Date '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2016 . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pugh , Chris ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Jurassic World 2 to begin production February 2017 ; Returning to Hawaii '' . Jurassic Outpost . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Jurassic World Sequel Begins Production in February 2017 '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2016 . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pugh , Chris ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Jurassic World Sequel Eyes Wales '' . Jurassic Outpost . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pink , Stuart ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` Sequel to smash hit Jurassic World movie set to be filmed in Wales '' . The Sun . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2016 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Colin Trevorrow Talks Jurassic World 2 and More ! ( Surprise Guest : J.A. Bayona ! ) '' . Jurassic Outpost . September 30 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Producers Frank Marshall and Pat Crowley on Going Back to the Park ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 1 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( September 10 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Jurassic World Confirmed as a Trilogy '' . Latino Review Online . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Sean ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` The Jurassic World Co-Star Who 's Expected Back For Jurassic World 2 '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Michael Giacchino Does Not Require Sleep , Will Score ' Jurassic World 2 ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bayona , JA ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Happy to confirm that Oscar Faura will be the Cinematographer for the Jurassic World Sequel '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trenholm , Richard ( June 2 , 2018 ) . `` Colin Trevorrow on Star Wars exit and Jurassic World experiments '' . CNET . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Yamato , Jen ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` How ' Jurassic World ' used the DNA of a beloved franchise to build a bold new universe '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Valentini , Valentina I. ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Is Officially Coming -- More Chris Pratt for Us All ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , James ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Colin Trevorrow On The Future Of Jurassic World '' . Empire . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Which ' Jurassic Park ' Quote Inspired ' Jurassic World ' ? Which One Will Inspire ' Jurassic World 2 ' ? '' . Slashfilm . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom - Colin Trevorrow Interview '' . Flickering Myth YouTube channel . June 11 , 2018 . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Travis , Ben ; De Semlyen , Nick ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` 18 Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Secrets from JA Bayona and Colin Trevorrow '' . Empire . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` The Makers of Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Solve Some of the Film 's Biggest Mysteries '' . io9 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` Exclusive : Colin Trevorrow Explains the ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Ending , Teases Where ' Jurassic World 3 ' Will Go '' . / Film . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Molly ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World Director Says Sequel Will Be A Better Movie '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Colin Trevorrow answers Fallen Kingdom burning questions '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` JA Bayona studying Michael Crichton Jurassic Park novels to prepare for Jurassic World Sequel ! '' . JurassicWorld.org. April 26 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pugh , Chris ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Director J.A. Bayona on Ian Malcolm : `` He 's a Great Character ! '' `` . Jurassic Outpost . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom roars into EW 's Summer Movie Preview '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mayturn , Matt ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` Why Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom will be `` more scary than ever '' `` . GamesRadar . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( October 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' Gets The ' Empire Strikes Back ' Comparison Like Every Other Blockbuster Sequel '' . / Film . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' Will Be a Parable For Animal Abuse '' . / Film . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Was Born Out of Several Moral and Ethical Dilemmas '' . io9 . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom trailer introduces dinosaur black market '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Singer , Matt ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` How a Jurassic Park IV Script Inspired the Jurassic World Movies '' . ScreenCrush . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lamble , Ryan ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 3 : How a 2004 Script Holds the Future 's Answers '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona on Bringing Suspense Back to the Franchise ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 2 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mithaiwala , Mansoor ( June 17 , 2017 ) . `` Ian Malcolm 's Jurassic World 2 Dialogue Is Mostly Based On The Original Novel '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom : Jeff Goldblum says fans have Ian Malcolm butt tattoos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' Will Continue The Tradition Of Having Kids Run From Dinosaurs '' . / Film . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Holland Learned He Got His ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Role From a Marvel Instagram Post '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` Toby Jones and Rafe Spall in Talks to Join Sequel to ' Jurassic World ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' Casts ' Get Down ' Star Justice Smith ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' Sequel Casts ' Get Down ' Star Justice Smith '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' : ' The Detour ' Actress Daniella Pineda Lands Key Role in Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' Sequel Adds ' Silence of the Lambs ' Actor Ted Levine '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Star Justice Smith on Terrifying Stunts and More Terrifying Dinosaurs ( Set Visit Interview ) '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Star Daniella Pineda on Saving Dinosaurs and Spilling Coffee on Frank Marshall ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 1 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Star Daniella Pineda on Saving Dinosaurs and Spilling Coffee on Frank Marshall ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 2 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Jeff Goldblum Returns For ' Jurassic World 2 ' ! Life Has Found A Way ! '' . / Film . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pugh , Chris ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 has begun filming -- first pictures of staging area ! '' . Jurassic Outpost . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crick , Andy ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Latest Jurassic Park blockbuster relocated away from Hollywood ... to a business estate in Slough '' . The Sun . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( December 2016 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Shoots This February in London , New Details Emerge '' . MovieWeb.com . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bayona , JA ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` UK wrap for Jurassic ! ! So grateful to the fantastic UK crew . Next stop Hawaii ! # JW2 '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , Ryan ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Photo Returns to Isla Nublar , Big News Coming Soon '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Kathryn ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 to film in the Brecon Beacons , director reveals '' . Media Wales . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( July 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Has a Handful of E.T. Easter Eggs You May Have Missed '' . / Film . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona on Bringing Suspense Back to the Franchise ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 3 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` How J.A. Bayona Used Music During Filming of ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . / Film . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Star Daniella Pineda on Saving Dinosaurs and Spilling Coffee on Frank Marshall ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 3 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Star Chris Pratt on Acting With Animatronic Dinos and Movie Legends ( Set Visit Interview ) '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` Colin Trevorrow on ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' and Planning the Ending for ' Jurassic World 3 ' '' . Collider. 2 : 47 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lerner , Will ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's how those Donald Trump jokes wound up in ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Jordan ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Mad hair . Russian owners . Is Jurassic World 2 's meanest dinosaur really Donald Trump ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger , Connor ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` How A Nasty Woman Line Ended Up In Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger , Conner ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` BD Wong Looks Sharp On The Set Of Jurassic World 2 '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ali , Aftab ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom partly filmed in location near Glasgow '' . Evening Times . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Footage emerges of Jurassic World 2 filming in England '' . Jurassic Outpost. April 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2017 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lloyd , Stephen ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 : See first shots of the woodland set for huge blockbuster being filmed on Hawley Common '' . Get Surrey . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2017 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wood , Matt ( December 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 's Opening Scene Sounds Amazing '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cragside stars in new Jurassic World movie '' . Northumberland Gazette . June 27 , 2018 . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Duke , Simon ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` Cragside has starring role in Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Evening Chronicle . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hirst , Andrew ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Are Jeff Goldblum , Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard in Suffolk ? Jurassic World 2 rumoured to be filming at Rock Barracks '' . East Anglian Daily Times . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mathew , Ilin ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 weekly buzz : New set photos , plot spoilers excite fans '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wood , Matt ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` How Involved Colin Trevorrow Was With Making Jurassic World 2 '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boone , John ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Colin Trevorrow on ' The Book of Henry ' and What He Learned Directing ' Jurassic World ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shattuck , Kathryn ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` Jeff Goldblum , Back in ' Jurassic World ' and Making a Small Role Big '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Laxamana , Chris ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Jeff Goldblum and Vinnie Tortorich '' . The Adam Carolla Show . 01 : 16 : 00 -- 01 : 19 : 00 . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Howard , Bryce Dallas ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Playing in the mud or shooting a movie ? * not Claire 's shoes . Day 46 . # jurassicworld # jurassicworld2 # jungle '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Santos , Danny F. ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Has Jurassic World 2 's Original Ending Been Rewritten ? '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jurassic World 2 is currently filming in Hawaii . Jump up ^ `` Real roar : Production put $31 M into Hawaii '' . West Hawaii Today . June 24 , 2018 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Donahue , Lillian ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Portion of Kamehameha Highway to be closed for Jurassic World sequel '' . KHNL . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Donahue , Lillian ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World sequel starts filming at Oahu harbor '' . KHNL . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Labrecqque , Jeff ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` See exclusive concept art for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Entertainment Weekly . pp. 6 , 8 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nugent , John ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Title Revealed In First Teaser Poster '' . Empire . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom -- Exclusive Behind - the - Scenes Images '' . Dread Central . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Evangelista , Chris ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` Sequel Bits : ' Hobbs and Shaw ' , ' Jurassic World ' , ' Mission : Impossible ' , ' Doom ' , ' Rabid ' , ' Deadpool 2 ' '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jurassic World : Bukott birodalom - A pörgőgömb '' . Universal International Pictures . May 24 , 2018 . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Failes , Ian ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` The Unexpected Techniques ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Used to Create Super-Realistic FX '' . Thrillist . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Weiss , Josh ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Watch Chris Pratt Take the Plunge with Diving Pro for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Underwater Stunt '' . SyFy Wire . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona Talks About Creating That `` One Shot '' Sequence and More `` . / Film . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Rucha ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard reveal filthy details from ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' sets '' . Daily News and Analysis . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Libbey , Dirk ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Burned Cat Litter To Mimic Lava On Set '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Donahue , Lillian ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' sequel to close Halona Blowhole for filming '' . KHNL . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Halona Blowhole to close for ' Jurassic World ' filming '' . KHON - TV . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bayona , JA ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` This is a wrap for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ! What a journey ! Thank you to everyone that made it possible ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rodgers , Barry ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 's trailer reveals film was shot in Hawaii '' . Architectural Digest . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona on Why He Thanked Guillermo del Toro in the Credits '' . Collider. 2 : 26 . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Alter , Ethan ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' star Daniella Pineda 's lesbian reveal was cut from film '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Zemler , Emily ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' creature designer Neal Scanlan takes us on a dinosaur tour '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mallenbaum , Carly ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' premiere : Chris Pratt and cast speak fondly about Blue '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Robertson , Barbara ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` How ILM Blended Practical and Digital Effects for ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Bryan ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Meet the Indoraptor , the scaly , terrifying new villain of Jurassic World '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona Teases New Dinosaurs and Action '' . Fandango . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Anderton , Ethan ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Has More Animatronic Dinosaurs Than Any ' Jurassic Park ' Sequel '' . / Film . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Behind - the - Scenes Video Features a Lot of Dinosaurs '' . Collider . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evangelista , Chris ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` New ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Featurette Has Bryce Dallas Howard Riding A T - Rex '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : King , Darryn ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` In ' Jurassic World , ' Old - School Effects Make a Comeback '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott , Ryan ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Original Jurassic Park T - Rex Will Return in Jurassic World 2 '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Louisa ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Meet the Gloucestershire vet who had a major role in the upcoming Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom film '' . Gloucestershire Live . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' First Footage Shows Chris Pratt Petting Baby Raptor '' . Variety . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Clip : Six Seconds Of Chris Pratt & Dino Baby '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zinski , Dan ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Trailer Not Arriving This Week '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Molly ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Teaser Confirms Trailer Arrives Thursday '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spry , Jeff ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Chris Pratt Runs With the Dinos in Explosive New Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Teaser '' . SyFy . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Trailer Teaser Awakens the T - Rex '' . / Film . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Tom ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Jeff Goldblum 's joyous Jurassic return in Fallen Kingdom featurette '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trivedi , Sachin ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' viral marketing begins with new website '' . International Business Times . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Viral Video : Meet The Dinosaur Protection Group '' . / Film . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Klayton Fioriti ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) , The Dinosaur Protection Group Interview - Jurassic Park Canon - Meet The Creators ! , retrieved 2018 - 07 - 07 Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 27 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Movie Trailers : Netflix 's ' Cloverfield ' Sequel To Run Spot ? ' Jurassic World ' , ' Mission : Impossible ' & More To Air '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 's Super Bowl trailer puts dinosaurs in all the wrong places '' . Polygon . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Evangelista , Chris ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Teaser Unleashes New Footage ; New Trailer Next Week '' . / Film . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` The final trailer for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom shows that people never learn from their mistakes '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Joe ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World director Colin Trevorrow is ' frustrated ' by Fallen Kingdom being spoiled by the trailers - When will marketing learn ? '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Roars $185 M Promo Campaign , More Than Double 2015 Movie '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' and Dr. Pepper Join Forces for Collectible Cans Promotion '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Griner , David ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` Amazon Is Driving Around a Jurassic - Sized Box , and You Can Ask Alexa What 's Inside '' . Adweek . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stark , George ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Amazon impresses fans with prime marketing stunt for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Syfy . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pugh , Chris ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Universal Announces New Jurassic World Fallen Kingdom License Partners Including Funko and More '' . Jurassic Outpost . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Squires , John ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Mattel Bringing ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Characters into Barbie Line '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Alter , Ethan ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Lego sets offer a peek inside ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' ( exclusive ) '' . Yahoo . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Funko Shows Off Full Line of ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' POP ! Vinyl Toys '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World toys bring the Fallen Kingdom back to life '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Konrad , Jeremy ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` Let 's Take a Look at Some Jurassic World Figures ! Part 1 : Humans '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Konrad , Jeremy ( April 29 , 2018 ) . `` Let 's Take a Look at Some Jurassic World Figures ! Part 2 : Dinos ! '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gilliam , Ryan ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution is exactly the park sim you want it to be '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rottgers , Janko ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Universal Teams up With Felix & Paul Studios for Jurassic World VR Series '' . Variety . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fingas , Jon ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Blue ' tells a dinosaur 's story on Oculus VR headsets '' . Engadget . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Universal , Felix & Paul Launch ' Jurassic World : Blue ' VR Experience '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roettgers , Janko ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` Felix & Paul Studios Releases ' Jurassic World : Blue ' Episode 2 on Oculus Headsets '' . Variety . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Extinction Now ! on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Reactions from the Spanish Premiere : Here is What People Are Saying '' . / Film . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jurassic World : El Reino Caido ' Madrid Premiere '' . Getty Images . May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Roaring dinosaurs return in ' Jurassic World ' sequel '' . Reuters . May 24 , 2018 . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' begins its worldwide cinema rollout from June 6 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) '' . Popcorn. 7 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) '' . Popcorn. 7 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cinemax - É um espectáculo - Mundo Jurássico : Reino Caído '' . Cinemax . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Blu - ray Release Date & Features Revealed '' . Collider . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Thrashes Past $1 B At Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Fans pick ' Avengers , ' ' Black Panther ' as 2018 's most - anticipated films in Fandango poll '' . USA Today . Gannett Satellite Information Network , LLC . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Eyes $130 M - $150 M Stateside Start In Early Projections '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Shawn ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Long Range Tracking : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' & ' Deadpool 2 ' Updates '' . BoxOffice . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' With $150 M Reps Uni 's 2nd Highest Opening Ever -- Sunday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` Box office top 20 : ' Jurassic World ' debuts with $148 M '' . ABC News . ABC . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 1 , 2018 ) . `` At $2.5 B To Date , Summer 's B.O. Is More Colossal Than Ever Imagined ; Dinos Still Rule With $60 M+ Second Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ant - Man And The Wasp ' Shrinks A Tick To $76 M+ Opening , But Still 34 % Bigger Than Original -- Early Sunday Read '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' To Rise With $140 M+ Overseas Opening -- International Box Office Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Rises To $39 M Overseas ; Heading Past $140 M Open '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Roars To $151 M Offshore Bow ; ' Infinity War ' A Stone 's Throw From $2 B WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Crushes $34.4 M In China Friday Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Rises To $370 M Overseas ; ' Incredibles 2 ' Powers $52 M Early Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Slurps $711 M+ WW ; ' Incredibles 2 ' Has Record Pixar China Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsey ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Jurassic World 2 ' leans on nostalgia , contrivances '' . Associated Press . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` The new ' Jurassic World ' is kind of a Tyrannosaurus wreck '' . The Boston Globe . Boston Globe Media Partners . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Travers , Peter ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Review : Welcome to Steaming Dino - Poop '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Spoiler Review : Stupidity Finds a Way '' . Collider . Complex Media . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Brian . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom is a stunning disappointment '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Machkovech , Sam ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom review : This nonsense has gone full Sharknado '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Travis M. ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` The ' Jurassic World ' sequel achieves the impossible : It makes dinosaurs boring '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Finally Escapes The Island '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ DeFore , John ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Alex ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soans , Neil ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Movie Review '' . The Times of India . The Times Group . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Randolph , Grace ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Fallen Kingdom SPOILER Review '' . Beyond the Trailer . YouTube . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Romano , Nick ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 3 rampaging toward 2021 release date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Life Continues to Find a Way as ' Jurassic World 3 ' is Already Dated for Release ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Variety is reporting that Jurassic World 3 , which surely wo n't actually be the official title , will be hitting theaters on June 11 , 2021 , three years after Fallen Kingdom . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Steven Spielberg confirms Colin Trevorrow will direct third Jurassic World '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Universal launches plans for third ' Jurassic World ' film '' . ABC . Associated Press . February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 3 ' to Hit Theaters in June 2021 '' . Variety . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 3 will be a ' science thriller , ' says Colin Trevorrow '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . External links Official website Official Dinosaur Protection Group website Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom on IMDb Jurassic Park Novels Jurassic Park The Lost World Films Jurassic Park The Lost World : Jurassic Park Jurassic Park III Jurassic World Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Music Jurassic Park The Lost World : Jurassic Park Jurassic Park III Jurassic World Spin - off novels Jurassic Park Adventures : Survivor Jurassic Park Adventures : Prey Jurassic Park Adventures : Flyers Theme park attractions Jurassic Park : The Ride Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure Canopy Flyer Dino - Soarin ' The Flying Dinosaur Jurassic World Related Cloned animals Characters Video games Song Isla Nublar Lego Jurassic World : The Indominus Escape Films directed by J.A. Bayona The Orphanage ( 2007 ) The Impossible ( 2012 ) A Monster Calls ( 2016 ) Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) Colin Trevorrow Films written and directed Home Base ( 2002 ) Reality Show ( 2004 ; written with Daniel Klein ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ; written with Derek Connolly and Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver ) Directed only Safety Not Guaranteed ( 2012 ; written by Derek Connolly ) The Book of Henry ( 2017 ; written by Gregg Hurwitz ) Written only Making Revolution ( 2003 , written with Daniel Klein and Brandon Krueger ; directed by Klein ) Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 , written with Derek Connolly ; directed by J.A. Bayona ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jurassic_World:_Fallen_Kingdom&oldid=854633625 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s adventure films 2018 3D films American films American adventure films American disaster films American science fiction films American sequel films Amblin Entertainment films Biological weapons in popular culture Dinosaur films Films about animal rights Films about cloning Films about orphans Films about volcanoes Films based on works by Michael Crichton Films directed by J.A. Bayona Films produced by Frank Marshall Films scored by Michael Giacchino Films set in 2018 Films set in amusement parks Films set in Costa Rica Films set on islands Films set in California Films shot in England Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in Hawaii Films shot in Argyll and Bute Jurassic Park films Science fiction adventure films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles with short description Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 19 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does jurassic world falling kingdom come out | [
"Filming took place from February to July 2017 in the United Kingdom and Hawaii. Produced and distributed by Universal Pictures, Fallen Kingdom premiered in Madrid on May 21, 2018, and was released internationally in early June 2018 and in the United States on June 22, 2018. The film has grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide, making it the third Jurassic film to pass the mark, the third highest-grossing film of 2018 and the 13th highest-grossing film of all time. It received mixed reviews from critics, who praised Pratt's performance, Bayona's direction, the visuals, and the \"surprisingly dark moments\", although many criticized the screenplay and lack of innovation, with some suggesting the series has run its course.[8] An untitled sequel is set to be released on June 11, 2021, with Trevorrow returning to direct.\n"
] | [
"June 22, 2018"
] |
-178714809199204669 | Missouri Tigers | Missouri Tigers - wikipedia Missouri Tigers Jump to : navigation , search Missouri Tigers University University of Missouri Conference SEC ( primary ) MAC ( wrestling ) NCAA Division I / FBS Athletic director Jim Sterk Location Columbia , Missouri Varsity teams 18 Football stadium Faurot Field ( `` The Zou '' ) at Memorial Stadium Basketball arena Mizzou Arena Baseball stadium Taylor Stadium Other arenas Hearnes Center Mascot Truman the Tiger Nickname Tigers Fight song Fight , Tiger Colors Old Gold and Black Website www.mutigers.com SEC logo in Missouri 's colors The Missouri Tigers athletics programs include the extramural and intramural sports teams of the University of Missouri , located in Columbia , Missouri , United States . The name comes from a band of armed guards called the Fighting Tigers of Columbia who , in 1864 , protected Columbia from guerrillas during the Civil War . From left to right , Tigers Hearnes Center , Mizzou Arena and Faurot Field . The University of Missouri ( often referred to as Mizzou or MU ) is the flagship institution of the University of Missouri System . Mizzou is a member of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) and is the only NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision program in Missouri . Its wrestling program , the only one sponsored by an SEC member school , competes in the Mid-American Conference . Prior to joining the SEC in 2012 , Missouri was a charter member of the Big 12 Conference , which was created with the merger of the former Big Eight Conference and four schools from the former Southwest Conference ( one of these schools , Texas A&M , joined the SEC with Missouri in 2012 ) , and which began athletic competition in the 1996 -- 97 academic year . Missouri competed in the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association starting in 1907 , which officially changed its name to the Big Eight Conference in 1964 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sports sponsored 1.1 Baseball 1.2 Basketball 1.2. 1 Men 's basketball 1.2. 2 Women 's basketball 1.3 Football 1.4 Softball 1.5 Wrestling 2 Notable non-varsity sports 2.1 Rugby 2.2 Racquetball 3 Rivalries 3.1 University of Arkansas 3.2 University of South Carolina 3.3 University of Kansas 3.4 University of Nebraska 3.5 University of Illinois 3.6 University of Oklahoma 3.7 Iowa State University 4 Traditions 4.1 Homecoming 4.2 Big MO 4.3 Harpo 's goal post tradition 4.4 Alma mater 5 Championships 5.1 NCAA team championships 5.2 Conference championships 5.2. 1 Western Interstate University Football Association 5.2. 2 Missouri Valley 5.2. 3 Big Six 5.2. 4 Big Seven 5.2. 5 Big Eight 5.2. 6 Big 12 5.2. 7 Mid-American 5.2. 8 SEC 6 Notable athletes 7 Tiger media 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Sports sponsored ( edit ) Men 's sports Women 's sports Baseball Basketball Basketball Cross country Cross country Golf Football Gymnastics Golf Soccer Swimming & diving Softball Track & field Swimming & diving Wrestling Tennis Track & field Volleyball † -- Track and field includes both indoor and outdoor . Baseball ( edit ) Main article : Missouri Tigers baseball Ian Kinsler The first Missouri Tigers baseball team was in 1868 . The first recorded season was in 1891 , when the Tigers went 2 -- 2 . The Tigers won the National Championship in 1954 . The presence of former Missouri Tiger baseball players in professional baseball continues to grow each year . Former MU head coach Tim Jamieson has seen 40 players in his 13 - year tenure sign pro contracts . Notable Tiger baseball alumni include Tim Laudner , who played for the 1987 World Champion Minnesota Twins , and Phil Bradley , who played for several teams in 1980s and early 1990s , and current Major Leaguer Ian Kinsler . In 2006 , pitcher Max Scherzer was selected in the first round with the 11th overall pick by the Arizona Diamondbacks . Scherzer went on to win the Al Cy Young Award with the Detroit Tigers in 2013 . In 2008 , pitcher Aaron Crow was picked 9th overall by the Washington Nationals . Basketball ( edit ) Men 's basketball ( edit ) Main article : Missouri Tigers men 's basketball The men 's basketball program has produced several NBA players , including Anthony Peeler , Doug Smith , Jon Sundvold , Steve Stipanovich , Kareem Rush , Keyon Dooling , Linas Kleiza , Thomas Gardner , Jordan Clarkson and DeMarre Carroll . The Tigers were regularly a national power under Norm Stewart , whose tenure spanned four decades but which failed to include a Final Four appearance despite numerous conference championships . The team advanced to the Elite Eight under Quin Snyder in 2002 , but inconsistent performance and various improprieties in his leadership of the program caused him to be fired in the midst of an abysmal 2006 season . He was replaced with then - UAB head coach Mike Anderson . In 2009 the team lost in the Elite Eight to the Connecticut Huskies . Then , after a first - round exit from the NCAA tournament in 2011 , Anderson took the head coaching position with the University of Arkansas . The head coaching vacancy was filled in early April 2011 with Frank Haith , the former Miami ( Florida ) head coach who left after the 2013 season to go Tulsa . In 2014 , Kim Anderson became the new head basketball coach . The program is now led by Cuonzo Martin . The 1920 -- 21 and 1921 -- 22 teams were retroactively named national champions by the Premo - Porretta Power Poll . Women 's basketball ( edit ) Main article : Missouri Tigers women 's basketball The current head coach of the women 's basketball program is Robin Pingeton , formerly of Illinois State . She was hired in April 2010 to replace Cindy Stein , who resigned under pressure from boosters and media after the 2009 -- 10 season . Football ( edit ) Chase Daniel takes a snap in the first quarter of the 2007 Mizzou vs. Nebraska football game . Main article : Missouri Tigers football See also : Missouri Tigers football under Gary Pinkel The university 's first football team was formed in 1890 by the sophomore class of the `` Academic School '' ( now the College of Arts and Science ) . They challenged a team of Engineering students in April of that year upon encouragement of Dr. A.L. McRea , a university professor . Interest in the sport quickly grew among the students , professors , and administrators , and a Foot Ball Association was formed at a meeting on October 10 , 1890 . The first intercollegiate game for the university took place on Thanksgiving Day , 1890 , when Missouri played Washington University before a crowd of 3,000 in St. Louis , Missouri . The Washington University team , which had already been playing for several years , easily defeated the University of Missouri team by a score of 28 -- 0 . Missouri has compiled a 15 -- 16 record in bowl games , including a 41 - 31 victory over Oklahoma State in the 2014 Cotton Bowl and a 33 - 17 win over Minnesota in the 2015 Citrus Bowl . It has finished in the final Associated Press poll Top Ten eight times since the poll began in 1936 , and has had two top - five finishes since 2007 . Softball ( edit ) Main article : Missouri Tigers softball Missouri softball began play in 1975 . Missouri has appeared in seven Women 's College World Series , in 1981 , 1983 , 1991 , 1994 , 2009 , 2010 and 2011 . Wrestling ( edit ) Hearnes Center is home to the Missouri Tigers ' nationally ranked wrestling program . For 16 years Brian Smith has been the university 's head wrestling coach . Since 1998 , Smith has received honors for his coaching accomplishments at the University of Missouri : Dan Gable Coach of the Year ( 2007 ) , NWCA President ( 2010 - 12 ) , Big 12 Coach of the Year ( 2012 ) . Ben Askren , Tyron Woodley , and Michael Chandler are among the few from the university 's wrestling program to make the transition to Mixed Martial Arts . Askren is a 4 - time All - American wrestler ( 2004 - 2007 ) , 2 - time NCAA Division I Collegiate National Runner - up ( 2004 , 2005 ) , 2 - time NCAA Division I Collegiate National Champion ( 2006 , 2007 ) , 2 - time Dan Hodge Trophy Collegiate Wrestler of the Year ( 2006 , 2007 ) , and competed in the 2008 Olympics . He has been inducted into the University of Missouri Intercollegiate Athletics Hall of Fame ( 2012 ) . Askren is the former Bellator Welterweight Champion and current One Welterweight Champion . Chandler is a former Tiger wrestler earning All - American honors in 2009 ( 5th place 157 lbs . ) who is the former Bellator Lightweight Champion . Woodley is the current UFC Welterweight champion and former Strikeforce Welterweight title challenger . Notable non-varsity sports ( edit ) Rugby ( edit ) The University of Missouri Men 's Rugby Club plays Division 1 - AA college rugby in the Heart of America conference against traditional rivals such as Kansas and Kansas State . Mizzou has been led since 2010 by head coach J.P. Victor . Missouri rugby finished the 2011 -- 2012 season ranked 17th . As the winner of the Heart of America conference , Missouri qualified for the playoffs of the 2012 men 's collegiate DI - AA championships , reaching the round of 16 before losing to Wisconsin . Mizzou defeated Kansas 24 -- 7 to finish third at the 2012 Heart of America 7s tournament . Mizzou was again successful during the 2013 -- 2014 season , reaching the D1 - AA national playoffs , where they defeated Middle Tennessee 46 -- 10 in the round of 16 before losing in the quarterfinals to Bowling Green . Racquetball ( edit ) The University of Missouri Club Racquetball team has had success recently . The women 's team won back - to - back Division 1 titles in 2015 and 2016 at the USA Racquetball Intercollegiate Championships . The overall team placed 2nd and 3rd respectively in those years . The team 's president is Dan Witt . Rivalries ( edit ) University of Arkansas ( edit ) Missouri 's newest rivalry after joining the SEC is with the Arkansas Razorbacks , known as the Battle Line Rivalry . Both the Razorbacks and Tigers have played five times before playing annually in the same conference which started in 2014 . Arkansas was one of the founding members of the Southwest Conference along with the Texas Longhorns . The Razorbacks left the Southwest Conference to join the SEC , which triggered the Southwest and the Big Eight Conferences to merged to form the Big 12 in 1996 . Arkansas is placed in the West Division of the SEC while Missouri is placed in the East and with the SEC current football scheduling format a team from the West and the East divisions must play annually . To keep traditional rivalries ongoing in the SEC , the conference dropped Arkansas 's cross-division annual match up with South Carolina to replace the Gamecocks with the Tigers due to the proximity of the two universities . Missouri currently leads the football series 5 -- 3 . University of South Carolina ( edit ) Also known as Battle for Columbia due to the two universities in the city of Columbia in their respective states . Both the Tigers and the Gamecocks play for Missouri 's newest Trophy game , the Mayors ' Cup . The trophy was created in 2012 when Missouri joined the conference . Both teams are in the East division of the SEC and will play annually along with the other five members of the division . The series is currently tied at 4 -- 4 , while the trophy series South Carolina leads 4 - 2 . University of Kansas ( edit ) Main article : Border War ( Kansas -- Missouri rivalry ) Historically , the Tigers ' biggest rival was the Kansas Jayhawks , with whom they competed in the annual Border War . This was one of the most intense rivalries in college sports , going back to a time of actual armed conflict between pro-slavery residents from Missouri and anti-slavery residents of the Kansas Territory , known as Bleeding Kansas . The series ended for the foreseeable future once Mizzou moved to the SEC . The Kansas -- Missouri football series is the second - oldest and second-most - played rivalry in college football history . ( See : The Rivalry ( Lehigh -- Lafayette ) ) The teams first matched up in football on October 31 , 1891 . Missouri claims to lead the all - time series , 57 -- 54 -- 9 , since it counts the forfeit of Kansas ' 1960 victory as a win . Missouri claims the 1911 football game in Columbia , Missouri as the world 's first Homecoming . An important meeting between the Tigers and Jayhawks occurred on November 24 , 2007 when the two teams played for the Big 12 North Championship and a shot at playing for the Big 12 Championship and a possible National Championship . The Tigers defeated the Jayhawks 36 -- 28 . The Tigers season later resulted in a trip to the Cotton Bowl Classic , where they defeated Arkansas 38 -- 7 . University of Nebraska ( edit ) Main article : Missouri -- Nebraska football rivalry The Missouri - Nebraska football series was another historic rivalry alongside the MU -- KU series , although it ended with Nebraska 's departure for the Big Ten Conference . The Missouri -- Nebraska series was the second oldest rivalry in the Big 12 , dating back to 1892 . The two teams met 104 times , with Nebraska leading the series 65 -- 36 -- 3 . The large lead was the result of a 24 - year Nebraska winning streak from 1979 to 2002 . The teams split the eight games played from 2003 to 2010 . The rivalry saw renewed interest following the Flea Kicker . The two teams played for the Victory Bell trophy , which was first awarded in 1927 . University of Illinois ( edit ) Main articles : Braggin ' Rights and Illinois -- Missouri football rivalry There is also a relatively new basketball rivalry with the Illinois Fighting Illini of the Big Ten Conference referred to as Braggin ' Rights . The Braggin ' Rights game debuted in 1980 and has been played every year since 1983 . Missouri trails the series 20 -- 11 . The start of football season also often matches the two schools in the `` Arch Rivalry '' game , most recently played at the Edward Jones Dome . Mizzou leads the football series with an all - time record of 14 -- 7 since 1896 . In addition , the Missouri and Illinois baseball teams have recently begun a baseball rivalry , meeting at Busch Stadium since 2005 ( though the schools did not meet in 2009 or 2011 ) . Missouri leads the series 5 - 1 since 2005 . University of Oklahoma ( edit ) Main article : Missouri -- Oklahoma football rivalry The Tiger -- Sooner Peace Pipe is a rivalry trophy presented to the winner of the Missouri vs. Oklahoma game . The trophy is a ceremony of smoking the old pipe . The trophy was inaugurated in 1929 by Chester M. Brewer , Mizzou 's director of athletics , and by members of Mystical Seven , a University of Missouri honorary group . The peace pipe was donated by a Mr. R.L. Hill , an `` M '' man and former president of the Missouri student body . Ceremony takes place during halves , with Mystical Seven representing Missouri , and a similar organization representing Oklahoma . Missouri won the first game , 13 -- 0 . During Mizzou 's tenure in the Big 12 , the conference 's divisional play structure meant that the Tigers and the Sooners only faced off two out every four years . Therefore , only scheduled games between the two teams count for the exchange of the Peace Pipe . The most recent Big 12 Championship games featuring Mizzou and Oklahoma would not have triggered a transfer of the Peace Pipe ( if Missouri had won on either occasion . ) Oklahoma leads the all - time series with a record of 65 -- 23 -- 5 . In 2010 , Mizzou , ranked no . 11 in the BCS standings , defeated no . 1 ranked Oklahoma , 36 -- 27 . Oklahoma leads the series since the trophy tradition started with a record of 56 -- 14 -- 4 . Iowa State University ( edit ) Main article : Iowa State -- Missouri football rivalry The Telephone Trophy started during a 1959 Game featuring Iowa State and Missouri when the field phones were tested prior to the game , it was found that both teams could hear each other . The problem was solved by game time , but not without considerable worry on the part of the coaches . The Northwestern Bell Telephone Co. of Ames had a trophy made and presented it to Iowa State to be awarded each year to the team winning the game . An odd sidelight to the whole affair was that the same thing happened to Missouri later in the year in a game played at Columbia . Missouri won the first game , 14 -- 0 . The series is 58 -- 34 -- 9 in favor of Missouri . Missouri leads the series since the trophy tradition started with a record of 30 -- 18 -- 3 . Traditions ( edit ) Homecoming ( edit ) The University of Missouri claims to be the originator of the tradition of homecoming . Before , games against the University of Kansas were played in Kansas City . However , a change in conference regulations required intercollegiate football games to be played on campus starting in 1911 . Fearing that game attendance would be low , the new Missouri coach , C.L. Brewer , appealed with great success for the `` Old Grads '' to `` Come Back Home '' to boost attendance and help dedicate MU 's new football field . The fans responded , swelling the crowd at Rollins Field in Columbia to more than ten thousand . MU , Trivial Pursuit , and Jeopardy ! all verify that this game in 1911 was one of the first homecoming games . The 2010 edition of the University of Missouri Homecoming also included the first ever visit by ESPN College GameDay . 18,000 fans attended College GameDay at the Francis Quadrangle on Saturday , October 23 , 2010 . The turnout broke the previous record of 15,800 fans set at the University of Nebraska in 2001 . Big MO ( edit ) Big MO is a 6 - foot , 150 - pound bass drum featured at Mizzou football games . Big MO 's handlers are actually University of Missouri alumni rather than student members of Marching Mizzou . Big MO is used to lead fans in the traditional MIZ - ZOU cheer . The drum has been a Mizzou football tradition since 1981 , when it was acquired by a Mizzou athletic booster club known as the St. Louis Quarterback Club . The club donated $5,000 to purchase the drum , which was built by Ludwig Drums in Chicago . The drum , originally painted red with gold flakes , was brought back from Chicago strapped in the back of a pickup truck . When it arrived in Columbia , the drum was repainted black and presented to the university a week before the first 1981 football game at an event known as the Tiger Fall Rally . Responsibility for Big MO was transferred to the Mizzou chapters of Kappa Kappa Psi and Tau Beta Sigma in 1993 . Only student and alumni members of the two organizations are eligible to be on the Big MO crew . Big MO is the third largest bass drum in the United States , behind Big Bertha at the University of Texas and the Purdue Big Bass Drum . In April 2011 , the Mizzou chapters of Kappa Kappa Psi and Tau Beta Sigma kicked off a fundraising campaign to replace Big MO , which deteriorated over several decades of use . The current Big MO weighs 800 - plus - pounds and has a 9 - foot diameter and a 54 - inch width , making it the largest collegiate bass drum as well as largest bass drum in the United States . The new drum was built by Neil Boumpani of Boumpani Music Company , a custom drum maker in Barnesville , Georgia . The new record - setting Big MO debuted when Mizzou entered play in the Southeastern Conference in 2012 . Harpo 's goal post tradition ( edit ) Since 1971 , there has been no doubt about the destination of the goal posts any time they have been torn down following a home football game . 1971 marked the first year in which the goal posts ended up at Harpo 's Bar and Grill at 29 S. Tenth Street in Columbia . Although no concrete reasoning is known behind the tradition , it is suggested that Harpo 's became the destination because of its popularity among alumni returning to Columbia on game days and because the restaurant is one of the few places that had remained under consistent ownership without any name changes , so alumni and students all easily identify with the establishment . Following the 2005 season , removable goal posts were installed , which are lowered at the close of each home game . In 2010 the goal post tradition was revived following the victory against BCS # 1 ranked Oklahoma . Thousands of fans began to swarm the field before the final play had even ended . Although there were event staff and highway patrol encircling the field , security was unable to prevent fans from storming the field and removing the north end zone goal post from the stadium . Alma Mater ( edit ) The Alma Mater for the University of Missouri is Old Missouri . It was written in 1895 and is sung to the tune of Annie Lisle and has two verses . Before and after athletic events , sometimes only the first verse is used . The first and second verses are more commonly sung at student orientation and at commencement / graduation ceremonies . Both verses are followed by the chorus . Championships ( edit ) NCAA team championships ( edit ) Missouri has won 2 NCAA team national championships . Men 's ( 2 ) Baseball ( 1 ) : 1954 Indoor Track & Field ( 1 ) : 1965 see also SEC NCAA team championships List of NCAA schools with the most NCAA Division I championships Conference championships ( edit ) Western Interstate University Football Association ( edit ) Main article : Western Interstate University Football Association Football 1893 1894 1895 Missouri Valley ( edit ) Main article : Missouri Valley Conference Basketball 1918 1920 1921 1922 Football 1909 1913 1919 1924 1925 1927 Track and field 1911 1912 1913 1915 1916 1917 1918 1920 1925 Big Six ( edit ) Main article : Big Eight Conference Baseball 1930 1931 1937 1938 1941 1942 Basketball 1930 1939 1940 Cross country 1929 Football 1939 1941 1942 1945 Track and field 1938 1943 1947 Big Seven ( edit ) Main article : Big Seven Conference Baseball 1952 Track and field 1948 1949 1951 Big Eight ( edit ) Main article : Big Eight Conference Baseball 1958 1962 1963 1964 1965 1976 1980 1996 ( Regular Season ) Cross country 1967 1980 ( Women 's ) Football 1960 1969 Basketball 1976 1978 ( Tournament ) 1980 1981 1982 ( Regular Season and Tournament ) 1987 ( Regular Season and Tournament ) 1989 ( Tournament ) 1993 ( Tournament ) Big 12 ( edit ) Main article : Big 12 Conference Baseball 2012 ( Tournament ) Basketball 2009 ( Tournament ) 2012 ( Tournament ) Soccer 2008 ( Tournament ) 2009 Softball 1997 ( Regular Season and Tournament ) 2009 ( Tournament ) 2011 Wrestling 2012 Mid-American ( edit ) Main article : Mid-American Conference Wrestling 2013 ( Tournament ) 2014 ( Tournament ) 2015 ( Regular Season and Tournament ) 2016 ( Regular Season and Tournament ) 2017 ( Tournament ) SEC ( edit ) Main article : SEC Conference Volleyball 2013 2016 Notable athletes ( edit ) See also : University of Missouri Intercollegiate Athletics Hall of Fame Danario Alexander , wide receiver who led the nation in receiving yards and TDs his senior season , currently plays for the San Diego Chargers John Anderson , former high jumper , now an anchor on ESPN SportsCenter Ben Askren , Missouri 's first individual wrestling national champion ( 2 - Time ) , 2x Hodge Trophy Award Winner ( College wrestler of the year ) , 2007 ESPY - nominated Best College Male Athlete , 2008 Freestyle Wrestling Olympian , former Bellator MMA Welterweight Champion , Current One Championship Welterweight Champion Phil Bradley , standout football and baseball player who became an All - Star outfielder for the Seattle Mariners John Brown , standout basketball player who played professionally for the Chicago Bulls Christian Cantwell , former thrower on track team , current world - class shot putter , 2004 and 2008 IAAF World Indoor Champion , 2008 Summer Olympic Games silver medalist Lloyd Carr , former football player and former head coach at the University of Michigan Michael Chandler , 2009 NCAA Wrestling All - American ( 5th place 157 lbs . ) , current Mixed Martial Artist , current Bellator Lightweight Champion J'den Cox , 3 time NCAA National wrestling champion and 4 time All - American between 2014 -- 17 , bronze medalist at 2016 Rio Olympics Aaron Crow , pitcher for the Kansas City Royals Chase Daniel , former Missouri quarterback was a Heisman finalist in 2007 , Daniel led the Tigers to two Big 12 North Division titles and Cotton Bowl and Alamo Bowl Championships , was a member of the New Orleans Saints Super Bowl Championship team in 2009 , currently with the New Orleans Saints Justin Gage , record setting wide receiver at Mizzou , formerly played for the Chicago Bears and Tennessee Titans Tony Galbreath , former NFL running back with the New Orleans Saints , Minnesota Vikings , and New York Giants , where he was a part of the 1986 Super Bowl XXI Championship team Brad Imes , former Missouri offensive tackle , current professional mixed martial artists competing in the UFC , WEC , and most recently King of the Cage John Kelly , low amateur at the 2007 Masters Tournament Ian Kinsler , current player for the Detroit Tigers , an AL All Star in 2008 Linas Kleiza , former NBA player for the Toronto Raptors , now plays in Turkey Jim Leavitt , former football player and former coach at the University of South Florida Robin Lingle , 1,000 yards ( 910 m ) Big Eight indoor record - holder , 1965 national champion Jeremy Maclin , wide receiver for the Baltimore Ravens Bill McCartney , former head football coach at University of Colorado William Moore , Pro Bowl safety who is a free agent Anthony Peeler , former NBA player from 1992 -- 2005 Shane Ray , linebacker for the Denver Broncos , played for Denver in 2016 Super Bowl 50 Championship Kareem Rush , currently playing for the Los Angeles D - Fenders of the NBA D - League Michael Sam , first openly gay player to be drafted in the NFL Draft Max Scherzer , Cy Young Award - winning pitcher for the Washington Nationals Aldon Smith , former All - Pro linebacker for the San Francisco 49ers , currently plays for the Oakland Raiders Brad Smith , NCAA record - holder as a dual - threat quarterback , now a wide receiver / kick returner for the Philadelphia Eagles Doug Smith , former NBA player from 1991 -- 1996 Justin Smith , 4x Pro Bowler defensive end for the San Francisco 49ers Gene Snitsky , former Missouri football player , now WWE wrestler Sean Weatherspoon , former 1st round draft pick and current player for the Atlanta Falcons Roger Wehrli , Pro Football Hall of Fame 2007 inductee Kellen Winslow , former Missouri football player now in College and Pro Hall of Fame Tyron Woodley , former 2x Missouri wrestling All - American , current UFC welterweight champion Tiger media ( edit ) The Tiger Radio Network is anchored by KMBZ in Kansas City , KTGR AM / KCMQ FM in Columbia and Jefferson City , and KTRS in St Louis . Mike Kelly is the commentator for both sports , with Howard Richards and Chris Gervino serving as analysts for football and Gary Link filling in for basketball . In addition , the school owns and operates its own NBC affiliate , KOMU - TV , in Columbia . The station is run by MU faculty members and is staffed by professionals and students . It 's the only college - owned and operated network affiliate in the country . For indoor sports , Mizzou operates the Missouri Sports Network , a syndication package that airs on FSN Midwest and / or Metro Sports . It mainly broadcasts volleyball and basketball . Dan McLaughlin handles play - by - play for all sports , and is joined by a rotating group of color commentators , most notably Tigers coaching legend Norm Stewart for men 's basketball games . See also ( edit ) `` Fifth Down '' ( The infamous `` 5th '' down during the 1990 Colorado - Missouri football game ) Marching Mizzou List of college athletic programs in Missouri References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Official MU Colors '' . Identity Standards -- University of Missouri . University of Missouri . April 27 , 2015 . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived version of University of Missouri , Official Athletic Site of the Mizzou Tigers Traditions '' . Mutigers.cstv.com . October 11 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2009 . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` About Mizzou University of Missouri '' . Missouri.edu . December 16 , 2010 . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ESPN , ed. ( 2009 ) . ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia : The Complete History of the Men 's Game . New York , NY : ESPN Books . p. 535 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 51392 - 2 . Jump up ^ Plummer , William ; Floyd , Larry C. ( 2013 ) . A Series Of Their Own : History Of The Women 's College World Series . Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , United States : Turnkey Communications Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9893007 - 0 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Mizzouri Tiger Wrestling '' . University of Missouri . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ USA Rugby , College Conferences , http://www.usarugby.org/#cc%3D%5BApplication%5D%5C%5CStructure%5C%5CContent%5C%5CBrand%20Resource%20Center%5C%5CContent%5C%5CHome%5C%5C21D9415F-129C-3D1E-45B7-71078B463B81%5C%5C23181D59-131F-BE4F-E441-2B48F8B651A9%7B%7BTab%3AView%7D%7D Jump up ^ Rugby Mag , Men 's DI - AA College Top 25 , April 9 , 2012 , http://www.rugbymag.com/men-di-college/4098-mens-di-aa-college-top-25-april-9-2012.html Jump up ^ Rugby Mag , Men 's DI - AA Elite Eight Update , April 29 , 2012 , http://www.rugbymag.com/men's-di-college/4335-mens-di-aa-sweet-16-update.html Jump up ^ Rugby Mag , September 2012 Scores , Sep. 23 , 2012 , http://www.rugbymag.com/news/scores/5671-september-2012-scores.html Jump up ^ 2013 - 14 Men 's DI - AA College National Championship . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Butterfield , Kevin ( November 23 , 2007 ) . `` A Rivalry Born in Bloodshed Becomes Pivotal to the B.C.S '' . NYTimes . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ( 1 ) '' . mutigers.com -- All - Time Big 12 Opponents . Jump up ^ `` `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 05 . `` . `` Big12sports.com '' . ^ Jump up to : Chrös Mcdougall And Blaine Grider . `` Tradition 's beginnings mysterious '' . Columbia Missourian . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2012 . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ubben , David . `` Record turnout for ' College GameDay ' -- Big 12 Blog -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Maneater -- Blogs -- On Campus -- PHOTO : Crowd of 18,000 sets ESPN GameDay record ( Oct. 23 , 2010 ) '' . Themaneater.com . October 23 , 2010 . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mike DeArmond ( October 23 , 2010 ) . `` Official Now : ESPN Says Mizzou Sets GameDay Record Campus Corner '' . Campuscorner.kansascity.com . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2010 . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ralph , Kaylen ( 2011 - 10 - 13 ) . `` A conversation with Big MO 's handlers '' . Vox Magazine . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ JOE KOVAC JR . The Telegraph of Macon ( 2012 - 02 - 04 ) . `` Mizzou band can make a sonic boom : Sports '' . Stltoday.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` MU raising money to replace Big MO '' . News Tribune . 2011 - 04 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` What the Fudge ? : Harpo 's goal post tradition '' . The Maneater . November 1 , 2002 . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Faurot Field , COLUMBIA , MO ( October 23 , 2010 ) . `` Oklahoma Sooners vs. Missouri Tigers -- Recap -- October 23 , 2010 -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/champs_records_book/Overall.pdf External links ( edit ) Official website University of Missouri Located in : Columbia , Missouri Academics School of Accountancy College of Agriculture , Food and Natural Resources College of Arts and Science Trulaske College of Business College of Education College of Engineering Graduate School School of Health Professions College of Human Environmental Sciences School of Information Science and Learning Technology Missouri School of Journalism School of Law School of Medicine School of Music School of Natural Resources Sinclair School of Nursing Harry S Truman School of Public Affairs School of Social Work College of Veterinary Medicine Athletics Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Football Softball Volleyball The Antlers Arch Rivalry Border War Braggin ' Rights Brewer Fieldhouse Faurot Field Hall of Fame Hearnes Center Marching Mizzou Missouri -- Nebraska football rivalry Tiger -- Sooner Peace Pipe Tiger 's Lair Mizzou Arena Taylor Stadium Truman the Tiger Walton Stadium Campus A.P. Green Chapel Academic Hall Francis Quadrangle McAlester Arboretum Mizzou Botanic Garden The Columns University of Missouri Women 's and Children 's Hospital Sanford F. Conley House Ellis Fischel Cancer Center Ellis Library Jesse Hall Laws Hall Laws Observatory Memorial Union Missouri Theatre Center for the Arts Missouri State Teachers Association Building MU High School Police Department Sanborn Field Switzler Hall Red Campus University of Missouri Children 's Hospital University of Missouri Hospital University of Missouri Research Reactor Center Welch Hall Museum of Art and Archaeology Libraries University Hospitals and Clinics Research Oral Tradition ( journal ) Journal of Career Development Mizzou Hydrogen Car Team Pictures of the Year International Religion Newswriters Association Society of American Business Editors and Writers Student life The Maneater L.S.V. Mystical Seven QEBH Sigma Alpha Epsilon Fraternity House People Esterhazy Quartet General Alumni General Faculty Hall of Fame Inductees Presidents and Chancellors History History of the University of Missouri Geyer Act Missouri ex rel . Gaines v. Canada Missouri Waltz State Historical Society of Missouri 2015 -- 16 University of Missouri protests Media The Maneater Columbia Missourian KBIA KCOU KOMU - DT3 KOMU - TV MUTV University Press Founded : 1839 Links to related articles Southeastern Conference East Division Florida Gators Georgia Bulldogs and Lady Bulldogs Kentucky Wildcats Missouri Tigers South Carolina Gamecocks Tennessee Volunteers Vanderbilt Commodores West Division Alabama Crimson Tide Arkansas Razorbacks Auburn Tigers LSU Tigers and Lady Tigers Ole Miss Rebels Mississippi State Bulldogs Texas A&M Aggies Championships and awards National championships Conference champions Media SEC Network ( SEC Nation - SEC Storied - SEC Rewind ) SEC on CBS CBS Sports ESPN Former media outlets Raycom Sports Jefferson Pilot Sports Lincoln Financial Sports SEC TV ( defunct ) ( list of affiliates ) Turner Sports Lorimar Sports Network ( defunct ) TVS Television Network ( defunct ) Sports teams based in Missouri Baseball MLB Kansas City Royals St. Louis Cardinals TL Springfield Cardinals FL River City Rascals AA Joplin Blasters Basketball IBA St. Louis Trotters Football NFL Kansas City Chiefs CIF Kansas City Phantoms Independent Kansas City Storm Ice hockey NHL St. Louis Blues ECHL Kansas City Mavericks NA3HL St. Louis Jr . Blues WSHL Springfield Express Roller derby WFTDA Arch Rival Roller Derby CoMo Derby Dames Springfield Roller Girls St. Chux Derby Chix MRDA St. Louis GateKeepers Rugby USAR Kansas City Blues St. Louis Bombers Soccer NWSL FC Kansas City USL Saint Louis FC Swope Park Rangers MISL Missouri Comets St. Louis Ambush NPSL Joplin Demize PDL Saint Louis FC U23 St. Louis Lions Tennis WTT Springfield Lasers College athletics ( NCAA Div . I ) Missouri Missouri State Saint Louis Southeast Missouri UMKC The City of Columbia History Government and Politics Geography Demographics Transportation Culture Media Sports Education Metropolitan Area State of Missouri Famous Citizens University of Missouri System University of Missouri Stephens College Columbia College Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Missouri_Tigers&oldid=804293691 '' Categories : Missouri Tigers Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 01 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the missouri tigers get their name | [
"The Missouri Tigers athletics programs include the extramural and intramural sports teams of the University of Missouri, located in Columbia, Missouri, United States. The name comes from a band of armed guards called the Fighting Tigers of Columbia who, in 1864, protected Columbia from guerrillas during the Civil War.[2]"
] | [
"from a band of armed guards called the Fighting Tigers of Columbia"
] |
5536983756807148164 | Sarek | Sarek - wikipedia Sarek Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Sarek ( disambiguation ) . Sarek Star Trek character Mark Lenard as Sarek and Jane Wyatt as Amanda Grayson with Leonard Nimoy as their son , Mr. Spock Portrayed by Mark Lenard Jonathan Simpson Ben Cross James Frain Information Family Skon ( father ) Children Spock Sybok Michael Burnham ( adopted daughter ) Species Vulcan Affiliation United Federation of Planets Posting Vulcan ambassador to the Federation Rank Ambassador Sarek / ˈsærɛk / is a fictional character in the Star Trek media franchise . He is a Vulcan astrophysicist , the Vulcan ambassador to the United Federation of Planets , and father of Spock . The character was originated by Mark Lenard in the 1967 episode `` Journey to Babel '' ( Lenard previously portrayed a Romulan Commander in another episode of the original series , 1966 's `` Balance of Terror '' ) . Lenard later voiced Sarek in the animated series , and appeared in Star Trek movies and the series Star Trek : The Next Generation . Actor Jonathan Simpson played a younger Sarek in a brief scene in Star Trek V : The Final Frontier , with voice - over provided by Lenard . Ben Cross portrayed Sarek in the 2009 motion picture Star Trek . James Frain plays Sarek in the new TV series Star Trek : Discovery . The character appears in the original Star Trek series , the animated series , four Star Trek movies , two episodes of Star Trek : The Next Generation , and numerous Star Trek novels and comics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character biography 1.1 Star Trek : The Original Series 1.2 Animated series 1.3 TOS films 1.4 Star Trek : The Next Generation 1.5 Star Trek ( 2009 ) 1.6 Star Trek : Discovery 2 Family Relationships 3 Appearances 4 References 5 External links Character biography ( edit ) Star Trek : the original series ( edit ) Sarek was born in 2165 . He is the son of Skon of Vulcan and the grandson of Solkar ( the first Vulcan ambassador to Earth ) . Sarek was married twice , and had two sons . Prior to his first marriage , he had a relationship with the Vulcan priestess , T'Rea , which produced Sarek 's first son Sybok , a character not developed until the fifth feature film in the late 1980s . Sarek later married Amanda Grayson , a native of the planet Earth . After Amanda 's death , Sarek married Perrin , also human , who survived his death . Sarek and Perrin had no children . Sarek 's second son , Spock , entered Starfleet Academy . Sarek opposed the decision , and the two were estranged for 18 years . Following an Enterprise mission where Spock helped save Sarek 's life , father and son are reconciled in the episode `` Journey to Babel '' , with Mark Lenard portraying the first appearance of Sarek . Animated series ( edit ) Mark Lenard voiced Sarek in the Star Trek : The Animated Series episode `` Yesteryear '' . In this episode Spock must travel back in time to his childhood , and keep his younger self from dying and being replaced by an Andorian as First Officer of the Enterprise . Spock , posing as a relative , meets a younger version of Sarek . Tos films ( edit ) Mark Lenard portrayed Sarek in movies based on the original Star Trek . In Star Trek III : The Search for Spock , Sarek asks Kirk to bring Spock 's body back along with his katra , or living essence , to Vulcan . Sarek later confronts Kirk at his apartment , thinking that Spock placed his katra into Kirk 's mind ( since Kirk was the last person to be with the dying Spock ) , and asking Kirk why he did not return Spock to Vulcan . Unknown to either Sarek or Kirk , Spock had actually placed his katra in the mind of his friend Leonard McCoy for safekeeping . Kirk later discovers this through the security tapes during the last moments of Spock 's life in his fight to save the Enterprise from Khan and promised Sarek to bring both men to Vulcan . The Genesis Device regenerates Spock 's body and restores his life ; Kirk and his crew manage to get Spock off the planet and return him to his home planet of Vulcan . There , Sarek asks the priestess T'Lar to perform a fal - tor - pan , reuniting Spock 's mind and body . Sarek thanks Kirk for the rescue of Spock , which took place at the expense of the destruction of the Enterprise and the death of Kirk 's son . Kirk admitted if he did not try to save Spock , he would have faced a deeper guilt in his soul . Star Trek IV : The Voyage Home begins with Kirk , Spock , and the rest of the Enterprise crew still in exile on Vulcan . Sarek travels to Earth to speak on behalf of Kirk ( who is facing charges from the Klingon Empire ) , and is subsequently trapped on the planet when Earth is threatened by destruction by an alien probe . After Kirk and his crew return and save Earth , and are largely exonerated at their subsequent trial , Sarek has a private audience with his son . Sarek states that he is pleased with Spock , and admits that he was wrong in opposing Spock 's induction into Starfleet , praising his comrades as people of good character . Actor Jonathan Simpson briefly played a younger Sarek during Star Trek V : The Final Frontier , with a voice - over provided by Lenard . The scene is in reference to Spock 's birth and Sarek remarking he is `` so human . '' Mark Lenard 's final filmed appearance in the role of Sarek was in Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country . This film was recorded after , but released before , his last broadcast appearance in The Next Generation . It takes place in the time period of the original series , in the year 2293 . Sarek is once again shown as a diplomat participating in the Khitomer Conference , the first diplomatic meeting between the Klingons and the Federation . Star Trek : the Next Generation ( edit ) Lenard made two final appearances as the character in Star Trek : The Next Generation . In the first , in an episode named after him , Sarek suffers from Bendii Syndrome , an incurable and terminal neurological degenerative illness that makes him lose control of his emotions . Having established a mind - meld with Captain Jean - Luc Picard , Sarek is able to continue with an important diplomatic mission , but his emotions are expressed privately through Picard , among them his deep love for Amanda , Spock , and his current human wife Perrin . His death from Bendii Syndrome occurs in the first part of the TNG episode `` Unification '' . Star Trek ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Sarek , played by Ben Cross , appears in the 2009 Star Trek . Though respectful of Spock 's ability to make his own choices , Sarek clearly encourages him to maintain his logical Vulcan nature . Sarek maintains that he married Amanda because it was logical to do so , since as the Vulcan ambassador , it would of course fall upon Sarek to observe human behavior . Later , Sarek is on the board of the Vulcan Science Academy , and is disappointed to learn that his son has turned down admission in favor of joining Starfleet . When the vengeful Romulan captain , Nero , makes clear his intention to destroy Vulcan , Spock arrives to transport Sarek , Amanda , and the rest of the Vulcan council to safety ; however , Amanda is lost in the attempt . When Cadet Kirk provokes Spock to force him to relinquish command , it is only Sarek 's stern `` Spock ! '' that calms the enraged half - Vulcan . When Spock leaves the bridge , Sarek is clearly displeased by the events and follows him . Sarek advises Spock that if he feels anger ( at Vulcan 's destruction and Amanda 's death ) , then he should not try to hide it . Sarek also admits to his son : `` You once asked me why I married your mother ... I married her because I loved her . '' Sarek affirms to his son that not all Vulcans are as emotionless as they appear to be ; even Sarek is painfully grieved over the loss of his beloved wife . At this moment , father and son have reconciled as they grieve together over the losses of their world and loved ones , before Spock leaves to stop Nero from destroying Earth and to avenge his mother 's untimely death . Star Trek : Discovery ( edit ) On January 18 , 2017 it was announced that actor James Frain will assume the role of Sarek for the new Trek series Star Trek : Discovery . Mia Kirshner appeared as his wife Amanda in episode 6 . Family relationships ( edit ) Spock 's ongoing conflict between emotion and logic is countered by his parents , Sarek and human Amanda Grayson , a seemingly loving and devoted couple . The character of Sarek and his relationship with Spock and Amanda have been explored in depth in amateur fiction , several authorized novels , and in the animated episode `` Yesteryear '' . Movies and episodes of Star Trek : The Next Generation have also added to background on these relationships . Spock and Sarek 's relationship is formal and respectful , but strained . Captain Jean - Luc Picard , who mind melded with Sarek before he died , also mind melds with Spock in order to share Sarek 's thoughts and feelings about his son . Little is known about Sarek 's relationship with his oldest son Sybok , but presumably it was a difficult one since Sybok rejected Vulcan ways and was banished from the planet . Appearances ( edit ) Sarek appears in the following episodes and films : Star Trek : The Original Series `` Journey to Babel '' Star Trek : The Animated Series `` Yesteryear '' Star Trek films Star Trek III : The Search for Spock Star Trek IV : The Voyage Home Star Trek V : The Final Frontier Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country Star Trek Star Trek : The Next Generation `` Sarek '' `` Unification , Part I '' Star Trek : Discovery `` The Vulcan Hello '' `` Battle at the Binary Stars '' `` Lethe '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Okuda , Michael ; Denise Okuda ( 1996 ) . Star Trek Chronology : The History of the Future . Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 53610 - 9 . Jump up ^ According to Star Trek III : The Search for Spock , identifying him as `` Sarek , son of Skon , son of Solkar '' . Jump up ^ `` James Frain Joins Discovery As Sarek '' . Startrek.com. 2017 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Sarek at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Amanda Grayson at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Sybok at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Perrin at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Startrek.com article on Sarek ( hide ) Star Trek recurring characters Multiple series Reginald Barclay Boothby Chekote Zefram Cochrane Arne Darvin Evek Amanda Grayson Gowron Maggie Hubbell Kang Alynna Nechayev Khan Noonien Singh Koloth Kor Kurn Morn Keiko O'Brien Molly O'Brien Christopher Pike Q Janice Rand Alexander Rozhenko Sarek T'Pau Lwaxana Troi Vash Dr. Zimmerman Number One The Original Series and The Animated Series Christine Chapel Cyrano Jones Kyle Leslie Harry Mudd The Next Generation Jack Crusher Guinan Mr. Homn Lore Lursa and B'Etor Miles O'Brien Nurse Ogawa Ro Laren Sela Noonien Soong Spot Tomalak The Traveler Deep Space Nine Kimara Cretak Joran Dax Michael Eddington Vic Fontaine Martok M'Pella Kirayoshi O'Brien William Ross Joseph Sisko Luther Sloan Kasidy Yates Bajorans : Vedek Bareil Leeta Kai Opaka Shakaar Edon Winn Adami Tora Ziyal Cardassians : Damar Dukat Elim Garak Mila Enabran Tain Ferengi : Brunt Ishka Nog Rom Zek The Dominion : Female Changeling Weyoun Voyager Borg Queen Chaotica Jal Culluh Owen Paris Satan 's robot Seska Deanna Troi Naomi Wildman Borg children : Azan Icheb Mezoti Rebi Voyager crew : Ayala Michael Jonas Lon Suder Vorik Samantha Wildman Enterprise Daniels Maxwell Forrest Major Hayes Erika Hernandez Koss Michael Rostov Porthos Thy'lek Shran Silik Soval Sphere Builders Thalen Commander Williams Xindi council : Amman'sor Degra Dolim Jannar Feature films Fleet Admiral Cartwright David Marcus Saavik Category : Star Trek Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarek&oldid=815651445 '' Categories : Fictional ambassadors Fictional astrophysicists Fictional diplomats Star Trek : The Original Series characters Star Trek : The Animated Series characters Star Trek : The Next Generation characters Star Trek ( film franchise ) characters Vulcans Fictional characters introduced in 1967 Star Trek : Discovery characters Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Français Italiano עברית Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 04 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played spock's dad on star trek | [
"Sarek /ˈsærɛk/ is a fictional character in the Star Trek media franchise. He is a Vulcan astrophysicist, the Vulcan ambassador to the United Federation of Planets, and father of Spock. The character was originated by Mark Lenard in the 1967 episode \"Journey to Babel\" (Lenard previously portrayed a Romulan Commander in another episode of the original series, 1966's \"Balance of Terror\"). Lenard later voiced Sarek in the animated series, and appeared in Star Trek movies and the series Star Trek: The Next Generation."
] | [
"Mark Lenard"
] |
6204046156930868571 | Fourth Anglo-Mysore War | Fourth Anglo - Mysore war - Wikipedia Fourth Anglo - Mysore war Jump to : navigation , search Fourth Anglo -- Mysore War Part of the Anglo - Mysore wars A map of the war theater Date 1798 -- 4 May 1799 Location Indian subcontinent Result Decisive Anglo - Hyderabadi victory Subjugation of Mysore Belligerents Mysore Nawab of the Carnatic Mughal Empire East India Company Hyderabad Deccan Maratha Empire Travancore Commanders and leaders Tipu Sultan † Mir Golam Hussain Mohomed Hulleen Mir Miran Umdat Ul - Umra Mir Sadiq Ghulam Muhammad Khan General George Harris Ali Khan Major General David Baird James Stuart Fourth Anglo - Mysore War Seedaseer Mallavelly Sultanpet Tope Seringapatam Anglo - Mysore wars First Second Third Fourth The Fourth Anglo -- Mysore War was a conflict in South India between the Kingdom of Mysore against the British East India Company and the Hyderabad Deccan in the 1799 . This was the final conflict of the four Anglo -- Mysore Wars . The British captured the capital of Mysore . The ruler Tipu Sultan was killed in the battle . Britain took indirect control of Mysore , restoring the Wodeyar Dynasty to the Mysore throne ( with a British commissioner to advise him on all issues ) . Tipu Sultan 's young heir , Fateh Ali , was sent into exile . The Kingdom of Mysore became a princely state in a subsidiary alliance with British India and ceded Coimbatore , Dakshina Kannada and Uttara Kannada to the British . The war , specifically the Battle of Mallavelly and the Siege of Seringapatam , with many of the key protagonists , is covered in the historical novel Sharpe 's Tiger . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Course of Events 3 Mysorean rockets 4 Gallery 5 References 6 Further reading Background ( edit ) Napoleon 's landing in Egypt in 1798 was intended to further the capture of the British possessions in India , and the Kingdom of Mysore was a key to that next step , as the ruler of Mysore , Tipu Sultan , sought France as an ally and his letter to Napoleon resulted in the following reply , `` You have already been informed of my arrival on the borders of the Red Sea , with an innumerable and invincible army , full of the desire of releasing and relieving you from the iron yoke of England . '' Additionally , General Malarctic , French Governor of Mauritius , issued the Malarctic Proclamation seeking volunteers to assist Tipu . Horatio Nelson crushed any help from Napoleon after the Battle of the Nile . However , Lord Wellesley had already set in motion a response to prevent any alliance between Tipu Sultan and France . Course of events ( edit ) Three armies -- one from Bombay and two British ( one of which contained a division that was commanded by Colonel Arthur Wellesley , the future 1st Duke of Wellington ) , marched into Mysore in 1799 and besieged the capital , Srirangapatnam , after some engagements with Tipu . On 8 March , a forward force managed to hold off an advance by Tipu at the Battle of Seedaseer . On 4 May , in the Battle of Seringapatam , broke through the defending walls . Tipu Sultan , rushing to the breach , was shot and killed . Today , the spot where Tipu 's body was discovered under the eastern gate has been fenced off by the Archaeological Survey of India , and a plaque erected . The gate itself was later demolished during the 19th century to lay a wide road . One notable military advance championed by Tipu Sultan was the use of mass attacks with iron - cased rocket brigades in the army . The effect of the Mysorean rockets on the British during the Third and Fourth Mysore Wars was sufficiently impressive to inspire William Congreve to develop the Congreve rockets . Many members of the British East India Company believed that Umdat Ul - Umra , the Nawab of Carnatic , secretly provided assistance to Tipu Sultan during the Fourth Anglo -- Mysore War ; and they immediately sought his deposition after the end of the conflict . Mysorean rockets ( edit ) Further information : Mysorean rockets During the war , rockets were again used on several occasions . One of these involved Colonel Arthur Wellesley , later famous as the First Duke of Wellington . Wellesley was defeated by Tipu 's Diwan , Purnaiya , at the Battle of Sultanpet Tope . Quoting Forrest , At this point ( near the village of Sultanpet , Figure 5 ) there was a large tope , or grove , which gave shelter to Tipu 's rocketmen and had obviously to be cleaned out before the siege could be pressed closer to Srirangapattana island . The commander chosen for this operation was Col. Wellesley , but advancing towards the tope after dark on the 5 April 1799 , he was set upon with rockets and musket - fires , lost his way and , as Beatson politely puts it , had to `` postpone the attack '' until a more favourable opportunity should offer . The following day , Wellesley launched a fresh attack with a larger force , and took the whole position without losing a single man . On 22 April 1799 , twelve days before the main battle , rocketeers worked their way around to the rear of the British encampment , then ' threw a great number of rockets at the same instant ' to signal the beginning of an assault by 6,000 Indian infantry and a corps of Frenchmen , all directed by Mir Golam Hussain and Mohomed Hulleen Mir Miran . The rockets had a range of about 1,000 yards . Some burst in the air like shells . Others , called ground rockets , would rise again on striking the ground and bound along in a serpentine motion until their force was spent . According to one British observer , a young English officer named Bayly : `` So pestered were we with the rocket boys that there was no moving without danger from the destructive missiles ... '' . He continued : The rockets and musketry from 20,000 of the enemy were incessant . No hail could be thicker . Every illumination of blue lights was accompanied by a shower of rockets , some of which entered the head of the column , passing through to the rear , causing death , wounds , and dreadful lacerations from the long bamboos of twenty or thirty feet , which are invariably attached to them . During the conclusive British attack on Srirangapattana on 2 May 1799 , a British shot struck a magazine of rockets within Tipu Sultan 's fort , causing it to explode and send a towering cloud of black smoke with cascades of exploding white light rising up from the battlements . On the afternoon of 4 May when the final attack on the fort was led by Baird , he was again met by `` furious musket and rocket fire '' , but this did not help much ; in about an hour 's time the fort was taken ; perhaps within another hour Tipu had been shot ( the precise time of his death is not known ) , and the war was effectively over . Gallery ( edit ) Fall of Tippu Sultan ( 1799 ) Tipu Sultan 's forces during the Siege of Srirangapatna . The Last Effort of Tippu Sahib at Seringapatam ( Corner , 1840 , p. 334 ) The Last Effort and Fall of Tipu Sultan by Henry Singleton , c. 1800 British troops examine the body of Tipu Sultan David Baird , a British officer , discovering the body of Tipu Sultan . British Marker showing the location where Tipu 's body was found . Preceded by Third Anglo - Mysore War Anglo - Mysore Wars Succeeded by None Preceded by Third Anglo -- Mysore War Indo - British conflicts Succeeded by Second Anglo - Maratha War References ( edit ) Jump up ^ George Childs Kohn ( 31 October 2013 ) . Dictionary of Wars . Routledge . pp. 322 -- 323 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 95494 - 9 . Jump up ^ Naravane , M.S. ( 2014 ) . Battles of the Honorourable East India Company . A.P.H. Publishing Corporation . pp. 178 -- 181 . ISBN 9788131300343 . Jump up ^ Forrest D ( 1970 ) Tiger of Mysore , Chatto & Windus , London Jump up ^ Holmes , Richard ( 2003 ) . Wellington : The Iron Duke . Harper Collins . p. 58 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 713750 - 8 . Jump up ^ Narasimha , Roddam . `` Rockets in Mysore and Britain , 1750 - 1850 A.D. '' ( PDF ) . National Aerospace Laboratories . nal.res.in . Jump up ^ Corner , Julia ( 1840 ) . The History of China & India , Pictorial & Descriptive ( PDF ) . London : Dean & Co. , Threadneedle St. , . p. 334 . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Bonghi , Ruggero ( 1869 ) , `` Chapter - XIX : Lord Wellesley 's administration -- Fourth and last Mysore war , 1798 , 1799 '' , in Marshman , John Clark , The History of India from the Earliest Period to the Close of Lord Dalhousie 's , 2 , Longmans , Green , Reader & Dyer , pp. 71 -- 102 Carter , Thomas ( 1861 ) , `` The Mysore War and the Siege of Seringapatam '' , India , China , etc , Medals of the British Army : And how They Were Won , 3 , Groombridge and sons , pp. 2 -- 6 Mill , James ; Wilson , Horace Hayman ( 1858 ) , `` Chapter - VIII '' , The History of British occupied India , 6 ( 5 ed . ) , J. Madden , pp. 50 -- 121 Colonial conflicts involving the English / British Empire 17th century Virginia ( 1609 -- 46 ) Swally ( 1612 ) Ormuz ( 1622 ) Saint Kitts ( 1626 ) Quebec ( 1628 ) Pequot War ( 1634 -- 38 ) Acadia ( 1654 -- 67 ) Anglo - Spanish War ( 1654 -- 60 ) Jamaica ( 1655 -- 1739 ) King Philip 's War ( 1675 -- 78 ) King William 's War ( 1688 -- 97 ) Ghana ( 1694 -- 1700 ) 18th century Queen Anne 's War ( 1702 -- 13 ) Tuscarora War ( 1711 -- 15 ) Yamasee War ( 1715 -- 17 ) Father Rale 's War / Dummer 's War ( 1722 -- 25 ) War of Jenkins ' Ear ( 1740 -- 42 ) King George 's War ( 1744 -- 48 ) Carnatic Wars ( 1746 -- 63 ) Nova Scotia ( 1749 -- 55 ) French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 63 ) Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 63 ) Anglo -- Cherokee War ( 1758 -- 61 ) Jamaica ( 1762 ) Anglo - Spanish War ( 1762 -- 63 ) Pontiac 's War ( 1763 -- 66 ) Lord Dunmore 's War ( 1774 ) American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 83 ) First Anglo -- Maratha War ( 1775 -- 82 ) Second Anglo -- Mysore War ( 1779 -- 84 ) Gold Coast ( 1781 -- 82 ) Sumatra ( 1782 -- 84 ) Australian Frontier Wars ( 1788 -- 1934 ) Nootka Sound ( 1789 ) Third Anglo -- Mysore War ( 1789 -- 92 ) Cotiote ( Wayanad ) War ( 1793 -- 1806 ) Cape Colony ( 1795 ) Jamaica ( 1795 -- 96 ) Ceylon ( 1795 ) Kandyan Wars ( 1796 -- 1818 ) Malta ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Fourth Anglo -- Mysore War ( 1798 -- 99 ) Dwyer 's Guerrilla Campaign ( 1799 -- 1803 ) 19th century Newfoundland ( 1800 ) Castle Hill convict rebellion Second Anglo -- Maratha War ( 1803 -- 05 ) Suriname ( 1804 ) Guiana ( 1804 ) Cape Colony ( 1806 ) Río de la Plata ( 1806 -- 07 ) Egypt ( 1807 ) Malta ( 1807 ) Reunion ( 1809 ) Seychelles ( 1809 ) Mauritius ( 1810 ) Java ( 1810 -- 11 ) Xhosa Wars ( 1811 -- 79 ) Martinique ( 1809 ) Guadeloupe ( 1810 ) USA ( 1812 -- 15 ) Nepal ( 1814 -- 16 ) Guadeloupe ( 1815 ) Cape Colony ( 1815 ) Third Anglo - Maratha War ( 1817 -- 18 ) Guiana ( 1823 ) Anglo - Ashanti wars ( 1824 -- 1901 ) First Anglo - Burmese War ( 1824 -- 26 ) Black War ( Van Diemen 's Land , 1828 -- 32 ) Jamaica ( 1831 -- 32 ) Malacca ( 1831 -- 33 ) Lower Canada ( 1837 -- 38 ) Upper Canada ( 1837 -- 38 ) Egyptian -- Ottoman War ( 1839 -- 41 ) First Anglo - Afghan War ( 1839 -- 42 ) First Opium War ( 1839 -- 42 ) New Zealand Wars ( 1845 -- 72 ) First Anglo -- Sikh War ( 1845 -- 46 ) Río de la Plata ( 1845 -- 50 ) Ceylon ( 1848 ) Second Anglo -- Sikh War ( 1848 -- 49 ) Second Anglo -- Burmese War ( 1852 ) Eureka Rebellion ( 1852 ) Anglo -- Persian War ( 1856 -- 57 ) Second Opium War ( 1856 -- 60 ) Indian Rebellion ( 1857 -- 59 ) Ambela Campaign ( 1863 -- 64 ) Bhutan War ( 1864 -- 65 ) Fenian Rebellion in Canada ( 1866 -- 71 ) Abyssinia ( 1868 ) Manitoba ( 1870 ) Perak ( 1875 -- 76 ) Anglo -- Zulu War ( 1879 ) Second Anglo - Afghan War ( 1879 -- 80 ) Basutoland ( 1880 -- 81 ) First Boer War ( 1880 -- 81 ) Mahdist War ( 1881 -- 99 ) Anglo - Egyptian War ( 1882 ) Saskatchewan ( 1885 ) Central Africa ( 1886 -- 89 ) Third Anglo - Burmese War ( 1885 ) Mashonaland ( 1890 ) Hunza - Nagar Campaign ( 1891 ) Anglo - Manipur War ( 1891 ) Matabeleland ( 1893 -- 94 ) North Borneo ( 1894 -- 1905 ) Chitral Expedition ( 1895 ) Jameson Raid South Africa ( 1896 ) Anglo -- Zanzibar War ( 1896 ) Matabeleland ( 1896 -- 97 ) Benin Expedition ( 1897 ) Siege of Malakand ( 1897 ) First Mohmand Campaign ( 1897 -- 98 ) Tirah Campaign ( 1897 -- 98 ) Six - Day War ( 1899 ) Boxer Rebellion ( 1898 -- 1901 ) Second Boer War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) 20th century Somaliland ( 1900 -- 20 ) West Africa ( 1901 -- 02 ) Tibet expedition ( 1903 -- 04 ) Bambatha Rebellion ( 1906 ) Nyasaland ( 1915 ) Nigeria ( 1915 ) Nigeria ( 1918 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Waziristan campaign ( 1919 -- 20 ) Iraq ( 1920 ) Malabar Rebellion ( 1921 ) Kurdistan ( 1922 -- 24 ) Transjordan ( 1923 ) Pink 's War ( 1925 ) Ikhwan Revolt ( 1927 -- 30 ) Barzani revolt ( 1931 -- 32 ) Second Mohmand Campaign ( 1935 ) Palestine ( 1936 -- 39 ) Waziristan campaign ( 1936 -- 39 ) Ethiopia ( 1943 ) Indochina ( 1945 -- 46 ) Indonesia ( 1945 ) Sarawak ( 1946 -- 50 ) Malayan Emergency ( 1948 -- 60 ) Mau Mau Uprising Kenya ( 1952 -- 60 ) Oman ( 1954 -- 59 ) Cyprus Emergency ( 1955 -- 59 ) Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) Oman ( 1962 -- 76 ) Brunei ( 1962 ) Sarawak ( 1962 -- 90 ) Malaysia ( 1962 -- 66 ) Aden ( 1963 -- 67 ) Falklands ( 1982 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War&oldid=796448533 '' Categories : Wars involving the Kingdom of Mysore Conflicts in 1798 Conflicts in 1799 History of Karnataka Wars involving British India Wars involving Great Britain 1798 in India 1799 in India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2017 Use Indian English from June 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Español Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2017 , at 22 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was defeated and killed in the fourth mysore war at srirangapatna | [
"This was the final conflict of the four Anglo–Mysore Wars. The British captured the capital of Mysore. The ruler Tipu Sultan was killed in the battle. Britain took indirect control of Mysore, restoring the Wodeyar Dynasty to the Mysore throne (with a British commissioner to advise him on all issues). Tipu Sultan's young heir, Fateh Ali, was sent into exile. The Kingdom of Mysore became a princely state in a subsidiary alliance with British India and ceded Coimbatore, Dakshina Kannada and Uttara Kannada to the British."
] | [
"Tipu Sultan"
] |
289147542427240519 | Saina Nehwal | Saina Nehwal - wikipedia Saina Nehwal Jump to : navigation , search Saina Nehwal Nehwal in 2011 Birth name Saina Nehwal Country India ( 1990 - 03 - 17 ) 17 March 1990 ( age 27 ) Hisar , Haryana Residence Hyderabad , India Height 1.65 m ( 5 ft 5 in ) Weight 67 kg ( 148 lb ) Handedness Right - handed Coach Pullela Gopichand Women 's singles Career title ( s ) 21 Highest ranking 1 ( 2 April 2015 ) Current ranking 10 ( 7 Dec 2017 ) Medal record ( show ) Women 's badminton Representing India Olympic Games 2012 London Women 's singles World Championships 2015 Jakarta Women 's Singles 2017 Glasgow Women 's Singles Asian Championships 2010 New Delhi Women 's singles 2016 Wuhan Women 's singles Uber Cup 2014 New Delhi Team 2016 Kunshan Team Asian Games 2014 Incheon Women 's team Commonwealth Games 2010 New Delhi Women 's singles 2010 New Delhi Mixed Team 2006 Melbourne Mixed Team World Junior Championships 2008 Pune Girls ' singles 2006 Incheon Girls ' singles Commonwealth Youth Games 2008 Pune Girls ' singles 2004 Bendigo Mixed team BWF profile Updated on 26 August 2017 . Saina Nehwal ( pronunciation ( help info ) ; born 17 March 1990 ) is an Indian professional badminton singles player . Nehwal , the former world no . 1 has won over twenty one international titles , which include ten Superseries titles . Although she reached to the world no . 2 ranking in 2009 , it was only in 2015 that she was able to attain the world no . 1 ranking , thereby becoming the only female player from India and overall the second Indian player -- after Prakash Padukone -- to achieve this feat . She has represented India three times in the Olympics , winning bronze medal in her second appearance . Nehwal has achieved several milestones in badminton for India . She is the only Indian to have won at least a medal in every BWF major individual event , namely the Olympics , the BWF World Championships , and the BWF World Junior Championships . She is the first Indian badminton player to have won an Olympic medal , along with being the only Indian to have won the BWF World Junior Championships or to have reached to the final of the BWF World Championships . In 2006 , Nehwal became the first Indian female and the youngest Asian to win a 4 - star tournament . She also has the distinction of being the first Indian to win a Super Series title . In the 2014 Uber Cup , she captained the Indian team and remained undefeated , helping India to win bronze medal . It was India 's first medal in any BWF major team event . She is a role model to many young badminton players . Considered one of the most successful Indian sportspersons , she is credited for increasing the popularity of badminton in India . In 2016 , the Government of India ( GoI ) conferred the Padma Bhushan -- India 's third highest civilian award -- on her . Previously , the nation 's top two sporting honours , namely the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna and the Arjuna Award , were also conferred on her by the GoI . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Achievements 2.1 2006 -- 2009 2.3 2011 2.4 2012 -- 2013 2.5 2014 2.6 2015 2.7 2016 2.8 2017 3 Honours 4 International titles and runners - up 4.1 Individual titles ( 21 ) 4.2 Individual runners - up ( 8 ) 4.3 Individual Junior titles ( 3 ) 4.4 Individual Junior runners - up ( 1 ) 4.5 National titles and runners - up 4.5. 1 National Junior / Senior titles ( 12 ) 4.5. 2 National Junior / Senior runners - up ( 1 ) 4.6 Singles performance timeline 4.7 Record against top ranked players 4.8 Summer Olympics 4.8. 1 2008 Summer Olympics 4.8. 2 2012 Summer Olympics 4.8. 3 2016 Summer Olympics 5 Awards 6 Endorsements 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Personal life ( edit ) Saina Nehwal , the second daughter of Harvir Singh Nehwal and Usha Rani Nehwal , was born in Hindu Jat family in Hisar . Her father worked in CCS HAU . She completed her first few years of schooling at Campus School CCS HAU , Hisar . The family later shifted to Hyderabad . Nehwal also has a brown belt in Karate . Saina did her Xll from St. Ann 's College Mehdipatnam Hyderabad . Achievements ( edit ) 2006 -- 2009 ( edit ) In 2006 , Saina became the under - 19 national champion and created history by winning the prestigious Asian Satellite Badminton tournament ( India Chapter ) twice , becoming the first player to do so . In May 2006 , the 16 - year - old Saina became the first Indian woman and the youngest player from Asia to win a 4 - star tournament -- the Philippines Open . Entering the tournament as the 86th seed , Saina went on to stun several top seeded players including the then world number four Xu Huaiwen before defeating Julia Wong Pei Xian of Malaysia for the title . The same year Saina was also the runner up at the 2006 BWF World Junior Championships , where she lost a hard fought match against top seed Chinese Wang Yihan . She did one better in the 2008 by becoming the first Indian to win the World Junior Badminton Championships by defeating ninth seeded Japanese Sayaka Sato 21 -- 9 , 21 -- 18 . She became the first Indian woman to reach the quarter finals at the Olympic Games when she upset world number five and fourth seed Wang Chen of Hong Kong in a three - game thriller . In the quarter - finals Saina lost a nail biting 3 - gamer to world number 16 Maria Kristin Yulianti . In September 2008 , she won the Yonex Chinese Taipei Open 2008 beating Lydia Cheah Li Ya of Malaysia 21 -- 8 21 -- 19 . Maria Yulianti had earlier lost her quarter - final match to Pia Bernadet , Saina 's semi-final opponent , thus denying Saina a rematch . Saina was named `` The Most Promising Player '' in 2008 . She reached the world super series semifinals in the month of December 2008 . In June 2009 , she became the first Indian to win a BWF Super Series title , the most prominent badminton series of the world by winning the Indonesia Open . She beat Chinese Wang Lin in the final 12 -- 21 , 21 -- 18 , 21 -- 9 . Saina on winning the tournament said , `` I had been longing to win a super series tournament since my quarter final appearance at the Olympics '' . Saina is on the par with the likes of Prakash Padukone and her mentor Pullela Gopichand who both won the all England championships which are of similar status to the super series . In August 2009 , she reached to the quarterfinals of the World Championships , losing to the second seed Wang Lin . Saina successfully led the Indian Women Team to the Quarter - finals stage of the 2010 Uber Cup finals . Saina became the first Indian Woman to reach the semi finals of 2010 All - England Super Series before losing to eventual champion Tine Rasmussen . Top seeded Saina reached the semifinals of Yonex Sunrise Badminton Asia Championships 2010 losing out to unseeded eventual champion Li Xuerui of China . Saina 's Coach Gopichand advised her not exert too much pressure on herself due to the overwhelming home crowd support . Saina wins the 2010 India Open Grand Prix Gold , beating Wong Mew Choo of Malaysia in the final and thus justifying her billing as top seed in the tournament . She won a prize money of $8,280 for winning this BWF Grand Prix Gold tournament . Nehwal , again seeded no. 1 in the Singapore Open Super Series 2010 , entered the finals defeating World champion Lu Lan of China . Saina won the second Super Series title of her career by beating qualifier Tai Tzu - Ying of Chinese Taipei in the final of the Singapore Open 21 -- 18 , 21 -- 15 . But the fact that she won the tournament in the absence of all the top 5 ranked players takes a little sheen away from her path breaking victory . Saina won a prize money of $15,000 for winning this BWF Super Series tournament . Saina reached a career high of world no . 3 in the women 's singles badminton world rankings on 24 June 2010 . Saina defended her Indonesia Open super series title in three tough games against Sayaka Sato of Japan , 21 -- 19 , 13 -- 21 , 21 -- 11. This is her third super series title and her third successive title following wins at Indian open , Singapore Super series . She again won the top prize money of $18,750 for winning this BWF Super Series tournament . On 15 July 2010 , with 64791.26 points Saina Nehwal reached a career high world ranking of No. 2 only behind Wang Yihan of China . 2nd seed Saina , a tournament favourite , crashed out of the 2010 BWF World Championships in Paris after losing to 4th ranked Chinese Wang Shixian in straight sets 8 -- 21 , 14 -- 21 . She although equalled her tournament best performance , as she was also a losing quarter - finalist in the last edition held in Hyderabad . She subsequently dropped a spot to be No. 3 in the world rankings . Top seed Saina , won the gold medal in the Women 's Singles badminton event in the 2010 Commonwealth Games held in New Delhi . She beat Wong Mew Choo of Malaysia 19 -- 21 23 -- 21 21 -- 13 . After her win Saina said , `` when I was a match - point down , it was like a shock . It was a big match and winning it means a lot to me . Even many years from now , those present here will always remember how Saina won the gold . It is a proud feeling '' . In the BWF Super Series ranking for the year 2010 ( which only considers the performances of players in the elite world super series tournaments ) , as on 27 September 2010 , Saina has dropped to No. 7 from a high of No. 1 after giving a miss to 2010 China Masters Super Series and 2010 Japan Super Series due to her preparation for the 2010 Commonwealth Games . As on 5 Dec 2010 , for the first time in the year Saina Nehwal dropped out of the top 10 best performers in the 2010 BWF Super Series rankings . Saina Nehwal confirmed her participation for the 2010 Hong Kong Super series to held from 7 to 12 Dec 2010 and is also the penultimate super series tournament of the year . This would be Saina 's first super series tournament after a gap of more than 5 months since her win in the 2010 Indonesia Super Series in June 2010 . On 12 December 2010 , Saina Nehwal defeated Wang Shixian 15 -- 21 , 21 -- 16 , 21 -- 17 in the final of the 2010 Hong Kong Super Series to win her fourth career Super Series title . 2011 ( edit ) Fourth - seed Saina Nehwal crashed out of the 2011 Korea Open Super Series Premier on 27 January 2011 in the second round . She was defeated by the Japanese Sayaka Sato in a tight three - set match with score 17 -- 21 , 21 -- 19 and 21 -- 11 . Fifth - seed Saina was disappointed when she was defeated by Eriko Hirose of Japan at 2011 All England Super Series Premier on 11 March 2011 . She was defeated in straight sets with a score of 21 -- 11 and 22 -- 20 . It was her second early exit of the year after being defeated in Korean Premium Super Series earlier in January . One week later , on 17 March 2011 , she met Eriko Hirose again ( in the second round of the Wilson Badminton Swiss Open ) , but managed to win this time in three games 21 -- 15 , 17 -- 21 and 21 -- 11 -- on her birthday . 2nd seed Saina Nehwal beat Ji Hyun Sung of South Korea 21 -- 13 , 21 -- 14 to win the Swiss Open Grand Prix Gold badminton title on 20 March 2011 . Saina posed an early exit from the Indian Open Super Series in Delhi . She disappointed the home crowd being defeated by Ai Goto of Japan in straight games , 21 -- 17 and 21 -- 19 . Saina Nehwal faltered after a good start as she lost to the then world number three Wang Xin of China in the finals to finish runner - up in the 2011 Malaysian Open Grand Prix Gold tournament on 8 May 2011 . Saina Nehwal participated in the 2011 BWF Double Star Sudirman Cup Mixed team event , she won her first match against Tzu Ying Tai of Chinese Taipei which was a tough three setter 21 -- 10 , 12 -- 21 21 -- 17 , but India lost the tie 3 -- 2 . She was then shocked in her second match by current Junior World Champion and 16 - year - old teen sensation Ratchanok Inthanon of Thailand losing in straight sets 21 -- 14 , 22 -- 20 , but India managed to beat Thailand 3 -- 2 in the tie to book a spot in the quarterfinals of the Elite mixed team event for the first time in the history of the tournament . In the quarterfinals against the mighty Chinese , Saina put up her best performance and beat the then World number two Xin Wang in straight sets 21 -- 15 , 21 -- 11 , but still the Chinese managed to move into the semi finals with a 3 -- 1 win over India . Saina lost to Li Xuerui of China in the quarterfinals of the Thailand Open GP Gold . Defending Champion Saina lost to Cheng Shao - chieh of Chinese Taipei in the second round of Singapore Open Super Series . Saina , in her attempt to record a third straight win at the Indonesia Open Super Series Premier , reached the finals where she lost to Wang Yihan of China to finish as runner - up , on 26 June . Nehwal crashed out of World Championship 2011 as she lost 15 -- 21 , 10 -- 21 to World Number 3 Wang Xin of China in a lop - sided women 's singles match . Saina , who reached the quarterfinals in the last two editions of the event , had to be content with yet another last - eight finish . She lost in the quarter finals of 2011 China Masters Super Series against World No. 1 Wang Yihan of China in straight games , 8 -- 21 , 12 -- 21 . Saina lost in the semi finals of 2011 Japan Super Series against Juliane Schenk of Germany in straight games 19 -- 21 , 10 -- 21 . In the 2011 Denmark Super Series Premier , she lost to 17 - year - old teen Tai Tzu - ying of Taiwan in straight games 19 -- 21 , 13 -- 21 in the second round . Saina repeated her second - round exit in the 2011 French Super Series as she lost to World No. 16 Li Xuerui of China in straight games 18 -- 21 , 29 -- 30 . Saina lost in quarter finals of 2011 Hong Kong Super Series against World No. 7 Tine Baun of Denmark in straight games 16 -- 21 , 15 -- 21 . Saina was defeated in the first round of 2011 China Open Super Series Premier by World No. 8 Bae Youn - joo of South Korea 21 -- 15 , 22 -- 24 , 15 -- 21 . During the season ending tournament in December , Saina Nehwal created history by becoming the first Indian singles player to reach the final of BWF Super Series Masters Finals after defeating World No. 5 Tine Baun of Denmark to cruise 21 -- 17 , 21 -- 18 in the semifinals of the 2011 BWF Super Series Masters Finals in Liuzhou ( China ) . She went on to lose the final 21 -- 18 , 13 -- 21 , 13 -- 21 against the World No. 1 Chinese Wang Yihan in a contest lasting over an hour . 2012 -- 2013 ( edit ) Saina successfully did her Swiss Open Title by defeating World No 2 Wang Shixian of China 21 -- 19 21 -- 16 on 18 March 2012 , a day after she turned 22 years old . On 10 June 2012 , Saina defeated Thailand 's Ratchanok Inthanon 19 -- 21 21 -- 15 21 -- 10 , to lift the Thailand Open Grand Prix Gold title . On 17 June 2012 , Saina Nehwal won the Indonesia Open Super Series by defeating World No. 3 Li Xuerui of China 13 -- 21 , 22 -- 20 21 -- 19 . It was her 3rd Indonesia Open title . On 4 August 2012 , she won the bronze medal at the London Olympics when China 's Wang Xin retired from the match after an injury with the match at 18 -- 21 , 0 -- 1 . On 21 October 2012 , she won the Denmark Open Super Series Premier after defeating Wang Yihan 21 -- 12 12 -- 7 in the semifinal . Yihan got retired hurt in this match after losing first set and trailing in second set . In the final Saina defeated Juliane Schenk of Germany in two straight sets to lift her first Denmark open trophy . 2014 ( edit ) On 26 January 2014 Saina defeated World Championship bronze medalist P.V. Sindhu 21 -- 14 , 21 -- 17 to win the Women 's Singles of India Open Grand Prix Gold Tournament . On March , 2014 World No. 4 Saina Nehwal , who had a win - loss record of 4 -- 2 against the Chinese ace Wang Shixian , crashed out of the 2014 All England Super Series Premier after losing her quarter - final match . Saina took revenge of All England loss by defeating Wang Shixian in semifinals of 2014 Australian Super Series . In final on June 29 , 2014 Saina defeated Spain 's Carolina Marin 21 -- 18 , 21 -- 11 to win Women 's Singles of 2014 Australian Super Series . The win helped her to reach the ranking of World no . 7 , climbing two spots . She became the 1st Indian woman to win the China Open Super Series Premier by beating Japan 's Akane Yamaguchi 21 -- 12 , 22 -- 20 in the final . 2015 ( edit ) Defending Champion Saina Nehwal won the 2015 India Open Grand Prix Gold by defeating Spain 's Carolina Marin in the Final . She became the first Indian woman shuttler to reach the finals of All England Open Badminton Championships , but lost to Carolina in the final . On 29 March 2015 , Saina won her maiden women 's singles title at the India Open BWF Super Series beating Ratchanok Intanon of Thailand . This assured her of becoming World number 1 when the latest BWF rankings were released on April 2 . Thus , she became the first Indian women 's player to be World No. 1 in badminton . On 16th Aug 2015 , Saina went down fighting to Carolina Marin again , in the Final of World Badminton Championships held in Jakarta , settling for the Silver . defending champion Saina Nehwal fought hard before going down to Li Xuerei in the final of china open 2016 ( edit ) Saina dealt with injuries in the starting of 2016 but she eventually recovered . She , the defending champion lost to the reigning Olympic Champion Li Xuerui in a hard fought match at the India Open in the semifinals . She registered semifinal finishes at the India Open and Malaysia Open . She reached the semifinals of the Badminton Asia Championships after defeating the third seed Wang Shixian ( 21 -- 16 21 -- 19 ) in the quarterfinals , but lost to Wang Yihan in the semifinals . She settled for bronze , her second in the Asian Championships after 2010 . In June 2016 , she competed at the Indonesia Open Superseries Premier , she reached the quarterfinals where she lost to the top seed Carolina Marin with the score of 22 -- 24 , 11 -- 21 . At the Australian Super Series , after registering victories in straight games against unseeded players , Saina reached to the quarterfinals , where she won a hard - fought match against the second seed Ratchanok Intanon by 28 -- 26 , 21 -- 16 . After registering victory in the semifinals against the world no . 2 Wang Yihan by 21 -- 8 , 21 -- 12 , she won her first title of the year after defeating China 's Sun Yu in the final by 11 -- 21 , 21 -- 14 , 21 -- 19 . Making her third appearance at the Olympics , Nehwal , the fifth seed , won her opening match against the unseeded Lohaynny Vicente in straight games . However , she lost her second match against the world no . 61 Marija Ulitina by 18 -- 21 , 19 -- 21 , thereby making exit at the group stage . Her coach cited the week - old knee injury for her below par performance at the event . 2017 ( edit ) Saina entered 2017 with maiden Malaysia open Grand prix Gold title . In August she was seeded 12th in World Badminton Champioships at Glasgow . Nehwal again dug deep into her reservoir to eke out a 21 - 19 18 - 21 21 - 15 win over world No. 31 Kristy Gilmour of Scotland in the quarterfinal . However she lost in the semifinal in tight 3 setter to eventual winner Nozomi Okhuhara of Japan thus bagging bronze medal . This is Saina 's second consecutive medal at World Badminton Championship and a record breaking 7th consecutive quarterfinal . She then won the 82nd national badminton championship by beating P.V. Sindhu in the final . Honours ( edit ) Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award for Badminton Arjuna Award for Badminton Padma Bhushan for Badminton International titles and runners - up ( edit ) Individual titles ( 21 ) ( edit ) S. No . Year Tournament Opponent in final Score 2006 Philippines Open Julia Wong Pei Xian 21 -- 15 , 22 -- 20 2008 Chinese Taipei Open Lydia Cheah 12 -- 21 , 21 -- 18 , 21 -- 9 2009 India Grand Prix Aditi Mutatkar 21 -- 17 , 21 -- 13 2009 Indonesia Open Wang Lin 12 -- 21 , 21 -- 18 , 21 -- 9 5 India Open Wong Mew Choo 20 -- 22 , 21 -- 14 , 21 -- 12 6 Singapore Open Tai Tzu - ying 21 -- 18 , 21 -- 15 7 Indonesia Open Sayaka Sato 21 -- 19 , 13 -- 21 , 21 -- 11 8 Commonwealth Games Wong Mew Choo 21 - 19 , 21 - 23 , 13 - 21 9 Hong Kong Open Wang Shixian 15 -- 21 , 21 -- 16 , 21 -- 17 10 2011 Swiss Open Sung Ji - hyun 21 -- 13 , 21 -- 14 11 2012 Swiss Open Wang Shixian 21 -- 19 , 21 -- 16 12 2012 Thailand Open Ratchanok Inthanon 19 -- 21 , 21 -- 15 , 21 -- 10 13 2012 Indonesia Open Li Xuerui 13 -- 21 , 22 -- 20 , 21 -- 19 14 2012 Denmark Open Juliane Schenk 21 -- 17 , 21 -- 8 15 2014 India Grand Prix Gold P.V. Sindhu 21 -- 14 , 21 -- 17 16 2014 Australian Open Carolina Marín 21 -- 18 , 21 -- 11 17 2014 China Open Akane Yamaguchi 21 -- 12 , 22 -- 20 18 2015 Syed Modi International Carolina Marín 19 -- 21 , 25 -- 23 , 21 -- 16 19 2015 India Open Ratchanok Intanon 21 -- 16 , 21 -- 14 20 2016 Australian Open Sun Yu 11 -- 21 , 21 -- 14 , 21 -- 19 21 2017 Malaysia Masters Pornpawee Chochuwong 22 - 20 , 22 - 20 Individual runners - up ( 8 ) ( edit ) S. No . Year Tournament Opponent in final Score 2007 India International Challenge Kanako Yonekura 13 -- 21 , 18 -- 21 2011 Malaysia Masters Wang Xin 21 -- 13 , 8 -- 21 , 14 -- 21 2011 Indonesia Open Wang Yihan 21 -- 12 , 21 -- 23 , 14 -- 21 2011 Super Series Masters Finals Wang Yihan 21 -- 18 , 13 -- 21 , 13 -- 21 5 2012 French Open Minatsu Mitani 19 -- 21 , 11 -- 21 6 2015 All England Carolina Marín 21 -- 16 , 14 -- 21 , 7 -- 21 7 2015 World Championships Carolina Marín 16 -- 21 , 19 -- 21 8 2015 China Open Li Xuerui 12 -- 21 , 15 -- 21 BWF Event Multi-sport event Super Series Premier / Finals Super Series Grand Prix Gold Grand Prix International Challenge Individual Junior titles ( 3 ) ( edit ) S. No . Year Tournament Opponent in final Score 2003 Czech Junior International ( de ) Yana Vorotnykova 11 -- 3 , 11 -- 6 2008 Commonwealth Youth Games N. Sikki Reddy 23 -- 21 , 22 -- 20 2008 World Junior Championships Sayaka Sato 21 -- 9 , 21 -- 18 BWF Event Individual Junior runners - up ( 1 ) ( edit ) S. No . Year Tournament Opponent in final Score 2006 World Junior Championships Wang Yihan 13 -- 21 , 9 -- 21 BWF Event National titles and runners - up ( edit ) National Junior / Senior titles ( 12 ) ( edit ) S. No . Year Tournament Age group Format Partner Opponent ( s ) in final Score Ref . 2002 Sub-Junior National Badminton Championship Under 13 Singles N / A Parsa Naqvi 11 -- 0 , 11 -- 4 2002 Sub-Junior National Badminton Championship Under 13 Doubles Pizza Bharali Mudra Dhainje / Fernaz Jasdanwala 11 -- 5 , 11 -- 4 2002 Sub-Junior National Badminton Championship Under 16 Doubles Aparna Balan Manisha Eswarappa / Y.K. Subrata 11 -- 2 , 11 -- 3 2003 Sub-Junior National Badminton Championship Under 16 Singles N / A Anjali Kalita 11 -- 3 , 11 -- 13 , 11 -- 2 5 2003 Sub-Junior National Badminton Championship Under 16 Doubles Jyotshna P G.M. Nischitha / Madhuri Vijay 15 -- 6 , 15 -- 7 6 Junior National badminton championships Under 19 Singles N / A Ridhi Pajwani 11 -- 2 , 11 -- 4 7 Junior National badminton championships Under 19 Doubles Aparna Balan T. Soumya / Ashwini Chowdary 15 -- 6 , 15 -- 10 8 2005 Junior National badminton championships Under 19 Singles N / A Aditi Mutatkar 11 -- 5 , 13 -- 10 9 2005 Junior National badminton championships Under 19 Doubles Aparna Balan V. Ruth Misha / Saumya Padhye 15 -- 2 , 15 -- 4 10 2007 Senior National Badminton Championships Senior Singles N / A Aditi Mutatkar 21 -- 19 , 21 -- 16 11 2007 National Games Senior Singles N / A Aditi Mutatkar 24 -- 22 , 21 -- 15 12 2008 Senior National Badminton Championships Senior Singles N / A Trupti Murgunde 21 -- 11 , 21 -- 10 13 2017 Senior National Badminton Championships Senior Singles N / A P.V. Sindhu 21 -- 17 , 27 -- 25 National Junior / senior runners - up ( 1 ) ( edit ) S. No . Year Tournament Age group Format Partner Opponent ( s ) in final Score Ref . 2006 Senior National Badminton Championships Senior Singles N / A Aparna Popat 11 -- 13 , 3 -- 11 Career overview Singles Played Wins Losses Balance Total * 477 339 138 + 201 Current year ( 2016 ) * 24 17 8 + 10 Doubles Played Wins Losses Balance Total * 33 9 24 − 15 Current year ( 2016 ) * 0 0 0 0 * Statistics were last updated on 4 June 2016 . Event 2008 2012 2016 Summer Olympics QF 03 ! Bronze Group Stage Event 2006 Commonwealth Games 03 ! Bronze 01 ! Gold Event 2008 Commonwealth Youth Games 02 ! Silver 01 ! Gold Singles Titles Type No. of titles Super Series Premier Super Series 6 Grand Prix Gold 8 Grand Prix Others Total 23 Singles performance timeline ( edit ) Key SF QF # R RR Q # SF - B NH N / A Tournament 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 SR Best BWF events BWF World Junior Championships 2R NH N / A 1 / 3 W ( ' 08 ) BWF World Championships NH 1R 3R NH QF QF QF NH QF QF NH 0 / 8 F ( ' 15 ) Olympics N / A NH QF NH NH RR 0 / 3 SF ( ' 12 ) BWF Super Series All England Super Series Premier N / A 2R 1R 1R SF QF QF SF QF QF 0 / 10 F ( ' 15 ) India Open Super Series NH N / A 1R 2R 2R QF SF 1 / 6 W ( ' 15 ) Malaysia Super Series Premier N / A Absent QF QF SF SF 2R SF SF 0 / 7 SF ( ' 12 , ' 13 , ' 15 , ' 16 ) Singapore Open Super Series N / A SF QF 2R QF 1R Absent 1 / 6 W ( ' 10 ) Indonesia Super Series Premier N / A 2R SF QF QF QF 3 / 9 W ( ' 09 , ' 10 , ' 12 ) Australian Open Super Series N / A QF 2 / 3 W ( ' 14 , ' 16 ) Japan Open Super Series N / A 1R 1R SF Absent 2R 0 / 4 SF ( ' 11 ) Korea Open Super Series N / A Absent 2R 2R QF QF Absent 0 / 4 QF ( ' 12 , ' 13 ) Denmark Super Series Premier N / A 1R QF 2R QF QF 2R 1 / 7 W ( ' 12 ) French Open Super Series N / A Absent QF 2R 2R QF QF 0 / 6 F ( ' 12 ) China Open Super Series Premier N / A 1R 1R 2R 1R 2R 1R 1 / 7 W ( ' 14 ) Hong Kong Open Super Series N / A 1R QF 1R QF 2R 2R QF QF 1 / 8 W ( ' 10 ) Swiss Open Super Series N / A 1R 2R QF N / A 0 / 3 QF ( ' 09 ) China Masters Super Series NH N / A SF Absent QF Absent N / A 0 / 2 SF ( ' 08 ) BWF Super Series Masters Finals NH SF SF SF RR SF RR 0 / 7 F ( ' 11 ) BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix Malaysia Open Grand Prix Gold NH QF Absent 1 / 3 W ( ' 17 ) Syed Modi Grand Prix Gold N / A NH Absent 1R NH 3 / 4 W ( ' 09 , ' 14 , ' 15 ) Swiss Open Grand Prix Gold N / A SF QF SF 2 / 5 W ( ' 11 , ' 12 ) Chinese Taipei Grand Prix Gold N / A Absent 1 / 1 W ( ' 08 ) Thailand Open Grand Prix Gold N / A 1R QF NH QF QF NH 1 / 5 W ( ' 12 ) India Open Grand Prix Gold NH 2R QF N / A 1 / 3 W ( ' 10 ) Macau Open Grand Prix Gold Absent QF 0 / 1 QF ( ' 16 ) Other Events Commonwealth Games NH 3R NH NH NH 1 / 2 W ( ' 10 ) Asian Games NH 2R NH QF NH QF NH 0 / 3 QF ( ' 10 , ' 14 ) Asian Championships Absent 2R 2R 1R 1R 2R Absent QF 0 / 8 SF ( ' 10 , ' 16 ) Philippines Open NH 1R NH NH 1 / 2 W ( ' 06 ) India Satellite NH 2 / 2 W ( ' 05 , ' 06 ) Year - end Ranking 8 8 10 Record against top ranked players ( edit ) Record against Super Series finalists , World Championships semifinalists and Olympic quarterfinalists ( as of 12 June 2016 ) : Opponent Record Opponent Record Opponent Record Carolina Marin 5 -- 4 Wang Yihan 5 -- 11 Wang Xin 3 -- 4 Jiang Yanjiao 0 -- 5 Lu Lan 4 -- 1 Wang Lin 2 -- 4 Li Xuerui 2 -- 12 Xie Xingfang 0 -- 2 Wang Shixian 7 -- 7 Tine Baun 5 -- 4 Juliane Schenk 8 -- 4 Cheng Shao - Chieh 3 -- 1 Tai Tzu - ying 5 -- 8 Bae Yeon - ju 9 -- 4 Sung Ji - hyun 9 -- 2 Eriko Hirose 4 -- 5 Nozomi Okuhara 6 -- 2 Minatsu Mitani 6 -- 4 Petya Nedelcheva 6 -- 2 Pi Hongyan 1 -- 5 Yip Pui Yin 6 -- 2 Zhou Mi 1 -- 3 Wang Chen 1 -- 3 Wong Mew Choo 5 -- 2 Porntip Buranaprasertsuk 8 -- 1 Ratchanok Inthanon 8 -- 5 Lindaweni Fanetri 3 -- 1 Maria Kristin Yulianti 0 -- 1 Zhang Ning 0 -- 1 Zhu Lin 2 -- 2 Lianne Tan 1 -- 0 Ella Diehl 5 -- 0 Sayaka Sato 5 -- 1 P.V. Sindhu 1 -- 1 Sun Yu 6 -- 2 Larisa Griga 1 -- 0 Summer Olympics ( edit ) 2008 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Stage Opponent Result Games Points First Round Diehl ( RUS ) Won 2 -- 0 21 -- 9 , 21 -- 8 Second Round Griga ( UKR ) Won 2 -- 0 21 -- 18 , 21 -- 10 Third Round Wang Chen ( HKG ) Won 2 -- 1 21 -- 19 , 11 -- 21 , 21 -- 11 Quarter - finals Yulianti ( INA ) Lost 1 -- 2 28 -- 26 , 14 -- 21 , 15 -- 21 2012 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Stage Opponent Result Games Points Group Stage Jaquet ( SUI ) Won 2 -- 0 21 -- 9 , 21 -- 4 Group Stage L Tan ( BEL ) Won 2 -- 0 21 -- 4 , 21 -- 14 Octo - finals Yao Jie ( NED ) Won 2 -- 0 21 -- 14 , 21 -- 16 Quarter - finals Tine Baun ( DEN ) Won 2 -- 0 21 -- 15 , 22 -- 20 Semi-finals Wang Yihan ( CHN ) Lost 0 -- 2 13 -- 21 , 13 -- 21 Bronze Medal Match Wang Xin ( CHN ) Won 0 -- 1 18 -- 21 , 0 -- 1 retired 2016 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Stage Opponent Result Games Points Group Stage Vicente ( BRA ) won 2 -- 0 21 -- 17 , 21 -- 17 Group Stage Ulitina ( UKR ) lost 0 -- 2 18 -- 21 , 19 -- 21 Awards ( edit ) Most Promising Player of the Year ( 2008 ) award by Badminton World Federation Arjuna Award ( 2009 ) Padma Shri ( 2010 ) Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Padma Bhushan ( 2016 ) For the Bronze medal at the 2012 London Olympics ₹ 10 million ( US $160,000 ) cash award from the Haryana Government . ₹ 5 million ( US $78,000 ) cash award from the Rajasthan Government . ₹ 5 million ( US $78,000 ) cash award from the Andhra Pradesh Government . ₹ 1 million ( US $16,000 ) cash award from the Badminton Association of India . Honorary Doctorate Degree by Mangalayatan University Honorary Doctorate Degree by SRM University Endorsements ( edit ) In 2002 , sports brand Yonex offered to sponsor Saina 's kit . As her status and rankings improved , the sponsorships increased . In 2004 , BPCL ( Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited ) signed the rising star . She is one of the athletes supported by Olympic Gold Quest . She is the brand ambassador of Sahara India Pariwar . Saina endorses Herbalife , Top Ramen Noodles , Fortune Cooking Oil , NECC , Indian Overseas Bank , Vaseline , Sahara and Yonex . Most recently Saina Nehwal was announced as the brand ambassador for Honor , the Huawei smartphone sub-brand . She had signed an endorsement deal worth Rs. 400 million with the popular sports management firm Rhiti Sports in 2012 . However , she severed this deal in 2013 and signed up with KWAN entertainment and marketing solutions for an undisclosed sum . She has a dedicated sporting range with the multinational sports goods manufacturer Yonex , 4 % of the profits of which goes to her . Apart from endorsements , she has also been invited on popular Indian television shows as a guest including Satyamev Jayate , Comedy Nights with Kapil , The Kapil Sharma Show . As of April 2017 , A biopic directed by Amol Gupte will be made on her and actress Shraddha Kapoor will play the title role . See also ( edit ) Pullela Gopichand P.V. Sindhu Badminton in India Shraddha Kapoor India national badminton team References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : T.S. Sudhir : Saina Nehwal -- An Insipirational Biography , Nimby Books ( Westland Publications ) , 2012 , ISBN 978 - 8190657037 Jump up ^ Krishnan , Madhuvanti S. ( 27 August 2015 ) . `` Breaking the jinx '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 25 August 2016 . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal remade in China '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BWF World Rankings : Ranking week : 4 / 2 / 2015 '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` It 's official , Saina Nehwal is World No. 1 badminton player '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BWF World Rankings -- BWF '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Selvaraj , Jonathan ( 29 March 2015 ) . `` Saina Nehwal smashes new mark : First Indian woman to be World No. 1 '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter round : Who says what on Saina Nehwal 's Australia Super Series win '' . Zee News . 12 June 2016 . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Youth Games 2008 '' . tournamentsoftware.com . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vij wins shot put gold '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` London 2012 Badminton : Saina Nehwal gets Bronze as Xin Wang withdraws '' . NDTV . IANS. 5 August 2012 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2016 . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal and Co eye another medal , uphill task for men in Thomas and Uber Cup '' . The Indian Express . Press Trust of India . 14 May 2016 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2016 . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Karmarkar , Amit ( 18 August 2015 ) . `` Lahiri does better than Jeev . Really ? '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Niumata , Foster . `` Badminton boom in India sparked by Saina Nehwal 's success '' . Yahoo ! News ( 16 March 2016 ) . Associated Press . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why Haryana is India 's mine for medals '' . Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Think higher education ! Saina Nehwal : `` Do n't leave studies '' `` . Careers360. 3 March 2010 . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal India Medal Hopes Badminton Delhi Commonwealth Games Profile Career -- Oneindia News '' . News.oneindia.in. 24 September 2010 . Retrieved 29 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal gave up karate to embrace badminton '' . The Times Of India . 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Saina creates history , wins Philippines Open -- The Hindu dated 29 May 2006 Jump up ^ `` Saina goes down in qualifiers '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Saina wins Chinese Taipei Open Jump up ^ `` Saina revels in global fame as Most Promising Player of 2008 '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Saina only wins praises but no prize money Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal scripts history , wins Indonesian Open '' . Rediff.com . Press Trust of India . 21 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2016 . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ SamayLive : Saina becomes World No3 Jump up ^ Subrahmanyam , V.V. ( 27 June 2010 ) . `` Saina Nehwal clinches third Super Series title '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal Wins Gold Medal for India In Badminton '' . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Rao , Rakesh ( 14 October 2010 ) . `` Saina wins singles gold '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ BWF World Super Series Ranking -- Women 's Singles Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal wins Hong Kong Open Series '' . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Early exit for Saina at Denmark Open Super Series '' . 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saina crashes out of Hong Kong Open quarters '' . 18 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` South Korean Youn Joo Bae shuts the door on Saina Nehwal at the India Open '' . Daily Mail . London . 26 April 2012 . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal Beats Tine Baun in BWF Super Series Semis '' . Retrieved 17 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal loses to China 's Wang Yihan in World Super Series final '' . Retrieved 18 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal defends Swiss Open title '' . The Times Of India . Retrieved 18 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 10 June 2012 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal wins the Indonesia Open '' . 17 June 2012 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Current Ranking '' . 14 June 2012 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal wins her third Indonesia Open title '' . 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saina loses to Yihan , now faces Wang for bronze '' . The Times Of India . 4 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Saina Nehwal wins Denmark Super Series Jump up ^ `` Results '' . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal dedicates her Indian Open Title to Gopichand , Parents '' . IANS . Biharprabha News . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ vishal kungwani Mar 8 , 2014 . `` Saina Nehwal loses in the quarter - finals of the 2014 All England Badminton Championships -- Sportskeeda '' . Sportskeeda.com . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal wins Women 's Singles Tile of Australian Open 2014 '' . IANS . news.biharprabha.com . Retrieved 29 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal smashes new mark : First Indian woman to be World No. 1 '' . The Indian Express . 2015 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal crashes out of Indonesia Open Super Series '' . India Today . 3 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Open : Saina Nehwal and Kidambi Srikanth reach semifinals '' . The Indian Express . Press Trust of India . 10 June 2016 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2016 . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal beats Yihan Wang to reach Australian Open final '' . The Indian Express . Press Trust of India . 11 June 2016 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2016 . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` XIAMENAIR Australian Badminton Open '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rio : Saina Nehwal suffers shock defeat , crashes out of women 's singles event '' . The Hindu . PTI. 14 August 2016 . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal was playing with a knee injury , reveals coach Vimal Kumar after Rio Olympics exit '' . Daily News and Analysis . PTI. 14 August 2016 . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/world-badminton-championships-saina-nehwal-loses-in-semis-settles-for-bronze.At the 82nd senior national championships , Saina Nehwal defeated the Rio olympics silver medallist Pusarla. V. Sindhu by the score of 21 - 18 27 - 25 to take the national title for the third time in her career / articleshow / 60235573. cms Jump up ^ https://www.sportskeeda.com/badminton/world-badminton-championships-2017-saina-nehwal-talks-about-surprising-schedule-wishes-she-could-push-more Jump up ^ `` Saina creates history , wins Philippines Open '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JAYPEE CUP SYED MODI MEMORIAL INDIA GRAND PRIX 2009 : Draws : WS '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DJARUM INDONESIA SUPER SERIES 2009 : Draws : WS '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` INDIA GRAND PRIX GOLD 2010 : Draws : WS '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` INDIA INTERNATIONAL CHALLENGE 2007 : Draws : WS '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YONEX - SUNRISE Malaysia Open Grand Prix Gold 2011 : Draws : WS '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saina , Anand do India proud '' . The Hindu . 20 November 2003 . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Youth Games 2008 : Draws : WS '' . tournament software . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CYG 2008 : Badminton : Women 's Singles '' ( PDF ) . Commonwealth Games Federation . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bahniman and Krishna Deka triumph '' . The Hindu . 8 July 2002 . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Double delight for Saina '' . The Hindu . 17 October 2003 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chopda , Saina bag double '' . Deccan Herald . PTI. 9 November 2004 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Saina , Kashyap triumph '' . The Hindu . 3 December 2005 . Retrieved 9 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chetan , Saina champions '' . Deccan Herald . PTI. 29 January 2007 . Retrieved 9 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Big triumph for Kashyap '' . The Hindu . 19 February 2007 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Suryanarayan , S.R. ( 28 January 2008 ) . `` Chetan Anand , Saina Nehwal retain titles '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Kalyan , Ashok ( 12 January 2006 ) . `` No stopping Aparna '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saina NEHWAL -- Career overview '' . bwfbadminton.org . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Badminton > Round of 16 Match 40 -- Result '' . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chetan , Saina in second round '' . The Hindu . 30 March 2006 . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anup Sridhar advances '' . The Hindu . 13 April 2007 . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Badminton Asia Championships 2008 : Draws : WS '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Suwon Badminton Asia Championships 2009 : Draws : WS '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Badminton Asia Championships 2012 : Draws : WS '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saina creates history , wins Philippines Open '' . The Hindu . 29 May 2006 . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Philippines Open 2007 : Draws : WS '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India Satellite 2005 : Winners '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` INDIA SATELLITE 2006 : Winners '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BWF World Rankings '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saina NEHWAL : Head To Head '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saina named ' The most promising player of the year ' '' . The Times of India . 8 December 2008 . Retrieved 25 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saina wins Padma Shri '' . Times of India . 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Khel Ratna award for Saina Nehwal '' . The Hindu . 31 July 2010 . Retrieved 25 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sania Mirza , Saina Nehwal awarded the Padma Bhushan '' . Hindustan Times ( 25 January 2016 ) . Retrieved 25 January 2016 . Jump up ^ PTI 4 Aug 2012 , 07.56 PM IST ( 4 August 2012 ) . `` Haryana govt announces Rs 1 crore for Saina Nehwal -- Times Of India '' . Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . Jump up ^ PTI 13 Aug 2012 , 05.17 PM IST ( 13 August 2012 ) . `` Rajasthan announces cash awards for Olympic winners Vijay Kumar , Sushil Kumar , Mary Kom , Saina Nehwal and others -- Economic Times '' . Economictimes.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AP govt announces Rs 50 lakh cash reward for Saina Nehwal '' . The Times Of India . 8 August 2012 . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BAI announces Rs 10 lakh award for Saina Nehwal '' . Indian Express . 22 June 2012 . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . Jump up ^ daily.bhaskar.com Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Saina-Nehwal-gets-honorary-doctorate-says-her-father-will-be-proud-of-her-as-he-wanted-her-to-be-a-doctor/articleshow/54882308.cms Jump up ^ BPCL Jump up ^ Olympic Gold Quest Official website Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal signed as brand ambassador by Sahara -- Badminton News '' . Sports.ndtv.com. 2012 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Herbalife Sponsorship List Jump up ^ About Top Ramen Jump up ^ `` Saina endorses Fortune '' . The Economic Times . 24 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal : Acing the brand endorsement scene '' . AFAQ. 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Saina-Nehwal-is-e-smartphone-Honors-brand-ambassador/articleshow/51618327.cms Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal signs Rs 40cr deal with sports management firm Rhiti Sports '' . CNN - IBN. 19 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Saina Nehwal severs ties with Rhiti sports ending Rs 40 crore deal '' . Sportskeeda. 19 December 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saina Nehwal . Saina NEHWAL at BWF.tournamentsoftware.com Saina NEHWAL at BWFbadminton.com Saina Nehwal at BadmintonLink.com Saina Nehwal first badminton academy at Gaur City at Sportskeeda Saina Nehwal Profile and latest news at Sportskeeda Interview with Saina Nehwal -- `` Your Call with Saina Nehwal '' on NDTV Padma Bhushan award recipients ( 2010 -- 19 ) Satya Paul Agarwal Mohammad Amin Sailesh Kumar Bandopadhyay M.S. Banga Anil Bordia Bipan Chandra B.K. Chaturvedi Sant Singh Chatwal G.P. Chopra Tan Chung Madhusudan Dhaky P.R. Dubhashi Puttaraj Gawai Belle Monappa Hegde Ilaiyaraaja Jagdish Chandra Kapur Shrinivas Khale Aamir Khan Sultan Khan Ram Kumar Kumudini Lakhia Kuzhur Narayana Marar Chhannulal Mishra Eledath Thaikkattu Narayanan Mooss C.P. Krishnan Nair S.P. Oswal Akbar Padamsee Ramakanta Panda Balasaheb Vikhe Patil Arogyaswami Paulraj A.R. Rahman Moosa Raza Mallika Sarabhai Nookala Chinna Satyanarayana Abhijit Sen Satya Vrat Shastri Noshir M. Shroff Kushal Pal Singh Bikash Sinha Balagangadharanatha Swamiji Narayanan Vaghul P.K. Warrier Fareed Zakaria 2011 S.P. Balasubrahmanyam Rajashree Birla M.N. Buch C.V. Chandrasekhar Ajai Chowdhry Yogesh Chander Deveshwar Satyadev Dubey T.J.S. George Shankha Ghosh Kris Gopalakrishnan Keki Byramjee Grant Shashi Kapoor Krishen Khanna Khayyam Chanda Kochhar Dwijen Mukhopadhyay Madavoor Vasudevan Nair Ramdas Pai Dashrath Patel Rajendra Singh Pawar Suryanarayanan Ramachandran Shobhana Ranade Gunupati Venkata Krishna Reddy Kallam Anji Reddy Waheeda Rehman Shyam Saran Analjit Singh Arpita Singh Surendra Singh R.K. Srikantan Raghavan Thirumulpad 2012 Suresh H. Advani Shabana Azmi Homi K. Bhabha Shashikumar Chitre Khaled Choudhury Jatin Das Vidya Dehejia Dharmendra S.N. Goenka M.S. Gopalakrishnan T.V. Gopalakrishnan Buddhadev Das Gupta Sunil Janah Anish Kapoor S.B. Mujumdar B. Muthuraman Mira Nair Arvind Panagariya José Pereira Mata Prasad M.S. Raghunathan P. Chandrasekhara Rao Ronen Sen Devi Shetty M.V. Subbiah N. Vittal N.H. Wadia George Yeo 2013 Satya N. Atluri Maharaj Kishan Bhan Jaspal Bhatti Rahul Dravid Adi Godrej S. Janaki Abdul Rashid Khan Rajesh Khanna Mary Kom Nandkishore Shamrao Laud Mangesh Padgaonkar Hemendra Singh Panwar Jogesh Pati Shivajirao Girdhar Patil A. Sivathanu Pillai D. Ramanaidu Kanak Rele V.K. Saraswat Ashoke Sen Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak B.N. Suresh Sharmila Tagore Ramamurthy Thyagarajan Saroja Vaidyanathan 2014 Anisuzzaman Mrityunjay Athreya Padmanabhan Balaram Dalveer Bhandari Ruskin Bond Anita Desai Pullela Gopichand Kamal Haasan Jyeshtharaj Joshi V.N. Kaul Neelam Kler M. Mahadevappa Leander Paes K. Radhakrishnan Anumolu Ramakrishna Thirumalachari Ramasami Lloyd Rudolph Susanne Hoeber Rudolph Vinod Prakash Sharma Ghulam Mohammed Sheikh Parveen Sultana Dhirubhai Thaker Vairamuthu J.S. Verma T.H. Vinayakram 2015 Jahnu Barua Manjul Bhargava Vijay P. Bhatkar Swapan Dasgupta David Frawley Bill Gates Melinda Gates Swami Satyamitranand N. Gopalaswami Subhash C. Kashyap Gokulotsavji Maharaj Saichiro Misumi Ambrish Mithal Sudha Ragunathan Harish Salve Ashok Seth Rajat Sharma Satpal Singh Shivakumara Swami Khadg Singh Valdiya 2016 Ravindra Chandra Bhargava Robert Blackwill Hafeez Contractor Indu Jain Heisnam Kanhailal Anupam Kher Sania Mirza Pallonji Mistry Udit Narayan Saina Nehwal Yarlagadda Lakshmi Prasad Vinod Rai N.S. Ramanuja Tatacharya A.V. Rama Rao D. Nageshwar Reddy Dayananda Saraswati Barjinder Singh Hamdard Ram V. Sutar Tejomayananda 2017 Vishwa Mohan Bhatt Deviprasad Dwivedi Ratnasundarsuri Niranjanananda Saraswati Cho Ramaswamy Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Tehemton Erach Udwadia # Posthumous conferral 1954 -- 1959 1960 -- 1969 1970 -- 1979 1980 -- 1989 1990 -- 1999 2000 -- 2009 2010 -- 2019 Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna awardees 1991 -- 2000 Viswanathan Anand ( 1991 -- 92 ) Geet Sethi ( 1992 -- 93 ) Homi Motivala and Pushpendra Kumar Garg ( 1993 -- 94 ) Karnam Malleswari ( 1994 -- 95 ) Kunjarani Devi ( 1995 -- 96 ) Leander Paes ( 1996 -- 97 ) Sachin Tendulkar ( 1997 -- 98 ) Jyotirmoyee Sikdar ( 1998 -- 99 ) Dhanraj Pillay ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Pullela Gopichand ( 2000 -- 01 ) 2001 -- 2010 Abhinav Bindra ( 2001 ) K.M. Beenamol and Anjali Bhagwat ( 2002 ) Anju Bobby George ( 2003 ) Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore ( 2004 ) Pankaj Advani ( 2005 ) Manavjit Singh Sandhu ( 2006 ) MS Dhoni ( 2007 ) No award ( 2008 ) Mary Kom , Vijender Singh , and Sushil Kumar ( 2009 ) Saina Nehwal ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present Gagan Narang ( 2011 ) Vijay Kumar and Yogeshwar Dutt ( 2012 ) Ronjan Sodhi ( 2013 ) No award ( 2014 ) Sania Mirza ( 2015 ) P.V. Sindhu , Dipa Karmakar , Jitu Rai , and Sakshi Malik ( 2016 ) Devendra Jhajharia and Sardara Singh ( 2017 ) World rankings : Top ten badminton players as of November 30 , 2017 Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Axelsen Son Lee 3 Chen Kidambi 2 Lin 1 Chou Shi Ng Kumar Tai Yamaguchi Sindhu Marin Sung Intanon Okuhara Chen He Nehwal Gideon / Sukamuljo Boe / Mogensen Li / Liu Liu / Zhang 1 Kamura / Sonoda 1 Conrad / Kolding Lee / Lee Ivanov / Sozonov Chen / Wang Inoue / Kaneko 2 Chen / Jia Matsutomo / Takahashi Juhl / Pedersen Chang / Lee Fukushima / Hirota Tanaka / Yonemoto Jung / Shin Fukuman / Yonao Kititharakul / Prajongjai 1 Polii / Rahayu 7 Zheng / Chen Lu / Huang Ahmad / Natsir Wang / Huang 2 Adcock / Adcock Jordan / Susanto 2 Zhang / Li Puavaranukroh / Taerattanachai Tang / Tse Tan / Lai Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saina_Nehwal&oldid=815935454 '' Categories : 1990 births Living people Indian national badminton champions Indian female badminton players World No. 1 badminton players Sportswomen from Hyderabad , India Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in sports Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports Recipients of the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan schools alumni Campus School , CCS HAU alumni Olympic badminton players of India Badminton players at the 2008 Summer Olympics Badminton players at the 2012 Summer Olympics Badminton players at the 2016 Summer Olympics Olympic medalists in badminton Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics Olympic bronze medalists for India Badminton players at the 2006 Asian Games Badminton players at the 2010 Asian Games Badminton players at the 2014 Asian Games Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India Asian Games medalists in badminton Asian Games bronze medalists for India Commonwealth Games competitors for India Badminton players at the 2006 Commonwealth Games Badminton players at the 2010 Commonwealth Games Commonwealth Games medallists in badminton Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India Sportswomen from Haryana 21st - century Indian sportswomen 21st - century Indian sportspeople People from Hisar ( city ) Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games Hidden categories : EngvarB from January 2014 Use dmy dates from January 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from August 2016 Interlanguage link template link number BWF template with ID same as Wikidata BWF2 template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 04 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the first indian who win world junior badminton championship | [
"Nehwal has achieved several milestones in badminton for India. She is the only Indian to have won at least a medal in every BWF major individual event, namely the Olympics, the BWF World Championships, and the BWF World Junior Championships. She is the first Indian badminton player to have won an Olympic medal, along with being the only Indian to have won the BWF World Junior Championships or to have reached to the final of the BWF World Championships.[12] In 2006, Nehwal became the first Indian female and the youngest Asian to win a 4-star tournament. She also has the distinction of being the first Indian to win a Super Series title. In the 2014 Uber Cup, she captained the Indian team and remained undefeated, helping India to win bronze medal. It was India's first medal in any BWF major team event.[13] She is a role model to many young badminton players."
] | [
"Nehwal"
] |
-3686792176816625030 | National Museum of Natural History | National Museum of Natural History - wikipedia National Museum of Natural History This article is about the museum in Washington , D.C. . For the museum in New York City , see American Museum of Natural History . For national museums in other countries , see National Museum of Natural History ( disambiguation ) . National Museum of Natural History Main facade Location within Washington , D.C. Established 1910 ; 108 years ago ( 1910 ) Location National Mall in Washington , D.C. , United States Coordinates 38 ° 53 ′ 29 '' N 77 ° 01 ′ 33 '' W / 38.8913 ° N 77.0259 ° W / 38.8913 ; - 77.0259 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 29 '' N 77 ° 01 ′ 33 '' W / 38.8913 ° N 77.0259 ° W / 38.8913 ; - 77.0259 Type Natural History Visitors 6 million ( 2017 ) Director Kirk Johnson Public transit access Smithsonian or Federal Triangle Website www.mnh.si.edu The National Museum of Natural History is a natural - history museum administered by the Smithsonian Institution , located on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. , United States . It has free admission and is open 364 days a year . In 2016 , with 7.1 million visitors , it was the fourth most visited museum in the world and the most visited natural - history museum in the world . Opened in 1910 , the museum on the National Mall was one of the first Smithsonian buildings constructed exclusively to hold the national collections and research facilities . The main building has an overall area of 1,500,000 square feet ( 140,000 m ) with 325,000 square feet ( 30,200 m ) of exhibition and public space and houses over 1,000 employees . The museum 's collections contain over 126 million specimens of plants , animals , fossils , minerals , rocks , meteorites , human remains , and human cultural artifacts . In 2016 it was the second most visited of all of the Smithsonian museums . It is also home to about 185 professional natural - history scientists -- the largest group of scientists dedicated to the study of natural and cultural history in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1846 -- 1911 1.2 1981 -- 2003 1.3 2003 -- 2007 1.4 2007 -- 2012 2 Research and collections 3 Exhibitions 3.1 Hall of Geology , Gems , and Minerals 3.2 Hall of Human Origins 3.3 Dinosaurs / Hall of Paleobiology 3.4 Hall of Mammals 3.5 Insect Zoo 3.6 Ocean Hall 3.7 African Voices 3.8 Butterflies + Plants : Partners In Evolution 3.9 Western Cultures Hall 3.10 Korea Gallery 3.11 Teleology : Hall of Bones 3.12 Q ? rius 4 Other 5 Gallery 6 In popular culture 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links History ( edit ) 1846 -- 1911 ( edit ) The United States National Museum was founded in 1846 as part of the Smithsonian Institution . The museum was initially housed in the Smithsonian Institution Building , which is better known today as the Smithsonian Castle . A formal exhibit hall opened in 1858 . The growing collection led to the construction of a new building , the National Museum Building ( known today as the Arts and Industries Building ) . Covering a then - enormous 2.25 acres ( 9,100 m ) , it was built in just 15 months at a cost of $310,000 . It opened in March 1881 . Congress authorized construction of a new building on June 28 , 1902 . On January 29 , 1903 , a special committee composed of members of Congress and representatives from the Smithsonian 's board of regents published a report asking Congress to fund a much larger structure than originally planned . The regents began considering sites for the new building in March , and by April 12 settled on a site on the north side of B Street NW between 9th and 12th Streets . The D.C. architectural firm of Hornblower & Marshall was chosen to design the structure . Testing of the soil for the foundations was set for July 1903 , with construction expected to take three years . Model T Ford parked in front of the National Museum in 1926 The Natural History Building ( as the National Museum of Natural History was originally known ) opened its doors to the public on March 17 , 1910 , in order to provide the Smithsonian Institution with more space for collections and research . The building was not fully completed until June 1911 . The structure cost $3.5 million ( about $85 million in inflation - adjusted 2012 ) dollars . The Neoclassical style building was the first structure constructed on the north side of the National Mall as part of the 1901 McMillan Commission plan . In addition to the Smithsonian 's natural history collection , it also housed the American history , art , and cultural collections . 1981 -- 2003 ( edit ) Between 1981 and 2003 , the National Museum of Natural History had 11 permanent and acting directors . There were six directors alone between 1990 and 2002 . Turnover was high as the museum 's directors were disenchanted by low levels of funding and the Smithsonian 's inability to clearly define the museum 's mission . Robert W. Fri was named the museum 's director in 1996 . One of the largest donations in Smithsonian history was made during Fri 's tenure . Kenneth E. Behring donated $20 million in 1997 to modernize the museum . Fri resigned in 2001 after disagreeing with Smithsonian leadership over the reorganization of the museum 's scientific research programs . J. Dennis O'Connor , Provost of the Smithsonian Institution ( where he oversaw all science and research programs ) was named acting director of the museum on July 25 , 2001 . Eight months later , O'Conner resigned to become the vice president of research and dean of the graduate school at the University of Maryland . Douglas Erwin , a paleontologist at the National Museum of Natural History , was appointed interim director in June 2002 . The museum as seen from the National Mall 2003 -- 2007 ( edit ) In January 2003 , the Smithsonian announced that Cristián Samper , a Colombian with an M.Sc. and Ph. D. from Harvard University , would become the museum 's permanent director on March 31 , 2003 . Samper ( who holds dual citizenship with Colombia and the United States ) founded the Alexander von Humboldt Biological Resources Research Institute and ran the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute after 2001 . Smithsonian officials said Samper 's administrative experience proved critical in his appointment . Under Samper 's direction , the museum opened the $100 million Behring Hall of Mammals in November 2003 , received $60 million in 2004 for the Sant Hall of Oceans , and received a $1 million gift from Tiffany & Co. for the purchase of precious gems for the National Gem Collection . Aerial view , 2008 On March 25 , 2007 , Lawrence M. Small , Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and the organization 's highest - ranking appointed official , resigned abruptly after public reports of lavish spending . 2007 -- 2012 ( edit ) On March 27 , 2007 Samper was appointed Acting Secretary of the Smithsonian . Paul G. Risser , former chancellor of the University of Oklahoma , was named Acting Director of the Museum of Natural History on March 29 . Samper 's tenure at the museum was not without controversy . In May 2007 , Robert Sullivan , the former associate director in charge of exhibitions at the National Museum of Natural History , charged that Samper and Smithsonian Undersecretary for Science David Evans ( Samper 's supervisor ) ordered `` last minute '' changes in the exhibit `` Arctic : A Friend Acting Strangely '' to tone down the role of human beings in the discussion of global warming , and to make global warming seem more uncertain than originally depicted . Samper denied that he knew of any scientific objections to the changes , and said that no political pressure had been applied to the Smithsonian to make the changes . In November 2007 , The Washington Post reported that an interagency group of scientists from the Department of the Interior , NASA , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , and National Science Foundation believed that , despite Samper 's denial , the museum `` acted to avoid criticism from congressional appropriators and global - warming skeptics in the Bush administration '' . The changes were discussed as early as mid-August 2005 , and Dr. Waleed Abdalati , manager of NASA 's Cryospheric Sciences Program , noted at the time that `` There was some discussion of the political sensitivities of the exhibit . '' Although the exhibit was due to open in October 2005 , the Post reported that Samper ordered a six - month delay to allow for even further changes . The newspaper also reported that it had obtained a memo drafted by Samper shortly after October 15 , 2005 , in which Samper said the museum should not `` replicate '' work by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . A few weeks later , a NOAA climate researcher advised a superior that the delay was due to `` the debate within the administration and the science community over the existence and cause of global warming '' . During the delay , Samper asked high - level officials in other government agencies and departments to review the script for the exhibit , ordered his museum staff to make additionals changes , and rearranged the sequence of the exhibit panels so that the discussion of climate change was not immediately encountered by museum visitors . Shortly before the exhibit opened in April 2006 , officials at NOAA and the United States Department of Commerce expressed to their superiors their opinion that the exhibit had been changed to accommodate political concerns . In an interview with The Washington Post in November 2007 , Samper said he felt the exhibit displayed a scientific certainty that did not exist , and expressed his belief that the museum should present evidence on both sides and let the public make up its own mind . Inside the rotunda The controversy became more heated after the press reported that Samper gave permission for the museum to accept a $5 million donation from American Petroleum Institute that would support the museum 's soon - to - be-opened Hall of Oceans . Two members of the Smithsonian Institution 's Board of Regents ( which had final say on accepting the donation ) questioned whether the donation was a conflict of interest . Before the board could consider the donation , the donor withdrew the offer . Risser resigned as acting director of the museum on January 22 , 2008 , in order to return to his position at the University of Oklahoma . No new acting director was named at that time . Six weeks later , the Smithsonian regents chose Georgia Tech president G. Wayne Clough as the new Secretary . Samper stepped down to return to his position as Director of the National Museum of Natural History . The remainder of Samper 's tenure at the museum proved less controversial . In June 2008 , the Victoria and Roger Sant family donated $15 million to endow the new Ocean Hall at the museum . The museum celebrated the 50th anniversary of its acquisition of the Hope Diamond in August 2009 by giving the gemstone its own exhibit and a new setting . In March 2010 , the museum opened its $21 million human evolution hall . In January 2012 , Samper said he was stepping down from the National Museum of Natural History to become president and chief executive officer of the Wildlife Conservation Society . Two months later , the museum announced it had received a $35 million gift to renovate its dinosaur hall , and a month later the Sant family donated another $10 million to endow the director 's position . On July 25 , 2012 Kirk Johnson , vice president of research and collections at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science , was named Samper 's successor effective October 29 , 2012 . Johnson oversees a museum with 460 employees and a $68 million budget . Research and collections ( edit ) The Smithsonian gives an approximate number for artifacts and specimens of 127.3 million . More specifically , the collections include 30 million insects , 4.5 million plants preserved in the Museum 's herbarium , and 7 million fish stored in liquid - filled jars . Of the 2 million cultural artifacts , 400,000 are photographs housed in the National Anthropological Archives . Through an off - site active loan and exchange program , the museum 's collections can be accessed . As a result , 3.5 million specimens are out on loan every year . The rest of the collections not on display are stored in the non-public research areas of the museum and at the Museum Support Center , located in Suitland , MD . Other facilities include a marine science center in Ft . Pierce , Florida and field stations in Belize , Alaska , and Kenya . Research in the museum is divided into seven departments : anthropology , botany , entomology , invertebrate zoology , mineral sciences , paleobiology , vertebrate zoology . One collection of nearly a million specimens of birds , reptiles , and mammals kept at the museum has been maintained by the Biological Survey unit of the U.S. Geological Survey . This division had started in 1885 as an economic ornithology unit of the Agriculture Department . Clarence Birdseye and Clinton Hart Merriam had worked in this organization . As of February 2018 , the unit 's funding is planned to be cut , and it is not clear what would happen to the collection . Exhibitions ( edit ) Hall of Geology , gems , and minerals ( edit ) The Star of Asia , a large , 330 - carat cabochon - cut star sapphire in the U.S. National Gem Collection The Hope Diamond The National Gem and Mineral Collection is one of the most significant collections of its kind in the world . The collection includes some of the most famous pieces of gems and minerals including the Hope Diamond and the Star of Asia Sapphire , one of the largest sapphires in the world . There are currently over 15,000 individual gems in the collection , as well as 350,000 minerals and 300,000 samples of rock and ore specimens . Additionally , the Smithsonian 's National Gem and Mineral Collection houses approximately 35,000 meteorites , which is considered to be one of the most comprehensive collections of its kind in the world . The collection is displayed in the Janet Annenberg Hooker Hall of Geology , Gems and Minerals , one of the many galleries in the Museum of Natural History . Some of the most important donors , besides Hooker , are Washington A. Roebling , the man who built the Brooklyn Bridge , who gave 16,000 specimens to the collection ; Frederick A. Canfield , who donated 9,000 specimens to the collection ; and Dr. Isaac Lea , who donated the basis of the museum 's collection of 1312 gems and minerals . Hall of Human Origins ( edit ) Rick Potts , head of Smithsonian Human Origins project The David H. Koch Hall of Human Origins opened on March 17 , 2010 , marking the museum 's 100th anniversary . The hall is named for David H. Koch , who contributed $15 million to the $20.7 million exhibit . The Hall is `` dedicated to the discovery and understanding of human origins , '' and occupies 15,000 square feet ( 1,400 m ) of exhibit space . Specimens include 75 replica skulls , an interactive human family tree that follows six million years of evolution , and a Changing the World gallery that focuses on issues surrounding climate change and humans ' impact on the world . The Hall 's core concept idea is `` What Does It Mean To Be Human '' , and focuses on milestones of Human Evolution such as Walking Upright , Bigger Brains , and Creating a World of Symbols . Also covered is the Smithsonian 's significant research on the geological and climate changes which occurred in East Africa during significant periods of Human Evolution . The exhibit highlights an actual fossil Neanderthal and replicas created by famed paleoartist , John Gurche . The exhibit has been criticized for downplaying the significance of human - caused global warming . The exhibit also provides a complementary web site , which provides diaries and podcasts directly from related fields of research . The Companion Book , What Does It Mean To Be Human was written by Richard ( Rick ) Potts , the Curator , and Christopher Sloan . The exhibit was designed by Reich + Petch . Dinosaurs / Hall of paleobiology ( edit ) Skeleton of Brontotherium The revised skeleton of Triceratops Play media A FossiLab volunteer uses lab equipment to sift through collected sediments for bone particles at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History . The museum has over 570,000 catalogued reptiles from around the world . The National Collection of Amphibians and Reptiles has increased 300 percent since 1970 to over 570,000 specimen records in 2008 . The Hall of Dinosaurs has fossilized skeletons and cast models , including Tyrannosaurus rex cast facing a Triceratops cast . The Triceratops exhibit shows the first accurate dinosaur skeleton in virtual motion , achieved through the use of scanning and digital technology . '' The collection consists of 46 `` complete and important specimens '' of dinosaurs . In May 2012 , billionaire David H. Koch donated $35 million toward the cost of a $45 million upgrade to the 30 - year - old , 25,000 square feet ( 2,300 m ) dinosaur hall . The hall is anticipated to close in the spring of 2014 and reopen in 2019 . In June 2013 , the Smithsonian obtained a 50 - year lease on a T. rex fossil skeleton owned by the United States Army Corps of Engineers . It is the first T. rex skeleton to be displayed at the museum , which until now has only had the cast of a skull . The specimen , known as the `` Wankel '' or `` Devil '' rex , was found on Corps - owned land in the Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge in Montana in 1988 . It has since been on display at the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman , Montana ( which helped excavate the fossil ) . The `` Wankel rex '' ( whose skeleton is 85 percent complete ) was to be unveiled at the Museum of Natural History on National Fossil Day , October 16 , 2013 , and was supposed to be on display until the dinosaur hall exhibit closes for renovation in the spring of 2014 . The 35 - foot ( 11 m ) long skeleton will be the centerpiece of the dinosaur hall when it re-opens in 2019 . The Museum of the Rockies ( which did not own the skeleton but was the repository for it ) has about a dozen T. rex specimens , including one which is eighty percent complete . Only about six museums in the United States have a T. rex skeleton . The Museum of the Rockies is a Smithsonian affiliate museum , and had long promised to find a T. rex for the Smithsonian to display . Due to the 2013 federal government shutdown , the fossil did not arrive in Washington , D.C. Smithsonian officials said it remained in storage in Montana , and would not arrive at the Smithsonian until late spring 2014 . Packed up in 16 crates , the T. rex , named `` Nation 's T. rex '' by the Smithsonian , traveled from the Museum of the Rockies and arrived at the National Museum of Natural History on April 15 , 2014 . The T. rex has been displayed in the Rex Room , while specialists performed a conservation assessment and the Smithsonian Digitization Program scanned each bone , to create a 3 - D model for research . The Nation 's T. rex will be the centerpiece of the new fossil hall , opening in 2019 . Hall of Mammals ( edit ) The Behring Hall of Mammals was designed by Reich + Petch . The mammal specimens are presented as works of modern art within minimal environmentals . Visitors discover mammal 's evolutionary adaptions to hugely diverse contexts , and ultimately discover that they too are mammals . The museum has the largest collection of vertebrate specimens in the world , nearly twice the size of the next largest mammal collections , including historically important collections from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries . Its collection was initiated by C. Hart Merriam and the U.S. Department of Agriculture ( later the Department of the Interior ) , which expanded it in the 1890s - 1930s . Insect zoo ( edit ) The O. Orkin Insect Zoo features live insects and exhibits about insects and entomologists . Different habitats have been created to show the type of insects that live in different environments and how they have adapted to a freshwater pond , house , mangrove swamp , desert , and rain forest . The zoo is sponsored by Orkin , a pest control company . Ocean Hall ( edit ) Ocean Hall The Sant Ocean Hall opened on September 27 , 2008 , and is the largest renovation of the museum since it opened in 1910 . The hall includes 674 marine specimens and models drawn from the over 80 million specimens in the museum 's total collection , the largest in the world . The hall is named for the Roger Sant family , who donated $15 million to endow the new hall and other related programs . The collection includes : a coelenterate - long North Atlantic Right Whale , a 1,500 - gallon aquarium , one female giant squid displayed in the center of the hall and a male displayed off to the side , an adult coelenterate , and a Basilosaurus . The museum also provides the Smithsonian Ocean Portal , a complementary web site which provides regularly updated , original content from the museum 's research , collections , and Sant Ocean Hall as well as content provided by more than 20 collaborating organizations , including Archive , Census of Marine Life , Consortium for Ocean Leadership , Encyclopedia of Life , INDUCT , Monterrey Bay Aquarium , Monterrey Bay Aquarium Research Institute , National Geographic , NOAA , New England Aquarium , Ocean Conservancy , Oceania , Pew Charitable Trusts , Sea Web , Save Our Seas , Scrips Institution of Oceanography , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , World Heritage Marine Programmer . African voices ( edit ) This exhibit and associated website `` examines the diversity , dynamism , and global influence of Africa 's peoples and cultures over time in the realms of family , work , community , and the natural environment . '' Butterflies + plants : partners in Evolution ( edit ) Featuring a live butterfly pavilion allows `` visitors to observe the many ways in which butterflies and other animals have evolved , adapted , and diversified together with their plant partners over tens of millions of years . '' The exhibit was designed by Reich + Petch . Western cultures Hall ( edit ) `` This hall explores some examples from various cultures in the western world including northern Iraq , ancient Egypt , Greece and Rome and the recent discovery of the Iceman , a Copper Age mummy found in an Italian glacier . '' This exhibit closed September 26 , 2010 . Korea gallery ( edit ) The Korea Gallery is a special showcase to celebrate Korean traditions and examine its unique influence and complex role in the world today . The exhibit expresses the continuity of the past by highlighting enduring features of Korean culture that have influence and resonance today . The exhibit uses the Smithsonian ceramics collection as well as a rich selection of photographs , ritual objects and traditional Korean carpentry to communicate and connect to both the local Korean community and an international audience . Traditional art forms , such as ceramics and calligraphy , along with mythological figures , language , large feature photographs and illustrations speak to a range of shared historical memories that connect Koreans at home and abroad . Personal stories of modern Koreans , as told in their own voices , provide a context to discuss some of the many issues that face the divided country today . Korea 's incredible transformation from ' The Hermit Kingdom ' to a world power is traced through its impact on the arts , the economy and popular culture . The exhibit was designed by Reich + Petch . Teleology : Hall of Bones ( edit ) This exhibit displays a `` variety of vertebrate skeletons grouped by their evolutionary relationships . '' Q ? rius ( edit ) Opened since 2013 , this exhibit is the museum 's interactive and educational area . Using , microscopes and touch screens , the area hosts various interactive activities and puzzles visitors can experience and contains a `` collection zone '' that houses over 6000 different specimens and artifacts visitors are able personally handle . The area also hosts various events such as allowing visitors to meet and discuss with Smithsonian scientists and hosting school groups . Other ( edit ) The Discovery Room , a family - and student - friendly hands - on activity room on the first floor . In the lower level , there is a bird exhibit , Urban Bird Habitat Garden , with all the migratory and native birds to Washington D.C. The Global Volcanism Program is housed in the department of Mineral Sciences . The museum frequently hosts sleepovers through the Smithsonian Associates for children ages 8 -- 12 . Gallery ( edit ) Hall of Dinosaurs Hall of Mammals Hall of Mammals In popular culture ( edit ) In Fallout 3 , a derelict exhibit at the museum serves as the entrance to Underworld , a civilization established by ghouls . In the 2008 film Get Smart , the fictional spy organization CONTROL is located underneath the National Museum of Natural History . The giant squid from the National Museum of Natural History inspired the octopus that comes to life in 20th Century Fox 's film Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian . The exteriors of the Museum were used as a model for the `` Leyendecker Museum '' in the Sierra On - Line 1991 adventure game The Dagger of Amon Ra . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Visitor Statistics '' . Smithsonian Newsdesk . Archived from the original on 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The World 's most popular museums '' , CNN.com , 22 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Research & Collections '' . National Museum of Natural History . Archived from the original on 15 April 2012 . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . Jump up ^ D'Angelis , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Evelyn , Dickson , and Ackerman , p. 107 . Jump up ^ `` Plans for Museum Building . '' Washington Post . July 6 , 1902 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Building for Museum . '' Washington Post . January 30 , 1903 . Jump up ^ `` Site of New National Museum . '' Washington Post . March 7 , 1903 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Museum Plans . '' Washington Post . April 13 , 1903 . Jump up ^ `` Museum Building Design . '' Washington Post . May 24 , 1903 . Jump up ^ `` This Day in Smithsonian History - March '' . Siarchives.si.edu . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Museum History '' . National Museum of Natural History . 2008 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Bache , Rene . `` America 's $3,500,000 National Museum , Just Completed , Most Remarkable Structure of Its Kind in the World . '' Washington Post . March 6 , 1910 . ^ Jump up to : Trescott , Jacqueline . `` Smithsonian Taps Biologist For Natural History Museum . '' Washington Post . January 30 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Smithsonian Selects Fri for Natural History Post . '' Orlando Sentinel . March 21 , 1996 . ^ Jump up to : Olson , Elizabeth . `` A Biologist Will Lead Smithsonian Museum . '' New York Times . January 30 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Washington : New Museum Director . '' New York Times . July 26 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Wiltz , Teresa . `` Smithsonian Losing a Sixth Key Director . '' Washington Post . April 4 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Interim Chief Named At Natural History . '' Washington Post . June 6 , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biologist Named to Head Smithsonian Natural History Museum . '' Associated Press . January 29 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Edward . `` East Bay Developer Pumps Millions Into Smithsonian Project . '' San Francisco Chronicle . November 15 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Trescott , Jacqueline . `` Museum to Get $60 Million Exhibit . '' Washington Post . September 16 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Tiffany Makes $1.1 Million Gift to Smithsonian Museum . '' Associated Press . June 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Zongker , Brett . `` Smithsonian 's Top Official Resigns . '' Associated Press . March 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pogrebin , Robin . `` Smithsonian Scrambles to Regain Its Footing . '' New York Times . April 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Acting Director Named at Smithsonian 's Natural History Museum . '' Associated Press . March 30 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Grimaldi , James V. and Trescott , Jacqueline . `` Scientists Fault Climate Exhibit Changes . '' Washington Post . November 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Zongker , Brett . `` Smithsonian Toned Down Exhibit on Arctic . '' Associated Press . May 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pogrebin , Robin . `` Gift to Smithsonian Is Rescinded . '' New York Times . November 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Head of Smithsonian 's Natural History Museum Returning to OU . '' Associated Press . January 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` GIT President to Head Smithsonian . '' United Press International . March 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Couple Gives $15 M for Smithsonian Ocean Hall . '' Associated Press . June 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Schmid , Randolph E. `` Hope Diamond to Get New Setting for Anniversary . '' Associated Press . August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zongker , Brett . `` Smithsonian Opens $21 M Human Evolution Hall . '' Associated Press . March 17 , 2010 ; Brotherton , Elizabeth . `` Natural History Details Origin of Our Species . '' Roll Call . March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zongker , Brett . `` Head of Smithsonian Natural History Museum Resigns . '' Associated Press . January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trescott , Jacqueline . `` Natural History Museum Gets $35 Million Gift . '' Washington Post . May 4 , 2012 ; `` Koch Gives Smithsonian $35 M for New Dinosaur Hall . '' Associated Press . May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trescott , Jaqcqueline . `` Sants Give $10 Million to Natural History Museum . '' Washington Post . June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Parker , Lonnae O'Neal . `` Smithsonian Names New Director of Natural History Museum . '' Washington Post . July 26 , 2012 ; Zongker , Brett . `` Smithsonian Picks Paleontologist to Lead DC Museum . '' Associated Press . July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kamen , Al . `` Meet the Smithsonian 's Fossil Guy . '' Washington Post . August 20 , 2013 . Archived July 19 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 2013 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` NMNH Fact Sheet '' . Smithsonian Institution . Archived from the original on 1 September 2012 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` About the Museum '' . National Museum of Natural History . Archived from the original on 15 August 2012 . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Museum Support Center Library '' . Smithsonian Libraries . Archived from the original on 2 July 2012 . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Juliet Eilperin . Trump has long vowed to slash government Archived 2018 - 03 - 11 at the Wayback Machine ... Washington Post . 26 Feb 2018 ^ Jump up to : Hevesi , Dennis ( 2008 - 04 - 06 ) . `` George Switzer , 92 , Dies ; Started a Gem Treasury '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Klein , Julia M. ( May 11 , 2010 ) . `` Our Species Rediscovers Its Cousin '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Smithsonian Opens Human Evolution Hall '' . CBS News . March 17 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 22 October 2014 . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Michael ( March 19 , 2010 ) . `` Smithsonian 's Natural History Museum opens its Hall of Human Origins '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 25 October 2014 . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Rothstein , Edward ( March 18 , 2010 ) . `` Searching the Bones of Our Shared Past '' . Archived from the original on 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Polluter - Funded Evolution & Climate Exhibit at the Smithsonian '' . National Wildlife Federation . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Jane ( August 30 , 2010 ) . `` Covert Operations : The billionaire brothers who are waging a war against Obama '' . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2012 . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Exhibition Hall Devoted to Human Origins Opens at National Museum of Natural History '' . National Museum of Natural History . March 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Vertebrate Zoology : Division of Amphibians & Reptiles '' . National Museum of Natural History . 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` New and Improved '' . National Geographic . December 1 , 2000 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Dinosaur Hall '' . National Museum of Natural History . 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Dinosaur Collections '' . National Museum of Natural History . 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Trescott , Jacqueline . `` David Koch Donates $35 Million to National Museum of Natural History for Dinosaur Hall . '' Washington Post . May 3 , 2012 . Archived July 19 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 2012 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ The specimen was found in sediments known as the Hell Creek Formation , hence the name `` Devil rex '' . ^ Jump up to : du Lac , J. Freedom `` Tyrannosaurus rex Gets Long - Term Lease at Smithsonian 's Natural History Museum . '' Washington Post . June 27 , 2013 . Archived July 20 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 2013 - 06 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Schontzler , Gail . `` Montana T. rex Heading to Smithsonian . '' Bozeman Daily Chronicle . June 28 , 2013 . Archived July 7 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 2013 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Nation 's T. Rex Invades the Smithsonian '' . nationalgeographic.com. 17 April 2014 . Archived from the original on 1 July 2017 . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How to 3 - D print a dinosaur '' . PBS NewsHour . Archived from the original on 15 July 2017 . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Lac , J. Freedom du ( 15 April 2014 ) . `` T. rex fossils arrive at Smithsonian 's National Museum of Natural History '' . Archived from the original on 19 July 2017 . Retrieved 2 May 2018 -- via www.washingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ `` Department of Vertebrate Zoology '' . National Museum of Natural History . 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Vertebrate Zoology : Division of Mammals '' . National Museum of Natural History . 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The New Sant Ocean Hall Opens Sept 27 . at the Smithsonian 's National Museum of Natural History '' ( PDF ) . National Museum of Natural History . September 24 , 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 9 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Current Exhibitions '' . National Museum of Natural History . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Q ? rius , The Coralyn W. Whitney Science Education Center '' . si.edu. 9 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 12 September 2017 . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` National Museum of Natural History - Smithsonian Institution '' . Washington Post . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Urban Bird Habitat Garden '' . Exhibitions . Smithsonian Institution . Archived from the original on 24 October 2012 . Retrieved 24 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Smithsonian Sleepovers '' . Smithsonian Sleepovers . Smithsonian Institution . Archived from the original on 16 July 2016 . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian '' Treasure Map `` . Smithsonian Institution . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 17 . Bibliography ( edit ) D'Angelis , Gina . It Happened in Washington , D.C. Guilford , Conn. : TwoDot , 2004 . Evelyn , Dougas E. ; Dickson , Paul ; and Ackerman , S.J. On This Spot : Pinpointing the Past in Washington , D.C. Sterling , Va. : Capital Books , 2008 . Redman , Samuel J. Bone Rooms : From Scientific Racism to Human Prehistory in Museums . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Museum of Natural History , United States . Geographic data related to National Museum of Natural History at OpenStreetMap National Museum of Natural History official website A Brief History of the Museum - from the NMNH website National Museum of Natural History - National Gem and Mineral Collection Research collections of the National Museum of Natural History Finding Aid to the Records of the Department of Anthropology , United States National Museum - National Museum of Natural History , Manuscript and Pamphlet File , National Anthropological Archives , Smithsonian Institution Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History at Google Cultural Institute hide Smithsonian Institution Museums African American History and Culture African Art Air and Space Udvar -- Hazy American Art American History Numismatic Collection American Indian Heye Center Anacostia Arts and Industries Castle Cooper -- Hewitt Design Freer Gallery of Art Hirshhorn Natural History Barcode of Life Global Volcanism Portrait Gallery Postal Renwick Gallery Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Zoo National Zoological Park Uncle Beazley Research Archives of American Art American Gardens Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystems Program Conservation and restoration Archives Astrophysics Conservation Biology Environmental Research Libraries Marine Station Museum Conservation Institute Migratory Bird Tropical Research Cultural Asian Pacific Latino Folklife and Cultural Heritage Folklife Festival Folkways Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra Smithsonian Global Sound Media Air & Space Smithsonian magazine Smithsonian Channel Other Affiliations James Smithson Ripley Center Science Education Traveling Exhibition Service Wilson Center ( The Wilson Quarterly ) Smithsonian Police BNF : cb122991619 ( data ) GND : 1007947 - 6 ISNI : 0000 0001 2364 5061 LCCN : n78083411 NLA : 35376276 SNAC : w6f58c79 SUDOC : 032917767 VIAF : 134356831 Biology portal Evolutionary biology portal Science portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Museum_of_Natural_History&oldid=839315049 '' Categories : 1910 establishments in the United States American national museums in Washington , D.C. Dinosaur museums in the United States Domes Insectariums Members of the Cultural Alliance of Greater Washington Museums established in 1910 National Mall Natural history museums in Washington , D.C. Natural history of the United States Rotundas ( architecture ) Smithsonian Institution museums Asian art museums in the United States Egyptological collections in the United States Paleontology in Washington , D.C. Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Articles with dead external links from August 2010 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Azərbaycanca Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 17 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the national museum of natural history built | [
"The National Museum of Natural History is a natural-history museum administered by the Smithsonian Institution, located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., United States. It has free admission and is open 364 days a year. In 2016, with 7.1 million visitors, it was the fourth most visited museum in the world and the most visited natural-history museum in the world.[2] Opened in 1910, the museum on the National Mall was one of the first Smithsonian buildings constructed exclusively to hold the national collections and research facilities.[3] The main building has an overall area of 1,500,000 square feet (140,000 m2) with 325,000 square feet (30,200 m2) of exhibition and public space and houses over 1,000 employees.[3]"
] | [
"1910"
] |
-6311887522687532593 | Fall Out Boy | Fall Out Boy - wikipedia Fall Out Boy Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the rock band . For other uses , see Fallout Boy . Fall Out Boy Fall Out Boy performing at Rock im Park 2014 . From left to right : Joe Trohman , Patrick Stump , Andy Hurley and Pete Wentz . Background information Origin Wilmette , Illinois , U.S. Genres Pop punk pop rock emo pop emo Years active 2001 -- 2009 2013 -- present Labels Uprising Fueled by Ramen Island DCD2 PAX AM Associated acts Arma Angelus Racetraitor The Damned Things Website falloutboy.com Members Patrick Stump Joe Trohman Pete Wentz Andy Hurley Past members Ben Rose Mike Pareskuwicz T.J. Kunasch Brandon Hamm Fall Out Boy is an American rock band formed in Wilmette , Illinois , a suburb of Chicago , in 2001 . The band consists of lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist Patrick Stump , bassist Pete Wentz , lead guitarist Joe Trohman , and drummer Andy Hurley . The band originated from Chicago 's hardcore punk scene , with which all members were involved at one point . The group was formed by Wentz and Trohman as a pop punk side project of the members ' respective hardcore bands , and Stump joined shortly thereafter . The group went through a succession of drummers before landing Hurley and recording the group 's debut album , Take This to Your Grave ( 2003 ) . The album became an underground success and helped the band gain a dedicated fanbase through heavy touring , as well as some moderate commercial success . Take This to Your Grave has commonly been cited as an influential blueprint for pop punk music in the 2000s . With Wentz as the band 's lyricist and Stump as the primary composer , the band 's 2005 major - label breakthrough , From Under the Cork Tree , produced two hit singles , `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' and `` Dance , Dance , '' and went double platinum , transforming the group into superstars and making Wentz a celebrity and tabloid fixture . Fall Out Boy received a Best New Artist nomination at the 2006 Grammy Awards . The band 's 2007 follow - up , Infinity on High , landed at number one on the Billboard 200 with 260,000 first week sales . It produced two worldwide hit singles , `` This Ai n't a Scene , It 's an Arms Race '' and `` Thnks fr th Mmrs . '' Folie à Deux , the band 's fourth album , created a mixed response from fans and commercially undersold expectations . Following the release of Believers Never Die -- Greatest Hits , the band took a hiatus from 2009 to 2012 to `` decompress , '' exploring various side projects . The band regrouped and recorded Save Rock and Roll ( 2013 ) , which gave the band its second career number one and produced the top 20 single `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) . '' The group 's sixth studio album , American Beauty / American Psycho ( 2015 ) , released worldwide on Island Records , was preceded by the top 10 hit `` Centuries '' and also spawned the single `` Uma Thurman '' which peaked at 22 on Hot 100 . The album peaked at No. 1 , making it the band 's third No. 1 album and the group 's fifth consecutive top 10 album . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 2001 -- 2002 : Early years 1.2 2003 -- 2004 : Early success and Take This to Your Grave 1.3 2005 -- 2006 : From Under the Cork Tree 1.4 2007 : Infinity on High 1.5 2008 -- 2009 : Folie à Deux 1.6 2010 -- 2012 : Hiatus and solo careers 1.7 2013 -- 2014 : Reformation and Save Rock and Roll 1.8 2014 -- 2016 : American Beauty / American Psycho 1.9 2017 -- present : Mania 2 Musical style and influences 3 Legacy 4 Band members 4.1 Timeline 5 Discography 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 7.1 Footnotes 7.2 Bibliography 8 External links History 2001 -- 2002 : early years Fall Out Boy was formed in 2001 in the Chicago suburb of Wilmette , Illinois by friends Pete Wentz and Joe Trohman . Wentz was a `` visible fixture '' of the relatively small Chicago hardcore punk scene of the late 1990s , performing in various groups such as Birthright , Extinction and First Born , as well the metalcore band Arma Angelus and the more political Racetraitor , `` a band that managed to land the covers of Maximumrocknroll and Heartattack fanzines before releasing a single note of music . '' Wentz was growing dissatisfied with the changing mores of the community , which he viewed as a transition from political activism to an emphasis on moshing and breakdowns . With enthusiasm in Arma Angelus waning , he created a pop punk side project with Trohman as an `` easy and escapist '' project . Trohman met Patrick Stump , then a drummer for grindcore band Xgrinding processX and a host of other bands that `` never really managed , '' at a Borders bookstore in Wilmette . While discussing Neurosis with a friend , Stump interrupted the conversation to correct their classification of the band in a conversation that soon shifted to the new band . Stump , viewing it as an opportunity to try out with `` local hardcore celebrity '' Wentz , directed Trohman to his MP3.com page , which contained sung - through acoustic recordings . Stump intended to try out as a drummer , but Trohman urged him to bring out his acoustic guitar ; he impressed the duo with songs from Saves the Day 's Through Being Cool . While Wentz wanted Racetraitor bandmate Andy Hurley in the group as drummer , Hurley appeared uninterested and too busy . The band 's first public performance came in a cafeteria at DePaul University alongside Stilwell and another group that performed Black Sabbath in its entirety . The band 's only performance with guitarist John Flamandan and original drummer Ben Rose was in retrospect described as `` goofy '' and `` bad , '' but Trohman made an active effort to make the band work , picking up members for practice . Wentz and Stump argued over band names ; the former favored verbose , tongue - in - cheek names while the latter desired to reference Tom Waits in name . After creating a short list of names that included `` Fall Out Boy , '' a fictional character from The Simpsons and Bongo Comics , friends voted on the name . The band 's second performance , at a southern Illinois university with The Killing Tree , began with Wentz introducing the band under a name Stump recalled as `` very long . '' According to Stump , an audience member yelled out , `` Fuck that , no , you 're Fall Out Boy ! , '' and the band were credited later in the show under that name by Killing Tree frontman Tim McIlrath . As the group looked up to McIlrath , and Trohman and Stump were `` die - hard '' Simpsons fans , the name stuck . The group 's first cassette tape demo was recorded in Rose 's basement , but the band later set off for Wisconsin to record a proper demo with 7 Angels 7 Plagues drummer Jared Logan , whom Wentz knew through connections in the hardcore scene . Several more members passed through the group , including drummer Mike Pareskuwicz of Subsist and guitarist T.J. `` Racine '' Kunasch . While Stump at this point felt uninterested in the group , Wentz was , according to Uprising Records owner Sean Muttaqi , viewing the group as `` the thing that would make him famous . He had a clear vision . '' Wentz was `` singularly focused on taking things to the next level , '' and threw the band into promotion via early social media . Muttaqi got word of the demo and wanted to release half of it as a split extended play with Hurley 's band Project Rocket , which the band viewed as competition . Uprising desired to release an album with the emerging band , which to that point had only written three songs . With the help of Logan , the group attempted to put together a collection of songs in two days , and recorded them as Fall Out Boy 's Evening Out with Your Girlfriend . The rushed recording experience and underdeveloped songs left the band dissatisfied . When the band set off to Smart Studios in Madison , Wisconsin to record three songs for a possible split 7 - inch with 504 Plan , engineer Sean O'Keefe suggested the band record the trio with Hurley . Hurley was also recording an EP with his new group the Kill Pill in Chicago the same day , but raced to Madison to lay down drums for Fall Out Boy . `` It was still a fill - in thing but when Andy sat in , it just felt different . It was one of those `` a-ha '' moments , '' recalled Wentz . 2003 -- 2004 : early success and Take This to Your Grave The band booked a two - week tour with Spitalfield , but Pareskuwicz was unable to get time off from work and Kunasch was kicked out of the band as the group `` had all gotten sick of him . '' Kunasch was temporarily replaced by friend Brandon Hamm on guitar , alongside drummer Chris Envy from the recently disbanded Showoff , but both quit prior to the kickoff of the tour . The band invited Hurley instead to fill - in once more , while Stump borrowed one of Trohman 's guitars for the trek . While most shows were cancelled , the band played any show possible : `` Let 's just get on whatever show we can . You can pay us in pizza , '' remembered Wentz . As the tour concluded , the general consensus was that Hurley would be the band 's new drummer , and the band began to shop around the three songs from the group 's unreleased split as a demo to record labels . The band members set their sights on pop punk labels , and attempted with considerable effort to join Drive - Thru Records . A showcase for label co-founders went largely mediocre , and the band were offered to sign to side label Rushmore , an offer that the members of the band declined . They got particularly far in discussions with The Militia Group and Victory Records , and Bob McLynn of Crush Management became the band 's first manager . The band re-entered the studio with O'Keefe to record several more tracks to create label interest . Wentz felt `` in the backseat '' in writing the songs and temporarily questioned his place in the group , but Stump argued in his favor : `` No ! That 's not fair ! Do n't leave me with this band ! Do n't make me kind of like this band and then leave it ! That 's bullshit ! '' The band 's early tour vehicle was a `` tiny V6 that was running on three cylinders , and it was not getting enough air , so it would drive really slowly , '' recalled Wentz . `` We had to turn on the hot air to reach the speed limit , so we had the heat on all the time in 120 degree weather . It was so hot it melted the plastic molding around the windows . When it rained , we 'd get all wet . '' John Janick of Fueled by Ramen had heard an early version of a song online and cold - called the band members at their apartment , first reaching Stump and later talking to Wentz for an hour . Rob Stevenson from Island Records eventually offered the band a `` first - ever incubator sort of deal , '' in which they gave the band money to sign with Fueled by Ramen for the group 's one - off debut , knowing they could `` upstream '' the band to radio on the sophomore record . Fueled by Ramen , at the time the smallest of independent labels clamoring to sign the band , would effectively release the group 's debut album and help build the band 's ever - expanding fanbase before the group moved to Island . The band again partnered with O'Keefe at Smart Studios , bringing together the three songs from the demo and recording an additional seven songs in nine days . The band , according to Stump , did n't `` sleep anywhere that we could shower ( ... ) There was a girl that Andy 's girlfriend at the time went to school with who let us sleep on her floor , but we 'd be there for maybe four hours at a time . It was crazy . '' As the band progressed and the members ' roles became more defined , Wentz took lyrics extremely seriously in contrast to Stump , who had been the group 's primary lyricist up to that point . Arguments during the recording sessions led to what `` most reductively boils down to Wentz writing the lyrics and Stump writing the melodies . '' The band 's debut album , Take This to Your Grave , was issued by Fueled by Ramen in May 2003 . Previously , one of the band 's earliest recordings , Evening Out with Your Girlfriend , had not seen release until shortly before Grave in March 2003 , when the band had gained considerable momentum . `` Our record was something being rushed out to help generate some interest , but that interest was building before we could even get the record out , '' said Sean Muttaqi . The band actively tried to stop Uprising from releasing the recordings ( as the band 's relationship with Muttaqi had grown sour ) , as the band viewed it as a `` giant piece of garbage '' recorded before Hurley 's involvement that the band members ceased to consider the debut album of the group . Gradually , the band 's fanbase grew in size as the label pushed for the album 's mainstream success . According to Wentz , shows began to end in a near - riot and the group were banned from several venues because the entire crowd would end up onstage . The band gained positive reviews for subsequent gigs at South by Southwest ( SXSW ) and various tour appearances . The band joined the Warped Tour for five dates in the summer of 2004 , and on one date the band had only performed three songs when the stage collapsed due to the large crowd . The band appeared on the cover of the August 2004 edition of Alternative Press , and listening stations at Hot Topic partially helped the album move 2,000 - 3,000 copies per week by Christmas 2004 , at which point the label considered the band `` tipping '' into mainstream success . 2005 -- 2006 : from Under the Cork Tree Fall Out Boy performing in 2006 The band had been flooded with `` hyperbolic praise , '' and deemed `` the next big thing '' by multiple media outlets . Before recording the follow - up to its debut , the band released the acoustic EP / DVD My Heart Will Always Be the B - Side to My Tongue . The EP was the band 's first charting on the Billboard 200 at number 153 . From Under the Cork Tree was recorded in Burbank , California , and served as the first time the band had stayed in California for an extended period of time . The group lived in corporate housing during the making of the album . In contrast to Take This to Your Grave 's rushed recording schedule , Fall Out Boy took a much more gradual pace while working on From Under the Cork Tree . It was the first Fall Out Boy record in which Stump created all the music and Wentz wrote all the lyrics , continuing the approach they took for some songs on Grave . Stump felt that this process was much more `` smooth '' as every member was able to focus on his individual strengths . He explained : `` We have n't had any of those moments when I play the music and he 'll say , ' I do n't like that , ' and he 'll read me lyrics and I 'll say , ' I do n't like those lyrics . ' It 's very natural and fun . '' Despite this , the band had great difficulty creating its desired sound for the album , constantly scrapping new material . Two weeks before recording sessions began , the group abandoned ten songs and wrote eight more , including the album 's first single , `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down . '' The band suffered a setback , however , when Wentz had an emotional breakdown in February 2005 , culminating in an unsuccessful suicide attempt . He had withdrawn from the rest of the group , with his condition only apparent through his lyrics , and had also become obsessed with the recent Indian tsunami and his own self - doubt . `` It is particularly overwhelming when you are on the cusp of doing something very big and thinking that it will be a big flop , '' he said later . Wentz swallowed a handful of Ativan anxiety pills ( he described the act as `` hypermedicating '' ) in the Chicago Best Buy parking lot . After being rushed to the hospital and having his stomach pumped , Wentz moved back home to Wilmette to live with his parents . From Under the Cork Tree debuted and peaked at number nine on the Billboard 200 upon its May 2005 release . It was spearheaded by the band 's breakthrough single , `` Sugar , We 're Goin ' Down , '' reached number eight in the US Billboard Hot 100 in September 2005 , and in the UK chart in February 2006 , crossing over from Alternative to Pop radio . `` Dance , Dance , '' the album 's second single , also was a top ten hit in the United States and was certified 3x Platinum in 2014 . The record 's success led to stardom among teenagers in North America , and the band 's first arena tour had the group playing to 10,000 people per night . Rolling Stone wrote that the band 's `` anthems , '' distributed and marketed through their MySpace , connected with `` skinny - jeans - wearing teen girls . '' In support of From Under the Cork Tree , the band toured exhaustively with international tours , TRL visits , late - night television appearances and music award shows . The band performed at music festivals in 2005 and 2006 , including the third Nintendo Fusion Tour in the fall of 2005 , joining The Starting Line , Motion City Soundtrack , Boys Night Out , and Panic ! at the Disco on a 31 city tour . The album earned the band a Grammy nomination for Best New Artist , and has sold over 2.7 million copies in the United States , becoming the group 's best - selling album . `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' also won the band an MTV Music Video Award . 2007 : Infinity on High Pete Wentz ( shown in May 2007 ) became the band 's spokesman and a tabloid fixture in the mid-2000s . In the wake of the band 's multiplatinum success , the `` especially extroverted '' Wentz became the most publicly visible member of the band . He confided to the press his suicide attempt and nude photos of the bassist appeared on the Internet in 2006 . He gained additional exposure through his clothing line , his Decaydance record label ( an imprint of Fueled by Ramen ) , and eventually a celebrity relationship with pop singer Ashlee Simpson , which made the two tabloid fixtures in the United States . Due to its increased success from the group 's MTV Video Music Award , the group headlined the Black Clouds and Underdogs Tour , a pop punk event that featured The All - American Rejects , Well - Known Secret , Hawthorne Heights , and From First to Last . The tour also featured The Hush Sound for half of the tour and October Fall for half . The band played to 53 dates in the US , Canada , and the UK . After taking a two - month - long break following the band 's Black Clouds and Underdogs tour in promotion of the band 's 2005 album From Under the Cork Tree , Fall Out Boy returned to the studio to begin work on a follow - up effort . The band began writing songs for the new album while touring , and intended to quickly make a new album in order to keep momentum in the wake of its breakthrough success . In early 2007 , the group released its third studio album , Infinity on High , which was the band 's second release on major label Island . The album marked a departure in Fall Out Boy 's sound in which the band implemented a diverse array of musical styles including funk , R&B , and flamenco . As reported by Billboard , Fall Out Boy `` drifts further from its hardcore punk roots to write increasingly accessible pop tunes , '' a slight departure from the group 's previous more pop punk sound predominant on their 2003 effort , Take This to Your Grave . Fall Out Boy on NBC 's The Today Show in Rockefeller Center Infinity 's first week was a major success and was the band 's biggest selling week , selling 260,000 copies to debut at No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 and inside the top five worldwide . This charting was first started with lead single `` The Carpal Tunnel of Love '' , with minor success on the Billboard charts . This success was bolstered by the further - successful second single `` This Ai n't a Scene , It 's an Arms Race '' , which reached No. 2 in both the US and UK as well as the top five in many other countries . On the band 's decision to pick the song as a single , Wentz commented `` There may be other songs on the record that would be bigger radio hits , but this one had the right message . '' `` Thnks fr th Mmrs '' , the third single , peaked just outside the top 10 at No. 11 on the strength of sales and popular radio play , and went on to sell over two million copies in the US . It found its greatest success in Australia where it charted at No. 3 . In 2007 , Fall Out Boy placed at No. 9 in the Top Selling Digital Artists chart with 4,423,000 digital tracks sold , according to Nielsen SoundScan . The album itself has sold over two million copies worldwide and subsequently was certified Platinum in the United States . Fall Out Boy then headlined the 2007 Honda Civic Tour to promote the album . Though the tour was initially postponed due to personal issues , it would take place with + 44 , Cobra Starship , The Academy Is ... and Paul Wall as supporting acts . The band also headlined the Young Wild Things Tour , an international arena tour featuring Gym Class Heroes , Plain White T 's and Cute Is What We Aim For . Inspired by Maurice Sendak 's 1963 children 's book Where the Wild Things Are , the concert tour and included sets designed by artist Rob Dobi containing images from the book . The band 's `` hugely successful '' amphitheater tour to promote Infinity led to the release of the 2008 live album Live in Phoenix , consisting of live material recorded during a June 22 , 2007 , concert at Phoenix 's Cricket Wireless Pavilion , a date of the Honda Civic Tour . The disc also a studio cover of Michael Jackson 's `` Beat It '' , with guitarist John Mayer guesting for a guitar solo . The track was released as a single and became a mainstay on the iTunes top ten . 2008 -- 2009 : Folie a Deux The band members decided to keep publicity down during the recording of their fourth album , as the group was taken aback by such press surrounding Infinity on High . Sessions proved to be difficult for the band as Wentz started taking LSD when Zach Blair lead guitarist for Rise Against made him try it at a party in April 2008 . The goal in Wentz using LSD was to hope it would influence his songwriting , but it just made him distracted from writing songs , which annoyed Stump , so he stopped using LSD in August 2008 . Wentz later said he had taken LSD over 50 times . Stump called the making of the album `` painful '' , noting that he and Wentz quarreled over many issues , revealing `` I threw something across the room over a major - to - minor progression . '' On previous albums , Trohman felt he and Hurley did not have enough musical freedom and that Stump and Wentz exerted too much control over the group : `` I felt , ' Man , this is n't my band anymore . ' It 's no one 's fault , and I do n't want to make it seem that way . It was more of a complex I developed based off of stuff I was reading . It 's hard to hear , ' Joe and Andy are just along for the ride . ' '' To amend the situation , Trohman sat down with Stump to communicate his concerns , which led to more collaboration on Folie à Deux . `` It made me feel like I owned the songs a lot more . It made me really excited about contributing to Fall Out Boy and made me find my role in the band , '' Trohman recalled . As the release of the new album approached , the band and its management found that they would have to navigate changes in the music industry , facing declining record sales , the lack of a proper outlet for exhibition of music videos , and the burgeoning US economic crisis . To promote the album , Wentz launched a viral campaign in August 2008 , inspired by George Orwell 's novel Nineteen Eighty - Four ( 1949 ) , and the autocratic , overbearing Big Brother organization . Folie à Deux , released in December 2008 , did not perform as well commercially as its predecessor , Infinity on High . It debuted at number eight on the US Billboard 200 chart with first week sales of 150,000 copies during a highly competitive week with other big debuts , becoming Fall Out Boy 's third consecutive top ten album . This is in contrast to the band 's more successful previous effort which shifted 260,000 copies in its opening week to debut at number one the chart . Folie spent two weeks within the top 20 out of its 22 chart weeks . It also entered Billboard 's Rock Albums and Alternative Albums charts at number three . Within two months of its release , Folie à Deux was certified Gold in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting shipments of 500,000 copies . The lead single , `` I Do n't Care '' , reached a peak at number twenty - one on the Billboard Hot 100 , and was certified Platinum by the RIAA for shipments of one million copies . To promote the album , Fall Out Boy embarked on the Believers Never Die Tour Part Deux , which included dates in the United States and Canada . The constant touring schedule became difficult for the band due to conflicting fan opinion regarding Folie à Deux : concertgoers would `` boo the band for performing numbers from the record in concert '' , leading Stump to describe touring in support of Folie as like `` being the last act at the vaudeville show : We were rotten vegetable targets in Clandestine hoods . '' `` Some of us were miserable onstage , '' said guitarist Joe Trohman . `` Others were just drunk . '' A greatest hits compilation , Believers Never Die -- Greatest Hits , followed in the fall , and following these events , the band decided to take a break . The band 's decision stemmed from disillusionment with the music industry and Stump recalled that `` We found ourselves running on fumes a little bit -- creatively and probably as people , too . '' Stump realized the band was desperate to take a break ; he sat the group down and explained that a hiatus was in order if the band wanted to continue in the future . All involved felt the dynamic of the group had changed as personalities developed . Rumors and misquotes led to confusion as to what such a break truly meant ; Wentz preferred to not refer to the break as a `` hiatus , '' instead explaining that the band was just `` decompressing . '' Fall Out Boy played its last show at Madison Square Garden on October 4 , 2009 . Near the end , Blink - 182 's Mark Hoppus shaved Wentz 's head in a move Rolling Stone would later describe as a `` symbolic cleansing of the past , but also the beginning of a very dark chapter for the band . '' 2010 -- 2012 : hiatus and solo careers By the time the break began , Stump was the heaviest he had ever been and loathed the band 's image as an `` emo '' band . Coming home from tour , drummer Andy Hurley `` went through the darkest depression ( I 've ) ever felt . I looked at my calendar and it was just empty . '' Wentz , who had been abusing Xanax and Klonopin , was divorced by his wife Ashlee Simpson and returned to therapy . `` I 'd basically gone from being the guy in Fall Out Boy to being the guy who , like , hangs out all day , '' Wentz recalled . Previously known as the `` overexposed , despised '' leader of the band , Wentz `` simply grew up , '' sharing custody of his son and embracing maturity : `` There was a jump - cut in my life . I started thinking -- like , being old would be cool . '' During the hiatus , the band members each pursued individual musical interests , which were met with `` varying degrees of failure . '' Stump was the only member of the quartet to take on a solo project while Fall Out Boy was on hiatus , recording debut album Soul Punk entirely on his own : he wrote , produced , and played every instrument for all tracks on the record . In addition , he married his longtime girlfriend and lost over sixty pounds through portion control and exercise . Stump blew through most of his savings putting together a large band to tour behind Soul Punk , but ticket sales were sparse and the album stalled commercially . During a particularly dark moment in February 2012 , Stump poured his heart out in a 1500 - word blog entry called `` We Liked You Better Fat : Confessions of a Pariah . '' In the post , Stump lamented the harsh reception of the record and his status as a `` has - been '' at 27 . Stump revealed that fans harassed him on his solo tour , hurling insults such as `` We liked you better fat , '' and noted that `` Whatever notoriety Fall Out Boy used to have prevents me from having the ability to start over from the bottom again . '' Aside from Soul Punk and personal developments , Stump moonlighted as a professional songwriter / producer , co-writing tracks with Bruno Mars and All Time Low , and pursued acting . Wentz formed electronic duo Black Cards with vocalist Bebe Rexha in July 2010 . The project released one single before album delays led to Rexha 's departure in 2011 . Black Cards added Spencer Peterson to complete the Use Your Disillusion EP in 2012 . Wentz also completed writing a novel , Gray , that he had been working on for six years outside the band , and began hosting the reality tattoo competition show Best Ink . Hurley ventured farther into rock during the hiatus , drumming with multiple bands over the three - year period . He continued to manage his record label , Fuck City , and drummed for bands Burning Empires and Enabler . He also formed heavy metal outfit The Damned Things with Trohman , Scott Ian and Rob Caggiano of Anthrax , and Keith Buckley of Every Time I Die . Despite this , the members all remained cordial to one another ; Wentz was Stump 's best man at his wedding . The hiatus was , all things considered , beneficial for the group and its members , according to Hurley . `` The hiatus helped them all kind of figure themselves out , '' he explained in 2013 . `` Especially Joe and Patrick , who were so young . And Pete is a million times better . '' 2013 -- 2014 : reformation and Save Rock and Roll Stump and Wentz met up for the first time in several years in early 2012 for a writing session . Wentz reached out to Stump after he penned his letter , as he too felt he was in a dark place and needed a creative outlet . He was at first reluctant to approach Stump , likening the phone call to reconnecting with a lover after years of acrimony . `` I know what you need -- you need your band , '' Wentz told Stump . `` I think it 's kind of weird that we have n't really seen each other this year . We paid for each other 's houses and you do n't know my kid , '' Wentz remarked . The result , `` three or four '' new songs , were shelved with near immediacy , with the two concluding that `` it just was n't right and did n't feel right . '' Several months later , the two reconvened and wrote tracks that they felt truly represented the band in a modern form . The band decided that if a comeback was in order , it must represent the band in its current form : `` We did n't want to come back just to bask in the glory days and , like , and collect a few checks and pretend ... and do our best 2003 impersonation , '' said Stump . Afterwards , the quartet held an all - day secret meeting at their manager 's home in New York City where they discussed ideas and the mechanics of getting together to record . Trohman was the last to be contacted , through a three - hour phone call from Stump . As Trohman was arguably the most excited to begin other projects , he had a list of stipulations for rejoining the band . `` If I 'm not coming back to this band writing music ( ... ) then I do n't want to , '' he remarked . Stump supported Trohman 's ambition saying Trohman `` needed to be writing more . '' The band members ' main goal was to reinvent the group 's sound from scratch , creating what Trohman called a `` reimagining of the band , '' which focuses more on pop . Sessions were not without difficulties , as the band struggled initially to produce new material . Walker had doubts about the band 's volatility , feeling the record would not get made following `` meltdown after meltdown . '' The entire album was recorded in secrecy from the music industry , critics , and fans of the band . While specifically denying that the group 's announcement was a reunion because `` ( the group had ) never broke ( n ) up '' , the band announced a reunion tour and details of Save Rock and Roll on February 4 , 2013 . The quartet 's announcement included a photo of the group that had been taken earlier that morning of the band members huddled around a bonfire tossing copies of their back catalog into flames at the original location of Comiskey Park , the location of 1979 's Disco Demolition Night , a baseball promotional event which involved destroying disco records . A message on the group 's website read `` when we were kids the only thing that got us through most days was music . It 's why we started Fall Out Boy in the first place . This is n't a reunion because we never broke up . We needed to plug back in and make some music that matters to us . The future of Fall Out Boy starts now . Save rock and roll ... '' Save Rock and Roll debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart , with first week sales of 154,000 copies in the United States , according to Nielsen SoundScan . The arrival of Save Rock and Roll posted the quartet 's third - biggest sales week , and earned the group 's second career number one on the chart . The band 's chart success was best described as unexpected by music journalists . Rolling Stone called the band 's comeback a `` rather stunning renaissance '' , and Entertainment Weekly called the number one a `` major accomplishment for a band whom many in the industry had dismissed as kings of a genre whose time had passed . '' Fall Out Boy performing at a concert during the Monumentour The record 's lead single , `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' , peaked at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 , marking the band 's first top twenty single since the group 's 2008 cover of Michael Jackson 's `` Beat It '' . It was certified 3x Platinum in the US for over 3 million sales . Inspired in part by Daft Punk 's Interstella 5555 : The 5tory of the 5ecret 5tar 5ystem , the band released a music video for every song on the album in a series titled The Young Blood Chronicles between February 2013 and May 2014 . The band also released a hardcore punk - influenced EP , PAX AM Days , in late 2013 . Fall Out Boy covered Elton John 's ( who was featured on the Save Rock And Roll title track ) song `` Saturday Night 's Alright for Fighting '' for inclusion in the fortieth anniversary re-release edition of Goodbye Yellow Brick Road on March 25 , 2014 , alongside covers by different artists . Fall Out Boy headlined Save Rock And Roll tours ( including US , Australian and European legs ) and played at music festivals around the world for one and a half years . The group co-headlined Monumentour with Paramore in North America to close the Save Rock And Roll era . 2014 -- 2016 : American Beauty / American Psycho On June 2 , 2014 , Wentz stated that he and Stump were writing new music : `` We 're writing . I was just listening to something Patrick had written in the trailer . So we 're writing , finishing out the album cycle in South Africa in September . '' In a later interview with Rock Sound regarding the status of the album , Wentz commented `` We do n't have an exact timetable yet . I have a two - week old son and Patrick has a baby on the way in October , so there 's a lot going on . '' as well as stating a rough release time as early 2015 . In December 2014 the band played radio - sponsored Christmas shows , including KROQ 's Almost Acoustic Christmas . `` Centuries '' - the first single of Fall Out Boy 's sixth studio album - premiered on September 8 , 2014 on BBC Radio 1 , receiving a worldwide release the next day . By the 2010s , there were few rock bands achieving success on mainstream radio and the charts , but `` Centuries '' defied the odds to peak at No. 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 13 on Billboard Mainstream Top 40 . Fall Out Boy also was featured on the track `` Back to Earth '' from Steve Aoki 's second album Neon Future I , which was released on September 30 , 2014 . Another song titled `` Immortals '' was released October 14 , 2014 , as part of the soundtrack for the Walt Disney film Big Hero 6 . The group remade the Chicago Bulls 's anthem `` Only the Bulls '' with guest Lupe Fiasco . The recording of the song was released in November 2014 . On November 24 , 2014 , the title of Fall Out Boy 's sixth studio album was announced as American Beauty / American Psycho ; the album was released on January 20 , 2015 . The album 's title track premiered on BBC Radio 1 in the UK along with the album 's title reveal . American Beauty / American Psycho debuted at No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 with 192,000 first week sales and 218,000 equivalent album units , becoming Fall Out Boy 's third No. 1 album . The band played two small venue release shows in January 2015 , in London and Chicago . American Beauty / American Psycho was certified platinum in the US on March 1 , 2016 , after selling 1 millions units . From February through March , the band played at the Australian Soundwave festival for the first time , with two additional side shows in Sydney and Brisbane . Fall Out Boy inducted Green Day into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 18 , 2015 . On May 18 , the group performed its song `` Uma Thurman '' with Wiz Khalifa on the 2015 Billboard Music Awards . In June -- August 2015 , Fall Out Boy began touring across the United States with Wiz Khalifa , Hoodie Allen , and MAX on the `` Boys of Zummer Tour '' . On October 1 , 2015 , the `` American Beauty / American Psycho '' European tour kicked off in Dublin , Ireland , and consisted of 12 dates with shows in the UK , Russia , and Europe . On May 24 , 2015 it was announced English rapper Professor Green would support Fall Out Boy on the 8 - date leg of the band 's UK tour . New York based dance - duo Matt and Kim were added as additional support for the UK tour . On October 23 , 2015 , Fall Out Boy announced via Twitter the release of a re-worked version of its sixth studio album , Make America Psycho Again . The remix album features a remade version of each track from the original record , each featuring a different rapper . The album was released on October 30 , 2015 . It included the version of `` Uma Thurman '' featuring Wiz Khalifa which had been originally performed at the Billboard Music Awards . On March 1 , 2016 , it was announced Fall Out Boy are to headline Reading and Leeds Festivals in the UK in August 2016 along with Biffy Clyro . 2017 -- present : Mania On April 27 , 2017 , Fall Out Boy announced that their new album was set to be released on September 15 , titled Mania . The first single , `` Young and Menace , '' was released the same day . The second single , `` Champion , '' was released in the U.S. on June 22 and worldwide on June 23 . Music videos have been posted to Vevo and YouTube for both songs . The band plans to begin the Mania Tour in North America in October 2017 with hip hop artist blackbear and actor - rapper Jaden Smith , and will perform in Australia in 2018 with indie band WAAX . On August 3 , 2017 , Patrick Stump tweeted that the album 's release would be pushed back to January 19 , 2018 , because the band were not satisfied with the results of their work at the time . On November 6 , 2017 , the band announced the album 's completion and revealed the track list . Musical style and influences Many of the band 's melodies are created by Stump ( left ) , while lyricism is handled by Wentz ( right ) . `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' The Phoenix New Times writer Martin Cizmar wrote that `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' was possibly `` the most listened - to emo track of all time '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . While widely considered to be a pop punk band , Fall Out Boy has also been described as pop rock emo , and emo pop , and cites emo group The Get Up Kids as an influence among many other bands . When interviewed for a retrospective article in Alternative Press at the time The Get Up Kids disbanded in 2005 , Pete Wentz stated that `` Fall Out Boy would not be a band if it were not for The Get Up Kids . '' Early in the band 's career , when Jared Logan was producing the group 's debut album , he asked bassist Pete Wentz what sound the band desired for recording . Wentz responded by `` handing over the first two New Found Glory records '' . Wentz also cites Green Day , the Ramones , Screeching Weasel , Metallica , Earth Crisis , Gorilla Biscuits and Lifetime as influences . The band acknowledges its hardcore punk roots as an influence ; all four members were involved in the Chicago hardcore scene before joining Fall Out Boy . Wentz described the band 's affiliation with the genre by saying `` I think the interesting thing is that we are all hardcore kids that are writing pop music ... It gives us a different style because at our core we are always hardcore . That aspect is always going to be evident in the music . We are hardcore kids that could n't quite cut it as hardcore kids . '' He referred to Fall Out Boy 's genre as `` softcore '' : hardcore punk mixed with pop sensibility . Lead singer Patrick Stump , however , is also influenced by artists he listened to while growing up including Prince , Michael Jackson , and David Bowie . Fall Out Boy 's albums Take This to Your Grave and From Under the Cork Tree are both said to have pop punk as well as punk rock sounds and influences , and Infinity on High features a wide range of styles and instrumentation , including orchestral arrangements ( `` Thnks fr th Mmrs '' ) and a slower piano ballad ( `` Golden '' ) . R&B influences on Infinity on High are on songs such as `` This Ai n't a Scene , It 's an Arms Race '' and two of the album 's tracks are produced by R&B singer / producer Babyface . On Folie à Deux , the group continues to evolve its sound , with less of a pop punk sound and increasing the use of piano ( such as `` What a Catch , Donnie '' , `` Headfirst Slide into Cooperstown on a Bad Bet '' , and `` 20 Dollar Nose Bleed '' ) , synthesizers , and guest artists . The band also shows a number of influences , with `` Disloyal Order of Water Buffaloes '' borrowing a chord sequence from The Who song `` Baba O'Riley '' . The group has worked with many producers and artists , including The Neptunes , Timbaland , Ryan Adams , Lil Wayne and Kanye West , the latter of which Patrick Stump described as `` the Prince of his generation . '' When the band returned from hiatus with Save Rock and Roll , their main goal was to reinvent the sound of the group from scratch , creating what Trohman called a `` reimagining of the band '' , which focused more on pop and moved away from the punk aspects of their sound . While mostly an album which mixes pop , rock and R&B , the record was still described by Dave Simpson of The Guardian as a pop punk record , but also noted influences from Heart in the album 's ballads . In American Beauty / American Psycho , the band felt influences from playing with different artists and expanded on boundaries further than Save Rock and Roll did . In an interview with Rolling Stone , guitarist Joe Trohman said the album has `` hip hop grooves with guitars on it , '' with `` more in your face guitar than Save Rock and Roll '' . Annie Zaleski of Alternative Press described American Beauty / American Psycho as a `` mix of fluid grooves , punky riffs and outré pop sensibilities . '' A central part of Fall Out Boy 's sound is rooted in the band 's lyrics , mainly penned by bassist Pete Wentz , who commonly uses irony and other literary devices to narrate personal experience and stories . Wentz stated , `` I write about what I 'm going through most of the time , or what I imagine people are going through most of the time . '' He draws inspiration from authors such as Charles Bukowski , Ernest Hemingway , and JT LeRoy , as well as rappers such as Lil Wayne , who he described as his primary influence while writing Infinity on High . On Fall Out Boy 's earlier works , Wentz wrote primarily about love and heartbreak . Themes addressed on From Under the Cork Tree include narcissism and megalomania , while many tracks on Infinity on High discuss the ups and downs of fame . While writing Folie à Deux , he explored moral dilemmas and societal shortcomings , as well as concepts such as trust , infidelity , responsibility , and commitment . While the album does contain political overtones , the band wanted to avoid being overt about these themes , leaving many lyrics open to interpretation for listeners . Legacy Fall Out Boy have been instrumental in the careers of other artists , such as Panic ! at the Disco , whom Pete Wentz signed to his record label , Decaydance Records , in late 2004 . Several artists , such as You Me at Six and Taylor Swift , have created or performed covers of Fall Out Boy songs as a homage to the band . The Fall Out Boy band members were the first inductees to the `` Hall of Wood '' at the 2015 MtvU Woodie Awards and performed a medley of five songs at the ceremony . This honor is given to artists who have used MTV Woodie Awards as a `` launching pad '' in achieving chart topping success within their musical careers , thus influencing up and coming bands . The award also recognizes bands `` sticking to their roots '' and `` maintaining their loyal fan base . '' The group had won the Woodie Award for Streaming for `` Grand Theft Autumn '' at the first ceremony in 2004 . Band members Current members Patrick Stump -- lead vocals ( 2001 -- present ) ; rhythm guitar ( 2002 -- present ) Joe Trohman -- lead guitar , backing vocals ( 2001 -- present ) Pete Wentz -- bass , unclean vocals , backing vocals ( 2001 -- present ) Andy Hurley -- drums , percussion ( 2003 -- present ) Former members T.J. Kunasch -- rhythm guitar , backing vocals ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Brandon Hamm -- rhythm guitar , backing vocals ( 2002 ) Ben Rose -- drums , percussion ( 2001 ) Mike Pareskuwicz -- drums , percussion ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Timeline Discography Main article : Fall Out Boy discography Take This to Your Grave ( 2003 ) From Under the Cork Tree ( 2005 ) Infinity on High ( 2007 ) Folie à Deux ( 2008 ) Save Rock and Roll ( 2013 ) American Beauty / American Psycho ( 2015 ) Mania ( 2018 ) Awards and nominations A select list of Fall Out Boy 's awards and nominations . Year Nominee / work Award Result `` Grand Theft Autumn / Where Is Your Boy '' MtvU Woodie Award - Streaming Artist Won 2005 `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' MTV Video Music Award - MTV2 Award 2006 `` Dance , Dance '' MuchMusic Video Award - People 's Choice : Favorite International Group `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' Kerrang ! Award - Best Single Nominated Kerrang ! Award -- Best Video Won `` Dance , Dance '' Teen Choice Award -- Rock Track Teen Choice Award -- Single Fall Out Boy Teen Choice Award -- Rock Group MTV Video Music Award -- Viewer 's Choice Grammy Award for Best New Artist Nominated 2007 `` This Ai n't a Scene , It 's an Arms Race '' Kerrang ! Award -- Best Video Won `` Thnks fr th Mmrs '' Teen Choice Award -- Single Nickelodeon 's Australian Kids ' Choice Awards - Fave Song Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Award -- Single Fall Out Boy Teen Choice Award -- Best Group MTV Video Music Award -- Best Group Nickelodeon 's Kids Choice Award - Best Band Nominated 2008 `` The Take Over , the Breaks Over '' MuchMusic Video Award -- People 's Choice : Favorite International Video Won Fall Out Boy TMF Award -- Best Live International TMF Award -- Best Rock International TMF Award -- Best Alternative International `` Beat It '' MTV Video Music Award -- Best Rock Video Nominated Fall Out Boy Teen Choice Award -- Choice Rock Group Pete Wentz Teen Choice Award -- Choice Hotties 2009 `` I Do n't Care '' NRJ Music Award -- Best International Band 2013 `` The Phoenix '' Kerrang ! Award for Best Single Won `` My Songs Know What You Did In The Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' MTV Video Music Award for Best Rock Video Nominated Fall Out Boy MTV Europe Music Awards - Best Alternative 2014 Fall Out Boy People 's Choice Awards - Favorite Alternative Band Won Fall Out Boy Billboard Music Awards - Top Rock Artist Nominated Save Rock and Roll Billboard Music Awards - Top Rock Album Fall Out Boy Kerrang ! Awards - Best International Band Won Save Rock and Roll Tour Kerrang ! Awards - Best Event Pete Wentz Kerrang ! Awards - Tweeter of the Year Nominated Fall Out Boy Alternative Press Award - Artist of the Year Won Fall Out Boy Alternative Press Award - Best Live Band Nominated Save Rock and Roll Alternative Press Award - Album of the Year `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' Alternative Press Award - Song of the Year Pete Wentz Alternative Press Award - Best Bassist Fall Out Boy & The Band Perry CMT Music Awards - CMT Performance of the Year Fall Out Boy World Music Awards - World 's Best Alternative Act Won Fall Out Boy World Music Awards - World 's Best Group Nominated Fall Out Boy World Music Awards - World 's Best Live Act Save Rock and Roll World Music Awards - World 's Best Album `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' World Music Awards - World 's Best Song `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' World Music Awards - World 's Best Music Video 2015 Fall Out Boy Billboard Music Awards - Top Rock Artist `` Centuries '' Billboard Music Awards - Top Rock Song Teen Choice Awards - Choice Song : Group Fall Out Boy Teen Choice Awards - Choice Music Group : Male `` Uma Thurman '' Teen Choice Awards - Choice Rock Song The Boys of Zummer ( with Wiz Khalifa ) Teen Choice Awards - Choice Summer Tour `` Uma Thurman '' MTV Video Music Award - Best Rock Video Won Fall Out Boy American Music Awards - Favorite Alternative Band Fall Out Boy People 's Choice Awards - Favorite Group Nominated 2016 Fall Out Boy Billboard Music Awards - Top Rock Artist `` Uma Thurman '' Billboard Music Awards - Top Rock Song Radio Disney Music Awards - Best Song To Dance To Fall Out Boy Radio Disney Music Awards - Best Music Group Alternative Press Music Awards - Artist of the Year Patrick Stump Alternative Press Music Awards - Best Vocalist Won Fall Out Boy Teen Choice Awards - Choice Music Group Nominated MTV Video Music Award - Best Rock Video References Footnotes ^ Jump up to : Downey , 2013 . p. 65 Jump up ^ `` Patrick Stump tweet on past bands '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2014 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Downey , 2013 . p. 66 ^ Jump up to : Downey , 2013 . p. 68 ^ Jump up to : Wiederhorn , Jon . `` You Hear It First - Fall Out Boy '' . MTV News . Viacom . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2009 . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Downey , 2013 . p. 70 Jump up ^ Downey , 2013 . p. 71 ^ Jump up to : Downey , 2013 . p. 72 Jump up ^ Downey , 2013 . p. 73 Jump up ^ D'Angelo , Joe ( December 8 , 2004 ) . `` Fall Out Boy No Longer Forced To Sleep On Strangers ' Floors '' . MTV News . Viacom . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Downey , 2013 . p. 74 ^ Jump up to : Downey , 2013 . p. 69 ^ Jump up to : Downey , 2013 . p. 76 ^ Jump up to : Loftus , Johnny . `` Biography : Fall Out Boy '' . All Music Guide . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2010 . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Wiederhorn , Jon ( May 11 , 2005 ) . `` Fall Out Boy 's Sound Has Changed , But The Weirdly Long Song Titles Remain '' . MTV News . Viacom . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2011 . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Believers Never Die -- Greatest Hits ( CD liner ) . Fall Out Boy . Island Records . 2009 . 0015133 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Knopper , Steve ( May 4 , 2006 ) . `` Yes , R&B influences this emo band , But they 'll be sure to stick with rock at Bamboozle Fest '' . Newsday . Fred Groser . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Cripps , Charlotte ( April 28 , 2006 ) . `` Last year , Fall Out Boy 's bassist Pete Wentz attempted suicide ; now the band are punk - pop gods '' . The Independent . Independent Print Limited . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brackett , Nathan . ( 2004 ) . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide . New York : Fireside , 904 pp. First edition , 2004 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jonathan ( July 27 , 2005 ) . `` Fall Out Boy To Lead Nintendo Fusion Tour '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2014 . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Francie , Grace ( August 29 , 2005 ) . `` Rock Roars Back At MTV Awards '' . cbsnews.com . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wood , Mikael ( May 11 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy and Paramore : Coming back on top '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Bill ( 2006 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Black Clouds and Underdogs '' . About.com . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2009 . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Sciaretto , Amy ( December 27 , 2006 ) . `` Fall Out Boy : Interview with Patrick Stump '' . The Aquarian Weekly . Diane Casazza , Chris Farinas . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2011 . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( October 11 , 2005 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Nearly Done Writing ' Way Different ' Next LP '' . mtv.com . Viacom . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ de Sylvia , Dave ( February 3 , 2007 ) . `` Fall Out Boy - Infinity on High Review '' . Sputnikmusic . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( January 27 , 2007 ) . `` Scene Is Believing : Fall Out Boy '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy Hits ' High ' Note With No. 1 Debut '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . February 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Infinity on High Chart History '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard.com . Prometheus Global Media . December 30 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This Ai n't a Scene , It 's an Arms Race '' peaked in the top five positions in Australia , New Zealand , and Ireland . All accessed June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Fall Out Boy Album Deets '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . November 16 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Week Ending Dec. 27 , 2009 : Boyle 's Five - Week Blitz Archived 2010 - 01 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . Yahoo Music Blog Chartwatch . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 Jump up ^ 2007 U.S. MUSIC PURCHASES EXCEED 1.4 BILLION garthbrooks.com . Nielsen SoundScan . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lamy , Jonathan ( April 11 , 2007 ) . `` It 's Never Too Late '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fall Out Boy Experience `` Personal Issues , '' Delay Tour , Kevin Costner Fights the Man in the Name of His Band , Watch 50 Shove a Model Into a Pool Archived 2008 - 12 - 01 at the Wayback Machine. `` . Rolling Stone , April 6 , 2007 . Retrieved on November 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Montgomery , James ( August 16 , 2007 ) . `` Fall Out Boy : Monsters Of Rock ? Band 's Tour To Have ' Where The Wild Things Are ' Theme '' . MTV News . Viacom . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Montgomery , James ( April 10 , 2008 ) . `` Fall Out Boy To Enter Studio Soon , But Michael Jackson Cover Could Delay Them A Bit '' . MTV News . Viacom . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Diehl , Matt ( September 4 , 2008 ) . `` In the Studio : Fall Out Boy Face Fame on New CD '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Diehl , Matt ( September 4 , 2008 ) . `` In the Studio : Fall Out Boy Face Fame on New CD '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Griffin , J.R. ( December 11 , 2008 ) . `` Everything You Know is Wrong '' . Alternative Press . Alternative Press Magazine , Inc . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ NME staff ( November 26 , 2008 ) . `` Fall Out Boy discuss new album , Pete Wentz 's new baby '' . NME . IPC Media . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( August 26 , 2008 ) . `` Fall Out Boy To Release New Album On Election Day , But That Does n't Mean It Is -- Or Is n't ! -- Political '' . MTV News . Viacom . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Folie à Deux - Chart History '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Gil ( December 24 , 2008 ) . `` Taylor Swift Stays On Top Of Billboard Albums Chart ; Fall Out Boy Squeak Into Top 10 '' . MTV News . Viacom . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum - RIAA '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I Do n't Care - Chart History '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` I Do n't Care - Gold & Platinum Certifications '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2013 . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Berger , David ( April 11 , 2009 ) . `` Fall Out Boy never dies on tour '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . MediaNews Group . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2012 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Rolling Stone staff ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` Patrick Stump : I 'm a 27 - Year - Old Has - Been '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Andy Greene ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy 's Surprise Return '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . pp. 19 -- 20 . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Makarechi , Kia ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy On Save Rock And Roll , Working With Elton John And Why Everything Is Different This Time Around '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Andy Greene ( April 18 , 2013 ) . `` How Fall Out Boy Beat the Odds and Rose Again '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( November 18 , 2009 ) . `` Pete Wentz Says Fall Out Boy Not Broken Up , Just ' Decompressing ' '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hiatt , Brian ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy : Life After Emo '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2013 . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Crow , Sarah ( 10 February 2011 ) . `` Report : Pete Wentz Does n't Want to Divorce Ashlee Simpson '' . PopEater . Archived from the original on 15 February 2011 . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Us Weekly staff ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` Patrick Stump Explains 60 Pound Weight Loss '' . Us Weekly . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2013 . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Maloy , Sarah ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy 's Reunion : Looking Back at the Hiatus , Side Projects & Rumors '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2013 . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Billboard staff ( March 1 , 2012 ) . `` Patrick Stump Lets the Bastards Get Him Down in New Blog Post '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2013 . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Lily ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` Q&A : Pete Wentz on How Fall Out Boy Can Save Rock '' . Time . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan J. Downey ( June 2013 ) . `` Cynics , You 're Going Down '' . Alternative Press . Alternative Magazines Inc. ( 299 ) : 70 -- 76 . ISSN 1065 - 1667 . ^ Jump up to : Lipshutz , Jason ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Pete Wentz Q&A : Why Fall Out Boy 's Reunion Needed To Be A Secret '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Vena , Jocelyn ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Say Reunion Wo n't Be ' Our Best 2003 Impersonation ' '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Reunite , Will Save Rock And Roll In May '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Luis ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy reuniting , despite past denials '' . The Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ falloutboyrock.com at March 2 , 2013 . falloutboy.com ( WayBack Machine ) . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Tops Kid Cudi on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2013 . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kyle ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy 's Patrick Stump on being back at No. 1 , hanging with Elton John , and why he loves Shostakovich '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Save Rock and Roll Chart History '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2013 . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy 's Save Rock And Roll Storyline : We Know What Happens Next ! '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2013 . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy On Ryan Adams Hang : ' Somehow Some Music Got Recorded '' . MTV . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2013 . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` Elton John Releasing Vegas Concert Film , ' Yellow Brick Road ' Reissue '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy , Paramore Announce ' Monumentour ' '' . Billboard.com . Prometheus Global Media . January 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy 's Pete Wentz : `` There will be an album . '' `` . Rock Sound Magazine . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fall Out Boy Talk New Album , Motley Crue & Grateful Dead Archived 2014 - 12 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . Billboard . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` College playoff to feature Fall Out Boy '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2014 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy to premiere new single on Radio 1 next week '' . GIGWISE.com . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - Centuries - Single by Fall Out Boy '' . iTunes . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fall Out Boy on the Oscars , Marvel Movies & Hit Single ' Centuries ' Archived 2015 - 02 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Radio.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Listen to Fall Out Boy Go EDM on Steve Aoki 's `` Back to Earth '' Archived 2014 - 10 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . Fuse . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy `` Immortals '' ( Single Preview ) `` . Ultimate Music . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Trevor ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` Fall Out Boy - Only The Bulls Feat . Lupe Fiasco ( New Song ) '' . hotnewhiphop.com . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy -- the moment where a shadow lets you know where the ... '' Falloutboy.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2015 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith . `` Fall Out Boy Scores Third No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ FALL OUT BOY ANNOUNCE INTIMATE ISLINGTON ASSEMBLY HALL SHOW Archived 2014 - 12 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . gigwise.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brian Cantor . `` Fall out boy 's `` American beauty / American psycho , '' Fetty Wap 's album certified platinum `` . Headline Planet . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy Return To Australia & To Soundwave Stages '' . au.tv.yahoo.com . February 24 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 2015 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame presenters set to rock Cleveland Archived 2015 - 06 - 10 at the Wayback Machine ... CNN . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Payne , Chris ( May 17 , 2015 ) . `` Fall Out Boy & Wiz Khalifa Perform ' Uma Thurman ' at the 2015 Billboard Music Awards '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leight , Elias . `` Fall Out Boy & Wiz Khalifa Announce Co-Headlining Summer Tour '' . Billboard.com . Billboard . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2015 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Europe + Russia Tour Dates '' . falloutboy.com . February 13 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2016 . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( May 24 , 2015 ) . `` Professor Green will support Fall Out Boy on tour in UK '' . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Payne , Chris ( November 1 , 2015 ) . `` Rappers Remix Fall Out Boy : New Album 's Songs Ranked Worst to Best '' . Billboard.com . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Biffy Clyro and Fall Out Boy named as final Reading & Leeds Festival headliners '' . nme.com . Time Inc . March 1 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Payne , Chris ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Drops New Song ' Young and Menace ' Along With Album & Tour Details '' . Billboard.com . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy Releases ' Champion , ' the First Single From Forthcoming Album ' MANIA ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy announce ' Mania Tour ' opener and other news you might have missed today '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Jaden Smith is Going On Tour With Fall Out Boy '' . Spin. 2017 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` FALL OUT BOY / / Announce ' Mania ' Tour 2018 '' . Hysteria Magazine . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Stump , Patrick ( 3 August 2017 ) . `` Patrick Stump ( @ PatrickStump ) on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boy , Fall Out ( 10 : 37 AM - 6 Nov 2017 ) . `` check again http://ismaniadoneyet.com checking things off that to do list '' . @ falloutboy . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 07 . line feed character in title = at position 40 ( help ) ; Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cizmar , Martin ( March 5 , 2009 ) . `` 10 Emo Songs That Do n't Suck '' . Phoenix New Times . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Adita , Bradley ( March 2004 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Interview '' . Redline Distribution . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2008 . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( December 14 , 2005 ) . `` Fall Out Boy takes pop route to rock success '' . MSNBC.com . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2008 . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy Hits ' High ' Note With No. 1 Debut '' . Billboard.com . September 14 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2013 . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Line - up and Artists : Fall Out Boy '' . BBC . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2009 . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy Biography & History '' . AllMusic . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Marchese , David ( November 24 , 2009 ) . `` Q&A : Fall Out Boy 's Pete Wentz '' . SPIN . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Say Goodnight , Mean Goodbye : The Oral History of The Get Up Kids '' . Alternative Press , issue No. 204 . Jump up ^ Manley , Brendan ( March 2010 ) . `` 2001 - 2005 : The Oral History of New Found Glory '' . Alternative Press ( 260 ) . p. 65 . ISSN 1065 - 1667 . Jump up ^ `` In The Firing Line : Fall Out Boy 's Pete Wentz '' . fasterlouder.com.au . September 24 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Graff , Gary ( July 25 , 2011 ) . `` Patrick Stump : Solo Album Has ' Nothing To Do with Fall Out Boy ' '' . Billboard.com . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stump , Patrick ; Downey , Ryan ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' It 's an honor to have lived at the same time as David Bowie ' -- Patrick Stump remembers idol '' . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Loftus , Johnny . `` From Under The Cork Tree '' . Allmusic . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2010 . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Loftus , Johnny . `` Take This To Your Grave '' . Allmusic . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shetler , Scott ( February 16 , 2007 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Infinity On High '' . Slant Magazine . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . `` Thnks Fr Th Mmrs '' has smash hit potential , with darker , string - heavy verses giving way to a signature FOB pop - punk chorus . ^ Jump up to : Apar , Cory . `` Infinity on High -- Fall Out Boy -- Review '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg ( December 16 , 2008 ) . `` Fall Out Boy blasts out more ambitious hooks '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Offitzer , Adam ( December 20 , 2008 ) . `` Fall Out Boy - Folie A Deux Album Review '' . Prettymuchamazing.com . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine . Folie a Deux > Overview AMG Jump up ^ Scaggs , Austin ( December 11 , 2008 ) . `` Q&A : Patrick Stump '' . Rolling Stone ( 1067 ) . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Save Rock and Roll -- Fall Out Boy '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Dave ( April 21 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy : Save Rock and Roll -- review '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Zaleski , Annie ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` '' Rock ' n ' roll is this progressive idea ( with ) room to be dangerous `` -- Pete Wentz on new Fall Out Boy '' . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2016 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` 14 Things We Learned on the Road With Fall Out Boy '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In The Firing Line : Fall Out Boy 's Pete Wentz '' . fasterlouder.com.au . September 24 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . I write about what I 'm going through most of the time , or what I imagine people are going through most of the time . ^ Jump up to : Anderman , Joan . `` Fall Out Boys stays grounded despite skyrocketing fame '' . The Boston Globe . The New York Times Company . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( July 18 , 2006 ) . `` Pete Wentz Says : Do n't Expect A Fall Out Boy Album This Year '' . MTV News . Viacom . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loftus , Johnny . `` Review - Fall Out Boy 's Take This to Your Grave '' . Allmusic . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Frere - Jones , Sasha ( March 12 , 2007 ) . `` Fear Factor '' . The New Yorker . Condé Nast . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Montgomery , James ( September 5 , 2008 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Exclusive : Band Previews Folie A Deux Tracks For MTV News '' . MTV . Viacom . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Wentz Adds the Latest Piece to the Panic ! at the Disco Puzzle '' . Rolling Stone . January 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` You Me At Six cover Fall Out Boy '' . rocksound.tv . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's a video of Taylor Swift covering Fall Out Boy 's `` Sugar , We 're Going Down '' `` . altpress.com . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2016 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fall Out Boy Flooded Our Brains ( And Hearts ) With Memories During This Super Nostalgic Performance Archived 2015 - 03 - 22 at the Wayback Machine ... MTV . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy to enter ' Hall of Wood ' '' . videtteonline.com/ . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paoletta , Rae ( March 9 , 2015 ) . `` 5 Mind - Blowing Reasons We Should Have Known All Along That Fall Out Boy Would Make Woodies History '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2015 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ EXCLUSIVE : Fall Out Boy to Perform at SXSW , Receive First of Its Kind Honor at MTV Woodies Archived 2015 - 03 - 11 at the Wayback Machine ... ETonline . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Fall Out Boy to Perform on People 's Choice Awards Archived 2015 - 01 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . 941wvic.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Bibliography Downey , Ryan ( October 2013 ) . `` Chicago Is So 10 Years Ago '' . Alternative Press . Alternative Press Magazine , Inc. ( 303 ) . ISSN 1065 - 1667 . Pages 64 -- 78 Sutherland , Mark ( October 27 , 2012 ) . James McMahon , ed . `` Fall Out Boy Are Missing Presumed Dead '' . Kerrang ! . Bauer Media Group ( 1438 ) . ISSN 0262 - 6624 . Pages 24 -- 25 External links Chicago portal Media related to Fall Out Boy at Wikimedia Commons Official website Patrick Stump official website ( hide ) Fall Out Boy Patrick Stump Pete Wentz Joe Trohman Andy Hurley Ben Rose Mike Pareskuwicz T.J. Kunasch Brandon Hamm Studio albums Take This to Your Grave From Under the Cork Tree Infinity on High Folie à Deux Save Rock and Roll American Beauty / American Psycho Mania Extended plays Project Rocket / Fall Out Boy My Heart Will Always Be the B - Side to My Tongue Leaked in London America 's Suitehearts : Remixed , Retouched , Rehabbed and Retoxed PAX AM Days Live albums Live in Phoenix Compilation albums Believers Never Die -- Greatest Hits Remix albums Make America Psycho Again Demo albums Fall Out Boy 's Evening Out with Your Girlfriend Singles `` Dead on Arrival '' `` Grand Theft Autumn / Where Is Your Boy '' `` Saturday '' `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' `` Dance , Dance '' `` A Little Less Sixteen Candles , a Little More `` Touch Me '' '' `` The Carpal Tunnel of Love '' `` This Ai n't a Scene , It 's an Arms Race '' `` Thnks fr th Mmrs '' `` '' The Take Over , the Breaks Over `` '' `` I 'm Like a Lawyer with the Way I 'm Always Trying to Get You Off ( Me & You ) '' `` Beat It '' `` I Do n't Care '' `` America 's Suitehearts '' `` Headfirst Slide into Cooperstown on a Bad Bet '' `` What a Catch , Donnie '' `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' `` The Phoenix '' `` Alone Together '' `` Young Volcanoes '' `` Centuries '' `` Immortals '' `` American Beauty / American Psycho '' `` The Kids Are n't Alright '' `` Uma Thurman '' `` Irresistible '' `` Ghostbusters ( I 'm Not Afraid ) '' `` Young and Menace '' `` Champion '' `` The Last of the Real Ones '' `` Hold Me Tight or Do n't '' Concert tours Honda Civic Tour 2007 Young Wild Things Tour Believers Never Die Tour Part Deux Monumentour American Beauty / American Psycho Tour Wintour is Coming The Mania Tour Related articles Discography List of songs Arma Angelus Where Sleeplessness Is Rest from Nightmares Racetraitor The Damned Things Black Cards Welcome to the New Administration Fall Out Toy Works The Young Blood Chronicles VIAF : 141114258 ISNI : 0000 0000 9568 2593 GND : 10338834 - 5 SUDOC : 158937562 BNF : cb150554304 ( data ) MusicBrainz : 516cef4d - 0718 - 4007 - 9939 - f9b38af3f784 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fall_Out_Boy&oldid=814799850 '' Categories : Fall Out Boy Musical groups from Chicago American pop rock music groups Pop punk groups from Illinois American emo musical groups Musical quartets Decaydance Records artists Fueled by Ramen artists Musical groups established in 2001 Crush Management artists Kerrang ! Awards winners 2001 establishments in Illinois Musical groups from Wilmette , Illinois Musical groups disestablished in 2009 Musical groups reestablished in 2013 Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 errors : invisible characters CS1 errors : dates Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Good articles Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 00 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the lead singer for fall out boy | [
"Fall Out Boy is an American rock band formed in Wilmette, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago, in 2001. The band consists of lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist Patrick Stump, bassist Pete Wentz, lead guitarist Joe Trohman, and drummer Andy Hurley. The band originated from Chicago's hardcore punk scene, with which all members were involved at one point. The group was formed by Wentz and Trohman as a pop punk side project of the members' respective hardcore bands, and Stump joined shortly thereafter. The group went through a succession of drummers before landing Hurley and recording the group's debut album, Take This to Your Grave (2003). The album became an underground success and helped the band gain a dedicated fanbase through heavy touring, as well as some moderate commercial success. Take This to Your Grave has commonly been cited as an influential blueprint for pop punk music in the 2000s."
] | [
"Patrick Stump"
] |
7116604468087210040 | 16th Street Baptist Church bombing | 16th Street Baptist Church bombing - wikipedia 16th Street Baptist Church bombing Jump to : navigation , search 16th Street Baptist Church bombing Part of the Civil Rights Movement The four girls killed in the bombing ( Clockwise from top left , Addie Mae Collins , Cynthia Wesley , Carole Robertson and Carol Denise McNair ) Location Birmingham , Alabama Coordinates 33 ° 31 ′ 0 '' N 86 ° 48 ′ 54 '' W / 33.51667 ° N 86.81500 ° W / 33.51667 ; - 86.81500 Coordinates : 33 ° 31 ′ 0 '' N 86 ° 48 ′ 54 '' W / 33.51667 ° N 86.81500 ° W / 33.51667 ; - 86.81500 Date September 15 , 1963 10 : 22 a.m. ( UTC - 5 ) Target 16th Street Baptist Church Attack type Church bombing , terrorism , hate crime , mass murder Deaths Non-fatal injuries 22 Perpetrators Thomas Blanton ( convicted ) Robert Chambliss ( convicted ) Bobby Cherry ( convicted ) Herman Cash ( alleged ) Motive Racism Racial segregation Civil Rights Movement in Alabama Montgomery bus boycott Stand in the Schoolhouse Door Birmingham campaign Birmingham riot of 1963 16th Street Baptist Church bombing Bloody Tuesday Selma to Montgomery marches The 16th Street Baptist Church bombing was an act of white supremacist terrorism which occurred at the African - American 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham , Alabama , on Sunday , September 15 , 1963 , when four members of the Ku Klux Klan planted at least 15 sticks of dynamite attached to a timing device beneath the steps located on the east side of the church . Described by Martin Luther King Jr. as `` one of the most vicious and tragic crimes ever perpetrated against humanity '' , the explosion at the church killed four girls and injured 22 others . Although the FBI had concluded in 1965 that the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing had been committed by four known Ku Klux Klansmen and segregationists -- Thomas Edwin Blanton Jr. , Herman Frank Cash , Robert Edward Chambliss , and Bobby Frank Cherry -- no prosecutions ensued until 1977 , when Robert Chambliss was tried and convicted of the first degree murder of one of the victims , 11 - year - old Carol Denise McNair . Thomas Edwin Blanton Jr. and Bobby Cherry were each convicted of four counts of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment in 2001 and 2002 respectively , whereas Herman Cash , who died in 1994 , was never charged with his alleged involvement in the bombing . The 16th Street Baptist Church bombing marked a turning point in the United States during the Civil Rights Movement and contributed to support for passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Birmingham Campaign and the 16th Street Baptist Church 2 Bombing 3 Reactions and condemnation 3.1 Funerals 4 Initial investigation 4.1 FBI closure of case 5 Resulting legislation 6 Formal reopening of investigation 6.1 Prosecution of Robert Chambliss 7 Later prosecutions 7.1 Thomas Edwin Blanton 7.2 Bobby Frank Cherry 8 Possible fifth conspirator 9 Aftermath 10 Media and memorials 10.1 Music 10.2 Film 10.3 Television 10.4 Books ( non-fiction ) 10.5 Books ( fiction ) 10.6 In sculpture and symbolism 11 See also 12 References 13 Cited works and further reading 14 External links Background ( edit ) In the years leading up to the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing , Birmingham had earned a national reputation as a tense , violent and racially segregated city , in which even tentative racial integration of any form was met with violent resistance . Martin Luther King described Birmingham as `` probably the most thoroughly segregated city in the United States '' . The city had no black police officers or firefighters , and few of the city 's black residents were registered to vote . Bombings at black institutions were a regular occurrence : Birmingham had seen at least 21 separate explosions at black properties and churches in the eight years before 1963 , although none of these explosions had resulted in fatalities . These attacks had earned the city the nickname `` Bombingham '' . The 16th Street Baptist Church in 2005 . The steps beneath which the bomb was planted can be seen in the foreground Birmingham campaign and the 16th Street Baptist Church ( edit ) Main article : Birmingham campaign The three - story 16th Street Baptist Church had become a rallying point for civil rights activities through the spring of 1963 , and became the location where students who were arrested during the 1963 Birmingham campaign 's Children 's Crusade had been organized and trained by Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Director of Direct Action , James Bevel . The church was also used as a meeting - place for other civil rights leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and Fred Shuttlesworth . Tensions further escalated when the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and the Congress on Racial Equality became involved in a campaign to register African - Americans to vote in Birmingham . On May 2 , more than 1,000 students , some reportedly as young as eight , opted to leave school and gather at the 16th Street Baptist Church . Demonstrators present were given instructions to march to downtown Birmingham and discuss with the mayor their concerns about racial segregation in Birmingham , then to integrate buildings and businesses currently segregated . Although this march was met with fierce resistance and criticism , and saw up to 600 arrests on the first day alone , the Birmingham campaign and its Children 's Crusade continued until May 5 . These demonstrations led to an agreement , on May 8 , between the city 's business leaders and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference , to integrate public facilities , including schools , in the city within 90 days . ( The first three schools in Birmingham to become integrated would do so on September 4 . ) These demonstrations , and the concessions from city leaders to the majority of demonstrators ' demands , were met with fierce resistance in Birmingham . In the weeks following the September 4 integration of public schools , three further bombs had been detonated in Birmingham . Other acts of violence followed the settlement , and several staunch Ku Klux Klansmen were known to have expressed frustration at what they saw as a lack of effective resistance to integration . The 16th Street Baptist Church was a known and popular rallying point for civil rights activists , and had become an obvious target . Bombing ( edit ) In the early morning of Sunday , September 15 , 1963 , four members of the United Klans of America -- Thomas Edwin Blanton Jr. , Herman Frank Cash , Robert Edward Chambliss , and Bobby Frank Cherry -- planted a minimum of 15 sticks of dynamite with a time delay under the steps of the church , close to the basement . At approximately 10 : 22 a.m. , an anonymous man phoned the 16th Street Baptist Church . The call was answered by the acting Sunday School secretary : a 14 - year - old girl named Carolyn Maull . To Maull , the anonymous caller simply said the words , `` Three minutes '' , before terminating the call . Less than one minute later , the bomb exploded as five children were present within the basement assembly , changing into their choir robes in preparation for a sermon entitled `` A Love That Forgives '' . According to one survivor , the explosion shook the entire building and propelled the girls ' bodies through the air `` like rag dolls '' . The explosion blew a hole measuring seven feet in diameter in the church 's rear wall , and a crater five feet wide and two feet deep in the ladies ' basement lounge , destroying the rear steps to the church and blowing one passing motorist out of his car . Several other cars parked near the site of the blast were destroyed , and windows of properties located more than two blocks from the church were also damaged . All but one of the church 's stained - glass windows were destroyed in the explosion . The sole stained - glass window largely undamaged in the explosion depicted Christ leading a group of young children . Hundreds of individuals , some of them lightly wounded , converged on the church to search the debris for survivors as police erected barricades around the church and several outraged men scuffled with police . An estimated 2,000 black people , many of them hysterical , converged on the scene in the hours following the explosion as the church 's pastor , the Reverend John Cross Jr. , attempted to placate the crowd by loudly reciting the 23rd Psalm through a bullhorn . One individual who converged on the scene to help search for survivors , Charles Vann , later recollected that he had observed a solitary white man whom he recognized as Robert Edward Chambliss ( a known member of the Ku Klux Klan ) standing alone and motionless at a barricade . According to Vann 's later testimony , Chambliss was standing `` looking down toward the church , like a firebug watching his fire '' . Four girls , Addie Mae Collins ( age 14 , born April 18 , 1949 ) , Carol Denise McNair ( age 11 , born November 17 , 1951 ) , Carole Robertson ( age 14 , born April 24 , 1949 ) , and Cynthia Wesley ( age 14 , born April 30 , 1949 ) , were killed in the attack . The explosion was so intense that one of the girls ' bodies was decapitated and so badly mutilated in the explosion that her body could only be identified through her clothing and a ring , whereas another victim had been killed by a piece of mortar embedded in her skull . All four girls were pronounced dead on arrival at the Hillman Emergency Clinic . The then - pastor of the church , the Reverend John Cross , would recollect in 2001 that the girls ' bodies were subsequently found `` stacked on top of each other , clung together '' . More than 20 additional people were injured in the explosion , one of whom was Addie Mae 's younger sister , 12 - year - old Sarah Collins , who had 21 pieces of glass embedded in her face and was blinded in one eye . In her later recollections of the bombing , Collins would recall that in the moments immediately before the explosion , she had observed her sister , Addie , tying her dress sash . Another sister of Addie Mae Collins , 16 - year - old Junie Collins , would later recall that shortly before the explosion , she had been sitting in the basement of the church reading the Bible and had observed Addie Mae Collins tying the dress sash of Carol Denise McNair before she had herself returned upstairs to the ground floor of the church . Reactions and condemnation ( edit ) As violence escalated in Birmingham in the hours following the bombing , police urged parents of black and white youths to keep their children indoors , as the Governor of Alabama , George Wallace , ordered an additional 300 state police to assist in quelling unrest . Birmingham City Council convened an emergency meeting to propose safety measures for the city , although proposals for a curfew were rejected . Within 24 hours of the bombing , a minimum of five businesses and properties had been firebombed and numerous cars -- most of which were driven by whites -- had been stoned by rioting youths . In response to the church bombing , described by the Mayor of Birmingham , Albert Boutwell , as `` just sickening '' , the Attorney General dispatched 25 FBI agents , including explosives experts , to Birmingham to conduct a thorough forensic investigation . Congress of Racial Equality and members of the All Souls Church march in memory of the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing victims on September 22 , 1963 Although reports of the bombing and the loss of four children 's lives were glorified by white supremacists , who in many instances chose to celebrate the loss as `` four less niggers '' , as news of the church bombing and the fact that four young girls had been killed in the explosion reached the national and international press , many felt that they had not taken the civil rights struggle seriously enough . The day following the bombing , a young white lawyer named Charles Morgan Jr. addressed a meeting of businessmen , condemning the acquiescence of white people in Birmingham towards the oppression of blacks . In this speech , Morgan addressed his audience with a speech in which he lamented : `` Who did it ( the bombing ) ? We all did it ! The ' who ' is every little individual who talks about the ' niggers ' and spreads the seeds of his hate to his neighbor and his son ... What 's it like living in Birmingham ? No one ever really has known and no one will until this city becomes part of the United States . '' A Milwaukee Sentinel editorial opined , `` For the rest of the nation , the Birmingham church bombing should serve to goad the conscience . The deaths ... in a sense , are on the hands of each of us . '' Two more black youths , Johnny Robinson and Virgil Ware , were shot to death in Birmingham within seven hours of the Sunday morning bombing . Robinson , aged 16 , was shot in the back by a policeman as he fled down an alley , after ignoring police orders to halt . The police were reportedly responding to black youths throwing rocks at cars driven by white people . Robinson died before reaching the hospital . Ware , aged 13 , was shot in the cheek and chest with a revolver in a residential suburb 15 miles north of the city . A 16 - year - old white youth named Larry Sims fired the gun ( given to him by another youth named Michael Farley ) at Ware , who was sitting on the handlebars of a bicycle ridden by his brother . Sims and Farley had been riding home from an anti-integration rally which had denounced the church bombing . When he spotted Ware and his brother , Sims fired twice , reportedly with his eyes closed . ( Sims and Farley were later convicted of second - degree manslaughter , although the judge suspended their sentences and imposed two years ' probation upon each youth . ) Some civil rights activists blamed George Wallace , the Governor of Alabama and an outspoken segregationist , for creating the climate that had led to the killings . One week before the bombing , Wallace granted an interview with a The New York Times journalist in which he said he believed Alabama needed a `` few first - class funerals '' to stop racial integration . The city of Birmingham initially offered a $52,000 reward for the arrest of the bombers . Governor George Wallace himself offered an additional $5,000 on behalf of the state of Alabama . Although this donation was accepted , Martin Luther King Jr. is known to have informed Wallace via telegram of his belief that `` the blood of four little children ... is on your hands . Your irresponsible and misguided actions have created in Birmingham and Alabama the atmosphere that has induced continued violence and now murder . '' Funerals ( edit ) Carole Rosamond Robertson was laid to rest in a private family funeral held on September 17 , 1963 . Reportedly , Carole 's mother , Alpha , had expressly requested her daughter be buried separately from the other victims due to her distress at a remark Martin Luther King had made in which he ( King ) said the mindset that had allowed the murder of the four girls was the `` apathy and complacency '' of black people in Alabama . The service for Carole Rosamond Robertson was held at St. John 's African Methodist Episcopal Church . In attendance were 1,600 people . At this service , the Reverend C.E. Thomas addressed the congregation , informing them : `` The greatest tribute you can pay to Carole is to be calm , be lovely , be kind , be innocent . '' Carole Robertson was buried in a blue casket at Shadow Lawn Cemetery . On September 18 , the funeral of the three other girls killed in the bombing was held at the Sixth Avenue Baptist Church . Although no city officials attended this service , present at the girls ' funerals were an estimated 800 clergymen of all races . Also present was Martin Luther King Jr . In a speech conducted before the burial of the girls , King addressed an estimated 3,300 mourners -- including numerous white people -- with a speech which included : `` This tragic day may cause the white side to come to terms with its conscience . In spite of the darkness of this hour , we must not become bitter ... We must not lose faith in our white brothers . Life is hard . At times as hard as crucible steel , but , today , you do not walk alone . '' As the girls ' coffins were led to their graves , King ordered that those present remain solemn and forbid any singing , shouting or demonstrations . These instructions were relayed to the crowd present by a single youth with a bullhorn . At the time of the funerals , two of those critically injured in the bombing were still hospitalized , as was a 16 - year - old white teenager named Dennis Robertson , who had been hit on the head with a brick thrown by a black youth as Robertson cycled home from his job . Initial investigation ( edit ) Initially , investigators theorized that a bomb thrown from a passing car had caused the explosion at the 16th Street Baptist church ; however , by September 20 , the FBI was able to confirm that the explosion had been caused by a device which had been purposely planted beneath the steps to the church , close to the women 's lounge , where a section of wire and remnants of red plastic which could have been part of a timing device were discovered . ( The plastic remnants were later lost by investigators . ) Within days of the bombing , investigators began to focus their attention upon a Ku Klux Klan splinter group known as the `` Cahaba Boys '' . The Cahaba Boys had formed earlier in 1963 due to a mutual feeling the Ku Klux Klan was becoming restrained and impotent in response to concessions granted to blacks aimed at ending racial segregation , and had previously been linked to several bomb attacks at black - owned businesses and the homes of black community leaders throughout the spring and summer of 1963 . Although the Cahaba Boys consisted of fewer than 30 active members , this splinter group included Thomas Blanton Jr. , Herman Cash , Robert Chambliss , and Bobby Cherry . Investigators also gathered numerous witness statements attesting to a group of white men in a turquoise 1957 Chevrolet who had been seen near the church in the early hours of the morning of September 15 . These witness statements specifically indicated that a white man had exited the car and walked towards the steps of the church . ( The physical description of the individual who had exited the car varied , and could have matched either Bobby Cherry or Robert Chambliss . ) Chambliss was questioned by the FBI on September 26 . On September 29 , Chambliss was indicted solely upon charges of illegally purchasing and transporting dynamite on September 4 , 1963 . He and two acquaintances , John Hall and Charles Cagle , were each convicted upon a charge of illegally possessing and transporting dynamite on October 8 -- each receiving a $100 fine and a suspended 180 - day jail sentence . At the time , no federal charges were filed against Chambliss or any of his fellow conspirators in relation to the bombing . FBI closure of case ( edit ) The FBI did encounter difficulties in their initial investigation into the bombing . One later report stated : `` By 1965 , we had ( four ) serious suspects -- namely Thomas Blanton Jr. , Herman Frank Cash , Robert Chambliss , and Bobby Frank Cherry , all Klan members -- but witnesses were reluctant to talk and physical evidence was lacking . Also , at that time , information from our surveillance was not admissible in court . As a result , no federal charges were filed in the ' 60s . '' On May 13 , 1965 , local investigators and the FBI formally named Blanton , Cash , Chambliss , and Cherry as the perpetrators of the bombing , with Robert Chambliss the likely ringleader of the four . This information was relayed to the Director of the FBI , J. Edgar Hoover ; however , no prosecutions of the four suspects ensued , reportedly on the basis of mistrust between local and federal investigators . Later the same year , J. Edgar Hoover formally blocked any impending prosecutions against the suspects , and refused to disclose any evidence his agents had obtained with state or federal prosecutors . In 1968 , the FBI formally closed their investigation into the bombing without filing charges against any of their named suspects . The files were sealed by order of J. Edgar Hoover . Resulting legislation ( edit ) President Lyndon Johnson signs into effect the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . July 2 , 1964 The Birmingham campaign , the March on Washington , the bombing of the 16th Street Baptist church , and the later assassination of John F. Kennedy -- an ardent supporter of the civil rights cause who had proposed a Civil Rights Act of 1963 on national television -- increased worldwide awareness of and sympathy towards the civil rights cause . Following the assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22 , 1963 , newly - inaugurated President Lyndon Johnson continued to press for the passage of the civil rights bill sought by his predecessor . On July 2 , 1964 , President Lyndon Johnson signed into effect the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . In attendance were various leaders of the Civil Rights Movement including Martin Luther King Jr . This resulting legislation outlawed any discrimination based on race , color , religion , gender , or national origin ; thus ensuring full , equal rights of African - Americans before the law . Formal reopening of investigation ( edit ) Officially , the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing remained unsolved until William Baxley was elected Attorney General of Alabama in January 1971 . Baxley had been a student at the University of Alabama when he heard about the bombing in 1963 , and later recollected : `` I wanted to do something , but I did n't know what . '' Within one week of being sworn into office , Baxley had researched original police files into the bombing , discovering that most of the original police documents were lackluster and inefficient . Nonetheless , Baxley formally reopened the case into the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in 1971 . Baxley was able to corroborate with and build trust with key witnesses , some of whom had been reluctant to testify in the first trial . Other witnesses obtained were able to identify Chambliss as the individual who had placed the bomb beneath the church . Baxley also gathered evidence proving Chambliss had purchased dynamite from a store in Jefferson County less than two weeks before the bomb was planted , upon the pretext the dynamite was to be used to clear land the Ku Klux Klan had purchased near Highway 101 . In addition , he also obtained testimony from witnesses who were able to place Robert Chambliss and his car in the vicinity of the church on the day of the bombing . This testimony and evidence was used to formally construct a case against Robert Chambliss . Baxley then requested access to the original FBI files on the case and discovered that evidence accumulated by the FBI against the named suspects between 1963 and 1965 had not been revealed to the prosecutors in Birmingham . Although he met with initial resistance from the FBI , Baxley was formally presented with some of the evidence which had been compiled by the FBI in 1976 , after he publicly threatened to expose the Department of Justice for withholding evidence which could result in the prosecution of the perpetrators of the bombing . Prosecution of Robert Chambliss ( edit ) On November 14 , 1977 , Robert Chambliss , then aged 73 , stood trial in Birmingham 's Jefferson County Courthouse . Chambliss was initially indicted on September 24 , 1977 , charged with four counts of murder relating to each victim of the 1963 church bombing ; however , at an initial court hearing scheduled October 18 , Judge Wallace Gibson ruled that the defendant would be tried upon one count of murder -- that of Carol Denise McNair -- and that the remaining three counts of murder would remain , but that he would not be charged in relation to these three deaths . Before his trial , Chambliss remained free upon a $200,000 bond raised by family and supporters and posted October 18 . Chambliss pleaded not guilty to the charges , insisting that although he had indeed purchased a case of dynamite less than two weeks before the bombing , he had given the dynamite to a known Klan member named Gary Thomas Rowe Jr . To discredit Chambliss 's claims that Rowe had committed the bombing , prosecuting attorney William Baxley introduced two law enforcement officers to testify as to Chambliss 's inconsistent claims of innocence . The first of these witnesses was a retired Birmingham police officer named Tom Cook , who testified on November 15 as to a conversation he had had with Chambliss in 1975 . Cook testified that Chambliss had acknowledged his guilt regarding his 1963 arrest for possession of dynamite , but that he ( Chambliss ) was insistent he had given the dynamite to Rowe prior to the bombing . Following the testimony of Tom Cook , Baxley then introduced a police sergeant named Ernie Cantrell , who testified that Chambliss had visited his headquarters in 1976 , where he had attempted to affix the blame for the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing upon an altogether different member of the Ku Klux Klan . Cantrell also stated that Chambliss had boasted of his knowledge of how to construct a `` drip - method bomb '' using a fishing float and leaking bucket of water . ( Upon cross examination by defense attorney Art Hanes Jr. , Cantrell did concede that Chambliss had emphatically denied actually bombing the church . ) One of the key witnesses to testify on behalf of the prosecution was the Reverend Elizabeth Cobbs -- Chambliss 's own niece . Reverend Cobbs stated that her uncle had repeatedly informed her he had been engaged in what he referred to as a `` one - man battle '' against blacks since the 1940s . Moreover , Cobbs testified on November 16 that , on the day before the bombing , Chambliss had informed her he had in his possession enough dynamite to `` flatten half of Birmingham '' . Cobbs also testified that , approximately one week after the bombing , she had observed Chambliss watching a news article relating to the four girls killed in the bombing . According to Cobbs , Chambliss had informed her : `` It ( the bomb ) was n't meant to hurt anybody ... it did n't go off when it was supposed to . '' Another witness to testify was a man named William Jackson , who testified as to his joining the Ku Klux Klan in 1963 and his becoming acquainted with Chambliss shortly thereafter . Jackson testified that Chambliss had expressed frustration as to his ( Chambliss 's ) belief that the Klan was `` dragging its feet '' on the issue of racial integration , and of his eagerness to form a more virulent splinter group . In his closing argument before the jury on November 17 , Baxley acknowledged that Chambliss was not the sole perpetrator in the bombing , before informing the jury of his regret that the state was unable to request the death penalty in this case , owing to the fact the death penalty in Alabama which had been in effect in 1963 had been repealed , and that the current death penalty within the state was only applicable in relation to crimes committed after its reinstatement . Noting that the day of the closing argument fell upon what would have been Carol Denise McNair 's 26th birthday , and that she would have likely been a mother by this date , Baxley harked towards the testimony earlier delivered by Carol 's father , Chris McNair , and requested that the jury return a verdict of guilty . In his rebuttal closing argument , defense attorney Art Hanes Jr. attacked the evidence presented by the prosecution as being purely circumstantial , adding that similar circumstantial evidence had earlier seen Chambliss acquitted of the church bombing in 1963 . Hanes also harked towards the testimony of several of the 12 witnesses the defense had called to testify as to Chambliss 's whereabouts on the day of the bombing , including a policeman and a neighbor who had each testified as to Chambliss being at the home of a man named Clarence Dill on the day of the bombing . Following the closing arguments , the jury retired to begin their deliberations , which lasted for over six hours and continued into the following day . On November 18 , 1977 , Robert Chambliss was found guilty of the murder of Carol Denise McNair and sentenced to life imprisonment for her murder . At his sentencing , Chambliss stood before the judge and stated : `` Judge , your honor , all I can say is God knows I have never killed anybody , never have bombed anything in my life ... I did n't bomb that church . '' The same afternoon Chambliss was convicted , William Baxley issued a subpoena to Thomas Blanton to appear in court in relation to the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing . Although Baxley knew he had insufficient evidence to charge Blanton at this stage , this subpoena was issued in the hope of frightening Blanton into confessing his involvement and negotiating a deal to turn state evidence against his co-conspirators . Blanton , however , simply hired a lawyer and refused to answer any questions . Chambliss did appeal his conviction , citing that much of the evidence presented at his trial -- including testimony relating to his activities within the Ku Klux Klan -- was circumstantial ; that the 14 - year delay between the crime and his eventual trial violated his constitutional right to a speedy trial ; and that this delay was a tactic used by the prosecution to gain an advantage over his own defense attorneys . This appeal was dismissed on May 22 , 1979 . Robert Chambliss died in the Lloyd Noland Hospital and Health Center on October 29 , 1985 , at the age of 81 . In the years since his incarceration , Chambliss had been confined to a solitary cell to protect him from attacks by fellow inmates . He had repeatedly proclaimed his innocence -- repeatedly insisting Gary Thomas Rowe Jr. was the actual perpetrator . Later prosecutions ( edit ) Ten years after Chambliss had died , the FBI discreetly reopened their investigation into the bombing , resulting in the unsealing of 9,000 pieces of evidence previously gathered by the FBI in the 1960s ( many of these documents relating to the 16th Street Baptist Church Bombing had been unavailable to William Baxley in the 1970s ) . In May 2000 , the FBI publicly announced their findings that the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing had been committed by four members of the Ku Klux Klan splinter group known as the Cahaba Boys . The four individuals named in the FBI report were Blanton , Cash , Chambliss , and Cherry . At the time of the announcement , Herman Cash was deceased ; however , Thomas Blanton and Bobby Cherry were still alive . Both were arrested . On May 16 , 2000 , a grand jury in Alabama indicted Thomas Edwin Blanton and Bobby Frank Cherry with eight counts each of first - degree murder in relation to the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing . Both named individuals were charged with four counts of first - degree murder , and four counts of universal malice . The following day , both men surrendered to police . The prosecution had originally intended to try both defendants together ; however , the trial of Bobby Cherry was delayed due to the findings of a court - ordered psychiatric evaluation , which had concluded that vascular dementia had impaired his mind , therefore making Cherry mentally incompetent to stand trial or assist in his own defense . On April 10 , 2001 , Judge James Garrett indefinitely postponed Cherry 's trial , pending further medical analysis . In January 2002 , Judge Garrett ruled Cherry mentally competent to stand trial and set an initial trial date for April 29 . Thomas Edwin Blanton ( edit ) Thomas Edwin Blanton Jr. was brought to trial in Birmingham , Alabama , before Judge James Garrett on April 24 , 2001 . Blanton pleaded not guilty to the charges , and opted not to testify on his own behalf throughout the trial . In his opening statement to the jurors , defense attorney John Robbins acknowledged his client 's affiliation with the Ku Klux Klan and his views on racial segregation , but warned the jury : `` Just because you do n't like him , that does n't make him responsible for the bombing . '' The prosecution called a total of seven witnesses to testify in their case against Blanton , including relatives of the victims , the former reverend of the 16th Street Baptist Church , John Cross , an FBI agent named William Fleming , and a former Klansman who became a paid FBI informant , Mitchell Burns . Burns had secretly recorded several conversations with Blanton in which he ( Blanton ) had gloated when talking about the bombing , and had boasted the police would not catch him when he bombed another church . The most crucial piece of evidence presented at Blanton 's trial was an audio recording secretly taped by the FBI in June , 1964 , in which Blanton was recorded discussing his involvement in the bombing with his wife , who can be heard accusing her husband of conducting an affair with a woman named Waylene Vaughn two nights before the bombing . Although sections of the recording -- presented in evidence on April 27 -- are unintelligible , Blanton can twice be heard mentioning the phrase `` plan a bomb '' or `` plan the bomb '' . Most crucially , Blanton can also be heard describing his not being with Miss Vaughn , but at a meeting with other Ku Klux Klansmen on a bridge above the Cahaba River two nights before the bombing , adding : `` You 've got to have a meeting to plan a bomb . '' In addition to calling attention to flaws in the prosecution 's case , the defense was able to expose inconsistencies in the memories of some prosecution witnesses who had testified . Blanton 's attorneys also criticized the validity and quality of the 16 tape recordings introduced as evidence , arguing that the prosecution had deliberately spliced the sections of the audio recording secretly obtained within Blanton 's kitchen , reducing the entirety of the tape by 26 minutes , and that the sections presented were of a poor audio quality , requiring the prosecution to present questionable text transcripts to the jury . In reference to the recordings made as Blanton conversed with Burns , Robbins emphasized that Burns had earlier testified that Blanton had never expressly stated he had made or planted the bomb , and portrayed the audio tapes introduced into evidence as the statements of `` two rednecks driving around , drinking '' and making false , ego - inflating claims to one another . The trial lasted for one week , and saw seven witnesses testify on behalf of the prosecution , as opposed to just two witnesses for the defense . One of the defense witnesses was a retired chef named Eddie Mauldin , who was called to testify in an effort to discredit prosecution witnesses ' statements that they had seen Blanton in the vicinity of the church prior to the bombing . Mauldin testified on April 30 that he had observed two men in a Rambler station wagon adorned with a confederate flag repeatedly drive past the church immediately before the blast , and that , seconds after the bomb had exploded , the car had `` burned rubber '' as it drove away . ( Thomas Blanton had owned a Chevrolet in 1963 , and neither Chambliss , Cash nor Cherry had owned such a vehicle . ) Both counsels delivered their closing arguments before the jury on May 1 . In his closing argument , prosecuting attorney Doug Jones first pointed to the fact that the trial was conducted 38 years after the bombing made the trial no less important , adding : `` It 's never too late for the truth to be told ... It 's never too late for a man to be held accountable for his crimes . '' Jones then recited Blanton 's extensive history with the Ku Klux Klan , before referring to the audio recordings presented earlier in the trial . Jones then recited the most damning statements Blanton had made in these recordings , before pointing at Blanton and stating : `` That is a confession out of this man 's mouth . '' Defense attorney John Robbins reminded the jury in his closing argument that his client was an admitted segregationist and a `` loudmouth '' , but that that was all that could be proven , and that his past was not the evidence upon which they should return their verdicts . Stressing that Blanton should not be judged for his beliefs , Robbins again vehemently criticized the validity and poor quality of the audio recordings presented , and the selectivity of the sections which had been introduced into evidence . Robbins also discredited the testimony of FBI agent William Fleming , who had earlier testified as to a government witness claiming he had seen Blanton in the vicinity of the church shortly before the bombing . The jury deliberated for just two and a half hours before returning with a verdict finding Thomas Edwin Blanton guilty of four counts of first - degree murder . When asked by the judge whether he had anything to say before sentence was imposed , Blanton simply said : `` I guess the Lord will settle it on Judgment Day . '' Blanton was sentenced to serve a sentence of life imprisonment , and remains the sole perpetrator of the 1963 Birmingham Church bombing still alive . His first parole hearing was held on August 3 , 2016 . Relatives of the slain girls , prosecutor Doug Jones , Alabama Chief Deputy Attorney General Alice Martin , and Jefferson County district attorney Brandon Falls each spoke at the hearing to oppose Blanton 's parole , with Martin addressing the hearing by stating : `` The cold blooded callousness of this hate crime has not diminished by the passage of time . '' The Board of Pardons and Paroles debated for less than 90 seconds before opting to deny parole to Blanton . He is next eligible for parole in 2021 . Bobby Frank Cherry ( edit ) Bobby Frank Cherry was tried in Birmingham , Alabama , before Judge James Garrett , on May 6 , 2002 . Cherry also pleaded not guilty to the charges , and did not testify on his own behalf during the trial . In his opening statement for the prosecution , Don Cochran outlined that he expected the evidence to be presented to show that Cherry had participated in a conspiracy to commit the bombing and conceal evidence linking him to the crime , and that he had later gloated over the deaths of the victims . Cochran also added that although the evidence to be presented would not conclusively show that Cherry had actually planted or ignited the bomb , the combined evidence would illustrate that he had aided and abetted in the commission of the act . Cherry 's defense attorney , Mickey Johnson , protested his client 's innocence , citing that much of the evidence presented was circumstantial , and that Cherry had initially been linked to the bombing by the FBI via an informant who had claimed , fifteen months after the bombing , that she had seen Cherry place the bomb at the church shortly before the bombing . Johnson then warned the jurors they would have to draw a distinction between evidence and proof . Following the opening statements , the prosecution began presenting witnesses . Crucial testimony at Cherry 's trial was delivered by his former wife , Willadean Brogdon , whom Cherry had married in 1970 . Brogdon testified on May 16 that Cherry had boasted to her that he had been the individual who planted the bomb beneath the steps to the church , then returned hours later to light the fuse upon the dynamite . Brogdon also testified that Cherry had informed her of his regret that children had died in the bombing , before adding his contentment that they would never reproduce . Although the credibility of Brogdon 's testimony was called into dispute at the trial , forensic experts did concede that , although her account of the planting of the bombing differed from that which had been discussed in the previous perpetrators ' trials , Brogdon 's recollection of Cherry 's account of the planting and subsequent lighting of the bomb could explain why no conclusive remnants of a timing device were subsequently discovered after the bombing . ( A fishing float attached to a section of wire which may have been part of a timing device was found 20 feet from the explosion crater following the bombing , although one of several vehicles heavily damaged in the explosion was found to have carried fishing tackle . ) Another witness to testify on behalf of the prosecution was Barbara Ann Cross , the daughter of the Reverend John Cross , who was aged 13 in 1963 . Cross had been slightly wounded in the bombing , and had attended the same Sunday School class as the four victims on the day of the bombing . On May 15 , Cross testified that prior to the explosion , she and the four girls killed had each attended a Youth Day Sunday School lesson in which the theme taught was how to react to a physical injustice . Cross testified that each girl present had been taught to contemplate how Jesus would react to affliction or injustice , with the message taught being to consider , `` What Would Jesus Do ? '' Cross testified that she would herself have accompanied her friends into the basement lounge to change into robes for the forthcoming sermon , but she had been given an assignment . Shortly thereafter , she had heard `` the most horrible noise '' , before being struck on the head by debris . Throughout the trial , Cherry 's defense attorney , Mickey Johnson , repeatedly observed that many of the prosecution 's witnesses were either circumstantial or `` inherently unreliable '' . Many of the same audio tapes presented in Blanton 's trial were also introduced into evidence in the trial of Bobby Cherry . A key point contested as to the validity of the audio tapes being introduced into evidence , outside the hearing of the jury , was the fact that Cherry had no grounds to contest the introduction of the tapes into evidence , as , under the Fourth Amendment , neither his home or property had been subject to discreet recording by the FBI . This was disputed by Don Cochran , who argued that Alabama law allows conspiracies to conceal evidence to be proven by both inference and circumstantial evidence . In spite of a rebuttal argument by the defense , Judge Garrett ruled that some sections were too prejudicial , but also that portions of some audio recordings could be introduced as evidence . Through these rulings , Mitchell Burns was also called to testify on behalf of the prosecution , although his testimony was restricted to the areas of the recordings permitted into evidence . Prosecutor Doug Jones points toward Bobby Cherry as he delivers his closing argument to the jury . May 21 , 2002 On May 21 , 2002 , both prosecution and defense attorneys delivered their closing arguments to the jury . In his closing argument for the prosecution , Don Cochran gave attention to the fact the victims ' `` Youth Sunday ( sermon ) never happened ... because it was destroyed by this defendant 's hate . '' Cochran then outlined Cherry 's extensive record of racial violence dating back to the 1950s , also noting his knowledge of constructing and installing bombs obtained in his days as a Marine demolition expert . Cochran also reminded the jury of a secretly - obtained FBI recording which had earlier been introduced into evidence in which Cherry had informed his first wife , Jean , that he and other Klansmen had constructed the bomb within the premises of a business the Friday before the bombing , and that Cherry had signed an affidavit in the presence of the FBI on October 9 , 1963 , confirming that he , Chambliss and Blanton were at these premises on this date . In the closing argument for the defense , attorney Mickey Johnson argued that Cherry had nothing to do with the bombing , and reminded the jurors that his client was not on trial for his beliefs , stating : `` It seems like more time has been spent here throwing around the n - word than proving what happened in September 1963 . '' Johnson then reiterated that there was no hard evidence linking Cherry to the bombing , but only evidence attesting to his racist beliefs dating from that era , and that the family members who had testified against him were all estranged and therefore unreliable witnesses . Johnson then urged the jury not to convict his client via guilt by association . Following these closing arguments , the jury retired to consider their verdicts . These deliberations continued until the following day . On the afternoon of May 22 , after deliberating for almost seven hours , the forewoman of the jury announced they had reached their verdicts : Bobby Frank Cherry was convicted of four counts of first - degree murder and sentenced to life imprisonment . Cherry remained stoic as the sentence was read aloud , although relatives of the four victims openly wept in relief . When asked by the judge whether he had anything to say before sentence was imposed , Cherry motioned to the prosecutors and stated : `` This whole bunch lied all the way through this thing ( the trial ) . I told the truth . I do n't know why I 'm going to jail for nothing . I have n't done anything ! '' Bobby Frank Cherry died of cancer on November 18 , 2004 , at age 74 , while incarcerated at the Kilby Correctional Facility . Following the convictions of Blanton and Cherry , Alabama 's former Attorney General , William Baxley , expressed his frustration at his never being informed of the existence of these audio recordings before their emergence at the 2001 and 2002 trials . Baxley acknowledged that the social circumstances in 1960s Alabama would likely have leaned in favor of both defendants even with the FBI recordings presented in evidence , but added that he could have prosecuted Thomas Blanton -- and likely Bobby Cherry -- in 1977 , had he been granted access to the secretly recorded tapes of Blanton conversing with his wife and with FBI informant Mitchell Burns . ( A 1980 Justice Department report had concluded that J. Edgar Hoover had blocked prosecution of the four suspects of the bombing in 1965 , and had officially closed the investigation in 1968 . ) Possible fifth conspirator ( edit ) Although both Blanton and Cherry denied their involvement in the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing , until his death in 1985 , Robert Chambliss repeatedly insisted that the bombing had been committed by Gary Thomas Rowe , Jr . Rowe had been encouraged to join the Klan by acquaintances in 1960 before becoming a paid FBI informant just two months after the bombing . In this role , Rowe acted as an agent provocateur between 1961 and 1965 . Although informative to the FBI , Rowe participated in violence against blacks and white civil rights activists . By Rowe 's own later admission , in his role as an FBI informant , he had shot and killed an unidentified black man and had been an accessory to the murder of Viola Liuzzo . Investigative records show that Rowe had twice failed polygraph tests when questioned as to his possible involvement in the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing and two separate , non-fatal explosions . These polygraph results had convinced some FBI agents of Rowe 's culpability in the bombing . Prosecutors at Chambliss 's 1977 trial had initially intended to call Rowe as a witness ; however , William Baxley had opted not to call Rowe as a witness after being informed of the results of these polygraph tests . Although never formally named as one of the conspirators by the FBI , Rowe 's record of deception on the polygraph tests leaves open the possibility that Chambliss 's claims may have held a degree of truth . Nonetheless , a 1979 investigation cleared Rowe of any involvement in the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing . Aftermath ( edit ) They forever changed the face of this state and the history of this state . Their deaths made all of us focus upon the ugliness of those who would punish people because of the color of their skin . -- State Senator Roger Bedford at the unveiling of a state historic marker to the victims . September 15 , 1990 Following the bombing , the 16th Street Baptist Church remained closed for over eight months , as assessments and , later , repairs were conducted upon the property . Both the church and the bereaved families received an estimated $23,000 in cash donations from members of the public . Gifts totalling over $186,000 were donated from around the world . The church reopened to members of the public on June 7 , 1964 , and continues to remain an active place of worship today , with an average weekly attendance of nearly 2,000 worshippers . The current pastor of the church is the Reverend Arthur Price Jr . The most seriously injured survivor of the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing , Sarah Jean Collins , remained hospitalized for more than two months following the bombing . Collins ' injuries were so extensive that medical personnel did initially fear she would lose the sight in both eyes , although by October , they were able to inform Collins she would regain the sight in her left eye . When asked her feelings towards the bombers on October 15 , 1963 , Collins first thanked those who had cared for her and sent messages of condolence , flowers and toys , then said : `` As for the bomber , people are praying for him . We wonder what he would be thinking today , if he had children ... He will face God . We turn this problem over to God , because no one else can solve Birmingham 's problems . We leave it up to God to solve them . '' Charles Morgan Jr. , the young white lawyer who had delivered an impassioned speech on September 16 , 1963 , deploring the tolerance and complacency of much of the white population of Birmingham towards the suppression and intimidation of blacks -- thereby contributing to the climate of hatred in the city -- himself received death threats directed against him and his family in the days following his speech . Within three months , Morgan and his family were forced to flee Birmingham . James Bevel , a prominent figure within the Civil Rights Movement and organizer of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference , was galvanized to create what became known as the Alabama Project for Voting Rights as a direct result of the 16th Street Baptist Church Bombing . Following the bombing , Bevel and his then - wife , Diane , relocated to Alabama , where they tirelessly worked upon the Alabama Project for Voting Rights , which aimed to extend full voting rights for all eligible citizens of Alabama regardless of race . This initiative subsequently contributed to the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches , which themselves resulted in the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , thus prohibiting any form of racial discrimination within the process of voting . The Welsh Window . Designed by artist John Petts , the stained - glass window depicts a black Christ with his arms outstretched ; his right arm pushing away hatred and injustice , the left extended in an offering of forgiveness . Within the 16th Street Baptist Church , there still stands the Welsh Window . Sculpted by Carmarthenshire - based artist John Petts , who had initiated a campaign in Wales to raise money to fund a replacement stained - glass window which had been destroyed in the bombing . Petts had opted to construct a stained - glass image of a black Christ to replace one of the windows destroyed in the bombing . Within two days of the church bombing , Petts had contacted then - pastor of the church , the Reverend John Cross , announcing he had launched a fundraising campaign to create this sculpture via an appeal conducted through the Western Mail , requesting funds from the Welsh public to pay for the construction of the structure in Wales , and its delivery and installation at the 16th Street Baptist Church . John Petts died in 1991 at the age of 77 . In a 1987 interview focusing upon his recollections of the bombing , Petts recollected : `` Naturally , as a father , I was horrified by the deaths of those children . '' Petts then elaborated that the inspiration for the stained - glass image was a verse from the Gospel of Matthew : `` Truly , I say to you , as you did it to one of the least of these my brothers , you did it to me . '' The Welsh Window bears the inscription , `` Given by The People of Wales '' . On the 27th anniversary of the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing , a state historic marker was unveiled at Greenwood Cemetery , the final resting place of three of the four victims of the bombing ( Carole Robertson 's body had been reburied in Greenwood Cemetery in 1974 , following the death of her father ) . Several dozen people were present at the unveiling , presided over by state Senator Roger Bedford . At the service , the four girls were described as martyrs who `` died so freedom could live '' . Herman Frank Cash died of cancer in February 1994 . He was never charged with his alleged involvement in the bombing , and did maintain his innocence . Although Cash is known to have passed a polygraph test in which he was questioned as to his potential involvement in the bombing , the FBI had concluded in May 1965 that Cash was one of the four conspirators . Cash is interred at Northview Cemetery in Polk County , Georgia . The Reverend John Cross , who had been the pastor of the 16th Street Baptist Church at the time of the 1963 bombing , died of natural causes on November 15 , 2007 . He was 82 years old . The Reverend Cross is interred at Hillandale Memorial Gardens in DeKalb County , Georgia . Thomas Edwin Blanton , the sole perpetrator of the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing still alive , is currently incarcerated at the St. Clair Correctional Facility in Springville , Alabama . Since his 2001 conviction , Blanton has been confined in a one - man cell under tight security . He has seldom spoken of his involvement in the bombing , shuns social activity and rarely receives visitors . Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice was eight years old at the time of the bombing and both a classmate and friend of Carol Denise McNair . On the day of the bombing , Rice was at her father 's church , located a few blocks from the 16th Street Baptist Church . In 2004 , Rice recalled her memories of the bombing : I remembered the bombing of that Sunday School at 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham in 1963 . I did not see it happen , but I heard it happen and I felt it happen , just a few blocks away at my father 's church . It is a sound that I will never forget , that will forever reverberate in my ears . That bomb took the lives of four young girls , including my friend and playmate ( Carol ) Denise McNair . The crime was calculated , not random . It was meant to suck the hope out of young lives , bury their aspirations , and ensure that old fears would be propelled forward into the next generation . On May 24 , 2013 , President Barack Obama posthumously awarded a Congressional Gold Medal to the four girls killed in the 1963 Birmingham Church Bombing . This medal was awarded through signing into effect Public Law 113 -- 11 ; a bill which awarded one Congressional Gold Medal to be created in recognition of the fact the girls ' deaths served as a major catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement , and invigorated a momentum ensuring the signing into passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . The gold medal was presented to the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute to display or temporarily loan to other museums . Media and memorials ( edit ) Music ( edit ) The song `` Birmingham Sunday '' is directly inspired by the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing . Written in 1964 by Richard Fariña and recorded by Fariña 's sister - in - law , Joan Baez , the song was included on Baez 's 1964 album Joan Baez / 5 . The song would also be covered by Rhiannon Giddens , and is included on her 2017 album Freedom Highway . The 1964 album track upon jazz musician John Coltrane 's album Live at Birdland includes the track `` Alabama '' . This song was written as a direct musical tribute to the victims of the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing . African - American composer Adolphus Hailstork 's 1982 work for wind ensemble titled American Guernica was composed in memory of the victims of the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing . Film ( edit ) A 1997 documentary , 4 Little Girls , focuses exclusively upon the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing . Directed by Spike Lee , this documentary includes interviews with family and friends of the victims and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Documentary . The 2002 docudrama , Sins of the Father , directly focuses upon the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing . Directed by Robert Dornhelm , the film casts Richard Jenkins as Bobby Cherry and Bruce McFee as Robert Chambliss . The 2014 American historical drama , Selma , which focuses upon the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches , also includes a scene depicting the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing . This film was directed by Ava DuVernay . Television ( edit ) The 1993 documentary , Angels of Change , focuses upon both the events leading to the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing and its aftermath . This documentary was produced by Birmingham - based TV station WVTM - TV , and subsequently received a Peabody Award . The History Channel has broadcast a documentary entitled Remembering the Birmingham Church Bombing . Broadcast to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the bombing , this documentary includes interviews with the Head of Education at the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute . Books ( non-fiction ) ( edit ) Anderson , Susan ( 2008 ) . The Past on Trial : The Sixteenth Street Baptist Church Bombing , Civil Rights Memory and the Remaking of Birmingham . Chapel Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 54988 - 141 - 4 . Branch , Taylor ( 1988 ) . Parting the Waters : America in the King Years , 1954 -- 1963 . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 68742 - 5 . Chalmers , David ( 2005 ) . Backfire : How the Ku Klux Klan Helped the Civil Rights Movement . Chapel Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 2311 - 1 . Cobbs , Elizabeth H. ; Smith , Petric J. ( 1994 ) . Long Time Coming : An Insider 's Story of the Birmingham Church Bombing that Rocked the World . Crane Hill Publishers . ISBN 1 - 881548 - 10 - 4 . Hamlin , Christopher M. ( 1998 ) . Behind the Stained Glass : A History of Sixteenth Street Baptist Church . Crane Hill Publishers . ISBN 1 - 57587 - 083 - 5 . Klobuchar , Lisa ( 2009 ) . 1963 Birmingham Church Bombing : The Ku Klux Klan 's History of Terror . Compass Point Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7565 - 4092 - 0 . McKinstry , Carolyn ; George , Denise ( 2011 ) . While the World Watched : A Birmingham Bombing Survivor Comes of Age During the Civil Rights Movement . Tyndale House Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4143 - 3636 - 7 . McWhorter , Diane ( 2001 ) . Carry Me Home : Birmingham , Alabama , the Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4767 - 0951 - 2 . Sikora , Frank ( 1991 ) . Until Justice Rolls Down : The Birmingham Church Bombing Case . University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 0520 - 3 . Thorne , T.K. ( 2013 ) . Last Chance for Justice : How Relentless Investigators Uncovered New Evidence Convicting the Birmingham Church Bombers . Lawrence Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61374 - 864 - 0 . Books ( fiction ) ( edit ) Christopher Paul Curtis 's 1995 novel The Watsons Go to Birmingham -- 1963 conveys the events of the bombing . This fictional account of the bombing was later converted into a movie . The 2001 novel Bombingham , written by Anthony Grooms , is set in Birmingham in 1963 . This novel portrays a fictional account of the bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church and the shootings of Virgil Ware and Johnny Robinson . The American Girl book No Ordinary Sound , set in 1963 and featuring the character of Melody Ellison , has the bombing as a major plot point . In sculpture and symbolism ( edit ) The Four Spirits sculpture , unveiled at Kelly Ingram Park , September 2013 Welsh craftsman and artist John Petts was inspired to construct and deliver the iconic stained - glass Welsh Window to the 16th Street Baptist Church in 1965 . The Welsh Window is a large stained - glass edifice depicting a black Jesus , with arms outstretched , reminiscent of the Crucifixion of Jesus . Erected at the church in 1965 , the Welsh Window stands over the front door of the sanctuary . The American sculptor John Henry Waddell has created a memorial symbolizing those killed in the bombing . Entitled That Which Might Have Been : Birmingham 1963 , the sculpture -- depicting four adult women in differing postures -- was created over a period of 15 months . The four women in the sculpture are each depicted in symbolic terms ; representing the four victims of the bombing , had they been allowed to mature to womanhood . The sculpture was originally displayed at the First Unitarian Universalist Church in Phoenix in 1969 . A second casting of the sculpture was intended for display in Birmingham ; however , due to controversy over the nudity of the women in the sculpture , this second casting is now on display at the George Washington Carver Museum . The names of the four girls killed in the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing are engraved upon the Civil Rights Memorial . Erected in Montgomery , Alabama in 1989 . The Civil Rights Memorial is an inverted , conical granite fountain and is dedicated to 41 people who died in the struggle for the equal rights and integrated treatment of all people between the years 1954 and 1968 . The names of the 41 individuals themselves are chronologically engrained upon the surface of this fountain . Creator Maya Lin has described this sculpture as a `` contemplative area ; a place to remember the Civil Rights Movement , to honor those killed during the struggle , to appreciate how far the country has come in its quest for equality '' . The Four Spirits sculpture was unveiled at Birmingham 's Kelly Ingram Park in September 2013 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the bombing . Crafted in Berkeley , California by Birmingham - born sculptor Elizabeth MacQueen and designed as a memorial to the four children killed on September 15 , 1963 , the bronze and steel life - size sculpture depicts the four girls in preparation for the church sermon at the 16th Street Baptist Church in the moments immediately before the explosion . The youngest girl killed in the explosion ( Carol Denise McNair ) is depicted releasing six doves into the air as she stands tiptoed and barefooted upon a bench as another barefooted girl ( Addie Mae Collins ) is depicted kneeling upon the bench , affixing a dress sash to McNair ; a third girl ( Cynthia Wesley ) is sat upon the bench alongside McNair and Collins with a Bible in her lap . The fourth girl ( Carole Robertson ) is depicted standing and smiling as she motions the other three girls to attend their church sermon . At the base of the sculpture is an inscription of the name of the sermon the four girls were to attend prior to the bombing -- `` A Love That Forgives '' . Oval photographs and brief biographies of the four girls killed in the explosion , the most seriously injured survivor ( Sarah Collins ) , and the two teenage boys shot to death later that day also adorn the base of the sculpture . More than 1,000 people were present at the unveiling of the memorial , including survivors of the bombing , friends of the victims and the parents of Denise McNair , Johnny Robinson and Virgil Ware . Among those to speak at the unveiling was the Reverend Joseph Lowery , who informed those present : `` Do n't let anybody tell you these children died in vain . We would n't be here right now , had they not gone home before our eyes . '' See also ( edit ) African - American history Mass racial violence in the United States Timeline of the civil rights movement 1960s portal African American portal Alabama portal Christianity portal Criminal justice portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 16th Street Baptist Church bombing '' , from Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ `` Fifty Years After Bombing , Birmingham is Resurrected '' , by John Meacham , Time . September 23 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Today in 1963 : The Bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church '' . ajccenter.wfu.edu. 2013 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Know 1 Radio.com Jump up ^ N.Y. Daily News Sept. 1 , 2013 Jump up ^ wsws.org May 20 , 2000 ^ Jump up to : Times Daily May 23 , 2002 Jump up ^ TeachingAmericanHistory.org Jump up ^ `` New Bomb Blast Hits Birmingham '' . The Miami News . 1963 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Washington Post Sept. 16 , 1963 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Six Negro Children Killed in Alabama Sunday '' . The Times - News , Hendersonville , NC. 1963 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Observer - Reporter Nov. 19 , 1977 Jump up ^ `` Factiva '' . Global.factiva.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : CrimeLibrary.com p. 5 Jump up ^ Bilal R. Muhammad ( 2011 ) . The African - American Odyssey . books.google.com . ISBN 978 - 1467035132 . Jump up ^ CBN.com Jump up ^ 1963 Birmingham Church Bombing : The Ku Klux Klan 's History of Terror p. 10 ^ Jump up to : Eugene Register - Guard Oct. 29 , 1985 Jump up ^ University of California , Los Angeles . `` Birmingham Church Bombed '' . ucla.edu . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Father Recalls Deadly Blast At Ala . Baptist Church '' . npr.org . September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/terrorists/birmingham_church/4.html CrimeLibrary.com p. 4 Jump up ^ History.com . Sep. 13 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` Six Dead After Church Bombing '' . Washington Post . 1963 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ N.Y. Sun.com Jump up ^ United States House of Representatives ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` AWARDING CONGRESSIONAL GOLD MEDAL TO ADDIE MAE COLLINS , DENISE McNAIR , CAROLE ROBERTSON , AND CYNTHIA WESLEY '' . beta.congress.gov . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ TheGuardian.com Sep. 16 , 2014 Jump up ^ NPR.org Sep. 15 , 2008 Jump up ^ al.com Sep. 15 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Lakeland Ledger Apr. 25 , 2001 Jump up ^ `` 16th Street Baptist Church Bombing : Forty Years Later , Birmingham Still Struggles with Violent Past '' . National Public Radio : All Things Considered. 2003 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 22 November 2010 . Jump up ^ The Daily Beast Sep. 15 , 2013 Jump up ^ Nelson , Cary ( ed . ) . `` About the 1963 Birmingham Bombing '' . The Modern American Poetry Site . Department of English , University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign . Jump up ^ TheGospelCoalition.org Jump up ^ Washington Post Sep. 16 , 1963 Jump up ^ Free at Last : A History of the Civil Rights Movement and Those Who Died in the Struggle p. 63 Jump up ^ TheAtlantic.com Sep. 13 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Nation 's Shame '' . The Milwaukee Sentinel. 1963 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Free at Last : A History of the Civil Rights Movement and Those Who Died in the Struggle p. 64 Jump up ^ William O. Bryant ( September 11 , 1963 ) . `` Six Negro Children Killed in Alabama '' . The Times News . United Press International . Retrieved 6 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : TIME Sep. 22 , 2003 Jump up ^ Times Daily May 7 , 2004 Jump up ^ The Informant , the FBI and the Ku Klux Klan p. 88 Jump up ^ `` Columns : Drawn back to Birmingham '' . ^ Jump up to : Crimes and Trials of the Century p. 274 . Jump up ^ 1963 : The Year of Hope and Hostility pp. 184 -- 185 ^ Jump up to : Park City Daily News Sept. 19 , 1963 ^ Jump up to : Crimes and Trials of the Century p. 272 Jump up ^ Sarasota Herald - Tribune Sept. 18 , 1963 Jump up ^ Baltimore Afro - American Sept. 21 , 1963 Jump up ^ `` We Shall Overcome Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement '' . National Public Radio . Archived from the original on 17 December 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Pittsburgh Post-Gazette Sept. 19 , 1963 Jump up ^ Ocala Star - Banner Sept. 19 , 1963 Jump up ^ Ocala Star ( - Banner Sept. 19 , 1963 Jump up ^ Time.com Sept. 22 , 2003 Jump up ^ The Milwaukee Journal Sep. 21 , 1963 Jump up ^ 1963 Birmingham Church Bombing : The Ku Klux Klan 's History of Terror p. 63 Jump up ^ 1963 Birmingham Church Bombing : The Ku Klux Klan 's History of Terror p. 57 Jump up ^ CNN.com May 22 , 2000 Jump up ^ L.A. Times.com Apr. 14 , 2001 p. 1 Jump up ^ The Informant : The FBI , the Ku Klux Klan , and the Murder of Viola Liuzzo p. 386 Jump up ^ It Happened in Alabama p. 102 Jump up ^ JOHN HERBERS Special to the New York Times ( 1963 - 10 - 09 ) . `` N.Y. Times Oct. 9 , 1963 '' . Select.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` FBI : A Byte Out of History : The ' 63 Baptist Church Bombing '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Archived from the original on 13 October 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ blackhistorycollection.org ^ Jump up to : wsws.org May 5 , 2001 ^ Jump up to : Al.com May 23 , 2002 Jump up ^ Huffington Post Sep. 15 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Civil Rights Act of 1964 Jump up ^ Jenkins , Ray ( 1977 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Birmingham Church Bombing Conviction Ended an Obsession of the Prosecutor '' . The Day ( New London , Connecticut ) . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ The Crimson.com. Oct. 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weary Feet , Rested Souls : A Guided History of the Civil Rights Movement p. 84 Jump up ^ Carry Me Home : Birmingham , Alabama , the Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution p. 497 Jump up ^ Clary , Mike ( 2001 - 04 - 14 ) . `` Birmingham 's Painful Past Reopened '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Crimes and Trials of the Century p. 278 Jump up ^ abcnews.com May 5 , 2002 Jump up ^ The Tuscalooasa News Oct. 30 , 1977 Jump up ^ Gadsden Times Oct. 30 , 1977 Jump up ^ Times Oct. 30 , 1977 Jump up ^ Gadsden Times Oct. 18 , 1977 Jump up ^ Gadsden Times Oct. 29 , 1977 Jump up ^ Tuscaloosa News Oct. 4 , 1978 Jump up ^ WordPress.com Jump up ^ Boca Raton News Nov. 16 , 1977 Jump up ^ Lakeland Ledger Nov. 19 , 1977 Jump up ^ Sarasota Herald - Tribume Nov. 19 , 1977 Jump up ^ The Crisis Nov. 1978 p. 314 Jump up ^ St. Petersburg Times Nov. 18 , 1977 ^ Jump up to : Rome News - Tribune Nov. 18 , 1977 Jump up ^ Rome News Tribunal Nov. 18 , 1977 Jump up ^ Gadsden Times Nov. 20 , 1977 Jump up ^ Anderson , S. Willoughby , `` The Past on Trial : Birmingham , the Bombing , and Restorative Justice '' , California Law Review , 96 / 2 , ( April 2008 ) : 482 . Jump up ^ CrimeLibrary.com p. 9 Jump up ^ Carry Me Home : Birmingham , Alabama , the Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution p. 574 Jump up ^ Gadsden Times May 23 , 1979 . Jump up ^ `` Klansman Guilty in Death '' . The Pittsburgh Press . 1977 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ The Tuscaloosa News Sep. 4 , 1978 Jump up ^ `` Robert E. Chambliss , Figure in ' 63 Bombing '' . The New York Times . Dated October 30 , 1985 . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . `` Robert Edward Chambliss ... who was convicted of murder in the 1963 bombing of a Birmingham church ... died yesterday in a hospital in Birmingham . '' Jump up ^ TheGuardian.com . May 23 , 2002 Jump up ^ `` The ghosts of Alabama '' . CNN . 2000 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Leith , Sam ( 2002 - 05 - 23 ) . `` Klansman convicted of killing black girls '' . London : Telegraph . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ CNN.com Jun. 13 , 2013 Jump up ^ Chance for Justice : How Relentless Investigators Uncovered New Evidence Convicting the Birmingham Church Bombers p. 162 Jump up ^ Sack , Kevin ( 2001 - 04 - 25 ) . `` As Church Bombing Trial Begins in Birmingham , the City 's Past Is Very Much Present '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Toledo Blade Apr. 26 , 2001 Jump up ^ Tuscaloosa News Jun. 1 , 2001 Jump up ^ The Tuscaloose News Nov. 23 , 2002 ^ Jump up to : Star - News Apr. 28 , 2001 Jump up ^ Herald - Journal Apr. 29 , 2001 Jump up ^ Southeast Missourian Apr. 29 , 2001 Jump up ^ CNN.com May 1 , 2001 Jump up ^ The New York Times May 1 , 2001 Jump up ^ The Dispatch May 1 , 2001 Jump up ^ The Argus - Press May 2 , 2001 Jump up ^ The Telegraph May 2 , 2001 Jump up ^ AlabamaCivilRights.edu Jump up ^ `` Former Klansman faces prison in 1963 Killings '' . The Vindicator. 2001 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Faulk , Kent ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Sixteenth Street Baptist Church bomber up for parole next month '' . The Birmingham News . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Faulk , Kent ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` 16th Street Baptist Church bomber Thomas Blanton denied parole '' . The Birmingham News . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Race , Law and Public Policy p. 426 ^ Jump up to : Last Chance for Justice : How Relentless Investigators Uncovered New Evidence Convicting the Birmingham Church Bombers ch. 35 Jump up ^ N.Y , Times.com May 17 , 2002 Jump up ^ Tuscaloosa News Apr. 20 , 2001 Jump up ^ Nevada Daily Mail May 15 , 2002 Jump up ^ Washington Times May 22 , 2002 Jump up ^ N.Y. Times May 22 , 2002 Jump up ^ Washington Times May 22 , 2002 . Jump up ^ O'Donnell , Michelle ( 2004 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Bobby Frank Cherry , 74 , Klansman in Bombing , Dies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Reading Eagle May 23 , 2002 Jump up ^ N.Y. Times Nov. 19 , 2004 Jump up ^ Baltimore Sun May 7 , 2002 Jump up ^ The Spokesman Review Feb. 18 , 1980 Jump up ^ The New York Times Oct. 4 , 1998 Jump up ^ The Times - News Oct. 3 , 1978 Jump up ^ Ocala Star - Banner Jul. 11 , 1978 p. 1 Jump up ^ Ocala Star - Banner Jul. 11 , 1978 p. 10a Jump up ^ encyclopediaofalabama.org ^ Jump up to : Gadsden Times Sept. 16 , 1990 Jump up ^ 16thstreetbaptist.org Jump up ^ CNN.com Sept. 14 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : The Owosso Argus - Press Oct. 16 , 1963 Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune Apr. 26 , 1964 Jump up ^ Historical Dictionary of the Civil Rights Movement p. 401 Jump up ^ BBC.co.uk Mar. 10 , 2011 Jump up ^ BBC Mar. 10 , 2011 Jump up ^ Tuscaloose News Sept. 19 , 1963 Jump up ^ The Guardian . Mar. 6 , 2011 Jump up ^ Gary Younge . `` The Wales Window of Alabama '' . BBC4 radio . Nicola Swords . Jump up ^ al.com Sep. 7 , 1997 Archived May 26 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ L.A. Times.com Apr. 14 , 2001 Jump up ^ Sarasota Herald - Tribune Nov. 19 , 2007 Jump up ^ Alabama Dept. of Corrections . Blanton , Thomas Edwin Jump up ^ Daily Mail Sept. 10 , 2013 Jump up ^ Scott W Johnson . `` Birmingham 's New Legacy '' . The Weekly Standard . Jump up ^ gpo.gov ^ Jump up to : `` H.R. 360 -- Summary '' . United States Congress . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American Guernica , LKM Music - Hal Leonard Online '' . www.halleonard.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ History.com Jump up ^ Younge , Gary ( 6 March 2011 ) . `` American civil rights : the Welsh connection '' . guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of African - American History p. 1029 Jump up ^ Huffington Post Sept. 15 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` That which might have been '' . Artbyjohnwaddell.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights Martyrs Southern Poverty Law Center '' . Splcenter.org . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ slpcenter.org Jump up ^ al.com Sep. 2 , 2013 Jump up ^ WeldBirmingham.com Sept. 14 , 2013 Jump up ^ MyFoxLocal.com Sep. 15 , 2013 Jump up ^ MyFoxLocal.com Sept. 15 , 2013 Jump up ^ wbhm.org Sep. 15 , 2013 Cited works and further reading ( edit ) Branch , Taylor ( 1988 ) . Parting the Waters : America in the King Years , 1954 -- 1963 . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 68742 - 5 . Cobbs , Elizabeth H. ; Smith , Petric J. ( 1994 ) . Long Time Coming : An Insider 's Story of the Birmingham Church Bombing that Rocked the World . Crane Hill Publishers . ISBN 1 - 881548 - 10 - 4 . Hamlin , Christopher M. ( 1998 ) . Behind the Stained Glass : A History of Sixteenth Street Baptist Church . Crane Hill Publishers . ISBN 1 - 57587 - 083 - 5 . Klobuchar , Lisa ( 2009 ) . 1963 Birmingham Church Bombing : The Ku Klux Klan 's History of Terror . Compass Point Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7565 - 4092 - 0 . McKinstry , Carolyn ; George , Denise ( 2011 ) . While the World Watched : A Birmingham Bombing Survivor Comes of Age During the Civil Rights Movement . Tyndale House Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4143 - 3636 - 7 . Sikora , Frank ( 1991 ) . Until Justice Rolls Down : The Birmingham Church Bombing Case . University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 0520 - 3 . Thorne , T.K. ( 2013 ) . Last Chance for Justice : How Relentless Investigators Uncovered New Evidence Convicting the Birmingham Church Bombers . Lawrence Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61374 - 864 - 0 . Wade , Wyn C. ( 1998 ) . The Fiery Cross : The Ku Klux Klan in America . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512357 - 3 . External links ( edit ) 16th Street Baptist Church bombing at CrimeLibrary.com Official website of the 16th Street Baptist Church Transcript of Martin Luther King 's eulogy , delivered at the funerals of Addie Mae Collins , Carol Denise McNair and Cynthia Wesley , September 18 , 1963 FBI article documenting the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing FBI.gov archive of newspaper clippings relating to the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing October 1963 Jet magazine article focusing upon the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing Online archives available at the Birmingham Public Library . These archives include photographic and newspaper archives About the Birmingham Church Bombing and 1963 Civil Rights Movement at Illinois.edu Chambliss vs. State : Details of Robert Chambliss 's 1979 appeal against his conviction Contemporary news article detailing Robert Chambliss 's 1977 conviction Audio interview with 16th Street Baptist Church bombing survivor Sarah Collins Rudolph WHBM news article detailing the 2013 unveiling of the Four Spirits Statue at Kelly Ingram Park FourSpirits1963.com -- A website devoted to the construction and preservation of the Four Spirits memorial sculpture at Kelly Ingram Park Civil Rights Memorial In memoriam Louis Allen Willie Brewster Benjamin Brown Johnnie Mae Chappell James Chaney Addie Mae Collins Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Henry Hezekiah Dee Roman Ducksworth Jr . Willie Edwards Medgar Evers Andrew Goodman Paul Guihard Samuel Hammond Jr . Jimmie Lee Jackson Wharlest Jackson Martin Luther King Jr . Bruce W. Klunder George W. Lee Herbert Lee Viola Liuzzo Carol Denise McNair Delano Herman Middleton Charles Eddie Moore Oneal Moore William Lewis Moore Mack Charles Parker Lemuel Penn James Reeb John Earl Reese Carole Robertson Michael Schwerner Henry Ezekial Smith Lamar Smith Emmett Till Clarence Triggs Virgil Lamar Ware Cynthia Wesley Ben Chester White Sammy Younge Jr . Contributors Southern Poverty Law Center Maya Lin Related Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore Civil rights movement Civil rights movement Notable events ( timeline ) Prior to 1954 Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton White America , Inc . Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter E. Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones J. Charles Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore Harriette Moore Harry T. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mahatma Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Mary McLeod Bethune Related Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh , Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture In popular culture King Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing&oldid=832369747 '' Categories : 1963 in Alabama 1963 murders in the United States African - American history in Birmingham , Alabama Anti-black racism in the United States Attacks on churches Attacks on places of worship in the United States Conflicts in 1963 Explosions in the United States History of African - American civil rights History of Alabama History of Birmingham , Alabama Improvised explosive device bombings in the United States Ku Klux Klan crimes in Alabama Mass murder in 1963 Massacres in places of worship Murder in Alabama Murdered American children Murdered African - American people People murdered in Alabama Racially motivated violence against African Americans September 1963 events in the United States Terrorist incidents in 1963 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 15 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who died in the 16th street baptist church bombing | [
"Four girls, Addie Mae Collins (age 14, born April 18, 1949), Carol Denise McNair (age 11, born November 17, 1951), Carole Robertson (age 14, born April 24, 1949), and Cynthia Wesley (age 14, born April 30, 1949), were killed in the attack.[26] The explosion was so intense that one of the girls' bodies was decapitated and so badly mutilated in the explosion that her body could only be identified through her clothing and a ring,[27] whereas another victim had been killed by a piece of mortar embedded in her skull.[28] All four girls were pronounced dead on arrival at the Hillman Emergency Clinic.[29] The then-pastor of the church, the Reverend John Cross, would recollect in 2001 that the girls' bodies were subsequently found \"stacked on top of each other, clung together\".[30]",
"Four girls, Addie Mae Collins (age 14, born April 18, 1949), Carol Denise McNair (age 11, born November 17, 1951), Carole Robertson (age 14, born April 24, 1949), and Cynthia Wesley (age 14, born April 30, 1949), were killed in the attack.[26] The explosion was so intense that one of the girls' bodies was decapitated and so badly mutilated in the explosion that her body could only be identified through her clothing and a ring,[27] whereas another victim had been killed by a piece of mortar embedded in her skull.[28] All four girls were pronounced dead on arrival at the Hillman Emergency Clinic.[29] The then-pastor of the church, the Reverend John Cross, would recollect in 2001 that the girls' bodies were subsequently found \"stacked on top of each other, clung together\".[30]",
"Four girls, Addie Mae Collins (age 14, born April 18, 1949), Carol Denise McNair (age 11, born November 17, 1951), Carole Robertson (age 14, born April 24, 1949), and Cynthia Wesley (age 14, born April 30, 1949), were killed in the attack.[26] The explosion was so intense that one of the girls' bodies was decapitated and so badly mutilated in the explosion that her body could only be identified through her clothing and a ring,[27] whereas another victim had been killed by a piece of mortar embedded in her skull.[28] All four girls were pronounced dead on arrival at the Hillman Emergency Clinic.[29] The then-pastor of the church, the Reverend John Cross, would recollect in 2001 that the girls' bodies were subsequently found \"stacked on top of each other, clung together\".[30]",
"Four girls, Addie Mae Collins (age 14, born April 18, 1949), Carol Denise McNair (age 11, born November 17, 1951), Carole Robertson (age 14, born April 24, 1949), and Cynthia Wesley (age 14, born April 30, 1949), were killed in the attack.[26] The explosion was so intense that one of the girls' bodies was decapitated and so badly mutilated in the explosion that her body could only be identified through her clothing and a ring,[27] whereas another victim had been killed by a piece of mortar embedded in her skull.[28] All four girls were pronounced dead on arrival at the Hillman Emergency Clinic.[29] The then-pastor of the church, the Reverend John Cross, would recollect in 2001 that the girls' bodies were subsequently found \"stacked on top of each other, clung together\".[30]"
] | [
"Addie Mae Collins",
"Carol Denise McNair",
"Carole Robertson",
"Cynthia Wesley"
] |
5996238788049064129 | I'm in Love with a Monster | I 'm in Love with a Monster - wikipedia I 'm in Love with a Monster Jump to : navigation , search `` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' Single by Fifth Harmony from the album Hotel Transylvania 2 and Reflection ( Japanese Deluxe Edition ) Released August 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 14 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2015 Genre Jazz Fusion Length 3 : 31 Label Epic Syco Songwriter ( s ) Harmony Samuels Carmen Reece Sarah Mancuso Edgar Etienne Ericka Coulter Producer ( s ) Samuels Fifth Harmony singles chronology `` Worth It '' ( 2015 ) `` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' ( 2015 ) `` Work from Home '' ( 2016 ) `` Worth It '' ( 2015 ) `` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' ( 2015 ) `` Work from Home '' ( 2016 ) Music video `` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' on YouTube `` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' is a song recorded by American girl group Fifth Harmony for the computer animated fantasy - comedy film , Hotel Transylvania 2 . It was written by Harmony Samuels , Carmen Reece , Sarah Mancuso , Edgar Etienne and Ericka Coulter with production handled by Samuels . It was released to digital retailers on August 14 , 2015 through Epic Records and Syco Music and serviced to contemporary hit radio in the United States four days later on August 18 . `` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' is a pop song that blends elements of R&B , soul , rock and hip hop with `` jazzy '' rhythms along with heavy and funky beats . Critics drew comparisons to the musical style of girl groups such as The Supremes . Lyrically , the track is about someone who is in love with a mischievous person , using `` monster '' as a hyperbole to describe their personality . The song failed to chart in domestic and international charts but did enter the Belgium charts , peaking at number 23 . Its music video premiered at the Sony billboard in Times Square on August 27 , 2015 and features the group dancing in front and inside a hotel with actors dressed as monsters , in reference to the song 's addition in the movie . Each member played a character for this video . Live performances for this track included The Late Late Show , hosted by James Corden and a special radio performance at On Air with Ryan Seacrest . The song was released to digital retailers as a single , and was later featured on the Japanese deluxe edition of the group 's debut studio album , Reflection . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recording and release 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Music video 4.1 Synopsis and reception 5 Track listing 6 Charts 7 Release history 8 References 9 External links Recording and Release ( edit ) An announcement of the artist involved in the track for Hotel Transylvania 2 was first made public by Lia Vollack , president of Worldwide Music for Sony Pictures Animation , on June 16 , 2015 . When making the announcement at the press release , Vollack commented that there were `` few groups out there '' that could match the `` incredibly fun feel '' and the `` animated vision '' that Genndy Tartakovsky brought to the movie and stated that Fifth Harmony `` knocked it out of the park . '' According to Vollack , the track was exactly what `` we were hoping for . '' A preview of `` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' was featured in a trailer for the movie which was released on June 17 , 2015 . The song was released for digital download on August 14 . and serviced to contemporary hit radio four days later on August 18 . `` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' was written by Harmony Samuels , Carmen Reece , Sarah Mancuso , Edgar Etienne and Ericka Coulter . Samuels also produced the track , as well as being responsible for trombones , drums , percussion , bass and vocal production . When speaking on working with group , Samuels , who previously worked on the Reflection track `` Body Rock '' stated that the girls knew how to `` work among themselves '' and made the production process `` very easy '' . In other interviews , he called the group `` mature '' and that after several years recording music , they are `` starting to explore their individualities '' , which was a goal producing this track . Composition ( edit ) `` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' A 19 - second sample of `` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' , which features musical elements of the 1960s music , such as funk and soul music . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' is a funk - influenced pop song performed in a moderately fast tempo . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony Music Publishing , `` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' written in the key of C# minor and is set in a 4 4 time signature . The song has been viewed as reminiscent of 1960s music , with Jeff Benjamin of Fuse describing the tune as a `` throwback - inspired funk jam - thumper '' . The song utilizes `` deep heavy beats , trombones and drums over an almost creepy base . '' The lyrics of `` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' revolve around a person who is in love with a mischievous person , using `` monster '' as a hyperbole to describe its personality . Carolyn Menyes from website `` Music Times '' commented that the song `` takes on loving an unconventional type of guy , who is , well , a monster . He 's the type who will but you thorns and leather before roses and lace . '' Critical reception ( edit ) Critics drew comparisons to 1960 's all - female group The Supremes . `` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' received mostly positive responses , with several critics noting a similarity between the musical style of 1960 's all - female group The Supremes . Robbie Daw , from Idolator pointed out the resemblance to 1960s girl groups , such as the Supremes , and said , `` Fifth Harmony 's vocal ability shine brightly . '' In a positive review , Joseph Earp of Renowned for Sound said that the song is a `` testament '' to the group 's `` myriad of skills '' in which it does not feel like a `` movie cash in '' . He elaborates by stating that this was `` as rich and deep '' as anything the group has ever released . Earp gave the song a four and a half out of five stars rating . Writing for Fuse , Jeff Benjamin compared the `` booming tuba '' to the 1960s track , `` Big Spender '' and called the chorus `` slick '' and `` repetitive '' . Phillip Picardi of Teen Vogue wrote that the song is `` catchy and upbeat , with a nod to the ' 60s '' , from a cross between early Pussycat Dolls and The Supremes `` . Picardi finishes his review by stating that despite the group 's previous songs like `` Boss '' and `` Worth It '' , which hold momentum , this song is `` still gold . '' Conversely , Chris DeVille of Stereogum was critical of the song saying that it was a `` dumb soundtrack song ( sic ) for kids movies '' and stated that the track did not compare with the singles from Reflection . Music video ( edit ) The music video debuted on New York City 's Time Square Plaza on August 27 , 2015 . It later premiered on Vevo the same day . Members of the girl group each reprise the role of a different character , but a `` fun , gothic style '' and Halloween - themed decor is common throughout the video . In an exclusive behind the scenes interview with Entertainment Tonight , the group revealed that Camila played Margaret , Lauren played Scarlett , Dinah played Cathy , Normani played Suga and Ally played Mary Jane . Scenes from Hotel Transylvania 2 are spliced with scenes of Fifth Harmony exploring a haunted hotel accompanied by a variety of monsters . Synopsis and reception ( edit ) The members of Fifth Harmony dressed in 1940s style attire , dancing in front of a hotel in reminisence of a Halloween theme . The video begins with a static television screen showing the group 's name before interchanging clips from the Hotel Transylvania 2 movie and individual takes of the girls inside a hotel . The setting is Halloween themed with skulls , candles and dim lighting through out the area . All girls then stand in front of a hotel , with different colored suitcases and each wearing coats while dancing . Lauren then sings as she holds a rotary dial telephone in her hand . The scene intensifies as rapid shots of the girls appear on screen . Synchronized choreography is performed by all the girls , in front of the hotel . Interchanged scenes consist of movie clips and Normani and Dinah behaving in a seductive way as the monsters make their way towards the halls . Each group then stands in a hallway , singing and moving to a camera before walking as Lauren holds a candle lantern in her hand as an ominous purple light beams in the background before turning blue . All of them are seen wearing large sunglasses . In different takes , the group dances mimicking a zombie . The monsters then make their way to the rooms , where some initially attempt to fight them but eventually interact with them , by taking pictures , dancing and seducing them . Towards the end of the video , one of the monsters snaps his finger , putting Ally to sleep . The girls begin to act more aggressive , laughing maniacally , with the video zooming out to the show the initial static screen . Zach Dionne of Fuse described the styling of Fifth Harmony 's costumes as `` Stepford Wives - gone - Addams Family '' and also commented that the video was reminiscent of the TRL era when many music videos often included scenes from movies . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' 3 : 31 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 23 Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref United States August 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 14 ) Digital download Syco August 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 18 ) Contemporary hit radio References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sony Pictures Animation ( 16 June 2015 ) . `` Pop Sensation Fifth Harmony Checks In To ' Hotel Transylvania 2 ' With Their New Song `` I 'm In Love With A Monster '' `` . prnewswire.com . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` FMQB : Radio Industry News , Music Industry Updates , Nielsen Ratings , Music News and more ! '' . fmqb.com . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2015 . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` See Fifth Harmony I 'm in Love With a Monster video from Hotel Transylvania 2 - EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Carley , Brennan . `` Fifth Harmony Vamped Up ' I 'm In Love With a Monster ' on ' Late Late Show ' '' . Spin . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ On Air With Ryan Seacreat ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` Fifth Harmony `` I 'm In Love With a Monster '' ( Acoustic ) `` . YouTube . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Movies News Desk . `` Fifth Harmony Checks Into ' Hotel Transylvania 2 ' With New Song ' I 'm In Love With A Monster ' '' . broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Hotel Transylvania 2 - Official Trailer ( HD ) - See it 9 / 25 ! . YouTube . 17 June 2015 . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Menyes , Carolyn . `` Fifth Harmony Release Spooky ' I 'm in Love with a Monster ' from ' Hotel Transylvania 2 ' '' . Music Times . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` iTunes - Music - I 'm In Love With a Monster - Single by Fifth Harmony '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . August 14 , 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Producer Harmony Samuels Talks Working With Fifth Harmony '' . YouTube / Entertainment Scoop . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harmony Samuels talks about Fifth Harmony ! '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Benjamin , Jeff ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Fifth Harmony 's New Song `` I 'm in Love With a Monster '' Is Spooky Good `` . Fuse . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifth Harmony -- I 'm in Love with a Monster ( music sheet ) '' . Sony Music Publishing . Musicnotes.com . Jump up ^ Garibaldi , Christina ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` Fifth Harmony Have Found Love ... In The Form Of A Monster '' . MTV News . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifth Harmony Release Spooky ' I 'm in Love with a Monster ' from ' Hotel Transylvania 2 ' '' . Music Times . August 14 , 2015 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daw , Robbie ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` Fifth Harmony 's ' I 'm In Love With A Monster ' : Listen To The ' Hotel Transylvania 2 ' Soundtrack Song '' . Idolator . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Earp , Joseph . `` Single Review : Fifth Harmony - ' I 'm In Love With A Monster ' '' . Renowned for Sound . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Picardi , Phillip ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` Fifth Harmony I 'm In Love With a Monster Single '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DeVille , Chris . `` The Week In Pop : Bro - Country Is Temporary , But Luke Bryan Is Forever '' . Stereogum . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fifth Harmony Releases ' I 'm in Love With a Monster ' Music Video ( Watch ) '' . Latin Post . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifth Harmony debut sexy ' I 'm In Love With A Monster ' video : Pressparty '' . Pressparty . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` EXCLUSIVE : Fifth Harmony Behind the Scenes of ' I 'm in Love With a Monster ' Music Video '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Carley , Brennan . `` Fifth Harmony Go ' 40s - Glam in Their Vampy ' I 'm In Love With a Monster ' Video '' . Spin . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fifth Harmony 's `` I 'm in Love With a Monster '' Video Is a Fancy Fright `` . Fuse . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Fifth Harmony -- I 'm in Love with a Monster '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) `` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' on YouTube `` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' audio on YouTube ( hide ) Fifth Harmony Ally Brooke Dinah Jane Lauren Jauregui Normani Kordei Camila Cabello Studio albums Reflection 7 / 27 Fifth Harmony EPs Better Together Singles `` Miss Movin ' On '' `` Boss '' `` Sledgehammer '' `` Worth It '' `` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' `` Work from Home '' `` All in My Head ( Flex ) '' `` That 's My Girl '' `` Down '' `` He Like That '' `` Por Favor '' Promotional singles `` Me & My Girls '' `` The Life '' `` Write on Me '' `` Angel '' Concert tours The Worst Kept Secret Tour The Reflection Tour The 7 / 27 Tour PSA Tour Related articles Discography Songs recorded Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_in_Love_with_a_Monster&oldid=816802551 '' Categories : Fifth Harmony songs 2015 songs 2015 singles Hotel Transylvania Songs written for films Syco Music singles Songs written by Harmony Samuels Songs written by Carmen Reece Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 23 December 2017 , at 20 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings i'm in love with a monster in hotel transylvania | [
"\"I'm in Love with a Monster\" is a song recorded by American girl group Fifth Harmony for the computer animated fantasy-comedy film, Hotel Transylvania 2. It was written by Harmony Samuels, Carmen Reece, Sarah Mancuso, Edgar Etienne and Ericka Coulter with production handled by Samuels. It was released to digital retailers on August 14, 2015 through Epic Records and Syco Music and serviced to contemporary hit radio in the United States four days later on August 18.[2] \"I'm in Love with a Monster\" is a pop song that blends elements of R&B, soul, rock and hip hop with \"jazzy\" rhythms along with heavy and funky beats. Critics drew comparisons to the musical style of girl groups such as The Supremes."
] | [
"Fifth Harmony"
] |
4757106005891039628 | The Last of Us | The Last of Us - wikipedia The Last of Us Jump to : navigation , search The Last of Us Developer ( s ) Naughty Dog Publisher ( s ) Sony Computer Entertainment Director ( s ) Bruce Straley Neil Druckmann Producer ( s ) Naughty Dog Designer ( s ) Jacob Minkoff Programmer ( s ) Travis McIntosh Jason Gregory Artist ( s ) Erick Pangilinan Nate Wells Writer ( s ) Neil Druckmann Composer ( s ) Gustavo Santaolalla Platform ( s ) PlayStation 3 Release WW : June 14 , 2013 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure , survival horror Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer The Last of Us is an action - adventure survival horror video game developed by Naughty Dog and published by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was released for the PlayStation 3 worldwide on June 14 , 2013 . Players control Joel , a smuggler tasked with escorting a teenage girl named Ellie across a post-apocalyptic United States . The Last of Us is played from a third - person perspective ; players use firearms and improvised weapons , and can use stealth to defend against hostile humans and cannibalistic creatures infected by a mutated strain of the Cordyceps fungus . In the game 's online multiplayer mode , up to eight players engage in cooperative and competitive gameplay . Development of The Last of Us began in 2009 , soon after the release of Naughty Dog 's previous game , Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves . The relationship between Joel and Ellie became the central focus of the game , with all other elements developed around it . Actors Troy Baker and Ashley Johnson portrayed Joel and Ellie respectively through voice and motion capture , and assisted creative director Neil Druckmann with the development of the characters and story . The original score was composed and performed by Gustavo Santaolalla . Following its announcement in December 2011 , The Last of Us was widely anticipated . Upon release , it received universal acclaim , with praise directed at its narrative , gameplay , visual and sound design , characterization , and depiction of female characters . The Last of Us became one of the best - selling games on the PlayStation 3 , selling over 1.3 million units in its first week and over eight million units within fourteen months . It won year - end accolades , including multiple Game of the Year awards from several gaming publications , critics , and game award ceremonies , making it one of the most awarded games in history , and is considered to be one of the greatest video games of all time . After the game 's release , Naughty Dog released several downloadable content additions ; The Last of Us : Left Behind adds a single - player campaign following Ellie and her best friend Riley . An enhanced edition of the original game , The Last of Us Remastered , was released for the PlayStation 4 in July 2014 . A sequel , The Last of Us Part II , was announced in December 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Multiplayer 2 Plot 3 Development 3.1 Additional content 3.2 The Last of Us Remastered 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Sales 4.3 Awards 5 Adaptations 6 Sequel 7 References 7.1 Notes 7.2 Footnotes 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) The Last of Us is an action - adventure survival horror game played from a third - person perspective . Players traverse post-apocalyptic environments such as towns , buildings , forest and sewers to advance the story . Players use firearms , improvised weapons , and stealth to defend against hostile humans and cannibalistic creatures infected by a mutated strain of the Cordyceps fungus . For most of the game , players control Joel , a man tasked with escorting a young girl , Ellie , across the United States ; Ellie and other companions are controlled by the artificial intelligence . Players also control Ellie throughout the game 's winter segment . In combat , players can use long - range weapons , such as rifles , shotguns , and bows , and short - range weapons such as handguns and short - barreled shotgun . Players can scavenge limited - use melee weapons , such as pipes and baseball bats , and throw bottles and bricks to distract , stun , or attack enemies . Players can upgrade weapons at workbenches using collected items . Equipment such as health kits and Molotov cocktails can be found or crafted using collected items . Attributes such as the health meter and crafting speed can be upgraded by collecting pills and medicinal plants . Health can be recharged through the use of health kits. . Listen Mode allows players to discover the position of enemies and characters by displaying their outline through walls , achieved through a heightened sense of hearing and spatial awareness . Though players can attack enemies directly , they can also use stealth to attack undetected or sneak by them . `` Listen Mode '' allows players to locate enemies through a heightened sense of hearing and spatial awareness , indicated as outlines visible through walls and objects . In the dynamic cover system , players crouch behind obstacles to gain a tactical advantage during combat . The game features periods without combat , often involving conversation between the characters . Players solve simple puzzles , such as using floating pallets to move Ellie , who is unable to swim , across bodies of water , and using ladders or dumpsters to reach higher areas . Story collectibles , such as notes , maps and comics , can be scavenged and viewed in the backpack menu . The game features an artificial intelligence system by which hostile human enemies react to combat . If enemies discover the player , they may take cover or call for assistance , and can take advantage of players when they are distracted , out of ammunition , or in a fight . Player companions , such as Ellie , can assist in combat by throwing objects at threats to stun them , announcing the location of unseen enemies , or using a knife and pistol to attack enemies . Multiplayer ( edit ) The online multiplayer allows up to eight players to engage in competitive gameplay in recreations of multiple single - player settings . The game features three multiplayer game types : Supply Raid and Survivors are both team deathmatches , with the latter excluding the ability to respawn ; Interrogation features teams investigating the location of the enemy team 's lockbox , and the first to capture such lockbox wins . In every mode , players select a faction -- Hunters ( a group of hostile survivors ) or Fireflies ( a revolutionary militia group ) -- and keep their clan alive by collecting supplies during matches . Each match is equal to one day ; by surviving twelve `` weeks '' , players have completed a journey and can re-select their Faction . Killing enemies , reviving allies , and crafting items earn the player parts that can be converted to supplies ; parts can also be scavenged from enemies ' bodies . Players are able to carry more equipment by earning points as their clan 's supplies grow . Players can connect the game to their Facebook account , which alters clan members ' names and faces to match the players ' Facebook friends . Players have the ability to customize their characters with hats , helmets , masks , and emblems . Plot ( edit ) See also : List of The Last of Us characters In September 2013 , an outbreak of a mutant Cordyceps fungus ravages the United States , transforming its human hosts into cannibalistic monsters known as infected . In the suburbs of Austin , Texas , Joel ( Troy Baker ) flees the chaos with his brother Tommy ( Jeffrey Pierce ) and daughter Sarah ( Hana Hayes ) . As they flee , Sarah is shot by a soldier and dies in Joel 's arms . In the twenty years that follow , most of civilization is destroyed by the infection . Survivors live in heavily policed quarantine zones , independent settlements , and nomadic groups . Joel works as a smuggler with his partner Tess ( Annie Wersching ) in the quarantine zone in the North End of Boston , Massachusetts . They hunt down Robert ( Robin Atkin Downes ) , a black - market dealer , to recover a stolen weapons cache . Before Tess kills him , Robert reveals that he traded the cache with the Fireflies , a rebel militia opposing the quarantine zone authorities . The leader of the Fireflies , Marlene ( Merle Dandridge ) , promises to double their cache in return for smuggling a teenage girl , Ellie ( Ashley Johnson ) , to Fireflies hiding in the Massachusetts State House outside the quarantine zone . Joel , Tess , and Ellie sneak out in the night , but after an encounter with a patrol , they discover Ellie is infected . Full infection normally occurs in under two days , but Ellie claims she was infected three weeks ago and that her immunity may lead to a cure . The trio make their way to their destination through hordes of the infected , but find that the Fireflies there have been killed . Tess reveals she has been bitten by an infected ; believing in Ellie 's importance , Tess sacrifices herself against pursuing soldiers so Joel and Ellie can escape . Joel decides to find Tommy , a former Firefly , in the hope that he can locate the remaining Fireflies . With the help of Bill ( W. Earl Brown ) , a smuggler who owes Joel a favor , they acquire a working vehicle . Driving into Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , Joel and Ellie are ambushed by bandits and their car is wrecked . They ally with two brothers , Henry ( Brandon Scott ) and Sam ( Nadji Jeter ) ; after they escape the city , Sam is bitten by an infected , but hides it from the group . As his infection takes hold , Sam attacks Ellie , but Henry shoots him dead and commits suicide out of grief . In the fall , Joel and Ellie finally find Tommy in Jackson , Wyoming , where he has assembled a fortified settlement near a hydroelectric dam with his wife Maria ( Ashley Scott ) . Joel contemplates leaving Ellie with Tommy , but after she confronts him about Sarah , he decides to let her stay with him . Tommy directs them to a Fireflies enclave at the University of Eastern Colorado . They find the university abandoned , but learn that the Fireflies have moved to a hospital in Salt Lake City , Utah . Afterward , Joel is severely wounded by bandits , who are killed by Ellie . During the winter , Ellie and Joel shelter in the mountains . Joel is on the brink of death and relies on Ellie to care for him . Hunting for food , Ellie encounters David ( Nolan North ) and James ( Reuben Langdon ) , scavengers willing to trade medicine for food ; David turns hostile after revealing the university bandits were part of his group . Ellie manages to lead David 's group away from Joel , but is eventually captured ; David intends to recruit her into his cannibal group . Refusing the offer , she escapes after killing James , but David corners her in a burning restaurant . Meanwhile , Joel recovers from his wounds and sets out to find Ellie . He reaches Ellie as she kills David and breaks down crying ; Joel comforts her before they flee . In the spring , Joel and Ellie arrive in Salt Lake City and are captured by a Firefly patrol . In the hospital , Marlene tells Joel that Ellie is being prepared for surgery : in hope of producing a vaccine for the infection , the Fireflies must remove the infected portion of Ellie 's brain , which will kill her . Unwilling to let Ellie die , Joel battles his way to the operating room and carries the unconscious Ellie to the parking garage . He is confronted by Marlene , whom he shoots and kills to prevent the Fireflies from pursuing them . On the drive out of the city , Joel claims that the Fireflies had found many other immune people but were unable to create a cure , and that they have stopped trying . On the outskirts of Tommy 's settlement , Ellie reveals that she was not alone when she was infected and expresses her survivor guilt . At her insistence , Joel swears his story about the Fireflies is true . Development ( edit ) Main article : Development of The Last of Us Bruce Straley ( left ) and Neil Druckmann ( right ) were appointed to lead development on The Last of Us , as game director and creative director , respectively . Naughty Dog began developing The Last of Us in 2009 , following the release of Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves . For the first time in the company 's history , Naughty Dog split into two teams ; while one team developed Uncharted 3 : Drake 's Deception ( 2011 ) , the other began work on The Last of Us . Director Bruce Straley and creative director Neil Druckmann led the team responsible for developing The Last of Us . Druckmann views The Last of Us as a coming of age story , in which Ellie adapts to survival after spending time with Joel , as well as an exploration of how willing a father is to save his child . A major motif of the game is that `` life goes on '' ; this is presented in a scene in which Joel and Ellie discover a herd of giraffes , which concept artist John Sweeney explained was designed to `` reignite ( Ellie 's ) lust for life '' , after her suffering following her encounter with David . The Infected , a core concept of the game , were inspired by a segment of the BBC nature documentary Planet Earth ( 2006 ) , which featured the Cordyceps fungi . Though the fungi mainly infect insects , taking control of their motor functions and forcing them to help cultivate the fungus , the game explores the concept of the fungus evolving and infecting humans , and the direct results of an outbreak of this infection . The relationship between Joel and Ellie was the central focus of the game ; all other elements were developed around it . Troy Baker and Ashley Johnson were cast as Joel and Ellie , respectively , and provided voice and motion capture performances . Baker and Johnson contributed to the development of the characters ; for example , Baker convinced Druckmann that Joel would care for Tess due to his loneliness , and Johnson convinced Druckmann that Ellie should be stronger and more defensive . Ellie 's physical appearance was also redesigned throughout development to make her look more similar to Johnson . The game 's other characters also underwent changes . The character Tess was originally intended to be the main antagonist of The Last of Us , but the team found it difficult to believe her motives . The sexuality of the character Bill was originally left vague in the script , but later altered to further reflect his homosexuality . Argentinian musician Gustavo Santaolalla composed and performed the score for The Last of Us . The Last of Us features an original score composed primarily by Gustavo Santaolalla , along with compositions by Andrew Buresh , Anthony Caruso , and Jonathan Mayer . Known for his minimalist compositions , Santaolalla was contacted early in development . He used various instruments to compose the score , including some that he was unfamiliar with , giving a sense of danger and innocence . This minimalist approach was also taken with the game 's sound and art design . The sound of the Infected was one of the first tasks during development ; the team experimented with the sound in order to achieve the best work possible . To achieve the sound of the Clicker , they hired voice actress Misty Lee , who provided a sound that audio lead Phillip Kovats described as originating in the `` back of the throat '' . The art department took various pieces of work as inspiration , such as Robert Polidori 's photographs following Hurricane Katrina , which were used as a reference point when designing the flooded areas of Pittsburgh . The art department were forced to negotiate for things that they wished to include , due to the strong differing opinions of the team during development . Ultimately , the team settled on a balance between simplicity and detail ; while Straley and Druckmann preferred the former , the art team preferred the latter . The game 's opening credits were produced by Sony 's San Diego Studio . The team created new engines to satisfy their needs for the game . The artificial intelligence was created to coordinate with players ; the addition of Ellie as artificial intelligence was a major contributor to the engine . The lighting engine was also re-created to incorporate soft light , in which the sunlight seeps in through spaces and reflects off surfaces . The gameplay introduced difficulty to the team , as they felt that every mechanic required thorough analysis . The game 's user interface design also underwent various iterations throughout development . The Last of Us was announced on December 10 , 2011 , at the Spike Video Game Awards , alongside its debut trailer and an official press release acknowledging some of the game 's features . The announcement ignited widespread anticipation within the gaming industry , which journalists owed to Naughty Dog 's reputation . The game missed its original projected release date of May 7 , 2013 , and was pushed to June 14 , 2013 worldwide for further polishing . To promote pre-order sales , Naughty Dog collaborated with several retailers to provide special editions of the game with extra content . Additional content ( edit ) Downloadable content ( DLC ) for the game was released following its launch . The game 's Season Pass includes access to all DLC , as well as some additional abilities , and the documentary Grounded : Making The Last of Us ; the documentary was released online in February 2014 . Two DLC packs were included with some of the game 's special editions and were available upon release . The Sights and Sounds Pack included the soundtrack , a dynamic theme for the PlayStation 3 home screen , and two avatars . The Survival Pack featured bonus skins for the player following the completion of the campaign , and in - game money , as well as bonus experience points and early access to customizable items for the game 's multiplayer . Abandoned Territories Map Pack , released on October 15 , 2013 , added four new multiplayer maps , based on locations in the game 's story . Nightmare Bundle , released on November 5 , 2013 , added a collection of ten head items , nine of which are available to purchase separately . The Last of Us : Left Behind adds a single - player campaign which serves as a prequel to the main storyline , featuring Ellie and her friend Riley . It was released on February 14 , 2014 as DLC and on May 12 , 2015 as a standalone expansion pack . A third bundle was released on May 6 , 2014 , featuring five separate DLC : Grounded added a new difficulty to the main game and Left Behind ; Reclaimed Territories Map Pack added new multiplayer maps ; Professional Survival Skills Bundle and Situational Survival Skills Bundle added eight new multiplayer skills ; and Survivalist Weapon Bundle added four new weapons . The Grit and Gear Bundle , which added new headgear items , masks and gestures , was released on August 5 , 2014 . A Game of the Year Edition containing all downloadable content was released in Europe on November 11 , 2014 . The Last of Us Remastered ( edit ) Main article : The Last of Us Remastered On April 9 , 2014 , Sony announced The Last of Us Remastered , an enhanced version of the game for the PlayStation 4 . It was released on July 29 , 2014 in North America . Remastered features improved graphics and rendering upgrades , including increased draw distance , an upgraded combat mechanic , and higher frame rate . Other enhancements include advanced audio options , an audio commentary , and a Photo Mode . It includes the previously released downloadable content , including Left Behind and some multiplayer maps . The development team aimed to create a `` true '' remaster , maintaining the `` core experience '' and major story and gameplay elements . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic 95 / 100 Review scores Publication Score CVG 10 / 10 Edge 10 / 10 Eurogamer 10 / 10 Game Informer 9.5 / 10 GameSpot 8 / 10 IGN 10 / 10 Joystiq OPM ( UK ) 10 / 10 Polygon 7.5 / 10 The Last of Us received critical acclaim . Metacritic calculated an average score of 95 out of 100 , indicating `` universal acclaim '' , based on 98 reviews . It is the fifth - highest rated PlayStation 3 game on Metacritic . Reviewers praised the character development , story and subtext , visual and sound design , and depiction of female and LGBT characters . The game is considered one of the most significant titles of the seventh generation of video games , and has been included among the greatest video games of all time . Colin Moriarty of IGN called The Last of Us `` a masterpiece '' and `` PlayStation 3 's best exclusive '' , and Edge considered it `` the most riveting , emotionally resonant story - driven epic '' of the console generation . Oli Welsh of Eurogamer wrote that it is `` a beacon of hope '' for the survival horror genre ; Andy Kelly of Computer and Video Games declared it `` Naughty Dog 's finest moment '' . Kelly of Computer and Video Games found the story memorable , and IGN 's Moriarty named it one of the game 's standout features . PlayStation Official Magazine 's David Meikleham wrote that the pacing contributed to the improvement of the story , stating that there is `` a real sense of time elapsed and journey traveled along every step of the way '' , and Destructoid 's Jim Sterling lauded the game 's suspenseful moments . Richard Mitchell of Joystiq found that the narrative improved the character relationships . The characters -- particularly the relationship between Joel and Ellie -- received acclaim . Matt Helgeson of Game Informer wrote that the relationship felt identifiable , naming it `` poignant '' and `` well - drawn '' . Eurogamer 's Welsh wrote that the characters were developed with `` real patience and skill '' , appreciating their emotional value , and Joystiq 's Mitchell found the relationship `` genuine '' and emotional . PlayStation Official Magazine 's Meikleham named Joel and Ellie the best characters of any PlayStation 3 game , while IGN 's Moriarty identified it as a highlight of the game . Kelly of Computer and Video Games named the characters `` richly painted '' , feeling invested in their stories . Philip Kollar of Polygon felt that Ellie was believable , making it easier to develop a connection to her , and that the relationship between the characters was assisted by the game 's optional conversations . The character performances also received praise , with Edge and Eurogamer 's Welsh noting that the script improved as a result . Many reviewers found the game 's combat a refreshing difference from other games . Game Informer 's Helgeson appreciated the vulnerability during fights , while Kelly of Computer and Video Games enjoyed the variety in approaching the combat . IGN 's Moriarty felt that the crafting system assisted the combat , and that the latter contributed to the narrative 's emotional value , adding that enemies feel `` human '' . Joystiq 's Mitchell reiterated similar comments , stating that the combat `` piles death upon death on Joel 's hands '' . Welsh of Eurogamer found the suspenseful and threatening encounters added positively to the gameplay . Tom Mc Shea of GameSpot wrote that the artificial intelligence negatively affected the combat , with enemies often ignoring players ' companions . Polygon 's Kollar felt that the combat was unfair , especially when fighting the Infected . An artistic design of a location in the post-apocalyptic United States . Reviewers praised the design and layouts of the locations . The game 's visual features , both artistic and graphic , were also well received . The game 's visual features were commended by many reviewers . The art design was lauded as `` outstanding '' by Computer and Video Games ' Kelly , and `` jaw - dropping '' by Eurogamer 's Welsh . In contrast , Mc Shea of GameSpot identified the visual representation of the post-apocalyptic world was `` mundane '' , having been portrayed various times previously . The game 's graphics have been frequently named by critics as the best for a PlayStation 3 game , with Helgeson of Game Informer naming them `` unmatched in console gaming '' and Moriarty of IGN stating that they contribute to the realism . Destructoid 's Sterling wrote that game was visually impressive but that technical issues , such as some `` muddy and basic '' textures found early in the game , left a negative impact on the visuals . The world and environments of the game drew acclaim from many reviewers . Kelly of Computer and Video Games stated that the environments are `` large , detailed , and littered with secrets '' , adding that The Last of Us `` masks '' its linearity successfully . Edge repeated similar remarks , writing that the level design serves the story appropriately . Helgeson of Game Informer wrote that the world `` effectively and gorgeously ( conveys ) the loneliness '' of the story . IGN 's Moriarty appreciated the added design elements placed around the game world , such as the hidden notes and letters . Reviewers praised the use of sound in The Last of Us . Eurogamer 's Welsh felt that the sound design was significantly better than in other games , while Game Informer 's Helgeson dubbed it `` amazing '' . Mc Shea of GameSpot stated that the audio added to the effect of the gameplay , particularly when hiding from enemies . Kelly of Computer and Video Games found that the environmental audio positively impacted gameplay , and that Gustavo Santaolalla 's score was `` sparse and delicate '' . Both Game Informer 's Helgeson and Destructoid 's Sterling called the score `` haunting '' , with the latter finding that it complements the gameplay . The graphic depiction of violence in The Last of Us generated substantial commentary from critics . Engadget writer Ben Gilbert found the game 's persistent focus on combat was `` a necessary evil to lead the game 's fragile protagonist duo to safety '' , as opposed to being used as a method to achieve objectives . Kotaku 's Kirk Hamilton wrote that the violence was `` heavy , consequential and necessary '' , as opposed to gratuitous . USGamer 's Anthony John Agnello wrote that the game consistently reinforces the negativity associated with violence , intentionally making players feel uncomfortable while in violent combat . He stated that the deaths within the game were not unnecessary or unjustified , making the story more powerful . Kelly of Computer and Video Games stated that , despite the `` incredibly brutal '' combat , the violence never felt gratuitous . Eurogamer 's Welsh echoed similar remarks , stating that the violence is not `` desensitized or mindless '' . Matt Helgeson of Game Informer observed that the game 's violence leads to players questioning the morality of their choices . Joystiq 's Mitchell wrote that the violence is `` designed to be uncomfortable '' , stating that it contributes to Joel 's character . Prior to the release of the game , Keith Stuart of The Guardian wrote that the acceptability of the violence would depend on its context within the game . Many critics discussed the game 's depiction of female characters . Jason Killingsworth of Edge praised its lack of sexualized female characters , writing that it `` offers a refreshing antidote to the sexism and regressive gender attitudes of most blockbuster videogames '' . Eurogamer 's Ellie Gibson praised Ellie as `` sometimes strong , sometimes vulnerable , but never a cliché '' . She felt that Ellie is initially established as a `` damsel in distress '' , but that this concept is subverted . GameSpot 's Carolyn Petit praised the female characters as morally conflicted and sympathetic , but wrote that gender in video games should be evaluated `` based on their actual merits , not in relation to other games '' . Chris Suellentrop of The New York Times acknowledged that Ellie was a likable and `` sometimes powerful '' character , but argued that The Last of Us is `` actually the story of Joel '' , stating that it 's `` another video game by men , for men and about men '' . The Last of Us was also praised for its depiction of LGBT characters . Sam Einhorn of GayGamer.net felt that the revelation of Bill 's sexuality `` added to his character ... without really tokenizing him '' . American organization GLAAD named Bill one of the `` most intriguing new LGBT characters of 2013 '' , calling him `` deeply flawed but wholly unique '' . A kiss between two female characters in Left Behind was met with positive reactions . Sales ( edit ) Within seven days of its release , The Last of Us sold over 1.3 million units , becoming the biggest video game launch of 2013 at the time . Three weeks after its release , the game sold over 3.4 million units , and was deemed the biggest launch of an original game since 2011 's L.A. Noire and the fastest - selling PlayStation 3 game of 2013 at the time . The game became the best - selling digital release on PlayStation Store for PlayStation 3 , though numerical sales figures were not disclosed ; this record was later beaten by Grand Theft Auto V . The Last of Us ultimately became the tenth best - selling game of 2013 . By August 2014 , the game had sold eight million copies : seven million on PlayStation 3 and one million on PlayStation 4 . It is the third best - selling PlayStation 3 game of all time . In the United Kingdom , the game remained atop the charts for six consecutive weeks , matching records set by multi-platform titles . Within 48 hours of its release , The Last of Us generated more than the £ 3 million earned by Man of Steel in the same period . The game also topped the charts in the United States , France , Ireland , Italy , the Netherlands , Sweden , Finland , Norway , Denmark , Spain , and Japan . Awards ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by The Last of Us The Last of Us is one of the most awarded games of all time , winning over 240 Game of the Year awards . Prior to its release , it received numerous awards for its previews at E3 . It was review aggregators Metacritic and GameRankings ' second - highest rated for the year 2013 , behind Grand Theft Auto V . The game appeared on several year - end lists of the best games of 2013 , receiving wins from the 41st Annie Awards , The A.V. Club , the British Academy Video Games Awards , Canada.com , Daily Mirror , The Daily Telegraph , Destructoid , the 17th Annual DICE Awards , The Escapist , GamesRadar , GameTrailers , the 14th Annual Developers Choice Awards , Game Revolution , Giant Bomb , Good Game , Hardcore Gamer , IGN , IGN Australia , International Business Times , Kotaku , National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers , VG247 , VideoGamer.com . It was also named the Best PlayStation Game by GameSpot , GameTrailers , Hardcore Gamer , and IGN . Naughty Dog won Studio of the Year and Best Developer from The Daily Telegraph , Edge , the Golden Joystick Awards , Hardcore Gamer , and the 2013 Spike VGX . Baker and Johnson received multiple nominations for their performances ; Baker won awards from Hardcore Gamer and the 2013 Spike VGX , while Johnson won awards at the British Academy Video Games Awards , DICE Awards , VGX 2013 , and from The Daily Telegraph . The game 's story also received awards at the British Academy Video Games Awards , the DICE Awards , the Game Developers Choice Awards , the Golden Joystick Awards , and the Writers Guild of America Awards , and from GameTrailers , Giant Bomb , Hardcore Gamer , and IGN . The sound design and music received awards at the DICE Awards , the Inside Gaming Awards , and from IGN . The game 's graphical and artistic design also won awards from Destructoid , the DICE Awards , the Golden Joystick Awards , and IGN . The Last of Us was awarded Outstanding Innovation in Gaming at the DICE Awards , and Best Third Person Shooter from GameTrailers . The game received Best New IP from Hardcore Gamer , Best Newcomer at the Golden Joystick Awards , and Best Debut from Giant Bomb . It received Best Overall Sound , Best PlayStation 3 Multiplayer , and Best Action - Adventure Game on PlayStation 3 , and overall at IGN 's Best of 2013 Awards . It also won Best Action - Adventure Game at the British Academy Video Games Awards , and The Escapist , as well as Best Action Game from Hardcore Gamer and Adventure Game of the Year at the DICE Awards . Adaptations ( edit ) A four - issue comic book miniseries , titled The Last of Us : American Dreams , was published by Dark Horse Comics from April to July 2013 . Written by Druckmann and illustrated by Faith Erin Hicks , the comics serve as a prequel to the game , chronicling the journey of a younger Ellie and Riley . On July 28 , 2014 , the cast of the game performed a live reading of selected scenes in Santa Monica , California , with live music by Santaolalla . The performance was hosted and directed by Druckmann , with graphics by Alex Hobbs . On March 6 , 2014 , Sony announced that Screen Gems will distribute a film adaptation of The Last of Us , written by Druckmann and produced by Sam Raimi . By January 2015 , Druckmann had written the script 's second draft , and performed a read - through with some actors . Very little work occurred following this , as Druckmann stated in April 2016 that the film had entered development hell . In November 2016 , Raimi stated that the film was at a standstill after Sony had a disagreement with Druckmann . Actress Maisie Williams expressed enthusiasm in playing Ellie , and was in talks with both Druckmann and Raimi to take the role . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : The Last of Us Part II In February 2014 , Druckmann said Naughty Dog were considering a sequel but needed to find a story `` really worth telling , and that 's not repeating itself '' . In September 2015 , Druckmann stated that a small team had begun building prototypes , but shifted development to Uncharted 4 : A Thief 's End , released in May 2016 . Sony announced The Last of Us Part II at the PlayStation Experience event on December 3 , 2016 . The story takes place about five years after the first game ; Ellie and Joel return , with players controlling Ellie . Santaolalla will return to compose the music , and Druckmann will return to write the story alongside Halley Gross . Straley will not return as game director . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Last of Us Remastered was released on different dates , dependent on territory : July 29 , 2014 in North America ; July 30 , 2014 in Europe , Australia and New Zealand ; and August 1 , 2014 in the United Kingdom and Ireland . Jump up ^ The Last of Us shares its status as fifth - highest rated PlayStation 3 game on Metacritic with Red Dead Redemption ( 2010 ) , Portal 2 ( 2011 ) and LittleBigPlanet ( 2008 ) . The PlayStation 3 games that are rated higher than The Last of Us on Metacritic are Grand Theft Auto IV ( 2008 ) , Grand Theft Auto V ( 2013 ) , Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves ( 2009 ) and Batman : Arkham City ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Other games that remained atop the UK charts for six consecutive weeks include FIFA 12 ( 2011 ) and Call of Duty : Black Ops II ( 2012 ) . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hamilton , Kirk ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us : The Kotaku Review '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2015 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wells , Evan ( December 10 , 2011 ) . `` Naughty Dog Reveals The Last of Us at 2011 VGAs '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Naughty Dog and Area 5 ( February 24 , 2014 ) . Grounded : Making The Last of Us . Sony Computer Entertainment . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kietzmann , Ludwig ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us : Bricks , bottles and a few bullets '' . Joystiq . AOL . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yoon , Andrew ( May 20 , 2013 ) . `` A guide to crafting in The Last of Us '' . Shacknews . Gamerhub . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lavoy , Bill ( August 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us Remastered Beginners Tips '' . Prima Games . Random House . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , David ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Last Of Us review -- clicking together '' . Metro . DMG Media . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lavoy , Bill ( August 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us Remastered - All Optional Conversations - I Want to Talk About It '' . Prima Games . Random House . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Tony . `` The Last of Us Remastered - Collectibles guide '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Arne ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` Balance Of Power : Gameplay In The Last of Us '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us multiplayer detailed '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moriarty , Colin ( August 28 , 2013 ) . `` This Is The Last of Us ' New Multiplayer Mode '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Monacelli , Eric ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` How The Last of Us Remastered Enhances Multiplayer '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Watters , Chris ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` Something to Lose : The Pitfalls and Potential of Competitive Multiplayer '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us PS4 Gets Brutal Executions Not Possible on PS3 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Naughty Dog ( June 14 , 2013 ) . The Last of Us . PlayStation 3 . Sony Computer Entertainment . ^ Jump up to : Hansen , Ben ( February 22 , 2012 ) . `` New Tricks : An Interview With Naughty Dog 's Co-Presidents '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moriarty , Colin ( December 12 , 2011 ) . `` Naughty Dog Officially Split Into Two Teams '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Takahashi , Dean ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` What inspired The Last of Us ( interview ) '' . GamesBeat . VentureBeat . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2015 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Triana , Joe ( July 13 , 2013 ) . `` The Philosophical Themes In The Last of Us '' . Gamasutra . UBM plc . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2015 . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , John ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Making The Last of Us ' Iconic Giraffe Scene '' . Control500 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2015 . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Takahashi , Dean ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` What inspired The Last of Us ? ( interview ) page 2 '' . VentureBeat . p. 2 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Matt ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` Photos : `` Zombie '' Ants Found With New Mind - Control Fungi `` . National Geographic Society . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hanson , Ben ( February 20 , 2012 ) . `` Capturing Joel And Ellie For The Last Of Us '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Robertson , Andy ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us : interview with Neil Druckmann and Ashley Johnson '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Edward ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us , Neil Druckmann and Less Being More '' . International Business Times . IBT Media . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2014 . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gera , Emily ( May 16 , 2012 ) . `` The Last of Us gets new trailer , reveals Ellie redesign '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Helgeson , Matt ( August 2013 ) . Stead , Chris , ed . `` Afterword : The Last of Us '' . Game Informer . CBS Interactive ( 45 ) : 32 -- 33 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Of Us : the definitive postmortem -- spoilers be damned - Page 2 of 3 '' . Edge . Future plc . June 18 , 2013 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( June 23 , 2013 ) . `` Naughty Dog discusses sound and music in The Last of Us '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2015 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Of Us : the definitive postmortem -- spoilers be damned '' . Edge . Future plc . June 18 , 2013 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Of Us : the definitive postmortem -- spoilers be damned - Page 3 of 3 '' . Edge . Future plc . June 18 , 2013 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Will ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us ( 2013 ) '' . Art of the Title . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2015 . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last of Us : An Interview with Naughty Dog '' . The Digital Fix . Poisonous Monkey Ltd . May 29 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moriarty , Colin ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` Naughty Dog Talks Combat in The Last of Us '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Neonakis , Alexandria ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` How We Made The Last of Us 's Interface Work So Well '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cullen , Johnny ( December 11 , 2011 ) . `` Naughty Dog 's The Last of Us announced at VGAs '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , Brendan ( December 10 , 2011 ) . `` Naughty Dog readies The Last of Us '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , Liam ( December 31 , 2012 ) . `` Digital Spy 's most anticipated games of 2013 : Part two '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2015 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( January 2 , 2013 ) . `` Developers ' Most Anticipated Games of 2013 '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2015 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Taormina , Anthony ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` 2012 Spike Video Game Awards Nominees Announced '' . Game Rant . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2012 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Greg ( February 12 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us Delayed '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Scott ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Last of Us ' Special Editions coming to Europe , North America '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Monacelli , Eric ( May 28 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us : Pre-Order the Digital Edition & Season Pass , DLC Detailed '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` The Making of The Last of Us documentary now on YouTube '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Greg ( December 9 , 2012 ) . `` The Last of Us Box Art , Preorder Bonuses '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Monacelli , Eric ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us -- Abandoned Territories Map Pack and patch 1.05 available tomorrow '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Monacelli , Eric ( November 4 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us Nightmare Bundle Available this Week '' . Naughty Dog . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us : Left Behind Release Date Confirmed '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Arne ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Last of Us : Left Behind launches as a standalone download this month '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2015 . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Monacelli , Eric ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us : New Mode and Multiplayer DLC Detailed '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us Gets New DLC ; Some Fans Are n't Happy About It '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us : Game of the Year Edition Announced For PS3 '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2015 . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` E3 2014 : The Last of Us : Remastered PS4 Release Date Announced '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mathé , Charlotte ; Reynolds , Matthew ( July 1 , 2014 ) . `` Games out this month : 10 biggest releases for July '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ LeJacq , Yannick ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` The Last Of Us Is Coming To The PS4 On July 30 '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashraf , Jawad ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` New on PlayStation Store : The Last of Us Remastered , Rogue Legacy , more '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us PS4 Development Began Ages Ago '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moriarty , Colin ( April 9 , 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us Remastered : First Details , Pre-Order Info '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Haywald , Justin ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us Remastered Devs Discuss Making 60fps the New Standard in Games '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ GameCentral ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` The Last Of Us Remastered interview -- ' How much more immersive can this be ? ' '' . Metro . DMG Media . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last of Us for PlayStation 3 Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2015 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Andy . `` The Last of Us review : Survival horror masterpiece is Naughty Dog 's finest moment '' . Computer and Video Games . Future plc . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last of Us review '' . Edge . Future plc . June 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Welsh , Oli ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us review '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2015 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Helgeson , Matt ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` Naughty Dog 's Grim Masterpiece '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2015 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mc Shea , Tom ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us Review '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2015 . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Moriarty , Colin ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us Review '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2015 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , Richard ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us review : Humans , conditioned '' . Joystiq . AOL . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2015 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Meikleham , David ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Last Of Us review SPOILER FREE - Naughty Dog 's latest masterpiece is apocalypse wow '' . PlayStation Official Magazine . Future plc . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kollar , Philip ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us review : dead inside '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2015 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hussain , Tamoor ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us review round - up : ' Easily Naughty Dog 's finest moment ' '' . Computer and Video Games . Future plc . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best PlayStation 3 Video Games of All Time '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2015 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sources that refer to The Last of Us being considered one of the most significant titles of the seventh generation of video games include : `` The Last of Us - # 3 Top Games of a Generation '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . June 4 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Robinson , Martin ( November 4 , 2013 ) . `` Eurogamer 's Games of the Generation : The top 50 '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Brian ( October 5 , 2014 ) . `` EDGE ranks the ten best games of the generation '' . Nintendo Everything . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` The Top Ten Games of the Generation '' . Hardcore Gamer . November 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Hoggins , Tom ( December 28 , 2013 ) . `` The 50 best games of the console generation : part two '' . The Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` CVG 's Games of the Generation 20 - 1 '' . Computer and Video Games . Future plc . January 1 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2014 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Games of a Generation : Your Top 100 '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . June 4 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Turi , Tim ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Top 10 Action Games Of The Generation '' . Game Informer . GameStop . p. 2 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Juba , Joe ( July 18 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 PlayStation 3 Games '' . Game Informer . GameStop . p. 5 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sources that list The Last of Us among the greatest video games of all time include : `` The 100 best games of all time '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . March 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` 1 . The Last of Us The 100 Greatest Video Games Of All Time '' . Empire . Bauer Media Group . August 15 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` The 20 best games of Edge 's lifetime '' . Edge . Future plc . November 15 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Moriarty , Colin ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` Colin Moriarty 's Top 25 Games of All Time '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . p. 4 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Levy , Karyne ; Smith , Dave ( November 15 , 2014 ) . `` The Top 50 Video Games Of All Time -- RANKED '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sterling , Jim ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` Review : The Last of Us '' . Destructoid . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2015 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Ben ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Necessary violence : The creators of The Last of Us defend its reliance on combat '' . Engadget . AOL . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2015 . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Agnello , Anthony John ( December 27 , 2013 ) . `` 2013 in Review : In The Last of Us , No Death is Meaningless '' . USGamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2015 . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stuart , Keith ( June 20 , 2012 ) . `` Does The Last of Us fetishise violence ? '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2015 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Killingsworth , Jason ( June 24 , 2013 ) . `` Sexism sells ? The Last of Us begs to differ '' . Edge . Future plc . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gibson , Ellie ( July 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us is n't the solution to sexism in games , but it 's a start '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petit , Carolyn ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us and Grading on the Gender Curve '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Suellentrop , Chris ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` In the Video Game The Last of Us , Survival Favors the Man '' . The New York Times . Arthur Ochs Sulzberger , Jr . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Einhorn , Sam ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us Has a Gay Character . Really ! '' . GayGamer.net . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The most intriguing new LGBT characters of 2013 '' . GLAAD . December 26 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Kirk ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` Video Gaming 's Latest Breakthrough Moment '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Keza ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` The Significance of The Last of Us : Left Behind '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Last of Us ' Has The Biggest Launch Of The Year With 1.3 M Sold '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Sony declares The Last of Us a success with over 3.4 million global sales '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ivan , Tom ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us is PS3 's fastest selling new franchise '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dutton , Fred ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` PlayStation Store charts , September : GTA5 and Killzone Mercenary take top honours '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 100 best - selling video games of 2013 revealed '' . Metro . DMG Media . January 16 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dunning , Jason ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us Remastered Crosses One Million Sold Worldwide '' . PlayStation LifeStyle . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weber , Rachel ( July 22 , 2013 ) . `` 6 weeks on top for The Last of Us '' . Gamesindustry.biz . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ French , Michael ( June 17 , 2013 ) . `` UK CHARTS : The Last of US is No. 1 '' . Market for Home Computing and Video Games . Intent Media . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hillier , Brenna ( July 19 , 2013 ) . `` NPD June : The Last of Us , Animal crossing top charts '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Les Meilleures Ventes De Jeux Vidéo '' ( The Best Video Game Sales ) ( in French ) . SELL . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Entertainment Software ( All Prices ) , Week Ending 15 June 2013 '' . Chart - Track . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pugliese , Tommaso ( July 2013 ) . `` Le classifiche italiane per il mese di giugno '' ( The Italian charts for the month of June ) ( in Italian ) . Multiplayer.it . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GfK Dutch Game Charts '' ( in Dutch ) . NVPI . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swedish Games chart total , week 26 2013 '' . GfK . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2013 . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking de videojuegos más vendidos '' ( Ranking of top selling games ) . Española de Distribuidores y Editores de Software de Entretenimiento ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2013 . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 「 The Last of Us 」 が 11 万 7000 本 で 1 位 に. 「 ネプテューヌ PP 」 「 クマ ・ トモ 」 「 さよなら 海 腹 川 背 」 など も 発売 され た 「 週間 販売 ランキング + 」 '' ( `` The Last of Us '' is in first place in the 117 000 this . `` Neptunia PP '' , `` bear Tomo '' `` Goodbye Umihara Kawase '' , etc. were also released `` weekly sales rankings + '' ) . 4Gamer.net ( in Japanese ) . Aetas Inc . June 26 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dutton , Fred ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us and Tearaway take the BAFTAs by storm '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2015 . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Last of Us - GameSpot 's Best of E3 2012 Editors ' Choice Awards '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . June 4 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoggins , Tom ( June 9 , 2012 ) . `` E3 2012 : Best in show '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Electric Playground 's Best of E3 Winners '' . The Electric Playground . Greedy Productions Ltd . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EGM Presents : The Best of E3 2012 '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . EGM Media , LLC . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Aziz , Hamza ( June 12 , 2012 ) . `` Destructoid 's Best of E3 2012 winners revealed ! '' . Destructoid . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Highest Rated Video Games for 2013 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Browse and Search Games -- Highest Rated Video Games for 2013 '' . GameRankings . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( February 1 , 2014 ) . `` Annie Awards : ' Frozen ' Wins Big Including Best Feature ; Miyazaki Gets Best Writing ; Spielberg Honored ; ' Futurama ' & ' Sofia ' Top TV ; ' Get A Horse ! ' Best Short '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Kyle ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` The people have spoken : The 2013 A.V. Club Readers ' Poll results '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion , Inc . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Karmali , Luke ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` BAFTA Games Awards 2014 Winners Announced '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Rourke , Patrick ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Top video games of 2013 : What 's this year 's best game ? '' . Canada.com . Postmedia News . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Silver , Dan ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Top games of 2013 : Five best video games to buy for Christmas '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hoggins , Tom ( December 31 , 2013 ) . `` Telegraph Video Game Awards 2013 '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Steven ( December 24 , 2013 ) . `` The winner of Destructoid 's 2013 Game of the Year '' . Destructoid . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 17th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards '' . Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences . February 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Escapist Awards - Game of the Year 2013 '' . The Escapist . January 11 , 2014 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Game of the year 2013 '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . January 21 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : GT 's Game of the Year ! . GameTrailers . January 10 , 2014 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pitcher , Jenna ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us cleans up at the 2014 Game Developer Choice Awards '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bischoff , Daniel ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` Game of the Year 2013 '' . Game Revolution . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Giant Bomb 's 2013 Game of the Year Awards : Day Five '' . Giant Bomb . CBS Interactive . December 27 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Good Game ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` Good Game Stories - Award - Best Game '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Game of the Year Award '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 22 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Overall - IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . December 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ IGN Australia ( December 21 , 2013 ) . `` IGN AU 's Top 12 Games of 2013 '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Elise , Abigail ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` The Five Best Video Games of 2013 : Why We 'll Miss This Current Generation of Consoles '' . International Business Times . IBT Media . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Totilo , Stephen ( December 30 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us Is Kotaku 's Game of the Year '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Totilo , Stephen ( December 30 , 2013 ) . `` Pranksters Almost Voted An Erotic Game As Our Readers ' Game of the Year '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Allen , Thomas J. ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` 2013 NAVGTR Winners '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephany ( January 11 , 2014 ) . `` VG247 Community Games of the Year '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burns , Steven ( December 31 , 2013 ) . `` Game of the Year 2013 : - No. 1 : The Last of Us '' . VideoGamer.com . Pro-G Media Ltd . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PS3 Game of the Year 2013 Winner '' . GameSpot . December 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best PS3 Game '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS3 Game - IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Edge awards 2013 : studio of the year '' . Edge . Future plc . December 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2013 . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hussain , Tamoor ( October 26 , 2013 ) . `` Golden Joysticks 2013 : Full list of winners '' . Computer and Video Games . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best Developer '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dane , Patrick ( December 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' Grand Theft Auto V ' Tops Spike VGX 2013 Award Winners List '' . Game Rant . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 The Troy Baker Award '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WGA Award Winners & More -- 2014 Writers Guild Awards '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . February 1 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Giant Bomb 's 2013 Game of the Year Awards : Day Two '' . Giant Bomb . CBS Interactive . December 24 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best Story '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS3 Story - IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Overall Sound - IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS3 Sound - IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Steven ( December 24 , 2013 ) . `` The winner of Destructoid 's best of 2013 visuals '' . Destructoid . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS3 Graphics - IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Overall Graphics - Technology - IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best New IP '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Giant Bomb 's 2013 Game of the Year Awards : Day Three '' . Giant Bomb . CBS Interactive . December 25 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS3 Multiplayer Game - IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS3 Action - Adventure Game - IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Overall Action - Adventure Game - IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Winners of The Escapist Awards and Game of the Year Nominees '' . The Escapist . January 1 , 2014 . p. 6 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best Action Game '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Andrew ( October 12 , 2012 ) . `` The Last of Us Prequel Comic , Art Book Revealed '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us will be performed on stage for just one night '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Screen Gems to Distribute Sam Raimi - Produced The Last of Us Movie '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Watts , Steve ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` The Last of Us Movie to Have ' Big Changes ' '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Naughty Dog 's Neil Druckmann Offers Updates on Uncharted , Last of Us Movies '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Producer Sam Raimi Says The Last of Us Movie Stuck at a ' Standstill ' '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Maisie Williams on The Last of Us movie : ' It 's very , very early days ' '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Martin ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Naughty Dog mulls The Last of Us 2 '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hussain , Tamoor ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` The Last of Us 2 Was Prototyped But Naughty Dog Focused on Uncharted 4 For Now '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Druckmann , Neil ( December 3 , 2016 ) . `` The Last of Us Part II '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Interactive Entertainment . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2016 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( December 3 , 2016 ) . `` The Last of Us Part 2 Announced '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2016 . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Martin ( December 3 , 2016 ) . `` Ellie is the lead character in The Last of Us Part 2 '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2016 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( December 3 , 2016 ) . `` In The Last of Us : Part 2 , You Play as Ellie '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` The Last of Us 2 Brings on Westworld Writer ; Story Described as `` Intense '' `` . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( December 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Last of Us 2 : Bruce Straley Not Returning to Direct '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Last of Us Official website The Last of Us on IMDb 2010s portal Horror portal Sony PlayStation portal Speculative fiction portal Video games portal Viruses portal Naughty Dog Video games Crash Bandicoot Crash Bandicoot ( 1996 ) Crash Bandicoot 2 : Cortex Strikes Back ( 1997 ) Crash Bandicoot : Warped ( 1998 ) Crash Team Racing ( 1999 ) Jak and Daxter Jak and Daxter : The Precursor Legacy ( 2001 ) Jak II ( 2003 ) Jak 3 ( 2004 ) Jak X : Combat Racing ( 2005 ) Uncharted Uncharted : Drake 's Fortune ( 2007 ) 2 : Among Thieves ( 2009 ) 3 : Drake 's Deception ( 2011 ) 4 : A Thief 's End ( 2016 ) The Lost Legacy ( 2017 ) The Last of Us The Last of Us ( 2013 ) Left Behind ( 2014 ) The Last of Us Part II ( TBA ) Other games Dream Zone ( 1987 ) Keef the Thief ( 1989 ) Rings of Power ( 1991 ) Way of the Warrior ( 1994 ) Remasters Jak and Daxter Collection ( 2012 ) The Last of Us Remastered ( 2014 ) Uncharted : The Nathan Drake Collection ( 2015 ) People Neil Druckmann Bruce Straley Andy Gavin Jason Rubin Tom Bissell Related Sony Interactive Entertainment ICE Team List The Last of Us Video games The Last of Us Left Behind Remastered The Last of Us Part II Other media Music The Last of Us : American Dreams Related articles Development of The Last of Us List of accolades received by The Last of Us Characters Ellie Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences D.I.C.E. Award for Game of the Year GoldenEye 007 ( 1997 ) The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time ( 1998 ) The Sims ( 1999 ) Diablo II ( 2000 ) Halo : Combat Evolved ( 2001 ) Battlefield 1942 ( 2002 ) Call of Duty ( 2003 ) Half - Life 2 ( 2004 ) God of War ( 2005 ) Gears of War ( 2006 ) Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare ( 2007 ) LittleBigPlanet ( 2008 ) Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves ( 2009 ) Mass Effect 2 ( 2010 ) The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim ( 2011 ) Journey ( 2012 ) The Last of Us ( 2013 ) Dragon Age : Inquisition ( 2014 ) Fallout 4 ( 2015 ) Overwatch ( 2016 ) BAFTA Games Award for Best Game Call of Duty ( 2003 ) Half - Life 2 ( 2004 ) Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter ( 2006 ) BioShock ( 2007 ) Super Mario Galaxy ( 2008 ) Batman : Arkham Asylum ( 2009 ) Mass Effect 2 ( 2010 ) Portal 2 ( 2011 ) Dishonored ( 2012 ) The Last of Us ( 2013 ) Destiny ( 2014 ) Fallout 4 ( 2015 ) Uncharted 4 : A Thief 's End ( 2016 ) Game Developers Choice Award for Game of the Year The Sims ( 2000 ) Grand Theft Auto III ( 2001 ) Metroid Prime ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic ( 2003 ) Half - Life 2 ( 2004 ) Shadow of the Colossus ( 2005 ) Gears of War ( 2006 ) Portal ( 2007 ) Fallout 3 ( 2008 ) Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves ( 2009 ) Red Dead Redemption ( 2010 ) The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim ( 2011 ) Journey ( 2012 ) The Last of Us ( 2013 ) Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor ( 2014 ) The Witcher 3 : Wild Hunt ( 2015 ) Overwatch ( 2016 ) VIAF : 313250146 LCCN : n2015072076 BNF : cb16935263t ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_of_Us&oldid=808899064 '' Categories : 2013 video games Action - adventure games AIAS Game of the Year winners Cannibalism in fiction Horror video games Interactive Achievement Award winners LGBT - related video games Multiplayer and single - player video games Naughty Dog games PlayStation 3 games PlayStation 3 - only games Post-apocalyptic video games Sony Interactive Entertainment games Stealth video games Survival video games The Last of Us Video games about viral outbreaks Video games developed in the United States Video games featuring female antagonists Video games featuring female protagonists Video games set in 2013 Video games set in the 2030s Video games set in Colorado Video games set in Boston Video games set in Pennsylvania Video games set in Texas Video games set in Wyoming Video games set in Utah Video games using Havok Video games with downloadable content Video games with expansion packs Zombie video games Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Featured articles Use mdy dates from May 2014 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 22 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what are the zombies called in the last of us | [
"In September 2013, an outbreak of a mutant Cordyceps fungus ravages the United States, transforming its human hosts into cannibalistic monsters known as infected. In the suburbs of Austin, Texas, Joel (Troy Baker) flees the chaos with his brother Tommy (Jeffrey Pierce) and daughter Sarah (Hana Hayes). As they flee, Sarah is shot by a soldier and dies in Joel's arms. In the twenty years that follow, most of civilization is destroyed by the infection. Survivors live in heavily policed quarantine zones, independent settlements, and nomadic groups. Joel works as a smuggler with his partner Tess (Annie Wersching) in the quarantine zone in the North End of Boston, Massachusetts. They hunt down Robert (Robin Atkin Downes), a black-market dealer, to recover a stolen weapons cache. Before Tess kills him, Robert reveals that he traded the cache with the Fireflies, a rebel militia opposing the quarantine zone authorities."
] | [
"infected"
] |
-3233904861179018897 | GoPro | GoPro - wikipedia GoPro Jump to : navigation , search GoPro , Inc . Formerly called Woodman Labs , Inc . Type Public Traded as NASDAQ : GPRO Industry Technology Videography Consumer electronics Founded 2002 ; 15 years ago ( 2002 ) Founder Nick Woodman Headquarters San Mateo , California , U.S. Area served Worldwide Key people Nick Woodman ( CEO ) Products Action camera Video editing software Mobile app Revenue US $ 1.62 billion ( 2015 ) Operating income US $ 54.75 million ( 2015 ) Profit US $ 36.13 million ( 2015 ) Total assets US $ 1.10 billion ( 2015 ) Number of employees 1,483 ( 2016 ) Subsidiaries CineForm Replay Splice Website www.gopro.com GoPro , Inc. ( marketed as GoPro and sometimes stylised as GoPRO ) is an American technology company founded in 2002 by Nick Woodman . It manufactures eponymous action cameras and develops its own mobile apps and video - editing software . Founded as Woodman Labs , Inc , the company eventually focused on the connected sports genre , developing its line of action cameras and , later , video editing software . It also developed a quadcopter drone , Karma , released in October 2016 . In October 2016 , before the release of `` Karma '' quadcopter drone , GoPro released the GoPro `` HERO 5 '' and `` HERO 5 Session '' Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Corporate actions 1.2 IPO 2 Product lines 2.1 HERO cameras 2.2 GoPro KARMA & GoPro KARMA Grip 2.3 Accessories 2.4 Video editing 3 Content company 4 HD HERO cameras 5 Products 5.1 HERO cameras 5.1. 1 35mm 5.1. 2 Digital 5.1. 3 Digital 3 5.1. 4 Digital 5 5.1. 5 Digital Wide 5.1. 6 HD 5.1. 6.1 960 5.1. 6.2 LED 5.1. 6.3 Specifications 5.1. 7 HERO2 5.1. 8 HERO3 5.1. 8.1 HERO3+ 5.1. 9 HERO4 5.1. 9.1 HERO + LCD 5.1. 9.2 HERO+ 5.1. 10 HERO5 5.1. 11 HERO6 5.2 GoPro KARMA Drone 5.3 GoPro Omni 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The company was founded by Nick Woodman in 2002 . He was motivated by a tramp in 2002 surfing trip to Australia in which he was hoping to capture quality action photos , but could not because amateur photographers could not get close enough or buy quality equipment at reasonable prices . His desire for a camera system that could capture the professional angles inspired the ' GoPro ' name . Woodman raised a portion of his initial capital by selling bead and shell belts for under US $20 from his VW van and , later , fashionable camera straps . He also received over $230,000 from his parents to invest in the business . In 2004 , the company sold its first camera system , which used 35 mm film . Digital still and video cameras were later introduced . As of 2014 , a fixed - lens HD video camera with a wide 170 - degree lens was available ; two or more can be paired to create 360 video . On June 4 , 2014 , the company announced the appointment of former Microsoft executive Tony Bates as President reporting directly to Woodman . In January 2016 , GoPro partnered with Periscope for live streaming . After growing the number of employees by more than 500 in 2015 , the company responded to weak sales in the fourth quarter by cutting about 7 % of its workforce ( 100 workers ) in January 2016 . At its peak , a share of GoPro was valued at $86 , but on September 27 , 2016 , only $16.79 . In November 2016 , the company announced it was laying off an additional 200 employees in an effort to reduce costs . The company also announced that President Tony Bates would be stepping down at the end of 2016 . 270 more employees were laid off in March 2017 . Corporate actions ( edit ) On March 30 , 2011 , GoPro acquired CineForm . The acquisition included the CineForm 444 video codec used in the film Slumdog Millionaire . The company claimed that the codec `` makes HD and 3D editing faster and more convenient without sacrificing image quality '' . It was incorporated in the company 's 3D Hero System shortly after the acquisition . In March 2013 , GoPro issued a DMCA takedown notice to website DigitalRev.com , which had posted a review of its product , citing trademark use as a breach of copyright . This notice was retracted 10 days later , citing `` erroneous enforcement '' . On February 29 , 2016 , GoPro spent $105 million and acquired two start - ups , namely , Stupeflix and Vemory , for their video editing tools Replay and Splice . IPO ( edit ) On February 7 , 2014 , GoPro submitted a confidential filing for an initial public offering ( IPO ) with the Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) . On May 19 , 2014 , GoPro filed its S - 1 with the SEC without specifying the number of shares or their price . The company stated that they hoped to raise at least $100 million through the sale of shares , using the money to pay off debt in full ( $111 million as of March 31 , 2014 ) and `` to acquire or invest in complementary businesses , technologies or assets '' . They said that they planned to list on the NASDAQ stock exchange using the symbol ' GPRO . ' The expected price range was $21 to $24 a share ; on June 25 , 2014 , GoPro sold 17.8 million shares to initial investors at $24 per share ( totaling $427.2 M ) . At the IPO price the company was valued at $2.95 billion . 1.5 percent of those shares were allotted to LOYAL3 , a technology platform that allows small investors to participate . One reason for GoPro 's decision to go public was the potential to become a media company to generate additional revenue from the content its cameras create . Product lines ( edit ) HERO cameras ( edit ) Woodman worked on his first camera for two years after founding the company , eventually introducing the GoPro 35mm HERO in September 2004 at San Diego 's Action Sports Retailer trade show . In its first year GoPro sold $150,000 worth of products . In 2006 the company introduced its first Digital HERO , with 10 second video capability , and generated $800,000 in revenue . The following year GoPro sales quadrupled to $3.4 million . In 2014 , the company was selling the HERO3+ in editions of different colors . It was capable of filming in 16 : 9 aspect ratio , supporting 4K UHD video and 12 MP still photographs . The HERO4 was introduced on 24 September 2014 . At 28 September Gopro released new Hero 6 . It has new , better stabilisation , than Hero 5 and it can capture 4K in 60 FPS . Hero 6 Black costs about $500 . GoPro Karma & GoPro Karma grip ( edit ) GoPro drone Karma The GoPro Karma is GoPro 's consumer drone . In 2014 , GoPro entered into discussions with DJI for a private label model built with the GoPro branding . After the failure of these negotiations , GoPro entered into an agreement with 3D Robotics ( 3DR ) for a similar partnership based on 3DR 's flight controllers . 3DR failed to meet their agreed upon timelines . As a result , GoPro took full control of the development process in mid-2015 . Scheduled to be released early 2016 , the GoPro Karma project was delayed several times before the GoPro Karma was announced with an introduction date of October 23 , 2016 . The Karma was released along with newer models of the HERO5 and Session cameras and features a removable handheld stabilizer ( gimbal ) integrated into the design . After a few customers complained about power failure during operation , GoPro recalled Karma drones and gave customers full refunds . In February 2017 , GoPro re-launched the Karma Drone . Accessories ( edit ) GoPro produces various mounting accessories for its cameras including a 3 - way mount , suction cup , chest harness , jaws - type flexible clamp , dog harness , surfing mount , etc . Video editing ( edit ) The company developed GoPro Studio , simple video editing software to edit camera footage . It was reported that GoPro intended to also become a content provider , also with a new app for the HERO5 called GoPro Quik to share , and edit videos easier . Content company ( edit ) In April 2014 , GoPro was listed by Adweek as one of the `` Top 10 Best Brand Channels on YouTube '' based on a combination of views , shares , comments and overall engagement . Content is uploaded daily , an additional source of revenue for the company . As part of its transformation to a media company in 2014 , GoPro created additional channels with GoPro content on YouTube , Virgin America , and Xbox Live . This was extended to the PlayStation Network in 2015 . HD HERO cameras ( edit ) As of October 2014 , GoPro sells three fixed - lens cameras , two without viewfinders and one including a touchscreen viewfinder . A 2 - bit LCD on the front of the camera allows access to its menu system , which is controlled by the front and top shutter buttons . The HERO4 Black have dimensions of 41 mm × 59 mm × 30 mm and weighs 88 grams ( 152 grams with housing ) . Still images from 6 to 12 megapixels can be captured . The cameras are sold with a clear polycarbonate HD Housing with a glass lens that is rated shockproof and waterproof to 131 feet ( 40 m ) , with a quick - release buckle on the top and threads at the bottom to attach to all of the GoPro mounts . The housing has metal buttons that connect to the camera 's controls and has a `` skeleton '' backdoor option to allow audio recording when the camera is used with a mount but without the need to be watertight or shockproof . Products ( edit ) HERO cameras ( edit ) 35mm ( edit ) The 35mm camera ( model # 001 ) became available on April 13 , 2005 . It had dimensions of 2.5 by 3 inches ( 64 by 76 mm ) and weighed 0.45 pounds ( 200 g ) . It included the camera , a clear case with quick release , a camera strap and ski glove adapter lash . It could pivot `` on the fly '' and be functional to a depth in water of about 15 feet ( 5 m ) . It was described as a `` reusable wrist camera '' and included a roll of 24 exposure Kodak 400 film . Digital ( edit ) The Digital HERO released in 2006 ( Model : SQ907 mini-cam ) had a 640 × 460 camera and shot VGA definition 320X240 ( 10 fps ) video for a maximum of 10 seconds . The Digital HERO1 had 32 MB internal memory without SD slot . Digital 3 ( edit ) The Digital HERO3 released in 2007 had a 3 - megapixel camera and shot standard definition 512 × 384 video . It was rated up to 30 m ( 98.4 feet ) in depth . Digital 5 ( edit ) The Digital HERO5 was first introduced on December 5 , 2006 . It had a 5 megapixel still photo sensor and supported standard definition ( 512 × 384 ) video capture . It ran on two AAA batteries , had 16 MB of internal memory and could function with a 2 GB SD card . Its housing was rated to 100 ft / 30 meters depth . Its dimensions were 2.6 × 1.75 × 1.25 inches ( 66 × 44 × 32 mm ) . The camera is not designed to work with the newer HD HERO line of housings , although the standard screw mounts are indeed compatible . Digital Wide ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2016 ) HD ( edit ) 960 ( edit ) HD HERO 960 - shoots a maximum of 960p video and is not compatible with GoPro 's electronic accessories although the camera is compatible with all GoPro mounts . It was first listed on August 6 , 2010 . Led ( edit ) The HD HERO Naked , released with a range of accessories , shoots a maximum of 1080p video on its 5 MP sensor . The Naked camera line forms the basis for other bundles , which are differentiated by the types of mounts they have ( HD Helmet HERO , HD Motorsports HERO , HD Surf HERO ) . It was first listed on January 25 , 2010 . Specifications ( edit ) Sensor size : 1 / 2.5 - inch ( 5.75 mm × 4.28 mm ) Pixel size : 2.2 μm Image formats : Mode Size fps FOV R1 848 × 480 60 170 ° R2 1280 × 720 30 170 ° R3 1280 × 720 60 170 ° R4 1280 × 960 30 170 ° R5 1920 × 1080 30 127 ° Photo 2592 × 1944 0 170 ° HERO2 ( edit ) The HERO2 was launched on October 24 , 2011 . It has an 11 MP image sensor , improved low - light capability and records at up to 120 fps . It was sold with three different accessory packages as the Outdoor , Motorsports , and Surf Editions . HERO3 ( edit ) In late 2012 , GoPro announced the HERO3 line of cameras . These cameras came in three editions : black , silver and white . All three versions of the HERO3 come in a 30 % smaller and 25 % lighter package , with WiFi built in . The change of the physical dimensions of the cameras compared to the previous generations ( HERO1 and HERO2 were physically identical ) means that some accessories for HD HERO Original and HERO2 are not compatible with HERO3 , so GoPro made new versions of those accessories specifically for HERO3 ( and mostly for HERO3+ , see below ) . Those new versions of accessories are usually not compatible with older Hero camera generations . However , a lot of other accessories are compatible with all HD Hero camera generations . The HERO3 Silver and Black cameras have significantly less battery endurance than the HD HERO Original and HERO2 . For example , in 720p resolution with 25 / 30 fps , while HD HERO Original and HERO2 have a stated battery runtime of 3 hours , HERO3 Silver Edition has a stated battery runtime of 2 hours , and HERO3 Black Edition has a stated battery runtime of 1.5 hours ( the Black Edition 's `` most economical '' setting is 1080p / 30 fps , so this also partially contributes to its poor battery runtime ) . The Black Edition has a new 12 MP sensor that can capture 4K UHD digital video at 15 fps , 2.7 K video at 30 fps , 1440p at 48 fps , 1080p at 60 fps , 960p at 100 fps , 720p at 120 fps and WVGA at 240 fps . The Black edition also includes the WiFi Remote . The Black Edition can not record at 25 / 30 fps in 720p and WVGA resolutions ; it can only record at very fast frame rates in those resolutions . This is a deliberate firmware limitation , as the manufacturer does not expect that this high - end camera model will be used at these lower resolutions and frame rates . The Silver Edition uses the same 11 MP sensor as the HERO2 , and the White edition uses the same 5 MP sensor as the HD HERO Original . HERO3+ ( edit ) Play media A timelapse recording one frame every 10 seconds with a GoPro HERO3 camera mounted on a bicycle helmet during a bike ride in Chicago . Note how the wide angle lens allows for the rider to capture wide images . In October 2013 , GoPro released the HERO3+ , available in Black and Silver Editions , replacing the HERO3 generation . The HERO3 White Edition remains as GoPro 's low - end device . The HERO3+ camera models claim dramatically improved low light performance and have a waterproof enclosure which is 20 % lighter and 15 % smaller than the HERO3 's , according to the GoPro website . The HERO3+ camera housing is 20 % smaller than the HERO3 . The cameras are claimed to have improved image sharpness ( close focus down to 7 '' vs about 3 ft on the HERO3 , at the expense of distant focus which is slightly less sharp with HERO3+ ) , and better audio functionality with wind noise reduction . Battery life is claimed to be 30 % longer than for the HERO3 model ( both through better efficiency and a higher - capacity battery of the same dimensions ) . The Black Edition has video modes of 1440p48 , 1080p60 , 960p100 and 720p120 as well as 4K15 and 2.7 K30 and can shoot 12 MP stills at up to 30 fps . The HERO3+ Black Edition also offers an optional function in firmware ( called `` SuperView '' ) which increases the field of view . It has additional functions , including dynamic low light situation adjustment , higher - quality recording modes ( higher bitrates , no white balance applied , etc . ) etc . The Black Edition continues to include a Wifi Remote . It does not have the ability to record 25 / 30 fps in 720p and WVGA modes ( it can only record at very fast frame rates in those lower resolutions ) . This is an intentional firmware limitation . The battery runtime of HERO3+ Black Edition is significantly longer than HERO3 Black Edition but 30 -- 50 % lower than the battery runtime of the older HERO2 and HERO1 . The Silver Edition has video modes of 1080p60 and 720p120 and can shoot 10 MP stills at up to 10 fps . In contrast to the Black Edition , the Silver Edition can record at 25 / 30 fps ( or higher ) in all supported resolutions . HERO3+ Silver Edition also has about 25 % - 50 % longer battery runtime during recording than HERO3+ Black Edition ( they both use the same batteries ) . The difference in runtime depends on the resolution / fps combination , and whether WiFi and GoPro mobile application are used during recording . The difference in runtime increases as the fps is lowered and the additional functions are deactivated on both cameras . The battery runtime of HERO3+ Silver Edition is similar to the battery runtime of HERO2 and HERO1 . The HERO3 HD camera was awarded the 2013 Technology & Engineering Emmy Award for its contribution to television . HERO4 ( edit ) GoPro Hero 4 Silver Edition In September 2014 , GoPro announced the HERO4 , available in Black Edition and Silver Edition , which replace their respective HERO3+ generation predecessors . The HERO Session , a budget camera , was also announced . The HERO4 Black Edition still has a 12 megapixel ( MP ) CMOS and a f / 2.8 fixed maximum aperture and focus free . It adds Bluetooth connectivity , Highlight tag , Protune Available for photo and a new processor claimed by GoPro to be twice as fast as that of the HERO3+ Black Edition , doubling the frame rates in most resolutions . The HERO4 Black Edition can record 4K UHD video ( 3840 × 2160 ) at a frame rate of 24 , 25 and 30 fps . In Superview mode , 4k is only possible at 25 fps . Many other rates and resolutions are available . The HERO4 Black Edition still shoots stills at a maximum of 12 MP with a maximum burst rate of 30 fps . With Wi - Fi disabled at 4k / 30 , GoPro claims the HERO4 Black Edition battery life to be 65 minutes , increasing to a maximum of 1h 50 ' at 720p / 240 . The HERO4 Black battery is in a different form factor than its predecessors . Initial side - by - side comparisons of HERO3+ and HERO4 Black edition video results suggest that the newer model has more detail at long range and similar performance at close range . The HERO4 Silver Edition is basically a HERO3 Black Edition with the addition of a micro speaker , built - in touchscreen display , Protune for photo and highlight tag ( the first GoPro with this ) , a lower clocked Cortex - A9 and missing the Black Edition 's integrated analog - to - digital converter which supports a wider variety of professional low - sensitivity external microphones . The video modes supported by the HERO4 Silver Edition are similar to those of the HERO3+ Black , due to the higher processing speed and thermal requirements of encoding 4K video ( 3840 × 2160 ) , but it supports Wi - Fi , Bluetooth and contains the same Ambarella Inc . A9 system on a chip ( SoC ) as in the HERO4 Black . The HERO Session , released July 6 , 2015 , is 50 % smaller and 40 % lighter compared to other versions of the GoPro HERO4 camera . The HERO4 models maintain the H. 264 video codec of previous versions and MP4 file formats . GoPro claims the mono microphone in both the Black and Silver Editions has twice the dynamic range of that in the HERO3+ , and that the HERO4 Black and Silver Editions have improved low - light performance . Model HERO Session Hero4 Silver Hero4 Black Sensor Size 1 / 3.2 '' 1 / 2.3 '' 1 / 2.3 '' Aperture f / 2.8 f / 2.8 f / 2.8 38 x 38 x 38 mm 41 x 59 x 30 mm 41 x 59 x 30 mm Weight 74 g 83 g ( 147 g with case ) 88 g ( 152 g with case ) Still Image Resolution 8 MP 12 MP 12 MP Video Modes 1440p30 1080p60 720p100 480p120 4k15 2.7 k30 1080p60 720p120 480p240 4k30 2.7 k60 1440p80 1080p120 720p240 480p240 Photo burst 10 fps 10 fps 30 fps Connectivity WiFi , Bluetooth WiFi , Bluetooth WiFi , Bluetooth Water Resistance 10 m 40 m ( with case ) 40 m ( with case ) Touchscreen no 1.5 inches ( 38 mm ) 320x240 optional extra HERO + LCD ( edit ) In June 2015 , the company started to sell the GoPro HERO + LCD , which provides video recording at 1080p at 60 fps / and 8 megapixel photos . GoPro HERO + LCD has a touchscreen to preview the shot to frame the scene and letting the user navigate the menu . A new feature in the camera was instant camera editing . GoPro HERO + LCD is waterproof , because it is built directly into a waterproof case ( waterproof to 131 feet ( 40 m ) ) . The device also includes a feature HiLight Tagging and built - in video editing function , which allows the user to put a label on the main points while shooting video or in the process of view , which makes it possible to quickly find desired footage later . It also has built - in Wi - Fi and Bluetooth , and user - friendly modes like QuikCapture , SuperView and Auto Low Light . HERO+ ( edit ) In October 2015 , GoPro released its third entry level camera : GoPro HERO+ . This camera is the same as the previous HERO + LCD with its 1080p 60 fps / 720p 60 fps video resolution , 8 MP / 5 fps burst photo resolution , built - in Wi - Fi and Bluetooth , waterproof up to 40 m and other modes like Superview , Auto Low Light , QuikCapture and Timelapse mode which automatically captures photos at set time intervals from 0.5 to 60 seconds . However , it does not have an LCD built - in touchscreen display and it is slightly lighter than HERO + LCD . The HERO+ weighs 123 g whereas the HERO + LCD weighs 127 g . The housing also remained the same . HERO5 ( edit ) HERO5 Black and HERO5 Session were introduced in September 2016 . They are waterproof up to 10 m , support 4k video recording up to 30 fps , automatic upload of footage to cloud and voice controls . Model HERO5 Session HERO5 Black Video Modes 4k60 , 4k30 , 1440p60 , 1080p90 4k30 , 1440p80 , 1080p120 Still Image Resolution 10 MP 12 MP Photo burst 30 fps 30 fps Connectivity WiFi , Bluetooth WiFi , Bluetooth Water Resistance 10 m 10 m Wired Connectors USB - C USB - C , micro HDMI Battery built - in 1000 mAh , Li - Ion replaceable 1220 mAh , Li - Ion Screen none touchscreen , 51 mm Location Capture none GPS HERO6 ( edit ) The HERO6 Black was introduced on September 28 , 2017 . The camera is waterproof up to 10 m , supports 4k HEVC video recording at up to 60 fps and 1080p at up to 240 fps , automatic upload of footage to cloud , voice controls and 5 Ghz Wi - Fi . It will be the first GoPro with its own custom system on a chip ( SoC ) the GP1 . Model HERO6 Black Video Modes 4k60 , 2.7 k120 , 1080p240 Video Formats H. 264 / MPEG - 4_AVC , H. 265 ( HEVC ) Still Image Resolution 12 MP Photo burst 30 fps Connectivity 5Ghz / 2.4 Ghz Wi - Fi , Bluetooth Water Resistance 10 m Wired Connectors USB - C , micro HDMI Battery replaceable 1220 mAh , Li - Ion Screen touchscreen , 51 mm , pinch zoom Location Capture GPS GoPro Karma Drone ( edit ) GoPro drone Karma Karma Drone became available October 23 , 2016 . The drone is compatible with the HERO5 and HERO4 Black and Silver . The Drone has 20 minutes of battery life . The stabilizer can be taken out and attached to a Karma stick . The Karma stick has greater than 1 - hour battery life . On November 8 , 2016 , Go Pro announced the recall of the Karma Drone following reports of loss of electrical power on the drone during operation . On February 1 , 2017 , the company announced that the Karma Drone will return to stores with a redesigned battery latch . GoPro omni ( edit ) A camera rig that synchronizes six GoPro HERO4 Black cameras allowing users to stitch and make virtual reality 360 ° videos . See also ( edit ) Unmanned aerial vehicle ( UAV ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` GoPro Announces Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2015 Results '' . San Mateo , California : GoPro . February 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FORM S - 1 REGISTRATION STATEMENT - GOPRO , INC '' . U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Form S - 1 '' . www.sec.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Mac , Ryan ( 4 Mar 2013 ) . `` The Mad Billionaire Behind GoPro : The World 's Hottest Camera Company '' . Forbes . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` GoPro with Founder / Inventor Nick Woodman '' . Malakye.com. 5 Jan 2010 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 27 Jul 2011 . Jump up ^ Burrows , Peter . `` GoPro 's Incredible Small , Durable Camcorder '' . BusinessWeek . Retrieved 27 Jul 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Five Startup Lessons From GoPro Founder And Billionaire Nick Woodman '' . 13 Mar 2013 . Retrieved 16 Mar 2015 . Jump up ^ Brian Solomon . `` Nick Woodman with his father Dean - In Photos : The Early Years of GoPro and Founder Nicholas Woodman '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Family Ties Helped Nick Woodman Make GoPro Click '' . 20 Jun 2013 . Retrieved 16 Mar 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Owen ( 5 Apr 2014 ) . `` This 360 video shot with 6 GoPro cameras will blow your mind '' . The Next Web . Retrieved 23 Jul 2014 . Jump up ^ GoPro ( 4 Jun 2014 ) . `` GoPro Appoints Tony Bates as President And Member of the Board of Directors '' . Archived from the original on 4 June 2014 . Retrieved 4 Jun 2014 . Jump up ^ Katie Roof ( 26 January 2016 ) . `` GoPro Integrates With Periscope '' . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GoPro Cutting About 100 Jobs After Weak 4Q Sales '' . February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What is the Reason behind the Decline in the Shares of GoPro ? '' . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) . `` GoPro cuts 15 percent of jobs to restructure struggling camera business '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Heater , Brian . `` GoPro will cut 270 more jobs '' . Techcrunch . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ GoPro ( 2011 - 03 - 30 ) . `` GoPro ® , Leading Activity Image Capture Company , Acquires Award Winning Video Compression Software Company , CineForm ® , Inc '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Reale , Tony ( 2011 - 03 - 30 ) . `` GoPro , sports camera manufacturer , acquires CineForm , video compression software company '' . NextWaveDV.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` GOPRO HERO3 vs SONY HDR - AS15 - Which Action Camera should you get ? '' . DigitalRev.com. 2013 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` GoPro does n't like their HERO3 compared to Sony 's AS15 ? '' . DigitalRev.com. 2013 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Andrew ( 2013 - 03 - 20 ) . `` A lesson from GoPro : Do n't mess with Reddit '' . Salon.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` GoPro Shells Out $105 Million For Two Video Editing Startups To Address Its Biggest Problem '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ Roettgers , Janko . `` GoPro Acquires Stupeflix , Vemory to Build Better Video Editing Software '' . Variety . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ Demos , Tells ; Sherr , Ian ( 7 Feb 2014 ) . `` GoPro Files for IPO Confidentially '' . Wall Street Journal . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Leslie Picker ( 26 Jun 2014 ) . `` GoPro Raises $427 Million , Pricing IPO at Top of Marketed Range '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 26 Jun 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FORM S - 1 REGISTRATION STATEMENT : GOPRO Inc . '' United States Securities and Exchange Commission , May 19 , 2014 Jump up ^ Krantz , Matt ( 25 Feb 2014 ) . `` GoPro IPO prices at $24 , set to trade Thursday '' . USA Today Money . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Loyal3 '' . Jump up ^ Calvey , Mark ( 2014 - 07 - 03 ) . `` GoPro 's IPO access for small investors sparks familiar lament '' . San Francisco Business Times . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Picker , Leslie ( 25 Jun 2014 ) . `` GoPro Touts Media Ahead of IPO for Higher Value Than Cameras '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 22 Jul 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( 5 May 2014 ) . `` GoPro Sees Future as ' Content Company ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 22 Jul 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Early Years of GoPro and Founder Nicholas Woodman '' . Forbes . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` GoPro HERO 3 + review ( Black Edition ) : your action videos never looked so good '' . Engadget . Retrieved 16 Oct 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GoPro Introduces HERO4 : The Most Powerful GoPro Lineup , Ever '' . GoPro . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Howley , Daniel ( 8 November 2016 ) . `` Go Pro recalls 2,500 drones '' . Yahoo Tech . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GoPro Re-Launching Its Recalled Karma Drone , But It May Be Too Late '' . Fast Company . 2017 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Jennings , Ali ( 26 Dec 2013 ) . `` Top 10 GoPro Accessories '' . TechRadar . Retrieved 22 Jul 2014 . Jump up ^ Rose , Brent ( 9 Sep 2013 ) . `` GoPro Studio 2.0 Hands - On : Easier , Awesomer Videos ( UPDATE ) '' . Gizmodo . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sloane , Garett ( 22 Apr 2014 ) . `` The 10 Best Brand Channels on YouTube Go Pro No. 1 , followed by Six Pack Shortcuts '' . AdWeek . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lev - Ram , Michal ( 20 May 2014 ) . `` What 's next for GoPro ? Content '' . Fortune . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Andrew Tarantola . GoPro 's streaming channel finally lands on PlayStation , engadget.com , 22 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HERO camera - The perfect entry - level GoPro '' . gopro.com . GoPro . Jump up ^ `` GoPro Digital HERO 3 Sports Wrist Camera Specs - Digital Camcorders - CNET Reviews '' . Reviews.cnet.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` GoPro launches budget version of its HD HERO actioncam '' . www.gizmag.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Series of GoPro cameras over the Years . - The Greatest Generation Society '' . 2014 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` GoPro 3D HERO System - World 's Smallest 1080p 3D camera '' . Gopro.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ GoPro Product Comparison , gopro.com Jump up ^ `` HERO3 Cameras More Powerful in Every Way Most Advanced GoPro '' . Gopro.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ O'Kane , Sean ( 2016 - 06 - 02 ) . `` The future of GoPro depends on software '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` HERO3 Camera Battery - life '' . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GoPro Hero 3 Black Edition : Seconda solo a se stessa '' . InsideHardware.it ( in Italian ) . 2013 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Clash of the Heroes : GoPro HERO4 Black vs. GoPro Hero4 Silver '' . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` HERO3+ Camera Battery - life '' . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ HERO3+ Black Edition , gopro.com Jump up ^ HERO3+ Silver Edition , gopro.com Jump up ^ Nick Kelley . `` GoPro Wins an Emmy '' , Outside , January 15 , 2014 Jump up ^ James Trew . `` GoPro 's Hero4 cameras offer 30 fps 4K shooting or touchscreen controls '' . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GoPro HERO4 Black Edition Technical Specifications '' . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GoPro Hero4 Silver Edition Technical Specifications '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GoPro External Microphone Recommendations '' . gopro.com . Jump up ^ `` GoPro Hero4 Black Edition Teardown ( teardown.com ) '' . youtube.com . , Jump up ^ `` Gentry Thomas Disassembled GoPro Hero 4 Silver '' . googleusercontent.com . Jump up ^ `` Ambarella A9 SoC '' ( PDF ) . ambarella.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Wearable of the Week : GoPro Hero4 Session '' . humavox.com . Jump up ^ https://www.dpreview.com/articles/9489190812/gopro-hero4-session-review Jump up ^ https://www.cnet.com/uk/products/gopro-hero4-silver/specs/ Jump up ^ https://www.cnet.com/uk/products/gopro-hero4-black/specs/ Jump up ^ `` New in line of GoPro touch screen - HERO+ LCD '' . goprouk.org . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://gopro.com/news/The-Launch-GoPro-Unveils-HERO5-and-Karma Jump up ^ https://shop.gopro.com/EMEA/cameras/ Jump up ^ Karma Tech Specs , Go Pro Jump up ^ Karma Drone Recall , Go Pro Jump up ^ O'Kane , Sean ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) . `` GoPro 's Karma drone is back on sale , three months after recall '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to GoPro . Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GoPro&oldid=810310383 '' Categories : 2002 establishments in California 3D imaging Action cameras Camcorders Companies based in San Mateo County , California Companies established in 2002 Companies listed on NASDAQ Video surveillance companies 2014 initial public offerings Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2014 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2015 Articles to be expanded from January 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from January 2016 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from September 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 13 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the first go pro come out | [
"In 2004, the company sold its first camera system, which used 35 mm film.[5] Digital still and video cameras were later introduced. As of 2014[update], a fixed-lens HD video camera with a wide 170-degree lens was available; two or more can be paired to create 360 video.[5][10]"
] | [
"2004"
] |
1665409166484158721 | Argentina at the FIFA World Cup | Argentina at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia Argentina at the FIFA World Cup This is a record of Argentina 's results at the FIFA World Cup . Argentina is one of the most successful national football teams in the world , having won 2 World Cups in 1978 and 1986 . Argentina has been runners up three times in the 1930 , 1990 and 2014 . The team was present in all but four of the World Cups , being behind only Brazil , Italy and Germany in number of appearances . Argentina has also won the Copa América 14 times , one less than Uruguay . Moreover , Argentina has also won the Confederations Cup and the gold medal at the Olympic football tournament in 2004 and 2008 . Prior to that occasion Argentina had obtained two silver medals in the 1928 and 1996 editions . On other levels of international competition Argentina has won the FIFA U-20 World Cup a record six times . The FIFA U-17 World Cup is the only FIFA international competition yet to be obtained . Contents ( hide ) 1 World Cup Record 2 Record Players 3 Top Goalscorers 4 Goalscoring By Tournament 5 Awards 5.1 Team 5.2 Individual 6 Referees 7 External links World Cup record ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D * GS GA 1930 Second 5 0 18 9 1934 First round 9 0 0 1938 Did not Enter 1950 Did Not Enter 1954 Did not Enter 1958 Group Stage 13 0 5 10 1962 Group Stage 10 1966 Quarter - finals 5 1970 Did not qualify Second Group Stage 8 6 9 12 1978 Champions 7 5 15 1982 Second Group Stage 11 5 0 8 7 1986 Champions 7 6 0 14 5 1990 Runners - up 7 5 1994 Round of 16 10 0 8 6 1998 Quarter - finals 6 5 10 2002 Group stage 18 2006 Quarter - finals 6 5 0 11 Quarter - finals 5 5 0 10 6 2014 Runners - up 7 5 1 * 8 2018 Qualified 2022 To Be Determined Total 2 titles 16 / 20 77 42 14 21 131 84 * Denotes draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks . * * Gold background color indicates that the tournament was won . Red border color indicates tournament was held on home soil . Record players ( edit ) Diego Maradona has captained the team in 16 matches , a record in FIFA World Cup history . His total of 21 matches is only beaten by three other players . No . Name Matches World Cups Diego Maradona 21 1982 , 1986 , 1990 and 1994 Mario Kempes 18 1974 , 1978 and 1982 Javier Mascherano 17 2006 , 2010 , 2014 and 2018 Oscar Ruggeri 16 1986 , 1990 and 1994 Lionel Messi 16 2006 , 2010 , 2014 and 2018 6 Jorge Burruchaga 14 1986 and 1990 7 Ubaldo Fillol 13 1974 , 1978 and 1982 8 Ten players 12 Current as of 16 June 2018 after the match v Iceland Top Goalscorers ( edit ) Rank Name Goals World Cups Gabriel Batistuta 10 1994 ( 4 ) , 1998 ( 5 ) and 2002 ( 1 ) Guillermo Stábile 8 1930 Diego Maradona 8 1982 ( 2 ) , 1986 ( 5 ) and 1994 ( 1 ) Mario Kempes 6 1978 5 Lionel Messi 5 2006 ( 1 ) and 2014 ( 4 ) Gonzalo Higuaín 5 2010 ( 4 ) and 2014 ( 1 ) 7 Seven players Current as of 16 June 2018 after the match v Iceland Goalscoring By Tournament ( edit ) World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1930 Guillermo Stábile ( 8 ) , Carlos Peucelle ( 3 ) , Luis Monti ( 2 ) , Adolfo Zumelzú ( 2 ) , Mario Evaristo , Alejandro Scopelli , Francisco Varallo 1934 Ernesto Belis , Alberto Galateo 1958 Omar Oreste Corbatta ( 3 ) , Ludovico Avio , Norberto Menéndez 1962 Héctor Facundo , José Sanfilippo 1966 Luis Artime ( 3 ) , Ermindo Onega René Houseman ( 3 ) , Héctor Yazalde ( 2 ) , Rubén Ayala , Carlos Babington , Miguel Ángel Brindisi , Ramón Heredia 1978 Mario Kempes ( 6 ) , Leopoldo Luque ( 4 ) , Daniel Bertoni ( 2 ) , René Houseman , Daniel Passarella , Alberto Tarantini 1982 Daniel Bertoni ( 2 ) , Diego Maradona ( 2 ) , Daniel Passarella ( 2 ) , Osvaldo Ardiles , Ramón Díaz 1986 Diego Maradona ( 5 ) , Jorge Valdano ( 4 ) , Jorge Burruchaga ( 2 ) , José Luis Brown , Pedro Pasculli , Oscar Ruggeri 1990 Claudio Caniggia ( 2 ) , Jorge Burruchaga , Pedro Monzón , Pedro Troglio 1994 Gabriel Batistuta ( 4 ) , Claudio Caniggia ( 2 ) , Abel Balbo , Diego Maradona 1998 Gabriel Batistuta ( 5 ) , Ariel Ortega ( 2 ) , Claudio López , Mauricio Pineda , Javier Zanetti 2002 Gabriel Batistuta , Hernán Crespo 2006 Hernán Crespo ( 3 ) , Maxi Rodríguez ( 3 ) , Roberto Ayala , Esteban Cambiasso , Lionel Messi , Javier Saviola , Carlos Tevez Gonzalo Higuaín ( 4 ) , Carlos Tevez ( 2 ) , Martin Demichelis , Gabriel Heinze , Martin Palermo , Own Goal 2014 Lionel Messi ( 4 ) , Ángel Di María , Gonzalo Higuaín , Marcos Rojo , Own Goal 2018 Sergio Agüero Awards ( edit ) Team ( edit ) World Champions 1978 World Champions 1986 2nd Place 1930 2nd Place 1990 2nd Place 2014 Fair Play Award 1978 Individual ( edit ) Golden Ball 1978 : Mario Kempes Golden Ball 1986 : Diego Maradona Golden Ball 2014 : Lionel Messi Silver Ball 1930 : Guillermo Stábile Bronze Ball 1990 : Diego Maradona Golden Boot 1930 : Guillermo Stábile Golden Boot 1978 : Mario Kempes Silver Boot 1986 : Diego Maradona Silver Boot 1998 : Gabriel Batistuta Silver Boot 2006 : Hernán Crespo Golden Glove 1978 : Ubaldo Fillol Golden Glove 1990 : Sergio Goycochea ( shared ) Man of the Match award 2014 : Lionel Messi José Pékerman won the FIFA Fair Play Trophy as a coach with Colombia in 2014 . Referees ( edit ) As a major CONMEBOL member , Argentina has been represented by match officials in nearly every tournament . In 2006 , Horacio Elizondo refereed the final between France and Italy , where he sent off Zinedine Zidane after a headbutt to an opponent . External links ( edit ) Official website , at the Asociación del Fútbol Argentino 's website FIFA Official Ranking of all Participants at Finals 1930 -- 2002 . FIFA Match Results for all Stages 1930 -- 2002 Argentina national football team squads Argentina squad -- 1930 FIFA World Cup runners - up GK Bossio GK Botasso FW Cherro MF Chividini FW Demaría DF Della Torre MF J. Evaristo FW M. Evaristo FW Ferreira ( c ) MF Monti DF Muttis MF Orlandini DF Paternoster FW Perinetti FW Peucelle DF Piaggio FW Scopelli FW Spadaro FW Stábile MF Suárez FW Varallo MF Zumelzú Coach : Olazar & Tramutola Argentina squad -- 1934 FIFA World Cup MF Albarracín DF Astudillo DF Belis DF Chimento FW Devincenzi GK Freschi FW Galateo GK Grippa FW Irañeta FW Izzeta MF López MF Lorenzo MF Nehin DF Pedevilla FW Pérez FW Rúa MF Urbieta Sosa FW Wilde Coach : Pascucci Argentina squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 Carrizo 2 Dellacha ( c ) 3 Vairo 4 Lombardo 5 Rossi 6 Varacka 7 Corbatta 8 Prado 9 Menéndez 10 Rojas 11 Labruna 12 Musimessi 13 Pérez 14 Edwards 15 Acevedo 16 Mouriño 17 Ramos Delgado 18 Boggio 19 Avio 20 Infante 21 Sanfilippo 22 Cruz Coach : Stábile Argentina squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Roma 2 Ramos Delgado 3 Marzolini 4 Sainz 5 Sacchi 6 Páez 7 Facundo 8 Pando 9 Pagani 10 Sanfilippo 11 Belén 12 Domínguez 13 Rossi 14 Mariotti 15 Navarro ( c ) 16 Rattín 17 Albrecht 18 Cap 19 Sosa 20 Oleniak 21 Abeledo 22 González Coach : Lorenzo Argentina squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup 1 Roma 2 Irusta 3 Gatti 4 Perfumo 5 Varacka 6 Calics 7 Marzolini 8 Ferreiro 9 Simeone 10 Rattín ( c ) 11 Pastoriza 12 Albrecht 13 López 14 Chaldú 15 Solari 16 González 17 Sarnari 18 Rojas 19 Artime 20 Onega 21 Más 22 Tarabini Coach : Lorenzo Argentina squad -- 1974 FIFA World Cup 1 Carnevali 2 Ayala 3 Babington 4 Balbuena 5 Bargas 6 Brindisi 7 Carrascosa 8 Chazarreta 9 Glaria 10 Heredia 11 Houseman 12 Fillol 13 Kempes 14 Perfumo ( c ) 15 Poy 16 Sá 17 Squeo 18 Telch 19 Togneri 20 Wolff 21 Santoro 22 Yazalde Coach : Cap Argentina squad -- 1978 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Alonso 2 Ardiles 3 Baley 4 Bertoni 5 Fillol 6 Gallego 7 L. Galván 8 R. Galván 9 Houseman 10 Kempes 11 Killer 12 Larrosa 13 La Volpe 14 Luque 15 Olguín 16 Ortiz 17 Oviedo 18 Pagnanini 19 Passarella ( c ) 20 Tarantini 21 Valencia 22 Villa Coach : Menotti Argentina squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Ardiles 2 Baley 3 Barbas 4 Bertoni 5 Calderón 6 Díaz 7 Fillol 8 Galván 9 Gallego 10 Maradona 11 Kempes 12 Hernández 13 Olarticoechea 14 Olguín 15 Passarella ( c ) 16 Pumpido 17 Santamaría 18 Tarantini 19 Trossero 20 Valdano 21 Valencia 22 Van Tuyne Coach : Menotti Argentina squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup winners ( 2nd title ) 1 Almirón 2 Batista 3 Bochini 4 Borghi 5 Brown 6 Passarella 7 Burruchaga 8 Clausen 9 Cuciuffo 10 Maradona ( c ) 11 Valdano 12 Enrique 13 Garré 14 Giusti 15 Islas 16 Olarticoechea 17 Pasculli 18 Pumpido 19 Ruggeri 20 Tapia 21 Trobbiani 22 Zelada Coach : Bilardo Argentina squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup runners - up 1 Pumpido ( Comizzo ) 2 Batista 3 Balbo 4 Basualdo 5 Bauza 6 Calderón 7 Burruchaga 8 Caniggia 9 Dezotti 10 Maradona ( c ) 11 Fabbri 12 Goycochea 13 Lorenzo 14 Giusti 15 Monzón 16 Olarticoechea 17 Sensini 18 Serrizuela 19 Ruggeri 20 Simón 21 Troglio 22 Cancelarich Coach : Bilardo Argentina squad -- 1994 FIFA World Cup 1 Goycochea 2 Vázquez 3 Chamot 4 Sensini 5 Redondo 6 Ruggeri 7 Caniggia 8 Basualdo 9 Batistuta 10 Maradona ( c ) 11 Medina Bello 12 Islas 13 Cáceres 14 Simeone 15 Borelli 16 Díaz 17 Ortega 18 Pérez 19 Balbo 20 Rodríguez 21 Mancuso 22 Scoponi Coach : Basile Argentina squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Roa 2 Ayala 3 Chamot 4 Pineda 5 Almeyda 6 Sensini 7 C. López 8 Simeone ( c ) 9 Batistuta 10 Ortega 11 Verón 12 Burgos 13 Paz 14 Vivas 15 Astrada 16 Berti 17 Cavallero 18 Balbo 19 Crespo 20 Gallardo 21 Delgado 22 Zanetti Coach : Passarella Argentina squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Burgos 2 Ayala 3 Sorín 4 Pochettino 5 Almeyda 6 Samuel 7 C. López 8 Zanetti 9 Batistuta 10 Ortega 11 Verón ( c ) 12 Cavallero 13 Placente 14 Simeone 15 Husaín 16 Aimar 17 G. López 18 K. González 19 Crespo 20 Gallardo 21 Caniggia 22 Chamot 23 Bonano Coach : Bielsa Argentina squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Abbondanzieri 2 Ayala 3 Sorín ( c ) 4 Coloccini 5 Cambiasso 6 Heinze 7 Saviola 8 Mascherano 9 Crespo 10 Riquelme 11 Tevez 12 Franco 13 Scaloni 14 Palacio 15 Milito 16 Aimar 17 Cufré 18 Rodríguez 19 Messi 20 Cruz 21 Burdisso 22 González 23 Ustari Coach : Pékerman Argentina squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 Pozo 2 Demichelis 3 C. Rodríguez 4 Burdisso 5 Bolatti 6 Heinze 7 Di María 8 Verón 9 Higuaín 10 Messi 11 Tevez 12 Garcé 13 Samuel 14 Mascherano ( c ) 15 Otamendi 16 Agüero 17 Gutiérrez 18 Palermo 19 Milito 20 M. Rodríguez 21 Andújar 22 Romero 23 Pastore Coach : Maradona Argentina squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup runners - up 1 Romero 2 Garay 3 Campagnaro 4 Zabaleta 5 Gago 6 Biglia 7 Di María 8 Pérez 9 Higuaín 10 Messi ( c ) 11 M. Rodríguez 12 Orión 13 A. Fernández 14 Mascherano 15 Demichelis 16 Rojo 17 F. Fernández 18 Palacio 19 Álvarez 20 Agüero 21 Andújar 22 Lavezzi 23 Basanta Coach : Sabella Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentina_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=846414245 '' Categories : Argentina at the FIFA World Cup Argentina national football team Countries at the FIFA World Cup Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 16 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last time argentina won the world cup | [
"\n\nYear\nRound\nPosition\nGP\nW\nD*\nL\nGS\nGA\n\n\n 1930\nSecond\n2\n5\n4\n0\n1\n18\n9\n\n\n 1934\nFirst round\n9\n1\n0\n0\n1\n2\n3\n\n\n 1938\nDid not Enter\n\n\n 1950\nDid Not Enter\n\n\n 1954\nDid not Enter\n\n\n 1958\nGroup Stage\n13\n3\n1\n0\n2\n5\n10\n\n\n 1962\nGroup Stage\n10\n3\n1\n1\n1\n2\n3\n\n\n 1966\nQuarter-finals\n5\n4\n2\n1\n1\n4\n2\n\n\n 1970\nDid not qualify\n\n\n 1974\nSecond Group Stage\n8\n6\n1\n2\n3\n9\n12\n\n\n 1978\nChampions\n1\n7\n5\n1\n1\n15\n4\n\n\n 1982\nSecond Group Stage\n11\n5\n2\n0\n3\n8\n7\n\n\n 1986\nChampions\n1\n7\n6\n1\n0\n14\n5\n\n\n 1990\nRunners-up\n2\n7\n2\n3\n2\n5\n4\n\n\n 1994\nRound of 16\n10\n4\n2\n0\n2\n8\n6\n\n\n 1998\nQuarter-finals\n6\n5\n3\n1\n1\n10\n4\n\n\n 2002\nGroup stage\n18\n3\n1\n1\n1\n2\n2\n\n\n 2006\nQuarter-finals\n6\n5\n3\n2\n0\n11\n3\n\n\n 2010\nQuarter-finals\n5\n5\n4\n0\n1\n10\n6\n\n\n 2014\nRunners-up\n2\n7\n5\n1*\n1\n8\n4\n\n\n 2018\nQualified\n\n\n 2022\nTo Be Determined\n\n\nTotal\n2 titles\n16/20\n77\n42\n14\n21\n131\n84\n\n"
] | [
"2014"
] |
2592395482300090619 | Little Giants | Little Giants - Wikipedia Little Giants For other uses , see Little Giant ( disambiguation ) . Little Giants Theatrical release poster Directed by Duwayne Dunham Produced by Arne Schmidt Written by James Ferguson Robert Shallcross Starring Rick Moranis Ed O'Neill John Madden Music by John Debney Cinematography Janusz Kamiński Edited by Donn Cambern Production company Amblin Entertainment Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date October 21 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 21 ) Running time 106 minutes Language English Budget $20 million Box office $19.3 million Little Giants is a 1994 American family sports comedy film , starring Rick Moranis and Ed O'Neill as brothers in a small Ohio town , coaching rival Pee - Wee Football teams . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 5 Cultural references 6 Home media 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Danny O'Shea ( Rick Moranis ) has always lived in the shadow of his older brother , Kevin ( Ed O'Neill ) , a Heisman Trophy winner and a local football hero . They live in their hometown of Urbania , Ohio . Kevin coaches the local `` Pee - Wee Cowboys '' football team . Despite being the best player , Danny 's tomboy daughter , Becky ( Shawna Waldron ) , nicknamed Icebox , is cut during try outs because she is a girl . Also cut are her less - talented friends , Rashid Hanon ( who ca n't catch anything ) , Tad Simpson ( who ca n't run ) , and Rudy Zolteck ( who 's overweight and quite flatulent ) . After being ridiculed by the other players who made the team , she convinces her dad to coach a new pee - wee team of their own . At first , Danny is reluctant to do so , but later accepts in an attempt to show Urbania that Kevin is not invincible , and that there is another O'Shea in town capable of winning . Kevin mockingly reminds him of the `` one town , one team '' rule and with the help of the locals , they decide to have a playoff game to determine the lone team that will represent Urbania . Among Becky , Hanon , Tad , Rudy , and Nubie ( an intelligent boy who becomes assistant coach ) , Danny also gathers other children that have never been given a chance and dubs the team the `` Little Giants . '' One such player is Junior Floyd ( Devon Sawa ) , a strong - armed quarterback who turns out to be the son of Danny 's childhood crush , Patty Floyd ( Susanna Thompson ) . Becky slowly develops a crush on him and struggles with her newfound feelings as a girl . Two old - timers , Orville ( Harry Fleer ) and Wilbur ( Dabbs Greer ) , encourage the rivalry between Danny and Kevin by reporting to them that a new star player , Spike Hammersmith ( Sam Horrigan ) , has just moved to Urbania . Danny succeeds at recruiting him by tricking his overzealous father , Mike ( Brian Haley ) , that he is the famous `` Coach O'Shea '' , but this is a problem as Spike proves to be rude , arrogant , and refuses to play on a team with a girl . The deception is later discovered and he switches over to Kevin 's more well - structured team . Kevin also encourages his daughter , Debbie ( Courtney Peldon ) , to be a cheerleader and later convinces Becky that a quarterback will want to date a cheerleader , not a teammate . Believing it is her best chance to win over Junior , she decides to quit the team and pursue cheerleading . Just as Danny 's team start to lose hope , a bus arrives carrying NFL stars John Madden , Emmitt Smith , Bruce Smith , Tim Brown , and Steve Emtman . They teach and inspire the young players into believing they can win . On the day of the game , Kevin goads Danny into making an impulsive bet : If Danny wins , he gets Kevin 's Chevrolet dealership ; if Kevin wins , he gets Danny 's gas station . Facing a 21 - point halftime deficit , the Giants are lifted when Danny asks them to individually recall a time when they had a proud accomplishment and reassures them that all it takes is `` one time '' to beat the Cowboys . With this , they begin to make a big comeback with a series of outstanding and unexpected plays . Realizing that Junior is the main threat to them , Spike , under orders from Mike , injures him by spearing him with his helmet after the whistle , which even Kevin considers disgraceful , unsportsmanlike conduct . Witnessing from the sidelines , an enraged Becky drops her pompoms and suits up for the game , to which Kevin knows she will be a threat . She immediately makes an impact when she forces a fumble after a jarring hit on Spike . Other Giants make touchdowns in tandem with overcoming personal problems , such as Hanon 's fear of dropping passes and making a reception , or another one running towards the end zone in excitement when he sees his little - seen dad has rushed back from a business trip to watch him play . In the game 's closing seconds with the score tied at 21 all , the Giants make a goal line stand when Becky stops Spike . With time remaining for one final play , their offense steps back onto the field and uses a trick play Nubie calls `` The Annexation of Puerto Rico , '' inspired by one of Madden 's plays at Super Bowl XI . Kevin shouts out its actual name as it occurs , shouting `` Fumblerooski , Fumblerooski ! '' The play includes three different ball carriers , utilizing the hook and lateral from Zolteck , to Junior , and finally to Berman , who scores the Giants ' 99 yard game - winning touchdown . Afterwards , Danny suggests that rather than having the Giants solely represent Urbania , they should merge with the Cowboys , and both he and Kevin can coach the team . Danny and Patty rekindle their childhood romance . He also decides not to hold Kevin to the prior bet , on the stipulation that the town water tower be changed from `` Home of Kevin O'Shea '' to `` Home of The O'Shea Brothers , '' reflecting a much earlier promise that Kevin made to Danny from their childhood . Cast ( edit ) Rick Moranis - Danny O'Shea Justin Jon Ross as Young Danny Ed O'Neill - Kevin O'Shea Travis Robertson as Young Kevin Shawna Waldron - Becky `` Icebox '' O'Shea Susanna Thompson - Patty Floyd Janna Michaels as Young Patty Devon Sawa - Junior Floyd Brian Haley - Mike Hammersmith Sam Horrigan - Spike Hammersmith Joe Bays - Coach Harold Butz Austin Kottke as Young Butz Frank Carl Fisher Jr . - Patterson Mary Ellen Trainor - Karen O'Shea Courtney Peldon - Debbie O'Shea Alexa Vega - Priscilla O'Shea Danny Pritchett - Tad Simpson Todd Bosley - Jake Berman Mark Holton - Mr. Zolteck Matthew McCurley - Nubie Joey Simmirin - Sean Murphy Jon Paul Steuer - Johnny `` Viper '' Vennaro Troy Simmons - Rashid `` Hot Hands '' Hanon Marcus Toji - Marcus `` The Toe '' Pat Crawford Brown - Louise Production ( edit ) The film was inspired by a 1992 McDonald 's Super Bowl commercial developed by Jim Ferguson and Bob Shallcross . According to the Baltimore Sun , after seeing the commercial , Steven Spielberg contacted them and said , `` I want that commercial made into a movie . I want my ' Home Alone . ' '' Reception ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews . Stephen Holden remarked , in The New York Times , that `` anyone who was ever rejected or picked last for a team can relate to the concept behind `` Little Giants , '' a slickly contrived family movie about an inept junior football team that succeeds in spite of spectacular liabilities ( ... ) In typical Hollywood fashion , `` Little Giants '' raises issues about competition , machismo and sexism in American sports , then blithely skirts them in confrontations that let everyone have his cake and eat it too ( ... ) `` Little Giants , '' which was directed by Duwayne Dunham , devotes much of its energy to such comic antics as balls getting stuck into face masks , and wispy little kids practicing looking intimidating . '' The Washington Post stated that `` if `` Little Giants '' were in a beauty pageant it might win votes for Miss Congeniality , but it definitely would n't take the crown . '' Conversely , the Los Angeles Times suggested that the film was `` smarter than many of its ilk . Clearly a great deal of care and thought has gone into making special a picture that could so easily have been routine family fare . '' Little Giants currently holds a 40 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes . Box Office ( edit ) The film had a budget of $20 million and failed to recoup it , with a total of $19.3 million in box office returns . Cultural references ( edit ) In a 2010 NCAA football game , Michigan State defeated Notre Dame on a fake field goal touchdown pass in overtime to end the game . Head coach Mark Dantonio said the play was called `` Little Giants '' . The uniforms worn by the Cowboys in the film were the same ones worn by the Dallas Cowboys during the 1994 season as part of the NFL 's 75th anniversary . From 2004 to 2007 , the New York Giants ' alternate jerseys were red with white numerals , similar to the jerseys worn by the Little Giants in the movie . The Annexation of Puerto Rico play was actually used during the December 18 , 2011 , game between the Carolina Panthers and the Houston Texans . Home media ( edit ) On February 7 , 1995 , Warner Home Video released Little Giants on VHS and LaserDisc . The VHS tape includes a Merrie Melodies cartoon , One Froggy Evening , celebrating the 40th anniversary of Michigan J. Frog . On July 8 , 2003 , the film was released on DVD . However , it 's currently out of print . On March 29 , 2011 , the film was re-released in a four pack : 4 Film Favorites : Kids Sports ( Little Big League , Surf Ninjas and Hometown Legend ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Judy Brennan ( August 21 , 1994 ) . `` PEEWEES ' PLAYHOUSE : New Quarterback Takes ' Little Giants ' Toward Goal - Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Little Giants ' a big hit not to be written off '' . Baltimore Sun . 1994 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` 8 Things Even Football Fans Do n't Know About The Super Bowl '' . Huffington Post . 2015 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( 1994 - 10 - 14 ) . `` Little Giants ( 1994 ) FILM REVIEW ; Extra Points For Trying '' . Movies.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` ' Little Giants ' ( PG ) '' . Washingtonpost.com. 1994 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Kevin ( 1994 - 10 - 14 ) . `` MOVIE REVIEW : ' Giants ' : A Comedy Worthy of Cheers - Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ ROBERT W. WELKOS ( 1994 - 10 - 18 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Fiction ' Outdraws ' The Specialist ' - Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ ROBERT W. WELKOS ( 1994 - 10 - 25 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Pulp Fiction ' Stays in No. 1 - Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ ELAINE DUTKA ( 1988 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Stargate ' Has MGM Starry - Eyed - Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ ROBERT W. WELKOS ( 1994 - 11 - 08 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Stargate ' a Back - to - Back Champ - Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Peter Tirrell ( October 29 , 2010 ) . `` 2010 Notre Dame at MSU `` Little Giants '' fake field goal called by George Blaha `` . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Panthers used play from ' Little Giants ' for TD '' . ESPN.go.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Little Giants Little Giants on IMDb Little Giants at Rotten Tomatoes Little Giants at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Duwayne Dunham Homeward Bound : The Incredible Journey ( 1993 ) Little Giants ( 1994 ) Halloweentown ( 1998 ) The Thirteenth Year ( 1999 ) Ready to Run ( 2000 ) Double Teamed ( 2002 ) Right on Track ( 2003 ) Tiger Cruise ( 2004 ) Now You See It ... ( 2005 ) New York Giants Founded in 1925 Based and headquartered in East Rutherford , New Jersey Franchise Franchise Seasons Coaches Players First - round draft picks Quarterbacks History 1925 -- 1978 1979 -- 1993 1994 -- present Financial history Stadiums Polo Grounds Yankee Stadium Yale Bowl Shea Stadium Giants Stadium MetLife Stadium Culture Cleveland Bulldogs The Duke Crunch Bunch Gatorade shower Big Blue Wrecking Crew I 'm going to Disney World ! Little Giants `` New York Groove '' `` We Fly High '' `` The Masseuse '' ( Seinfeld episode ) Big Fan Bob Sheppard Jim Hall Yankee Stadium Legacy License Plate Guy `` Everybody Hates Big Bird '' ( Everybody Hates Chris episode ) Lore Sneakers Game The Greatest Game Ever Played The Fumble Wide Right 2007 game vs. New England Patriots Helmet Catch The Comeback Rivalries Dallas Cowboys Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins San Francisco 49ers New York Jets Key personnel Owners : John Mara , Steve Tisch General Manager : Dave Gettleman Head Coach : Pat Shurmur Division championships ( 16 ) 1933 1934 1935 1938 1939 1941 1941 1944 1946 1986 1989 1990 1997 2000 2005 2008 2011 Conference championships ( 11 ) 1956 1958 1959 1961 1962 1963 1986 1990 2000 2007 2011 League championships ( 8 ) 1927 1934 1938 1956 1986 ( XXI ) 1990 ( XXV ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2011 ( XLVI ) Retired numbers 7 11 14 14 16 32 40 42 50 56 Ring of Honor Jessie Armstead Carl Banks Tiki Barber Mark Bavaro Al Blozis Rosey Brown Harry Carson Charlie Conerly Frank Gifford Pete Gogolak Mel Hein Jim Lee Howell Sam Huff Dave Jennings Tuffy Leemans Dick Lynch Jack Mara Tim Mara Wellington Mara George Martin Joe Morrison Charlie Conerly Steve Owen Bill Parcells Andy Robustelli Phil Simms Michael Strahan Ken Strong Lawrence Taylor Bob Tisch Y.A. Tittle Amani Toomer Emlen Tunnell Brad Van Pelt Alex Webster George Young Tom Coughlin Michael Strahan Justin Tuck Ernie Accorsi Media Broadcasters Radio network Bob Papa Carl Banks Howard Cross Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 93 ) 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1990 1991 1997 1998 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Giants&oldid=864529047 '' Categories : 1994 films English - language films Amblin Entertainment films American football films American children 's comedy films American sports comedy films American films Warner Bros. films Films directed by Duwayne Dunham Films shot in Ohio Films set in Ohio Films scored by John Debney Hidden categories : Use American English from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from April 2017 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from February 2013 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Galego Italiano עברית Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2018 , at 20 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who were the pro football players in little giants | [
"Just as Danny's team start to lose hope, a bus arrives carrying NFL stars John Madden, Emmitt Smith, Bruce Smith, Tim Brown, and Steve Emtman. They teach and inspire the young players into believing they can win.\n",
"Just as Danny's team start to lose hope, a bus arrives carrying NFL stars John Madden, Emmitt Smith, Bruce Smith, Tim Brown, and Steve Emtman. They teach and inspire the young players into believing they can win.\n",
"Just as Danny's team start to lose hope, a bus arrives carrying NFL stars John Madden, Emmitt Smith, Bruce Smith, Tim Brown, and Steve Emtman. They teach and inspire the young players into believing they can win.\n",
"Just as Danny's team start to lose hope, a bus arrives carrying NFL stars John Madden, Emmitt Smith, Bruce Smith, Tim Brown, and Steve Emtman. They teach and inspire the young players into believing they can win.\n",
"Just as Danny's team start to lose hope, a bus arrives carrying NFL stars John Madden, Emmitt Smith, Bruce Smith, Tim Brown, and Steve Emtman. They teach and inspire the young players into believing they can win.\n"
] | [
"John Madden",
"Emmitt Smith",
"Bruce Smith",
"Tim Brown",
"Steve Emtman"
] |
8365041212428550687 | Development of the gonads | Development of the gonads - wikipedia Development of the gonads Jump to : navigation , search Development of the gonads Identifiers Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The development of the gonads is part of the prenatal development of the reproductive system and ultimately forms the testes in males and the ovaries in females . The gonads initially develop from the mesothelial layer of the peritoneum . The ovary is differentiated into a central part , the medulla , covered by a surface layer , the germinal epithelium . The immature ova originate from cells from the dorsal endoderm of the yolk sac . Once they have reached the gonadal ridge they are called oogonia . Development proceeds and the oogonia become fully surrounded by a layer of connective tissue cells ( pre-granulosa cells ) In this way , the rudiments of the ovarian follicles are formed . In the testis , a network of tubules fuse to create the seminiferous tubules . Via the rete testis , the seminiferous tubules become connected with outgrowths from the mesonephros , which form the efferent ducts of the testis . The descent of the testes consists of the opening of a connection from the testis to its final location at the anterior abdominal wall , followed by the development of the gubernaculum , which subsequently pulls and translocates the testis down into the developing scrotum . Ultimately , the passageway closes behind the testis . A failure in this process causes an indirect inguinal hernia . Germ cells migrate from near the allantois and colonize the primordial gonads . In the female , the germ cells colonise the cortex and become oogonia . In the male , the germ cells colonise the seminiferous cords of the medulla , becoming spermatogonia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Before differentiation 2 Ovary 2.1 Origin of ova 2.2 Origin of granulosa cells 2.3 Descent of the ovaries 2.3. 1 Pathology 3 Testis 3.1 Descent of the testes 3.1. 1 Opening of connection 3.1. 2 Development of gubernaculum 3.1. 3 Translocation 3.1. 4 Closing of connection 3.1. 4.1 Pathology 4 See also 5 References Before differentiation ( edit ) The first appearance of the gonad is essentially the same in the two sexes , and consists in a thickening of the mesothelial layer of the peritoneum . The thick plate of epithelium extends deeply , pushing before it the mesoderm and forming a distinct projection . This is termed the gonadal ridge . The gonadal ridge , in turn , develops into a gonad . This is a testis in the male and an ovary in the female . At first , the mesonephros and gonadal ridge are continuous , but as the embryo grows the gonadal ridge gradually becomes pinched off from the mesonephros . However , some cells of mesonephric origin join the gonadal ridge . Furthermore , the gonadal ridge still remains connected to the remnant of that body by a fold of peritoneum , namely the mesorchium or mesovarium . About the seventh week the distinction of sex in the gonadal ridge begins to be perceptible . Ovary ( edit ) The ovary is thus formed mainly from the genital ridge and partly from the mesonephros . Later the mass is differentiated into a central part , the medulla of ovary , covered by a surface layer , the germinal epithelium . Between the cells of the germinal epithelium a number of larger cells , the immature ova , are found . The immature ova , in turn , are carried into the stroma beneath by bud - like ingrowths ( genital cords of the germinal epithelium ) . The surface germinal epithelium ultimately forms the permanent epithelial covering of this organ . Furthermore , it soon loses its connection with the central mass . Instead , the tunica albuginea of the ovaries develops between them . Origin of ova ( edit ) During early embryonic development , cells from the dorsal endoderm of the yolk sac migrate along the hindgut to the gonadal ridge . These primordial germ cells ( PGCs ) multiply by mitosis and once they have reached the gonadal ridge they are called oogonia ( diploid stem cells of the ovary ) . Once oogonia enter this area they attempt to associate with the other somatic cells , derived from both the peritoneum and mesonephros . Development proceeds and the oogonia become fully surrounded by a layer of connective tissue cells ( pre-granulosa cells ) in an irregular manner . In this way , the rudiments of the ovarian follicles are formed . Origin of granulosa cells ( edit ) The embryological origin of granulosa cells remains controversial . In the 1970s , evidence emerged that the first cells to make contact with the oogonia were of mesonephric origin . It was suggested that mesonephric cells already closely associated with the oogonia proliferated throughout development to form the granulosa cell layer . Recently this hypothesis has been challenged with some thorough histology . Sawyer et al. hypothesized that in sheep most of the granulosa cells develop from cells of the mesothelium ( i.e. , epithelial cells from the presumptive surface epithelium of the ovary ) . Descent of the ovaries ( edit ) Just as in the male , there is a gubernaculum in the female , which effects a considerable change in the position of the ovary , though not so extensive a change as in that of the testis . The gubernaculum in the female lies in contact with the fundus of the uterus and adheres to this organ , and thus the ovary can only descend as far as to this level . The part of the gubernaculum between the ovary and the uterus ultimately becomes the proper ovarian ligament , while the part between the uterus and the labium majus forms the round ligament of the uterus . A pouch of peritoneum analogous to the processus vaginalis in the male accompanies it along the inguinal canal : it is called the canal of Nuck . Pathology ( edit ) In rare cases , the gubernaculum may fail to contract adhesions to the uterus , and then the ovary descends through the inguinal canal into the labium majus ; under these circumstances , its position resembles that of the testis . Testis ( edit ) The testis is developed in much the same way as the ovary , originating from mesothelium as well as mesonephros . Like the ovary , in its earliest stages it consists of a central mass covered by a surface epithelium . In the central mass a series of cords appear , and the periphery of the mass is converted into the tunica albuginea , thus excluding the surface epithelium from any part in the formation of the tissue of the testis . The cords of the central mass run together toward the future hilum and form a network which ultimately becomes the rete testis . On the other hand , the seminiferous tubules are developed from the cords distal to the hilum , and between them connective - tissue septa extend . Via the rete testis , the seminiferous tubules become connected with outgrowths from the mesonephros , which form the efferent ducts of the testis . Descent of the testes ( edit ) The descent of the testes consists of the opening of a connection from the testis to its final location at the anterior abdominal wall , followed by the development of the gubernaculum , which subsequently pulls and translocates the testis down into the developing scrotum . Ultimately , the passageway closes behind the testis . Opening of connection ( edit ) At an early period of fetal life the testes are placed at the back part of abdominal cavity , behind the peritoneum , and each is attached by a peritoneal fold , the mesorchium , to the mesonephros . From the front of the mesonephros a fold of peritoneum termed the inguinal fold grows forward to meet and fuse with a peritoneal fold , the inguinal crest , which grows backward from the antero - lateral abdominal wall . The testis thus acquires an indirect connection with the anterior abdominal wall . At the same time , a portion of the peritoneal cavity lateral to these fused folds is marked off as the future saccus vaginalis . Development of gubernaculum ( edit ) Also , in the inguinal crest a structure , the gubernaculum testis , makes its appearance . This is at first a slender band , extending from that part of the skin of the groin which afterward forms the scrotum through the inguinal canal to the body and epididymis of the testis . As development advances , the peritoneum enclosing the gubernaculum forms two folds , one above the testis and the other below it . The one above the testis is the plica vascularis , and contains the upper part of the gubernaculum , and ultimately also the internal spermatic vessels ; the one below , the plica gubernatrix , contains the lower part of the gubernaculum . The gubernaculum grows into a thick cord . It ends below at the abdominal inguinal ring in a tube of peritoneum , the saccus vaginalis , which protrudes itself down the inguinal canal . By the fifth month the lower part of the gubernaculum still is a thick cord , while the upper part has disappeared . The lower part now consists of a central core of smooth muscle fibers , surrounded by a firm layer of striated muscle elements , connected , behind the peritoneum , with the abdominal wall . Translocation ( edit ) As the testes develops , the main portion of the lower end of the gubernaculum is carried , following the skin to which it is attached , to the bottom of this pouch . Other bands are carried to the medial side of the thigh and to the perineum . The tube of peritoneum constituting the saccus vaginalis projects itself downward into the inguinal canal , and emerges at the external inguinal ring , pushing before it a part of the obliquus internus and the aponeurosis of the obliquus externus , which form respectively the cremaster muscle and the external spermatic fascia . The saccus vaginalis forms a gradually elongating pouch , which eventually reaches the bottom of the scrotum , and behind this pouch the testis is drawn by the growth of the body of the fetus , for the gubernaculum does not grow proportionately with the growth of other parts , and therefore the testis , being attached by the gubernaculum to the bottom of the scrotum , is prevented from rising as the body grows , and is instead drawn first into the inguinal canal and eventually into the scrotum . It seems certain also that the gubernacular cord becomes shortened as development proceeds , and this assists in causing the testis to reach the bottom of the scrotum . Closing of connection ( edit ) Diagram of an indirect , scrotal inguinal hernia ( median view from the left ) . By the end of the eighth month the testis has reached the scrotum , preceded by the saccus vaginalis , which communicates by its upper extremity with the peritoneal cavity . Just before birth the upper part of the saccus vaginalis , at the internal inguinal ring , usually becomes closed , and this obliteration extends gradually downward to within a short distance of the testis . The process of peritoneum surrounding the testis is now entirely cut off from the general peritoneal cavity and constitutes the tunica vaginalis . Pathology ( edit ) If the internal inguinal ring does not close properly , then there is a risk that other contents of the abdominal cavity protrudes through the passageway and cause indirect inguinal hernia . See also ( edit ) Sexual differentiation in humans References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Satoh M ( 1991 ) . `` Histogenesis and organogenesis of the gonad in human embryos '' . J Anat. 177 : 85 -- 107 . PMC 1260417 . PMID 1769902 . Jump up ^ Upadhyay S , Zamboni L ( 1982 ) . `` Preliminary observations on the role of the mesonephros in the development of the adrenal cortex '' . Anat Rec. 202 ( 1 ) : 105 -- 111 . doi : 10.1002 / ar. 1092020112 . PMID 7059014 . Jump up ^ Zamboni , L. , Bezard , J. , and Mauleon , P. ( 1979 ) . The role of the mesonephros in the development of the sheep fetal ovary . Annales de Biologie Animal Biochimie et Biophysique 19 , 1153 - 78 . Jump up ^ Sawyer H , Smith P , Heath D , Juengel J , Wakefield S , McNatty K ( 2002 ) . `` Formation of ovarian follicles during fetal development in sheep '' . Biol Reprod. 66 ( 4 ) : 1134 -- 50 . doi : 10.1095 / biolreprod66. 4.1134 . PMID 11906935 . ( hide ) Sex determination and differentiation Overview Sexual differentiation humans Development of the reproductive system gonads Mesonephric duct Paramesonephric duct Genetic basis Sex - determination system XY X0 ZW Temperature - dependent Haplodiploidy Sex chromosome X chromosome Y chromosome Testis - determining factor See also Hermaphrodite Intersex Disorders of sex development Development of the reproductive system Precursors Mesoderm intermediate lateral plate Endoderm Cloaca Urogenital sinus Ectoderm Cloacal membrane Internal Development of the gonads Gonadal ridge Pronephric duct Mesonephric duct Paramesonephric duct Vaginal plate Definitive urogenital sinus External Genital tubercle Labioscrotal swelling Primordial phallus Gubernaculum Peritoneum Vaginal process Canal of Nuck See also List of related male and female reproductive organs Prenatal development Embryogenesis Development of the reproductive system Precursors Mesoderm intermediate lateral plate Endoderm Cloaca Urogenital sinus Ectoderm Cloacal membrane Internal Development of the gonads Gonadal ridge Pronephric duct Mesonephric duct Paramesonephric duct Vaginal plate Definitive urogenital sinus External Genital tubercle Labioscrotal swelling Primordial phallus Gubernaculum Peritoneum Vaginal process Canal of Nuck See also List of related male and female reproductive organs Prenatal development Embryogenesis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Development_of_the_gonads&oldid=841038897 '' Categories : Embryology of urogenital system Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 17 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where do the testes develop in the embryo | [
"The development of the gonads is part of the prenatal development of the reproductive system and ultimately forms the testes in males and the ovaries in females. The gonads initially develop from the mesothelial layer of the peritoneum."
] | [
"from the mesothelial layer of the peritoneum"
] |
-156389387422548020 | Jewellery | Jewellery - wikipedia Jewellery Jump to : navigation , search This article is about decorative wear . For the Korean band , see Jewelry ( band ) . Amber pendants Diamond temptation design Jewellery ( British English ) or jewelry ( American English ) consists of small decorative items worn for personal adornment , such as brooches , rings , necklaces , earrings , pendants and bracelets . Jewellery may be attached to the body or the clothes , and the term is restricted to durable ornaments , excluding flowers for example . For many centuries metal , often combined with gemstones , has been the normal material for jewellery , but other materials such as shells and other plant materials may be used . It is one of the oldest type of archaeological artefact -- with 100,000 - year - old beads made from Nassarius shells thought to be the oldest known jewellery . The basic forms of jewellery vary between cultures but are often extremely long - lived ; in European cultures the most common forms of jewellery listed above have persisted since ancient times , while other forms such as adornments for the nose or ankle , important in other cultures , are much less common . The Daria - i - Noor ( meaning : Sea of Light ) Diamond from the collection of the national jewels of Iran at Central Bank of Islamic Republic of Iran Jewellery may be made from a wide range of materials . Gemstones and similar materials such as amber and coral , precious metals , beads , and shells have been widely used , and enamel has often been important . In most cultures jewellery can be understood as a status symbol , for its material properties , its patterns , or for meaningful symbols . Jewellery has been made to adorn nearly every body part , from hairpins to toe rings , and even genital jewellery . The patterns of wearing jewellery between the sexes , and by children and older people can vary greatly between cultures , but adult women have been the most consistent wearers of jewellery ; in modern European culture the amount worn by adult males is relatively low compared with other cultures and other periods in European culture . The word jewellery itself is derived from the word jewel , which was anglicised from the Old French `` jouel '' , and beyond that , to the Latin word `` jocale '' , meaning plaything . In British English , Indian English , New Zealand English , Hiberno - English , Australian English , and South African English it is spelled jewellery , while the spelling is jewelry in American English . Both are used in Canadian English , though jewelry prevails by a two to one margin . In French and a few other European languages the equivalent term , joaillerie there , may also cover decorated metalwork in precious metal such as objets d'art and church items , not just objects worn on the person . Contents ( hide ) 1 Form and function 2 Materials and methods 2.1 Diamonds 2.2 Other gemstones 2.3 Metal finishes 3 Impact on society 4 History 4.1 Prehistory 4.1. 1 Egypt 4.2 Europe and the Middle East 4.2. 1 Mesopotamia 4.2. 2 Greece 4.2. 3 Rome 4.2. 4 Middle Ages 4.2. 5 Renaissance 4.2. 6 Romanticism 4.2. 7 18th Century / Romanticism / Renaissance 4.2. 8 Art Nouveau 4.2. 9 Art Deco 4.3 Asia 4.3. 1 China 4.3. 2 Indian subcontinent 4.4 North and South America 4.5 Native American 4.6 Pacific 5 Modern 6 Masonic 7 Body modification 8 Jewellery market 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Form and function ( edit ) Kenyan man wearing tribal beads Humans have used jewellery for a number of different reasons : functional , generally to fix clothing or hair in place , or to tell the time ( in the case of watches ) as a marker of social status and personal status , as with a wedding ring as a signifier of some form of affiliation , whether ethnic , religious or social to provide talismanic protection ( in the form of amulets ) as an artistic display as a carrier or symbol of personal meaning -- such as love , mourning , or even luck Most cultures at some point have had a practice of keeping large amounts of wealth stored in the form of jewellery . Numerous cultures store wedding dowries in the form of jewellery or make jewellery as a means to store or display coins . Alternatively , jewellery has been used as a currency or trade good ; an example being the use of slave beads . Many items of jewellery , such as brooches and buckles , originated as purely functional items , but evolved into decorative items as their functional requirement diminished . Jewellery can also symbolise group membership ( as in the case , of the Christian crucifix or the Jewish Star of David ) or status ( as in the case of chains of office , or the Western practice of married people wearing wedding rings ) . Wearing of amulets and devotional medals to provide protection or ward off evil is common in some cultures . These may take the form of symbols ( such as the ankh ) , stones , plants , animals , body parts ( such as the Khamsa ) , or glyphs ( such as stylised versions of the Throne Verse in Islamic art ) . Materials and methods ( edit ) In creating jewellery , gemstones , coins , or other precious items are often used , and they are typically set into precious metals . Alloys of nearly every metal known have been encountered in jewellery . Bronze , for example , was common in Roman times . Modern fine jewellery usually includes gold , white gold , platinum , palladium , titanium , or silver . Most contemporary gold jewellery is made of an alloy of gold , the purity of which is stated in karats , indicated by a number followed by the letter K. American gold jewellery must be of at least 10K purity ( 41.7 % pure gold ) , ( though in the UK the number is 9K ( 37.5 % pure gold ) and is typically found up to 18K ( 75 % pure gold ) . Higher purity levels are less common with alloys at 22 K ( 91.6 % pure gold ) , and 24 K ( 99.9 % pure gold ) being considered too soft for jewellery use in America and Europe . These high purity alloys , however , are widely used across Asia , the Middle East and Africa . Platinum alloys range from 900 ( 90 % pure ) to 950 ( 95.0 % pure ) . The silver used in jewellery is usually sterling silver , or 92.5 % fine silver . In costume jewellery , stainless steel findings are sometimes used . Bead embroidery design . Other commonly used materials include glass , such as fused - glass or enamel ; wood , often carved or turned ; shells and other natural animal substances such as bone and ivory ; natural clay ; polymer clay ; Hemp and other twines have been used as well to create jewellery that has more of a natural feel . However , any inclusion of lead or lead solder will give an English Assay office ( the building which gives English jewellery its stamp of approval , the Hallmark ) the right to destroy the piece , however it is very rare for the assay office to do so . Beads are frequently used in jewellery . These may be made of glass , gemstones , metal , wood , shells , clay and polymer clay . Beaded jewellery commonly encompasses necklaces , bracelets , earrings , belts and rings . Beads may be large or small ; the smallest type of beads used are known as seed beads , these are the beads used for the `` woven '' style of beaded jewellery . Another use of seed beads is an embroidery technique where seed beads are sewn onto fabric backings to create broad collar neck pieces and beaded bracelets . Bead embroidery , a popular type of handwork during the Victorian era , is enjoying a renaissance in modern jewellery making . Beading , or beadwork , is also very popular in many African and indigenous North American cultures . Silversmiths , goldsmiths , and lapidaries methods include forging , casting , soldering or welding , cutting , carving and `` cold - joining '' ( using adhesives , staples and rivets to assemble parts ) . Diamonds ( edit ) Diamonds Main article : Diamond Diamonds were first mined in India . Pliny may have mentioned them , although there is some debate as to the exact nature of the stone he referred to as Adamas ; In 2005 , Australia , Botswana , Russia and Canada ranked among the primary sources of gemstone diamond production . There are negative consequences of the diamond trade in certain areas . Diamonds mined during the recent civil wars in Angola , Ivory Coast , Sierra Leone , and other nations have been labelled as blood diamonds when they are mined in a war zone and sold to finance an insurgency . The British crown jewels contain the Cullinan Diamond , part of the largest gem - quality rough diamond ever found ( 1905 ) , at 3,106.75 carats ( 621.35 g ) . Now popular in engagement rings , this usage dates back to the marriage of Maximilian I to Mary of Burgundy in 1477 . Other gemstones ( edit ) Main article : Gemstone Many precious and semiprecious stones are used for jewellery . Among them are : Amber Amber , an ancient organic gemstone , is composed of tree resin that has hardened over time . The stone must be at least one million years old to be classified as amber , and some amber can be up to 120 million years old . Amethyst Amethyst has historically been the most prized gemstone in the quartz family . It is treasured for its purple hue , which can range in tone from light to dark . Spanish emerald and gold pendant at Victoria and Albert Museum . Emerald Emeralds are one of the three main precious gemstones ( along with rubies and sapphires ) and are known for their fine green to bluish green colour . They have been treasured throughout history , and some historians report that the Egyptians mined emerald as early as 3500 BC . Jade Jade is most commonly associated with the colour green but can come in a number of other colours as well . Jade is closely linked to Asian culture , history , and tradition , and is sometimes referred to as the stone of heaven . Jasper Jasper is a gemstone of the chalcedony family that comes in a variety of colours . Often , jasper will feature unique and interesting patterns within the coloured stone . Picture jasper is a type of jasper known for the colours ( often beiges and browns ) and swirls in the stone 's pattern . Quartz Quartz refers to a family of crystalline gemstones of various colours and sizes . Among the well - known types of quartz are rose quartz ( which has a delicate pink colour ) , and smoky quartz ( which comes in a variety of shades of translucent brown ) . A number of other gemstones , such as Amethyst and Citrine , are also part of the quartz family . Rutilated quartz is a popular type of quartz containing needle - like inclusions . Ruby Rubies are known for their intense red colour and are among the most highly valued precious gemstones . Rubies have been treasured for millennia . In Sanskrit , the word for ruby is ratnaraj , meaning king of precious stones . Sapphire The most popular form of sapphire is blue sapphire , which is known for its medium to deep blue colour and strong saturation . Fancy sapphires of various colours are also available . In the United States , blue sapphire tends to be the most popular and most affordable of the three major precious gemstones ( emerald , ruby , and sapphire ) . Turquoise Turquoise is found in only a few places on earth , and the world 's largest turquoise producing region is the southwest United States . Turquoise is prized for its attractive colour , most often an intense medium blue or a greenish blue , and its ancient heritage . Turquoise is used in a great variety of jewellery styles . It is perhaps most closely associated with southwest and Native American jewellery , but it is also used in many sleek , modern styles . Some turquoise contains a matrix of dark brown markings , which provides an interesting contrast to the gemstone 's bright blue colour . Some gemstones ( like pearls , coral , and amber ) are classified as organic , meaning that they are produced by living organisms . Others are inorganic , meaning that they are generally composed of and arise from minerals . Some gems , for example , amethyst , have become less valued as methods of extracting and importing them have progressed . Some man - made gems can serve in place of natural gems , such as cubic zirconia , which can be used in place of diamond . Metal finishes ( edit ) An example of gold plated jewellery For platinum , gold , and silver jewellery , there are many techniques to create finishes . The most common are high - polish , satin / matte , brushed , and hammered . High - polished jewellery is the most common and gives the metal a highly reflective , shiny look . Satin , or matte finish reduces the shine and reflection of the jewellery , and this is commonly used to accentuate gemstones such as diamonds . Brushed finishes give the jewellery a textured look and are created by brushing a material ( similar to sandpaper ) against the metal , leaving `` brush strokes '' . Hammered finishes are typically created by using a rounded steel hammer and hammering the jewellery to give it a wavy texture . Some jewellery is plated to give it a shiny , reflective look or to achieve a desired colour . Sterling silver jewellery may be plated with a thin layer of 0.999 fine silver ( a process known as flashing ) or may be plated with rhodium or gold . Base metal costume jewellery may also be plated with silver , gold , or rhodium for a more attractive finish . Impact on society ( edit ) Jewellery has been used to denote status . In ancient Rome , only certain ranks could wear rings ; later , sumptuary laws dictated who could wear what type of jewellery . This was also based on rank of the citizens of that time . Cultural dictates have also played a significant role . For example , the wearing of earrings by Western men was considered effeminate in the 19th century and early 20th century . More recently , the display of body jewellery , such as piercings , has become a mark of acceptance or seen as a badge of courage within some groups but is completely rejected in others . Likewise , hip hop culture has popularised the slang term bling - bling , which refers to ostentatious display of jewellery by men or women . Conversely , the jewellery industry in the early 20th century launched a campaign to popularise wedding rings for men , which caught on , as well as engagement rings for men , which did not , going so far as to create a false history and claim that the practice had medieval roots . By the mid-1940s , 85 % of weddings in the U.S. featured a double - ring ceremony , up from 15 % in the 1920s . Religion has also played a role in societies influence . Islam , for instance , considers the wearing of gold by men as a social taboo , and many religions have edicts against excessive display . In Christianity , the New Testament gives injunctions against the wearing of gold , in the writings of the apostles Paul and Peter . In Revelation 17 , `` the great whore '' or false religious system , is depicted as being `` decked with gold and precious stones and pearls , having a golden cup in her hand . '' ( Rev. 17 : 4 ) For Muslims it is considered haraam for a man to wear gold . History ( edit ) The history of jewellery is long and goes back many years , with many different uses among different cultures . It has endured for thousands of years and has provided various insights into how ancient cultures worked . Prehistory ( edit ) The first signs of jewellery came from the people in Africa . Perforated beads suggesting shell jewellery made from sea snail shells have been found dating to 75,000 years ago at Blombos Cave . In Kenya , at Enkapune Ya Muto , beads made from perforated ostrich egg shells have been dated to more than 40,000 years ago . In Russia , a stone bracelet and marble ring are attributed to a similar age . Later , the European early modern humans had crude necklaces and bracelets of bone , teeth , berries , and stone hung on pieces of string or animal sinew , or pieces of carved bone used to secure clothing together . In some cases , jewellery had shell or mother - of - pearl pieces . A decorated engraved pendant dating to around 11,000 BC , and thought to be the oldest Mesolithic art in Britain , was found at the site of Star Carr in North Yorkshire in 2015 . In southern Russia , carved bracelets made of mammoth tusk have been found . The Venus of Hohle Fels features a perforation at the top , showing that it was intended to be worn as a pendant . Around seven - thousand years ago , the first sign of copper jewellery was seen . In October 2012 the Museum of Ancient History in Lower Austria revealed that they had found a grave of a female jewellery worker -- forcing archaeologists to take a fresh look at prehistoric gender roles after it appeared to be that of a female fine metal worker -- a profession that was previously thought to have been carried out exclusively by men . Egypt ( edit ) Amulet pendant ( 1254 BC ) made from gold , lapis lazuli , turquoise and carnelian , 14 cm wide . An Egyptian 18th dynasty pharaonic era princess ' crown . The first signs of established jewellery making in Ancient Egypt was around 3,000 -- 5,000 years ago . The Egyptians preferred the luxury , rarity , and workability of gold over other metals . In Predynastic Egypt jewellery soon began to symbolise political and religious power in the community . Although it was worn by wealthy Egyptians in life , it was also worn by them in death , with jewellery commonly placed among grave goods . In conjunction with gold jewellery , Egyptians used coloured glass , along with semi-precious gems . The colour of the jewellery had significance . Green , for example , symbolised fertility . Lapis lazuli and silver had to be imported from beyond the country 's borders . Egyptian designs were most common in Phoenician jewellery . Also , ancient Turkish designs found in Persian jewellery suggest that trade between the Middle East and Europe was not uncommon . Women wore elaborate gold and silver pieces that were used in ceremonies . Europe and the Middle East ( edit ) Mesopotamia ( edit ) Pair of Gold Hair Ornaments , Mesopotamian , circa 2000 BC ( Isin - larsa period ) . Decorated with granulation and cloisonné . Walters Art Museum collections . By approximately 5,000 years ago , jewellery - making had become a significant craft in the cities of Mesopotamia . The most significant archaeological evidence comes from the Royal Cemetery of Ur , where hundreds of burials dating 2900 -- 2300 BC were unearthed ; tombs such as that of Puabi contained a multitude of artefacts in gold , silver , and semi-precious stones , such as lapis lazuli crowns embellished with gold figurines , close - fitting collar necklaces , and jewel - headed pins . In Assyria , men and women both wore extensive amounts of jewellery , including amulets , ankle bracelets , heavy multi-strand necklaces , and cylinder seals . Jewellery in Mesopotamia tended to be manufactured from thin metal leaf and was set with large numbers of brightly coloured stones ( chiefly agate , lapis , carnelian , and jasper ) . Favoured shapes included leaves , spirals , cones , and bunches of grapes . Jewellers created works both for human use and for adorning statues and idols . They employed a wide variety of sophisticated metalworking techniques , such as cloisonné , engraving , fine granulation , and filigree . Extensive and meticulously maintained records pertaining to the trade and manufacture of jewellery have also been unearthed throughout Mesopotamian archaeological sites . One record in the Mari royal archives , for example , gives the composition of various items of jewellery : 1 necklace of flat speckled chalcedony beads including : 34 flat speckled chalcedony bead , ( and ) 35 gold fluted beads , in groups of five . 1 necklace of flat speckled chalcedony beads including : 39 flat speckled chalcedony beads , ( with ) 41 fluted beads in a group that make up the hanging device . 1 necklace with rounded lapis lazuli beads including : 28 rounded lapis lazuli beads , ( and ) 29 fluted beads for its clasp . Greece ( edit ) Gold earring from Mycenae , 16th century BC . Gold Wreath The Greeks started using gold and gems in jewellery in 1600 BC , although beads shaped as shells and animals were produced widely in earlier times . Around 1500 BC , the main techniques of working gold in Greece included casting , twisting bars , and making wire . Many of these sophisticated techniques were popular in the Mycenaean period , but unfortunately this skill was lost at the end of the Bronze Age . The forms and shapes of jewellery in ancient Greece such as the armring ( 13th century BC ) , brooch ( 10th century BC ) and pins ( 7th century BC ) , have varied widely since the Bronze Age as well . Other forms of jewellery include wreaths , earrings , necklace and bracelets . A good example of the high quality that gold working techniques could achieve in Greece is the ' Gold Olive Wreath ' ( 4th century BC ) , which is modeled on the type of wreath given as a prize for winners in athletic competitions like the Olympic Games . Jewellery dating from 600 to 475 BC is not well represented in the archaeological record , but after the Persian wars the quantity of jewellery again became more plentiful . One particularly popular type of design at this time was a bracelet decorated with snake and animal - heads Because these bracelets used considerably more metal , many examples were made from bronze . By 300 BC , the Greeks had mastered making coloured jewellery and using amethysts , pearl , and emeralds . Also , the first signs of cameos appeared , with the Greeks creating them from Indian Sardonyx , a striped brown pink and cream agate stone . Greek jewellery was often simpler than in other cultures , with simple designs and workmanship . However , as time progressed , the designs grew in complexity and different materials were soon used . Pendant with naked woman , made from electrum , Rhodes , around 630 -- 620 BC . Jewellery in Greece was hardly worn and was mostly used for public appearances or on special occasions . It was frequently given as a gift and was predominantly worn by women to show their wealth , social status , and beauty . The jewellery was often supposed to give the wearer protection from the `` Evil Eye '' or endowed the owner with supernatural powers , while others had a religious symbolism . Older pieces of jewellery that have been found were dedicated to the Gods . Ancient Greek jewellery from 300 BC . They worked two styles of pieces : cast pieces and pieces hammered out of sheet metal . Fewer pieces of cast jewellery have been recovered . It was made by casting the metal onto two stone or clay moulds . The two halves were then joined together , and wax , followed by molten metal , was placed in the centre . This technique had been practised since the late Bronze Age . The more common form of jewellery was the hammered sheet type . Sheets of metal would be hammered to thickness and then soldered together . The inside of the two sheets would be filled with wax or another liquid to preserve the metal work . Different techniques , such as using a stamp or engraving , were then used to create motifs on the jewellery . Jewels may then be added to hollows or glass poured into special cavities on the surface . The Greeks took much of their designs from outer origins , such as Asia , when Alexander the Great conquered part of it . In earlier designs , other European influences can also be detected . When Roman rule came to Greece , no change in jewellery designs was detected . However , by 27 BC , Greek designs were heavily influenced by the Roman culture . That is not to say that indigenous design did not thrive . Numerous polychrome butterfly pendants on silver foxtail chains , dating from the 1st century , have been found near Olbia , with only one example ever found anywhere else . These Hellenistic bracelets from the 1st century BC show the influence of Eastern cultures . Walters Art Museum , Baltimore . Hexagonal gold pendant with double solidus of Constantine the Great , one of a set of four that date from 321 AD ( British Museum ) Rome ( edit ) Roman Amethyst intaglio engraved gem , c. 212 AD ; later regarded as of St. Peter . Although jewellery work was abundantly diverse in earlier times , especially among the barbarian tribes such as the Celts , when the Romans conquered most of Europe , jewellery was changed as smaller factions developed the Roman designs . The most common artefact of early Rome was the brooch , which was used to secure clothing together . The Romans used a diverse range of materials for their jewellery from their extensive resources across the continent . Although they used gold , they sometimes used bronze or bone , and in earlier times , glass beads & pearl . As early as 2,000 years ago , they imported Sri Lankan sapphires and Indian diamonds and used emeralds and amber in their jewellery . In Roman - ruled England , fossilised wood called jet from Northern England was often carved into pieces of jewellery . The early Italians worked in crude gold and created clasps , necklaces , earrings , and bracelets . They also produced larger pendants that could be filled with perfume . Like the Greeks , often the purpose of Roman jewellery was to ward off the `` Evil Eye '' given by other people . Although women wore a vast array of jewellery , men often only wore a finger ring . Although they were expected to wear at least one ring , some Roman men wore a ring on every finger , while others wore none . Roman men and women wore rings with an engraved gem on it that was used with wax to seal documents , a practice that continued into medieval times when kings and noblemen used the same method . After the fall of the Roman Empire , the jewellery designs were absorbed by neighbouring countries and tribes . Middle Ages ( edit ) Merovingian fibulae , Bibliothèque nationale de France . 6th century bronze eagle - shaped Visigothic cloisonné fibula from Guadalajara , Spain , using glass - paste fillings in imitation of garnets . Post-Roman Europe continued to develop jewellery making skills . The Celts and Merovingians in particular are noted for their jewellery , which in terms of quality matched or exceeded that of Byzantium . Clothing fasteners , amulets , and , to a lesser extent , signet rings , are the most common artefacts known to us . A particularly striking Celtic example is the Tara Brooch . The Torc was common throughout Europe as a symbol of status and power . By the 8th century , jewelled weaponry was common for men , while other jewellery ( with the exception of signet rings ) seemed to become the domain of women . Grave goods found in a 6th -- 7th century burial near Chalon - sur - Saône are illustrative . A young girl was buried with : 2 silver fibulae , a necklace ( with coins ) , bracelet , gold earrings , a pair of hair - pins , comb , and buckle . The Celts specialised in continuous patterns and designs , while Merovingian designs are best known for stylised animal figures . They were not the only groups known for high quality work . Note the Visigoth work shown here , and the numerous decorative objects found at the Anglo - Saxon Ship burial at Sutton Hoo Suffolk , England are a particularly well - known example . On the continent , cloisonné and garnet were perhaps the quintessential method and gemstone of the period . Byzantine wedding ring . The Eastern successor of the Roman Empire , the Byzantine Empire , continued many of the methods of the Romans , though religious themes came to predominate . Unlike the Romans , the Franks , and the Celts , however , Byzantium used light - weight gold leaf rather than solid gold , and more emphasis was placed on stones and gems . As in the West , Byzantine jewellery was worn by wealthier females , with male jewellery apparently restricted to signet rings . Woman 's jewellery had some peculiarities like kolts that decorated headband . Like other contemporary cultures , jewellery was commonly buried with its owner . Renaissance ( edit ) Sardonyx cameo . The Renaissance and exploration both had significant impacts on the development of jewellery in Europe . By the 17th century , increasing exploration and trade led to increased availability of a wide variety of gemstones as well as exposure to the art of other cultures . Whereas prior to this the working of gold and precious metal had been at the forefront of jewellery , this period saw increasing dominance of gemstones and their settings . An example of this is the Cheapside Hoard , the stock of a jeweller hidden in London during the Commonwealth period and not found again until 1912 . It contained Colombian emerald , topaz , amazonite from Brazil , spinel , iolite , and chrysoberyl from Sri Lanka , ruby from India , Afghan lapis lazuli , Persian turquoise , Red Sea peridot , as well as Bohemian and Hungarian opal , garnet , and amethyst . Large stones were frequently set in box - bezels on enamelled rings . Notable among merchants of the period was Jean - Baptiste Tavernier , who brought the precursor stone of the Hope Diamond to France in the 1660s . When Napoleon Bonaparte was crowned as Emperor of the French in 1804 , he revived the style and grandeur of jewellery and fashion in France . Under Napoleon 's rule , jewellers introduced parures , suites of matching jewellery , such as a diamond tiara , diamond earrings , diamond rings , a diamond brooch , and a diamond necklace . Both of Napoleon 's wives had beautiful sets such as these and wore them regularly . Another fashion trend resurrected by Napoleon was the cameo . Soon after his cameo decorated crown was seen , cameos were highly sought . The period also saw the early stages of costume jewellery , with fish scale covered glass beads in place of pearls or conch shell cameos instead of stone cameos . New terms were coined to differentiate the arts : jewellers who worked in cheaper materials were called bijoutiers , while jewellers who worked with expensive materials were called joailliers , a practice which continues to this day . Romanticism ( edit ) Mourning jewellery in the form of a jet brooch , 19th century . Starting in the late 18th century , Romanticism had a profound impact on the development of western jewellery . Perhaps the most significant influences were the public 's fascination with the treasures being discovered through the birth of modern archaeology and a fascination with Medieval and Renaissance art . Changing social conditions and the onset of the Industrial Revolution also led to growth of a middle class that wanted and could afford jewellery . As a result , the use of industrial processes , cheaper alloys , and stone substitutes led to the development of paste or costume jewellery . Distinguished goldsmiths continued to flourish , however , as wealthier patrons sought to ensure that what they wore still stood apart from the jewellery of the masses , not only through use of precious metals and stones but also though superior artistic and technical work . One such artist was the French goldsmith François - Désiré Froment - Meurice . A category unique to this period and quite appropriate to the philosophy of romanticism was mourning jewellery . It originated in England , where Queen Victoria was often seen wearing jet jewellery after the death of Prince Albert , and it allowed the wearer to continue wearing jewellery while expressing a state of mourning at the death of a loved one . In the United States , this period saw the founding in 1837 of Tiffany & Co. by Charles Lewis Tiffany . Tiffany 's put the United States on the world map in terms of jewellery and gained fame creating dazzling commissions for people such as the wife of Abraham Lincoln . Later , it would gain popular notoriety as the setting of the film Breakfast at Tiffany 's . In France , Pierre Cartier founded Cartier SA in 1847 , while 1884 saw the founding of Bulgari in Italy . The modern production studio had been born and was a step away from the former dominance of individual craftsmen and patronage . This period also saw the first major collaboration between East and West . Collaboration in Pforzheim between German and Japanese artists led to Shakudō plaques set into Filigree frames being created by the Stoeffler firm in 1885 ) . Perhaps the grand finalé -- and an appropriate transition to the following period -- were the masterful creations of the Russian artist Peter Carl Fabergé , working for the Imperial Russian court , whose Fabergé eggs and jewellery pieces are still considered as the epitome of the goldsmith 's art . 18th century / romanticism / Renaissance ( edit ) Many whimsical fashions were introduced in the extravagant eighteenth century . Cameos that were used in connection with jewellery were the attractive trinkets along with many of the small objects such as brooches , ear - rings and scarf - pins . Some of the necklets were made of several pieces joined with the gold chains were in and bracelets were also made sometimes to match the necklet and the brooch . At the end of the Century the jewellery with cut steel intermixed with large crystals was introduced by an Englishman , Matthew Boulton of Birmingham . Art Nouveau ( edit ) In the 1890s , jewellers began to explore the potential of the growing Art Nouveau style and the closely related German Jugendstil , British ( and to some extent American ) Arts and Crafts Movement , Catalan Modernisme , Austro - Hungarian Sezession , Italian `` Liberty '' , etc . Art Nouveau jewellery encompassed many distinct features including a focus on the female form and an emphasis on colour , most commonly rendered through the use of enamelling techniques including basse - taille , champleve , cloisonné , and plique - à - jour . Motifs included orchids , irises , pansies , vines , swans , peacocks , snakes , dragonflies , mythological creatures , and the female silhouette . René Lalique , working for the Paris shop of Samuel Bing , was recognised by contemporaries as a leading figure in this trend . The Darmstadt Artists ' Colony and Wiener Werkstätte provided perhaps the most significant input to the trend , while in Denmark Georg Jensen , though best known for his Silverware , also contributed significant pieces . In England , Liberty & Co. and the British arts & crafts movement of Charles Robert Ashbee contributed slightly more linear but still characteristic designs . The new style moved the focus of the jeweller 's art from the setting of stones to the artistic design of the piece itself . Lalique 's dragonfly design is one of the best examples of this . Enamels played a large role in technique , while sinuous organic lines are the most recognisable design feature . The end of World War I once again changed public attitudes , and a more sober style developed . Art Deco ( edit ) Growing political tensions , the after - effects of the war , and a reaction against the perceived decadence of the turn of the 20th century led to simpler forms , combined with more effective manufacturing for mass production of high - quality jewellery . Covering the period of the 1920s and 1930s , the style has become popularly known as Art Deco . Walter Gropius and the German Bauhaus movement , with their philosophy of `` no barriers between artists and craftsmen '' led to some interesting and stylistically simplified forms . Modern materials were also introduced : plastics and aluminium were first used in jewellery , and of note are the chromed pendants of Russian - born Bauhaus master Naum Slutzky . Technical mastery became as valued as the material itself . In the West , this period saw the reinvention of granulation by the German Elizabeth Treskow , although development of the re-invention has continued into the 1990s . It is based on the basic shapes . Asia ( edit ) Royal earrings , India , 1st Century BC . Indian king Bhupinder Singh of Patiala wearing Patiala Necklace which contained 2,930 diamonds , including as its centrepiece , the world 's seventh largest diamond , the `` De Beers '' , that had a 428 carat pre-cut weigh , and weighed 234.65 carats in its final setting . The piece also contained seven other diamonds ranging from 18 to 73 carats , and a number of Burmese rubies In Asia , the Indian subcontinent has the longest continuous legacy of jewellery making anywhere , with a history of over 5,000 years . One of the first to start jewellery making were the peoples of the Indus Valley Civilization , in what is now predominately modern - day Pakistan and part of northern and western India . Early jewellery making in China started around the same period , but it became widespread with the spread of Buddhism around 2,000 years ago . China ( edit ) The Chinese used silver in their jewellery more than gold . Blue kingfisher feathers were tied onto early Chinese jewellery and later , blue gems and glass were incorporated into designs . However , jade was preferred over any other stone . The Chinese revered jade because of the human - like qualities they assigned to it , such as its hardness , durability , and beauty . The first jade pieces were very simple , but as time progressed , more complex designs evolved . Jade rings from between the 4th and 7th centuries BC show evidence of having been worked with a compound milling machine , hundreds of years before the first mention of such equipment in the west . Jade coiled serpent , Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) ` Xin ' Shape Jewellery from Ming Dynasty Tombs , ( 1368 -- 1644 ) In China , the most uncommon piece of jewellery is the earring , which was worn neither by men nor women . Amulets were common , often with a Chinese symbol or dragon . Dragons , Chinese symbols , and phoenixes were frequently depicted on jewellery designs . The Chinese often placed their jewellery in their graves . Most Chinese graves found by archaeologists contain decorative jewellery . Indian subcontinent ( edit ) Two - Tiered Enamel Earrings , late 18th - early 19th century . Qajar Dynasty . Brooklyn Museum . The Indian subcontinent ( encompassing India , Pakistan and other countries of South Asia ) has a long jewellery history , which went through various changes through cultural influence and politics for more than 5,000 -- 8,000 years . Because India had an abundant supply of precious metals and gems , it prospered financially through export and exchange with other countries . While European traditions were heavily influenced by waxing and waning empires , India enjoyed a continuous development of art forms for some 5,000 years . One of the first to start jewellery making were the peoples of the Indus Valley Civilization ( encompassing present - day Pakistan and north and northwest India ) . By 1500 BC , the peoples of the Indus Valley were creating gold earrings and necklaces , bead necklaces , and metallic bangles . Before 2100 BC , prior to the period when metals were widely used , the largest jewellery trade in the Indus Valley region was the bead trade . Beads in the Indus Valley were made using simple techniques . First , a bead maker would need a rough stone , which would be bought from an eastern stone trader . The stone would then be placed into a hot oven where it would be heated until it turned deep red , a colour highly prized by people of the Indus Valley . The red stone would then be chipped to the right size and a hole bored through it with primitive drills . The beads were then polished . Some beads were also painted with designs . This art form was often passed down through the family . Children of bead makers often learned how to work beads from a young age . Persian style also played a big role in India 's jewellery . Each stone had its own characteristics related to Hinduism . Jewellery in the Indus Valley was worn predominantly by females , who wore numerous clay or shell bracelets on their wrists . They were often shaped like doughnuts and painted black . Over time , clay bangles were discarded for more durable ones . In present - day India , bangles are made out of metal or glass . Other pieces that women frequently wore were thin bands of gold that would be worn on the forehead , earrings , primitive brooches , chokers , and gold rings . Although women wore jewellery the most , some men in the Indus Valley wore beads . Small beads were often crafted to be placed in men and women 's hair . The beads were about one millimetre long . A female skeleton ( presently on display at the National Museum , New Delhi , India ) wears a carlinean bangle ( bracelet ) on her left hand . Kada is a special kind of bracelet and is widely popular in Indian culture . They symbolizes animals like peacock , elephant , etc . According to Hindu belief , gold and silver are considered as sacred metals . Gold is symbolic of the warm sun , while silver suggests the cool moon . Both are the quintessential metals of Indian jewellery . Pure gold does not oxidise or corrode with time , which is why Hindu tradition associates gold with immortality . Gold imagery occurs frequently in ancient Indian literature . In the Vedic Hindu belief of cosmological creation , the source of physical and spiritual human life originated in and evolved from a golden womb ( hiranyagarbha ) or egg ( hiranyanda ) , a metaphor of the sun , whose light rises from the primordial waters . Antique Pearl & Gold Nose Ring , India , 19th century Jewellery had great status with India 's royalty ; it was so powerful that they established laws , limiting wearing of jewellery to royalty . Only royalty and a few others to whom they granted permission could wear gold ornaments on their feet . This would normally be considered breaking the appreciation of the sacred metals . Even though the majority of the Indian population wore jewellery , Maharajas and people related to royalty had a deeper connection with jewellery . The Maharaja 's role was so important that the Hindu philosophers identified him as central to the smooth working of the world . He was considered as a divine being , a deity in human form , whose duty was to uphold and protect dharma , the moral order of the universe . A Navaratna ring . Navaratna ( nine gems ) is a powerful jewel frequently worn by a Maharaja ( Emperor ) . It is an amulet , which comprises diamond , pearl , ruby , sapphire , emerald , topaz , cat 's eye , coral , and hyacinth ( red zircon ) . Each of these stones is associated with a celestial deity , represented the totality of the Hindu universe when all nine gems are together . The diamond is the most powerful gem among the nine stones . There were various cuts for the gemstone . Indian Kings bought gemstones privately from the sellers . Maharaja and other royal family members value gem as Hindu God . They exchanged gems with people to whom they were very close , especially the royal family members and other intimate allies . `` Only the emperor himself , his intimate relations , and select members of his entourage were permitted to wear royal turban ornament . As the empire matured , differing styles of ornament acquired the generic name of sarpech , from sar or sir , meaning head , and pech , meaning fastener . '' India was the first country to mine diamonds , with some mines dating back to 296 BC . India traded the diamonds , realising their valuable qualities . Historically , diamonds have been given to retain or regain a lover 's or ruler 's lost favour , as symbols of tribute , or as an expression of fidelity in exchange for concessions and protection . Mughal emperors and Kings used the diamonds as a means of assuring their immortality by having their names and wordly titles inscribed upon them . Moreover , it has played and continues to play a pivotal role in Indian social , political , economic , and religious event , as it often has done elsewhere . In Indian history , diamonds have been used to acquire military equipment , finance wars , foment revolutions , and tempt defections . They have contributed to the abdication or the decapitation of potentates . They have been used to murder a representative of the dominating power by lacing his food with crushed diamond . Indian diamonds have been used as security to finance large loans needed to buttress politically or economically tottering regimes . Victorious military heroes have been honoured by rewards of diamonds and also have been used as ransom payment for release from imprisonment or abduction . Today , many of the jewellery designs and traditions are used , and jewellery is commonplace in Indian ceremonies and weddings . North and South America ( edit ) Jewellery played a major role in the fate of the Americas when the Spanish established an empire to seize South American gold . Jewellery making developed in the Americas 5,000 years ago in Central and South America . Large amounts of gold was easily accessible , and the Aztecs , Mixtecs , Mayans , and numerous Andean cultures , such as the Mochica of Peru , created beautiful pieces of jewellery . With the Mochica culture , goldwork flourished . The pieces are no longer simple metalwork , but are now masterful examples of jewellery making . Pieces are sophisticated in their design , and feature inlays of turquoise , mother of pearl , spondylus shell , and amethyst . The nose and ear ornaments , chest plates , small containers and whistles are considered masterpieces of ancient Peruvian culture . Moche ear ornaments. 1 -- 800 AD . Larco Museum Collection , Lima - Peru Among the Aztecs , only nobility wore gold jewellery , as it showed their rank , power , and wealth . Gold jewellery was most common in the Aztec Empire and was often decorated with feathers from Quetzal birds and others . In general , the more jewellery an Aztec noble wore , the higher his status or prestige . The Emperor and his High Priests , for example , would be nearly completely covered in jewellery when making public appearances . Although gold was the most common and a popular material used in Aztec jewellery , jade , turquoise , and certain feathers were considered more valuable . In addition to adornment and status , the Aztecs also used jewellery in sacrifices to appease the gods . Priests also used gem - encrusted daggers to perform animal and human sacrifices . Another ancient American civilization with expertise in jewellery making were the Maya . At the peak of their civilization , the Maya were making jewellery from jade , gold , silver , bronze , and copper . Maya designs were similar to those of the Aztecs , with lavish headdresses and jewellery . The Maya also traded in precious gems . However , in earlier times , the Maya had little access to metal , so they made the majority of their jewellery out of bone or stone . Merchants and nobility were the only few that wore expensive jewellery in the Maya region , much the same as with the Aztecs . In North America , Native Americans used shells , wood , turquoise , and soapstone , almost unavailable in South and Central America . The turquoise was used in necklaces and to be placed in earrings . Native Americans with access to oyster shells , often located in only one location in America , traded the shells with other tribes , showing the great importance of the body adornment trade in Northern America . Native American ( edit ) Main article : Native American Jewelry Bai - De-Schluch - A-Ichin or Be-Ich - Schluck - Ich - In - Et - Tzuzzigi ( Slender Silversmith ) `` Metal Beater , '' Navajo silversmith , photo by George Ben Wittick , 1883 Native American jewellery is the personal adornment , often in the forms of necklaces , earrings , bracelets , rings , pins , brooches , labrets , and more , made by the Indigenous peoples of the United States . Native American jewellery reflects the cultural diversity and history of its makers . Native American tribes continue to develop distinct aesthetics rooted in their personal artistic visions and cultural traditions . Artists create jewellery for adornment , ceremonies , and trade . Lois Sherr Dubin writes , `` ( i ) n the absence of written languages , adornment became an important element of Indian ( Native American ) communication , conveying many levels of information . '' Later , jewellery and personal adornment `` ... signaled resistance to assimilation . It remains a major statement of tribal and individual identity . '' Metalsmiths , beaders , carvers , and lapidaries combine a variety of metals , hardwoods , precious and semi-precious gemstones , beadwork , quillwork , teeth , bones , hide , vegetal fibres , and other materials to create jewellery . Contemporary Native American jewellery ranges from hand - quarried and processed stones and shells to computer - fabricated steel and titanium jewellery . Pacific ( edit ) Main article : Jewellery in the Pacific Jewellery making in the Pacific started later than in other areas because of recent human settlement . Early Pacific jewellery was made of bone , wood , and other natural materials , and thus has not survived . Most Pacific jewellery is worn above the waist , with headdresses , necklaces , hair pins , and arm and waist belts being the most common pieces . Jewellery in the Pacific , with the exception of Australia , is worn to be a symbol of either fertility or power . Elaborate headdresses are worn by many Pacific cultures and some , such as the inhabitants of Papua New Guinea , wear certain headdresses once they have killed an enemy . Tribesman may wear boar bones through their noses . Island jewellery is still very much primal because of the lack of communication with outside cultures . Some areas of Borneo and Papua New Guinea are yet to be explored by Western nations . However , the island nations that were flooded with Western missionaries have had drastic changes made to their jewellery designs . Missionaries saw any type of tribal jewellery as a sign of the wearer 's devotion to paganism . Thus many tribal designs were lost forever in the mass conversion to Christianity . A modern opal bracelet Australia is now the number one supplier of opals in the world . Opals had already been mined in Europe and South America for many years prior , but in the late 19th century , the Australian opal market became predominant . Australian opals are only mined in a few select places around the country , making it one of the most profitable stones in the Pacific . The New Zealand Māori traditionally had a strong culture of personal adornment , most famously the hei - tiki . Hei - tikis are traditionally carved by hand from bone , nephrite , or bowenite . Nowadays a wide range of such traditionally inspired items such as bone carved pendants based on traditional fishhooks hei matau and other greenstone jewellery are popular with young New Zealanders of all backgrounds -- for whom they relate to a generalized sense of New Zealand identity . These trends have contributed towards a worldwide interest in traditional Māori culture and arts . Other than jewellery created through Māori influence , modern jewellery in New Zealand is multicultural and varied . Modern ( edit ) Contemporary jewellery design Most modern commercial jewellery continues traditional forms and styles , but designers such as Georg Jensen have widened the concept of wearable art . The advent of new materials , such as plastics , Precious Metal Clay ( PMC ) , and colouring techniques , has led to increased variety in styles . Other advances , such as the development of improved pearl harvesting by people such as Mikimoto Kōkichi and the development of improved quality artificial gemstones such as moissanite ( a diamond simulant ) , has placed jewellery within the economic grasp of a much larger segment of the population . The `` jewellery as art '' movement was spearheaded by artisans such as Robert Lee Morris and continued by designers such as Gill Forsbrook in the UK . Influence from other cultural forms is also evident . One example of this is bling - bling style jewellery , popularised by hip - hop and rap artists in the early 21st century , e.g. grills , a type of jewellery worn over the teeth . The late 20th century saw the blending of European design with oriental techniques such as Mokume - gane . The following are innovations in the decades straddling the year 2000 : `` Mokume - gane , hydraulic die forming , anti-clastic raising , fold - forming , reactive metal anodising , shell forms , PMC , photoetching , and ( use of ) CAD / CAM . '' Also , 3D printing as a production technique gains more and more importance . With a great variety of services offering this production method , jewellery design becomes accessible to a growing number of creatives . An important advantage of using 3d printing are the relatively low costs for prototypes , small batch series or unique and personalized designs . Shapes that are hard or impossible to create by hand can often be realized by 3D printing . Popular materials to print include Polyamide , steel and wax ( latter for further processing ) . Every printable material has its very own constraints that have to be considered while designing the piece of jewellery using 3D Modelling Software . Artisan jewellery continues to grow as both a hobby and a profession . With more than 17 United States periodicals about beading alone , resources , accessibility , and a low initial cost of entry continues to expand production of hand - made adornments . Some fine examples of artisan jewellery can be seen at The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City . The increase in numbers of students choosing to study jewellery design and production in Australia has grown in the past 20 years , and Australia now has a thriving contemporary jewellery community . Many of these jewellers have embraced modern materials and techniques , as well as incorporating traditional workmanship . More expansive use of metal to adorn the wearer , where the piece is larger and more elaborate than what would normally be considered jewellery , has come to be referred to by designers and fashion writers as Metal Couture . Masonic ( edit ) Freemasons attach jewels to their detachable collars when in Lodge to signify a Brothers Office held with the Lodge . For example , the square represents the Master of the Lodge and the dove represents the Deacon . Masonic collar jewels Body modification ( edit ) A Padaung girl in Northern Thailand . Jewellery used in body modification can be simple and plain or dramatic and extreme . The use of simple silver studs , rings , and earrings predominates . Common jewellery pieces such as , earrings are a form of body modification , as they are accommodated by creating a small hole in the ear . Padaung women in Myanmar place large golden rings around their necks . From as early as five years old , girls are introduced to their first neck ring . Over the years , more rings are added . In addition to the twenty - plus pounds of rings on her neck , a woman will also wear just as many rings on her calves . At their extent , some necks modified like this can reach 10 -- 15 in ( 25 -- 38 cm ) long . The practice has health impacts and has in recent years declined from cultural norm to tourist curiosity . Tribes related to the Paduang , as well as other cultures throughout the world , use jewellery to stretch their earlobes or enlarge ear piercings . In the Americas , labrets have been worn since before first contact by Innu and First Nations peoples of the northwest coast . Lip plates are worn by the African Mursi and Sara people , as well as some South American peoples . In the late twentieth century , the influence of modern primitivism led to many of these practices being incorporated into western subcultures . Many of these practices rely on a combination of body modification and decorative objects , thus keeping the distinction between these two types of decoration blurred . In many cultures , jewellery is used as a temporary body modifier ; in some cases , with hooks or other objects being placed into the recipient 's skin . Although this procedure is often carried out by tribal or semi-tribal groups , often acting under a trance during religious ceremonies , this practice has seeped into western culture . Many extreme - jewellery shops now cater to people wanting large hooks or spikes set into their skin . Most often , these hooks are used in conjunction with pulleys to hoist the recipient into the air . This practice is said to give an erotic feeling to the person and some couples have even performed their marriage ceremony whilst being suspended by hooks . Jewellery market ( edit ) According to a 2007 KPMG study , the largest jewellery market is the United States with a market share of 30.8 % , Japan , India , China , and the Middle East each with 8 -- 9 % , and Italy with 5 % . The authors of the study predict a dramatic change in market shares by 2015 , where the market share of the United States will have dropped to around 25 % , and China and India will increase theirs to over 13 % . The Middle East will remain more or less constant at 9 % , whereas Europe 's and Japan 's marketshare will be halved and become less than 4 % for Japan , and less than 3 % for the biggest individual European countries , Italy and the UK . See also ( edit ) Gemology and Jewelry portal Art jewelry Estate jewelry Heirloom List of jewellery types Live insect jewelry Gemology Jewellery cleaning Wire sculpture Jewelry Television Jewellery Quarter Bronze and brass ornamental work List of topics characterized as pseudoscience ( healing jewelry ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : see American and British spelling differences Jump up ^ Study reveals ' oldest jewellery ' , BBC News , June 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ jewel . ( n.d. ) . Dictionary.com Unabridged ( v 1.1 ) . Retrieved on August 7 , 2007 , from the Dictionary.com website . Jump up ^ Kunz , PhD , DSc , George Frederick ( 1917 ) . Magic of Jewels and Charms . John Lippincott Co . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) URL : Magic Of jewels : Chapter VII Amulets George Frederick Kunz was gemmologist for Tiffany 's built the collections of banker J.P. Morgan and the American Natural History Museum in NY City . This chapter deals entirely with using jewels and gemstones in jewellery for talismanic purposes in Western Cultures . The next chapter deals with other , indigenous cultures . ^ Jump up to : Holland , J. 1999 . The Kingfisher History Encyclopedia . Kingfisher books . Jump up ^ Morris , Desmond . Body Guards : Protective Amulets and Charms . Element , 1999 , ISBN 1 - 86204 - 572 - 0 . Jump up ^ McCreight , Tim . Jewelry : Fundamentals of Metalsmithing . Design Books International , 1997 ISBN 1 - 880140 - 29 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Home -- GIA.edu '' ( PDF ) . gia.edu . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Pliny . Natural History XXXVI , 15 Jump up ^ `` Natural Diamond : World Production , By Country And Type '' . indexmundi.com . Jump up ^ `` Diamonds Are a Girl 's Worst Friend : The trouble with engagement rings . '' by Meghan O'Rourke at Slate.com on June 11 , 2007 Jump up ^ Nassau , K. ( 1980 ). Gems made by man . ISBN 0 - 8019 - 6773 - 2 Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder . The Natural History . ed . John Bostock , Henry Thomas Riley , Book XXXIII The Natural History of Metals Online at the Perseus Project Chapter 4 . Accessed July 2006 Jump up ^ Howard , Vicky . `` A real Man 's Ring : Gender and the Invention of Tradition . '' Journal of Social History , Summer 2003 , pp 837 -- 856 . Jump up ^ Yusuf al - Qaradawi . The Lawful and Prohibited in Islam ( online ) Jump up ^ Greenbaum , Toni . `` SILVER SPEAKS : TRADITIONAL JEWELRY FROM THE MIDDLE EAST '' . Metalsmith , Winter2004 , Vol. 24 , Issue 1 , p. 56 . Greenbaum provides the explanation for the lack of historical examples ; the majority of Islamic jewellery was in the form of bridal dowries , and traditionally was not handed down from generation to generation ; instead , on a woman 's death it was sold at the souk and recycled or sold to passers - by . Islamic jewellery from before the 19th century is thus exceedingly rare . Jump up ^ Hughes , Patrick ( 1995 ) . Dictionary of Islam . Jump up ^ `` Stone Bracelet May Have Been Made by Denisovans '' . 2015 . A stone bracelet unearthed in Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains of Siberia in 2008 is being called the oldest - known jewelry of its kind . Anatoly Derevyanko , director of the Russian Academy of Sciences ' Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography , and the research team believe that the cave 's Denisovan layers were uncontaminated by human activity from a later period . The soil around the two fragments of the jewelry piece was dated with oxygen isotopic analysis to 40,000 years ago . `` In the same layer , where we found a Denisovan bone , were found interesting things ; until then it was believed these were the hallmark of the emergence of Homo sapiens . First of all , there were symbolic items , such as jewelry , including the stone bracelet as well as a ring , carved out of marble , '' Derevyanko told The Siberian Times Jump up ^ Milner , N. et al. ( 2016 ) . A Unique Engraved Shale Pendant from the Site of Star Carr : the oldest Mesolithic art in Britain , Internet Archaeology 40 . Retrieved 1 March 2016 Jump up ^ The Austrian Independent News and Pictures . `` Cavewoman jeweller rewrites gender history '' . austrianindependent.com . ^ Jump up to : Reader 's Digest Association . 1986 . The last 2 million years . Reader 's Digest . ISBN 0 - 86438 - 007 - 0 Jump up ^ Nemet - Nejat , Daily Life , 155 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Nemet - Nejat , Daily Life , 295 -- 297 . Jump up ^ Nemet - Nejat , Daily Life , 297 . Jump up ^ Jewellery Through 7000 Years . British Museum Publications . 1976 . pp. 65 -- 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7141 - 0054 - 8 . Jump up ^ Deppert - Lippitz , Barbara ; Bromberg , Anne R. ; Dennis , John ( 1996 ) . `` Ch. 4 Europe and Western '' . Ancient Gold Jewelry at the Dallas Museum of Art . Dallas Museum of Art . pp. 88 -- 89 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 936227 - 19 - 1 . Jump up ^ Treister , Mikhail ( 2004 ) . `` Polychrome Necklaces from the Late Hellenistic Period '' . Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia . 10 ( 3 ) : 199 -- 257 . doi : 10.1163 / 1570057042596388 . Jump up ^ `` British Museum -- coin pendant / coin '' . British Museum . Jump up ^ Duby Georges and Philippe Ariès , eds . A History of Private Life Vol 1 -- From Pagan Rome to Byzantium . Harvard , 1987 . p 506 Jump up ^ Duby , throughout . Jump up ^ Sherrard , P. ( 1972 ) . Great Ages of Man : Byzantium . Time - Life International . Jump up ^ Scarisbrick , Diana . Rings : Symbols of Wealth , Power , and Affection . New York : Abrams , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3775 - 1 p 77 . ^ Jump up to : Farndon , J. ( 2001 ) . 1,000 Facts on Modern History . Miles Kelly Publishing . Jump up ^ Ilse - Neuman , Ursula . Book review `` Schmuck / Jewellery 1840 -- 1940 : Highlights from the Schmuckmuseum Pforzheim . ' ' ' ' Metalsmith ' ' . Fall2006 , Vol. 26 Issue 3 , p12 -- 13 , 2p Jump up ^ unknown . A history of feminine fashion . Nabu Pres . p. 71 . ISBN 9781289626945 . Jump up ^ Constantino , Maria . Art Nouveau . Knickerbocker Press ; 1999 ISBN 1 - 57715 - 074 - 0 as well as Ilse - Neuman 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Untracht , Oppi . Traditional Jewellery of India . New York : Abrams , 1997 ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3886 - 3 . p15 . Jump up ^ Lu , Peter J. , `` Early Precision Compound Machine from Ancient China . '' Science , 6 / 11 / 2004 , Vol. 304 , Issue 5677 ^ Jump up to : Reader 's Digest Association . 1983 . Vanished Civilisations . Reader 's Digest . Jump up ^ `` Bangles '' . Tamilnadu.com. 4 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` When showstopper Juhi walked down the ramp '' . Times of India . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Untracht , Oppi ( 1997 ) . Traditional Jewelry of India . p. 278 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3886 - 3 . Jump up ^ Prior , Katherine ; Adamson , John ( 2000 ) . Maharajas ' Jewels . New York : Vendome Press . p. 12 . ISBN 9780865652187 . Jump up ^ Prior , Katherine ( 2000 ) . Traditional Jewelry of India . New York : Vendome . p. 312 . Jump up ^ Larco Hoyle , Rafael ( 2008 ) . Museo Larco . Experience Ancient Peru . Lima : Museo Larco . ISBN 978 - 9972 - 9341 - 2 - 4 . Jump up ^ Miller , Mary Ellen ; Taube , Karl A. ( 1993 ) . The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya : An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion . Thames and Hudson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05068 - 2 . Jump up ^ Josephy Jr , A.M. ( 1994 ) . 500 Nations : The Illustrated History of North American Indians . Alfred A. Knopf. Inc . Jump up ^ Dubin , 17 ^ Jump up to : Neich , R. , Pereira , F. 2004 . Pacific Jewellery and Adornment . David Bateman & Auckland Museum . ISBN 1 - 86953 - 535 - 9 . Jump up ^ Dorling Kindersley Ltd. 1989 . Facts and Fallacies : Stories of the Strange and Unusual . Reader 's Digest . 11 -- 13 . Jump up ^ `` Maori made and wore items of jewllery ... '' , Te Papa Jump up ^ McCrieght , Tim . `` What 's New ? '' Metalsmith Spring 2006 , Vol. 26 Issue 1 , p42 -- 45 , 4p Jump up ^ `` Nineteenth - Century American Jewelry '' . metmuseum.org . Jump up ^ Mohemad , Dena . `` Manuel Albarran Metal Couture '' . Pushit Journal -- News Jump up ^ Ilbarra , Sabina ( May 5 , 2014 ) `` Q & A with Manuel Albarran '' . Living Out Loud ^ Jump up to : Packard , M. ( 2002 ) . Ripley 's Believe It or Not Special Edition . Scholastic Inc. p. 22 . Jump up ^ Treister , Mikhail ( 2004 ) . `` George Catlin among the Nayas : Understanding the Practice of Labret Wearing on the Northwest Coast '' . Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia . 10 ( 3 ) : 199 . JSTOR 483428 . doi : 10.1163 / 1570057042596388 . Jump up ^ KPMG India ( 2007 ) . `` Global Jewelry Consumption '' . Gems and Gemology . GIA . XLIII ( Summer 2007 ) : 180 . Further reading ( edit ) Borel , F. 1994 . The Splendor of Ethnic Jewelry : from the Colette and Jean - Pierre Ghysels Collection . New York : H.N. Abrams ( ISBN 0 - 8109 - 2993 - 7 ) . Evans , J. 1989 . A History of Jewellery 1100 -- 1870 ( ISBN 0 - 486 - 26122 - 0 ) . LaGamma , Alisa ( 1991 ) . Metropolitan jewelry . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 0870996169 . Nemet - Nejat , Karen Rhea 1998 . Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press ( ISBN 0 - 313 - 29497 - 6 ) . Tait , H. 1986 . Seven Thousand Years of Jewellery . London : British Museum Publications ( ISBN 0 - 7141 - 2034 - 0 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original works on the topic : Jewellery The dictionary definition of jewellery at Wiktionary Media related to Jewellery at Wikimedia Commons Media related to Jewellery shops at Wikimedia Commons Prehistoric technology Prehistory timeline outline Stone Age subdivisions New Stone Age synoptic table Technology history Tools Farming Neolithic Revolution founder crops New World crops Ard / plough Celt Digging stick Domestication Goad Irrigation Secondary products Sickle Terracing Food processing Fire Basket Cooking Earth oven Granaries Grinding slab Ground stone Hearth Aşıklı Höyük Qesem Cave Manos Metate Mortar and pestle Pottery Quern - stone Storage pit Hunting Arrow Boomerang throwing stick Bow and arrow history Nets Spear Spear - thrower baton harpoon woomera Schöningen Spears Projectile points Arrowhead Bare Island Cascade Clovis Cresswell Cumberland Eden Folsom Lamoka Manis Site Plano Transverse arrowhead Systems Game drive system Buffalo jump Toolmaking Earliest toolmaking Oldowan Acheulean Mousterian Clovis culture Cupstone Fire hardening Gravettian culture Hafting Hand axe Grooves Langdale axe industry Levallois technique Lithic core Lithic reduction analysis debitage flake Lithic technology Magdalenian culture Metallurgy Microblade technology Mining Prepared - core technique Solutrean industry Striking platform Tool stone Uniface Yubetsu technique Other tools Adze Awl bone Axe Bannerstone Blade prismatic Bone tool Bow drill Burin Canoe Oar Pesse canoe Chopper tool Cleaver Denticulate tool Fire plough Fire - saw Hammerstone Knife Microlith Quern - stone Racloir Rope Scraper side Stone tool Tally stick Weapons Wheel illustration Architecture Ceremonial Göbekli Tepe Kiva Standing stones megalith row Stonehenge Pyramid Dwellings Neolithic architecture British megalith architecture Nordic megalith architecture Burdei Cave Cliff dwelling Dugout Hut Quiggly hole Jacal Longhouse Mud brick Mehrgarh Neolithic long house Pit - house Pueblitos Pueblo Rock shelter Blombos Cave Abri de la Madeleine Sibudu Cave Stone roof Roundhouse Stilt house Alp pile dwellings Wattle and daub Water management Check dam Cistern Flush toilet Reservoir Water well Other architecture Archaeological features Broch Burnt mound fulacht fiadh Causewayed enclosure Tor enclosure Circular enclosure Goseck Cursus Henge Thornborough Oldest buildings Megalithic architectural elements Midden Timber circle Timber trackway Sweet Track Arts and culture Material goods Baskets Beadwork Beds Chalcolithic Clothing / textiles timeline Cosmetics Glue Hides shoes Ötzi Jewelry amber use Mirrors Pottery Cardium Grooved ware Linear Jōmon Unstan ware Sewing needle Weaving Wine Winery wine press Prehist Art Art of the Upper Paleolithic Art of the Middle Paleolithic Blombos Cave List of Stone Age art Bird stone Bradshaw rock paintings Cairn Carved Stone Balls Cave paintings painting pigment Cup and ring mark Geoglyph Golden hats Guardian stones Megalithic art Petroform Petroglyph Petrosomatoglyph Pictogram Rock art Stone carving Sculpture Statue menhir Stone circle list British Isles and Brittany Venus figurines Burial Burial mounds Bowl barrow Round barrow Mound Builders culture U.S. sites Chamber tomb Severn - Cotswold Cist Dartmoor kistvaens Clava cairn Court tomb Cremation Dolmen Great dolmen Funeral pyre Gallery grave transepted wedge - shaped Grave goods Jar burial Long barrow unchambered Grønsalen Megalithic tomb Mummy Passage grave Rectangular dolmen Ring cairn Simple dolmen Stone box grave Tor cairn Tumulus Unchambered long cairn Other cultural Astronomy sites lunar calendar Behavioral modernity Origin of language Prehistoric medicine trepanning Evolutionary musicology music archaeology Prehistoric music Alligator drum flutes Divje Babe flute gudi Prehistoric numerals Origin of religion Paleolithic religion Prehistoric religion Spiritual drug use Prehistoric warfare Symbols symbolism Jewellery Forms Anklet Barrette Belt buckle Belly chain Bindi Bracelet Brooch Chatelaine Collar pin Crown Cufflink Earring Ferronnière Lapel pin Necklace Pectoral Pendant Ring Tiara Tie clip Tie pin Toe ring Watch pocket strap Making People Bench jeweler Clockmaker Goldsmith Silversmith Jewelry designer Lapidary Watchmaker Processes Carving Casting centrifugal lost - wax vacuum Enameling Engraving Filigree Kazaziye Metal clay Plating Polishing Repoussé and chasing Soldering Stonesetting Wire sculpture Wire wrapped jewelry Tools Draw plate File Hammer Mandrel Pliers Materials Precious metals Gold Palladium Platinum Rhodium Silver Precious metal alloys Britannia silver Colored gold Crown gold Electrum Shakudō Shibuichi Sterling silver Tumbaga Base metals Brass Bronze Copper Mokume - gane Pewter Stainless steel Titanium Tungsten Mineral gemstones Aventurine Agate Amethyst Beryl Carnelian Chrysoberyl Diamond Diopside Emerald Garnet Jade Jasper Lapis lazuli Larimar Malachite Marcasite Moonstone Obsidian Onyx Opal Pearl Peridot Prasiolite Quartz Ruby Sapphire Sodalite Spinel Sunstone Tanzanite Tiger 's eye Topaz Tourmaline Turquoise Zircon Organic gemstones Abalone Amber Ammolite Copal Coral Ivory Jet Nacre Other natural objects Bog - wood Hair Shell jewelry Toadstone Terms Carat ( mass ) Carat ( purity ) Finding Millesimal fineness Art jewelry Related topics Body piercing Fashion Gemology Phaleristics Metalworking Wearable art GND : 4052945 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&oldid=801724033 '' Categories : Jewellery Fashion accessories Human appearance Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use British English from December 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools Acèh አማርኛ Armãneashti Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Runa Simi Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 12 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the first piece of jewelry made | [
"Jewellery (British English) or jewelry (American English)[1] consists of small decorative items worn for personal adornment, such as brooches, rings, necklaces, earrings, pendants and bracelets. Jewellery may be attached to the body or the clothes, and the term is restricted to durable ornaments, excluding flowers for example. For many centuries metal, often combined with gemstones, has been the normal material for jewellery, but other materials such as shells and other plant materials may be used. It is one of the oldest type of archaeological artefact – with 100,000-year-old beads made from Nassarius shells thought to be the oldest known jewellery.[2] The basic forms of jewellery vary between cultures but are often extremely long-lived; in European cultures the most common forms of jewellery listed above have persisted since ancient times, while other forms such as adornments for the nose or ankle, important in other cultures, are much less common."
] | [
"100,000-year-old beads made from Nassarius shells"
] |
-2346812126286598829 | Toner (skin care) | Toner ( skin care ) - wikipedia Toner ( skin care ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about toner as used in skin care . For toner as used in photocopiers and laser printers , see Toner . This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In cosmetics , skin toner or simply toner refers to a lotion or wash designed to cleanse the skin and shrink the appearance of pores , usually used on the face . Toners can be applied to the skin in different ways : On damp cotton wool . ( This is the most frequently used method . ) Spraying onto the face . By applying a tonic gauze facial mask -- a piece of gauze is covered with toner and left on the face for a few minutes . Users often apply moisturiser after toner has dried . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types of toners 1.1 Skin bracers or fresheners 1.2 Skin tonics 1.3 Astringents Types of toners ( edit ) Skin bracers or fresheners ( edit ) These are the mildest form of toners ; they contain water and a humectant such as glycerine , and little if any alcohol ( 0 -- 10 % ) . Humectants help to keep the moisture in the upper layers of the epidermis by preventing it from evaporating . A popular example of this is rosewater . These toners are the gentlest to the skin , and are most suitable for use on dry , dehydrated , sensitive and normal skins . It may give a burning sensation to sensitive skin . Skin tonics ( edit ) These are slightly stronger and contain a small quantity of alcohol ( up to 20 % ) , water and a humectant ingredient . Orange flower water is an example of a skin tonic . Skin tonics are suitable for use on normal , combination , and oily skin . Astringents ( edit ) These are the strongest form of toner and contain a high proportion of alcohol ( 20 -- 60 % ) , antiseptic ingredients , water , and a humectant ingredient . These can be irritating and damaging to the skin as they can remove excess protective lipids as well as denature proteins in the skin when a high percentage of alcohol is used . Cosmetics Face Anti-aging cream BB cream Botulinum toxin ( Botox ) Concealer Cotton pad Cleanser Facial Facial toning Foundation Moisturizer Permanent makeup Primer Powder Rouge Skin whitening Toner Veil Venetian ceruse Lips Lipstick Balm Gloss Liner Plumper Stain Eyes Blepharoplasty Circle contact lens Eyelash extensions Eyelid glue Eye liner Eye shadow Kohl Mascara Hair Conditioner Hair coloring and bleaching Removal chemical electric laser IPL plucking shaving threading waxing Shampoo Styling products gel mousse pomade spray wax Nails Artificial nails Buffing Manicure Nail polish Pedicure Body Body powder Cold cream Lotion Cosmetic surgery Peeling Skin whitening Related topics Cosmetic electrotherapy Cosmetic ingredients Cosmetics advertising Cosmetology History of cosmetics Cosmetic industry Major cosmetic brands Ahava Almay AmorePacific Anna Sui Artistry Aveda Avon Bath & Body Works Benefit Biotherm Bobbi Brown Bonne Bell Brihans Natural Products Bumble and bumble Burt 's Bees Cargo Carol 's Daughter Clarins Clinique Coty CoverGirl Creme 21 Cutex Daigaku Honyaku Center Elizabeth Arden , Inc . Estée Lauder Eyes Lips Face Etude House Faberge Farmec Garnier Guerlain Hard Candy Helena Rubinstein Kao Corporation Kevyn Aucoin Kiehl 's Lancôme Laneige Laura Mercier Laura Mercier Cosmetics Lise Watier L'Oréal L'occitane Love Cosmetics Lush MAC Cosmetics Mary Kay Max Factor Maybelline Missha Molton Brown NARS Natura Natural Wonder Nature Republic Neal 's Yard Remedies Neutrogena Nexxus Nivea O Boticário OPI Oriflame Origins Paula Begoun Pond 's Red Earth Revlon Richard Hudnut Rimmel Sephora Shiseido Shu Uemura SimplySiti SK - II SkinCeuticals Skin Food Stila The Body Shop The Face Shop ULTA Beauty Ultima II Urban Decay Vaseline Vichy Victoria 's Secret Wella Yves Rocher Categories Companies People History Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toner_(skin_care)&oldid=821507720 '' Categories : Skin care Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from June 2008 All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Suomi Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 22 : 30 . About Wikipedia | what is toner used for on the face | [
"In cosmetics, skin toner or simply toner refers to a lotion or wash designed to cleanse the skin and shrink the appearance of pores, usually used on the face. Toners can be applied to the skin in different ways:"
] | [
"to cleanse the skin and shrink the appearance of pores"
] |
-3054264083073299674 | Walking Tall (1973 film) | Walking Tall ( 1973 film ) - wikipedia Walking Tall ( 1973 film ) Jump to : navigation , search For the 2004 remake , see Walking Tall ( 2004 film ) . Walking Tall Theatrical release poster Directed by Phil Karlson Produced by Mort Briskin Written by Mort Briskin Stephen Downing John Michael Hayes ( uncredited ) Starring Joe Don Baker Elizabeth Hartman Music by Walter Scharf Cinematography Jack A. Marta Edited by Harry W. Gerstad Production company Bing Crosby Productions Distributed by Cinerama Releasing Corporation Release date February 22 , 1973 ( 1973 - 02 - 22 ) Running time 125 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $500,000 Box office $23 million Walking Tall is a 1973 American action semi-biopic film of Sheriff Buford Pusser , a professional wrestler - turned - lawman in McNairy County , Tennessee . It starred Joe Don Baker as Pusser . The film was directed by Phil Karlson . Based on Pusser 's life , it was a combination of very loosely based fact and Hollywood revisionism . It has since become a well known cult classic with two direct sequels of its own , a TV movie , a brief TV series and a remake that had its own two sequels . Two actresses associated with this film went on to commit suicide : Brenda Benet , who was married to Bill Bixby from 1971 - 1979 , took her life in April 1982 ; Elizabeth Hartman jumped from the 5th floor of a Pittsburgh apartment building in June 1987 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Sequels 4 Remake 5 Reception 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Buford Pusser ( Joe Don Baker ) , at his wife Pauline 's ( Elizabeth Hartman ) behest , retires from the professional wrestling ring and moves back to Tennessee to start a logging business with his father , Carl Pusser ( Noah Beery , Jr . ) . With a friend , he visits a gambling and prostitution establishment , the Lucky Spot , and is beaten up after catching the house cheating at craps . Pusser is seriously injured with a knife and receives over 200 stitches . He complains to the sheriff but is ignored , and soon becomes aware of the rampant corruption in McNairy County . Later , working at his father 's lumber mill , Pusser makes a club out of a tree branch . Late one night , Pusser waits until after the Lucky Spot is closed and beats up the same thugs that left him for dead . The next day , Pusser is arrested and represents himself at trial . At one point , he rips off his shirt and shows the jury his scars . He informs them that `` If you let them do this to me and get away with it , then you 're giving them the eternal right to do the same damn thing to any one of you ! '' The jury finds Pusser not guilty , and he decides to clean up the county and runs for sheriff . Pusser wins , and becomes famous for being incorruptible , intolerant of crime , and for his array of four - foot hickory clubs which he uses to great effect in dispatching criminals and destroying their clandestine gambling dens and illegal distilleries . Some residents praise Pusser as an honest cop in a crooked town ; others denounce him as a bully willing to break some laws to uphold others . Pusser is attacked several times , and finally he and Pauline are ambushed in their car . Pauline is killed and Pusser is seriously injured . He is admitted to the hospital after being shot and while still in a neck and face cast , attends his wife 's funeral . Afterward he rams a sheriff cruiser through the front doors of the Lucky Spot , killing two of his would - be assassins . As he leaves with two deputies , the townspeople arrive and begin throwing the gambling tables out into the parking lot . They light a bonfire as an overwhelmed Pusser wipes tears from his eyes . Cast ( edit ) Joe Don Baker as Buford Pusser Elizabeth Hartman as Pauline Pusser Lurene Tuttle as Helen Pusser Noah Beery , Jr. as Carl Pusser Dawn Lyn as Dwana Pusser Leif Garrett as Mike Pusser Felton Perry as Obra Eaker Logan Ramsey as John Witter Rosemary Murphy as Callie Hacker Gene Evans as Sheriff Al Thurman Bruce Glover as Grady Coker Kenneth Tobey as Augie Mccullah Don Keefer as Dr. Lamar Stivers Douglas Fowley as Judge Clarke Pepper Martin as Zolan Dicks Ted Jordan as Virgil Button Red West as Sheriff Tanner Brenda Benet ( Brenda Benét ) as Luan Paxton Arch Johnson as Buel Jaggers Russell Thorson as Ferrin Meaks Gil Perkins as 1st Bouncer Carey Loftin as Dice Player Warner Venetz as Stickman Gene LeBell as 2nd Bouncer Del Monroe as Otie Doss Sequels ( edit ) The original Walking Tall was a hit , but the sequels , Walking Tall Part 2 ( September 28 , 1975 ) , and Walking Tall : Final Chapter ( August 10 , 1977 ) , both starring Bo Svenson , were far less profitable . On December 9 , 1978 , CBS aired A Real American Hero , with Brian Dennehy as Buford Pusser . Remake ( edit ) Main article : A Real American Hero ( TV film ) In 1978 , CBS aired a television movie titled A Real American Hero : Buford Pusser , starring Brian Dennehy as the title character . The film is set in 1967 and focused on the real - life sheriff Buford Pusser who goes after a criminal who has killed young people with his illegal moonshine . Main article : Walking Tall ( 2004 film ) In 2004 , a remake starring professional wrestler Dwayne `` The Rock '' Johnson was made . Although it utilized many elements from Pusser 's life and the original Walking Tall , many things were changed . Johnson 's character 's name was now Chris Vaughn , the sheriff is trying to stop the selling of illegal drugs instead of illegal moonshine , and the film 's setting became semi-rural Kitsap County , Washington , although it was filmed in Squamish , B.C. , Canada . Two sequels to the remake were produced , and released in 2007 : Walking Tall : The Payback and Walking Tall : Lone Justice , both made in Dallas , Texas and released directly to DVD . These sequels starred Kevin Sorbo as Nick Prescott , the son of the town 's sheriff who takes the law into his own hands when his father is killed in a suspicious car accident . Reception ( edit ) The film holds a 75 % `` Fresh '' rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes . Walking Tall was a box office smash . Produced on a budget of $500,000 , the film grossed $23 million domestically , earning an estimated $8.5 million in North American theatrical rentals in 1973 . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2003 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains : Buford Pusser -- Nominated Hero See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1973 Vigilante film References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Walking Tall , Worldwide Box Office '' . Worldwide Box Office . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vincent Canby ( 1974 - 02 - 09 ) . `` ' Walking Tall ' : Film Depicts Violence in a Small Town '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/24319/Walking-Tall/trivia.html Jump up ^ `` ' Walking Tall ' '' . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Big Rental Films of 1973 '' , Variety , 9 January 1974 , pg 19 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Walking Tall on IMDb Walking Tall at AllMovie Walking Tall at the TCM Movie Database Walking Tall at the American Film Institute Catalog Walking Tall at Rotten Tomatoes Walking Tall Originals Walking Tall ( 1973 ) Walking Tall Part 2 ( 1975 ) Walking Tall : Final Chapter ( 1977 ) Remakes Walking Tall ( 2004 ) Walking Tall : The Payback ( 2007 ) Walking Tall : Lone Justice ( 2007 ) Television productions A Real American Hero ( 1978 ) Walking Tall ( 1981 ) Related topics Buford Pusser Films directed by Phil Karlson A Wave , a WAC and a Marine ( 1944 ) G.I. Honeymoon ( 1945 ) There Goes Kelly ( 1945 ) The Shanghai Cobra ( 1945 ) Live Wires ( 1946 ) Swing Parade of 1946 ( 1946 ) Dark Alibi ( 1946 ) Behind the Mask ( 1946 ) Bowery Bombshell ( 1946 ) Wife Wanted ( 1946 ) Black Gold ( 1947 ) Louisiana ( 1947 ) Ladies of the Chorus ( 1948 ) Rocky ( 1948 ) Above All Laws ( 1948 ) Fury ( 1948 ) The Big Cat ( 1949 ) Down Memory Lane ( 1949 ) The Iroquois Trail ( 1950 ) Lorna Doone ( 1951 ) The Texas Rangers ( 1951 ) Mask of the Avenger ( 1951 ) Scandal Sheet ( 1952 ) The Brigand ( 1952 ) Kansas City Confidential ( 1952 ) 99 River Street ( 1953 ) They Rode West ( 1954 ) Tight Spot ( 1955 ) Hell 's Island ( 1955 ) 5 Against the House ( 1955 ) The Phenix City Story ( 1955 ) The Brothers Rico ( 1957 ) Gunman 's Walk ( 1958 ) Hell to Eternity ( 1960 ) Key Witness ( 1960 ) The Secret Ways ( 1961 ) The Young Doctors ( 1961 ) Kid Galahad ( 1962 ) The Scarface Mob ( 1962 ) Rampage ( 1963 ) The Silencers ( 1966 ) A Time for Killing ( 1967 ) The Wrecking Crew ( 1968 ) Hornets ' Nest ( 1970 ) Ben ( 1972 ) Walking Tall ( 1973 ) Framed ( 1975 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walking_Tall_(1973_film)&oldid=809443581 '' Categories : 1973 films English - language films 1970s action thriller films 1970s biographical films American action thriller films American biographical films American films Films set in Tennessee Films shot in Tennessee McNairy County , Tennessee Television programs based on films Walking Tall ( films ) Films directed by Phil Karlson Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 03 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the original actor in walking tall | [
"Walking Tall is a 1973 American action semi-biopic film of Sheriff Buford Pusser, a professional wrestler-turned-lawman in McNairy County, Tennessee. It starred Joe Don Baker as Pusser. The film was directed by Phil Karlson.[2] Based on Pusser's life, it was a combination of very loosely based fact and Hollywood revisionism. It has since become a well known cult classic with two direct sequels of its own, a TV movie, a brief TV series and a remake that had its own two sequels."
] | [
"Joe Don Baker"
] |
8681320806748431740 | Land of Make Believe (amusement park) | Land of Make Believe ( amusement park ) - wikipedia Land of Make Believe ( amusement park ) Jump to : navigation , search For the defunct theme park formerly located in Upper Jay , New York , see Land of Makebelieve . Land of Make Believe Location Hope , New Jersey , USA Coordinates 40 ° 54.122 ′ N 74 ° 57.542 ′ W / 40.902033 ° N 74.959033 ° W / 40.902033 ; - 74.959033 Coordinates : 40 ° 54.122 ′ N 74 ° 57.542 ′ W / 40.902033 ° N 74.959033 ° W / 40.902033 ; - 74.959033 Opened 1954 ( 1954 ) Operating season May -- September Area 30 acres ( 12 ha ) Rides Total 33 Roller coasters Water rides 9 Website www.lomb.com The Land of Make Believe is a family amusement park catering mostly to children under 8 years of age . Opened in 1954 , it is in Hope Township , New Jersey , United States , on County Route 611 , two miles from exit 12 off of Interstate 80 . It centers itself around `` Safe and wholesome recreation '' , with entertaining rides and attractions that are enjoyed mostly by children under 8 but also has some attractions for people of all ages but not so extreme that it scares off young children mixed in . Some of its most prominent attractions are the civil war train ( which loops around most of the park ) , the Buccaneer Pirate & Wading Pool , and the Black Hole waterslide . The Land of Make Believe has many of the standard amusement park rides like a junior sized roller coaster , and a Tilt - A-Whirl as well as more specialized attractions like a hay ride and a petting zoo . Some more of the water attractions include the Pirates Plunge , Blackbeard 's Pirate Fort , The Sidewinder , Blackbeard 's Action River Ride , and three waterslides . Train at Land of Make Believe Initially , the park featured only attractions for small children , adding some water attractions for children in the late 1980s . Beginning in the first decade of the 2000s , the park has begun to add rides that adults can enjoy but yet are not too extreme for children . These included standard intermediate adult flat rides found in carnivals and amusement parks as well as larger waterslides found in major waterparks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rides and attractions 2 Former rides and attractions 3 Water rides and attractions 4 References 5 External links Rides and attractions ( edit ) Name Description Thrill Type Notes Jump Around Frog Low Riders must be under 36 in ( 91 cm ) to ride . Rockin ' Tug Moderate Manufactured by Zamperella Tornado Ranging from Moderate to High Manufactured by Wisdom Industries T - Rex Ranging from Moderate to High Free Fallin ' High This ride was formerly `` The Frogger '' Samba Balloon Ride Moderate Manufactured by Zamperella Ferris Wheel Low Grand Carousel Low Civil War Locomotive and Train Ride A C.P. Huntington miniature train that represents a steam locomotive in the 1800s during the Civil War . Low Thriller The park 's only roller coaster that opened in 1994 . High Riders must be between 33 -- 36 in ( 84 -- 91 cm ) and accompanied by an adult . Tilt - A-Whirl High Manufactured by Sellner Manufacturing Company Indian River Low Red Baron A ride where riders ride in miniature airplanes that represented planes used in World War I . Moderate Dixie Car A simple ride featuring miniature police cars and race cars . Riders can control the sounds . Low Magic Dragon Low Carnival Midway Located by the front entrance . This midway has a lot of boardwalk carnival games to choose from that include great prizes . N / A N / A Captain Ricky The park 's official mascot . He is a bear who wears a pilot 's uniform . N / A N / A Middle Earth Theater A Medieval themed - show where guests can participate by dressing up into different costumes and being the stars of the show . N / A On rainy days , a puppet show is given . Santa 's Barn An enchanted Christmas forest which is Santa Claus ' summer home . Guests can tell Santa what they want for Christmas ahead of time and get free cookie cutters . There is also a pizza place ( Mama Santa 's Pizza ) , gift shop , and ice cream parlor ( Rudolph 's Ice Cream ) inside . N / A N / A Arcade The park also houses an arcade filled with video games where guests can win tickets to redeem for prizes . N / A N / A Haunted House & Cemetery A haunted house full of scary things inside of it . Next to the haunted house is a cemetery . N / A N / A Hay Ride An authentic old - fashioned hay ride pulled by a tractor . Low World War II Airplane Cockpit Guests can view and play with the controls in a replica World War II Airplane N / A N / A Jenny Jump House A historic house complete with an audio history about the legend of Jenny Jump . N / A N / A Old MacDonald 's Farm A petting zoo complete with live farm animals . N / A N / A Colonel Corn , Famous Talking Scarecrow Guests can interact with a scarecrow that talks . N / A N / A Maze and Candy Cane Forest A forest that is full of giant - sized candy canes and a maze that is located next to it . Both are located directly across from Santa 's Barn . N / A N / A Family Picnic Grove An area full of picnic tables where guests eat . N / A N / A Land of Make Believe Mining Company N / A N / A Pirate 's Cove The park 's waterpark that is pirate themed . Water rides ranging from low to high N / A Cookie House The park 's gift shop . N / A N / A Former rides and attractions ( edit ) Name Description Notes Obstacle Course A play obstacle course that featured cargo nets and a ball pit . N / A Frogger This moderate ride was replaced by Free Fallin ' . Little Dipper A former roller coaster in the park . Worm Ride Water rides and attractions ( edit ) Name Description Thrill Type Notes Pirate 's Plunge and Pirate 's Cannonball Pirate 's Plunge is a water ride where guests are taken down a slide , then down a huge plunge hole . Pirate 's Cannonball , on the other hand , is a water slide ride . High Tubes are required for Pirate 's Plunge , but not for Pirate 's Cannonball Wading Pool The wading pool is equipped with a pirate ship and small slides . N / A N / A Blackbeard 's Action River Ride A popular lazy river tube rafting ride . Low N / A Pirate 's Escape Guests are put inside a launch tube and then slide down High N / A Sidewinder Guests slide down a waterspray halfpipe . High This is the first Sidewinder water ride in the entire state of New Jersey . The Black Hole A tunnel like water slide . High Recommended for guests 8 and up . Water Slides Other water slides in the park include a blue waterslide and two white waterslides . High Blackbeard 's Pirate Fort Another part of the waterpark that has a water play area and a water bucket . N / A N / A References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Land of Make Believe - About Us '' . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Official site Land of Make Believe at the Roller Coaster DataBase Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Land_of_Make_Believe_(amusement_park)&oldid=782734801 '' Categories : 1954 establishments in New Jersey Amusement parks in New Jersey Buildings and structures in Warren County , New Jersey Hope Township , New Jersey Tourist attractions in Warren County , New Jersey Amusement parks opened in 1954 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 May 2017 , at 21 : 24 . About Wikipedia | the land of make believe hope new jersey | [
"The Land of Make Believe is a family amusement park catering mostly to children under 8 years of age. Opened in 1954, it is in Hope Township, New Jersey, United States, on County Route 611, two miles from exit 12 off of Interstate 80.[1] It centers itself around \"Safe and wholesome recreation\", with entertaining rides and attractions that are enjoyed mostly by children under 8 but also has some attractions for people of all ages but not so extreme that it scares off young children mixed in."
] | [
"amusement park"
] |
5445401749613648184 | Real Time with Bill Maher (season 16) | Real Time with Bill Maher ( season 16 ) - wikipedia Real Time with Bill Maher ( season 16 ) Real Time with Bill Maher ( season 16 ) Amazon Video purchase image Country of origin United States Release Original network HBO Original release January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 15 List of Real Time with Bill Maher episodes This is a list of episodes from the sixteenth season of Real Time with Bill Maher . Contents 1 Episodes 1.1 Special ( 2018 ) 2 References 3 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Real Time with Bill Maher episodes No . overall No. in season Guests Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 446 Larry Wilmore , Michael Wolff , Andrew Sullivan , Saru Jayaraman January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 1.89 447 Roger McNamee , Rick Wilson , Ro Khanna , Michelle Goldberg , Zooey Deschanel January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) 1.85 448 Anthony Scaramucci , Donna Brazile , Richard Haass , David Frum February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) 1.91 449 Bari Weiss , Adam Schiff , April Ryan , Richard Painter , Johann Hari February 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) 1.88 450 5 Salman Rushdie , Vicente Fox , Anna Deavere Smith , Fran Lebowitz February 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) 1.84 451 6 Eric Holder , Jon Meacham , Amy Chua , David Hogg , Cameron Kasky March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) 1.91 452 7 Kathy Griffin , Ana Navarro , Erick Erickson , Bari Weiss , Trae Crowder March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) 1.97 453 8 Beto O'Rourke , Billy Bush , Andrew Ross Sorkin , Pete Dominick , Nayyera Haq March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) 1.86 454 9 Chris Hayes , Mitch Landrieu , Gina McCarthy , Mona Charen , Malcolm Nance March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) 1.80 455 10 Geraldo Rivera , Heather McGhee , Max Boot , Eliot Spitzer , Louie Anderson April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 1.84 456 11 Brian Schatz , Andy Cohen , Jason Kander , Maya Wiley , Jonathan Chait April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 1.56 457 12 Michael Avenatti , Frank Bruni , Alex Wagner , Jordan Peterson , Jay Inslee April 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 20 ) 1.75 458 13 Ronan Farrow , Ross Douthat , Ian Bremmer , Ana Marie Cox , John Podhoretz April 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 27 ) 1.68 459 14 Jon Meacham , Michael Hayden , Matt Welch , Sally Kohn , Michael Tubbs May 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 04 ) 1.50 460 15 Ethan Hawke , Robert Reich , Killer Mike , Duncan D. Hunter May 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 11 ) 1.52 461 16 Dan Savage , Bari Weiss , Evan McMullin , Dambisa Moyo , Clint Watts May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) 1.80 462 17 Bernie Sanders , Charlamagne tha God , Paul Begala , Bret Stephens , Natasha Bertrand June 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 01 ) 1.77 463 18 Fareed Zakaria , John Heilemann , Michael Eric Dyson , Linda Chavez , Shermichael Singleton June 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 08 ) 1.46 464 19 George Will , Karen Bass , Billy Eichner , Margaret Hoover , Michael Weiss June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 1.68 465 20 Michael Smerconish , Michael Pollan , Neera Tanden , Colion Noir , Josh Barro June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) 1.57 466 21 Michael Moore , Bradley Whitford , Jennifer Rubin , Lawrence Wilkerson , Ben Shapiro June 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 29 ) 1.67 467 22 Nancy MacLean , Steve Schmidt , Charles Blow , Malcolm Nance , Kristen Soltis Anderson August 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 03 ) 1.44 468 23 D.L. Hughley , Lawrence O'Donnell , Seth Moulton , Steven Pinker , Christina Bellantoni August 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 10 ) 1.59 469 24 Preet Bharara , Jennifer Granholm , Charlie Sykes , Jonathan Swan , Adam Conover August 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 17 ) 1.69 470 25 John Brennan , David Corn , Rick Wilson , Saru Jayaraman , Kara Swisher August 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 24 ) 1.66 471 26 Jim Carrey , David Axelrod , Charlie Dent , Michelle Goldberg , Jack Bryan September 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 07 ) 1.68 472 27 John Kerry , Steve Ballmer , S.E. Cupp , Mark Leibovich , Richard Clarke September 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 14 ) 1.74 473 28 Michael Moore , Thom Hartmann , P.J. O'Rourke , Catherine Rampell , Steve Hilton September 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 21 ) 1.70 474 29 Steve Bannon , Neil deGrasse Tyson , Evelyn Farkas , Max Brooks , April Ryan September 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 28 ) 1.76 475 30 Doris Kearns Goodwin , Soledad O'Brien , David Jolly , Andrew Sullivan , Jeff Bridges October 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 05 ) 1.73 476 31 Omarosa Manigault Newman , Eddie Glaude , Steve Kornacki , Reihan Salam , Rebecca Traister October 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 12 ) 1.74 477 32 Stormy Daniels , Anthony Scaramucci , Betsy Woodruff , Max Boot , Jonathan Haidt October 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 26 ) TBD 478 33 Barbra Streisand , Chelsea Handler , Jim VandeHei , Anthony Romero November 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 02 ) TBD 479 34 November 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 09 ) TBD 480 35 November 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 16 ) TBD Special ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) -- `` Anniversary Special '' October 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 19 ) 1.51 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Schedule Search Results for `` Real Time '' `` . HBO . Retrieved September 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.19. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.26. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.2. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.9. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.16. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.2. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.9. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.16. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.23. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.6. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.13. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.20. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.27. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.4. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.11. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.18. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.1. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.8. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.15. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.22. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.29. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 6 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.3. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 13 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.10. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 20 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.17. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 27 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.24. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 10 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.7. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 17 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.14. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 24 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.21. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 1 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.28. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 9 , 2018 ) . `` Friday cable ratings : MLB playoffs win the night , ' Real Time with Bill Maher ' ticks back down '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 16 , 2018 ) . `` Friday cable ratings : ' Gold Rush ' premieres down , ' Real Time with Bill Maher ' holds steady '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Real Time With Bill Maher : Anniversary Special '' . HBO . Retrieved September 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 22 , 2018 ) . `` Friday cable ratings : MLB Playoffs lead the night , ' Gold Rush ' holds steady '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) HBO.com Episode List HBO.com Real Time with Bill Maher Free ( audio - only ) episodes and Overtime podcast TV.com Episode Guide List of Real Time with Bill Maher episodes on IMDb Real Time with Bill Maher seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Real_Time_with_Bill_Maher_(season_16)&oldid=865928238 '' Categories : Real Time with Bill Maher seasons 2018 American television seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 03 : 02 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when does real time with bill maher come back | [
"No.overallNo. inseasonGuestsOriginal air date [1]U.S. viewers(millions)4461Larry Wilmore, Michael Wolff, Andrew Sullivan, Saru JayaramanJanuary 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)1.89[2]\n4472Roger McNamee, Rick Wilson, Ro Khanna, Michelle Goldberg, Zooey DeschanelJanuary 26, 2018 (2018-01-26)1.85[3]\n4483Anthony Scaramucci, Donna Brazile, Richard Haass, David FrumFebruary 2, 2018 (2018-02-02)1.91[4]\n4494Bari Weiss, Adam Schiff, April Ryan, Richard Painter, Johann HariFebruary 9, 2018 (2018-02-09)1.88[5]\n4505Salman Rushdie, Vicente Fox, Anna Deavere Smith, Fran LebowitzFebruary 16, 2018 (2018-02-16)1.84[6]\n4516Eric Holder, Jon Meacham, Amy Chua, David Hogg, Cameron KaskyMarch 2, 2018 (2018-03-02)1.91[7]\n4527Kathy Griffin, Ana Navarro, Erick Erickson, Bari Weiss, Trae CrowderMarch 9, 2018 (2018-03-09)1.97[8]\n4538Beto O'Rourke, Billy Bush, Andrew Ross Sorkin, Pete Dominick, Nayyera HaqMarch 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)1.86[9]\n4549Chris Hayes, Mitch Landrieu, Gina McCarthy, Mona Charen, Malcolm NanceMarch 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)1.80[10]\n45510Geraldo Rivera, Heather McGhee, Max Boot, Eliot Spitzer, Louie AndersonApril 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)1.84[11]\n45611Brian Schatz, Andy Cohen, Jason Kander, Maya Wiley, Jonathan ChaitApril 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)1.56[12]\n45712Michael Avenatti, Frank Bruni, Alex Wagner, Jordan Peterson, Jay InsleeApril 20, 2018 (2018-04-20)1.75[13]\n45813Ronan Farrow, Ross Douthat, Ian Bremmer, Ana Marie Cox, John PodhoretzApril 27, 2018 (2018-04-27)1.68[14]\n45914Jon Meacham, Michael Hayden, Matt Welch, Sally Kohn, Michael TubbsMay 4, 2018 (2018-05-04)1.50[15]\n46015Ethan Hawke, Robert Reich, Killer Mike, Duncan D. HunterMay 11, 2018 (2018-05-11)1.52[16]\n46116Dan Savage, Bari Weiss, Evan McMullin, Dambisa Moyo, Clint WattsMay 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)1.80[17]\n46217Bernie Sanders, Charlamagne tha God, Paul Begala, Bret Stephens, Natasha BertrandJune 1, 2018 (2018-06-01)1.77[18]\n46318Fareed Zakaria, John Heilemann, Michael Eric Dyson, Linda Chavez, Shermichael SingletonJune 8, 2018 (2018-06-08)1.46[19]\n46419George Will, Karen Bass, Billy Eichner, Margaret Hoover, Michael WeissJune 15, 2018 (2018-06-15)1.68[20]\n46520Michael Smerconish, Michael Pollan, Neera Tanden, Colion Noir, Josh BarroJune 22, 2018 (2018-06-22)1.57[21]\n46621Michael Moore, Bradley Whitford, Jennifer Rubin, Lawrence Wilkerson, Ben ShapiroJune 29, 2018 (2018-06-29)1.67[22]\n46722Nancy MacLean, Steve Schmidt, Charles Blow, Malcolm Nance, Kristen Soltis AndersonAugust 3, 2018 (2018-08-03)1.44[23]\n46823D.L. Hughley, Lawrence O'Donnell, Seth Moulton, Steven Pinker, Christina BellantoniAugust 10, 2018 (2018-08-10)1.59[24]\n46924Preet Bharara, Jennifer Granholm, Charlie Sykes, Jonathan Swan, Adam ConoverAugust 17, 2018 (2018-08-17)1.69[25]\n47025John Brennan, David Corn, Rick Wilson, Saru Jayaraman, Kara SwisherAugust 24, 2018 (2018-08-24)1.66[26]\n47126Jim Carrey, David Axelrod, Charlie Dent, Michelle Goldberg, Jack BryanSeptember 7, 2018 (2018-09-07)1.68[27]\n47227John Kerry, Steve Ballmer, S.E. Cupp, Mark Leibovich, Richard ClarkeSeptember 14, 2018 (2018-09-14)1.74[28]\n47328Michael Moore, Thom Hartmann, P. J. O'Rourke, Catherine Rampell, Steve HiltonSeptember 21, 2018 (2018-09-21)1.70[29]\n47429Steve Bannon, Neil deGrasse Tyson, Evelyn Farkas, Max Brooks, April RyanSeptember 28, 2018 (2018-09-28)1.76[30]\n47530Doris Kearns Goodwin, Soledad O'Brien, David Jolly, Andrew Sullivan, Jeff BridgesOctober 5, 2018 (2018-10-05)1.73[31]\n47631Omarosa Manigault Newman, Eddie Glaude, Steve Kornacki, Reihan Salam, Rebecca TraisterOctober 12, 2018 (2018-10-12)1.74[32]\n47732Stormy Daniels, Anthony Scaramucci, Betsy Woodruff, Max Boot, Jonathan HaidtOctober 26, 2018 (2018-10-26)TBD\n47833Barbra Streisand, Chelsea Handler, Jim VandeHei, Anthony RomeroNovember 2, 2018 (2018-11-02)TBD\n47934November 9, 2018 (2018-11-09)TBD\n48035November 16, 2018 (2018-11-16)TBD"
] | [
"November 9, 2018"
] |
3090035674092990048 | List of Presidents of the United States by time in office | List of presidents of the United States by time in office - wikipedia List of presidents of the United States by time in office Franklin Delano Roosevelt Longest presidency 4,422 days 1933 -- 1945 William Henry Harrison Shortest presidency 31 days 1841 This is a list of Presidents of the United States by time in office . The basis of the list is the difference between dates ; if counted by number of calendar days all the figures would be one greater , with the exception of Grover Cleveland , who would receive two days . Since 1789 , there have been 44 people sworn into office as President of the United States , and 45 presidencies , as Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms and is counted chronologically as both the 22nd and 24th president . Of the individuals elected president , four ( William Henry Harrison , Zachary Taylor , Warren G. Harding , and Franklin D. Roosevelt ) died of natural causes while in office , four ( Abraham Lincoln , James A. Garfield , William McKinley , and John F. Kennedy ) were assassinated , and one ( Richard Nixon ) resigned . William Henry Harrison spent the shortest time in office , and Franklin D. Roosevelt spent the longest . He is the only president to have served more than two terms . Following ratification of the 22nd Amendment in 1951 , presidents -- beginning with Dwight D. Eisenhower -- have been ineligible for election to a third term or for election to a second full term after serving more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected president . The amendment contained a grandfather clause that explicitly exempted the incumbent president -- then Harry S. Truman -- from the new term limitations . Contents 1 Presidents by time in office 1.1 Notes 2 References 3 External links Presidents by time in office ( edit ) Rank President Length in days Order of presidency Number of terms Franklin D. Roosevelt 7003442200000000000 ♠ 4,422 32nd March 4 , 1933 -- April 12 , 1945 Three full terms ; died 2 months and 23 days into fourth term tie Thomas Jefferson 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 3rd March 4 , 1801 -- March 4 , 1809 Two full terms James Madison 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 4th March 4 , 1809 -- March 4 , 1817 Two full terms James Monroe 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 5th March 4 , 1817 -- March 4 , 1825 Two full terms Andrew Jackson 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 7th March 4 , 1829 -- March 4 , 1837 Two full terms Ulysses S. Grant 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 18th March 4 , 1869 -- March 4 , 1877 Two full terms Grover Cleveland 2,922 22nd March 4 , 1885 -- March 4 , 1889 Two full terms ( non-consecutive ) 24th March 4 , 1893 -- March 4 , 1897 Woodrow Wilson 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 28th March 4 , 1913 -- March 4 , 1921 Two full terms Dwight D. Eisenhower 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 34th January 20 , 1953 -- January 20 , 1961 Two full terms Ronald Reagan 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 40th January 20 , 1981 -- January 20 , 1989 Two full terms Bill Clinton 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 42nd January 20 , 1993 -- January 20 , 2001 Two full terms George W. Bush 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 43rd January 20 , 2001 -- January 20 , 2009 Two full terms Barack Obama 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 44th January 20 , 2009 -- January 20 , 2017 Two full terms 14 George Washington 7003286500000000000 ♠ 2,865 1st April 30 , 1789 -- March 4 , 1797 Two full terms 15 Harry S. Truman 7003284000000000000 ♠ 2,840 33rd April 12 , 1945 -- January 20 , 1953 One partial term ( 3 years , 9 months , and 8 days ) , followed by one full term 16 Theodore Roosevelt 7003272800000000000 ♠ 2,728 26th September 14 , 1901 -- March 4 , 1909 One partial term ( 3 years , 5 months , and 18 days ) , followed by one full term 17 Calvin Coolidge 7003204100000000000 ♠ 2,041 30th August 2 , 1923 -- March 4 , 1929 One partial term ( 1 year , 7 months , and 2 days ) , followed by one full term 18 Richard Nixon 7003202700000000000 ♠ 2,027 37th January 20 , 1969 -- August 9 , 1974 One full term ; resigned 1 year , 6 months , and 20 days into second term 19 Lyndon B. Johnson 7003188600000000000 ♠ 1,886 36th November 22 , 1963 -- January 20 , 1969 One partial term ( 1 year , 1 month , and 29 days ) , followed by one full term 20 William McKinley 7003165400000000000 ♠ 1,654 25th March 4 , 1897 -- September 14 , 1901 One full term ; assassinated 6 months and 2 days into second term , dying 8 days later , 6 months and 10 days into that term 21 Abraham Lincoln 7003150300000000000 ♠ 1,503 16th March 4 , 1861 -- April 15 , 1865 One full term ; assassinated 1 month and 10 days into second term , dying 1 day later , 1 month and 11 days into that term 22 tie John Quincy Adams 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 6th March 4 , 1825 -- March 4 , 1829 One full term Martin Van Buren 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 8th March 4 , 1837 -- March 4 , 1841 One full term James K. Polk 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 11th March 4 , 1845 -- March 4 , 1849 One full term Franklin Pierce 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 14th March 4 , 1853 -- March 4 , 1857 One full term James Buchanan 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 15th March 4 , 1857 -- March 4 , 1861 One full term Rutherford B. Hayes 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 19th March 4 , 1877 -- March 4 , 1881 One full term Benjamin Harrison 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 23rd March 4 , 1889 -- March 4 , 1893 One full term William Howard Taft 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 27th March 4 , 1909 -- March 4 , 1913 One full term Herbert Hoover 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 31st March 4 , 1929 -- March 4 , 1933 One full term Jimmy Carter 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 39th January 20 , 1977 -- January 20 , 1981 One full term George H.W. Bush 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 41st January 20 , 1989 -- January 20 , 1993 One full term 33 John Adams 7003146000000000000 ♠ 1,460 2nd March 4 , 1797 -- March 4 , 1801 One full term 34 John Tyler 7003143000000000000 ♠ 1,430 10th April 4 , 1841 -- March 4 , 1845 One partial term ( 3 years and 11 months ) 35 Andrew Johnson 7003141900000000000 ♠ 1,419 17th April 15 , 1865 -- March 4 , 1869 One partial term ( 3 years , 10 months , and 17 days ) 36 Chester A. Arthur 7003126200000000000 ♠ 1,262 21st September 19 , 1881 -- March 4 , 1885 One partial term ( 3 years , 5 months , and 13 days ) 37 John F. Kennedy 7003103600000000000 ♠ 1,036 35th January 20 , 1961 -- November 22 , 1963 Assassinated 2 years , 10 months , and 2 days into term 38 Millard Fillmore 7002969000000000000 ♠ 969 13th July 9 , 1850 -- March 4 , 1853 One partial term ( 2 years , 7 months , and 23 days ) 39 Gerald Ford 7002895000000000000 ♠ 895 38th August 9 , 1974 -- January 20 , 1977 One partial term ( 2 years , 5 months , and 11 days ) 40 Warren G. Harding 7002881000000000000 ♠ 881 29th March 4 , 1921 -- August 2 , 1923 Died 2 years , 4 months , and 29 days into term 41 Donald Trump 7002568000000000000 ♠ 568 45th January 20 , 2017 -- Incumbent Serving first term 42 Zachary Taylor 7002492000000000000 ♠ 492 12th March 4 , 1849 -- July 9 , 1850 Died 1 year , 4 months , and 5 days into term 43 James A. Garfield 7002199000000000000 ♠ 199 20th March 4 , 1881 -- September 19 , 1881 Assassinated 3 months and 28 days into term , dying 79 days later , 6 months and 15 days into term 44 William Henry Harrison 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 9th March 4 , 1841 -- April 4 , 1841 Died 31 days into term Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The 20th Amendment ( ratified in 1933 ) moved Inauguration Day from March 4 to January 20 . The 1937 presidential inauguration was the first to take place on the new date . As a result , Franklin D. Roosevelt 's first term in office ( 1933 -- 1937 ) was only 7003141800000000000 ♠ 1,418 days long , 1 month and 12 days shorter than a normal term . ^ Jump up to : Died in office Jump up ^ Did not seek re-election in 1876 . He sought a non-consecutive third term in 1880 , but was defeated for renomination at the Republican National Convention . Jump up ^ Each of Grover Cleveland 's two non-consecutive terms in office was 1,461 days long . ^ Jump up to : Incumbent president who sought a second term but was defeated in a quadrennial presidential election . ^ Jump up to : Of years evenly divisible by 100 , only those evenly divisible by 400 are leap years . The years 1800 and 1900 are divisible by 100 , but not by 400 . Thus , John Adams 's term and McKinley 's first term did not include a 366 - day leap year , so those terms were one day shorter than a normal full term . The year 2000 is divisible by 400 and so did include one , thus Clinton 's second term was not shorter than his first . Jump up ^ Due to logistical delays , Washington 's first inauguration was held 1 month and 26 days after the scheduled start of operations of the new government under the Constitution . As a result , his first term was only 7003140400000000000 ♠ 1,404 days long , and was the shortest term for a U.S. president who neither died in office nor resigned . ^ Jump up to : Succeeded to presidency . Jump up ^ Did not seek re-election in 1908 . In 1912 , he ran for a non-consecutive second full term , this time on the Progressive Party ticket , but was defeated . Jump up ^ Resigned from office Jump up ^ Subsequently sought a non-consecutive second term , first in 1844 , but was defeated for renomination at the Democratic National Convention , and then again in 1848 ( this time on the Free Soil Party ticket ) , but was defeated . Jump up ^ The only incumbent president who had never been elected to national office , he sought election to a full term in 1976 , but was defeated . Jump up ^ As of August 11 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cleaves , Freeman ( 1939 ) . Old Tippecanoe : William Henry Harrison and His Time . C. Scribner 's Sons . p. 152 . Jump up ^ Ingersoll , Jared . `` Death of the President '' . University of Virginia 's Miller Center of Public Affairs . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2010 . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Russell , Francis ( 1962 ) . The Shadow of Blooming Grove -- Warren G. Harding in His Times . Easton Press . p. 591 . ISBN 0070543380 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Paul `` Lincoln 's Missing Bodyguard '' , Smithsonian Magazine , April 8 , 2010 , Retrieved November 15 , 2010 Jump up ^ Donald ( 1996 ) , p. 597 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ben Parker and President McKinley 's Assassination '' . Math.buffalo.edu . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nixon Resigns '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to President of the United States . Millercenter.org , American President : A Reference Resource Whitehouse.gov , The Presidents Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States List of Presidents List of Vice Presidents Presidents Age Autobiographies Burial places Death Historical rankings Lifespan timeline Number living Time in office Portraits Professional careers Approval rating Assassination attempts and plots Campaign slogans Control of Congress Doctrines Inaugurations International trips Judicial appointments Libraries Military rank Military service Other offices held Pardons Previous experience Vetoes Personal life Coats of arms Deaths in office Education Facial hair Firsts Freemasons Multilingualism Net worth Nicknames Pets Home state Religious affiliation Residences Slave owners Vice Presidents Age Burial places Coats of arms Education Number living Other offices held Place of primary affiliation Religious affiliation Tie - breaking votes Time in office Succession Acting President Designated survivor Line of succession Elections Electoral College margin Popular vote margin Summary Winner lost popular vote Candidates Democrat Republican Third party Green Libertarian Progressive National Republican / Whig African American Female Received at least one electoral vote Number of votes received Height Unsuccessful major party candidates Lost their home state Families First Families First Ladies Second Ladies Children Namesakes , honors Memorial sites U.S. postage stamp appearances Educational institution names Currency appearances U.S. county names U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection In fiction Presidents actors Vice Presidents actors Candidates Line of succession U.S. Government Portal Biography Portal Presidents of the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_time_in_office&oldid=853696869 '' Categories : Lists of people by time in office Lists relating to the United States presidency Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Română Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 12 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the last president to not get reelected | [
"\n\n\nRank\nPresident\nLengthin days\nOrder of presidency\nNumber of terms\n\n\n1\nFranklin D. Roosevelt\n\n7003442200000000000♠4,422[a]\n\n32nd • March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945[b]\nThree full terms; died 2 months and 23 days into fourth term\n\n\n2tie\nThomas Jefferson\n\n7003292200000000000♠2,922\n\n3rd • March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1809\nTwo full terms\n\n\nJames Madison\n\n7003292200000000000♠2,922\n\n4th • March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817\nTwo full terms\n\n\nJames Monroe\n\n7003292200000000000♠2,922\n\n5th • March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825\nTwo full terms\n\n\nAndrew Jackson\n\n7003292200000000000♠2,922\n\n7th • March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837\nTwo full terms\n\n\nUlysses S. Grant\n\n7003292200000000000♠2,922\n\n18th • March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877\nTwo full terms[c]\n\n\nGrover Cleveland\n\n2,922[d]\n\n22nd • March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889\nTwo full terms (non-consecutive)[e]\n\n\n24th • March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897\n\n\nWoodrow Wilson\n\n7003292200000000000♠2,922\n\n28th • March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921\nTwo full terms\n\n\nDwight D. Eisenhower\n\n7003292200000000000♠2,922\n\n34th • January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961\nTwo full terms\n\n\nRonald Reagan\n\n7003292200000000000♠2,922\n\n40th • January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989\nTwo full terms\n\n\nBill Clinton\n\n7003292200000000000♠2,922[f]\n\n42nd • January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001\nTwo full terms\n\n\nGeorge W. Bush\n\n7003292200000000000♠2,922\n\n43rd • January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009\nTwo full terms\n\n\nBarack Obama\n\n7003292200000000000♠2,922\n\n44th • January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017\nTwo full terms\n\n\n14\nGeorge Washington\n\n7003286500000000000♠2,865[g]\n\n1st • April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797\nTwo full terms\n\n\n15\nHarry S. Truman\n\n7003284000000000000♠2,840\n\n33rd • April 12, 1945[h] – January 20, 1953\nOne partial term (3 years, 9 months, and 8 days), followed by one full term\n\n\n16\nTheodore Roosevelt\n\n7003272800000000000♠2,728\n\n26th • September 14, 1901[h] – March 4, 1909\nOne partial term (3 years, 5 months, and 18 days), followed by one full term[i]\n\n\n17\nCalvin Coolidge\n\n7003204100000000000♠2,041\n\n30th • August 2, 1923[h] – March 4, 1929\nOne partial term (1 year, 7 months, and 2 days), followed by one full term\n\n\n18\nRichard Nixon\n\n7003202700000000000♠2,027\n\n37th • January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974[j]\nOne full term; resigned 1 year, 6 months, and 20 days into second term\n\n\n19\nLyndon B. Johnson\n\n7003188600000000000♠1,886\n\n36th • November 22, 1963[h] –January 20, 1969\nOne partial term (1 year, 1 month, and 29 days), followed by one full term\n\n\n20\nWilliam McKinley\n\n7003165400000000000♠1,654[f]\n\n25th • March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901[b]\nOne full term; assassinated 6 months and 2 days into second term, dying 8 days later, 6 months and 10 days into that term\n\n\n21\nAbraham Lincoln\n\n7003150300000000000♠1,503\n\n16th • March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865[b]\nOne full term; assassinated 1 month and 10 days into second term, dying 1 day later, 1 month and 11 days into that term\n\n\n22tie\nJohn Quincy Adams\n\n7003146100000000000♠1,461\n\n6th • March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829\nOne full term[e]\n\n\nMartin Van Buren\n\n7003146100000000000♠1,461\n\n8th • March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841\nOne full term[e][k]\n\n\nJames K. Polk\n\n7003146100000000000♠1,461\n\n11th • March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849\nOne full term\n\n\nFranklin Pierce\n\n7003146100000000000♠1,461\n\n14th • March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857\nOne full term\n\n\nJames Buchanan\n\n7003146100000000000♠1,461\n\n15th • March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861\nOne full term\n\n\nRutherford B. Hayes\n\n7003146100000000000♠1,461\n\n19th • March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881\nOne full term\n\n\nBenjamin Harrison\n\n7003146100000000000♠1,461\n\n23rd • March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1893\nOne full term[e]\n\n\nWilliam Howard Taft\n\n7003146100000000000♠1,461\n\n27th • March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913\nOne full term[e]\n\n\nHerbert Hoover\n\n7003146100000000000♠1,461\n\n31st • March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933\nOne full term[e]\n\n\nJimmy Carter\n\n7003146100000000000♠1,461\n\n39th • January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981\nOne full term[e]\n\n\nGeorge H. W. Bush\n\n7003146100000000000♠1,461\n\n41st • January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993\nOne full term[e]\n\n\n33\nJohn Adams\n\n7003146000000000000♠1,460[f]\n\n2nd • March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801\nOne full term[e]\n\n\n34\nJohn Tyler\n\n7003143000000000000♠1,430\n\n10th • April 4, 1841[h] – March 4, 1845\nOne partial term (3 years and 11 months)\n\n\n35\nAndrew Johnson\n\n7003141900000000000♠1,419\n\n17th • April 15, 1865[h] – March 4, 1869\nOne partial term (3 years, 10 months, and 17 days)\n\n\n36\nChester A. Arthur\n\n7003126200000000000♠1,262\n\n21st • September 19, 1881[h] – March 4, 1885\nOne partial term (3 years, 5 months, and 13 days)\n\n\n37\nJohn F. Kennedy\n\n7003103600000000000♠1,036\n\n35th • January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963[b]\nAssassinated 2 years, 10 months, and 2 days into term\n\n\n38\nMillard Fillmore\n\n7002969000000000000♠969\n\n13th • July 9, 1850[h] – March 4, 1853\nOne partial term (2 years, 7 months, and 23 days)\n\n\n39\nGerald Ford\n\n7002895000000000000♠895\n\n38th • August 9, 1974[h] – January 20, 1977\nOne partial term (2 years, 5 months, and 11 days)[l]\n\n\n40\nWarren G. Harding\n\n7002881000000000000♠881\n\n29th • March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923[b]\nDied 2 years, 4 months, and 29 days into term\n\n\n41\nDonald Trump\n\n7002568000000000000♠568[m]\n\n45th • January 20, 2017 – Incumbent\nServing first term\n\n\n42\nZachary Taylor\n\n7002492000000000000♠492\n\n12th • March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850[b]\nDied 1 year, 4 months, and 5 days into term\n\n\n43\nJames A. Garfield\n\n7002199000000000000♠199\n\n20th • March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881[b]\nAssassinated 3 months and 28 days into term, dying 79 days later, 6 months and 15 days into term\n\n\n44\nWilliam Henry Harrison\n\n7001310000000000000♠31\n\n9th • March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841[b]\nDied 31 days into term\n"
] | [
"George H. W. Bush"
] |
4125268690813104118 | List of Odd Mom Out episodes | List of Odd Mom Out episodes - wikipedia List of Odd Mom Out episodes Jump to : navigation , search Odd Mom Out is an American comedy television series that premiered on June 8 , 2015 , on Bravo . Based on the novel Momzillas , Odd Mom Out was created by and stars Jill Kargman as a fictionalized version of herself named Jill Weber , who is forced to navigate the wealthy mommy clique that resides in New York 's prestigious Upper East Side neighborhood . Andy Buckley , KK Glick , Sean Kleier , Joanna Cassidy , and Abby Elliott also co-star in the series . On September 22 , 2016 , the network renewed Odd Mom Out for a 10 - episode third season shortly after the second season concluded . As of September 13 , 2017 , a total of 30 episodes of Odd Mom Out have aired . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 June 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 08 ) August 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 03 ) 10 June 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) August 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 29 ) 10 July 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 12 ) September 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 13 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Wheels Up '' Andy Fleming Jill Kargman and Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky June 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 08 ) 0.86 Andy , Jill 's husband , gets intimidated by his brother 's success . Jill tries to find the best school for their children . Brooke , Jill 's sister - in - law , asks her to come to her charity event . `` Vons Have More Fun '' Andy Fleming Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky June 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 08 ) 0.60 Jill and Andy learn about their ancestors . Jill 's best friend , Vanessa , finds a boyfriend . Jill is pressured by Brooke and Candace to take an advantage of having royal antecedents . `` Dying To Get In '' Andy Fleming Jill Kargman June 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) 0.59 Jill gets frustrated about finding the right kindergarten for her children . Andy 's mother wants the family to go for an interview to get in a very special and prestigious cemetery . `` Omakase '' John Fortenberry Will Graham June 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 22 ) 0.67 Jill invites a new friend to a trendy restaurant , they run into Brooke and Lex . 5 5 `` Brooklandia '' Jeff Melman Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky June 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 29 ) 0.64 Jill falls in love with down - to - earth moms in attendance at a friends backyard party in Brooklyn . 6 6 `` Midwife Crisis '' Jeff Melman Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky July 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 06 ) 0.74 Jill must rely on her wits when Brooke goes into labor but can not make it into her chosen hospital . 7 7 `` Sip ' N See '' Michael LaHaie Julie Kraut July 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 13 ) 0.60 Jill reluctantly throws a `` sip ' n ' see '' party to give everyone a chance to meet Brooke 's baby . 8 8 `` Staffing Up '' John Fortenberry Steve Rubinshteyn July 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 20 ) 0.64 Brooke and Jill go to a children 's museum to observe nannies in their natural habitat . 9 9 `` The Truth Fairy '' Tamra Davis Angie Day July 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) 0.59 Jill starts hanging out with the momzillas and her and Vanessa become distant . While they try to find who is telling the children crazy things about the world . 10 10 `` Wheels Down '' Tamra Davis Jill Kargman and Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky August 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 03 ) 0.67 Everything comes to a head at Brooke 's NACHO ball . Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 11 `` The High Road '' Alex Reid Jill Kargman and Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky June 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) 0.66 Jill dips her toe back in the work world by visiting the fashion magazine where she used to work . But her excitement at being welcomed back with open arms is short - lived . 12 `` Fasting and Furious '' Alex Reid Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky June 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 27 ) 0.57 It 's Yom Kippur and Jill 's parents ( Blythe Danner , Dan Hedaya ) come to town - to atone , and to take care of a matter of life and death . 13 `` Hamming It Up '' Alex Reid Julie Kraut July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) 0.59 Jill and Vanessa - tired of being the last people on Earth not to have seen Hamilton - go on a desperate quest to get tickets in time for Lin Manuel Miranda 's last performance . Several of the Broadway show 's cast members appear in cameo roles . 14 `` Crushed '' Peter Lauer Will Graham July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) 0.50 Jill is pushed to get a drivers license . Brooke celebrates the opening of her store . 15 5 `` The O.D.D. Couple '' Peter Lauer Jill Kargman and Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 0.73 A therapist ( Meredith Vieira ) diagnoses Miles with an attention disorder , forcing Jill and Andy to take sides . Brooke wrestles with her resurfacing feelings for Lex . 16 6 `` Knock of Shame '' Peter Lauer Max Werner July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) 0.56 Jill and Andy meet their dream neighbors ( Drew Barrymore , John Hodgman ) , but are immediately disillusioned with them . Brooke and Lex are trapped in the Waldorf during a blizzard . 17 7 `` Hanoi Jill '' Alex Reid Angie Day August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) 0.66 In order to celebrate Brooke and Lex reuniting , Andy and Jill are invited to brunch at Candace 's . Andy and Jill are caught up in the doorman strike . 18 8 `` 40 Is the New 70 '' Michael LaHaie Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) 0.65 Jill , Andy , and Vanessa feel the sting of aging . Brooke and Lex invite Jill and Andy to an enlightening `` Dinner in the Dark '' . 19 9 `` The Hamptons '' Gail Lerner Jill Kargman and Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky August 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 22 ) 0.69 During a traffic jam on the way to the Hamptons , Jill has a nasty run - in with Joy Green ( Molly Ringwald ) , Brooke 's idol and author of `` The Joy Manifesto '' . Candace 's white party takes a sharp turn for Brooke . 20 10 `` Ode to Joy '' Gail Lerner Jill Kargman and Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky August 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 29 ) 0.78 Jill struggles with telling Brooke that Joy Green is a monster . A sudden disaster shakes the family to its very core . Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Episodes two and three of season two were released online on June 20 , 2016 , the same day of the season two premiere . Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 21 `` Frisky Business '' Peter Lauer Jill Kargman & Lara Spotts July 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 12 ) 0.57 Jill and Andy are worried that Hazel has grown up overnight when they visit her at sleepaway camp . The residents of the Upper East Side deal with their new financial situations . 22 `` Candle in the Windbag '' Alex Reid Jill Kargman & Lara Spotts July 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 19 ) 0.58 Since Candace moved in with the Webers , Jill has been driven to her wit 's end . Vanessa tries to spice up her long distance relationship with Graham . 23 `` M.F.A. in B.S. '' Alex Reid Ally Musika July 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 26 ) 0.62 Jill adjusts to the new art scene at her show . Lex struggles to find out who he is after losing his job . 24 `` Children in the Corn Pudding '' Alex Reid Lindsey Stoddard August 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 02 ) 0.59 After spending a Thanksgiving in the suburbs with Brooke 's sisters Barrett ( Christine Taylor ) and Berkley ( Meredith Hagner ) , Jill realizes why Brooke is the way she is . Vanessa must tend to her building after accidentally revealing that she 's a doctor . 25 5 `` Jury Doody '' Michael LaHaie Jill Kargman & Lara Spotts August 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 09 ) 0.53 Jill is riddled with guilt after Candace returns from jury duty and tells the family the lurid details of her cruise ship murder trial . 26 6 `` Dadderall '' Michael LaHaie Ally Musika August 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 16 ) 0.54 27 7 `` Weber M.D. '' Alex Reid Jill Kargman & Lara Spotts August 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 23 ) 0.46 28 8 `` Star Grazing '' Peter Lauer Ally Musika August 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 30 ) 0.42 29 9 `` Homo Erectus '' Peter Lauer Lindsey Stoddart September 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 06 ) 0.40 30 10 `` Blood Bath '' Peter Lauer Jill Kargman & Lara Spotts September 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 13 ) N / A References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - odd mom out on bravo '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Odd Mom Out ' Gets Season 3 Renewal At Bravo '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Odd Mom Out Episode 1 : `` Wheels Up '' `` . Bravo Media . NBCUniversal . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' & Stanley Cup Final Win Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Odd Mom Out Episode 2 : `` Vons Have More Fun '' `` . Bravo Media . NBCUniversal . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.8. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.15. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . June 16 , 2015 . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.22. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . June 23 , 2015 . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.29. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . June 30 , 2015 . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , Shark Week , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 7.13. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . July 14 , 2015 . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Tut ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 7.27. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . July 28 , 2015 . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' UnReal ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.20. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . June 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.27. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.bravotv.com/odd-mom-out/season-2/episode-3/videos/hamilton-hameos-on-odd-mom-out ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.11. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . July 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.18. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.25. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.1. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . August 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.15. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . August 16 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.22. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . August 23 , 2016 . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.29. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . August 30 , 2016 . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.2. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.9. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.16. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.23. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.30. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Odd Mom Out episodes on IMDb List of Odd Mom Out episodes at TV Guide Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Odd_Mom_Out_episodes&oldid=800989158 '' Categories : Lists of American sitcom television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 00 : 23 . About Wikipedia | how many episodes season 3 odd mom out | [
"\n\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\n\n\nFirst aired\nLast aired\n\n\n\n1\n10\nJune 8, 2015 (2015-06-08)\nAugust 3, 2015 (2015-08-03)\n\n\n\n2\n10\nJune 20, 2016 (2016-06-20)\nAugust 29, 2016 (2016-08-29)\n\n\n\n3\n10\nJuly 12, 2017 (2017-07-12)\nSeptember 13, 2017 (2017-09-13)\n\n"
] | [
"10"
] |
-6899326148344104901 | Book of Ruth | Book of Ruth - wikipedia Book of Ruth This article is about the ancient Hebrew religious text . For the 20th - century English language novel , see The Book of Ruth ( novel ) . For the 1960 film , see The Story of Ruth . For the 2009 film , see The Book of Ruth : Journey of Faith . Tanakh ( Judaism ) Torah ( Instruction ) ( show ) Genesis Bereishit Exodus Shemot Leviticus Wayiqra Numbers Bemidbar Deuteronomy Devarim Nevi'im ( Prophets ) ( show ) Former Joshua Yehoshua Judges Shofetim Samuel Shemuel Kings Melakhim Latter Isaiah Yeshayahu Jeremiah Yirmeyahu Ezekiel Yekhezqel Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Ketuvim ( Writings ) ( hide ) Poetic Psalms Tehillim Proverbs Mishlei Job Iyov Five Megillot ( Scrolls ) Song of Songs Shir Hashirim Ruth Rut Lamentations Eikhah Ecclesiastes Qoheleth Esther Ester Historical Daniel Daniyyel Ezra -- Nehemiah Ezra Chronicles Divre Hayyamim Old Testament ( Christianity ) Pentateuch ( show ) Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Historical ( hide ) Joshua Judges Ruth 1 and 2 Samuel 1 and 2 Kings 1 and 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Wisdom ( show ) Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Songs Prophetic ( show ) Major prophets Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Minor prophets Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanonical ( show ) Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom of Solomon Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Orthodox Tewahedo 1 Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Bible portal The Book of Ruth ( Hebrew : מגילת רות , Ashkenazi pronunciation : ( məˈɡɪləs rus ) , Megilath Ruth , `` the Scroll of Ruth '' , one of the Five Megillot ) is included in the third division , or the Writings ( Ketuvim ) , of the Hebrew Bible ; in most Christian canons it is treated as a history book and placed between Judges and 1 Samuel , as it is set `` in the days when the judges judged '' , although the Syriac Christian tradition places it later , between Ecclesiastes and the Song of Songs . It is named after its central figure , Ruth the Moabitess , the great - grandmother of David . The book tells of Ruth 's accepting the God of the Israelites as her God and the Israelite people as her own . In Ruth 1 : 16 -- 17 , Ruth tells Naomi , her Israelite mother - in - law , `` Where you go I will go , and where you stay I will stay . Your people will be my people and your God my God . Where you die I will die , and there I will be buried . May the Lord deal with me , be it ever so severely , if even death separates you and me . '' The book is held in esteem by Jews who fall under the category of Jews - by - choice , as is evidenced by the considerable presence of Boaz in rabbinic literature . The Book of Ruth also functions liturgically , as it is read during the Jewish holiday of Shavuot ( `` Weeks '' ) . Contents 1 Structure 2 Summary 3 Composition 4 Themes and background 4.1 Levirate marriage and the `` redeemers '' 4.2 Mixed marriage 4.3 Contemporary interpretations 5 Genealogy : the descent of David from Ruth 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Structure ( edit ) The book is structured in four chapters : Act 1 : Prologue and Problem : Death and Emptiness ( 1 : 1 -- 22 ) Scene 1 : Setting the scene ( 1 : 1 -- 5 ) Scene 2 : Naomi returns home ( 1 : 6 -- 18 ) Scene 3 : Arrival of Naomi and Ruth in Bethlehem ( 1 : 19 -- 22 ) Act 2 : Ruth Meets Boaz , Naomi 's Relative , on the Harvest Field ( 2 : 1 -- 23 ) Scene 1 : Ruth in the field of Boaz ( 2 : 1 -- 17 ) Scene 2 : Ruth reports to Naomi ( 2 : 18 -- 23 ) Act 3 : Naomi Sends Ruth to Boaz on the Threshing Floor ( 3 : 1 -- 18 ) Scene 1 : Naomi Reveals Her Plan ( 3 : 1 -- 5 ) Scene 2 : Ruth at the threshing - floor of Boaz ( 3 : 6 -- 15 ) Scene 3 : Ruth reports to Naomi ( 3 : 16 -- 18 ) Act 4 : Resolution and Epilogue : Life and Fullness ( 4 : 1 -- 22 ) Scene 1 : Boaz with the men at the gate ( 4 : 1 -- 12 ) Scene 2 : A son is born to Ruth ( 4 : 13 -- 17 ) Genealogical appendix ( 4 : 18 -- 22 ) Summary ( edit ) Naomi entreating Ruth and Orpah to return to the land of Moab by William Blake , 1795 During the time of the Judges when there was a famine , an Israelite family from Bethlehem -- Elimelech , his wife Naomi , and their sons Mahlon and Chilion -- emigrated to the nearby country of Moab . Elimelech died , and the sons married two Moabite women : Mahlon married Ruth and Chilion married Orpah . After about ten years , the two sons of Naomi also died in Moab ( 1 : 4 ) . Naomi decided to return to Bethlehem . She told her daughters - in - law to return to their own mothers and remarry . Orpah reluctantly left ; however , Ruth said , `` Intreat me not to leave thee , ( or ) to return from following after thee : for whither thou goest , I will go ; and where thou lodgest , I will lodge : thy people ( shall be ) my people , and thy God my God : Where thou diest , will I die , and there will I be buried : the LORD do so to me , and more also , ( if aught ) but death part thee and me . '' ( Ruth 1 : 16 -- 17 KJV ) The two women returned to Bethlehem at the beginning of the barley harvest , and in order to support her mother - in - law and herself , Ruth went to the fields to glean . As it happened , the field she went to belonged to a man named Boaz , who was kind to her because he had heard of her loyalty to her mother - in - law . Ruth told Naomi of Boaz 's kindness , and she gleaned in his field through the remainder of barley and wheat harvest . Boaz was a close relative of Naomi 's husband 's family . He was therefore obliged by the Levirate law to marry Mahlon 's widow , Ruth , in order to carry on his family 's inheritance . Naomi sent Ruth to the threshing floor at night and told her to go where he slept , and `` uncover his feet , and lay thee down ; and he will tell thee what thou shalt do '' ( 3 : 4 ) . Ruth did so . Boaz asked her who she was , and she replied : `` I ( am ) Ruth thine handmaid : spread therefore thy skirt over thine handmaid ; for thou ( art ) a near kinsman . '' ( 3 : 9 ) Boaz blessed her and agreed to do all that is required , and he noted that , `` all the city of my people doth know that thou ( art ) a virtuous woman . '' ( 3 : 11 ) He then acknowledged that he was a close relative , but that there was one who was closer , and she remained in submission at his feet until she returned into the city in the morning . Early that day , Boaz went to the city gate to meet with the other male relative before the town elders . The relative is not named : Boaz addresses him as ploni almoni , literally `` so and so '' . The unnamed relative is unwilling to jeopardize the inheritance of his own estate by marrying Ruth , and so relinquished his right of redemption , thus allowing Boaz to marry Ruth . They transferred the property and redeemed it , ratified by the nearer kinsman taking off his shoe and handing it over to Boaz . Ruth 4 : 7 notes for later generations that : This was the custom in former times in Israel concerning redeeming and exchanging , to confirm anything : one man took off his sandal and gave it to the other , and this was a confirmation in Israel . Boaz and Ruth were then married and have a son . The women of the city celebrate Naomi 's joy , for Naomi found a redeemer for her family name , and Naomi takes the child and places it in her bosom . The child is named Obed , who we discover is `` the father of Jesse , the father of David '' ( Ruth 4 : 13 -- 17 ) , that is , the grandfather of King David . The book concludes with an appendix which traces the Davidic genealogy all the way back from Perez , `` whom Tamar bore to Judah '' , through to Obed , down to David . Composition ( edit ) The book does not name its author . It is traditionally ascribed to the prophet Samuel , but Ruth 's identity as a non-Israelite and the stress on the need for an inclusive attitude towards foreigners suggests an origin in the fifth century BCE , when intermarriage had become controversial ( as seen in Ezra 9 : 1 and Nehemiah 13 : 1 ) . A substantial number of scholars therefore date it to the Persian period ( 6th -- 4th centuries BC ) . The genealogy that concludes the book is believed to be a post-exilic Priestly addition , as it adds nothing to the plot ; nevertheless , it is carefully crafted and integrates the book into the history of Israel running from Genesis to Kings . Themes and Background ( edit ) Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld : `` Ruth in Boaz 's Field '' , 1828 Levirate marriage and the `` redeemers '' ( edit ) The Book of Ruth illustrates the difficulty of trying to use laws given in books such as Deuteronomy as evidence of actual practice . Naomi plans to provide security for herself and Ruth by arranging a Levirate marriage with Boaz . Her plan is overtly sexual : Ruth is to go to the threshing floor ( a place associated with sexual activity ) , wait until Boaz has finished eating and drinking ( a possible allusion to the story of Lot and his daughters , ancestors through incest of the Moabites ) , and to lie at his uncovered `` feet '' ( a euphemism for genitals ) . Since there was no heir to inherit Elimelech 's land , custom required a close relative ( usually the dead man 's brother ) to marry the widow of the deceased in order to continue his family line ( Deuteronomy 25 : 5 -- 10 ) . This relative was called the go'el , the `` kinsman - redeemer '' . As Boaz is not Elimelech 's brother , nor is Ruth his widow , scholars refer to the arrangement here as `` Levirate - like '' . A complication arises in the story : another man is a closer relative to Elimelech than Boaz and has first claim on Ruth . It is resolved through the custom that required land to stay in the family : a family could mortgage land to ward off poverty , but the law required a kinsman to purchase it back into the family ( Leviticus 25 : 25ff ) . Boaz meets the near kinsman at the city gate ( the place where contracts are settled ) ; the kinsman first says he will purchase Elimelech 's ( now Naomi 's ) land , but , upon hearing he must also take Ruth as his wife , withdraws his offer . Boaz thus becomes Ruth and Naomi 's `` kinsman - redeemer . '' Mixed marriage ( edit ) The book can be read as a political parable relating to issues around the time of Ezra and Nehemiah ( the 4th century BCE ) . The fictional nature of the story is established from the start through the names of the participants : the husband and father is Elimelech , meaning `` My God is King '' , and his wife is Naomi , `` Pleasing '' , but after the deaths of her sons Mahlon , `` Sickness '' , and Chilion , `` Wasting '' , she asks to be called Mara , `` Bitter '' . The reference to Moab raises questions , since in the rest of the biblical literature it is associated with hostility to Israel , sexual perversity , and idolatry , and Deuteronomy 23 : 3 -- 6 excluded an Ammonite or a Moabite from `` the congregation of the LORD ; even to their tenth generation '' . Despite this , Ruth the Moabitess married a Judahite and even after his death still regarded herself a member of his family ; she then married another Judahite and bore him a son who became an ancestor of David . Contrary to the message of Ezra - Nehemiah , where marriages between Jewish men and non-Jewish women were broken up , Ruth teaches that foreigners who convert to Judaism can become good Jews , foreign wives can become exemplary followers of Jewish law , and there is no reason to exclude them or their offspring from the community . Contemporary interpretations ( edit ) Scholars have increasingly explored Ruth in ways which allow it to address contemporary issues . Feminists , for example , have recast the story as one of the dignity of labour and female self - sufficiency , and even as a model for lesbian relations , while others have seen in it a celebration of the relationship between strong and resourceful women . Others have criticised it for its underlying , and potentially exploitative , acceptance of a system of patriarchy in which a woman 's worth can only be measured through marriage and child - bearing . Others again have seen it as a book that champions outcast and oppressed peoples . Genealogy : the descent of David from Ruth ( edit ) Elimelech Naomi Boaz Ruth Mahlon Orpah Chilion Obed Jesse David See also ( edit ) Goel Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For `` feet '' as a euphemism for genitals see , for example , Amy - Jill Levine , `` Ruth , '' in Newsom and Ringe ( eds . ) , The Women 's Bible Commentary , pp. 78 - 84 . The usual interpretation , as given here , is that Ruth is told to uncover Boaz 's genitals , but see Kirsten Nielsen , `` Other Writings , '' in McKenzie and Graham ( eds . ) , The Hebrew Bible Today , pp. 175 - 176 , where it is argued that Ruth is to uncover herself . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coogan 2008 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Ruth 1 : 1 Jump up ^ New International Version Jump up ^ Atteridge 2006 , p. 383 . ^ Jump up to : West 2003 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Hubbard 1988 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Leith 2007 , p. 391 . ^ Jump up to : Grabbe 2004 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ West 2003 , p. 211 . Jump up ^ West 2003 , p. 210 . ^ Jump up to : Allen 1996 , p. 521 - 522 . ^ Jump up to : Grabbe 2004 , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Irwin 2008 , p. 699 . Bibliography ( edit ) Allen , Leslie C. ( 1996 ) . `` Ruth '' . In LaSor , William Sanford ; Hubbard , David Allan ; Bush , Frederic William ; et al. Old Testament Survey : The Message , Form , and Background of the Old Testament . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802837882 . Atteridge , Harold W. ( 2006 ) . The HarperCollins Study Bible . HarperCollins . Coogan , Michael D. ( 2008 ) . A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament : The Hebrew Bible in Its Context . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195332728 . Grabbe , Lester L. ( 2004 ) . The History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period , Volume 1 : Yehud , the Persian Province of Judah . Continuum . pp. 105 & 312 . ISBN 9780567089984 . Hubbard , Robert L. Jr. ( 1988 ) . The Book of Ruth . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802825261 . Irwin , B.P. ( 2008 ) . `` Ruth 4 : Person '' . In Longman , Tremper ; Enns , Peter . Dictionary of the Old Testament : Wisdom , Poetry & Writings . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 9780830817832 . Leith , Mary Joan Winn ( 2007 ) . `` Ruth '' . In Coogan , Michael D. ; Brettler , Marc Zvi ; Newsom , Carol Ann ; et al . The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal / Deuterocanonical Books : New Revised Standard Version . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195288803 . West , Gerald ( 2003 ) . `` Ruth '' . In Dunn , James D.G. ; Rogerson , John William . Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802837110 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Ruth ( Bible ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Book of Ruth . Jewish translations and study guides Ruth at Mechon Mamre -- ( Jewish Publication Society of America Version ) Jewish Virtual Library Jewish Encyclopedia Ruth -- English translation ( with Rashi commentary ) Christian translations and study guides The Kinsman Redeemer Online Bible -- GospelHall.org Biblegateway Bible Study on Cross-Cultural Love -- InterVarsity website Book of Ruth public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Encyclopedic entries Catholic Encyclopedia Book of Ruth History books Preceded by Song of Songs Hebrew Bible Succeeded by Lamentations Preceded by Judges Christian Old Testament Succeeded by 1 -- 2 Samuel Book of Ruth Bible Ruth 1 Place Bethlehem , Judah Moab People Amminadab Boaz David Elimelech Hezron Jesse Judah Chilion Leah Mahlon Nahshon Naomi Obed Orpah Perez Rachel Ram Ruth Salmon Tamar Term Goel Judges Levirate marriage ( Yibbum ) Sources Hebrew Bible Septuagint Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Book of Judges ( chapter 21 ) Books of Samuel ( chapter 1 ) → Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book GND : 4076907 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Ruth&oldid=853173969 '' Categories : 6th - century BC books 5th - century BC books 4th - century BC books Book of Ruth Ketuvim Moab Shavuot Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2011 Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Afrikaans Aragonés Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia IsiZulu Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Gagana Samoa Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 66 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018 , at 22 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many chapters in ruth in the bible | [
"The book is structured in four chapters:[5]\n"
] | [
"four"
] |
5383458349200295928 | Tres leches cake | Tres leches cake - wikipedia Tres leches cake Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tres leches cake A decorated slice of tres leches cake Alternative names Torta de tres leches , pan tres leches , bizcocho de tres leches Type Sponge cake ( or butter cake ) Main ingredients Cake base ; evaporated milk , condensed milk , heavy cream Cookbook : Tres leches cake Media : Tres leches cake A tres leches cake ( Spanish : pastel de tres leches , torta de tres leches or bizcocho de tres leches ) , also known as pan tres leches ( `` three milks bread '' ) , is a sponge cake -- in some recipes , a butter cake -- soaked in three kinds of milk : evaporated milk , condensed milk , and heavy cream . When butter is not used , the Tres Leches is a very light cake , with many air bubbles . This distinct texture is why it does not have a soggy consistency , despite being soaked in a mixture of three types of milk . Popularity and origins ( edit ) The idea for creating came from matican . a cake soaked in a liquid is likely of Medieval European origin , as similar cakes , such as British Trifle and rum cake , and tiramisu from Italy , use this method . Recipes for soaked - cake desserts were seen in Mexico as early as the 19th century , likely a result of the large cross-cultural transfer which took place between Europe and the Americas . Recipes appeared on Nestlé condensed milk can labels in the 1940s , which may explain the cake 's widely disseminated popularity throughout Latin America as the company had created subsidiaries in Argentina , Chile , Cuba , Colombia , Mexico and Venezuela in the 1930s . The cake is popular in Central and South America , North America and many parts of the Caribbean , Canary Islands , as well as in Albania , the Republic of Macedonia and some other parts of Europe . In recent years its popularity has increased in Turkey under the name of Trileçe . Variations ( edit ) A variety of tres leches known as trileçe has recently become popular in Turkey . One theory is that the popularity of Brazilian soap operas in Albania led local chefs to reverse - engineer the dessert , which then spread to Turkey . The Albanian / Turkish version is sometimes made literally with three milks : cow 's , goat 's and water buffalo 's , though more commonly a mixture of cow 's milk and cream is used . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pack , MM ( 13 February 2004 ) . `` Got Milk ? On the trail of pastel de tres leches '' . Austin Chronicle . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Nestlé S.A. http://www.company-histories.com/Nestle-SA-Company-History.html Retrieved 19 February 2014 Jump up ^ Higuera McMahon , Jacqueline ( 8 August 2007 ) . `` Tres Leches cake goes one better '' . SFGate . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trileçe kazan dünya kepçe '' . Hürriyet. 1 March 2015 . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Dan Nosowitz / ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` How a South American Soap Opera Created a Turkish Dessert Craze '' . Atlas Obscura . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Cake List of cakes Butter cakes Devil 's food cake Gooey butter cake Pound cake Cheesecakes Fiadone Ostkaka Chocolate cakes Batik cake Black Forest cake Blackout cake Chantilly cake Chocolate brownie Flourless chocolate cake Fudge cake Garash cake German chocolate cake Hedgehog slice Joffre cake Kladdkaka Molten chocolate cake Sachertorte Torta caprese Fruitcakes Apple cake Avocado cake Banana cake Bánh chuối Black bun Bolo rei Cherry cake Clementine cake Dundee cake Fig cake Genoa cake Jewish apple cake Panforte Plum cake Raisin cake Layer cakes Angel cake Buckwheat gateau Crema de Fruta Dobos torte Esterházy torte Hot milk cake Maria Luisa cake Mille - feuille Cremeschnitte Napoleonka Šampita Tompouce Princess cake Prinzregententorte Rainbow cake Sarawak cake Smith Island Cake Spekkoek Torte Vínarterta Spit cakes Baumkuchen Kürtőskalács ( Chimney cake ) Šakotis Spettekaka Trdelník Sponge cakes Bánh bò Battenberg cake Boston cream pie Bundt cake Castella Charlotte Donauwelle Frankfurter Kranz French Fancy Frog cake Génoise Gugelhupf Lady Baltimore cake Ladyfinger Lamington Madeira cake Madeleine Mantecadas Marble cake Misérable cake Opera cake Pandan cake Paper wrapped cake Red velvet cake Rum cake Shortcake Spice cake Swiss roll Tres leches cake Upside - down cake Walnut and coffee cake Foam cakes and meringue Angel food cake Chiffon cake Dacquoise Kiev cake Pavlova Sans rival Spanische Windtorte Zuger Kirschtorte Yeast cakes Babka Banana bread Banbury cake Cacavellu Campanile Canestru Chorley cake Date and walnut loaf Flies ' graveyard Inuliata Pandoro Rum baba Streuselkuchen Sweetheart cake Welsh cake Special occasions Birthday cake Buccellato Bûche de Noël Christmas cake Doberge cake Groom 's cake Halloween cake King cake Rosca de reyes Kransekake Lekach Marry girl cake Mooncake Pan de Pascua Pop out cake Simnel cake Soul cake Stack cake Stollen Strenna Wedding cake Other Beer cake Better than sex cake Biscuit Bizcocho Bulla cake Cake balls Cake pop Carrot cake Coconut cake Coffee cake Croquembouche Cupcake Cupcone Gingerbread house man Heavy cake Ice cream cake Kuih Lolly cake Muffin Ontbijtkoek Pain d'épices Pancake Parkin Petit four Punschkrapfen Ruske kape Teacake Tiramisu Category Mexican cuisine List of Mexican dishes Soups and stews Birria Caldo de pollo Caldo de queso Caldo de siete mares Caldo tlalpeño Caldo Xóchitl Chileatole Clemole Cocido Lime soup Mancha manteles Menudo Mole de olla Pinole Pozole Sopa de fideo Sopa de nopal Tortilla soup Crema de nuez Rice dishes Arroz a la tumbada Arroz blanco Arroz negro Arroz poblano Arroz rojo Morisqueta Egg dishes Huevos a la mexicana Huevos al albañil Huevos divorciados Huevos motuleños Huevos rancheros Machacado con huevo Vegetable dishes Calabacitas con elote Chile relleno Chiles en escabeche Chiles en nogada Chipotle Elote Esquites Frijoles charros Frijoles negros Frijoles Puercos Guasanas Nopal asado Pepita Rajas con crema Refried beans Romeritos Poultry dishes Arroz con pollo Chicken feet Escabeche oriental Mole poblano Pollo motuleño Tinga de pollo Tlatonile Pork dishes Adobada Calabacitas con puerco Carne de chango Carnitas Chicharrón en salsa Chileajo de cerdo Chilorio Chorizo Cochinita pibil Cueritos Poc Chuc Beef dishes Alambre Aporreadillo Albóndigas al chipotle Beef brain Beef tongue Cabeza Carne a la tampiqueña Carne asada Carne seca Criadillas Machaca Milanesa Pachola Picadillo Puntas Salpicón Tinga de res Seafood dishes Aguachile Cahuamanta Camarones al ajillo Ceviche Huachinango a la Veracruzana Mixmole de pescado Mojarra frita Pan de cazón Pescadito Pescado al ajillo Pescado a la talla Pescado zarandeado Pulpo a la campechana Other protein dishes Al pastor Barbacoa Cabrito Chahuis Chapulines Discada Entomatada Escamoles Jumiles Maguey worm Mixiote Moronga Pastel azteca Relleno negro Tripas Cheese dishes Chicharrón de queso Queso en salsa Queso flameado Antojitos of corn dough Cazuelita Chalupa Chilaquiles Chimichanga Chochoyote Corn tortilla Corunda Doblada Duros Empalme Enchilada Gordita Guajolota Huarache Molote Nachos Panucho Papadzules Piedra Quesadilla Salbute Sope or Memela Taco Tamale Taquito Tlacoyo Tlayuda Tostada Totopo Antojitos of wheat dough Burrito Cemita Empalme Enchilada Gringas Guajolota Mollete Nachos Pambazo Paste Quesadilla Sincronizada Taco Taquito Torta Wheat tortilla Sauces and condiments Adobo Mole negro Mole blanco Mole poblano Mole sauce Mole verde Recado rojo Salsa Salsa roja cocida Salsa roja cruda Salsa verde cocida Salsa verde cruda Caldillo rojo Caldillo verde Salsa pasilla Salsa guajillo Desserts and sweets Alegría Arroz con leche Bionico Cajeta Capirotada Chongos zamoranos Churros Cocadas Coyotas Flan Fried ice cream Mango con chile Mazapán Nicuatole Panela Qurabiya Tres leches cake Salads Caesar salad Curtido Ensalada de nopalitos Guacamole Pico de gallo Breads Bolillo Buñuelo Cemita Cochinito de Piloncillo Cocol Concha Pan de muerto Pan dulce Rosca de reyes Beverages Agave nectar Agua de jamaica Beer Café de olla Chamoyada Champurrado Curado Horchata Mangonada Margarita Mexican tea culture Pópo Pozol Related topics Aztec cuisine Baja Med Comal Cuisine of Chiapas Cuisine of Veracruz Escuela de Gastronomía Mexicana Oaxacan cuisine Taco stand Tex - Mex Category Commons Cookbook Food portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tres_leches_cake&oldid=843246650 '' Categories : Cakes Costa Rican cuisine Cuban cuisine Albanian cuisine Latin American cuisine Mexican cuisine Mexican desserts Nicaraguan cuisine Puerto Rican cuisine Venezuelan cuisine Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara Français Հայերեն Македонски 日本 語 Русский Shqip Türkçe 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 21 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what are the 3 milks in tres leches cake | [
"A tres leches cake (Spanish: pastel de tres leches, torta de tres leches or bizcocho de tres leches), also known as pan tres leches (\"three milks bread\"), is a sponge cake—in some recipes, a butter cake—soaked in three kinds of milk: evaporated milk, condensed milk, and heavy cream.",
"A tres leches cake (Spanish: pastel de tres leches, torta de tres leches or bizcocho de tres leches), also known as pan tres leches (\"three milks bread\"), is a sponge cake—in some recipes, a butter cake—soaked in three kinds of milk: evaporated milk, condensed milk, and heavy cream.",
"A tres leches cake (Spanish: pastel de tres leches, torta de tres leches or bizcocho de tres leches), also known as pan tres leches (\"three milks bread\"), is a sponge cake—in some recipes, a butter cake—soaked in three kinds of milk: evaporated milk, condensed milk, and heavy cream."
] | [
"evaporated milk",
"condensed milk",
"heavy cream"
] |
6923211314475638094 | That'll Be the Day (film) | That 'll be the Day ( film ) - wikipedia That 'll be the Day ( film ) That 'll Be the Day DVD cover by Arnaldo Putzu Directed by Claude Whatham Produced by Sanford Lieberson David Puttnam Written by Ray Connolly Starring David Essex Rosemary Leach Ringo Starr Keith Moon Billy Fury Deborah Watling Distributed by Anglo - EMI Film Distribution Release date 12 April 1973 ( 1973 - 04 - 12 ) ( United Kingdom ) 29 October 1973 ( 1973 - 10 - 29 ) ( United States ) Running time 91 minutes Country United Kingdom Language English Budget £ 288,000 That 'll Be the Day is a 1973 British drama film directed by Claude Whatham , written by Ray Connolly , and starring David Essex , Rosemary Leach and Ringo Starr . It is set in the late 1950s / early 1960s and was partially filmed on the Isle of Wight . Contents 1 Plot summary 2 Characters 3 Cast 4 Reception and reputation 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 5 Soundtrack 5.1 Chart positions 6 Award nominations 7 Spin - off 8 References 9 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Jim MacLaine ( David Essex ) was abandoned by his father when he was young . Later , as a suburban school dropout , Jim leaves home and drifts through a succession of dead - end jobs until he finds an outlet for his frustration in rock ' n ' roll . Tossing away the chance of a university education much to the consternation of his mother , alienated MacLaine becomes a lowly deckchair attendant before streetwise friend Mike ( Ringo Starr ) gets him a job firstly as a barman and then with the fun fair . The initially shy MacLaine quickly becomes a heartless fairground Romeo leaving a trail of broken hearts in his wake . Eventually MacLaine returns home to run the family store and marry his girlfriend , but despite the birth of a son , restless Jim feels the lure of rock ' n ' roll again . Characters ( edit ) The Liverpool days of the Quarrymen / the Beatles and Rory Storm & the Hurricanes were said to be the inspiration for the fictional group called `` Stray Cats '' in the film . Many of the characters were played by musicians who had lived through the era portrayed in the film including Ringo Starr of the Hurricanes and the Beatles , Billy Fury , Keith Moon of the Who and John Hawken of the Nashville Teens . The film was produced by David Puttnam and is loosely based on the Harry Nilsson song `` 1941 '' . Cast ( edit ) David Essex ... Jim Maclaine Ringo Starr ... Mike Rosemary Leach ... Mary Maclaine James Booth ... Mr. Maclaine Billy Fury ... Stormy Tempest Rosalind Ayres ... Jeanette Sutcliffe Keith Moon ... J.D. Clover Robert Lindsay ... Terry Sutcliffe Deborah Watling ... Sandra Brenda Bruce ... Doreen Beth Morris ... Jean Daphne Oxenford ... Mrs. Sutcliffe Kim Braden ... Charlotte Johnny Shannon ... Jack Karl Howman ... Johnny Sue Holderness ... Shirley Érin Geraghty ... Joan Sacha Puttnam ... Young Jim Maclaine Peter Turner ... Teddy Boy Reception and reputation ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film was a hit at the box office ( by 1985 it had earned an estimated profit of £ 406,000 ) , leading to a sequel , Stardust , ( 1974 ) . Nat Cohen , who invested in the film , said it made more than 50 % its cost . Critical reception ( edit ) According to Anne Billson in the Time Out Film Guide , the film was a `` hugely overrated dip into the rock ' n ' roll nostalgia bucket , ... '' also commenting `` Youth culture my eye : they 're all at least a decade too old . But good tunes , and worth catching for Billy Fury 's gold lamé act . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Buddy Holly and the Crickets - `` That 'll Be the Day '' Billy Fury - `` A Thousand Stars '' Billy Fury - `` Long Live Rock '' Billy Fury - `` Get Yourself Together '' Billy Fury - `` That 's Alright Mama '' Billy Fury - `` What Did I Say '' Wishful Thinking - `` It 'll Be Me '' Dion and the Belmonts - `` Runaround Sue '' The Everly Brothers - `` Bye Bye Love '' The Everly Brothers - `` Devoted To You '' The Everly Brothers - `` Till I Kissed You '' The Everly Brothers - `` Wake Up Little Suzy '' The Platters - `` Smoke Gets In Your Eyes '' Big Bopper - `` Chantilly Lace '' Jerry Lee Lewis - `` Great Balls of Fire '' Little Richard - `` Tutti Frutti '' Danny and the Juniors - `` At the Hop '' Frankie Lymon - `` Why Do Fools Fall In Love '' Johnny Tillotson - `` Poetry In Motion '' Jimmie Rodgers - `` Honeycomb '' Larry Williams - `` Bony Moronie '' Del Shannon - `` Runaway '' Ritchie Valens - `` Donna '' Eugene Wallace - `` Slow Down '' Jerry Lee Lewis - `` Great Balls of Fire '' Brian Hyland - `` Sealed With a Kiss '' Bobby Vee - `` Take Good Care of My Baby '' Del Shannon - `` Hats Off to Larry '' Bobby Darin - `` Dream Lover '' The Paris Sisters - `` I Love How You Love Me '' The Poni - Tails - `` Born Too Late '' Johnny and the Hurricanes - `` Red River Rock '' The Monotones - `` The Book of Love '' Bill Justis - `` Raunchy '' Johnny Preston - `` Running Bear '' The Diamonds - `` Little Darlin ' '' Ray Sharpe - `` Linda Lu '' Lloyd Price - `` ( You 've Got ) Personality '' Buddy Holly and the Crickets - `` Well All Right '' Dante and the Evergreens - `` Alley Oop '' Viv Stanshall - `` Real Leather Jacket '' Stormy Tempest ( Viv Stanshall ) - `` What in the World '' Wolverine Cubs Jazz Band - `` Weary Blues '' ( featured in the film but not on Soundtrack recording ) Chart positions ( edit ) Chart Year Peak position UK Albums Chart 1973 Preceded by Pure Gold by Various artists UK Albums Chart number - one album 30 June 1973 - 18 August 1973 Succeeded by We Can Make It by Peters and Lee Award nominations ( edit ) BAFTA Best Supporting Actress : Rosemary Leach . BAFTA Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles : David Essex . Spin - off ( edit ) An independent Radio Drama recording project was completed in 2008 entitled That 'll be the Stardust ! which continues the story of Jimmy Maclaine jr . ( son of Jim Maclaine ) . ( Also see external link below ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Alexander Walker , National Heroes : British Cinema in the Seventies and Eighties , Harrap , 1985 p 79 Jump up ^ Ooh , you are awful , film men tell Tories . David Blundy . The Sunday Times ( London , England ) , Sunday , 16 December 1973 ; pg. 5 ; Issue 7853 . ( 939 words ) Jump up ^ The TimeOut Film Guide , 3rd edition , 1993 , p. 706 Jump up ^ `` Number 1 Albums -- 1970s '' . The Official Charts Company . Archived from the original on 9 February 2008 . Retrieved 14 June 2011 . External links ( edit ) That 'll Be the Day on IMDb That 'll be the Stardust ! Radio Drama Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=That%27ll_Be_the_Day_(film)&oldid=862813066 '' Categories : 1973 films English - language films British drama films 1970s drama films Films about music and musicians Films set in the 1950s Rock music films Films set in the 1960s Films produced by David Puttnam Films produced by Sanford Lieberson Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Français Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2018 , at 21 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was the film that'll be the day filmed | [
"That'll Be the Day is a 1973 British drama film directed by Claude Whatham, written by Ray Connolly, and starring David Essex, Rosemary Leach and Ringo Starr. It is set in the late 1950s/early 1960s and was partially filmed on the Isle of Wight.\n"
] | [
"Isle of Wight"
] |
2265055189082030896 | Lake Nyos disaster | Lake Nyos disaster - wikipedia Lake Nyos disaster Jump to : navigation , search Lake Nyos as it appeared eight days after the eruption On 21 August 1986 , a limnic eruption at Lake Nyos in northwestern Cameroon killed 1,746 people and 3,500 livestock . The eruption triggered the sudden release of about 100,000 -- 300,000 tons ( 1.6 m tons , according to some sources ) of carbon dioxide ( CO ) . The gas cloud initially rose at nearly 100 kilometres per hour ( 62 mph ) and then , being heavier than air , descended onto nearby villages , displacing all the air and suffocating people and livestock within 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) of the lake . A degassing system has since been installed at the lake , with the aim of reducing the concentration of CO in deep waters and therefore the risk of further eruptions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Eruption and gas cloud 2 Effects on survivors 3 Aftermath 4 In popular culture 5 References 6 External links Eruption and gas cloud ( edit ) It is not known what triggered the catastrophic outgassing . Most geologists suspect a landslide , but some believe that a small volcanic eruption may have occurred on the bed of the lake . A third possibility is that cool rainwater falling on one side of the lake triggered the overturn . Others still believe there was a small earthquake , but as witnesses did not report feeling any tremors on the morning of the disaster , this hypothesis is unlikely . Whatever the cause , the event resulted in the supersaturated deep water rapidly mixing with the upper layers of the lake , where the reduced pressure allowed the stored CO to effervesce out of solution . It is believed that about 1.2 cubic kilometres ( 0.29 cu mi ) of gas was released . The normally blue waters of the lake turned a deep red after the outgassing , due to iron - rich water from the deep rising to the surface and being oxidised by the air . The level of the lake dropped by about a meter and trees near the lake were knocked down . Scientists concluded from evidence that a 100 m ( 330 ft ) column of water and foam formed at the surface of the lake , spawning a wave of at least 25 metres ( 82 ft ) that swept the shore on one side . Carbon dioxide , being about 1.5 times as dense as air , caused the cloud to `` hug '' the ground and move down the valleys , where there were various villages . The mass was about 50 meters ( 160 ft ) thick , and travelled downward at 20 -- 50 kilometres per hour ( 12 -- 31 mph ) . For roughly 23 kilometres ( 14 mi ) , the gas cloud was concentrated enough to suffocate many people in their sleep in the villages of Nyos , Kam , Cha , and Subum . About 4,000 inhabitants fled the area , and many of these developed respiratory problems , lesions , and paralysis as a result of the gas cloud . Effects on survivors ( edit ) Cattle suffocated by carbon dioxide from Lake Nyos One survivor , Joseph Nkwain from Subum , described himself when he awoke after the gases had struck : `` I could not speak . I became unconscious . I could not open my mouth because then I smelled something terrible ... I heard my daughter snoring in a terrible way , very abnormal ... When crossing to my daughter 's bed ... I collapsed and fell . I was there till nine o'clock in the ( Friday ) morning ... until a friend of mine came and knocked at my door ... I was surprised to see that my trousers were red , had some stains like honey . I saw some ... starchy mess on my body . My arms had some wounds ... I did n't really know how I got these wounds ... I opened the door ... I wanted to speak , my breath would not come out ... My daughter was already dead ... I went into my daughter 's bed , thinking that she was still sleeping . I slept till it was 4 : 30 p.m. in the afternoon ... on Friday . ( Then ) I managed to go over to my neighbors ' houses . They were all dead ... I decided to leave ... ( because ) most of my family was in Wum ... I got my motorcycle ... A friend whose father had died left with me ( for ) Wum ... As I rode ... through Nyos I did n't see any sign of any living thing ... ( When I got to Wum ) , I was unable to walk , even to talk ... my body was completely weak . '' Following the eruption , many survivors were treated at the main hospital in Yaoundé , the country 's capital . It was believed that many of the victims had been poisoned by a mixture of gases that included hydrogen and sulfur . Poisoning by these gases would lead to burning pains in the eyes and nose , coughing and signs of asphyxiation similar to being strangled . Aftermath ( edit ) The scale of the disaster led to much study on how a recurrence could be prevented . Several researchers proposed the installation of degassing columns from rafts in the middle of the lake . The principle is to slowly vent the CO by lifting heavily saturated water from the bottom of the lake through a pipe , initially by using a pump , but only until the release of gas inside the pipe naturally lifts the column of effervescing water , making the process self - sustaining . Starting from 1995 , feasibility studies were successfully conducted , and the first permanent degassing tube was installed at Lake Nyos in 2001 . Two additional pipes were installed in 2011 Following the Lake Nyos disaster , scientists investigated other African lakes to see if a similar phenomenon could happen elsewhere . Lake Kivu in the Democratic Republic of Congo , 2,000 times larger than Lake Nyos , was also found to be supersaturated , and geologists found evidence that outgassing events around the lake happened about every thousand years . In popular culture ( edit ) A Greek novel by Basileios Drolias focusing on the lake Nyos disaster and the degassing of the lake was published in 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Can We Bury Global Warming ? ( 2005 ) '' . Scientific American . 293 : 49 -- 55 . July 2018 . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican0705 - 49 . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mathew Fomine , Forka Leypey ( 2011 ) . `` The Strange Lake Nyos CO2 Gas Disaster '' . Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies . Massey University . 2011 - 1 . ISSN 1174 - 4707 . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lake Nyos ( 1986 ) '' . San Diego State University . March 31 , 2006 . Retrieved December 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Smolowe , Jill ( September 8 , 1986 ) . `` Cameroon the Lake of Death '' . TIME. 128 ( 10 ) : 34 -- 37 . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2009 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cotel , Aline J ( March 1999 ) . `` A Trigger Mechanism for the Lake Nyos Disaster '' . Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research . 88 ( 4 ) : 343 -- 347 . doi : 10.1016 / s0377 - 0273 ( 99 ) 00017 - 7 . Jump up ^ Rouwet , Dmitri ; Tanyileke , Greg ; Costa , Antonio ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Cameroon 's Lake Nyos Gas Burst : 30 Years Later '' . Eos. 97 . doi : 10.1029 / 2016eo055627 . ^ Jump up to : BBC contributors ( August 21 , 1986 ) . `` 21 August : 1986 : Hundreds gassed in Cameroon lake disaster '' . BBC . Retrieved December 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rice , A ( April 2000 ) . `` Rollover in Volcanic Crater Lakes : A Possible Cause for Lake Nyos Type Disasters '' . Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research . 97 ( 1 - 4 ) : 233 -- 239 . doi : 10.1016 / s0377 - 0273 ( 99 ) 00179 - 1 . Jump up ^ Aka , FestusTongwa ( 2015 ) . `` Depth of Melt Segregation Below the Nyos Maar - Diatreme Volcano ( Cameroon , West Africa ) : Major - Trace Element Evidence and Their Bearing on the Origin of CO2 in Lake Nyos '' . Volcanic Lakes . Springer Berlin Heidelberg . pp. 467 -- 488 . ISBN 9783642368325 . Jump up ^ Kusakabe , Minoru ; Ohsumi , Takashi ; Aramaki , Shigeo ( November 1989 ) . `` The Lake Nyos Gas Disaster : Chemical and Isotopic Evidence in Waters and Dissolved Gases from Three Cameroonian Crater Lakes , Nyos , Monoun and Wum '' . Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research . 39 ( 2 - 3 ) : 167 -- 185 . doi : 10.1016 / 0377 - 0273 ( 89 ) 90056 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Strangest Disaster of the 20th Century '' . Neatorama . May 21 , 2007 . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ David Brown ( February 1 , 2000 ) . `` Scientists hope to quiet Cameroon 's killer lakes '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lake Nyos disaster , Cameroon , 1986 : the medical effects of large scale emission of carbon dioxide ? , BMJ , Volume 298 , May 27 , 1989 , ( 1 ) Jump up ^ A. Scarth . USGS , 1999 . Jump up ^ Kling , G.W. ; Evans , W.C. ; Tanyileke , G. ; Kusakabe , M. ; Ohba , T. ; Yoshida , Y. ; Hell , J.V. ( 2005 ) . `` Degassing Lakes Nyos and Monoun : Defusing certain disaster '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 102 ( 40 ) : 14185 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0502274102 . PMC 1242283 . PMID 16186504 . Jump up ^ Halbwachs , Michel ; Sabroux , Jean - Christophe ( 20 April 2001 ) . `` Removing CO2 from Lake Nyos in Cameroon '' . Science . 292 ( 5516 ) : 438 -- 438 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 292.5516. 438a . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . Jump up ^ Schmid , Martin ; Halbwachs , Michel ; Wüest , Alfred ( 1 June 2006 ) . `` Simulation of CO2 Concentrations , Temperature , and Stratification in Lake Nyos for Different Degassing Scenarios '' . Geochemistry , Geophysics , Geosystems. 7 ( 6 ) . doi : 10.1029 / 2005GC001164 . ISSN 1525 - 2027 . Jump up ^ Degassing Lake Nyos project http://pagesperso-orange.fr/mhalb/nyos/nyos.htm Jump up ^ Degassing the `` Killer Lakes '' Expedition 2001 Jump up ^ `` Science Actualités -- Ressources -- Cité des sciences et de l'industrie -- Expositions , conférences , cinémas , activités culturelles et sorties touristiques pour les enfants , les parents , les familles -- Paris '' . Universcience.fr . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2012 . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Drolias , Basileios ( 2016 ) . `` Nyos '' . Kedros . Missing or empty url = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Google Earth view of the area around Lake Nyos Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Nyos_disaster&oldid=835201902 '' Categories : 1986 natural disasters 1986 in Cameroon History of Cameroon Natural disasters in Cameroon Volcanic events Gas explosions August 1986 events Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Cameroon articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 05 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many animals died in the lake nyos tragedy | [
"On 21 August 1986, a limnic eruption at Lake Nyos in northwestern Cameroon killed 1,746 people and 3,500 livestock."
] | [
"3,500"
] |
-1663283821118661951 | Timber (Pitbull song) | Timber ( Pitbull song ) - wikipedia Timber ( Pitbull song ) `` Timber '' Single by Pitbull featuring Kesha from the album Meltdown Released October 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 07 ) Format CD single digital download Genre Dance - pop EDM folktronica Length 3 : 24 Label Polo Grounds RCA Mr. 305 Songwriter ( s ) Kesha Sebert Armando C. Pérez Lukasz Gottwald Aaron Davis Arnold Priscilla Hamilton Jamie Sanderson Breyan Stanley Isaac Henry Walter Pebe Sebert Lee Oskar Keri Oskar Greg Errico Steve Arrington Charles Carter Waung Hankerson Roger Parker Producer ( s ) Dr. Luke Cirkut Sermstyle Pitbull singles chronology `` FCK '' ( 2013 ) `` Timber '' ( 2013 ) `` I 'm a Freak '' ( 2014 ) `` FCK '' ( 2013 ) `` Timber '' ( 2013 ) `` I 'm a Freak '' ( 2014 ) Kesha singles chronology `` Crazy Kids '' ( 2013 ) Crazy Kids 2013 `` Timber '' ( 2013 ) Timber2013 `` True Colors '' ( 2016 ) True Colors 2016 `` Timber '' is a song by American rapper Pitbull featuring American recording artist Kesha . The song was released on October 7 , 2013 , as the lead single from Pitbull 's extended play ( EP ) Meltdown . The song was produced by Dr. Luke , Cirkut , and Sermstyle , with additional production by Nick Seeley . The song interpolates Lee Oskar 's 1978 single `` San Francisco Bay '' and features harmonica player Paul Harrington , who plays through the entire song and was told to emulate Oskar . The song peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for three consecutive weeks and also topped the charts in many other countries , including Canada ( where it stood at No. 1 for eight consecutive weeks ) , Denmark , Germany , the Netherlands , and the United Kingdom . According to the IFPI , the song sold 12.6 million units worldwide in 2014 , including single - track downloads and track - equivalent streams , becoming the sixth best - selling song of that year . Contents 1 Background and composition 2 Chart performance 3 Music video 4 Controversy 5 Track listing 6 Credits and personnel 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 All - time charts 8 Certifications 9 Release history 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Background and composition ( edit ) Kesha had previously featured Pitbull on remixes of her songs `` Tik Tok '' and `` Crazy Kids '' , and Pitbull has featured Kesha on a 2009 song , `` Girls '' . In an interview in December 2013 , Pitbull said that Rihanna was originally meant to be the featured artist on `` Timber '' , but she had already been asked to be the featured artist on Shakira 's `` Ca n't Remember to Forget You '' and did not have time to record `` Timber '' . `` Timber '' is a dance - pop , EDM and folktronica song with elements of country . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Kobalt Music Publishing , the song is set in common time with a moderately fast tempo of 130 beats per minute . The song is written in the key of G ♯ minor and follows a chord sequence of G ♯ m -- B -- F ♯ -- E. Kesha 's vocals span from G ♯ to D ♯ . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Timber '' made its first chart appearance on October 7 , 2013 , in the Republic of Ireland , where it debuted at number 67 on the Irish Singles Chart . The following week , the song climbed to number 19 . In Austria , `` Timber '' debuted at number 69 on the Austrian Singles Chart on October 18 , 2013 and eventually crowned the chart at number 1 . In Germany , the song debuted at number 90 on October 18 , 2013 on the German Singles Chart and later peaked at number one . Timber debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 on October 26 , 2013 at number 49 , and it topped the chart on January 18 , 2014 , giving Kesha her third number - one single after `` Tik Tok '' and `` We R Who We R '' as well as earning Pitbull his second number - one single , after 2011 's `` Give Me Everything '' . Before topping the Hot 100 , it had been stuck at number 2 for 4 weeks , behind `` The Monster '' by Eminem featuring Rihanna . `` Timber '' is Kesha 's eleventh top 10 song on the Hot 100 chart . `` Timber '' peaked at number 1 on the US Hot Digital Songs , and is Pitbull 's first song to do so . `` Timber '' also peaked at number 1 on the US Rap Songs chart . It is the first # 1 single of 2014 in the US , and stood at number one for three consecutive weeks . It has spent four consecutive weeks at the number two , three consecutive weeks at the number one , then again at number two for one week . It reached its 4 million sales mark in the US in May 2014 . As of March 2016 , the song has sold 4.7 million copies in the US . In Canada , the song debuted at number seventeen on the Canadian Hot 100 as the week 's highest debut and climbed steadily to number one , where it has stood for eight consecutive weeks . In the United Kingdom , `` Timber '' debuted at the top of the UK Singles Chart on January 5 , 2014 ― for the week ending date January 11 , 2014 ― shifting 139,000 copies in its first week . This gave both artists their third chart - topping songs in Britain . By the end of 2014 , the song had sold 744,000 copies in the UK . In South Korea , `` Timber '' debuted at number sixteen on Gaon International Chart , but it debuted at number 13 on Gaon Download International Chart with 6,522 downloads . In its second week it reached number 2 on the International Chart . On the download chart , it jumped to number 3 , selling another 15,276 copies . `` Timber '' sold 68,321 copies during 2013 in South Korea . During January 2014 , the single sold another 16,515 copies , and during February sold 15,482 digital units . During March 2014 , another 13,975 units were sold in South Korea . Music Video ( edit ) Kesha filmed her scenes on November 5 , 2013 while Pitbull filmed his scenes one week later on November 12 , 2013 . The video also features a cameo by Italian model Raffaella Modugno and The Bloody Jug Band , an Orlando - based Americana Group , who perform on stage as the bar 's house band . The beach scenes were filmed in Exuma islands , Bahamas . The music video has over 1 billion views on YouTube as of January 2018 . Controversy ( edit ) On June 25 , 2014 , it was reported that songwriters Lee Oskar , Keri Oskar , and Greg Errico had filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against the makers of `` Timber '' , which features a harmonica melody that Oskar claims is `` identical '' to the melody used in his 1978 song `` San Francisco Bay '' . The songwriters are seeking $3 million USD in damages . The lawsuit alleges that while Sony Music may have obtained permission to use the sample , which is credited in the album notes for Meltdown , from a license holder , the label failed to obtain permission from the songwriters themselves . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` Timber '' ( featuring Kesha ) -- 3 : 24 CD single `` Timber '' ( featuring Kesha ) -- 3 : 24 `` Outta Nowhere '' ( featuring Danny Mercer ) -- 3 : 26 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Recording Engineered in Tokyo , Japan , and at APG Studios , Hollywood , California ; Conway Recording Studios , Hollywood , California ; Luke 's in the Boo , Malibu , California ; Jungle City Studios , New York City , New York , and Blackbird Recording Studios , Nashville , Tennessee Personnel Armando C. Pérez -- songwriter , vocals Kesha Sebert -- songwriter , vocals Dr. Luke -- songwriter , producer , instruments , programming Priscilla Hamilton -- songwriter Jamie Sanderson -- songwriter Breyan Stanley Isaac -- songwriter Cirkut -- songwriter , producer , instruments , programming Aaron `` AD '' Arnold -- songwriter Pebe Sebert -- songwriter Lee Oskar -- songwriter Keri Oskar -- songwriter Greg Errico -- songwriter Sermstyle -- producer Nick Seeley -- additional production Al Burna -- engineer Rachel Findlen -- engineer Clint Gibbs -- engineer Benny Steele - engineer Ryan Gladieux -- engineer Juan P. Negrete -- engineer Alan Da Fonseca -- engineer Ernesto Olivera -- engineer Eric Eylands -- assistant engineer Paul Harrington -- harmonica Serban Ghenea -- mixer John Hanes -- engineer for mix Credits adapted from the liner notes on BMI . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 -- 14 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium Dance ( Ultratop Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 6 Belgium Dance ( Ultratop Wallonia ) Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) 29 Brazil Hot Pop Songs 6 Bulgaria ( IFPI ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 7 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 16 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Netherlands ( Mega Top 50 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Poland ( Dance Top 50 ) Russia ( Tophit Weekly General Airplay ) 17 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) South Africa ( EMA ) South Korea ( GAON ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 11 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) US Latin Airplay ( Billboard ) 23 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 9 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Venezuela Pop Rock General ( Record Report ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 31 Germany ( Media Control AG ) 40 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 43 Chart ( 2014 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 61 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 17 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 19 Italy ( FIMI ) 12 Ireland ( IRMA ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 23 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 9 US Billboard Hot 100 11 Venezuela Pop / Rock General ( Record Report ) All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Position Australia ( ARIA ) 166 Norway ( VG - lista ) 68 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 41 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 271 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 5 × Platinum 350,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 30,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 7 × Platinum 560,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 30,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 75,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 3 × Gold 600,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 3 × Platinum 150,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Gold 100,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Platinum + Gold 90,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 15 × Platinum 150,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 4,700,000 Venezuela ( APFV ) Platinum 30,000 ^ Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 3 × Platinum 7,800,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 8,000,000 Summaries Worldwide ( IFPI ) None 9,600,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label ( s ) United States October 7 , 2013 Digital download Polo Grounds , RCA Records , Mr. 305 October 15 , 2013 Contemporary hit radio Italy October 7 , 2013 Digital download October 11 , 2013 Contemporary hit radio Germany October 7 , 2013 Digital download Spain Canada France Australia Germany November 15 , 2013 CD single United Kingdom December 29 , 2013 Digital download See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2014 List of number - one dance singles of 2014 ( U.S. ) List of number - one dance singles of 2014 ( Australia ) List of number - one singles of 2014 ( South Africa ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BMI Repertoire Search . BMI.com . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha -- Timber '' . australian-charts.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Seacrest '' . KIIS FM . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corcoran , Michael ( December 5 , 2013 ) , `` Local harmonica man Paul Harrington is the unlikely star of Pitbull and Ke $ ha 's `` Timber '' `` , GuideLive , Dallas Morning News , retrieved 8 December 2013 Jump up ^ `` IFPI publishes Digital Music Report 2015 '' . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . 14 April 2015 . p. 12 . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ EXCLUSIVE Pitpull backstage iHeartRadio Jingle Ball 2013 interview on YouTube Jump up ^ Lamb , Bill . `` Pitbull - `` Timber '' featuring Ke $ ha `` . About.com . IAC / InterActiveCorp . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hear Pitbull 's New Single : A Hoedown , With Ke $ ha -- Vulture '' . Vulture . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 2013 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Lorde 's ' Royals ' Rules Hot 100 For Ninth Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Musicnotes.com : Unsupported Browser or Operating System '' . musicnotes.com . Jump up ^ `` GFK Chart - Track '' . Chart-track.co.uk . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` Pitbull , Ke $ ha Take ' Timber ' to Top of Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( January 8 , 2013 ) . `` Chart Watch : Pitbull & Kesha & Eminem & RiRi '' . Yahoo Music . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul . `` Chart Watch : Iggy Azalea 's Amazing Feat '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved 15 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( March 6 , 2016 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Rihanna 's Record Streak of Seven Studio Albums With Hot 100 No. 1s '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timber ! Pitbull and Ke $ ha topple Pharrell from Number 1 '' . Official Charts Company . January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GAON DOWNLOAD CHART gaon music chart '' . Gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GAON DOWNLOAD CHART gaon music chart '' . Gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GAON DOWNLOAD CHART gaon music chart '' . Gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GAON DOWNLOAD CHART gaon music chart '' . Gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GAON DOWNLOAD CHART gaon music chart '' . Gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GAON DOWNLOAD CHART gaon music chart '' . Gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull , Ke $ ha ' Timber ' Video Released ! Watch Racy Video Post AMAs To See Dancers In Daisy Duke Shorts ( VIDEO ) - International Design Times '' . Idesigntimes.com . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Most Viewed Videos of All Time ( Over 340 million views ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pitbull and Ke $ ha in multi-million dollar Timber lawsuit over ' identical ' harmonica riff from the 70s '' . The Independent . ^ Jump up to : `` iTunes - Music - Timber ( feat . Ke $ ha ) - Single by Pitbull '' . apple.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha - Timber - Sony Music Entertainment Germany GmbH '' . sonymusic.de . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Timber ( liner notes ) . Pitbull featuring Kesha . Polo Grounds , RCA Records , Mr. 305 . 2013 . 88843 01574 2 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha -- Timber '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha -- Timber '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha -- Timber '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha -- Timber '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop Dance . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha -- Timber '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha -- Timber '' ( in French ) . Ultratop Dance . ^ Jump up to : `` Hot 100 Billboard Brasil - weekly '' . Billboard Brasil . June 2014 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 09.12. 2013 - 15.12. 2013 - Airplay Top 5 '' ( in Bulgarian ) . Bulgarian Association of the Music Producers . Archived from the original on 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert ( ( ( year ) ) ) ( ( ( week ) ) ) into search . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201419 into search . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha -- Timber '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Euro Digital Songs : January 18 , 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha : Timber '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha -- Timber '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha -- Timber '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Dance Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 02 , 2014 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull feat , Kesha -- Timber Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Digital Download - Classifica settimanale WK 3 ( dal 13 - 01 - 2014 al 19 - 01 - 2014 ) '' . FIMI . January 19 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha -- Timber '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ 3fm Mega Top 50 : 21 / 12 / 2013 ( in Dutch ) . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha -- Timber '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha -- Timber '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Dance Top 50 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly General Airplay TopHit100 December 16 - 22 , 2013 '' . TopHit.ru . Archived from the original on 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201402 into search . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201429 into search . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' . SloTop50 . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2014 - 01 - 14 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea Gaon International Chart ( Gaon Chart '' . Gaon Chart . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha -- Timber '' Canciones Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha -- Timber '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha -- Timber '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull Chart History ( Hot Rap Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull Chart History ( Latin Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull Chart History ( Latin Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 '' . Record Report ( in Spanish ) . R.R. Digital C.A. 2014 - 01 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2013 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2014 . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles Jahrescharts 2013 '' ( in German ) . VIVA . Viacom International Media Networks . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2013 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2014 '' . ARIA Charts . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Year End Charts -- Top Canadian Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WebCite query result '' . webcitation.org . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI - Classifiche Annuali 2014 `` TOP OF THE MUSIC '' FIMI - GfK : un anno di musica italiana '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA - Best of Singles '' . IRMA Charts . Irish Record Music Association . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2014 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official year end singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 100 Biggest Songs of 2014 revealed '' . Official Charts Company . December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Resumen Anual 2014 '' . Record Report ( in Spanish ) . December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best of All Time - Singles '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best of All Time - Singles '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best of All Time - Singles '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ewige Bestenliste - Singles '' . Hitparade ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2014 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Pitbull ( Ft . Ke $ ha ) -- Timber '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Pitbull ( Ft . Ke $ ha ) in the field Interpret . Enter Timber in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2014 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Pitbull -- Timber '' . Music Canada . ^ Jump up to : `` Danish single certifications -- Pitbull -- Timber '' . IFPI Denmark . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Pitbull -- Timber '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Pitbull feat . Kesha ; ' Timber ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Pitbull -- Timber '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` July 2014 Report '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . Type Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha in the box under the ARTISTA column heading and Timber in the box under TÍTULO Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Pitbull ( Ft . Ke $ ha ) -- Timber '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` IFPI '' . ifpi.no . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Type Pitbull ( Ft . Ke $ ha ) in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Timber and see certification . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Pitbull ( Ft . Ke $ ha ) ; ' Timber ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Pitbull ( Ft . Ke $ ha ) -- Timber '' . British Phonographic Industry . October 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter Timber in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Pitbull feat Ke $ ha -- Timber '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Venezuela : Disco De oro - Timber '' ( To access certification . ) ( in Spanish ) . Venezuela . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Streaming - Semana 26 : Del 23.06. 2014 Al 29.06. 2014 '' ( in Spanish ) . PROMUSICAE . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI publishes Digital Music Report 2015 '' . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . April 14 , 2015 . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases - Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates ... '' allaccess.com . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Musica - Timber ( feat . Ke $ ha ) - Single di Pitbull '' . iTunes . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PITBULL - Timber ( Sony ) - Radio Date 11 / 10 / 2013 '' . radioairplay.fm . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Musik -- `` Timber ( feat . Ke $ ha ) - Single '' von Pitbull `` . iTunes . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Música - Timber ( feat . Ke $ ha ) - Single de Pitbull '' . iTunes . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - Timber ( feat . Ke $ ha ) - Single by Pitbull '' . iTunes . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Musique - Timber ( feat . Ke $ ha ) - Single par Pitbull '' . iTunes . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - Timber ( feat . Ke $ ha ) - Single by Pitbull '' . iTunes . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull ft . Ke $ ha : ' Timber ' review : ' Wonderfully trashy ' '' . Digital Spy . External links ( edit ) `` Timber '' ( Video ) on YouTube Timber on Spotify Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Pitbull songs Discography M.I.A.M.I. `` Culo '' `` That 's Nasty '' `` Back Up '' `` Toma '' `` Dammit Man '' Money Is Still a Major Issue `` Everybody Get Up '' El Mariel `` Bojangles '' `` Ay Chico ( Lengua Afuera ) '' `` Dime '' `` Be Quiet '' The Boatlift `` Secret Admirer '' `` The Anthem '' `` Go Girl '' `` Sticky Icky '' Rebelution `` Krazy '' `` I Know You Want Me ( Calle Ocho ) '' `` Hotel Room Service '' `` Shut It Down '' Armando `` Watagatapitusberry '' `` Maldito Alcohol '' `` Bon , Bon '' `` Tu Cuerpo '' `` Vida 23 '' Planet Pit `` Hey Baby ( Drop It to the Floor ) '' `` Give Me Everything '' `` Rain Over Me '' `` International Love '' `` Pause '' `` Shake Señora '' Global Warming `` Back in Time '' `` Get It Started '' `` Do n't Stop the Party '' `` Feel This Moment '' `` Echa Pa'lla ( Manos Pa'rriba ) '' `` Everybody Fucks '' `` Outta Nowhere '' Meltdown `` Timber '' Globalization `` Wild Wild Love '' `` We Are One ( Ole Ola ) '' `` Fireball '' `` Time of Our Lives '' `` Fun '' `` Drive You Crazy '' Dale `` Baddest Girl in Town '' Climate Change `` Messin ' Around '' `` Greenlight '' Collaborations `` Shake '' `` Holla at Me '' `` Born - N - Raised '' `` Crazy '' `` Move Shake Drop '' `` Swing '' `` Feel It '' `` Shooting Star ( Party Rock Mix ) '' `` Now I 'm That Bitch '' `` Outta Control '' `` Ni Rosas Ni Juguetes '' `` Fresh Out the Oven '' `` Now You See It ( Shake That Ass ) '' `` Egoísta '' `` Armada Latina '' `` All Night Long '' `` I Like It '' `` DJ Got Us Fallin ' in Love '' `` On the Floor '' `` Rabiosa '' `` Boomerang '' `` Suave ( Kiss Me ) '' `` Throw Your Hands Up ( Dancar Kuduro ) '' `` Pass at Me '' `` I Like How It Feels '' `` Bailando Por El Mundo '' `` U Know It Ai n't Love '' `` We Run the Night '' `` Rock the Boat '' `` Name of Love '' `` Dance Again '' `` There She Goes '' `` I 'm All Yours '' `` Beat on My Drum '' `` Sexy People ( The Fiat Song ) '' `` Crazy Kids '' `` Live It Up '' `` Exotic '' `` Ca n't Believe It '' `` Sopa de Caracol '' `` I 'm a Freak '' `` I Love You ... Te Quiero '' `` Booty '' `` Mmm Yeah '' `` Ca n't Get Enough '' `` Drink to That All Night '' ( remix ) `` Do n't Tell ' Em '' ( remix ) `` Turn Down for What '' ( remix ) `` Good Time '' `` Mr. Put It Down '' `` Back It Up '' `` Shake That '' `` Hey Ma '' `` Por Favor '' Other songs `` Nuestro Himno '' `` Pearly Gates '' `` I Like ( The Remix ) '' Kesha Discography Videography Songs Awards and nominations Studio albums Animal Warrior Rainbow Compilation albums I Am the Dance Commander + I Command You to Dance : The Remix Album Extended plays Cannibal Deconstructed Singles `` Tik Tok '' `` Blah Blah Blah '' `` Your Love Is My Drug '' `` Take It Off '' `` We R Who We R '' `` Blow '' `` Die Young '' `` C'Mon '' `` Crazy Kids '' `` True Colors '' `` Praying '' `` Learn to Let Go '' `` Woman '' Featured singles `` Right Round '' `` Dirty Picture '' `` My First Kiss '' `` Timber '' `` Good Old Days '' Promotional singles `` Sleazy '' `` Hymn '' `` This Is Me '' Other songs `` Stephen '' `` Dinosaur '' `` Old Flames Ca n't Hold a Candle to You '' Concert tours Get Sleazy Tour North American Tour 2013 Warrior Tour Kesha and the Creepies : Fuck the World Tour Rainbow Tour The Adventures of Kesha and Macklemore Related articles Pebe Sebert Kesha : My Crazy Beautiful Life My Crazy Beautiful Life Kesha v. Dr. Luke Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timber_(Pitbull_song)&oldid=853811893 '' Categories : 2013 singles 2013 songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Billboard Rap Songs number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Compositions in G - sharp minor Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Mega Top 50 number - one singles Folktronica songs Kesha songs Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in Finland Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Scotland Number - one singles in Sweden Pitbull ( rapper ) songs Songs involved in plagiarism controversies RCA Records singles Record Report Pop Rock General number - one singles Song recordings produced by Cirkut ( record producer ) Song recordings produced by Dr. Luke Songs about sexuality Songs written by Breyan Isaac Songs written by Cirkut ( record producer ) Songs written by Dr. Luke Songs written by Kesha Songs written by Pebe Sebert Songs written by Pitbull ( rapper ) Songs written by Priscilla Renea South African Airplay Chart number - one singles UK R&B Singles Chart number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Bulgarian - language sources ( bg ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from December 2012 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Flanders Dance Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Wallonia Dance Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarydance Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Polishdance Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrapsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi ไทย Türkçe 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 03 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the girl dancing with pitbull in timber | [
"Kesha filmed her scenes on November 5, 2013 while Pitbull filmed his scenes one week later on November 12, 2013. The video also features a cameo by Italian model Raffaella Modugno and The Bloody Jug Band, an Orlando-based Americana Group, who perform on stage as the bar's house band. The beach scenes were filmed in Exuma islands, Bahamas.[23]\n"
] | [
"Raffaella Modugno"
] |
4060243583829908223 | We Need to Talk About Kevin (film) | We Need to Talk About Kevin ( film ) - wikipedia We Need to Talk About Kevin ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search We Need to Talk About Kevin Theatrical release poster Directed by Lynne Ramsay Produced by Jennifer Fox Luc Roeg Bob Salerno Screenplay by Lynne Ramsay Rory Stewart Kinnear Based on We Need to Talk About Kevin by Lionel Shriver Starring Tilda Swinton John C. Reilly Ezra Miller Music by Jonny Greenwood Cinematography Seamus McGarvey Edited by Joe Bini Production companies BBC Films UK Film Council Footprint Investment Piccadilly Pictures Lipsync Productions Independent Artina Films Rockinghorse Films Distributed by Oscilloscope Laboratories Release date 12 May 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 12 ) ( Cannes ) 21 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 21 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 112 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $7 million Box office $10.8 million We Need to Talk About Kevin is a 2011 British - American psychological thriller drama film directed by Lynne Ramsay , and adapted from Lionel Shriver 's novel of the same title . A long process of development and financing began in 2005 , with filming commencing in April 2010 . Tilda Swinton stars as the mother of Kevin , struggling to come to terms with her son and the horrors he has committed . The film premiered at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival and was released in the United Kingdom on 21 October 2011 . Swinton was nominated for the Golden Globe Award , Screen Actors Guild , and the BAFTA for Best Actress in a Leading Role . It was given positive reviews by both critics and audiences alike . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Development 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Teenager Kevin Khatchadourian is in prison after committing a massacre at his high school . His mother , Eva , once a successful travel writer , lives alone in a rundown house and works in a travel agency near the prison , where she visits Kevin . She looks back at her memories of him growing up as she tries to cope with the hostility of her neighbors . Kevin is detached and difficult from childhood . He appears to loathe and deliberately antagonize Eva , and she has trouble bonding with him . As a baby , he cries incessantly , but only around her ; as a child , he resists toilet training , rebuffs Eva 's attempts at affection , and shows no interest in anything . He behaves like a happy , loving son when his father Franklin is watching . Eva 's frustration drives her to throw Kevin against the wall , breaking his arm . Kevin tells Franklin he fell , using the incident to blackmail Eva into doing what he wants . Franklin dismisses Eva 's concerns and makes excuses for Kevin 's behavior . When Kevin is confined to bed with a fever , Eva reads him a book about Robin Hood ; when Robin competes in Prince John 's archery contest , Kevin shows Eva affection for the first time . Franklin gives him a bow and arrow and teaches him archery . Eva and Franklin have a second child , Celia , who is lively and cheerful . However , Kevin is disdainful and jealous . A few years later , Celia 's pet guinea pig is killed and she is blinded in one eye by caustic cleaning fluid . Eva is suspicious , but Franklin insists that Kevin is not to blame . Eva 's suspicion ruins their marriage and she and Franklin divorce . Eva comes to fear her son , as she sees growing evidence of Kevin 's sadism . As a teenager , Kevin locks several students in the school gymnasium and murders them with his bow . When Eva arrives home , she finds Kevin has murdered Franklin and Celia . On the second anniversary of the massacre , Eva visits Kevin in prison . Eva asks him why he committed the murders . Kevin , who is about to be transferred to an adult prison , responds that he used to think he knew but is no longer sure . Eva hugs Kevin and walks away sadly . Cast ( edit ) Tilda Swinton as Eva Khatchadourian John C. Reilly as Franklin Plaskett Ezra Miller as Kevin Khatchadourian Jasper Newell as young Kevin Rocky Duer as infant Kevin Ashley Gerasimovich as Celia Khatchadourian Siobhan Fallon Hogan as Wanda Alex Manette as Colin Development ( edit ) In 2005 BBC Films acquired the rights to adapt the book as a film . Executive producers Paula Jalfon and Christine Langan took it through the development stage , and were joined by executive producer Steven Soderbergh . Lynne Ramsay , who became available after her involvement in the film adaptation of The Lovely Bones came to an end , signed on to direct , and was working on a script with In the Bedroom writer Robert Festinger by 2006 . Shriver was offered a consultative role in the production process but declined , stating she had `` had it up to ( her ) eyeballs with that book , '' though she did express concern for how the film would capture Eva 's role as the unreliable narrator . Production had not begun by 2007 , though BBC Films renewed the adaptation rights early in the year . In an interview with The Herald in September 2007 , Shriver stated that she had not been in contact with Ramsay about the film for over two years . Ramsay 's spokesperson told the newspaper that a new script draft was being prepared and , at the time the interview was published , had not been submitted to the producers . Michael Clayton producer Jennifer Fox joined the production team in 2008 ; the film was expected to begin shooting that year . The script appeared on the 2008 Brit List , a film - industry - compiled list of the best unproduced screenplays in British film . Ramsay 's partner Rory Stewart Kinnear also contributed to the final shooting script . Christine Langan told the London Evening Standard in February 2010 that the long delay in production had been caused by BBC Films having difficulty funding the high budget ; Ramsay rewrote the script so the film could be made for a lower cost . The UK Film Council awarded £ 18,510 to the production from its development fund in the same month . Financial backing was also provided by Footprint Investments LLP , Caemhan Partnership LLP and Lipsync Productions , and production is in association with Artina Films and Forward Films . Filming commenced on 19 April 2010 on location in Stamford , Connecticut , and concluded on 28 May 2010 . A key filming location was J.M. Wright Technical High School in Stamford . Jonny Greenwood of the band Radiohead composed the film 's score . Release ( edit ) In October 2009 , IFC Films picked up the rights to international sales , and made pre-sales at the American Film Market . Artificial Eye distributed the film in the UK from 21 October 2011 . Oscilloscope Laboratories distributed the film theatrically in North America in the winter of 2011 . The film premiered In Competition at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival , where it was met with praise from film critics . We Need to Talk About Kevin opened in a limited release in North America in a single theater and grossed $24,587 , ranking 53rd at the box office . The film ended up earning $1,738,692 in America , and $5,754,934 internationally , for a total of $7,493,626 . We Need to Talk About Kevin was released on Blu - ray and DVD on 29 May 2012 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) We Need to Talk About Kevin received positive reviews . The film currently holds an approval rating of 76 % on Rotten Tomatoes ; the site 's consensus reads , `` We Need to Talk About Kevin is a masterful blend of drama and horror , with fantastic performances across the board ( Tilda Swinton especially , delivering one of her very best ) . '' On Metacritic , the film received a score of 68 out of 100 based on 37 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' Chicago Sun - Times critic Roger Ebert gave it 4 out of 4 stars and said , `` As a portrait of a deteriorating state of mind , We Need to Talk About Kevin is a masterful film . '' British film critic Mark Kermode of BBC Radio 5 Live named We Need to Talk About Kevin as the Best Film of 2011 . Richard Brody , in The New Yorker , wrote that it `` masquerades as a psychological puzzle but is essentially a horror film full of decorous sensationalism . '' He opined that the film exploited but did not explore the fascination that `` bad seed '' children exert . Jake Martin , a Jesuit priest and movie critic , wrote in his review in Busted Halo that the film is not `` yet another installment in the pantheon of post-modern films intent upon assaulting the human desire to give meaning to the world . '' Instead , he says , `` We Need to Talk About Kevin in fact needs to be talked about , as what it is attempting to do by marrying the darkest , most nihilistic components of contemporary cinema with a redemptive message is groundbreaking . '' Tilda Swinton was nominated for a number of acting awards , including a Golden Globe Award , Screen Actors Guild and BAFTA for Best Actress in a leading role . Her acting also received praise by film critic David Thomson in a review of the film for The New Republic . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Nominee ( s ) Result Austin Film Critics Association Best Actress Tilda Swinton Won AACTA International Award 27 January 2012 Best Actress Nominated Best Direction Lynne Ramsay Best Film Jennifer Fox , Luc Roeg , Bob Salerno Best Screenplay Lynne Ramsay , Rory Stewart Kinnear BAFTA Award 12 February 2012 Best Director Lynne Ramsay Best Actress in a Leading Role Tilda Swinton Outstanding British Film Jennifer Fox , Rory Stewart Kinnear , Lynne Ramsay , Luc Roeg , Robert Salerno Bodil Award 16 March 2013 Best American Film Lynne Ramsay British Independent Film Award 4 December 2011 Best Director Won Best Actress Tilda Swinton Nominated Best British Independent Film Best Screenplay Lynne Ramsay , Rory Stewart Kinnear Best Supporting Actor Ezra Miller Best Technical Achievement ( for cinematography ) Seamus McGarvey Cannes Film Festival 11 -- 22 May 2011 Palme d'Or Lynne Ramsay Critics ' Choice Movie Awards 12 January 2012 Best Actress Tilda Swinton Best Young Actor / Actress Ezra Miller Dallas - Fort Worth Film Critics Association 16 December 2011 Russell Smith Award Lynne Ramsay Won Best Actress Tilda Swinton Nominated European Film Award 3 December 2011 Best Actress Won Evening Standard British Film Award Best Film Lynne Ramsay Best Actress Tilda Swinton Nominated Best Technical Achievement ( for sound design ) Paul Davies Flanders International Film Festival Ghent Canvas Audience Award Lynne Ramsay Won Grand Prix for Best Film Nominated Golden Globe Award 15 January 2012 Best Actress in a Motion Picture , Drama Tilda Swinton Irish Film & Television Awards 11 February 2012 Best Director of Photography ( Film / TV Drama ) Seamus McGarvey Won Best International Actress Tilda Swinton Nominated London Film Critics ' Circle 19 January 2012 British Film of the Year Won Actress of the Year Tilda Swinton Nominated British Actress of the Year Director of the Year Lynne Ramsay Technical Achievement ( for sound design ) Paul Davies London Film Festival Best Film Lynne Ramsay Won National Board of Review of Motion Pictures Best Actress Tilda Swinton Top Ten Independent Films Online Film Critics Society Award 2 January 2012 Best Actress Tilda Swinton Best Editing Joe Bini Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Lynne Ramsay , Rory Stewart Kinnear Rembrandt Award Best International Actress Tilda Swinton San Diego Film Critics Society 14 December 2011 Best Actress San Francisco Film Critics Circle Best Actress Won Screen Actors Guild Award 29 January 2012 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role Nominated Southeastern Film Critics Association 18 December 2011 Best Actress Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival Jury Prize : Best Director Lynne Ramsay Won Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association 5 December 2011 Best Actress Tilda Swinton Nominated Writers ' Guild of Great Britain Best Film Screenplay Lynne Ramsay , Rory Stewart Kinnear Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` We Need to Talk About Kevin ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` We Need to talk About Kevin running time , production dates , budget '' . MovieInsider.com . Retrieved 9 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` We Need to Talk About Kevin '' . The Numbers . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Phil ( 14 September 2007 ) . `` Why does this author need to talk about filming Kevin ? '' . The Herald . Jump up ^ McClintock , Paula ( 23 April 2010 ) . `` Ramsay rounds out ' Kevin ' cast '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Arendt , Paul ( 6 June 2006 ) . `` Ramsay needs to shoot a film about Kevin '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News & Media . p. 21 ( G2 supplement ) . Jump up ^ Kemp , Stuart ( 18 May 2008 ) . `` BBC Films has diverse slate '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved 18 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Archie ( 3 October 2008 ) . `` Brit List brings scripts to light '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Jump up ^ Burgeson , John ( 30 March 2010 ) . `` In Stratford , sweet love drowns out sour weather '' . CT Post . Hearst Newspapers . Jump up ^ Curtis , Nick ( 19 February 2010 ) . `` The women behind the British film industry '' . London Evening Standard . ES London . p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` Awards Database : We Need to Talk About Kevin '' . UK Film Council . Retrieved 25 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 23 April 2010 ) . `` '' We Need to talk About Kevin '' starts filming this week `` . HollywoodNews.com . Retrieved 24 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Dawtrey , Adam ( 22 April 2010 ) . `` The welcome return of Lynne Ramsay '' . London : guardian.co.uk ( Guardian News & Media ) . Retrieved 22 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Dundas Wood , Mark ( 28 May 2010 ) . `` New York Production Listings '' . BackStage.com . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , A.J. ( 1 August 2010 ) . `` Hollywood East : On location in Connecticut '' . The Hour . The Hour Publishing Co . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Stuart ( 14 February 2011 ) . `` Radiohead 's Johny Greenwood to Score ' We Need to Talk About Kevin ' ( Berlin ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 14 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Kay , Jeremy ( 22 October 2009 ) . `` Independent boards We Need To Talk About Kevin for AFM '' . ScreenDaily.com ( Emap Media ) . Retrieved 22 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` We Need to Talk About Kevin : world exclusive trailer - video '' ( includes video clip ) . The Guardian . London . 12 August 2011 . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cannes Showstopper ' We Need to Talk About Kevin ' Picked up By Oscilloscope / Film '' . Slashfilm.com. 2011 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes - From 16 to 27 may 2012 '' . Festival-cannes.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News - Cannes gets talking about British Kevin drama '' . bbc.co.uk. 2011 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ We Need to Talk About Kevin at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` We Need To Talk About Kevin Blu - Ray Gets A US Release Date '' . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ We Need to Talk About Kevin at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ `` We Need to Talk About Kevin ( 2011 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 25 January 2012 ) . `` We Need to Talk About Kevin Movie Review ( 2012 ) '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Kermode , Mark ( 6 January 2012 ) . `` Eleven from Eleven '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Brody , Richard ( November 2011 ) . `` We Need to Talk About Kevin '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , Jake . `` We need to talk about We Need to Talk about Kevin '' . Busted Halo . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Thomson , David ( 8 March 2012 ) . `` Thomson on Film : A Movie About a School Shooting That Ignores the Shooter '' . The New Republic . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website We Need to Talk About Kevin on IMDb We Need to Talk About Kevin at AllMovie We Need to Talk About Kevin at Box Office Mojo We Need to Talk About Kevin at Rotten Tomatoes We Need to Talk About Kevin at Metacritic Films directed by Lynne Ramsay Ratcatcher ( 1999 ) Morvern Callar ( 2002 ) We Need to Talk About Kevin ( 2011 ) You Were Never Really Here ( 2017 ) London Film Critics ' Circle British Film of the Year Life Is Sweet ( 1991 ) Howards End ( 1992 ) The Remains of the Day ( 1993 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) The Madness of King George ( 1995 ) Secrets & Lies ( 1996 ) The Full Monty ( 1997 ) Lock , Stock and Two Smoking Barrels ( 1998 ) East Is East ( 1999 ) Billy Elliot ( 2000 ) Gosford Park ( 2001 ) All or Nothing ( 2002 ) The Magdalene Sisters ( 2003 ) Vera Drake ( 2004 ) The Constant Gardener ( 2005 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) Control ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Fish Tank ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) We Need to Talk About Kevin ( 2011 ) Berberian Sound Studio ( 2012 ) The Selfish Giant ( 2013 ) Under the Skin ( 2014 ) 45 Years ( 2015 ) I , Daniel Blake ( 2016 ) Dunkirk ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Need_to_Talk_About_Kevin_(film)&oldid=835502481 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films 2010s drama films 2010s independent films 2010s psychological thriller films American films American independent films American thriller films American drama films British films British drama films British independent films British thriller films Films about psychopaths Films about dysfunctional families Films directed by Lynne Ramsay Patricide in fiction Sororicide in fiction Films based on American novels Films shot in Connecticut Films about school violence Best Film , London Film Festival winners Mass murder in films Films scored by Jonny Greenwood Hidden categories : EngvarB from May 2016 Use dmy dates from May 2016 Film articles using image size parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 02 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played kevin in we need to talk about kevin | [
"\nTilda Swinton as Eva Khatchadourian\nJohn C. Reilly as Franklin Plaskett\nEzra Miller as Kevin Khatchadourian\n\nJasper Newell as young Kevin\nRocky Duer as infant Kevin\n\n\nAshley Gerasimovich as Celia Khatchadourian\nSiobhan Fallon Hogan as Wanda\nAlex Manette as Colin\n"
] | [
"Ezra Miller"
] |
6642921084140060392 | Double-entry bookkeeping system | Double - entry bookkeeping system - wikipedia Double - entry bookkeeping system Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Accounting Historical cost Constant purchasing power Management Tax Major types ( show ) Auditing Cost Forensic Financial Fund Governmental Management Social Tax Key concepts ( show ) Accounting period Accrual Constant purchasing power Economic entity Fair value Going concern Historical cost Matching principle Materiality Revenue recognition Unit of account Selected accounts ( show ) Assets Cash Cost of goods sold Depreciation / Amortization Equity Expenses Goodwill Liabilities Profit Revenue Accounting standards ( show ) Generally - accepted principles Generally - accepted auditing standards Convergence International Financial Reporting Standards International Standards on Auditing Management Accounting Principles Financial statements ( show ) Annual report Balance sheet Cash - flow Equity Income Management discussion Notes to the financial statements Bookkeeping ( show ) Bank reconciliation Debits and credits Double - entry system FIFO and LIFO Journal Ledger / General ledger T accounts Trial balance Auditing ( show ) Financial Internal Firms Report People and organizations ( show ) Accountants Accounting organizations Luca Pacioli Development ( show ) History Research Positive accounting Sarbanes -- Oxley Act Business portal Double - entry bookkeeping , in accounting , is a system of bookkeeping so named because every entry to an account requires a corresponding and opposite entry to a different account . For instance , recording earnings of $100 would require making two entries : a debit entry of $100 to an account named `` Cash '' and a credit entry of $100 to an account named `` Revenue . '' Deciding which account has to be debited and which account has to be credited is accomplished using the accounting equation which is expressed as , Assets = Equity + Liabilities ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( Assets ) ) = ( \ text ( Equity ) ) + ( \ text ( Liabilities ) ) ) . This equation serves as an error detection tool ; if at any point the sum of debits for all accounts does not equal the corresponding sum of credits for all accounts , an error has occurred . Double - entry bookkeeping is no guarantee that errors have not been made ; for example , the wrong ledger account may have been debited or credited , or the entries completely reversed . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Accounting entries 3 Approaches 3.1 The British approach 3.2 Accounting equation approach 4 Books of accounts 5 Debits and credits 6 Double entry example 6.1 Purchase invoice journal 6.2 Bank payments journal 6.3 Supplier ledger cards 6.3. 1 Sales / customers 6.3. 1.1 Sales daybook 6.3. 1.2 Customer ledger cards 6.3. 2 General ( nominal ) ledger 6.3. 2.1 Bank account 6.3. 2.2 Unadjusted trial balance 6.3. 2.3 Profit - and - loss statement and balance sheet 7 See also 8 Notes and references 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Accounting The oldest record of a complete double - entry system is the Messari ( Italian : Treasurer 's ) accounts of the Republic of Genoa in 1340 . The Messari accounts contain debits and credits journalised in a bilateral form , and include balances carried forward from the preceding year , and therefore enjoy general recognition as a double - entry system . By the end of the 15th century , the bankers and merchants of Florence , Genoa , Venice and Lübeck used this system widely . However , the double - entry accounting method was said to be developed independently earlier in Korea during the Goryeo dynasty ( 918 - 1392 ) when Kaesong was a center of trade and industry at that time . The Four - element bookkeeping system was said to be originated in the 11th or 12th century . The earliest extant accounting records that follow the modern double - entry system in Europe come from Amatino Manucci , a Florentine merchant at the end of the 13th century . Manucci was employed by the Farolfi firm and the firm 's ledger of 1299 - 1300 evidences full double - entry bookkeeping . Giovannino Farolfi & Company , a firm of Florentine merchants headquartered in Nîmes , acted as moneylenders to the Archbishop of Arles , their most important customer . Some sources suggest that Giovanni di Bicci de ' Medici introduced this method for the Medici bank in the 14th century . Ragusan economist Benedetto Cotrugli 's 1458 treatise Della mercatura e del mercante perfetto contained the earliest known description of a double - entry bookkeeping system , but his manuscript was not officially published until 1573 . Luca Pacioli , a Franciscan friar and collaborator of Leonardo da Vinci , first codified the system in his mathematics textbook Summa de arithmetica , geometria , proportioni et proportionalità published in Venice in 1494 . Pacioli is often called the `` father of accounting '' because he was the first to publish a detailed description of the double - entry system , thus enabling others to study and use it . In pre-modern Europe , double - entry bookkeeping had theological and cosmological connotations , recalling `` both the scales of justice and the symmetry of God 's world '' . Accounting entries ( edit ) In the double - entry accounting system , at least two accounting entries are required to record each financial transaction . These entries may occur in asset , liability , equity , expense , or revenue accounts . Recording of a debit amount to one or more accounts and an equal credit amount to one or more accounts results in total debits being equal to total credits for all accounts in the general ledger . If the accounting entries are recorded without error , the aggregate balance of all accounts having Debit balances will be equal to the aggregate balance of all accounts having Credit balances . Accounting entries that debit and credit related accounts typically include the same date and identifying code in both accounts , so that in case of error , each debit and credit can be traced back to a journal and transaction source document , thus preserving an audit trail . The rules for formulating accounting entries are known as `` Golden Rules of Accounting '' . The accounting entries are recorded in the `` Books of Accounts '' . Regardless of which accounts and how many are impacted by a given transaction , the fundamental accounting equation of assets equal liabilities plus capital will hold . Approaches ( edit ) There are two different ways to memorize the effects of debits and credits on accounts in the double entry system of bookkeeping . They are the Traditional Approach and the Accounting Equation Approach . Irrespective of the approach used , the effect on the books of accounts remains the same , with two aspects ( debit and credit ) in each of the transactions . The British approach ( edit ) Following the British approach ( also called the traditional approach ) accounts are classified as real , personal , and nominal accounts . Real accounts are accounts relating to assets and liabilities including the capital account of the owners . Personal accounts are accounts relating to persons or organisations with whom the business has transactions and will mainly consist of accounts of debtors and creditors . Nominal accounts are revenue , expenses , gains , and losses . Transactions are entered in the books of accounts by applying the following golden rules of accounting : Real account : Debit what comes in and credit what goes out Personal account : Debit the receiver and credit the giver Nominal account : Debit all expenses & losses and credit all incomes & gains Accounting equation approach ( edit ) This approach is also called the American approach . Under this approach transactions are recorded based on the accounting equation , i.e. , Assets = Liabilities + Capital . The accounting equation is a statement of equality between the debits and the credits . The rules of debit and credit depend on the nature of an account . For the purpose of the accounting equation approach , all the accounts are classified into the following five types : assets , liabilities , income / revenues , expenses , or capital gains / losses . If there is an increase or decrease in one account , there will be equal decrease or increase in another account . There may be equal increases to both accounts , depending on what kind of accounts they are . There may also be equal decreases to both accounts . Accordingly , the following rules of debit and credit in respect to the various categories of accounts can be obtained . The rules may be summarised as below : Assets Accounts : debit entry represents an increase in assets and a credit entry represents a decrease in assets Capital Account : credit entry represents an increase in capital and a debit entry represents a decrease in capital Liabilities Accounts : credit entry represents an increase in liabilities and a debit entry represents a decrease in liabilities Revenues or Incomes Accounts : credit entry represents an increase in incomes and gains , and debit entry represents a decrease in incomes and gains Expenses or Losses Accounts : debit entry represents an increase in expenses and losses , and credit entry represents a decrease in expenses and losses These five rules help learning about accounting entries and also are comparable with traditional ( British ) accounting rules . Books of accounts ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Each financial transaction is recorded in at least two different nominal ledger accounts within the financial accounting system , so that the total debits equals the total credits in the General Ledger , i.e. the accounts balance . This is a partial check that each and every transaction has been correctly recorded . The transaction is recorded as a `` debit entry '' ( Dr ) in one account , and a `` credit entry '' ( Cr ) in a second account . The debit entry will be recorded on the debit side ( left - hand side ) of a General ledger account , and the credit entry will be recorded on the credit side ( right - hand side ) of a General ledger account . If the total of the entries on the debit side of one account is greater than the total on the credit side of the same nominal account , that account is said to have a debit balance . Double entry is used only in nominal ledgers . It is not used in daybooks ( journals ) , which normally do not form part of the nominal ledger system . The information from the daybooks will be used in the nominal ledger and it is the nominal ledgers that will ensure the integrity of the resulting financial information created from the daybooks ( provided that the information recorded in the daybooks is correct ) . The reason for this is to limit the number of entries in the nominal ledger : entries in the daybooks can be totalled before they are entered in the nominal ledger . If there are only a relatively small number of transactions it may be simpler instead to treat the daybooks as an integral part of the nominal ledger and thus of the double - entry system . However , as can be seen from the examples of daybooks shown below , it is still necessary to check , within each daybook , that the postings from the daybook balance . The double entry system uses nominal ledger accounts . From these nominal ledger accounts a trial balance can be created . The trial balance lists all the nominal ledger account balances . The list is split into two columns , with debit balances placed in the left hand column and credit balances placed in the right hand column . Another column will contain the name of the nominal ledger account describing what each value is for . The total of the debit column must equal the total of the credit column . Debits and credits ( edit ) Main article : Debits and credits This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Double - entry bookkeeping is governed by the accounting equation . If revenue equals expenses , the following ( basic ) equation must be true : assets = liabilities + equity For the accounts to remain in balance , a change in one account must be matched with a change in another account . These changes are made by debits and credits to the accounts . Note that the usage of these terms in accounting is not identical to their everyday usage . Whether one uses a debit or credit to increase or decrease an account depends on the normal balance of the account . Assets , Expenses , and Drawings accounts ( on the left side of the equation ) have a normal balance of debit . Liability , Revenue , and Capital accounts ( on the right side of the equation ) have a normal balance of credit . On a general ledger , debits are recorded on the left side and credits on the right side for each account . Since the accounts must always balance , for each transaction there will be a debit made to one or several accounts and a credit made to one or several accounts . The sum of all debits made in each day 's transactions must equal the sum of all credits in those transactions . After a series of transactions , therefore , the sum of all the accounts with a debit balance will equal the sum of all the accounts with a credit balance . Debits and credits are numbers recorded as follows : Debits are recorded on the left side of a T account in a ledger . Debits increase balances in asset accounts and expense accounts and decrease balances in liability accounts , revenue accounts , and capital accounts . Credits are recorded on the right side of a T account in a ledger . Credits increase balances in liability accounts , revenue accounts , and capital accounts , and decrease balances in asset accounts and expense accounts . Debit accounts are asset and expense accounts that usually have debit balances , i.e. the total debits usually exceeds the total credits in each debit account . Credit accounts are revenue ( income , gains ) accounts and liability accounts that usually have credit balances . Debit Credit Asset Increase Decrease Liability Decrease Increase Income ( revenue ) Decrease Increase Expense Increase Decrease Capital Decrease Increase The mnemonic DEADCLIC is used to help remember the effect of debit or credit transactions on the relevant accounts . DEAD : Debit to increase Expense , Asset and Drawing accounts and CLIC : Credit to increase Liability , Income and Capital accounts . The account types are related as follows : current equity = sum of equity changes across time ( increases on the left side are debits , and increases on the right side are credits , and vice versa for decreases ) current equity = Assets - Liabilities sum of equity changes across time = owner 's investment ( Capital above ) + Revenues - Expenses Double entry example ( edit ) This section contains instructions , advice , or how - to content . The purpose of Wikipedia is to present facts , not to train . Please help improve this article either by rewriting the how - to content or by moving it to Wikiversity , Wikibooks or Wikivoyage . ( October 2014 ) In this example the following will be used : Books of prime entry ( Books of original entry ) , also known as journals Sales Invoice Journal ( records customer invoices ) Bank Receipts Journal ( records customer & non customer receipts ) Cash Journal / Sales Journal Return inwards Journal Return outwards Journal Purchase Invoice Journal ( records supplier invoices ) Bank Payments Journal ( records supplier & non supplier payments ) The books of prime entry are where transactions are first recorded . They are not part of the double - entry system , but may be expanded by the computer as a debit to one account and a credit to another account . For example , a cash receipts transaction may cause a debit ( increase ) to a cash account and a credit ( decrease ) to an accounts receivable account . Ledger Cards Customer Ledger Cards Supplier Ledger Cards General Ledger ( Nominal Ledger ) Bank Account Ledger Trade Creditors Ledger Trade Debtors Ledger Purchase invoice journal ( edit ) Purchase Invoice Journal Date Supplier Name Reference Amount Electricity Widgets 10 July 2014 Electricity Company 9005 1000 1000 12 July 2014 Widget Company 156 1600 1600 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - -- -- -- - Total 2600 1000 1600 = = = = = = = = = = = = Credit Debit Debit Trade Electricity Widgets control a / c a / c a / c Each individual line is posted as follows : The amount value is posted as a credit to the individual supplier 's ledger a / c ( a / c means `` Account Code '' ) The analysis amount is posted as a debit to the relevant general ledger a / c From example above : Line 1 -- Amount value 1000 is posted as a credit to the Supplier 's ledger a / c ELE01 - Electricity Company Line 2 -- Amount value 1600 is posted as a credit to the Supplier 's ledger a / c WID01 - Widget Company The totals of each column are posted as follows : Amount total value 2600 posted as a credit to the Trade creditors control a / c Electricity total value 1000 posted as a debit to the Electricity General Ledger a / c Widget total value 1600 posted as a debit to the Widgets General Ledger a / c Double - entry has been observed because Dr = 2600 and Cr = 2600 . Dr = 2600 and Cr = 2600 . Bank payments journal ( edit ) The payments book is not part of the double - entry system . Bank Payments Journal Date Supplier Name Reference Amount Suppliers Wages 17 July 2014 Electricity Company 701 1000 1000 19 July 2014 Widget Company 702 900 900 28 July 2014 Owner 's Wages 703 400 400 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - -- -- -- - Total 2300 1900 400 = = = = = = = = = = = = Credit Debit Debit Bank Trade Wages Account Creditors control a / c control a / c Keys : PI = Purchase Invoice , BP = Bank Payment Each individual line is posted as follows : The amount value is posted as a debit to the individual supplier 's ledger a / c . The analysis amount is posted as a credit to the relevant general ledger a / c . From example above : Line 1 -- Amount value 1000 is posted as a debit to the Supplier 's ledger a / c ELE01 - Electricity Company . Line 2 -- Amount value 900 is posted as a debit to the Supplier 's ledger a / c WID01 - Widget Company . The totals of each column are posted as follows : Amount total value 2300 posted as a credit to the Bank Account . Trade Creditors total value 1900 posted as a debit to the Trade creditors control a / c . Other total value 400 posted as a debit to the Wages control a / c . Double - entry has been observed because Dr = 2300 and Cr = 2300 . The daybooks are the key documents ( books ) to the double entry system . From these daybooks we create the ledger accounts . Each transaction will be recorded in at least two ledger accounts . Supplier ledger cards ( edit ) Supplier Ledger Cards A / c Code : ELE01 -- Electricity Company Date Details Reference Amount Date Details Reference Amount 17 July 2014 Bank Payment 701 BPDB1 1000 10 July 2014 Purchase Invoice 9005 PDB1 1000 31 July 2014 Balance c / d 0 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - 1000 1000 = = = = = = = = 1 August 2014 Balance b / d 0 A / c Code : WID01 -- Widget Company Date Details Reference Amount Date Details Reference Amount 19 July 2014 Bank Payment 702 BPDB1 900 12 July 2014 Purchase Invoice 156 PDB1 1600 31 July 2014 Balance c / d 700 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - 1600 1600 = = = = = = = = 1 August 2014 Balance b / d 700 Sales / customers ( edit ) Sales daybook ( edit ) Sales Invoice Daybook Date Customer Name Reference Amount Parts Service 2 July 2014 JJ Manufacturing SI1 2500 2500 29 July 2014 JJ Manufacturing SI2 3200 3200 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - -- -- -- - Total 5700 2500 3200 = = = = = = = = = = = = Debit Credit Credit Trade Sales Sales debtors Parts Service control a / c a / c a / c Each individual line is posted as follows : The amount value is posted as a debit to the individual customer 's ledger a / c . The analysis amount is posted as a credit to the relevant general ledger a / c . From example above : Line 1 -- Amount value 2500 is posted as a debit to the Customer 's ledger a / c JJM01 - JJ Manufacturing . Line 2 -- Amount value 3200 is posted as a debit to the Customer 's ledger a / c JJM01 - JJ Manufacturing . The totals of each column are posted as follows : Amount total value 5700 posted as a debit to the Trade debtors control a / c . Sales - parts total value 2500 posted as a credit to the Sales parts a / c . Sales - service total value 3200 posted as a credit to the Sales service a / c . Double - entry has been observed because Dr = 5700 and Cr = 5700 . Customer ledger cards ( edit ) Customer Ledger cards are not part of the Double - entry system . They are for memorandum purposes only . They allow you to know the total amount an individual customer owes you . CUSTOMER LEDGER CARDS A / c Code : JJM01 -- JJ Manufacturing Date Details Reference Amount Date Details Reference Amount 2 July 2014 Sales invoice daybook SI1 2500 20 July 2014 Bank receipts daybook BR1 2500 29 July 2014 Sales invoice daybook SI2 3200 31 July 2014 Balance c / d 3200 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - 5700 5700 = = = = = = = = 1 August 2014 Balance b / d 3200 General ( nominal ) ledger ( edit ) GENERAL ( NOMINAL ) LEDGER Sales parts Date Details Reference Amount Date Details Reference Amount 31 July 2014 Balance c / d 2500 31 July 2014 Sales invoice daybook SDB1 2500 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - 2500 2500 = = = = = = = = 1 August 2014 Balance b / d 2500 Sales service Date Details Reference Amount Date Details Reference Amount 31 July 2014 Balance c / d 3200 31 July 2014 Sales invoice daybook SDB1 3200 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - 3200 3200 = = = = = = = = 1 August 2014 Balance b / d 3200 Electricity Date Details Reference Amount Date Details Reference Amount 31 July 2014 Purchases Daybook PDB1 1000 31 July 2014 Balance c / d 1000 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - 1000 1000 = = = = = = = = 1 August 2014 Balance b / d 1000 Widgets Date Details Reference Amount Date Details Reference Amount 31 July 2014 Purchases Daybook PDB1 1600 31 July 2014 Balance c / d 1600 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - 1600 1600 = = = = = = = = 1 August 2014 Balance b / d 1600 Other a / c Date Details Reference Amount Date Details Reference Amount 31 July 2014 Bank payments daybook BPDB1 400 31 July 2014 Balance c / d 400 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - 400 400 = = = = = = = = 1 August 2014 Balance b / d 400 Bank Control A / c Date Details Reference Amount Date Details Reference Amount 31 July 2014 Bank receipts daybook BRDB1 2500 31 July 2014 Bank payments daybook BPDB1 2300 31 July 2014 Balance c / d 200 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - 2500 2500 = = = = = = = = 1 August 2014 Balance b / d 200 Trade Debtors Control A / c Date Details Reference Amount Date Details Reference Amount 1 July 2014 Balance b / d 0 31 July 2014 Bank receipts daybook BRDB1 2500 31 July 2014 Sales Invoice Daybook SDB1 5700 31 July 2014 Balance c / d 3200 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - 5700 5700 = = = = = = = = 1 August 2014 Balance b / d 3200 Trade Creditors Control A / c Date Details Reference Amount Date Details Reference Amount 31 July 2014 Bank Payments Daybook BPDB1 1900 1 July 2014 Balance b / d 0 31 July 2014 Balance c / d 700 31 July 2014 Purchase Daybook PDB1 2600 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - 2600 2600 = = = = = = = = 1 August 2014 Balance b / d 700 SDB1 ; Sales Invoices Daybook Page 1 PDB1 ; Purchase Invoices Daybook Page 1 BPDB1 ; Bank Payments Daybook Page 1 BRDB1 ; Bank Receipts Daybook Page 1 The customers ledger cards shows the breakdown of how the trade debtors control a / c is made up . The trade debtors control a / c is the total of outstanding debtors and the customer ledger cards shows the amount due for each individual customer . The total of each individual customer account added together should equal the total in the trade debtors control a / c . The supplier ledger cards shows the breakdown of how the trade creditors control a / c is made up . The trade creditors control a / c is the total of outstanding creditors and the suppliers ledger cards shows the amount due for each individual supplier . The total of each individual supplier account added together should equal the total in the trade creditors control a / c . Each Bank a / c shows all the total money in and out through a bank . If you have more than one bank account for your company you will have to maintain separate bank account ledgers in order to complete bank reconciliation statements and be able to see how much is left in each account . Bank account ( edit ) Bank A / c Date Details Reference Amount Date Details Reference Amount 31 July 2014 Bank Receipts Day Book BRDB1 2500 31 July 2014 Bank Payments Daybook BPDB1 2300 31 July 2014 Balance c / d 200 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - 2500 2500 = = = = = = = = 1 August 2014 Balance b / d 200 Unadjusted trial balance ( edit ) Trial balance as at 31 July 2016 A / c description Debit Credit Sales - parts 2500 Sales - service 3200 Widgets 1600 Electricity 1000 Other 400 Bank 200 Trade Debtors Control A / c 3200 Trade Creditors Control A / c 700 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - 6400 6400 = = = = = = = = = = Both sides must have the same overall total Debits = Credits . The individual customer accounts are not to be listed in the trial balance , as the Trade debtors control a / c is the summary of each individual customer a / c . The individual supplier accounts are not to be listed in the trial balance , as the Trade creditors control a / c is the summary of each individual supplier a / c . Important note : this example is designed to show double entry . There are methods of creating a trial balance that significantly reduce the time it takes to record entries in the general ledger and trial balance . Profit - and - loss statement and balance sheet ( edit ) Profit and loss statement for the month ending 31 July 2014 Dr x Sales x Sales - parts 2500 x Sales - service 3200 x -- -- -- - x 5700 x Less Cost of Widgets ( 1600 ) x -- -- -- - x Gross Profit 4100 x Expenses : x Electricity 1000 x Other 400 x -- -- -- - x Less expenses ( 1400 ) x -- -- -- - x Net Profit 2700 x = = = = Balance sheet as at 31 July 2014 Dr x Current Assets x Bank A / c 200 x Trade Debtors 3200 x -- -- -- - x Assets 3400 x Current Liabilities x Trade Creditors 700 x -- -- -- - x Less Liabilities ( 700 ) x -- -- -- - x Net Current Assets 2700 x = = = = x Capital & Reserves x Revenue Reserves a / c 2700 x -- -- -- - x 2700 x = = = = See also ( edit ) Nostro and vostro accounts Single - entry bookkeeping system Momentum accounting and triple - entry bookkeeping Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lauwers , Luc ; Willekens , Marleen ( 1994 ) . `` Five Hundred Years of Bookkeeping : A Portrait of Luca Pacioli '' ( PDF ) . Tijdschrift voor Economie en Management . Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. 39 ( 3 ) : 289 -- 304 ( p. 300 ) . ISSN 0772 - 7674 . Jump up ^ http://sjeas.skku.edu/upload/200707/87-114Owen%20Miller.PDF Jump up ^ Financial Reporting in the Pacific Asia Region edited by Ronald Ma Jump up ^ A Global History of Accounting , Financial Reporting and Public Policy : Asia ... By Gary John Previts , Peter Wolnizer Jump up ^ Lee , Geoffrey A. ( 1977 ) . `` The Coming of Age of Double Entry : The Giovanni Farolfi Ledger of 1299 - 1300 '' . Accounting Historians Journal . 4 ( 2 ) : 79 -- 95 . JSTOR 40697544 . Jump up ^ Lee ( 1977 ) , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Zubrinic , Darko . `` History of Croatian '' . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SIESC Croatia 2 '' . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Luca Pacioli : The Father of Accounting Archived 18 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Internet , televisie , vast bellen en mobiel met 4G netwerk - KPN '' . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Livio , Mario ( 2002 ) . The Golden Ratio . New York : Broadway Books . pp. 130 -- 131 . ISBN 0 - 7679 - 0816 - 3 . Jump up ^ Poovey , Mary ( 1998 ) . A History of the Modern Fact : Problems of Knowledge in the Sciences of Wealth and Society . University of Chicago Press . p. 54 . ISBN 9780226675268 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 07 . In the late sixteenth - century ( ... ) number still carried the pejorative connotations associated with necromancy ( ... ) . ( ... ) ( D ) ouble - entry bookkeeping helped confer cultural authority on numbers . It did so by means of the balance ( ... ) . For late sixteenth - century readers , the balance conjured up both the scales of justice and the symmetry of God 's world . Jump up ^ `` Three Golden Rules of Accounting with Examples '' . 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rajasekaran V. ( 1 September 2011 ) . Financial Accounting . Pearson Education India . pp. 54 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 317 - 3180 - 2 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Accountancy : Higher Secondary First Year ( PDF ) ( First ed . ) . Tamil Nadu Textbooks Corporation . 2004 . pp. 28 -- 34 . Retrieved 12 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Edward M. Hyans ( 1916 ) . Theory of accounts for accountant students . Universal Business Institute , Inc . pp. 17 -- . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Gleeson - White , Jane ( November 2011 ) . Double Entry . Allen & Unwin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74175 - 755 - 2 . Soll , Jacob ( April 2014 ) . The Reckoning : Financial Accountability and the Rise and Fall of Nations . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 46503 - 152 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Accounting A Concise Explanation of the Accounting Equation A tutorial on Double - entry accounting and bookkeeping A double entry GnuCash How - to Bean Counter 's bookkeeping tutorial GnuCash data entry concepts , GnuCash website GND : 4113337 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Double-entry_bookkeeping_system&oldid=800390007 '' Categories : Accounting systems Italian inventions Accounting terminology History of accounting Economic history of Italy Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2014 Articles needing additional references from October 2014 Articles needing cleanup from October 2014 All pages needing cleanup Articles containing how - to sections Use dmy dates from January 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 06 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what do you mean by double entry system of accounting | [
"Double-entry bookkeeping, in accounting, is a system of bookkeeping so named because every entry to an account requires a corresponding and opposite entry to a different account. For instance, recording earnings of $100 would require making two entries: a debit entry of $100 to an account named \"Cash\" and a credit entry of $100 to an account named \"Revenue.\"[further explanation needed]"
] | [
"every entry to an account requires a corresponding and opposite entry to a different account"
] |
5626637264249488960 | Estates of the realm | Estates of the realm - wikipedia Estates of the realm Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that The Estates be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since September 2017 . This article is about the medieval European concept of social hierarchy . For the modern concept of partitioning the government , see Separation of powers . A 13th century French representation of the tripartite social order of the middle ages -- Oratores : `` those who pray '' , Bellatores : `` those who fight '' , and Laboratores : `` those who work '' . The estates of the realm , or three estates , were the broad orders of social hierarchy used in Christendom ( Christian Europe ) from the medieval period to early modern Europe . Different systems for dividing society members into estates developed and evolved over time . The best known system is the French Ancien Régime ( Old Regime ) , a three - estate system used until the French Revolution ( 1789 -- 1799 ) . Monarchy was for the king and the queen and this system was made up of clergy ( the First Estate ) , nobles ( the Second Estate ) , and peasants and bourgeoisie ( the Third Estate ) . In some regions , notably Scandinavia and Russia , burghers ( the urban merchant class ) and rural commoners were split into separate estates , creating a four - estate system with rural commoners ranking the lowest as the Fourth Estate . Furthermore , the non-landowning poor could be left outside the estates , leaving them without political rights . In England , a two - estate system evolved that combined nobility and bishops into one lordly estate with `` commons '' as the second estate . This system produced the two houses of parliament , the House of Commons and the House of Lords . In southern Germany , a three - estate system of nobility ( princes and high clergy ) , ritters ( knights ) , and burghers was used . Today the terms three estates and estates of the realm may sometimes be re-interpreted to refer to the modern separation of powers in government into the legislature , administration , and the judiciary . Additionally the term fourth estate usually refers to forces outside the established power structure ( evoking medieval three - estate systems ) , most commonly in reference to the independent press or media . Historically , in Northern and Eastern Europe , the Fourth Estate meant rural commoners . Contents ( hide ) 1 Social immobility 2 Dynamics 3 Background 4 Kingdom of France 4.1 First Estate 4.2 Second Estate 4.3 Third Estate 4.4 Estates General 5 United Kingdom 5.1 Scotland 6 Sweden and Finland 7 Low Countries 8 Holy Roman Empire 9 Russian Empire 10 Catalonia 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References Social immobility ( edit ) During the Middle Ages , advancing to different social classes was uncommon and very difficult . The medieval Church was an institution where social mobility was most likely up to a certain level ( generally to that of vicar general or abbot / abbess for commoners ) . Typically , only nobility were appointed to the highest church positions ( bishops , archbishops , heads of religious orders , etc . ) , although low nobility could aspire to the highest church positions . Since clergy could not marry , such mobility was theoretically limited to one generation . Nepotism was common in this period . Another possible way to rise in social position was due to exceptional military or commercial success . Such families were rare and their rise to nobility required royal patronage at some point . However , because noble lines went extinct naturally , some number of ennoblements was necessary . Dynamics ( edit ) `` Medieval political speculation is imbued to the marrow with the idea of a structure of society based upon distinct orders , '' Johan Huizinga observes . The virtually synonymous terms estate and order designated a great variety of social realities , not at all limited to a class , Huizinga concluded applying to every social function , every trade , every recognisable grouping . There are , first of all , the estates of the realm , but there are also the trades , the state of matrimony and that of virginity , the state of sin . At court there are the ' four estates of the body and mouth ' : bread - masters , cup - bearers , carvers , and cooks . In the Church there are sacerdotal orders and monastic orders . Finally there are the different orders of chivalry . This static view of society was predicated on inherited positions . Commoners were universally considered the lowest order . The higher estates ' necessary dependency on the commoners ' production , however , often further divided the otherwise equal common people into burghers ( also known as bourgeoisie ) of the realm 's cities and towns , and the peasants and serfs of the realm 's surrounding lands and villages . A person 's estate and position within it were usually inherited from the father and his occupation , similar to a caste within that system . In many regions and realms there also existed population groups born outside these specifically defined resident estates . Legislative bodies or advisory bodies to a monarch were traditionally grouped along lines of these estates , with the monarch above all three estates . Meetings of the estates of the realm became early legislative and judicial parliaments . Monarchs often sought to legitimize their power by requiring oaths of fealty from the estates . Today , in most countries , the estates have lost all their legal privileges , and are mainly of historical interest . The nobility may be an exception , for instance due to legislation against false titles of nobility ; similarly British government well maintains the distinction - witness its House of Lords , and the House of Commons . One of the earliest political pamphlets to address these ideas was called `` What Is the Third Estate ? '' ( French : Qu'est - ce que le tiers - état ? ) It was written by Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès in January 1789 , shortly before the start of the French Revolution . Background ( edit ) After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , numerous geographic and ethnic kingdoms developed among the endemic peoples of Europe , affecting their day - to - day secular lives ; along with those , the growing influence of the Catholic Church and its Papacy affected the ethical , moral and religious lives and decisions of all . This led to mutual dependency between the secular and religious powers for guidance and protection , but over time and with the growing power of the kingdoms , competing secular realities increasingly diverged from religious idealism and Church decisions . The new lords of the land identified themselves primarily as warriors , but because new technologies of warfare were expensive , and the fighting men required substantial material resources and considerable leisure to train , these needs had to be filled . The economic and political transformation of the countryside in the period were filled by a large growth in population , agricultural production , technological innovations and urban centers ; movements of reform and renewal attempted to sharpen the distinction between clerical and lay status , and power , recognized by the Church also had their effect . In his book The Three Orders : Feudal Society Imagined , the French medievalist Georges Duby has shown that in the period 1023 - 1025 the first theorist who justified the division of European society into the three estates of the realm was Gerard of Florennes , the bishop of Cambrai . As a result of the Investiture Controversy of the late 11th and early 12th centuries , the powerful office of Holy Roman Emperor lost much of its religious character and retained a more nominal universal preeminence over other rulers , though it varied . The struggle over investiture and the reform movement also legitimized all secular authorities , partly on the grounds of their obligation to enforce discipline . In the 11th and 12th centuries thinkers argued that human society consisted of three orders : those who pray , those who fight , and those who labour . The structure of the first order , the clergy , was in place by 1200 and remained singly intact until the religious reformations of the 16th century . The very general category of those who labour ( specifically , those who were not knightly warriors or nobles ) diversified rapidly after the 11th century into the lively and energetic worlds of peasants , skilled artisans , merchants , financiers , lay professionals , and entrepreneurs , which together drove the European economy to its greatest achievements . The second order , those who fight , was the rank of the politically powerful , ambitious , and dangerous . Kings took pains to ensure that it did not resist their authority . By the 12th century , most European political thinkers agreed that monarchy was the ideal form of governance . This was because it imitated on earth the model set by God for the universe ; it was the form of government of the ancient Hebrews and the Christian Biblical basis , the later Roman Empire , and also the peoples who succeeded Rome after the 4th century . Kingdom of France ( edit ) Main article : Ancien Régime in France France under the Ancien Régime ( before the French Revolution ) divided society into three estates : the First Estate ( clergy ) ; the Second Estate ( nobility ) ; and the Third Estate ( commoners ) . The king was considered part of no estate . The First Estate ( Fr . premier état ) was the clergy . First Estate ( edit ) The First Estate comprised the entire clergy , traditionally divided into `` higher '' and `` lower '' clergy . Although there was no formal demarcation between the two categories , the upper clergy were , effectively , clerical nobility , from the families of the Second Estate . In the time of Louis XVI , every bishop in France was a nobleman , a situation that had not existed before the 18th century . At the other extreme , the `` lower clergy '' ( about equally divided between parish priests and monks and nuns ) constituted about 90 percent of the First Estate , which in 1789 numbered around 130,000 ( about 0.5 % of the population ) . Second Estate ( edit ) The Second Estate ( Fr . deuxieme état ) was the French nobility and ( technically , though not in common use ) royalty , other than the monarch himself , who stood outside of the system of estates . The Second Estate is traditionally divided into noblesse d'épée ( `` nobility of the sword '' ) , and noblesse de robe ( `` nobility of the robe '' ) , the magisterial class that administered royal justice and civil government . The Second Estate constituted approximately 1.5 % of France 's population . Under the ancien régime ( `` old rule / old government '' ) , the Second Estate were exempt from the corvée royale ( forced labour on the roads ) and from most other forms of taxation such as the gabelle ( salt tax ) and most important , the taille ( the oldest form of direct taxation ) . This exemption from paying taxes led to their reluctance to reform . Third Estate ( edit ) Kingdom of France Structure Estates of the realm Parlements French nobility Taille Gabelle Seigneurial system The Third Estate comprised all of those who were not members of the above and can be divided into two groups , urban and rural , together making up 98 % of France 's population . The urban included wage - labourers . The rural included free peasants ( who owned their own land ) who could be prosperous and villeins ( serfs , or peasants working on a noble 's land ) . The free peasants paid disproportionately high taxes compared to the other Estates and were unhappy because they wanted more rights . In addition , the First and Second Estates relied on the labour of the Third , which made the latter 's unequal status all the more glaring . There were an estimated 27 million people in the Third Estate when the French Revolution started . They had the hard life of physical labour and food shortages . Most were born within this group and died as a part of it , too . It was extremely rare for people of this ascribed status to make it out into another estate . Those who did so managed as a result of either being recognized for their extraordinary bravery in a battle or entering religious life . A few commoners were able to marry into the second estate , but this was a rare occurrence . Estates General ( edit ) Main articles : French Estates General and Estates General of 1789 The first Estates General ( not to be confused with a `` class of citizen '' ) was actually a general citizen assembly that was called by Philip IV in 1302 . In the period leading up to the Estates General of 1789 , France was in the grip of an unmanageable public debt ( nearly 3.56 million livres ) . In May 1776 , finance minister Turgot was dismissed , after failing to enact reforms . The next year , Jacques Necker , a foreigner , was appointed Comptroller - General of Finance . He could not be made an official minister because he was a Protestant . ) , terrible inflation and widespread food scarcity ( a huge famine in the winter of 1788 - 89 ) . This led to widespread popular discontent and produced a group of Third Estate representatives ( 612 exactly ) pressing a comparatively radical set of reforms , much of it in alignment with the goals of Finance Minister Jacques Necker , but very much against the wishes of Louis XVI 's court and many of the hereditary nobles forming his Second Estate allies ( at least allies against taking more taxes upon themselves and keeping the unequal taxation on the commoners ) . When he could not persuade them to rubber - stamp his ' ideal program ' , Louis XVI sought to dissolve the Estates - General , but the Third Estate held out for their right to representation . The lower clergy ( and some nobles and upper clergy ) eventually sided with the Third Estate , and the King was forced to yield . Thus , the Estate - General meeting was an invitation to revolution . By June , when continued impasses led to further deterioration in relations , the Estates - General was reconstituted first as the National Assembly ( June 17 , 1789 ) seeking a solution for the realm independent of the King 's management of the meetings of the Estates General which occasionally continued to meet . These self - organized meetings are today defined as the epoch event beginning the historical epoch ( era ) of the French Revolution , during which -- after several more weeks of civil unrest -- the body assumed a new status as a revolutionary legislature , the National Constituent Assembly ( July 9 , 1789 ) . This unitary body composed of the former representatives of the three estates stepping up to govern along with an emergency committee in the power vacuum existing after the Bourbon monarchy fled Paris . Among the Assembly was Maximilien de Robespierre , an influential member of the Jacobins who would years later become instrumental in the turbulent period of violence and political upheaval in France known as the Reign of Terror ( 5 September 1793 -- 28 July 1794 ) . United Kingdom ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Parliament of the United Kingdom . Whilst the estates were never formulated in a way that prevented social mobility , the English ( subsequently the British ) parliament was long based along the classic estate lines being composed on the `` Lords Spiritual and Temporal , and Commons '' . The tradition where the Lords Spiritual and Temporal sat separately from the Commons began during the reign of Edward III in the 14th century . Notwithstanding the House of Lords Act 1999 , the British Parliament still recognises the existence of the three estates : the Commons in the House of Commons , the nobility in the House of Lords , and the clergy in the form of the Church of England bishops also entitled to sit in the upper House as the Lords Spiritual . Scotland ( edit ) Main article : Parliament of Scotland The members of the Parliament of Scotland were collectively referred to as the Three Estates ( Older Scots : Thre Estaitis ) , also known as the community of the realm , and until 1690 composed of : the first estate of prelates ( bishops and abbots ) the second estate of lairds ( dukes , earls , parliamentary peers ( after 1437 ) and lay tenants - in - chief ) the third estate of burgh commissioners ( representatives chosen by the royal burghs ) The First Estate was overthrown during the Glorious Revolution and the accession of William III . The Second Estate was then split into two to retain the division into three . A Shire Commissioner was the closest equivalent of the English office of Member of Parliament , namely a commoner or member of the lower nobility . Because the Parliament of Scotland was unicameral , all members sat in the same chamber , as opposed to the separate English House of Lords and House of Commons . The Parliament also had University constituencies ( see Ancient universities of Scotland ) . The system was also adopted by the Parliament of England when James VI ascended to the English throne . It was believed that the universities were affected by the decisions of Parliament and ought therefore to have representation in it . This continued in the Parliament of Great Britain after 1707 and the Parliament of the United Kingdom until 1950 . Sweden and Finland ( edit ) The Estates in Sweden ( including Finland ) and later also Russia 's Grand Duchy of Finland were the two higher estates , nobility and clergy , and the two lower estates , burghers and land - owning peasants . Each were free men , and had specific rights and responsibilities , and the right to send representatives to the Riksdag of the Estates . The Riksdag , and later the Diet of Finland was tetracameral : at the Riksdag , each Estate voted as a single body . Since early 18th century , a bill needed the approval of at least three Estates to pass , and constitutional amendments required the approval of all Estates . Prior to the 18th century , the King had the right to cast a deciding vote if the Estates were split evenly . After Russia 's conquest of Finland in 1809 , the estates in Finland swore an oath to the Emperor in the Diet of Porvoo . A Finnish House of Nobility was codified in 1818 in accordance with the old Swedish law of 1723 . However , after the Diet of Porvoo , the Diet of Finland was reconvened only in 1863 . In the meantime , for a period of 54 years , the country was governed only administratively . There was also a population outside the estates . Unlike in other areas , people had no `` default '' estate , and were not peasants unless they came from a land - owner 's family . A summary of this division is : Nobility ( see Finnish nobility and Swedish nobility ) was exempt from tax , had an inherited rank and the right to keep a fief , and had a tradition of military service and government . Nobility was codified in 1280 with the Swedish king granting exemption from taxation ( frälse ) to land - owners that could equip a cavalryman ( or be one themselves ) for the king 's army . Around 1400 , letters patent were introduced , in 1561 the ranks of Count and Baron were added , and in 1625 the House of Nobility was codified as the First Estate of the land . Following Axel Oxenstierna 's reform , higher government offices were open only to nobles . However , the nobility still owned only their own property , not the peasants or their land as in much of Europe . Heads of the noble houses were hereditary members of the assembly of nobles . The Nobility is divided into titled nobility ( counts and barons ) and lower nobility . Until the 18th century the lower nobility was in turn was divided into Knights and Esquires such that each of the three classes would first vote internally , giving one vote per class in the assembly . This resulted in great political influence for the higher nobility . Clergy , or priests , were exempt from tax , and collected tithes for the church . After the Swedish Reformation , the church became Lutheran . In later centuries , the estate included teachers of universities and certain state schools . The estate was governed by the state church which consecrated its ministers and appointed them to positions with a vote in choosing diet representatives . Burghers were city - dwellers , tradesmen and craftsmen . Trade was allowed only in the cities when the mercantilistic ideology had got the upper hand , and the burghers had the exclusive right to conduct commerce within the framework of guilds . Entry to this Estate was controlled by the autonomy of the towns themselves . Peasants were allowed to sell their produce within the city limits , but any further trade , particularly foreign trade , was allowed only for burghers . In order for a settlement to become a city , a royal charter granting market right was required , and foreign trade required royally chartered staple port rights . After the annexation of Finland into Imperial Russia in 1809 , mill - owners and other proto - industrialists would gradually be included in this estate . Peasants were land - owners of land - taxed farms and their families , which represented the majority in medieval times . Since most of the population were independent farmer families until the 19th century , not serfs nor villeins , there is a remarkable difference in tradition compared to other European countries . Entry was controlled by ownership of farmland , which was not generally for sale but a hereditary property . After 1809 , Swedish tenants renting a large enough farm ( ten times larger than what was required of peasants owning their own farm ) were included as well as non-nobility owning tax - exempt land . To no estate belonged propertyless cottagers , villeins , tenants of farms owned by others , farmhands , servants , some lower administrative workers , rural craftsmen , travelling salesmen , vagrants , and propertyless and unemployed people ( who sometimes lived in strangers ' houses ) . To reflect how the people belonging to the estates saw them , the Finnish word for `` obscene '' , säädytön , has the literal meaning `` estateless '' . Their mobility was severely limited by the policy of `` legal protection '' ( Finnish : laillinen suojelu ) : every estateless person had to be employed by a taxed citizen from the estates , or they could be charged with vagrancy and sentenced to forced labor . In Finland , this policy lasted until 1883 . In Sweden , the Riksdag of the Estates existed until it was replaced with a bicameral Riksdag in 1866 , which gave political rights to anyone with a certain income or property . Nevertheless , many of the leading politicians of the 19th century continued to be drawn from the old estates , in that they were either noblemen themselves , or represented agricultural and urban interests . Ennoblements continued even after the estates had lost their political importance , with the last ennoblement of explorer Sven Hedin taking place in 1902 ; this practice was formally abolished with the adoption of the new Constitution January 1 , 1975 , while the status of the House of Nobility continued to be regulated in law until 2003 . In Finland , this legal division existed until 1906 , still drawing on the Swedish constitution of 1772 . However , at the start of the 20th century most of the population did not belong to any Estate and had no political representation . A particularly large class were the rent farmers , who did not own the land they cultivated but had to work in the land - owner 's farm to pay their rent ( unlike Russia , there were no slaves or serfs . ) Furthermore , the industrial workers living in the city were not represented by the four - estate system . The political system was reformed as a result of the Finnish general strike of 1905 , with the last Diet instituting a new constitutional law to create the modern parliamentary system , ending the political privileges of the estates . The post-independence constitution of 1919 forbade ennoblement , and all tax privileges were abolished in 1920 . The privileges of the estates were officially and finally abolished in 1995 , although in legal practice , the privileges had long been unenforceable . As in Sweden , the nobility has not been officially abolished and records of nobility are still voluntarily maintained by the Finnish House of Nobility . In Finland , it is still illegal and punishable by jail time ( up to one year ) to defraud into marriage by declaring a false name or estate ( Rikoslaki 18 luku § 1 / Strafflagen 18 kap. § 1 ) . Low countries ( edit ) The Low Countries , which until the late sixteenth century consisted of several counties , prince bishoprics , duchies etc. in the area that is now modern Belgium , Luxembourg and the Netherlands , had no States General until 1464 , when Duke Philip of Burgundy assembled the first States General in Bruges . Later in the 15th and 16th centuries Brussels became the place where the States General assembled . On these occasions deputies from the States of the various provinces ( as the counties , prince - bishoprics and duchies were called ) asked for more liberties . For this reason , the States General were not assembled very often . As a consequence of the Union of Utrecht in 1579 and the events that followed afterwards , the States General declared that they no longer obeyed King Philip II of Spain , who was also overlord of the Netherlands . After the reconquest of the southern Netherlands ( roughly Belgium and Luxemburg ) , the States General of the Dutch Republic first assembled permanently in Middelburg , and in The Hague from 1585 onward . Without a king to rule the country , the States General became the sovereign power . It was the level of government where all things were dealt with that were of concern to all the seven provinces that became part of the Republic of the United Netherlands . During that time the States General were formed by representatives of the States ( i.e. provincial parliaments ) of the seven provinces . In each States ( a plurale tantum ) sat representatives of the nobility and the cities ( the clergy were no longer represented ; in Friesland the peasants were indirectly represented by the Grietmannen ) . In the Southern Netherlands , the last meetings of the States General loyal to the Habsburgs took place in the Estates General of 1600 and the Estates General of 1632 . As a government , the States General of the Dutch Republic were abolished in 1795 . A new parliament was created , called Nationale Vergadering ( National Assembly ) . It no longer consisted of representatives of the States , let alone the Estates : all men were considered equal under the 1798 Constitution . Eventually , the Netherlands became part of the French Empire under Napoleon ( 1810 : La Hollande est reunie à l'Empire ) . After regaining independence in November 1813 , the name `` States General '' was resurrected for a legislature constituted in 1814 and elected by the States - Provincial . In 1815 , when the Netherlands were united with Belgium and Luxemburg , the States General were divided into two chambers : the First Chamber and the Second Chamber . The members of the First Chamber were appointed for life by the King , while the members of the Second Chamber were elected by the members of the States Provincial . The States General resided in The Hague and Brussels in alternate years until 1830 , when , as a result of the Belgian Revolution , The Hague became once again the sole residence of the States General , Brussels instead hosting the newly founded Belgian Parliament . From 1848 on , the Dutch Constitution provides that members of the Second Chamber be elected by the people ( at first only by a limited portion of the male population ; universal male and female suffrage exists since 1919 ) , while the members of the First Chamber are chosen by the members of the States Provincial . As a result , the Second Chamber became the most important . The First Chamber is also called Senate . This however , is not a term used in the Constitution . Occasionally the First and Second Chamber meet in a Verenigde Vergadering ( Joint Session ) , for instance on Prinsjesdag , the annual opening of the parliamentary year , and when a new king is inaugurated . Holy Roman Empire ( edit ) The Holy Roman Empire had the Imperial Diet ( Reichstag ) . The clergy was represented by the independent prince - bishops , prince - archbishops and prince - abbots of the many monasteries . The nobility consisted of independent aristocratic rulers : secular prince - electors , kings , dukes , margraves , counts and others . Burghers consisted of representatives of the independent imperial cities . Many peoples whose territories within the Holy Roman Empire had been independent for centuries had no representatives in the Imperial Diet , and this included the Imperial Knights and independent villages . The power of the Imperial Diet was limited , despite efforts of centralization . Large realms of the nobility or clergy had estates of their own that could wield great power in local affairs . Power struggles between ruler and estates were comparable to similar events in the history of the British and French parliaments . The Swabian League , a significant regional power in its part of Germany during the 15th Century , also had its own kind of Estates , a governing Federal Council comprising three Colleges : those of Princes , Cities , and Knights . Russian Empire ( edit ) Main article : Social estates in the Russian Empire In the late Russian Empire the estates were called sosloviyes . The four major estates were : nobility ( dvoryanstvo ) , clergy , rural dwellers , and urban dwellers , with a more detailed stratification therein . The division in estates was of mixed nature : traditional , occupational , as well as formal : for example , voting in Duma was carried out by estates . Russian Empire Census recorded the reported estate of a person . Catalonia ( edit ) Main article : Catalan Courts The Parliament of Catalonia was first established in 1283 as the Catalan Courts ( Corts Catalanes ) , according to American historian Thomas Bisson , and it has been considered by several historians as a model of medieval parliament . For instance , English historian of constitutionalism Charles Howard McIlwain wrote that the General Courts of Catalonia , during the 14th century , had a more defined organization and met more regularly than the parliaments of England or France . The roots of the parliament institution in Catalonia are in the Sanctuary and Truce Assemblies ( assemblees de pau i treva ) that started in the 11th century . The members of the parliament of Catalonia were organized in the Three Estates ( Catalan : Tres Estats ) : the `` military estate '' ( polígons militars ) with representatives of the feudal nobility the `` ecclesiastical estate '' ( eclesiàstica arrels ) with representatives of the religious hierarchy the `` royal estate '' ( real estate ) with representatives of the free municipalities under royal privilege The parliament institution was abolished in 1716 , together with the rest of institutions of Catalonia , after the War of the Spanish Succession . See also ( edit ) What Is the Third Estate ? Fourth Estate Fifth Estate Communalism before 1800 Trifunctional hypothesis Four occupations ( Asian equivalents ) Varna ( Hinduism ) Location specific : Prussian estates Estates of the Netherlands Antilles Estates of Brittany The Canterbury Tales ( the division of society into three estates is one of the key themes ) A Satire of the Three Estates General : Social class Caste Notes ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Estates of the realm . ^ Jump up to : Huizinga The Waning of the Middle Ages ( 1919 , 1924 : 47 ) . Jump up ^ Georges Duby , The Three Orders : Feudal Society Imagined , Part 1 ^ Jump up to : Encyclopædia Britannica , `` History of Europe -- Middle Ages -- From territorial principalities to territorial monarchies '' Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , `` History of Europe -- Middle Ages -- From territorial principalities to territorial monarchies -- The three orders '' Jump up ^ R.R. Palmer , A History of the Modern World 1961 , p. 334 . ^ Jump up to : Henslin , James M. ( 2004 ) . `` 9 '' . Sociology : A Down - to - Earth Approach . Allyn & Bacon . p. 225 . ISBN 0205407358 . Jump up ^ `` France 's Financial Crisis : 1783 -- 1788 '' . Retrieved 26 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Hibbert , pp. 35 , 36 ^ Jump up to : `` Terror , Reign of '' ; Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Kidd , Colin Subverting Scotland 's Past : Scottish Whig Historians and the Creation of an Anglo - British Identity 1689 -- 1830 Cambridge University Press ( 2003 ) pp133 Jump up ^ Mann , Alastair , `` A Brief History of an Ancient Institution : The Scottish Parliament '' , Scottish Parliamentary Review , Vol . I , No. 1 ( June , 2013 ) ( Edinburgh : Blacket Avenue Press ) Jump up ^ http://wiki.narc.fi/portti/index.php/Teema:_Irtolaisuus Jump up ^ Original Act 971 / 1995 Jump up ^ Joaquim Albareda , `` Estat i nació a l'Europa moderna '' References ( edit ) Steven Kreis lecture on `` The Origins of the French Revolution '' Notes on France and the Old Regime Giles Constable . `` The Orders of Society '' , chap. 3 of Three Studies in Medieval Religious and Social Thought . Cambridge -- New York : Cambridge University Press , 1995 , pp. 249 -- 360 . Bernhard Jussen , ed . Ordering Medieval Society : Perspectives on Intellectual and Practical Modes of Shaping Social Relations . Trans . by Pamela Selwyn . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , 2001 . Jackson J. Spielvogel , Western Civilization , West Publishing Co . Minneapolis , 1994 for the English - language version of the quote from Abbé Sieyès , quoted at http://www.magnesium.net/~locutus/work/eurohist2.htm . http://vdaucourt.free.fr/Mothisto/Sieyes2/Sieyes2.htm for French - language original of this quotation . Michael P. Fitzsimmons , The Night the Old Regime Ended : August 4 , 1789 and the French Revolution , Pennsylvania State University Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 271 - 02233 - 7 , quoted and paraphrased at https://web.archive.org/web/20041204105931/http://www3.uakron.edu/hfrance/reviews/crubaugh.html . Social class Status Theories Gilbert model Marxian Mudsill theory New class Spoon class theory Weberian ( three - component ) Related topics Caste Chattering classes Class conflict Class discrimination Classicide Classless society Euthenics Nouveau riche / Parvenu Poverty Ranked society Snobbery Social exclusion Social mobility Social position Social stigma Subaltern By demographic By status Administrative detainee Alien illegal immigrant refugee Citizen dual or multiple native - born naturalized second - class Convicted Migrant worker Political prisoner Stateless By `` collar '' Blue Gold Green Grey Pink White By type Creative Bohemians Robber baron Russian oligarch Business magnate Overclass Superclass Middle Lower middle class Upper middle class Bourgeoisie Petite bourgeoisie Working Working poor Proletariat Lumpenproletariat Warrior Harii Kshatriya Yadav Nair Cossacks Hashashin Knight Vanniyar Samurai Cuāuh Ocēlōtl Spartiate Under Commoner Outcast Outlaw Peasant / Serf Slave Untouchable Upper Bourgeoisie Elite Gentry Global elite Nobility Old money Ruling Aristocracy Hanseaten Patrician Royal family Intellectual Clergy Knowledge worker By country or region United States Affluence American Dream Conflict Social class in American history Classes Lower Middle ( Mexican - American , Black ) Upper Under Income Household Inequality Personal Poverty Standard of living Educational attainment Homelessness Home ownership Wealth Other countries or regions Africa Cambodia China Colombia Ecuador France Haiti India Iran Italy New Zealand Romania Sri Lanka Tibet United Kingdom Historic Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Aztec Ottoman Empire Soviet Union Pre-industrial East Asia Pre-industrial Europe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estates_of_the_realm&oldid=818248827 '' Categories : Estates ( social groups ) Constitutional law Government institutions Kingdom of France Medieval society Political history of the Ancien Régime Religion and politics Social divisions Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles to be merged from September 2017 All articles to be merged Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Asturianu Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 13 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who made up the first estate in french society | [
"The best known system is the French Ancien Régime (Old Regime), a three-estate system used until the French Revolution (1789–1799). Monarchy was for the king and the queen and this system was made up of clergy (the First Estate), nobles (the Second Estate), and peasants and bourgeoisie (the Third Estate). In some regions, notably Scandinavia and Russia, burghers (the urban merchant class) and rural commoners were split into separate estates, creating a four-estate system with rural commoners ranking the lowest as the Fourth Estate. Furthermore, the non-landowning poor could be left outside the estates, leaving them without political rights. In England, a two-estate system evolved that combined nobility and bishops into one lordly estate with \"commons\" as the second estate. This system produced the two houses of parliament, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. In southern Germany, a three-estate system of nobility (princes and high clergy), ritters (knights), and burghers was used."
] | [
"clergy (the First Estate)"
] |
-1261972101578342695 | Raúl Esparza | Raul Esparza - wikipedia Raul Esparza Jump to : navigation , search Raúl Esparza Esparza at the 2014 San Diego Comic - Con International Raúl Eduardo Esparza ( 1970 - 10 - 24 ) October 24 , 1970 ( age 46 ) Wilmington , Delaware , U.S. Education Belen Jesuit Preparatory School Alma mater Tisch School of the Arts ( New York University ) Occupation Actor , singer , voice artist Years active 1993 -- present Spouse ( s ) Michelle Esparza ( m . 1994 -- 2008 ) Website www.raulesparza.com Raúl Eduardo Esparza ( born October 24 , 1970 ) is an American stage and television actor , singer , and voice artist , best known for his role as Rafael Barba in Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . He has received Tony nominations for his role as Philip Salon in the Boy George musical Taboo in 2004 ; Robert , an empty man devoid of connection in the musical comedy Company in 2006 ; a lazy and snarky man in Harold Pinter 's The Homecoming ; and an aggressive volatile movie producer in David Mamet 's Speed the Plow . He played the role of Riff Raff on Broadway in the revival of The Rocky Horror Show and the role of Caractacus Potts in the Broadway musical Chitty Chitty Bang Bang . Esparza has been nominated in all Tony categories for which an actor is eligible . He is widely regarded for his versatility on stage , having performed musicals by Andrew Lloyd Webber , Stephen Sondheim , Kander and Ebb , Boy George , and the Sherman Brothers and plays by Mamet , Pinter , William Shakespeare , Tom Stoppard , and more . His film work includes Sidney Lumet 's Find Me Guilty and Wes Craven 's My Soul to Take and his television credits include roles on Medium , Hannibal , Pushing Daisies , and Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . He narrated the audiobook for Stephen King 's Under the Dome , as well as several others , and sings in concerts all over the country . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Theatre 2.1 Broadway theatre 2.2 Other theatre 3 Other work 3.1 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit 4 Personal life 5 Filmography 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Born in Wilmington , Delaware , to Cuban American parents , and raised in Miami , Florida , Esparza graduated from Belen Jesuit in 1988 and won a Silver Knight Award in Drama that same year . In 1992 , Esparza received a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Drama and a Bachelor 's degree in English from New York University 's Tisch School of the Arts . Theatre ( edit ) Broadway Theatre ( edit ) Esparza first drew attention with his performance in the 2000 Broadway revival of The Rocky Horror Show , which won him the Theatre World Award . Additional Broadway credits include Cabaret ( 2001 ) , Taboo ( 2003 ) , Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 2005 ) and Sondheim 's Company ( 2006 ) . He received a Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actor in a Musical and a Drama Desk Award for his performance in the musical Taboo . His performance in Company earned him a second Tony nomination , this time for Best Actor in a Musical , as well as his second Drama Desk award . Beginning in November 2007 , he appeared in Harold Pinter 's play The Homecoming and was Tony - nominated for Best Featured Actor in a Play . In 2008 , he played Charlie Fox in the revival of David Mamet 's Speed - the - Plow co-starring Jeremy Piven and Elisabeth Moss on Broadway . His performance in Speed - the - Plow earned him a Tony nomination for Best Actor in a Play , making him the second performer ( after Boyd Gaines ) to be nominated in all four acting categories a performer is eligible for at the Tonys , although he has yet to win one . Esparza appeared on Broadway in a limited - engagement revival of Tom Stoppard 's Arcadia , which began previews at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on February 25 , 2011 and opened on March 17 , 2011 . Esparza appeared in the musical Leap of Faith in the role of the `` Reverend '' Jonas Nightingale . He was involved in the workshop in 2008 , the out - of - town tryout at the Ahmanson Theatre ( Los Angeles ) in 2010 , and the Broadway production in 2012 , for which he received a 2012 Drama Desk Award nomination for Outstanding Actor in a Musical . Other Theatre ( edit ) In 1999 , Esparza portrayed Che in the national tour of Evita , opposite Natalie Toro . The tour was intended to open on Broadway , but failed to do so . In 2001 , he appeared Off - Broadway in tick , tick ... BOOM ! by Jonathan Larson , garnering a Drama Desk Award nomination as Outstanding Actor in a Musical . He appeared in two Stephen Sondheim musicals , Sunday in the Park with George and Merrily We Roll Along at the 2002 Kennedy Center Sondheim Celebration . He also appeared as The Arbiter in the Actors Fund of America concert of Sir Tim Rice 's Chess in September 2003 . In 2009 , Esparza starred in a production of Shakespeare 's Twelfth Night at the Delacorte Theater ( New York ) with Anne Hathaway , from June 25 through July 12 . He starred as Hapgood in the City Center Encores ! staged concert production of Anyone Can Whistle from April 8 to 11 , 2010 , opposite Sutton Foster as Fay and Donna Murphy as the Mayoress . Other work ( edit ) In 2007 , Esparza had a recurring role on the TV show Pushing Daisies as traveling salesman Alfredo Aldarisio , a role originally given to Paul Reubens . In 2009 , he recorded the audiobook Under the Dome by Stephen King . He has done previous narration for The House of the Scorpion by Nancy Farmer , and The Book of Unholy Mischief by Elle Newmark . In January 2010 , Esparza performed opposite Lucie Arnaz , Desi Arnaz Jr. and Valarie Pettiford at the 92Y 's Lyrics and Lyricist event honoring Desi Arnaz and his Orchestra , `` Babalu : The American Songbook Goes Latin '' . In 2010 , Esparza appeared as Abel Plenkov in Wes Craven 's My Soul to Take . From 2013 to 2015 , Esparza appeared in the recurring role of Dr. Frederick Chilton in Hannibal . He appeared in the 2016 film Custody , written and directed by James Lapine , as an Administration for Children 's Services agent . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( edit ) In 2012 , Esparza became a recurring character on the long - running NBC drama series Law & Order : Special Victims Unit as Manhattan Assistant District Attorney Rafael Barba , starting in the third episode of the show 's 14th season , `` Twenty - Five Acts '' . He appeared in 11 episodes of the show 's 14th season . On July 17 , 2013 , he was upgraded to series regular for the show 's 15th season . His character became the first series regular ADA since Stephanie March in the 11th season and the first regular male ADA in series history . His role on SVU was not his first Law & Order role , however , as he had previously portrayed an ADA in a 2009 episode of Law & Order : Criminal Intent , and a suspect in a 2010 episode of the original Law & Order . Personal life ( edit ) Esparza married Michele Marie Perez , his high school girlfriend , in 1994 but divorced in 2008 . Esparza was the subject of a New York Times profile in 2006 , in which he revealed that he is bisexual . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 2006 Find Me Guilty Tony Compagna My Soul to Take Abel Plenkov 2011 Trouble in the Heights Nevada Ramirez 2016 Custody Luis Sanjuro 2017 Ferdinand Moreno ( voice ) Post-production Television Year Title Role Notes Spin City Reporter Episode : `` In the Heat of the Day '' 2007 Pushing Daisies Alfredo Aldarisio 2 episodes 2009 Law & Order : Criminal Intent ADA Kevin Mulrooney Episode : `` Lady 's Man '' Law & Order Dennis Di Palma Episode : `` Blackmail '' Medium David Ostrowski Episode : `` Blood on the Tracks '' 2011 Gifted Man , AA Gifted Man Phillip Romero 2 episodes 2012 -- present Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ADA Rafael Barba Recurring ( season 14 ) , Main cast ( season 15 -- present ) 100 episodes 2012 666 Park Avenue Phillip Perez Episode : `` Hypnos '' 2013 -- 2015 Hannibal Dr. Frederick Chilton 12 episodes 2014 Dora and Friends : Into the City ! Big Bad Wolf ( voice ) Episode : `` Puppet Theater '' 2016 - 2017 BoJack Horseman Ralph Stilton ( voice ) 7 episodes Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Project Award Result 2000 The Rocky Horror Show Theatre World Awards Outstanding New York Debut Won 2001 tick , tick ... BOOM ! Obie Awards Outstanding Actor in a Musical Won 2001 tick , tick ... BOOM ! Drama Desk Awards Outstanding Actor in a Musical Nominated 2002 Sunday in the Park with George Helen Hayes Awards Outstanding Actor in a Musical Nominated 2003 Green Violin Barrymore Awards Outstanding Actor in a Musical Won Taboo Tony Awards Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical Nominated Taboo Drama Desk Awards Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Won 2005 N / A HOLA José Ferrer Tespis Awards N / A Won 2005 Chitty Chitty Bang Bang Outer Critics Circle Award Outstanding Lead Actor in a Musical Nominated 2006 Company at Cincinnati Playhouse in the Park Enquirer Acclaim Awards Outstanding Musical Lead Performance Won 2006 Company at Cincinnati Playhouse in the Park Cincinnati Entertainment Awards Outstanding Acting Performance by a Visiting Actor Won 2007 Company on Broadway Tony Awards Best Actor in a Musical Nominated 2007 Company on Broadway Drama Desk Awards Outstanding Actor in a Musical Won 2007 Company on Broadway Outer Circle Critics Awards Outstanding Actor in a Musical Won 2008 The Homecoming Tony Awards Best Featured Actor in a Play Nominated 2008 The Homecoming Drama Desk Awards Outstanding Ensemblr Performance Won 2009 Speed - the - Plow Tony Awards Best Actor in a Play Nominated 2009 Speed - the - Plow Drama Desk Awards Outstanding Actor in a Play Nominated 2011 Leap of Faith at the Ahmanson Theatre Ovation Awards Lead Actor in a Musical Won 2012 Leap of Faith on Broadway Drama Desk Awards Outstanding Actor in a Musical Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The International Jesuit Alumni Directory Belen ( Forum Press Inc. , 1994 ) Jump up ^ `` Grad Acting Alumnus Raúl Esparza on Shakespeare in the Park '' . tisch.nyu.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( December 22 , 2008 ) . `` ' Entourage ' Star Bashed For Being Diva '' . Fox News Channel . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ BroadwayWorld.com `` Arcadia '' broadwayworld.com , December 12 , 2012 Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth . `` Leap of Faith , With Raúl Esparza at the Musical Pulpit , Opens on Broadway '' playbill.com , April 26 , 2012 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) theatermania.com , April 27 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Guide to Sondheim Shows '' sondheimguide.com , accessed July 10 , 2009 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew. `` Julia and Josh Dazzle in All - Star ' Chess ' '' playbill.com , September 23 , 2003 Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` Hathaway , McDonald , White and Esparza Open ' Twelfth Night ' in Central Park June 25 '' , playbill.com , June 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ Healy , Patrick . `` Raúl Esparza Joins Anyone Can Whistle '' , The New York Times , March 17 , 2010 ; accessed May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The House of the Scorpion '' . Simon & Schuster . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Book Of Unholy Mischief '' . Simon & Schuster . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lyrics & Lyricists -- Babalu : The American Songbook Goes Latin '' . `` 92Y.org '' . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wes Craven 's 25 / 8 Becomes My Soul To Take '' . Collider.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Raul Esparza Makes Debut on Hannibal tonight '' . broadwayworld.com . May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DeFore , John . `` ' Custody ' : Tribeca Review '' Hollywood Reporter , April 18 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Raul Esparza Set to Appear on Law & Order : SVU '' . broadwayworld.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Raul Esparza Upped To Regular On Law & Order : SVU '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lady 's Man '' . Law & Order : Criminal Intent . Season 8 . Episode 11 . 28 June 2009 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Blackmail '' . Law & Order . Season 20 . Episode 12 . 15 January 2010 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Sondheim 's `` Company '' reviewed for The Advocate by Don Shewey `` . Jump up ^ `` 9 Bisexual & Sexually Open Celebrities '' . Latina . Jump up ^ `` Raul Esparza biography '' . odssf.com . Jump up ^ Interview with New York Times , November 26 , 2006 ; accessed May 16 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website Raúl Esparza at the Internet Broadway Database Raúl Esparza on IMDb Raúl Esparza at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Video interview in which Esparza discusses his relationship to Catholicism Interview in which Esparza discusses his stage and film work Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Ted Ross ( 1975 ) George Rose ( 1976 ) Ken Bichel / Michael Mark / John Miller / Joseph Saulter ( 1977 ) Kevin Kline ( 1978 ) Ken Jennings ( 1979 ) Bob Gunton ( 1980 ) Tony Azito ( 1981 ) Cleavant Derricks ( 1982 ) Charles Coles ( 1983 ) Martin Vidnovic ( 1984 ) René Auberjonois ( 1985 ) Michael Rupert ( 1986 ) Michael Maguire ( 1987 ) Robert Westenberg ( 1988 ) Michael Jeter ( 1990 ) Bruce Adler ( 1991 ) Scott Waara ( 1992 ) Mark Michael Hutchinson ( 1993 ) Jarrod Emick ( 1994 ) Wilson Jermaine Heredia ( 1996 ) Joel Grey ( 1997 ) Gregg Edelman ( 1998 ) Roger Bart ( 1999 ) Stephen Spinella ( 2000 ) Gary Beach ( 2001 ) Shuler Hensley ( 2002 ) Dick Latessa ( 2003 ) Raúl Esparza ( 2004 ) Denis O'Hare ( 2005 ) Jim Dale ( 2006 ) Gavin Lee ( 2007 ) Boyd Gaines ( 2008 ) Gregory Jbara ( 2009 ) Christopher Fitzgerald ( 2010 ) John Larroquette ( 2011 ) Michael McGrath ( 2012 ) Bertie Carvel ( 2013 ) James Monroe Iglehart ( 2014 ) Christian Borle ( 2015 ) Christopher Fitzgerald ( 2016 ) Gavin Creel ( 2017 ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Musical John Cullum ( 1975 ) Ian Richardson ( 1976 ) Lenny Baker ( 1977 ) Ken Page ( 1978 ) Len Cariou ( 1979 ) Jim Dale ( 1980 ) Kevin Kline ( 1981 ) George Hearn ( 1984 ) Ron Richardson ( 1985 ) George Rose ( 1986 ) Robert Lindsay ( 1987 ) Michael Crawford ( 1988 ) Jason Alexander ( 1989 ) James Naughton ( 1990 ) Jonathan Pryce ( 1991 ) Gregory Hines / Nathan Lane ( 1992 ) Brent Carver ( 1993 ) Boyd Gaines ( 1994 ) Vernel Bagneris ( 1995 ) Nathan Lane ( 1996 ) Robert Cuccioli ( 1997 ) Alan Cumming ( 1998 ) Brent Carver ( 1999 ) Brian Stokes Mitchell ( 2000 ) Nathan Lane ( 2001 ) John Lithgow ( 2002 ) Antonio Banderas / Harvey Fierstein ( 2003 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2004 ) Norbert Leo Butz ( 2005 ) John Lloyd Young ( 2006 ) Raúl Esparza ( 2007 ) Paulo Szot ( 2008 ) Brian d'Arcy James ( 2009 ) Douglas Hodge ( 2010 ) Norbert Leo Butz ( 2011 ) Danny Burstein ( 2012 ) Billy Porter ( 2013 ) Neil Patrick Harris / Jefferson Mays ( 2014 ) Robert Fairchild ( 2015 ) Danny Burstein ( 2016 ) Andy Karl ( 2017 ) VIAF : 34107258 LCCN : no2001051779 ISNI : 0000 0000 4622 246X GND : 1020257849 IATH : w6fj49vt Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Raúl_Esparza&oldid = 803423682 '' Categories : 1970 births 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American male film actors American male stage actors American male musical theatre actors American male Shakespearean actors American male television actors American entertainers of Cuban descent American tenors Bisexual male actors Bisexual men Drama Desk Award winners Hispanic and Latino American male actors LGBT Hispanic and Latino American people LGBT entertainers from the United States LGBT people from Delaware Living people Male actors from Miami Male actors from Wilmington , Delaware Tisch School of the Arts alumni Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 13 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays rafael barba on law and order | [
"Raúl Eduardo Esparza (born October 24, 1970) is an American stage and television actor, singer, and voice artist, best known for his role as Rafael Barba in Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. He has received Tony nominations for his role as Philip Salon in the Boy George musical Taboo in 2004; Robert, an empty man devoid of connection in the musical comedy Company in 2006; a lazy and snarky man in Harold Pinter's The Homecoming; and an aggressive volatile movie producer in David Mamet's Speed the Plow. He played the role of Riff Raff on Broadway in the revival of The Rocky Horror Show and the role of Caractacus Potts in the Broadway musical Chitty Chitty Bang Bang."
] | [
"Raúl Eduardo Esparza"
] |
-2700114493716972956 | The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock | The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock - wikipedia The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Jump to : navigation , search The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T.S. Eliot First published in June 1915 issue of Poetry Country United States Language English Publisher magazine ( 1915 ) : Harriet Monroe chapbook ( 1917 ) : The Egoist , Ltd . ( London ) Lines 140 Pages 6 ( 1915 printing ) 8 ( 1917 printing ) Read online The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock at Wikisource `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' , commonly known as `` Prufrock '' , is the first professionally published poem by American - born , British poet T.S. Eliot ( 1888 -- 1965 ) . Eliot began writing `` Prufrock '' in February 1910 , and it was first published in the June 1915 issue of Poetry : A Magazine of Verse at the instigation of Ezra Pound ( 1885 -- 1972 ) . It was later printed as part of a twelve - poem pamphlet ( or chapbook ) titled Prufrock and Other Observations in 1917 . At the time of its publication , Prufrock was considered outlandish , but is now seen as heralding a paradigmatic cultural shift from late 19th - century Romantic verse and Georgian lyrics to Modernism . The poem 's structure was heavily influenced by Eliot 's extensive reading of Dante Alighieri and makes several references to the Bible and other literary works -- including William Shakespeare 's plays Henry IV Part II , Twelfth Night , and Hamlet , the poetry of seventeenth - century metaphysical poet Andrew Marvell , and the nineteenth - century French Symbolists . Eliot narrates the experience of Prufrock using the stream of consciousness technique developed by his fellow Modernist writers . The poem , described as a `` drama of literary anguish '' , is a dramatic interior monologue of an urban man , stricken with feelings of isolation and an incapability for decisive action that is said `` to epitomize frustration and impotence of the modern individual '' and `` represent thwarted desires and modern disillusionment '' . Prufrock laments his physical and intellectual inertia , the lost opportunities in his life and lack of spiritual progress , and he is haunted by reminders of unattained carnal love . With visceral feelings of weariness , regret , embarrassment , longing , emasculation , sexual frustration , a sense of decay , and an awareness of mortality , `` Prufrock '' has become one of the most recognised voices in modern literature . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and publication history 1.1 Writing and first publication 1.2 Prufrock 's Pervigilium 1.3 Critical reception 2 Description 2.1 Title 2.2 Epigraph 2.3 Themes and interpretation 2.4 Use of allusion 3 Notes 4 Further reading 5 External links Composition and publication History ( edit ) T.S. Eliot in 1923 , photographed by Lady Ottoline Morrell Writing and first publication ( edit ) Eliot wrote `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' between February 1910 and July or August 1911 . Shortly after arriving in England to attend Merton College , Oxford , Eliot was introduced to American expatriate poet Ezra Pound , who instantly deemed Eliot `` worth watching '' and aided the start of Eliot 's career . Pound served as the overseas editor of Poetry : A Magazine of Verse and recommended to the magazine 's founder , Harriet Monroe , that Poetry publish `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' , extolling that Eliot and his work embodied a new and unique phenomenon among contemporary writers . Pound claimed that Eliot `` has actually trained himself AND modernized himself ON HIS OWN . The rest of the promising young have done one or the other , but never both . '' The poem was first published by the magazine in its June 1915 issue . In November 1915 `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' -- along with Eliot 's poems `` Portrait of a Lady , '' `` The Boston Evening Transcript , '' `` Hysteria , '' and `` Miss Helen Slingsby '' -- was included in Catholic Anthology 1914 -- 1915 edited by Ezra Pound and printed by Elkin Mathews in London . In June 1917 The Egoist , a small publishing firm run by Dora Marsden , published a pamphlet entitled Prufrock and Other Observations ( London ) , containing twelve poems by Eliot . `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' was the first in the volume . Also Eliot was appointed assistant editor of the Egoist in June 1917 . Prufrock 's Pervigilium ( edit ) According to Eliot biographer Lyndall Gordon , when Eliot was writing the first drafts of Prufrock in his notebook in 1910 -- 1911 , he intentionally kept four pages blank in the middle section of the poem . According to the notebooks , now in the collection of the New York Public Library , Eliot finished the poem that was originally published sometime in July and August 1911 -- when he was 22 years old . In 1912 , Eliot revised the poem and included a 38 - line section now called `` Prufrock 's Pervigilium '' which was inserted on those blank pages , and intended as a middle section for the poem . However , Eliot removed this section soon after seeking the advice of his fellow Harvard acquaintance and poet Conrad Aiken . This section would not be included in the original publication of Eliot 's poem but was included when published posthumously in the 1996 collection of Eliot 's early , unpublished drafts in Inventions of the March Hare : Poems 1909 -- 1917 . This Pervigilium section describes the `` vigil '' of Prufrock through an evening and night described by one reviewer as an `` erotic foray into the narrow streets of a social and emotional underworld '' that portray `` in clammy detail Prufrock 's tramping ' through certain half - deserted streets ' and the context of his ' muttering retreats / Of restless nights in one - night cheap hotels . ' '' Critical reception ( edit ) Its reception in London can be gauged from an unsigned review in The Times Literary Supplement on 21 June 1917 . `` The fact that these things occurred to the mind of Mr. Eliot is surely of the very smallest importance to anyone , even to himself . They certainly have no relation to poetry . '' The Harvard Vocarium at Harvard College recorded Eliot 's reading of Prufrock and other poems in 1947 , as part of their ongoing series of poetry readings by their authors . Description ( edit ) Title ( edit ) In his early drafts , Eliot gave the poem the subtitle `` Prufrock among the Women . '' This subtitle was apparently discarded before publication . Eliot called the poem a `` love song '' in reference to Rudyard Kipling 's poem `` The Love Song of Har Dyal , '' first published in Kipling 's collection Plain Tales from the Hills ( 1888 ) . In 1959 , Eliot addressed a meeting of the Kipling Society and discussed the influence of Kipling upon his own poetry : Traces of Kipling appear in my own mature verse where no diligent scholarly sleuth has yet observed them , but which I am myself prepared to disclose . I once wrote a poem called `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' : I am convinced that it would never have been called `` Love Song '' but for a title of Kipling 's that stuck obstinately in my head : `` The Love Song of Har Dyal '' . However , the origin of the name Prufrock is not certain , and Eliot never remarked on its origin other than to claim he was unsure of how he came upon the name . Many scholars and indeed Eliot himself have pointed towards the autobiographical elements in the character of Prufrock , and Eliot at the time of writing the poem was in the habit of rendering his name as `` T. Stearns Eliot , '' very similar in form to that of J. Alfred Prufrock . It is suggested that the name `` Prufrock '' came from Eliot 's youth in St. Louis , Missouri , where the Prufrock - Litton Company , a large furniture store , occupied one city block downtown at 420 -- 422 North Fourth Street . In a 1950 letter , Eliot said , `` I did not have , at the time of writing the poem , and have not yet recovered , any recollection of having acquired this name in any way , but I think that it must be assumed that I did , and that the memory has been obliterated . '' Epigraph ( edit ) The draft version of the poem 's epigraph comes from Dante 's Purgatorio ( XXVI , 147 -- 148 ) : ' sovegna vos a temps de ma dolor ' . Poi s'ascose nel foco che gli affina . ' be mindful in due time of my pain ' . Then dived he back into that fire which refines them . He finally decided not to use this , but eventually used the quotation in the closing lines of his 1922 poem The Waste Land . The quotation that Eliot did choose comes from Dante also . Inferno ( XXVII , 61 -- 66 ) reads : S ` io credesse che mia risposta fosse A persona che mai tornasse al mondo , Questa fiamma staria senza piu scosse . Ma perciocchè giammai di questo fondo Non tornò vivo alcun , s'i'odo il vero , Senza tema d'infamia ti rispondo . If I but thought that my response were made to one perhaps returning to the world , this tongue of flame would cease to flicker . But since , up from these depths , no one has yet returned alive , if what I hear is true , I answer without fear of being shamed . In context , the epigraph refers to a meeting between Dante and Guido da Montefeltro , who was condemned to the eighth circle of Hell for providing counsel to Pope Boniface VIII , who wished to use Guido 's advice for a nefarious undertaking . This encounter follows Dante 's meeting with Ulysses , who himself is also condemned to the circle of the Fraudulent . According to Ron Banerjee , the epigraph serves to cast ironic light on Prufrock 's intent . Like Guido , Prufrock had never intended his story to be told , and so by quoting Guido , Eliot reveals his view of Prufrock 's love song . Frederick Locke contends that Prufrock himself is suffering from multiple personalities of sorts , and that he embodies both Guido and Dante in the Inferno analogy . One is the storyteller ; the other the listener who later reveals the story to the world . He posits , alternatively , that the role of Guido in the analogy is indeed filled by Prufrock , but that the role of Dante is filled by you , the reader , as in `` Let us go then , you and I , '' ( 1 ) . In that , the reader is granted the power to do as he pleases with Prufrock 's love song . Themes and interpretation ( edit ) Because the poem is concerned primarily with the irregular musings of the narrator , it can be difficult to interpret . Laurence Perrine wrote , `` ( the poem ) presents the apparently random thoughts going through a person 's head within a certain time interval , in which the transitional links are psychological rather than logical '' . This stylistic choice makes it difficult to determine exactly what is literal and what is symbolic . On the surface , `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' relays the thoughts of a sexually frustrated middle - aged man who wants to say something but is afraid to do so , and ultimately does not . The dispute , however , lies in to whom Prufrock is speaking , whether he is actually going anywhere , what he wants to say , and to what the various images refer . The intended audience is not evident . Some believe that Prufrock is talking to another person or directly to the reader , while others believe Prufrock 's monologue is internal . Perrine writes `` The ' you and I ' of the first line are divided parts of Prufrock 's own nature '' , while Mutlu Konuk Blasing suggests that the `` you and I '' refers to the relationship between the dilemmas of the character and the author . Similarly , critics dispute whether Prufrock is going somewhere during the course of the poem . In the first half of the poem , Prufrock uses various outdoor images ( the sky , streets , cheap restaurants and hotels , fog ) , and talks about how there will be time for various things before `` the taking of a toast and tea '' , and `` time to turn back and descend the stair . '' This has led many to believe that Prufrock is on his way to an afternoon tea , where he is preparing to ask this `` overwhelming question '' . Others , however , believe that Prufrock is not physically going anywhere , but rather , is playing through it in his mind . Perhaps the most significant dispute lies over the `` overwhelming question '' that Prufrock is trying to ask . Many believe that Prufrock is trying to tell a woman of his romantic interest in her , pointing to the various images of women 's arms and clothing and the final few lines in which Prufrock laments that the mermaids will not sing to him . Others , however , believe that Prufrock is trying to express some deeper philosophical insight or disillusionment with society , but fears rejection , pointing to statements that express a disillusionment with society , such as `` I have measured out my life with coffee spoons '' ( line 51 ) . Many believe that the poem is a criticism of Edwardian society and Prufrock 's dilemma represents the inability to live a meaningful existence in the modern world . McCoy and Harlan wrote `` For many readers in the 1920s , Prufrock seemed to epitomize the frustration and impotence of the modern individual . He seemed to represent thwarted desires and modern disillusionment . '' In general , Eliot uses imagery which is indicative of Prufrock 's character , representing ageing and decay . For example , `` When the evening is spread out against the sky / Like a patient etherized upon a table '' ( lines 2 -- 3 ) , the `` sawdust restaurants '' and `` cheap hotels , '' the yellow fog , and the afternoon `` Asleep ... tired ... or it malingers '' ( line 77 ) , are reminiscent of languor and decay , while Prufrock 's various concerns about his hair and teeth , as well as the mermaids `` Combing the white hair of the waves blown back / When the wind blows the water white and black , '' show his concern over aging . Use of allusion ( edit ) Like many of Eliot 's poems , `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' makes numerous allusions to other works , which are often symbolic themselves . In `` Time for all the works and days of hands '' ( 29 ) the phrase ' works and days ' is the title of a long poem -- a description of agricultural life and a call to toil -- by the early Greek poet Hesiod . `` I know the voices dying with a dying fall '' ( 52 ) echoes Orsino 's first lines in Shakespeare 's Twelfth Night . The prophet of `` Though I have seen my head ( grown slightly bald ) brought in upon a platter / I am no prophet -- and here 's no great matter '' ( 81 -- 2 ) is John the Baptist , whose head was delivered to Salome by Herod as a reward for her dancing ( Matthew 14 : 1 -- 11 , and Oscar Wilde 's play Salome ) . `` To have squeezed the universe into a ball '' ( 92 ) and `` indeed there will be time '' ( 23 ) echo the closing lines of Marvell 's ' To His Coy Mistress ' . Other phrases such as , `` there will be time '' and `` there is time '' are reminiscent of the opening line of that poem : `` Had we but world enough and time '' . Marvell 's words in turn echo the General Prologue of Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales , `` whil I have tyme and space '' . `` ' I am Lazarus , come from the dead ' '' ( 94 ) may be either the beggar Lazarus ( of Luke 16 ) returning for the rich man who was not permitted to return from the dead to warn the brothers of a rich man about Hell , or the Lazarus ( of John 11 ) whom Christ raised from the dead , or both . `` Full of high sentence '' ( 117 ) echoes Chaucer 's description of the Clerk of Oxford in the General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales . `` There will be time to murder and create '' is a biblical allusion to Ecclesiastes 3 . In the final section of the poem , Prufrock rejects the idea that he is Prince Hamlet , suggesting that he is merely `` an attendant lord '' ( 112 ) whose purpose is to `` advise the prince '' ( 114 ) , a likely allusion to Polonius -- Polonius being also `` almost , at times , the Fool . '' `` Among some talk of you and me '' may be a reference to Quatrain 32 of Edward FitzGerald 's translation of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam ( `` There was a Door to which I found no Key / There was a Veil past which I could not see / Some little Talk awhile of Me and Thee / There seemed -- and then no more of Thee and Me . '' ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Eliot , T.S. Prufrock and Other Observations ( London : The Egoist , Ltd. , 1917 ) , 9 -- 16 . ^ Jump up to : Eliot , T.S. `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' in Monroe , Harriet ( editor ) , Poetry : A Magazine of Verse ( June 1915 ) , 130 -- 135 . Jump up ^ Eliot , T.S. ( 21 December 2010 ) . The Waste Land and Other Poems . Broadview Press . p. 133 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 77048 - 267 - 8 . Retrieved 9 July 2017 . ( citing an unsigned review in Literary Review . 5 July 1917 , vol . lxxxiii , 107 . ) Jump up ^ Hollahan , Eugene ( March 1970 ) . `` A Structural Dantean Parallel in Eliot 's ' The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock ' '' . American Literature. 1 . 42 : 91 -- 93 . doi : 10.2307 / 2924384 . ISSN 0002 - 9831 . Jump up ^ McCoy , Kathleen , and Harlan , Judith . English Literature From 1785 ( New York : HarperCollins , 1992 ) , 265 -- 66 . ISBN 006467150X Jump up ^ Bercovitch , Sacvan . The Cambridge History of American Literature . Volume 5 . ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2003 ) , 99 . ISBN 0521497310 Jump up ^ Capitalization and italics original . Quoted in Mertens , Richard . `` Letter By Letter '' in The University of Chicago Magazine ( August 2001 ) . Retrieved 23 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Southam , B.C. A Guide to the Selected Poems of T.S. Eliot . ( New York : Harcourt , Brace & Company , 1994 ) , 45 . ISBN 057117082X ^ Jump up to : Miller , James Edward . T.S. Eliot : The Making of an American poet , 1888 -- 1922 . ( State College , Pennsylvania : Pennsylvania State University Press , 2005 ) ISBN 0271026812 ^ Jump up to : Gordon , Lyndall . Eliot 's New Life . ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1988 ) , 45 . ^ Jump up to : Eliot , T.S. , and Ricks , Christopher B. ( editor ) . Inventions of the March Hare : Poems 1909 -- 1917 Ed . Christopher B. Ricks . ( New York : Harcourt , 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Mayer , Nicholas B ( 2011 ) . `` Catalyzing Prufrock '' . Journal of Modern Literature. 34 ( 3 ) : 182 . doi : 10.2979 / jmodelite. 34.3. 182 . JSTOR 10.2979 / jmodelite. 34.3. 182 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Nicholas . `` More American Than We Knew : Nerves , exhaustion and madness were at the core of Eliot 's early imaginative thinking '' in The New York Times ( 20 April 1997 ) . This is a 1997 book review of Inventions of the March Hare : Poems 1909 -- 1917 , vide supra . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Waugh , Arthur . The New Poetry , Quarterly Review , October 1916 , citing the Times Literary Supplement 21 June 1917 , no . 805 , 299 ; Wagner , Erica ( 2001 ) `` An eruption of fury '' , The Guardian , letters to the editor , 4 September 2001 . Wagner omits the word `` very '' from the quote . Jump up ^ Woodberry Poetry Room ( Harvard College Library ) . Poetry Readings : Guide ^ Jump up to : Eliot , T.S. `` The Unfading Genius of Rudyard Kipling '' in Kipling Journal ( March 1959 ) , 9 . Jump up ^ Eliot , T.S. The Letters of T.S. Eliot . ( New York : Harcourt , Brace Jovanovich , 1988 ) . 1 : 135 . Jump up ^ Montesi , Al , and Deposki , Richard . Downtown St. Louis ( Arcadia Publishing , 2001 ) , 65 . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 0816 - 0 Jump up ^ Christine H. The Daily Postcard : Prufrock - Litton -- St. Louis , Missouri . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Missouri History Museum . Lighting fixture in front of Prufrock - Litton Furniture Company . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Stepanchev , Stephen . `` The Origin of J. Alfred Prufrock '' in Modern Language Notes . ( 1951 ) , 66 : 400 -- 401 . JSTOR 2909497 Jump up ^ Eliot provided this translation in his essay `` Dante '' ( 1929 ) . Jump up ^ Dante Alighieri , and Hollander Robert and Hollander , Jean ( translators ) , The Inferno . ( Princeton : Princeton Dante Project ) . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Banerjee , Ron D.K. `` The Dantean Overview : The Epigraph to ' Prufrock ' '' in Comparative Literature. ( 1972 ) 87 : 962 -- 966 . JSTOR 2907793 Jump up ^ Locke , Frederick W. `` Dante and T.S. Eliot 's Prufrock . '' in Modern Language Notes . ( 1963 ) 78 : 51 -- 59 . JSTOR 3042942 ^ Jump up to : Perrine , Laurence . Literature : Structure , Sound , and Sense , 1st edition . ( New York : Harcourt , Brace & World , 1956 ) , 798 . Jump up ^ On ' The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock ' ( accessed 14 June 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Headings , Philip R. T.S. Eliot . ( Boston : Twayne Publishers , 1982 ) , 24 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : Hecimovich , Gred A ( editor ) . English 151 - 3 ; T.S. Eliot `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' notes ( accessed 14 June 2006 ) , from McCoy , Kathleen ; Harlan , Judith . English Literature from 1785 . ( New York : HarperCollins , 1992 ) . ^ Jump up to : Blasing , Mutlu Konuk , `` On ' The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock ' '' , in American Poetry : The Rhetoric of Its Forms ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 1987 ) . ISBN 0300037937 Jump up ^ Mitchell , Roger . `` On ' The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock ' '' , in Myers , Jack and Wojahan , David ( editors ) . A Profile of Twentieth - Century American Poetry . ( Carbondale , Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press , 1991 ) . ISBN 0809313480 Jump up ^ Schimanski , Johan Annotasjoner til T.S. Eliot , `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufock '' ( at Universitetet i Tromsø ) . Retrieved 8 August 2006 . Further reading ( edit ) Drew , Elizabeth . T.S. Eliot : The Design of His Poetry ( New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1949 ) . Gallup , Donald . T.S. Eliot : A Bibliography ( A Revised and Extended Edition ) ( New York : Harcourt Brace & World , 1969 ) , 23 , 196 . Luthy , Melvin J. `` The Case of Prufrock 's Grammar '' in College English ( 1978 ) 39 : 841 -- 853 . JSTOR 375710 Soles , Derek . `` The Prufrock Makeover '' in The English Journal ( 1999 ) , 88 : 59 -- 61 . JSTOR 822420 Sorum , Eve . `` Masochistic Modernisms : A Reading of Eliot and Woolf . '' Journal of Modern Literature. 28 ( 3 ) , ( Spring 2005 ) 25 -- 43 . doi : 10.1353 / jml. 2005.0044 Sinha , Arun Kumar and Vikram , Kumar . `` ' The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock ' ( Critical Essay with Detailed Annotations ) '' in T.S. Eliot : An Intensive Study of Selected Poems ( New Delhi : Spectrum Books Pvt. Ltd , 2005 ) . Walcutt , Charles Child . `` Eliot 's `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' in College English ( 1957 ) 19 : 71 -- 72 . JSTOR 372706 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Original text from Poetry magazine June 1915 Text and extended audio discussion of the poem The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock at the British Library Prufrock and Other Observations at Project Gutenberg Annotated hypertext version of the poem Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock public domain audiobook at LibriVox ( hide ) T.S. Eliot Bibliography Early poems `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' `` Portrait of a Lady '' `` Preludes '' `` Whispers of Immortality '' `` Gerontion '' The Waste Land `` The Hollow Men '' Ash Wednesday Ariel Poems Journey of the Magi A Song for Simeon Later poems Old Possum 's Book of Practical Cats `` Bustopher Jones '' `` Gus : The Theatre Cat '' `` Growltiger 's Last Stand '' Burnt Norton East Coker The Dry Salvages Little Gidding Four Quartets Plays Sweeney Agonistes The Rock Murder in the Cathedral The Family Reunion The Cocktail Party The Confidential Clerk The Elder Statesman Prose Selected Essays , 1917 - 1932 `` Hamlet and His Problems '' `` Tradition and the Individual Talent '' The Sacred Wood A Choice of Kipling 's Verse ( 1941 ) `` The Frontiers of Criticism '' Adaptations CATS ( 1981 musical , 1998 film ) Publishing The Criterion Faber and Faber T.S. Eliot Prize T.S. Eliot Prize ( Truman State University ) Related Tom & Viv ( 1994 film ) People Eliot family Vivienne Haigh - Wood Eliot ( first wife ) Valerie Eliot ( second wife ) Henry Ware Eliot ( father ) Charlotte Champe Stearns ( mother ) William Greenleaf Eliot ( grandfather ) E. Martin Browne John Davy Hayward Ezra Pound Jean Jules Verdenal William Butler Yeats Commons Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikisource texts Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Love_Song_of_J._Alfred_Prufrock&oldid=840530127 '' Categories : Modernist poems Poetry by T.S. Eliot 1915 poems Works originally published in Poetry ( magazine ) Chapbooks Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles that link to Wikisource Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Frysk Italiano Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018 , at 13 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the lovesong of j alfred prufrock published | [
"\"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock\", commonly known as \"Prufrock\", is the first professionally published poem by American-born, British poet T. S. Eliot (1888–1965). Eliot began writing \"Prufrock\" in February 1910, and it was first published in the June 1915 issue of Poetry: A Magazine of Verse[2] at the instigation of Ezra Pound (1885–1972). It was later printed as part of a twelve-poem pamphlet (or chapbook) titled Prufrock and Other Observations in 1917.[1] At the time of its publication, Prufrock was considered outlandish,[3] but is now seen as heralding a paradigmatic cultural shift from late 19th-century Romantic verse and Georgian lyrics to Modernism."
] | [
"June 1915"
] |
9208619754099188393 | The Good Witch | The Good Witch - wikipedia The Good Witch Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Good witch . The Good Witch Written by Rod Spence Directed by Craig Pryce Starring Catherine Bell Chris Potter Country of origin United States Canada Original language ( s ) English Production Producer ( s ) Orly Adelson Ian McDougal Frank Siracusa Editor ( s ) George Roulston Running time 89 minutes Release Original network Hallmark Channel Original release January 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 19 ) Chronology Followed by The Good Witch 's Garden The Good Witch is a television film that aired on the Hallmark Channel on January 19 , 2008 . It stars Catherine Bell as Cassandra Nightingale and Chris Potter as Chief of Police Jake Russell . The film has spawned six sequels and a television series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Promotion 4 Production 5 Reception 6 Home media 7 Sequels 8 Television series 9 Characters 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) A mysterious , darkly beautiful woman , who claims to be named `` Cassandra Nightingale '' , moves into an old , abandoned house which is reputed to be haunted by its original owner , `` The Grey Lady . '' The small community is divided in their opinion of her : some want her to stay , especially widowed police chief Jake Russell and his two children , while others want her to leave , especially Martha Tinsdale . Through the course of the story , seemingly magical things happen , and the community attributes these occurrences to her . Everyone begins to wonder if she is really a witch . Cast ( edit ) Catherine Bell as Cassandra Nightingale ( Aka Sue - Ellen Brock ) Chris Potter as Chief of Police Jake Russell Matthew Knight as Brandon Russell Hannah Endicott - Douglas as Lori Russell Nathan McLeod as Michael Jesse Bostick as Kyle Paula Boudrea as Nancy Noah Cappe as Deputy Derek Sanders Catherine Disher as Martha Tinsdale Peter MacNeill as George O'Hanrahan Promotion ( edit ) On January 15 , 2008 , Hallmark Channel and Limbo , the mobile entertainment community , teamed up to create and launch the cable network 's first - ever mobile interactive initiative . The campaign `` enhanced viewers ' experience of the premiere of the network 's original movie ... through ' Limbo Unique ' -- a game played via cell phone or online '' . The grand prize was $2,000 and a portrait of the `` Grey Lady '' that was featured in the movie . Production ( edit ) Although set in `` Middleton , USA '' , it was filmed in Hamilton and Niagara on the Lake , Ontario . In the sequel , The Good Witch 's Charm , the map on the wall in the police station shows Middleton north and west of Chicago , in the vicinity of DuPage County . The names of the suburbs and interstates that are west of Chicago can be clearly seen . Reception ( edit ) The movie had great success on Hallmark Channel on the night of its premiere , making it the second - highest - rated original movie to that date . It premiered with a 3.8 HH ( household ) rating and was in nearly 3.2 million homes . It also was # 1 in its time period , propelling the channel to the # 4 spot in weekly ranking . Home media ( edit ) The Good Witch ( Region 1 ) DVD was released on January 5 , 2010 . The Good Witch Collection ( Region 1 ) DVD was released October 14 , 2014 . Sequels ( edit ) On February 7 , 2009 , the Hallmark Channel aired a sequel , The Good Witch 's Garden . The third installment , The Good Witch 's Gift , aired on November 13 , 2010 , on Hallmark . The fourth installment , The Good Witch 's Family , aired on October 29 , 2011 . The fifth installment The Good Witch 's Charm premiered on October 27 , 2012 . The Good Witch 's Destiny sixth installment premiered on October 26 , 2013 . A seventh installment , The Good Witch 's Wonder , aired October 25 , 2014 . Television series ( edit ) Main article : Good Witch ( TV series ) In February 2014 , the Hallmark Channel announced that Good Witch had been green - lighted for a ten - episode series , starring Catherine Bell , to premiere on February 28 , 2015 . Production for the first season began on October 29 , 2014 , in Toronto , with Sue Tenney as showrunner . Bailee Madison and James Denton also star . Characters ( edit ) A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film . Character Title The Good Witch Garden Gift Family Charm Destiny Wonder Season 1 Halloween Season 2 Secrets of Grey House Season 3 Spellbound Cassie Nightingale Catherine Bell Jake Russell Chris Potter Martha Tinsdale Catherine Disher George Peter MacNeill Peter MacNeill Brandon Russell Matthew Knight Dan Jeannotte Dan Jeannotte Lori Russell Hannah Endicott - Douglas Derek Noah Cappe Tom Tinsdale Paul Miller Paul Miller Paul Miller Paul Miller Michael Tinsdale Nathan McLeod Edward Ruttle Edward Ruttle Gwen Elizabeth Lennie Elizabeth Lennie Abigail Pershing Sarah Power Sarah Power Tara Ashley Leggat Rebecca Dalton Rebecca Dalton Grace Russell uncredited uncredited Lily - Fay Mowbray Bailee Madison Jarod Randal Edwards Randal Edwards Randal Edwards Sam James Denton Ryan Anthony Lemke Anthony Lemke Stephanie Kylee Evans Nick Rhys Matthew Bond Anthony Shane Harte Linda Gabrielle Miller Ben Jefferson Brown Eve Kate Corbett John Dover Dan Payne Courtney Alanna Bale Liam Seann Gallagher Noah James Swalm References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hallmark Channel Press Site : Company Milestones Archived December 22 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - Catherine Bell and Chris Potter to Star in Sequel to `` The Good Witch , '' Hallmark Channel 's Second - Highest - Rated Original Movie Ever - TheFutonCritic.com `` . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Hallmark Channel Press Release 1 / 23 / 2008 Archived October 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : The Good Witch Collection ( The Good Witch 's Garden / Good Witch 's Gift / The Good Witch 's Family / The Good Witch 's Charm ) ( Hallmark ) : Catherine Bell , Craig Pryce : Movies & TV '' . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Hallmark Channel Press Release 12 / 8 / 2008 Jump up ^ The Good Witch 's Garden Archived March 23 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . at Hallmark Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - Hallmark Channel 2010 Fall TV Preview - TheFutonCritic.com '' . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - Catherine Bell and Chris Potter Reteam for the Spell - Binding Seventh Installment in `` The Good Witch '' Series - TheFutonCritic.com `` . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Hallmark Channel 's Good Witch Movies To Spawn Drama Series Starring Catherine Bell Jump up ^ Join Us Saturday , February 28 8 / 7c for the Two - Hour World Premiere Event of Good Witch , A Hallmark Channel Original Primetime Series ^ Jump up to : James Denton to Star in Hallmark Channel 's ' The Good Witch ' Archived October 27 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Details '' . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) The Good Witch at Hallmark Channel The Good Witch Movies on Hallmark Channel The Good Witch on IMDb ( hide ) The Good Witch Films The Good Witch ( 2008 ) The Good Witch 's Garden ( 2009 ) The Good Witch 's Gift ( 2010 ) The Good Witch 's Family ( 2011 ) The Good Witch 's Charm ( 2012 ) The Good Witch 's Destiny ( 2013 ) The Good Witch 's Wonder ( 2014 ) Television Good Witch ( episodes ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Good_Witch&oldid=818451296 '' Categories : 2008 television films American fantasy films American television films Canadian fantasy films Canadian television films English - language films Films shot in Hamilton , Ontario Hallmark Channel original films American films Witchcraft in film Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2014 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Magyar Português Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 17 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the hallmark series good witch filmed | [
"Although set in \"Middleton, USA\", it was filmed in Hamilton and Niagara on the Lake, Ontario. In the sequel, The Good Witch's Charm, the map on the wall in the police station shows Middleton north and west of Chicago, in the vicinity of DuPage County. The names of the suburbs and interstates that are west of Chicago can be clearly seen."
] | [
"Hamilton and Niagara on the Lake, Ontario"
] |
3245943872661586074 | Personal Jesus | Personal Jesus - wikipedia Personal Jesus This article is about the song by Depeche Mode . For the album by Nina Hagen , see Personal Jesus ( album ) . `` Personal Jesus '' Single by Depeche Mode from the album Violator B - side `` Dangerous '' Released 28 August 1989 Format 7 - inch single 12 - inch single Cassette single CD single Recorded May 1989 Studio Puk Studios , Denmark Logic Studios , Milan , Italy Genre Synthrock blues rock Length 4 : 56 ( album version ) 3 : 44 ( edit ) Label Mute Songwriter ( s ) Martin Gore Producer ( s ) Depeche Mode Flood Depeche Mode singles chronology `` Everything Counts ( live ) '' ( 1989 ) `` Personal Jesus '' ( 1989 ) `` Enjoy the Silence '' ( 1990 ) Music video `` Personal Jesus '' on YouTube `` Personal Jesus '' is a song by the English electronic band Depeche Mode , released on 28 August 1989 as the lead single from their seventh album , Violator ( 1990 ) . It reached No. 13 on the UK Singles Chart and No. 28 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The single was their first to make the US Top 40 since 1984 's `` People Are People '' , and was their first gold - certified single in the US ( quickly followed by its successor , `` Enjoy the Silence '' ) . In Germany , `` Personal Jesus '' is one of the band 's longest - charting songs , staying on the singles chart for 23 weeks . In 2004 , `` Personal Jesus '' was ranked No. 368 in Rolling Stone 's list of `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' , and in September 2006 it was voted as one of the `` 100 Greatest Songs Ever '' in Q magazine . `` Personal Jesus '' was rereleased as a single on 30 May 2011 for the Depeche Mode remix album Remixes 2 : 81 -- 11 , with the leading remix by the production team Stargate . The song has been covered by numerous artists , including Johnny Cash , Marilyn Manson and Sammy Hagar . `` I was never a huge fan of synth music in the eighties , '' Hagar remarked , `` but that song has a badass groove and a cool lyric . '' Contents 1 Inspiration 2 Composition 3 Background 4 Track listings 5 Mixes 6 Charts 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year -- end charts 6.3 Certifications 7 Personal Jesus 2011 7.1 Track listings 7.2 Charts 8 Johnny Cash cover 9 Marilyn Manson cover 9.1 Formats and track listings 9.2 Charts 10 References 11 External links Inspiration ( Edit ) The song was inspired by the book Elvis and Me by Priscilla Presley . According to songwriter Martin Gore : It 's a song about being a Jesus for somebody else , someone to give you hope and care . It 's about how Elvis Presley was her man and her mentor and how often that happens in love relationships ; how everybody 's heart is like a god in some way , and that 's not a very balanced view of someone , is it ? Composition ( edit ) `` Personal Jesus '' is written in the key of F ♯ minor with a tempo of 130 beats per minute in time . Background ( Edit ) In mid-1989 , the band began recording in Milan with record producer Flood . The result of this session was the single `` Personal Jesus '' , which featured a catchy bluesy riff and drum - based sound , radically different from anything the band had released thus far . The song became a big hit across the world , and is one of Depeche Mode 's most successful songs , along with the single `` Enjoy the Silence '' . Although not the first Depeche Mode song to feature guitar parts ( `` Behind the Wheel '' and their cover of `` Route 66 '' featured a guitar ; `` Love , in Itself '' and `` And Then ... '' from Construction Time Again and `` Here is the House '' from `` Black Celebration '' featured an acoustic guitar ) , it was the first time a guitar was used as a dominant instrument in a Depeche Mode song . Prior to its release , advertisements were placed in the personal columns of regional newspapers in the UK with the words `` Your own personal Jesus . '' Later , the ads included a phone number one could dial to hear the song . The ensuing controversy helped propel the single to No. 13 on the UK charts , becoming one of Depeche Mode 's biggest sellers . The single was particularly successful commercially thanks to the fact that it was released six months prior to the album it would later appear on . Up to that point , it was the best selling 12 '' single in Warner Brothers history . `` Personal Jesus '' had a plethora of remixes , almost unprecedented for Depeche Mode at the time . While most other Depeche Mode singles prior to `` Personal Jesus '' usually had band - made extended mixes , Depeche Mode started to invite more DJs and mixers to the fold , which would become the mainstay for all future Depeche Mode singles . François Kevorkian ( who did the mixing for the Violator album , in general ) mixed the single version , the `` Holier Than Thou Approach '' , the `` Pump Mix '' , and the lesser - known `` Kazan Cathedral Mix '' ( which was not available on any of the singles ) , while producer Flood mixed the `` Acoustic '' version and the `` Telephone Stomp Mix '' as well as the single version and `` Sensual Mix '' of the single 's B - side `` Dangerous '' , a more disco - electronic track . The `` Hazchemix '' and `` Hazchemix Edit '' of `` Dangerous '' were mixed by Daniel Miller . The back - cover of `` Personal Jesus '' features one of the band members and the back - side of a naked woman . The band member she is with depends on whether it is the 7 '' Vinyl ( Martin Gore ) , the 12 '' Vinyl ( Dave Gahan ) , the Cassette ( Andy Fletcher ) , or the original CD ( Alan Wilder ) . On some copies she does not appear at all , such as the 2004 CD re-release , and on promo copies . On some limited releases , like the GBong17 , all four photos are available plus one photo of the full group ( Martin is hugging the woman ) . The Anton Corbijn - directed music video for `` Personal Jesus '' is his first Depeche Mode video in colour , and features the band in a ranch ( suggested to appear as a brothel ) , placed in the Tabernas Desert of Almería , in Spain . MTV edited out some suggestive mouth movements of Martin Gore during the bridge and replaced it with some other footage from the video . Track listings ( edit ) All songs written by Martin Gore . 7 `` , Cassette Mute / Bong17 , CBong17 ( UK ) `` Personal Jesus '' -- 3 : 44 `` Dangerous '' -- 4 : 20 7 '' Mute / GBong17 ( UK ) `` Personal Jesus '' -- 3 : 44 `` Dangerous ( Hazchemix Edit ) '' -- 3 : 01 `` Personal Jesus ( Acoustic ) '' -- 3 : 26 12 `` , mini-CD Mute / 12Bong17 , CDBong17 ( UK ) `` Personal Jesus ( Holier Than Thou Approach ) '' -- 5 : 51 `` Dangerous ( Sensual Mix ) '' -- 5 : 24 `` Personal Jesus ( Acoustic ) '' -- 3 : 26 Limited 12 `` , mini-CD Mute / L12Bong17 , LCDBong17 ( UK ) `` Personal Jesus ( Pump Mix ) '' -- 7 : 47 `` Personal Jesus ( Telephone Stomp Mix ) '' -- 5 : 32 `` Dangerous ( Hazchemix ) '' -- 5 : 34 CD Mute / CDBong17X ( EU ) `` Personal Jesus '' -- 3 : 44 `` Dangerous '' -- 4 : 20 `` Personal Jesus ( Acoustic ) '' -- 3 : 26 `` Dangerous ( Hazchemix Edit ) '' -- 3 : 01 `` Personal Jesus ( Holier Than Thou Approach ) '' -- 5 : 51 `` Dangerous ( Sensual Mix ) '' -- 5 : 24 `` Personal Jesus ( Pump Mix ) '' -- 7 : 47 `` Personal Jesus ( Telephone Stomp Mix ) '' -- 5 : 32 `` Dangerous ( Hazchemix ) '' -- 5 : 34 This CD is the 2004 re-release CD Sire / Reprise / 21328 - 2 ( US ) `` Personal Jesus '' -- 3 : 44 `` Personal Jesus ( Holier Than Thou Approach ) '' -- 5 : 51 `` Dangerous ( Hazchemix ) '' -- 5 : 34 `` Personal Jesus ( Pump Mix ) '' -- 7 : 47 `` Personal Jesus ( Acoustic ) '' -- 3 : 26 `` Dangerous ( Sensual Mix ) '' -- 5 : 24 `` Personal Jesus ( Telephone Stomp Mix ) '' -- 5 : 32 `` Dangerous '' -- 4 : 20 US single released 19 September 1989 Mixes ( edit ) Francois Kevorkian Personal Jesus ( Single / 7 '' Version ) Personal Jesus ( Holier Than Thou Approach / 12 '' version ) Personal Jesus ( Pump Mix ) Personal Jesus ( Kazan Cathedral Mix ) ( only available on the limited 4 - disc edition of Remixes 81 -- 04 and Just Say Da ( Volume IV of the `` Just Say Yes '' series ) ) Personal Jesus ( Album Version ) Flood Personal Jesus ( Telephone Stomp Mix ) Dangerous ( Single Version ) Dangerous ( Sensual Mix ) Daniel Miller Dangerous ( Hazchemix ) Dangerous ( Hazchemix Edit ) Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 134 Canada Dance / Urban ( RPM ) 14 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 44 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 9 France ( SNEP ) 27 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 7 Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 62 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 14 Spain ( AFYVE ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 17 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 13 US Billboard Hot 100 28 US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play 12 US Billboard Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales 9 US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks US Cash Box 31 Chart ( 2007 ) Peak position Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 15 Chart ( 2011 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 91 Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 114 Year -- end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Position Italy ( FIMI ) 12 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Personal Jesus 2011 ( Edit ) `` Personal Jesus 2011 '' Single by Depeche Mode from the album Remixes 2 : 81 -- 11 B - side `` Suffer Well ( M83 Remix ) '' `` Slowblow ( Darren Price Mix ) '' Released 2011 Format Single maxi single Length 3 : 56 Label Mute Songwriter ( s ) Martin Gore Producer ( s ) Stargate Depeche Mode singles chronology `` Fragile Tension / Hole to Feed '' ( 2009 ) `` Personal Jesus 2011 '' ( 2011 ) `` Heaven '' ( 2013 ) `` Personal Jesus 2011 '' is the remixed version of the single , released on 30 May 2011 . The digital single was released in the UK on 18 April 2011 . It was released a day later in the US . Track listings ( edit ) CD ( Bong43 ) `` Personal Jesus '' ( The Stargate Mix ) -- 3 : 57 `` Personal Jesus '' ( Alex Metric Remix ) -- 5 : 57 `` Personal Jesus '' ( Eric Prydz Remix ) -- 7 : 26 `` Personal Jesus '' ( M.A.N. Remix ) -- 5 : 24 `` Personal Jesus '' ( Sie Medway - Smith Remix ) -- 6 : 25 12 '' vinyl `` Personal Jesus '' ( Alex Metric Remix ) -- 5 : 54 `` Personal Jesus '' ( M.A.N. Remix ) -- 5 : 22 `` Personal Jesus '' ( The Stargate Mix ) -- 3 : 56 `` Personal Jesus '' ( Eric Prydz Remix ) -- 7 : 25 `` Personal Jesus '' ( Sie Medway - Smith Remix ) -- 6 : 25 Digital Download `` Personal Jesus '' ( The Stargate Mix ) -- 3 : 56 `` Personal Jesus '' ( Alex Metric Remix Edit ) -- 3 : 27 Beatport Exclusive Digital Download `` Personal Jesus '' ( Eric Prydz Remix ) -- 7 : 26 `` Never Let Me Down Again '' ( Eric Prydz Remix ) -- 7 : 01 Promo CD ( PCDBong43 ) `` Personal Jesus '' ( The Stargate Mix ) -- 3 : 57 `` Personal Jesus '' ( Alex Metric Remix Edit ) -- 3 : 27 `` Personal Jesus '' ( Alex Metric Remix ) -- 5 : 57 `` Personal Jesus '' ( Eric Prydz Remix ) -- 7 : 26 `` Personal Jesus '' ( M.A.N. Remix ) -- 5 : 24 `` Personal Jesus '' ( Sie Medway - Smith Remix ) -- 6 : 25 iTunes Store `` Personal Jesus '' ( Alex Metric Remix ) -- 5 : 57 `` Personal Jesus '' ( Eric Prydz Remix ) -- 7 : 26 `` Personal Jesus '' ( M.A.N. Remix ) -- 5 : 24 `` Personal Jesus '' ( Sie Medway - Smith Remix ) -- 5 : 56 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 73 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders Dance ) 32 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 43 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia Dance ) 43 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 62 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 5 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 71 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 73 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 119 Johnny Cash cover ( Edit ) In 2002 , American country singer Johnny Cash covered `` Personal Jesus '' for his album American IV : The Man Comes Around . The idea to cover the song was suggested by record producer Rick Rubin . Cash called it `` probably the most evangelical gospel song I ever recorded '' . Marilyn Manson cover ( Edit ) `` Personal Jesus '' Single by Marilyn Manson from the album Lest We Forget : The Best Of Released 28 September 2004 Format 7 '' 10 '' CD DL Length 3 : 19 ( radio edit ) 4 : 06 ( album version ) Label Interscope Nothing Songwriter ( s ) Gore Producer ( s ) Marilyn Manson Tim Sköld Marilyn Manson singles chronology `` This Is the New Shit '' ( 2003 ) `` Personal Jesus '' ( 2004 ) `` The Nobodies : 2005 Against All Gods Remix '' ( 2005 ) Audio sample file help Marilyn Manson released their cover version of the track as the only previously unreleased recording included on their 2004 greatest hits album Lest We Forget : The Best Of . The band 's eponymous vocalist explained to MTV that he decided to cover `` Personal Jesus '' as : `` I thought if I had to write a song , ( the lyrics of ' Personal Jesus ' are ) exactly what I would say ... I think it takes a little more of an ironic tone when you put it in context with what 's going on today . '' He additionally described the original song and Depeche Mode 's music in general as hypnotic , sexy and inspirational . Its music video was directed by Manson and Nathan Cox . The song won an award in the ' pop ' category of the 2005 BMI Awards , while its music video received two nominations at the 2005 Music Video Production Awards . Formats and track listings ( edit ) European 7 '' and United States 10 '' singles `` Personal Jesus '' -- 4 : 06 `` Personal Jesus '' ( Rude Photo Motor Remix ) -- 5 : 50 CD single `` Personal Jesus '' -- 4 : 06 `` This Is the New Shit '' ( Remix by Sergio Galoyan ) -- 4 : 28 International maxi single `` Personal Jesus '' -- 4 : 06 `` Mobscene Replet '' ( Mea Culpa Mix by Bitteren Ende ) -- 4 : 35 `` Personal Jesus '' ( Rude Photo Motor Remix ) -- 5 : 50 `` Personal Jesus '' ( Enhanced Video ) UK maxi single `` Personal Jesus '' -- 4 : 06 `` New Shit Invective '' ( Obiter Dictum Mix by Bitteren Ende ) -- 4 : 25 `` Mobscene Replet '' ( Mea Culpa Mix by Bitteren Ende ) -- 4 : 35 `` Personal Jesus '' ( Enhanced Video ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 30 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 10 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 10 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 38 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 8 Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) 12 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 20 France ( SNEP ) 62 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 11 Ireland ( IRMA ) 11 Italy ( FIMI ) 10 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 89 Norway ( VG - lista ) 15 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 39 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 13 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 13 US Hot Dance Club Play 35 US Modern Rock Tracks 12 Felix da Housecat mix References ( Edit ) Jump up ^ Cranna , Ian ( April 1990 ) . `` Insidious '' . Q : 77 . Jump up ^ Buckley , Peter ( 2003 ) . The Rough Guide to Rock . Rough Guides . p. 286 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 8435 - 3105 - 0 . Given that , by now . Depeche Mode had become a stadium phenomenon in the States . Violator seemed an oddly introspective way to sell six million units ( the synth - rock single `` Personal Jesus '' was the exception to the rule ) . Jump up ^ Michaud , Sébastien ( 2001 ) . Depeche Mode : Éthique synthétique ( in French ) . Camion Blanc . p. 244 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 9101 - 9626 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Depeche Mode -- Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Giles , Jeff ( 12 -- 26 July 1990 ) . `` Depeche Mode Interview '' . Rolling Stone ( 582 -- 583 ) : 60 -- 65 . Jump up ^ `` Depeche Mode -- Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Musicline.de . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time ( 1 - 500 ) '' . Archived from the original on 20 August 2006 ... Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Elliott , Paul ( October 2013 ) . `` What do you do with $80 million ? Anything you want ! '' . Classic Rock . No. 189 . p. 48 . Jump up ^ Fox , Marisa ( 4 July 1990 ) . `` Pop a la Mode '' . Spin. 6 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ `` BPM for ' personal ' by depeche '' . Songbpm . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Personal Jesus By Depeche Mode -- Digital Sheet Music '' . EMI Music Publishing . Musicnotes . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Macleod , Duncan ( 26 July 2007 ) . `` Depeche Mode Personal Jesus '' . The Inspiration Room . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Raggett , Ned . `` Depeche Mode -- Personal Jesus '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fw : ARIA Charts Peak '' . Imgur.com. 5 June 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Dance / Urban : Issue 6614 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 9210 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin - levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 978 - 951 - 1 - 21053 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Depeche Mode -- Personal Jesus '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Depeche Mode -- Personal Jesus '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Personal Jesus '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` I singoli più venduti del 1989 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Depeche Mode -- Personal Jesus '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Depeche Mode -- Personal Jesus '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( in Spanish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Depeche Mode -- Personal Jesus '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Depeche Mode -- Personal Jesus '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Singles '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Vol. 102 no . 9 . 3 March 1990 . p. 74 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Dance Music '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Vol. 101 no . 48 . 2 December 1989 . p. 24 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Dance Music '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Vol. 101 no . 47 . 25 November 1989 . p. 30 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Modern Rock Tracks '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Vol. 101 no . 44 . 4 November 1989 . p. 20 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Pop Singles -- Week ending MARCH 3 , 1990 '' . Cash Box . Archived from the original on 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Depeche Mode -- Personal Jesus '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Depeche Mode -- Personal Jesus '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Depeche Mode -- Personal Jesus '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ mOEnias ( 1 April 2011 ) . `` News ... Depeche Mode -- Personal Jesus ' 11 ( Bong 43 ) `` 2011 '' '' ( in Spanish ) . Ondasynthpop.blogspot.com . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Depeche Mode -- `` Personal Jesus 2011 '' `` . Archived from the original on 26 April 2011 ... Shout.ru. 5 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Depeche Mode -- Personal Jesus 2011 '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop 50 Dance -- 04 / 06 / 2011 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Depeche Mode -- Personal Jesus 2011 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop 50 Dance -- 07 / 05 / 2011 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201123 into search . Retrieved 3 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201122 into search . Retrieved 4 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Depeche Mode -- Personal Jesus 2011 '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zac . `` Johnny Cash -- American IV : The Man Comes Around '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Horner , Al . `` How Johnny Cash 's ' American IV : The Man Comes Around ' Helped Define the Country Crooner 's Legacy '' . NME . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Personal Jesus -- Single '' . iTunes. 28 September 2004 . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Singles '' . Billboard . Vol. 116 no . 39 . 25 September 2004 . p. 55 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Abowitz , Richard ( 11 November 2004 ) . `` Marilyn Manson : Lest We Forget -- The Best Of '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( 22 September 2004 ) . `` Marilyn Manson Calls Lest We Forget ' A Farewell Compilation ' '' . MTV . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Grow , Kory ( 11 August 2015 ) . `` Are Depeche Mode Metal 's Biggest Secret Influence ? '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Personal Jesus '' . MTV Networks . 20 August 2004 . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` BMI Honors Top European Writers , Publishers at 2005 London Awards ; Steve Winwood Named a BMI Icon '' . Broadcast Music , Inc. 28 November 2005 . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Gottlieb , Steven ( 18 March 2005 ) . `` News : MVPA Award Nominees Announced ( Updated ) '' . VideoStatic . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Personal Jesus ( European 7 '' vinyl single ) . Marilyn Manson . Interscope Records . 2004 . 9864167 . Jump up ^ Personal Jesus ( United States 10 '' vinyl single ) . Marilyn Manson . Nothing Records , Interscope Records . 2004 . B0003642 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Personal Jesus ( CD single ) . Marilyn Manson . Interscope Records . 2004 . 0602498641149 . Jump up ^ Personal Jesus ( Australian and European maxi single ) . Marilyn Manson . Interscope Records . 2004 . 9864113 . Jump up ^ Personal Jesus ( United Kingdom maxi CD single ) . Marilyn Manson . Interscope Records . 2004 . 9864166 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Marilyn Manson -- Personal Jesus '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Marilyn Manson -- Personal Jesus '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Marilyn Manson -- Personal Jesus '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Marilyn Manson -- Personal Jesus '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Marilyn Manson -- Personal Jesus '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard . Vol. 116 no . 43 . 23 October 2004 . p. 59 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Marilyn Manson : Personal Jesus '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Marilyn Manson -- Personal Jesus '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Marilyn Manson -- Personal Jesus '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 40 , 2004 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Marilyn Manson -- Personal Jesus '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Marilyn Manson -- Personal Jesus '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Marilyn Manson -- Personal Jesus '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Marilyn Manson -- Personal Jesus '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Marilyn Manson -- Personal Jesus '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Dance Club Play '' . Billboard . Vol. 116 no . 47 . 20 November 2004 . p. 60 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Modern Rock '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Vol. 116 no . 50 . 11 December 2004 . p. 68 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . External links ( Edit ) `` Personal Jesus '' single information from the official Depeche Mode web site `` Personal Jesus 2011 '' single information from the official Depeche Mode web site Personal Jesus review at AllMusic Personal Jesus 2011 review at AllMusic Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The music video by Depeche Mode on YouTube The music video by Marilyn Manson on YouTube Depeche Mode Andy Fletcher Dave Gahan Martin Gore Vince Clarke Alan Wilder Studio albums Speak & Spell A Broken Frame Construction Time Again Some Great Reward Black Celebration Music for the Masses Violator Songs of Faith and Devotion Ultra Exciter Playing the Angel Sounds of the Universe Delta Machine Spirit Compilation albums People Are People The Singles 81 → 85 Catching Up with Depeche Mode Greatest Hits The Singles 86 -- 98 Remixes 81 -- 04 The Best of Depeche Mode Volume 1 Remixes 2 : 81 -- 11 Live albums 101 Songs of Faith and Devotion Live Recording the Angel Recording the Universe Video albums The World We Live In and Live in Hamburg Some Great Videos Strange 101 Strange Too Devotional The Videos 86 -- 98 One Night in Paris Touring the Angel : Live in Milan The Best of Videos Volume 1 Tour of the Universe : Barcelona 20 / 21.11. 09 Live in Berlin Video Singles Collection Singles `` Dreaming of Me '' `` New Life '' `` Just Ca n't Get Enough '' `` See You '' `` The Meaning of Love '' `` Leave in Silence '' `` Get the Balance Right ! '' `` Everything Counts '' `` Love , in Itself '' `` People Are People '' `` Master and Servant '' `` Blasphemous Rumours '' / `` Somebody '' `` Shake the Disease '' `` It 's Called a Heart '' `` Stripped '' `` A Question of Lust '' `` A Question of Time '' `` Strangelove '' `` Never Let Me Down Again '' `` Behind the Wheel '' `` Little 15 '' `` Personal Jesus '' `` Enjoy the Silence '' `` Policy of Truth '' `` World in My Eyes '' `` I Feel You '' `` Walking in My Shoes '' `` Condemnation '' `` In Your Room '' `` Barrel of a Gun '' `` It 's No Good '' `` Home '' `` Useless '' `` Only When I Lose Myself '' `` Dream On '' `` I Feel Loved '' `` Freelove '' `` Goodnight Lovers '' `` Enjoy the Silence 04 '' `` Precious '' `` A Pain That I 'm Used To '' `` Suffer Well '' `` John the Revelator '' / `` Lilian '' `` Martyr '' `` Wrong '' `` Peace '' `` Fragile Tension '' / `` Hole to Feed '' `` Heaven '' `` Soothe My Soul '' `` Should Be Higher '' `` Where 's the Revolution '' `` Going Backwards '' `` Cover Me '' Tours 1980 Tour 1981 Tour See You Tour Broken Frame Tour Construction Time Again Tour Some Great Reward Tour Black Celebration Tour Music for the Masses Tour World Violation Tour Devotional Tour Exotic Tour / Summer Tour ' 94 The Singles Tour Exciter Tour Touring the Angel Tour of the Universe Delta Machine Tour Global Spirit Tour Tribute albums I Sometimes Wish I Was Famous For the Masses Color Theory Presents Depeche Mode Related Articles Discography Videography Tours Awards and nominations Christian Eigner Peter Gordeno Bands Yazoo The Assembly Erasure Recoil VCMG Soulsavers Albums Counterfeit e.p. Counterfeit2 MG Paper Monsters Hourglass The Light the Dead See Angels & Ghosts Marilyn Manson Marilyn Manson Gil Sharone Paul Wiley Tyler Bates Juan Alderete Zsa Zsa Speck Olivia Newton Bundy Gidget Gein Sara Lee Lucas Daisy Berkowitz Zim Zum John 5 Madonna Wayne Gacy Tim Sköld Ginger Fish Chris Vrenna Fred Sablan Twiggy Ramirez Studio albums Portrait of an American Family Antichrist Superstar Mechanical Animals Holy Wood ( In the Shadow of the Valley of Death ) The Golden Age of Grotesque Eat Me , Drink Me The High End of Low Born Villain The Pale Emperor Heaven Upside Down Live albums The Last Tour on Earth Compilations Lunch Boxes & Choklit Cows Lest We Forget : The Best Of Lost & Found Extended plays Smells Like Children Remix & Repent Singles Commercial `` Get Your Gunn '' `` Lunchbox '' `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' `` The Beautiful People '' `` Tourniquet '' `` Long Hard Road Out of Hell '' `` The Dope Show '' `` I Do n't Like the Drugs ( But the Drugs Like Me ) '' `` Rock Is Dead '' `` Disposable Teens '' `` The Fight Song '' `` The Nobodies '' `` Tainted Love '' `` Mobscene '' `` This Is the New Shit '' `` Personal Jesus '' `` Heart - Shaped Glasses ( When the Heart Guides the Hand ) '' `` Putting Holes in Happiness '' `` Arma - goddamn - motherfuckin - geddon '' `` No Reflection '' `` Slo - Mo - Tion '' `` Third Day of a Seven Day Binge '' `` Deep Six '' `` Cupid Carries a Gun '' `` We Know Where You Fucking Live '' `` Kill4Me '' `` Cry Little Sister '' Promotional `` Dope Hat '' `` Antichrist Superstar '' `` Man That You Fear '' `` Coma White '' `` Astonishing Panorama of the Endtimes '' `` You and Me and the Devil Makes 3 '' `` We 're from America '' `` The Mephistopheles of Los Angeles '' `` The Devil Beneath My Feet '' `` Tattooed in Reverse '' Other songs `` Apple of Sodom '' `` This Is Halloween '' `` If I Was Your Vampire '' `` Running to the Edge of the World '' `` Wow '' `` Killing Strangers '' `` Say10 '' Video albums Dead to the World God Is in the T.V. Guns , God and Government Books The Long Hard Road Out of Hell Holy Wood Genealogies of Pain Campaign Films Doppelherz Born Villain Concert tours Independent touring Portrait of an American Family Tour Smells Like Children Tour Dead to the World Tour Mechanical Animals Tour Beautiful Monsters Tour Rock Is Dead Tour Guns , God and Government Tour Grotesk Burlesk Tour Against All Gods Tour Rape of the World Tour The High End of Low Tour Hey Cruel World ... Tour Twins of Evil Tour Masters of Madness Tour The Hell Not Hallelujah Tour The End Times Tour Heaven Upside Down Tour Twins of Evil : The Second Coming Tour Related Articles Discography Awards and nominations Band members The Manson Family Album MarilynManson.com Posthuman Records Hell , etc . Marilyn Manson -- Columbine High School massacre controversy Bands Alice Cooper gODHEAD Goon Moon Jack Off Jill Loser Nine Inch Nails Rob Zombie Slipknot The Smashing Pumpkins Book Nina Hagen Discography Filmography Studio albums Nina Hagen Band ( 1978 ) Unbehagen ( 1979 ) NunSexMonkRock ( 1982 ) Fearless / Angstlos ( 1983 ) Nina Hagen in Ekstasy / In Ekstase ( 1985 ) Nina Hagen ( 1989 ) Street ( 1991 ) Revolution Ballroom ( 1993 ) FreuD euch ( 1995 ) BeeHappy ( 1996 ) Om Namah Shivay ( 1999 ) Return of the Mother ( 2000 ) Big Band Explosion ( 2003 ) Irgendwo auf der Welt ( 2006 ) Personal Jesus ( 2010 ) Volksbeat ( 2011 ) Extended plays Nina Hagen Band ( 1980 ) Punk Wedding ( 1987 ) Compilations The Very Best of Nina Hagen ( 1990 ) Rock aus Deutschland : Nina Hagen ( 1992 ) Definitive Collection ( 1995 ) 14 Friendly Abductions ( 1996 ) Prima Nina in Ekstasy ( 2000 ) Sternenmädchen ( 2001 ) Rangeh'n -- Das Beste von Nina Hagen ( 2004 ) Was Denn : Hits ' 74 -- ' 95 ( 2004 ) Heiß ( 2005 ) Soundtracks Cha Cha ( 1979 ) Live releases Live in Krefeld ( 2001 ) Singles `` Du hast den Farbfilm vergessen '' `` Hatschi - Waldera '' `` TV - Glotzer '' `` My Way '' `` Smack Jack '' `` Zarah '' `` New York New York '' `` Universal Radio '' `` Fieber '' `` Total Eclipse / Die schwarze Witwe '' `` Seemann '' `` Personal Jesus '' Related articles Eva - Maria Hagen Wolf Biermann Cosma Shiva Hagen Book Gravity Kills Jeff Scheel Matt Dudenhoffer Doug Firley Kurt Kerns Brad Booker Studio albums Gravity Kills Perversion Superstarved Remix albums Manipulated Singles `` Guilty '' `` Falling '' `` Personal Jesus '' Related Acts Pitchshifter Stabbing Westward KMFDM Sex Pistols Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Personal_Jesus&oldid=856718371 '' Categories : 1989 singles 1989 songs 2004 singles 2011 singles Depeche Mode songs Interscope Records singles Johnny Cash songs Marilyn Manson ( band ) songs Music videos directed by Anton Corbijn Mute Records singles Nothing Records singles Song recordings produced by Flood ( producer ) Songs written by Martin Gore Songs about Elvis Presley Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use British English from September 2012 Use dmy dates from September 2012 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadadance Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Norway Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Italiano ქართული Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 03 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the original singer of personal jesus | [
"\"Personal Jesus\" is a song by the English electronic band Depeche Mode, released on 28 August 1989 as the lead single from their seventh album, Violator (1990). It reached No. 13 on the UK Singles Chart[4] and No. 28 on the Billboard Hot 100.[5] The single was their first to make the US Top 40 since 1984's \"People Are People\", and was their first gold-certified single in the US (quickly followed by its successor, \"Enjoy the Silence\").[6]\n"
] | [
"Depeche Mode"
] |
-5753567736827663933 | Guardians of the Galaxy (film) | Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) - wikipedia Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 3 November 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 1 '' redirects here . For the first volume of the comic book series , see Guardians of the Galaxy ( 1969 team ) . Guardians of the Galaxy Theatrical release poster Directed by James Gunn Produced by Kevin Feige Written by James Gunn Nicole Perlman Based on Guardians of the Galaxy by Dan Abnett Andy Lanning Starring Chris Pratt Zoe Saldana Dave Bautista Vin Diesel Bradley Cooper Lee Pace Michael Rooker Karen Gillan Djimon Hounsou John C. Reilly Glenn Close Benicio del Toro Music by Tyler Bates Cinematography Ben Davis Edited by Fred Raskin Craig Wood Hughes Winborne Production company Marvel Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date July 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 21 ) ( Dolby Theatre ) August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) ( United States ) Running time 122 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $232.3 million ( gross ) $195.9 million ( net ) Box office $773.3 million Guardians of the Galaxy ( retroactively referred to as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 1 ) is a 2014 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the tenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . The film was directed by James Gunn , who wrote the screenplay with Nicole Perlman , and features an ensemble cast including Chris Pratt , Zoe Saldana , Dave Bautista , Vin Diesel , Bradley Cooper , Lee Pace , Michael Rooker , Karen Gillan , Djimon Hounsou , John C. Reilly , Glenn Close , and Benicio del Toro . In Guardians of the Galaxy , Peter Quill forms an uneasy alliance with a group of extraterrestrial misfits who are fleeing after stealing a powerful artifact . Perlman began working on the screenplay in 2009 . Producer Kevin Feige first publicly mentioned Guardians of the Galaxy as a potential film in 2010 and Marvel Studios announced it was in active development at the San Diego Comic - Con International in July 2012 . Gunn was hired to write and direct the film that September . In February 2013 , Pratt was hired to play Peter Quill / Star - Lord , and the supporting cast members were subsequently confirmed . Principal photography began in July 2013 at Shepperton Studios in England , with filming continuing in London before wrapping up in October 2013 . Post-production was finished on July 7 , 2014 . The film premiered in Hollywood on July 21 , 2014 . It was released in theaters on August 1 , 2014 in the United States in the 3D and IMAX 3D formats . The film became a critical and commercial success , grossing $773.3 million worldwide and becoming the highest - grossing superhero film of 2014 , as well as the third highest - grossing film of 2014 . The film garnered praise for its humor , action , soundtrack , visual effects , direction , musical score , and acting . A sequel , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , was released on May 5 , 2017 , with a third film , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 , scheduled to be released in 2020 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.1. 1 Writing 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 3.4. 1 Visual effects 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.1. 1 Merchandise 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 North America 6.1. 2 Outside North America 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequels 7.1 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 7.2 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1988 , following his mother 's death , a young Peter Quill is abducted from Earth by the Ravagers , a group of space pirates led by Yondu Udonta . Twenty - six years later on the planet Morag , Quill steals an orb but is attacked by Korath , a subordinate to the fanatical Kree , Ronan . Although Quill escapes with the orb , Yondu discovers his theft and issues a bounty for his capture , while Ronan sends the assassin Gamora after the orb . When Quill attempts to sell the orb on Xandar , capital of the Nova Empire , Gamora ambushes him and steals it . A fight ensues , drawing in a pair of bounty hunters : the genetically and cybernetically modified raccoon Rocket , and the tree - like humanoid Groot . Nova Corps officers capture the four , detaining them in the Kyln . A powerful inmate there , Drax , attempts to kill Gamora due to her association with Ronan , who killed his family . Quill convinces Drax that Gamora can bring Ronan to him , though Gamora reveals that she has betrayed Ronan , unwilling to let him use the orb 's power . Learning that Gamora has a buyer for the orb , Quill , Rocket , Groot , and Drax work with her to escape the Kyln in Quill 's ship , the Milano . Ronan meets with Gamora 's adoptive father , Thanos , to discuss her betrayal . Quill 's group flee to Knowhere , a remote criminal outpost in space built in the giant severed head of a Celestial . A drunken Drax summons Ronan while the rest of the group meet Gamora 's contact , the collector Taneleer Tivan . Tivan opens the orb , revealing an Infinity Stone , an item of immeasurable power that destroys all but the most powerful beings who wield it . Tivan 's tormented assistant Carina grabs the Stone , triggering an explosion that engulfs Tivan 's archive . Ronan arrives and easily defeats Drax , while the others flee by ship , pursued by Ronan 's followers and Gamora 's adoptive sister Nebula . Nebula destroys Gamora 's ship , leaving her floating in space , and Ronan 's fighters capture the orb . Quill contacts Yondu before following Gamora into space , giving her his helmet to survive ; Yondu arrives and retrieves the pair . Rocket , Drax , and Groot threaten to attack Yondu 's ship to rescue them , but Quill negotiates a truce , promising the orb to Yondu . Quill 's group agrees that facing Ronan means certain death , but that they can not let him use the Infinity Stone to destroy the galaxy . On Ronan 's flagship , the Dark Aster , Ronan embeds the Stone in his warhammer , taking its power for himself . He contacts Thanos , threatening to kill him after first destroying Xandar ; hateful of her adoptive father , Nebula allies with Ronan . The Ravagers and Quill 's group join with the Nova Corps to confront the Dark Aster at Xandar , with Quill 's group breaching the Dark Aster with the Milano . Ronan uses his empowered warhammer to destroy the Nova Corps fleet . Gamora fights and defeats Nebula , who then escapes , but the group find themselves outmatched by Ronan 's power until Rocket crashes a Ravager ship through the Dark Aster . The damaged Dark Aster crash - lands on Xandar , with Groot sacrificing himself to shield the group . Ronan emerges from the wreck and prepares to destroy Xandar , but Quill distracts him , allowing Drax and Rocket to destroy Ronan 's warhammer . Quill grabs the freed Stone , and with Gamora , Drax , and Rocket sharing its burden , they use it to destroy Ronan . In the aftermath , Quill tricks Yondu into taking a container supposedly containing the Stone , and gives the real Stone to the Nova Corps . As the Ravagers leave Xandar , Yondu remarks that it turned out well that they did not deliver Quill to his father per their contract . Quill 's group , now known as the Guardians of the Galaxy , have their criminal records expunged , and Quill learns that he is only half - human , his father being part of an ancient , unknown species . Quill finally opens the last present he received from his mother : a cassette tape filled with her favorite songs . The Guardians leave in the rebuilt Milano along with a sapling cut from Groot . In a post-credits scene , Tivan sits in his destroyed archive with two of his living exhibits : a canine cosmonaut and an anthropomorphic duck . Cast ( edit ) The cast of Guardians of the Galaxy promoting the film at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International . From top to bottom : Pratt , Saldana , Bautista , Pace , Rooker , Gillan , Hounsou , and del Toro . ( Scrollable image ) Chris Pratt as Peter Quill / Star - Lord : The half - human , half - alien leader of the Guardians who was abducted from Missouri as a child in 1988 and raised by a group of alien thieves and smugglers called the Ravagers . About the character , Pratt said , `` He had a hard time as a kid , and now he goes around space , making out with hot alien girls and just being a rogue and a bit of a jerk , and through teaming up with these guys , finds a higher purpose for himself . '' He also added that the character is a mix of Han Solo and Marty McFly . Pratt , who was mostly known for playing supporting characters , including Andy Dwyer on the television series Parks and Recreation , initially turned down the role . Pratt had lost weight to portray fit characters in films such as Moneyball and Zero Dark Thirty , and had given up ambitions to play the lead role in action films after humbling auditions for Star Trek and Avatar . Casting director Sarah Finn suggested Pratt to Gunn , who dismissed the idea despite struggling to cast that role . Despite this , Finn arranged for a meeting between the two , at which point Gunn was immediately convinced that Pratt was perfect for the role . Pratt also won over Feige , despite having gained weight again for Delivery Man . Prior to filming , Pratt underwent a strict diet and training regimen to lose 60 lb ( 27 kg ) in six months . Pratt signed a multi-film contract with Marvel , and was granted a temporary leave from his work on Parks and Recreation in order to accommodate his participation in the film . Wyatt Oleff portrays a young Quill . Zoe Saldana as Gamora : An orphan from an alien world who seeks redemption for her past crimes . She was trained by Thanos to be his personal assassin . Saldana said that she became Gamora through make - up rather than computer generated imagery ( CGI ) or performance capture . On taking the role , Saldana said , `` I was just excited to be asked to join by James Gunn and to also play someone green . I 've been blue before ( in Avatar ) . '' Saldana described Gamora as `` ... a warrior , she 's an assassin and she 's very lethal but what saves her is the same thing that can doom her . She has a sense of righteousness . She 's a very righteous individual . '' Dave Bautista as Drax the Destroyer : A warrior who seeks to avenge his family 's death at the hands of Ronan . On relating to the character , Bautista said , `` I can just relate to Drax so much it 's not even funny . Just the simple things that we have in common . Simple things like the tattoos , the tragedy -- because you know , I had a bit of tragedy in my life as well . So it 's really easy for me to pull from that . '' Bautista also said that there was `` a lot of comic relief to Drax '' , but the character was not aware of it . Bautista stated that he did not do much preparation for the role , because `` Luckily , for me , I 'm a lifelong athlete and I adapted real quick . '' Bautista 's makeup took approximately four hours to apply , though it could be removed in just 90 minutes . Drax has various scarring patterns on his body , which replace the simple tattoos from the comics , each having a specific story . Additionally , his skin tone was changed from the bright green in the comics to a muddier grey , to avoid visual similarities to the Hulk . Vin Diesel as Groot : A tree - like humanoid who is the accomplice of Rocket . Diesel stated that he provided the voice and motion capture for Groot , after originally being in talks to star in a new Phase Three Marvel film . Diesel also provided Groot 's voice for several foreign - language releases of the film . Krystian Godlewski portrayed the character on set , though his acting was not used in the final character CGI . On the character , which Gunn based on his dog , Gunn said , `` All the Guardians start out the movie as bastards -- except Groot . He 's an innocent . He 's a hundred percent deadly and a hundred percent sweet . He 's caught up in Rocket 's life , really . '' Gunn added that the design and movement of Groot took `` the better part of a year '' to create . Gunn added , `` The ways in which Vin Diesel says , ' I am Groot , ' I am astounded . All of the ' I am Groots ' that were earlier voices did n't sound very good at all ... Vin came in and in one day , laid down all these ' I am Groot ' tracks , and he 's a perfectionist . He made me explain to him with ever ( sic ) ' I am Groot , ' exactly what he was saying ... It was amazing when we first put that voice in there how much the character changed and how much he influenced the character . '' Regarding the limited words used by Groot , Diesel said in many ways this was , `` ... the most challenging thing to ask an actor to do . '' Diesel found an emotional note in his performance , invoking the death of his friend and Fast and Furious co-star Paul Walker , saying , `` This was in December ( 2013 ) , and the first time I came back to dealing with human beings after dealing with death , so playing a character who celebrates life in the way Groot does was very nice . '' Groot 's form and size - changing abilities are seen , with Gunn stating that he has the ability to grow in the film . Bradley Cooper as Rocket : A genetically engineered raccoon - like bounty hunter and mercenary who is a master of weapons and battle tactics . Gunn worked with live raccoons to get the correct feel for the character , and to make sure it was `` not a cartoon character '' , saying , `` It 's not Bugs Bunny in the middle of the Avengers , it 's a real , little , somewhat mangled beast that 's alone . There 's no one else in the universe quite like him , he 's been created by these guys to be a mean - ass fighting machine . '' Gunn also based the character on himself . Describing Rocket in relation to the rest of the Guardians , Cooper said , `` I think Rocket is dynamic . He 's the sort of Joe Pesci in Goodfellas guy . '' Cooper voiced Rocket , while Sean Gunn ( James ' younger brother ) stood in for the character during filming . James Gunn said that for the role of Rocket , some physical movement from Cooper , including facial expressions and hand movements , was recorded as potential reference for the animators , though much of Sean Gunn 's acting is used throughout the film . Before Cooper was cast , James Gunn said that it was a challenge finding a voice for Rocket , that he was looking for someone that could balance `` the fast - talking speech patterns that Rocket has , but also can be funny , because he is really funny . But also has the heart that Rocket has . Because there are actually some pretty dramatic scenes with Rocket . '' Lee Pace as Ronan the Accuser : A Kree radical who agrees to retrieve an artifact for Thanos in exchange for eradicating his mortal enemies , the Xandarians . Ronan and his Sakaaran army hunt down the Guardians when they interfere with his goals . Describing Ronan , Gunn said , `` He is the primary villain , and he is a really twisted guy , he has a really religious bent in this film . He has a very sick and twisted view of what morality is ; strength is virtue and weakness is sin and that is what he lives by , and I think he is very scary because of his beliefs , which are real to him . '' Pace , who originally auditioned for Peter Quill , described Ronan as a `` psycho '' and a `` monster '' . Michael Rooker as Yondu Udonta : A blue - skinned bandit who is the leader of the Ravagers and a paternal figure to Quill . Yondu helps Quill to steal the orb before Quill betrays him , leaving Yondu and the Ravagers to chase the Guardians . On the character , Rooker said , he has `` some interesting issues -- not a good guy , not a bad guy . There 's hope and there 's a heart inside Yondu . '' Gunn created the film 's version of the character specifically with Rooker in mind , while borrowing the character 's mohawk and use of a whistle - controlled arrow from the comics . Rooker fully committed to the role once he knew his role on the TV series The Walking Dead would be ending . Rooker 's makeup took approximately four hours to apply . Karen Gillan as Nebula : An adopted daughter of Thanos who was raised with Gamora as siblings and is a loyal lieutenant in the employ of Ronan and Thanos . About the character , Gillan said , `` She is the female villain of the film ... She is very sadistic and evil , but I like to think for a very valid reason . '' She also added , `` I think she 's a really interesting character . What I like to play around with is how jealous she is . She 's Gamora 's sister , and there 's a lot of sibling rivalry . That 's the most interesting aspect to me , because jealousy can consume you and turn you bitter , and ugly . And she 's a total sadist , so that 's fun too . '' Gillan researched the ancient Spartans , shaved off her hair , and trained for two months for the role . The character 's makeup took approximately four and a half hours to be applied . Djimon Hounsou as Korath : A Kree ally of Ronan who is a feared intergalactic hunter . As to why he took the role Hounsou said , `` I have a four - year old son who loves superheroes from Spider - Man to Iron Man to Batman . He 's got all the costumes . One day he looks at me and says ' Dad , I want to be light - skinned so I could be Spider - Man . Spider - Man has light skin . ' That was sort of a shock . This is why I am excited to be a part of the Marvel Universe , so I could hopefully provide that diversity in the role of the superhero . '' John C. Reilly as Rhomann Dey : A corpsman in the Nova Corps , the Nova Empire 's military and police force . Glenn Close as Irani Rael : The leader of the Nova Corps , known as Nova Prime , whose mission is to protect the citizens of the Nova Empire and keep peace . Close stated that she `` had always wanted to be in a movie like ( Guardians of the Galaxy ) , and that it would be `` the most fun to play something like the Judi Dench ( as M or ) Samuel L. Jackson ( as Nick Fury ) role '' . She said that she took the role because she `` love ( s ) to do stuff that 's different '' and wanted to show that she `` ( has ) always been up for anything . '' She also stated that her contract has `` several '' films on it , and that she would be open to working on other Marvel Studios films in addition to returning for Guardians sequels . Benicio del Toro as Taneleer Tivan / The Collector : An obsessive keeper of the largest collection of interstellar fauna , relics , and species in the galaxy who operates out of a place in space named Knowhere . Describing del Toro 's performance , Gunn said , `` He 's like an outer - space Liberace . That 's what it says in the script , which he 's kind of doing . '' On bringing the character to life , del Toro said , `` What James ( Gunn ) wanted , that I found out little by little as I was doing it , is that he wanted me to explore and just keep pushing the character and keep creating ( him ) as I was in front of the camera . '' Additionally , Josh Brolin appears , uncredited , as Thanos through voice acting and performance capture . Sean Gunn stood in for Thanos during filming and portrays Kraglin , Yondu 's first mate in the Ravagers . Alexis Denisof reprises his role as Thanos 's vizier , `` The Other '' , from The Avengers . Ophelia Lovibond plays Carina , the Collector 's slave ; Peter Serafinowicz plays Denarian Garthan Saal , a Nova Corps officer ; Gregg Henry plays Quill 's grandfather ; Laura Haddock plays Quill 's mother , Meredith ; Melia Kreiling plays Bereet ; Christopher Fairbank plays The Broker ; Mikaela Hoover plays Nova Prime 's assistant ; Marama Corlett plays a pit boss at the bar , The Boot ; Emmett J. Scanlan plays a Nova riot guard ; Alexis Rodney plays Moloka Dar ; Tom Proctor plays Horuz , a Ravager ; and Spencer Wilding plays a prison guard who confiscates Quill 's Walkman . Canine actor Fred appears as Cosmo . Stephen Blackehart had a supporting role . Naomi Ryan also had a supporting role in the film , though it was cut in the final version . Cameos in the film include : James Gunn as a Sakaaran ; Stan Lee as a Xandarian Ladies ' Man ; Lloyd Kaufman as an inmate ; Nathan Fillion as the voice of an inmate ; Rob Zombie as the voice of the Ravager Navigator ; composer Tyler Bates as a Ravager pilot ; and Seth Green as the voice of Howard the Duck . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) `` I think anybody ... who would have said that this would make a great main movie would have been laughed off . It 's such an unlikely thing to do . So I think it 's lovely to work on something and expose its potential to the point where a company like Marvel will say , ' Yes , this makes sense . ' '' -- Dan Abnett , co-writer of the 2008 Guardians of the Galaxy relaunch , on the project Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige first mentioned Guardians of the Galaxy as a potential film at the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con International , stating , `` There are some obscure titles , too , like Guardians of the Galaxy . I think they 've been revamped recently in a fun way in the ( comic ) book . '' Feige reiterated that sentiment in a September 2011 issue of Entertainment Weekly , saying , `` There 's an opportunity to do a big space epic , which Thor sort of hints at , in the cosmic side '' of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Feige added , should the film be made , it would feature an ensemble of characters , similar to X-Men and The Avengers . Feige announced that the film was in active development at the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International during the Marvel Studios panel , with an intended release date of August 1 , 2014 . He stated that the film 's titular team would consist of the characters Star - Lord , Drax the Destroyer , Gamora , Groot , and Rocket Raccoon . Two pieces of concept art were also displayed , one of Rocket Raccoon , and one featuring the entire team . In August 2012 , James Gunn entered talks to direct the film , beating out other contenders , including Peyton Reed and the duo Ryan Fleck and Anna Boden . The Avengers director Joss Whedon , who signed a deal to creatively consult on all of the films leading up to The Avengers sequel , was enthusiastic about the selection of Gunn to direct , saying `` James ( Gunn ) is what makes me think it will work ... He is so off the wall , and so crazy , but so smart , such a craftsman and he builds from his heart . He loves the raccoon . Needs the raccoon ... He has a very twisted take on it , but it all comes from a real love for the material . It 's going to be hard for ( the human characters ) to keep up . '' Writing ( edit ) Nicole Perlman , who was enrolled in Marvel 's screenwriting program in 2009 , was offered several of their lesser known properties to base a screenplay on . Out of those , Perlman chose Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning 's Guardians of the Galaxy , due to her interest in space and science fiction , adding , `` I think ( Marvel ) were a little taken aback when I chose Guardians , because there were ones that would make a lot more sense if you were a romantic - comedy writer or something like that . '' Perlman spent two years writing a draft , immersing herself in the Guardians universe , and was asked in late 2011 to create another draft , before Gunn was brought in in early 2012 to contribute to the script . Gunn eventually rewrote the script entirely because `` it did n't work '' for him ; he would use the film The Dirty Dozen as a reference to convey his ideas of the film to Marvel . Gunn later explained that Perlman 's draft was very different from the script he used during filming , including a different story , character arcs and no Walkman ; he stated , `` In Nicole 's script everything is pretty different ... it 's not about the same stuff . But that 's how the WGA works . They like first writers an awful lot . '' In August 2012 , Marvel Studios hired writer Chris McCoy to rewrite Perlman 's script , however , it is unclear what contribution he had to the final script , since he did not receive production credit . Gunn revealed that character introductions were the `` hardest scenes to crack '' , with Thanos ' introduction being the most difficult . He felt that `` having Thanos be in that scene was more helpful to the ( MCU ) than it was to Guardians of the Galaxy , '' yet he still wanted Thanos in the film , without `` ( belittling ) the actual antagonist of the film , which is Ronan . '' To solve his dilemma , Gunn chose to have Ronan kill `` The Other '' , Thanos ' vizier , saying , `` I thought that was interesting , because we 've had the Other , who 's obviously very powerful even in comparison to Loki , and then we see Ronan wipe his ass with him . So that I liked , but even that was sort of difficult , because it played as funnier when I first wrote it , and the humor did n't work so much . '' Pre-production ( edit ) In September 2012 , Gunn confirmed that he had signed on to direct the film and rewrite the script . By the end of November , Joel Edgerton , Jack Huston , Jim Sturgess , and Eddie Redmayne signed deals to test for the role of Peter Quill , as did Lee Pace , which he confirmed a week later in early December . Other actors who were considered for the role included Thor : The Dark World 's Zachary Levi , Joseph Gordon - Levitt , Michael Rosenbaum , and John Gallagher Jr . Chris Pratt was cast in the role in February 2013 , as part of a multi-film deal that he signed with Marvel . Gunn promoting the film at 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International In January 2013 , filming was scheduled to take place at Shepperton Studios in London , United Kingdom , and Marvel Studios announced that the film would be released in 3D . Victoria Alonso , an executive producer on the film , said that filming would begin in June . She also said that both Rocket Raccoon and Groot would be created through a combination of CGI and motion capture , going on to say that `` You ca n't do any motion capture with a raccoon -- they wo n't let you put the suit on . But we will do rotomation , probably , for some of the behavior ... we definitely will have performers to emulate what James Gunn will lead to be , the behavior and the performance . He 's very clear on where he wants to take the characters . '' In March 2013 , Feige discussed Guardians of the Galaxy in relation to the Marvel Cinematic Universe , saying , `` It 's much more of a standalone film . It takes place in the same universe . And when we 've been on the other side of that universe in other movies , you might see those characteristics in Guardians , but the Avengers are not involved with what 's happening out there at this time . '' Feige also stated that 95 % of the film would take place in space . In mid-March , Dave Bautista was signed to play Drax the Destroyer . Other actors who had been considered for the role included Isaiah Mustafa , Brian Patrick Wade and Jason Momoa . By the following week , sculptor Brian Muir , who sculpted Darth Vader 's mask for the Star Wars films , was revealed to be working on the film . In early April 2013 , Zoe Saldana entered into negotiations to star as Gamora in the film , and it was confirmed she had been cast later that month . Also in April , Michael Rooker joined the film 's cast as Yondu , and it was announced that Ophelia Lovibond had been cast in a supporting role . By this point in time , Lee Pace was in final negotiations to play the villain of the film . In May , Marvel offered John C. Reilly the role of Rhomann Dey . At the same time , it was disclosed that filmmakers were looking at actors including Hugh Laurie , Alan Rickman , and Ken Watanabe , for another role , and that Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely were providing finishing touches to the script . A few days later , Glenn Close was cast as the head of the Nova Corps in the film , followed shortly by the casting of Karen Gillan as the film 's lead female villain . By June 2013 , Benicio del Toro was cast in the film , as part of a multi-film deal with Marvel Studios . Later in the month , it was confirmed that Reilly had been cast as Rhomann Dey . Special effects makeup designer David White took head and body casts of actors , such as Bautista , to experiment with materials used to create the characters . White said , `` James always pushed for practical and makeup effects . He wanted , like me , to see the real deal there on set . '' White was careful not to use `` modern '' creature designs to ensure they did not fall short in Gunn 's uniquely envisioned world . White and his team created upwards of 1,000 prosthetic makeup applications and 2,000 molds of different colored aliens . For the specific aesthetic look to the film , Gunn wanted to create `` a colorful science - fiction world '' , and include elements of 1950s and 60s pulp movies , citing the Ravagers ' spaceships , which he compared to muscle cars , as an example of the latter . Science fiction artist Chris Foss inspired and helped design the final look of some of the spacecrafts that appear in the film . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began around July 6 , 2013 in London , United Kingdom , under the working title of Full Tilt . Filming took place at Shepperton Studios and Longcross Studios . Later in July , Gunn and the film 's cast flew from London to attend San Diego Comic - Con International , where it was revealed that Pace would play Ronan the Accuser , Gillan would be Nebula , del Toro as The Collector , and that Djimon Hounsou had been cast as Korath . Close was later revealed to play Nova Prime Irani Rael . Also at San Diego Comic - Con , Feige stated that Thanos would be a part of the film as the `` mastermind '' . On August 11 , 2013 , filming began at London 's Millennium Bridge , which was selected as a double for Xandar . In August 2013 , Marvel announced that Bradley Cooper would voice Rocket . On September 3 , 2013 , Gunn said that filming was `` a little over half ( way ) '' complete . Also in September , Vin Diesel stated that he was voicing Groot . However , Marvel did not confirm Diesel 's involvement in the film at the time . On October 12 , 2013 , Gunn announced on social media that filming had completed . Director of photography Ben Davis used Arri Alexa XT cameras for the film , saying , `` I 'm traditionally a photochemical fan , but going with the digital format was the right way for this movie ... the Alexa ( provided ) the right look for this particular film . '' During the opening scenes in the 1980s , Davis chose JDC Cooke Xtal ( Crystal ) Express anamorphic prime lenses because they `` had more anamorphic artifacts and aberrations , which ( he ) felt added something . '' Davis used spherical Panavision Primos for the rest of the film . Additionally , Davis worked closely with production designer Charles Wood in order to achieve the correct lighting looks for each scene . Dealing with two fully CGI characters forced Davis to shoot scenes multiple times , usually once with the references for the characters and once without them in the shot . Gunn revealed that his brother , Sean Gunn , took on multiple roles during the filming process , such as standing in for Rocket , which he noted was beneficial for the other actors , including Saldana , Pratt , and Bautista , who responded positively to Sean and his on - set performances . Special effects makeup designer David White made two life - size versions of Rocket and a bust of Groot as aids for visual effects , with White saying , `` it gives ( the filmmakers ) a good indication of where visual effects needs to pick up and whether Rocket can actually reach certain things or use certain devices . '' These busts were also used to see how the on - set lighting would affect the characters , to assist with the visual effects lighting process . In January 2015 , Disney revealed that the film came in `` slightly over the agreed budget '' at $232.3 million , with Disney receiving a rebate of $36.4 million from the British government . It was previously estimated to have had a $170 million budget . Post-production ( edit ) In November 2013 , Gunn stated that he attempted to use as many practical effects as possible while filming to aid the use of CGI and motion capture during post-production , saying , `` Our sets are enormous . We have a prison that is 350,000 pounds of steel . Anybody who knows me knows I love the mix of practical and CGI effects ... I ca n't wait for people to see it , because it 's astonishingly beautiful . '' After the release of Thor : The Dark World , Feige stated that the Infinity Stones would be a focus in the film , as well as going forward into the Phase Three slate of films within the MCU . In a separate interview for The Dark World in November , Feige added that a third , unknown Infinity Stone would be seen in the film , referred to as the `` Power Stone '' by the Collector . The mid-credits scene in The Dark World revealed Lovibond 's role as the Collector 's aide , later named Carina . In December 2013 , Marvel confirmed that Diesel would voice Groot . A few weeks of additional filming , involving the film 's main cast and crew , occurred in March 2014 at Walt Disney Studios in Burbank , California . In April 2014 , Gunn described Thanos as the `` head of the snake '' in the film , and confirmed he would appear via performance capture . In May 2014 , Gunn stated that the film features an `` enormous '' amount of smaller and minor characters from the Marvel Universe , adding that he felt the film had the most characters overall of any Marvel Studios film to date . Costume supervisor Dan Grace added to this by saying , `` We really , really get the feeling of the scale and scope of the galaxy . We visit five planets , we see a hundred different races . '' The film introduces the alien race Sakaaran , who act as Ronan 's mercenaries , as a replacement to the Badoon , as the Badoon film rights belonged to 20th Century Fox . By the end of May , Josh Brolin was revealed as the voice of Thanos , with Feige confirming in July that Brolin also provided the performance capture for the character . Thanos communicates via hologram for much of the film , though he does appear in a scene with Ronan and Nebula . In June 2014 , Feige added that Thanos and his followers are `` the biggest piece of connective tissue that will eventually lead us back into Avengers films in the future . '' On casting Brolin , Feige said , We reached out to him and it was one of those things that does not happen all the time but when it does it 's very nice , where he was totally intrigued . He was a fan of what we did , he met with Jeremy Latcham in a hotel in London and learned about the characters a little bit . I spoke to him on the phone a few times . We ran it by James who loved it , ran it by Joss ( Whedon ) who loved it because Thanos is in this universe because of Avengers . Then we shot him and recorded for it . On July 7 , 2014 , Gunn announced on social media that he had completed work on the film . In August , regarding the post-credit scene , Gunn revealed that the scene did not involve Howard the Duck when it was originally filmed , rather he was added during post-production , a decision made by `` some combination of ( Gunn ) and the editor Fred Raskin '' . As the decision to add the character was made late in the post-production process , he had to be designed that day , before being handed off to Sony Pictures Imageworks to animate . Also in August , regarding the pre-credit scene of Groot dancing , Gunn stated that he himself danced to provide motion reference for the animators , and that the decision was made to place the scene before the credits , rather than during or after them , because of positive responses from a test audience , which made Marvel and Gunn feel that they did not want `` people walking out and missing this thing '' . Marvel used design firm Sarofsky once again for the film 's title sequences , after liking their work for Captain America : The Winter Soldier . Sarofsky developed a custom typeface based on the font used in the teaser posters for the opening credits , which was tinted orange to offer a better contrast to the film 's blue and grey imagery . One of the typography solutions offered before the final product wound up being repurposed as the locator cards seen throughout the film . Visual effects ( edit ) The Gardens by the Bay ( top ) in Singapore helped inspire the look of the planet Xandar ( bottom ) . The film featured 2,750 visual effects shots , which make up approximately 90 % of the film . The visual effects were created by : Moving Picture Company ( MPC ) , who worked on creating Groot , as well as Morag , Xandar , the Dark Aster and the final battle on Xandar ; Framestore , who worked on creating Rocket , extending the Kyln prison set and constructing Knowhere ; Luma Pictures , who worked on Thanos ; Method Studios , who worked on creating the Orb opening and revealing its powers , as well as the holographic displays at the Nova Corps command center ; Lola VFX ; Cantina Creative ; Sony Pictures Imageworks , who worked on Howard the Duck and creating the Dark Aster shots with MPC ; CoSA VFX ; Secret Lab ; Rise Visual Effects Studios ; and Technicolor VFX . Pre - and post-visualizations were done by Proof and The Third Floor , with Proof also contributing to the creation of Rocket and Groot . Producer Nik Korda noted how helpful it was to have Sean Gunn and Krystian Godlewski portray Rocket and Groot on set , as it provided references for lighting and on - set performances to the animators . When creating Groot , MPC realized early on that his eyes would be essential in maintaining the character 's human qualities , as his face could n't move in the way that humans ' do . MPC visual effects supervisor Nicolas Aithadi explained that , `` When you look at humans what makes the eyes interesting is the imperfections -- trying to make these two irises not aimed at the same place -- trying to make them strange and look more human . '' Textures for Groot came from a number of sources , including inspiration from a botanical garden in London , and the character was modeled as individual branches , rigged individually , to simulate a muscle system for the character . One of the major challenges for Framestore in creating Rocket was his fur . Framestore 's Rachel Williams explained that , since `` raccoon fur is made up from a layer of short fine hair and a layer of longer thicker hairs '' , these layers were separated and animated individually , removing the need to use `` guide hairs '' to control the movements of thick sections of fur . Framestore and MPC worked closely sharing assets , to ensure shots of Rocket at MPC would match the Rocket created by Framestore , and vice versa for when Groot was needed by the other studio . In order to give Thanos `` the performance and the weight that he deserved '' , Luma Pictures created a new facial animation system to re-create Josh Brolin as a fully CG character , using his `` eyes , some of his cheek , how his muscles move when he talks '' . The character 's large jaw , and the deep groves that run down his face , had `` to be carefully planned out with the movement of his face . '' Music ( edit ) Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy ( soundtrack ) In August 2013 , Gunn revealed that Tyler Bates would be composing the film 's score . Gunn stated that Bates would write some of the score first so that he can film to the music , as opposed to scoring to the film . In February 2014 , Gunn revealed that the film would incorporate songs from the 1960s and 1970s , such as `` Hooked on a Feeling '' , on a mixtape in Quill 's Walkman , which acts as a way for him to stay connected to the Earth , home , and family he lost . In May 2014 , Gunn added that using the songs from the 60s and 70s were `` cultural reference points '' , saying , `` It 's striking the balance throughout the whole movie , through something that is very unique , but also something that is easily accessible to people at the same time . The music and the Earth stuff is one of those touchstones that we have to remind us that , yeah , ( Quill ) is a real person from planet Earth who 's just like you and me . Except that he 's in this big outer space adventure . '' When choosing the songs , Gunn revealed he `` started the process by reading the Billboard charts for all of the top hits of the ' 70s '' , downloading `` a few hundred '' songs that were `` semi-familiar -- ones you recognize but might not be able to name off the top of your head '' and creating a playlist for all the songs that would fit the film tonally . He added that he `` would listen to the playlist on my speakers around the house -- sometimes I would be inspired to create a scene around a song , and other times I had a scene that needed music and I would listen through the playlist , visualizing various songs , figuring out which would work the best . '' Most of the songs were played on set to help `` the actors and the camera operators find the perfect groove for the shot '' , with David Bowie 's `` Moonage Daydream '' the only song chosen and added during post-production . Gunn also said that the opening scenes were designed with `` Hooked on a Feeling '' in mind ; however once Gunn discovered `` Come and Get Your Love '' , the song used in the sequence , Gunn felt it was a `` better fit . '' Three albums were released by Hollywood Records on July 29 , 2014 : The film 's score , Guardians of the Galaxy ( Original Score ) , which features the music composed by Bates for the film ; Guardians of the Galaxy : Awesome Mix Vol. 1 ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) , which comprises the twelve songs from Quill 's mixtape ; and a deluxe edition featuring both albums . By August 2014 , the album which mirrored Quill 's mixtape had reached the top of the Billboard 200 chart , becoming the first soundtrack album in history consisting entirely of previously released songs to top the chart . Hollywood Records also released a cassette version of the Awesome Mix Vol. 1 soundtrack on November 28 , 2014 , as an exclusive to Record Store Day participants . The cassette , which is the first cassette Disney Music Group has released since 2003 , comes with a digital download version of the album . Release ( edit ) Karen Gillan at the London premiere of Guardians of the Galaxy . The world premiere of Guardians of the Galaxy was held on July 21 , 2014 , at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood . The film was released theatrically in the United Kingdom on July 31 , 2014 , and in the United States on August 1 , in 3D and IMAX 3D . The film was released in 4,080 theaters in the United States , making it the widest August release , breaking the five year record held by G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra ( 4,007 theatres ) . The breakdown of venues was : 354 IMAX screens , 3,200 3D screens , 350 large format screens and 240 D - Box screens . In its sixth weekend , Guardians of the Galaxy was playing in 69 territories , its most . In June 2014 , Gunn stated that the film had always been planned as a 3D film , and `` Unlike many directors , I 've been actively involved with converting every shot to 3D , making sure it works perfectly for the story and the film , making sure it 's spectacular and immersive without being silly , distracting , or overly showy . '' Gunn also revealed that the IMAX 3D version would include shifting aspect ratios , to make the viewing experience `` even fuller and more encompassing . I 've personally chosen all the places where the changes occur ... The changing aspect ratios in this case are actually a part of the storytelling . '' In July 2014 , Gunn revealed that there were multiple scenes he had cut from the film , and he was investigating how to release them , either in an extended cut of the film , or as bonus features on the film 's home media release . Marketing ( edit ) The cast and crew of Guardians of the Galaxy at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International . ( L-R : producer Kevin Feige , Bautista , director James Gunn , del Toro , Saldana , Hounsou , Pace , Rooker , Gillan , and Pratt ) At Disney 's D23 Expo in August 2013 , Feige presented footage first revealed at the San Diego Comic - Con in July 2013 . The first trailer for the film debuted on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on February 18 , 2014 , with a special introduction by Chris Pratt . The Los Angeles Times said the trailer delivered `` some spirited alien action , with exploding spaceships and muscled bad guys , not to mention a few purely comedic moments , '' while spotlighting `` a number of the offbeat characters . '' Total Film noted the similarity of the trailer 's opening clip to the 1981 film , Raiders of the Lost Ark , which Gunn stated was a big influence for Guardians , and made note of the `` edgy '' humor used throughout . Total Film also noted the similarity of the trailer to the one debuted at Comic - Con and D23 , with a few new shots featuring Nebula and the Collector . Social media response to the trailer was strong , with 88,000 mentions across Twitter , Facebook and various blogs in a 12 - hour period . Those numbers were comparable to trailers for other superhero films like Man of Steel and The Amazing Spider - Man 2 , and noteworthy for the late night time period in which it premiered . The trailer received 22.8 million views in the 24 hours after it debuted . After the debut of the trailer , Blue Swede 's version of `` Hooked on a Feeling '' , which was prominently used throughout the trailer , went up 700 % in sales the following day . The line from Serafinowicz 's character , `` What a bunch of A-holes . '' , was only intended to be featured in the trailers , but due to its positive reception , was included in the final cut of the film . Gunn noted that a different teaser was almost released `` that was very cheesy ( and ) sold the movie as something different than what it was '' , as it tested better than the version that was ultimately released . Gunn credited the marketing teams at Marvel and Disney for having faith in the latter version , despite how it tested , over choosing the version that would have mis - marketed the film . In March 2014 , the Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode `` T.A.H.I.T.I. '' introduced the Kree race to the MCU , which began a storyline that recurs throughout the series and involves finding a hidden Kree city . Also in March , ABC aired a one - hour television special titled , Marvel Studios : Assembling a Universe , which included a sneak peek of Guardians of the Galaxy . Starting in April 2014 , a two - part comic was released , titled Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy Prelude . Written by Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning , with art by Wellington Alves , the first issue focused on the background of Nebula and her bond with Thanos ; the second issue featured the adventures of Rocket and Groot before they join forces with the other Guardians . In June 2014 , Mike Pasciullo , senior VP of Marvel Studios , described the marketing approach for Guardians of the Galaxy by saying that Marvel had `` built a robust marketing program for the theatrical release that carefully integrates traditional advertising , social media , digital marketing , strategic promotional partnerships , organic entertainment integrations ( and ) publicity . '' In July 2014 , Marvel launched a viral marketing campaign for the film called `` Galaxy Getaways '' , a fictional travel website that allows users to book passage to some of the planets depicted in the film , including Xandar , Morag , and Knowhere . Beginning July 4 , 2014 , a sneak peek of the film was presented at Disneyland and Disney 's Hollywood Studios in the Magic Eye and ABC Sound Studio theaters , respectively . Approximately 14 minutes of the film was screened on July 7 , 2014 , in IMAX 3D in the United States , and 3D theaters and IMAX 3D in Canada , along with two trailers . The screening was met with positive reviews , praising the humor , the 3D and IMAX conversion , and Cooper 's portrayal of Rocket . However , it was criticized for beginning partway through the film , not allowing viewers to easily acclimate to the film 's tone , and for how the general audience might respond to a film within the MCU without established characters making appearances . On July 12 , 2014 , Gunn and the actors from the film promoted Guardians of the Galaxy at the Lido 8 Cineplex in Singapore . On July 17 , 2014 , Disney Interactive released an action RPG video game titled Guardians of the Galaxy : The Universal Weapon for iOS , Android and Windows devices . The game 's original story was written by Dan Abnett , and was meant to complement the film . On July 21 , Pratt , Saldana , Bautista , Diesel and Cooper appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! to promote the film and debut some additional exclusive content . On July 29 , Pratt and Saldana rang the opening bell of the New York Stock Exchange as part of the film 's marketing strategy . On August 14 , Marvel released the scene of Groot dancing , which was shortly followed by an announcement from Funko that they were releasing a toy `` Dancing Groot '' . The Hollywood Reporter noted that the quick release of the scene from Marvel two weeks after the film 's theatrical release , along with the rush announcement from Funko , indicated the popularity of both the character and the scene . The scene also produced the word `` grooting '' , coined by Michael Rooker , in which a person dances similar to Groot , with the word entering the social media lexicon . Also in August , Marvel held a special screening of the film at Children 's Hospital Los Angeles , where Pratt dressed as Star - Lord to entertain the patients . Merchandise ( edit ) In June 2012 , Marvel filed eleven trademark applications for Guardians of the Galaxy , covering a variety of consumer products , from video games to cosmetics . Disney Consumer Products partnered with Mad Engine , C - Life , New Era , Hasbro , Disguise , Rubies , Sideshow Collectibles , Lego , KIDdesigns , iHome , Funko , Freeze , Fast Forward , and Innovative Designs to produce merchandise for the film , with releases starting in June 2014 . Mad Engine and C - Life were partnered as the core apparel outfitters , producing a line of T - shirts and fleece jackets , while New Era produced headwear and hats . Hasbro produced toys for the film ; Disguise and Rubies produced the costumes ; and Sideshow Collectibles was given charge of the collectibles . Lego announced three toy sets based on scenes from the film , while iHome created character speakers , Funko made vinyl bobble heads , Freeze crafted 1980s - inspired apparel , and backpacks and stationery were made by Fast Forward and Innovative Designs . Despite first films in a potential new franchise usually being off - limits to licensees , Marvel used Iron Man 's success as evidence of unknown characters becoming hits with audiences to attract partnerships . Licensees embraced Rocket as the film 's potential breakout character , with Drax and Gamora being used for older demographics ; Star - Lord 's obsession with 1980s nostalgia , including his `` Awesome Mix Vo. 1 '' cassette , has also served as a basis for tie - in products . In August 2014 , Funko announced a toy based on `` Dancing Groot '' , while in October 2014 , Marvel and KID designs announced a replica of dancing Groot , for release in December 2014 . In December 2014 , Disney made a second marketing push , to coincide with the film 's home media release with additional merchandise . Merchandise partners included : KID designs with its replica dancing Groot ; Funko 's Fabrikations line with a plush Rocket ; Mattel 's Hot Wheels character cars ; C - Life , Hybrid - Jem Sportswear , Freeze , MZ Berger , Accutime , AME and Her Universe with apparel ; ThinkGeek with jewelry and watches ; American Greetings with cards ; Jay Franco with homegoods ; and Vandor with drinkware . Additional partners included Mad Engine , Just Play and Dragon Models . Paul Gitter , senior vice president of Marvel licensing at Disney Consumer Products said , `` The demand for Guardians of the Galaxy merchandise has been truly out of this world . Our merchandising and retail partners are doing a tremendous job of providing creative and innovative ways for fans to continue interacting with these popular characters and showcase their fandom year round . '' Home media ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy was released for digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on November 18 , 2014 and on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , and DVD on November 24 , 2014 , in the United Kingdom and on December 9 in the United States . The digital and Blu - ray releases include behind - the - scenes featurettes , audio commentary , deleted scenes , a blooper reel , and an exclusive preview of Avengers : Age of Ultron . As of October 4 , 2015 , the film has earned over $118 million in sales in the US . The film was also included in the 13 - disc box set , titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection '' , which includes all of the Phase Two films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . It was released on December 8 , 2015 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy earned $333.2 million in North America and an estimated $440.2 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $773.3 million . The film became the third highest - grossing film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , behind The Avengers and Iron Man 3 . It was the third highest - grossing 2014 film ( behind Transformers : Age of Extinction and The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ) and the highest - grossing superhero film of 2014 . It had a worldwide opening weekend of $160.7 million . Deadline.com calculated the net profit for the film to be $204.2 million , when factoring together `` production budgets , P&A , talent participations and other costs , with box office grosses , and ancillary revenues from VOD to DVD and TV , '' placing it fifth on their list of 2014 's `` Most Valuable Blockbusters '' . North America ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy earned $11.2 million on its Thursday night pre-opening , surpassing Captain America : The Winter Soldier 's gross ( $10.2 million ) for the biggest Thursday evening start for a movie in 2014 . IMAX accounted for 17 % of the total gross ( $1.9 million ) , which was the biggest August pre-release in IMAX format . On its opening day , the film earned $37.8 million , including the Thursday night earnings . Guardians of the Galaxy was the number one movie during its opening weekend and grossed $94.3 million , setting an August weekend record . During the opening weekend , IMAX earnings amounted to $11.7 million and 3 - D showings accounted for 45 % of ticket sales . The film 's success was partially attributed to its appeal to both genders : the opening weekend audience was 44 % female , which is the biggest proportion ever for a MCU film ; 55 % of the opening - weekend audience was over the age of 25 . Although the film fell to second place in its second and third weekends , behind Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , the film was number one in its fourth , fifth and sixth weekend . By doing so , it became the first film in 2014 to top the domestic box office in non-consecutive weeks , the first film of the summer ( May -- August ) to be the number one film in three weekends and the first MCU film to be the top film for four weeks , surpassing Captain America : The Winter Soldier and The Avengers , both of which were number one for three weeks , and tied The Dark Knight for the most weeks at number one among comic book - based films . Phil Contrino , vice president and chief analyst of BoxOffice.com felt Guardians success was `` unconventional '' and was `` shattering expectations '' . The film remained in the top 10 for ten weekends . The film was the top grossing film of summer 2014 ( ahead of Transformers : Age of Extinction ) , first of 2014 to pass $300 million for its domestic gross , and was the third highest - grossing domestic film of 2014 ( behind American Sniper and The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 ) . The film was said to have `` injected life '' into an otherwise lower than normal summer box office . Outside North America ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy was released in 42 international markets and grossed $66.4 million on its opening weekend . The biggest debuts came from Russia ( $13 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $10.8 million ) , Mexico ( $6.5 million ) , Brazil ( $6.5 million ) and South Korea ( $4.7 million ) . The film topped the weekend box office two times , in its first and second weekends . In its eleventh weekend , the film opened in China , earning $29.8 million , its largest , and became the third highest opening in the country for any Disney release , behind Iron Man 3 and Captain America : The Winter Soldier , and was an all - time industry record opening in October . The following weekend saw an additional $21.3 million from China , making China the highest grossing market with $69 million . The film 's three biggest markets in total earnings were : China ( $96.5 million ) ; the UK ( $47.4 million ) ; and Russia ( $37.5 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 91 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 based on 288 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` Guardians of the Galaxy is just as irreverent as fans of the frequently zany Marvel comic would expect -- as well as funny , thrilling , full of heart , and packed with visual splendor . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 52 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . CinemaScore audiences gave Guardians of the Galaxy an `` A '' grade rating on an A+ to F scale , while earning an `` A + '' among under - 18 and 25 - to 34 - year - old viewers . Scott Foundas of Variety said `` James Gunn 's presumptive franchise - starter is overlong , overstuffed and sometimes too eager to please , but the cheeky comic tone keeps things buoyant -- as does Chris Pratt 's winning performance '' , and praised the film 's look created by cinematographer Ben Davis , production designer Charles Wood , and special effects makeup designer David White . Justin Lowe of The Hollywood Reporter also praised the film 's look , and felt `` A well - matched ensemble rises to the challenge of launching a heroic origin film with distinctive style , abundant thrills and no shortage of humor . '' The Daily Telegraph 's Robbie Collin said , `` A brand new summer family blockbuster this may be , but it plays by old , half - forgotten rules ; trimming out the clutter and cross-referencing for snappy , streamlined , Saturday - cartoon fun '' . Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said , `` Blessed with a loose , anarchic B - picture soul that encourages you to enjoy yourself even when you 're not quite sure what 's going on , the scruffy Guardians is irreverent in a way that can bring the first Star Wars to mind , in part because it has some of the most unconventional heroes this side of the Mos Eisley Cantina . '' Manohla Dargis of The New York Times said , `` While Guardians takes you down one after another crazy narrative turn , it also pulls you into -- and , for the most part , keeps you in -- a fully realized other world . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times said , `` Guardians of the Galaxy is a late summer treat -- a mostly lighthearted and self - referential comic - book movie with loads of whiz - bang action , some laugh - out - loud moments and a couple of surprisingly beautiful and touching scenes as well , '' calling it `` a refreshing confection of entertainment . '' Jim Starlin , creator of Drax the Destroyer , Gamora , and Thanos , said it `` might be Marvel 's best movie yet '' . Jake Coyle of the Associated Press was more critical of the film , calling it `` terribly overstuffed and many of the jokes get drowned out by the special effects ... The pervasive movie references detract from the stab at freshness , and Guardians depends all too much on the whimsy of ' 70s anthems for an original beat . '' He also felt that Close , Reilly and del Toro were underused in the film . Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle said , `` In place of wit , Guardians offers a sort of generalized willingness to be amusing , an atmosphere of high spirits that feels like lots of people pumping air into a tire that has a hole in it . Everyone is clearly working , but nothing is really happening -- and yet the effort is so evident that there 's an impulse to reward it . '' Kyle Smith of the New York Post also had a negative response to the film , comparing it to Howard the Duck and Green Lantern , and criticizing the dialogue , villains , soundtrack , lack of suspense , and the characters of Quill , Rocket , and Drax . The film received mixed reviews in China , where viewers complained that the film 's `` poor subtitle translation not only spoiled the fun of watching it , but also made it difficult to understand its humor . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award / Film Festival Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 2014 CinemaCon Awards Breakthrough Performer of the Year Chris Pratt Won Detroit Film Critics Society Best Ensemble Guardians of the Galaxy Won Hollywood Film Awards Hollywood Blockbuster Award Guardians of the Galaxy Won Young Hollywood Awards Super Superhero Chris Pratt Nominated 2015 Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Best Action Movie Guardians of the Galaxy Won Best Actor in an Action Movie Chris Pratt Nominated Best Actress in an Action Movie Zoe Saldana Nominated Best Makeup David White Won Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti Nominated Empire Awards Best Female Newcomer Karen Gillan Won Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Grammy Awards Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media Guardians of the Galaxy : Awesome Mix Vol. 1 Nominated Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards Best Contemporary Hair Styling in Feature Length Motion Picture Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou Nominated Best Contemporary Make - Up in Feature Length Motion Picture Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou Won Best Special Make - Up Effects in Feature Length Motion Picture David White Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Favorite Action Movie Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Favorite Action Movie Actress Zoe Saldana Nominated MTV Movie Awards Movie of the Year Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Male Performance Chris Pratt Nominated Best On - Screen Duo Bradley Cooper and Vin Diesel Nominated Best Shirtless Performance Chris Pratt Nominated Best Musical Moment Chris Pratt Nominated Best Comedic Performance Chris Pratt Nominated Best On - Screen Transformation Zoe Saldana Nominated Best Hero Chris Pratt Nominated Satellite Awards Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Top 10 Films of the Year Guardians of the Galaxy Won Best Ensemble Acting Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Live Action Family Film Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti Nominated Houston Film Critics Society Awards Best Picture Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Poster Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film Charles Wood Won Writers Guild of America Awards Best Adapted Screenplay James Gunn and Nicole Perlman Nominated British Academy Film Awards Best Special Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti , Paul Corbould , Jonathan Fawkner , Nicolas Aithadi Nominated Best Makeup and Hair Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou and David White Nominated Academy Awards Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti , Nicolas Aithadi , Jonathan Fawkner and Paul Corbould Nominated Best Makeup and Hairstyling Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou and David White Nominated Saturn Awards Best Comic - to - Film Motion Picture Guardians of the Galaxy Won Best Director James Gunn Won Best Writing James Gunn and Nicole Perlman Nominated Best Actor Chris Pratt Won Best Editing Fred Raskin , Craig Wood and Hughes Winborne Nominated Best Production Design Charles Wood Nominated Best Costume Alexandra Byrne Nominated Best Make - up David White and Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou Won Best Special Effects Stephane Ceretti , Nicolas Aithadi , Jonathan Fawkner and Paul Corbould Nominated Hugo Awards ( Science Fiction Achievement Awards ) Best Dramatic Presentation ( Long Form ) James Gunn ( director , screenplay ) , Nicole Perlman ( screenplay ) Won Sequels ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( edit ) Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 was released on May 5 , 2017 , again written and directed by James Gunn . Pratt , Saldana , Bautista , Diesel , Cooper , Rooker , Gillan , and Sean Gunn all reprise their roles in the film , and are joined by Pom Klementieff as Mantis , Elizabeth Debicki as Ayesha , Chris Sullivan as Taserface , and Kurt Russell as Quill 's father Ego . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 ( edit ) In April 2017 , Gunn announced he would return to write and direct Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 . It is scheduled to be released in 2020 . See also ( edit ) List of films featuring extraterrestrials Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Identified offscreen as Cosmo the Spacedog and Howard the Duck . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy ( IMAX ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sylt , Christian ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Reveals Guardians Of The Galaxy Was Over Budget At $232 Million '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2015 . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` James Gunn Reveals Why Taserface Is In Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol. 2 '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Marston , George ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Star - Lord 's Father Revealed ... James Gunn Explains in Detail '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Cameos , Hints at MCU 's Future ( Heavy Spoilers ) '' . Stitch Kingdom . July 16 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Webb , Charles ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Who Was That Voice In The Guardians of The Galaxy End Credits Scene ? ( Massive Spoilers ) '' . Nerdist . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : From the Set of the Marvel Studios Adaptation '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Official Character Descriptions ( minor spoilers ) '' . Stitch Kingdom . May 15 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2014 . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' crew comes down to Earth '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2014 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of The Galaxy ' Connects to ' Avengers 3 ; ' Plus New Image '' . / Film . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` Comic - Con : Marvel 's ' Age of Ultron , ' ' Guardians of the Galaxy , ' more '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( July 18 , 2014 ) . `` The Next Movie Star '' . Entertainment Weekly : 24 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Christopher ( June 19 , 2014 ) . `` How Chris Pratt Dropped 60 Pounds in Six Months '' . Men 's Fitness . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Mike ( November 18 , 2013 ) . `` Chris Pratt on Heartbreak , ' Delivery Man ' And Gearing Up For ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Why Are Rob Lowe And Rashida Jones Leaving ' Parks And Rec ' ? EP Mike Schur Says Decision Was Mutual '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Review : Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy : The Expendables In Outer Space '' . Time . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Vespe , Eric ( July 21 , 2013 ) . `` Quint describes the funny and awesomely weird first footage from Marvel 's GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY ! Comic - Con 2013 ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali ( August 30 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Marvel Chief Kevin Feige On Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . Empire . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maytum , Matt ( May 3 , 2013 ) . `` Zoe Saldana updates on Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Exclusive : Zoe Saldana Gets Honest About Gamora 's Look '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2013 . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Dave Bautista Talks Fight Scenes and Finding The Humor in Drax on the Set of Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( May 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Q&A Highlights : James Gunn 's Influences , the Soundtrack , the Sequel , Avengers Crossovers , and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hunt , James ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` '' Guardians Of The Galaxy '' Set Visit Puts Concerns To Rest `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Read the Official Synopsis For Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Marvel . January 3 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2014 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` Vin Diesel Reveals Details of His Marvel Meetings for ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` Vin Diesel in Talks To Join ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2013 . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : conversationsMM ( September 5 , 2013 ) . Vin Diesel Conversations with Maria Menounos September 4 , 2013 . YouTube . Event occurs at 1 : 00 : 35 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Puchko , Kristy ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` Listen To Vin Diesel Voice Groot In Five Other Languages '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dietsch , TJ ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Reveals His Brother 's Roles in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Acuna , Kristen ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Here 's How Groot And Rocket Raccoon Look Without Visual Effects In ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Will ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn says Groot was inspired by his dog '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Dawww , Groot '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Larson , Jared ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` What Can Fans Expect from Vin Diesel 's Groot ? '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leyland , Nick ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` Interview : Vine Diesel talks ' Guardians ' and playing Groot '' . The Movie Network . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McLauchlin , Jim ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Liberating ' Guardians Of The Galaxy Not in the Regular ' Marvel Scheme of Things ' '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : From the Set of the Marvel Studios Adaptation '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official : Bradley Cooper to Voice Rocket Raccoon in Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Marvel.com . August 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` Bradley Cooper in Talks to Voice Rocket Raccoon in Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Director James Gunn Explains Rocket Raccoon as a `` Mangled Little Beast '' `` . / Film . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` Why ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Reminds Bradley Cooper Of ' Goodfellas ' '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Kevin P. ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Vin Diesel on Stilts Is n't Even The Weirdest Thing About This Video '' . MTV . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Kevin P ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : Latest on Vin , Bradley and the Scene Everyone 's Talking About '' . MTV . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tilly , Chris ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Why The Success Of Guardians Of The Galaxy Depends On A Talking Raccoon '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : From the Set of the Marvel Studios Adaptation '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ AMC Theatres ( July 24 , 2013 ) . Comic Con ' 13 -- Guardians of the Galaxy Cast Chats with AMC . YouTube . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dibdin , Emma ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn : Guardians of the Galaxy are Rolling Stones to Avengers ' Beatles '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2014 . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Lee Pace Confirms He 's Auditioning For ' Guardians of the Galaxy ; ' Says Script Is ' Great ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2013 . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Daniel ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` Lee Pace on His Guardians of the Galaxy Character -- ' He 's af * * king psycho ! ' '' . Click . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Rooker Joins ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Deadline.com. April 16 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Rooker 's feeling blue as ' Guardians ' alien Yondu '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Joseph ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Actor Michael Rooker Talks Yondu And The Future of Guardians Of The Galaxy ! '' . Nerdist . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2015 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IAR VIDEO : Director James Gunn and Karen Gillan Talk ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . IAmRogue . November 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hunt , James ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Gillan Discusses `` Guardians Of The Galaxy '' Nebula , Ronan 's Intimidation Factor `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Lucas ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` SDCC ' 13 : Marvel Reveals Avengers : Age of Ultron , Guardians Cast , More '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ibarra , Sabina ( July 21 , 2013 ) . `` Comic - Con 2013 : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Cast Talk Rocket Raccoon and Playing Badasses '' . ScreenCrave . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` John C. Reilly Firmed For Rhomann Dey , leader of the Nova Corps , In ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2013 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Studios Begins Production on Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Marvel.com . July 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2013 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Glenn Close Is Head Cop in Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , Kyle ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Glenn Close on Donning ' Full Drag ' for Guardians of the Galaxy '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2014 . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Serious actress ' Glenn Close embraces ' Guardians ' fun '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2014 . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` Benicio Del Toro Takes Lead Role in Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Benicio del Toro Talks Guardians Of The Galaxy , Playing the Collector , His Marvel Contract , Inherent Vice , Paradise Lost LOST , and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` Josh Brolin to Play Thanos in Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` Josh Brolin Voicing Thanos in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2014 . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Kevin Feige Talks GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY , THOR 3 , CAPTAIN AMERICA 3 , DOCTOR STRANGE , Casting Josh Brolin as Thanos , Comic - Con Plans , and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Alyssa Milano , Howard the Duck , and Other Secrets of ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Adds One More to Cast ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2013 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sunu , Steve ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Comic Reel : `` Justice League '' Movie Confirmed ; New Look At `` Guardians of the Galaxy 's '' Nebula `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Serafinowicz , Peter ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Re Guardians , I 'm a Nova Corps Officer with John C Reilly . '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas , Edward ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wakeman , Gregory ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` The Original Guardians Of The Galaxy Ending Was Removed For Being Too Sad '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2017 . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Diabolique Magazine ( November 28 , 2013 ) . NYCC 2013 : Laura Haddock on Da Vinci 's Demons , Season 2 . YouTube . Event occurs at 2 : 37 . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( July 2014 ) . `` # gotgpicoftheday Posting this one as I land in Singapore . It 's @ meliakreiling as Bereet and @ prattprattpratt as I think you know by now . Thanks for all your kind messages about the 17 minute preview . Glad you all enjoyed it ! # guardiansofthegalaxy # gotg '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Knight , Chris ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy , reviewed : Marvel 's new film franchise is off to a promising start '' . National Post . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( July 2014 ) . `` # gotgpicoftheday Happy Birthday to one of my very best friends ( and Nova Prime 's assistant ) @ mikaelahoover ! Love you lots , Mikaela ! Follow her ! # guardiansofthegalaxy # gotg '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- Plenty Had To Be Removed From The Final Cut '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scanlan , Emmett J. ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Myself & the brilliant @ KarenGillan2 in @ JamesGunn AWESOME LOOKING # GuardiansOfTheGalaxy '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sunu , Steve ( September 5 , 2014 ) . `` '' Constantine '' Brings Jim Corrigan To Television `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gunn , James ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Also # FF AMAZING # gotg supporting cast @ Thejudgegunn @ MaramaCorlett @ AlexisRodney @ Melia_Kreiling @ GreggHenry88 @ BigSpenWilding '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rodney , Alexis ( August 30 , 2014 ) . `` Great unseen image from Guardians of the Galaxy featuring myself as ( Moloka Dar ) . From the dude himself ... '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians Tom Headshot '' . TomProctor.com . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bussey , Ben ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Teases Deleted Guardians Of The Galaxy Musical Scene '' . Yahoo ! UK . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2014 . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` Filming a scene with my old pal @ blackehart , who is unfortunately about to tangle with Drax the Destroyer @ DaveBautista . # gotg '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Alex ( April 27 , 2014 ) . `` Stan Lee Says He Will Cameo in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2014 . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( May 28 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive Cannes Interview : Lloyd Kaufman on Nuke ' Em High '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2013 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( July 2014 ) . `` # gotgpicoftheday I was grateful when my old boss , the president of Troma Entertainment , @ lloydkaufman , came to London to do a cameo in the film -- as a prisoner in the Kyln . Lloyd taught me more than anyone else about making films . One of the things that keeps me sane in this business is staying true to my roots -- whether with friends , family , or co-workers . As the world around me changes it 's nice to have some consistency in my personal life ( even if that consistency is as crazy as @ michael_rooker ) . Have a great day , folks ! # guardiansofthegalaxy # gotgFollow '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Orazio , Dante ( June 22 , 2014 ) . `` Nathan Fillion to make cameo in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2014 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( July 21 , 2014 ) . Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy Red Carpet Premiere . YouTube . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Phegley , Kiel ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Abnett & Lanning : A cosmic odyssey from `` Legion '' to `` Guardians '' `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2012 . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( August 6 , 2010 ) . `` Marvel Considering ' Iron Fist ' & ' S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Movies , ' Black Panther ' & ' Guardians of the Galaxy , ' Too ! '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` Marvel 's next 5 movies after The Avengers could include some weird surprises '' . io9 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( July 14 , 2012 ) . `` Comic - Con 2012 : Marvel Names ' Avengers ' Follow - Ups ; Robert Downey Jr . Makes Surprise Appearance '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anders , Charlie ( July 14 , 2012 ) . `` The Marvel Panel : Ant - Man Smackdown , Iron Man 's Downfall , and Rocket Raccoon ! '' . io9 . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 18 , 2012 ) . `` James Gunn in Talks to Direct Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2012 . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( August 7 , 2012 ) . `` Joss Whedon will return for ' The Avengers 2 ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2012 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Avengers ' Mastermind Believes In ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Director '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shetty , Sharan ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` Who Deserves Credit for Guardians of the Galaxy 's Great Script ? '' . Slate . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Mark ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Nicole Perlman Writes the Galaxy '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Lily ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` How Nicole Perlman Became the First Woman to Write a Marvel Movie '' . Time . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Faraci , Devin ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` The Badass Interview : James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . Badass Digest . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Madison , Charles ( July 26 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn on Guardians of the Galaxy 2 -- the promise of Nebula , Yondu and Peter Quill 's father '' . Film Divider . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 2 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Hires Three - Time Black List Writer for ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2012 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ; Buchanan , Kyle ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` The Toughest Scene I Wrote : James Gunn on Writing Thanos Into Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Vulture . New York Magazine . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` James Gunn Confirmed to Direct and Rewrite Guardians of the Galaxy '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Testing Short List of Actors For ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Leader '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' tests male leads '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2012 . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( January 2 , 2013 ) . `` Joseph Gordon - Levitt Joins ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Race '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( January 3 , 2013 ) . `` Smallville 's Michael Rosenbaum Up for Guardians of the Galaxy '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2013 . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schager , Nick ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` James Gunn on ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' : ' It 's a Richer , More Emotional Film ' '' . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Chris Pratt Getting ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Lead '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wiseman , Andreas ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy due to land at Shepperton '' . Screen International . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2013 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Captain America & Guardians Coming in 3D '' . Marvel.com . January 14 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( February 12 , 2013 ) . `` How The Avengers Made A Motion Capture Hulk And Snagged An Oscar Nomination '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2013 . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Joseph ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` SFX 233 Preview : Marvel Boss On Phase 2 '' . SFX . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel Signs WWE 's Dave Bautista for ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2013 . Retrieved March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Brendon ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` The Man Who Carved Darth Vader 's Mask Is Busy on the Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` Zoe Saldana in Talks to Star in Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2013 . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Lee Pace in Final Negotiations to Play Villain in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McWeeny , Drew ( May 25 , 2013 ) . `` Will John C. Reilly join the Marvel Universe for ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ? '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` ' Doctor Who ' Star Joins Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2013 . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Scott ( August 6 , 2014 ) . `` Under the Skin of `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' With Makeup FX Wizard David White `` . Fast Company Co. Create . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn on why ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' is n't weird ( and the sequel he 'd like to make ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Chris Foss Designed Spaceships For Guardians of the Galaxy ! '' . io9 . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bankston , Douglas ( September 2014 ) . `` Ben Davis , BSC , blasts off for the space adventure Guardians of the Galaxy . '' . American Society of Cinematographers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marvel Head Talks Thanos & Ultron -- Comic - Con 2013 . IGN . July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shahid , Sharnaz ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` PHOTOS : Guardians Of The Galaxy Cast Get Physical In London Shoot '' . Entertainmentwise . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Filming Schedule Passes Halfway Mark '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel 's Kevin Feige Says Vin Diesel 's ' Guardians ' Role Is ' Close ' '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( October 12 , 2013 ) . `` And after our last shot with @ DaveBautista that 's a full wrap on # GotG ! It 's been a long strange wonderful trip ! '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bankston , Douglas ( September 2014 ) . `` Ben Davis , BSC , blasts off for the space adventure Guardians of the Galaxy . '' . American Society of Cinematographers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Tracking for $60 Million Opening '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Matt ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` James Gunn on Guardians : Thanos , SFX & More '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Kevin Feige on Thor and Marvel 's Future '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` / Film Interview : ' Thor : The Dark World ' Producer Kevin Feige '' . / Film . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , Kyle ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` How Much Thanos Will You See in Guardians of the Galaxy ? '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Diente , Tanya ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Spoilers : Thanos , Gamora And The Infinity Stones '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official : Vin Diesel to Voice Groot in Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Marvel.com . December 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` Dwarves at Twilight . Disney lot , additional shooting , early as hell . '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` Wrapping additional photography on # GotG with @ prattprattpratt @ Michael_Rooker & @ Thejudgegunn -- 3 dudes I love working with . '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Saldana , Zoe ( March 22 , 2014 ) . `` Seriously , do you guys like @ Guardians trailer ? We shot some more stuff last weekend . @ JamesGunn @ prattprattpratt @ DaveBautista @ KarenGillan2 '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2014 . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tilly , Chris ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` 15 Reasons To Get Excited About Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . IGN . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maytum , Matt ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's Kevin Feige updates on Guardians Of The Galaxy , Thanos , Ant - Man , TV shows and Doctor Strange '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2014 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Just Finished Work on ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : Benicio Del Toro may not know he 's in a scene with you - know - who '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- The Story Behind Howard The Duck 's Credit Sting '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- The Pre-Credits Dancing Was Performed By James Gunn Himself '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Frei , Vincent ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy : Erin Sarofsky -- President , Owner And Executive Creative Director -- Sarofsky '' . Art of VFX . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2015 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Failes , Ian ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` The VFX of Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Fxguide . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( October 18 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Exec Talks ' Avengers 2 ' and Why the Studio `` Wants to Make Movies in L.A. '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` SHH 's Exclusive Interview with James Gunn on Guardians of the Galaxy '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Foundas , Scott ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Holman , Jordyn ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Method Studios Taps VFX Veteran Marc Weigert to Spearhead Growth '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sandy ( August 2013 ) . `` James Gunn On ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Composer Tyler Bates ' Approach '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2013 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Star Lord 's Walkman '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Suskind , Alex ( August 8 , 2014 ) . `` Director James Gunn on How He Chose the Music in Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Vulture . New York . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2014 . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy : Original Score '' . Soundtrack.net . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Records And Marvel Set To Release Marvel 's Guardians Of The Galaxy Deluxe Soundtrack , Marvel 's Guardians Of The Galaxy Awesome Mix Vol. 1 And Marvel 's Guardians Of The Galaxy Digital Score Soundtrack '' . Digital Journal via PR Newswire . July 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gilman , Greg ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Becomes First Soundtrack in History Without New Songs to Land No. 1 Spot '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Guardians ' Soundtrack To Be Released On Cassette Tape '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryder , Taryn ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` On the Red Carpet at the ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Premiere '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on July 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Hilary ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Cast to Appear on ' Jimmy Kimmel Live ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2014 . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy An IMAX 3D Experience '' . IMAX . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office Friday : Summer Savior As ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' $92.2 M to $95.5 M ; ' Get On Up ' Down Low With $14.7 M '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( September 7 , 2014 ) . `` Update : Intl Box Office : ' Lucy ' Tops Chart ; ' Expendables 3 ′ In China ; Pics From Korea , Spain , Argentina Get A Look - In ; More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` First `` Guardians Of The Galaxy '' TV Spot Released , Gunn Hypes 3D Experience `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( August 10 , 2013 ) . `` D23 : Disney Brings Out Angelina Jolie for ' Maleficent , ' Screens New Footage of ' Saving Mr. Banks ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2013 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ; McIntyre , Gina ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' trailer : Marvel unveils cosmic action comedy '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Indiana Jones ' Influence '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Edgy Humour '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Nebula 's introduction '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : The Collector '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Trailer a Social Media Smash , Bigger Than ' Man of Steel ' '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Despite leak , ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' trailer breaks Marvel record '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Trailer Sends ' Hooked On a Feeling ' Sales Through the Roof '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- ' What A Bunch Of A-Holes ' Was Originally Only Meant For The Trailer '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` James Gunn on Trailer Pressures and Nearly Shelving the First ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Teaser '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Blue Alien Confirmed As Kree '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` It 's All Connected : Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Alien Revealed '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` ABC to air Marvel special with ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' sneak peek -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2014 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arrant , Chris ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Abnett & Lanning Put the Band Back Together for Guardians of the Galaxy Movie Prequel '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Does n't Scare Licensing Partners '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Jason ( July 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Offers Fans Interstellar Travel Via Galaxy Getaways '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Slater , Shawn ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Sneak Peek Landing in Disney Parks July 4 '' . DisneyParks Blog . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2014 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Get an Early Look at Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy in IMAX July 7 '' . Marvel.com . June 27 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2014 . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Lucas ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Missed Guardians Of The Galaxy Sneak Peek ? Here 's a New Trailer ! '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dickson , Evan ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Footage Review : Evan 's Reaction to Marvel Screening 17 Minutes of Footage '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Screened 17 Minutes Of Guardians Of The Galaxy And This Is What We Saw '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Hooked On A Preview : `` Guardians '' Sneak Preview Footage Is Deliriously Fun `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` 17 Minute ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' IMAX 3D Presentation Elicits Cheers And Some Confusion ; Watch An Extended Clip '' . / Film . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leong , John ( July 12 , 2014 ) . `` '' Guardians of the Galaxy '' cast thrill fans in Singapore `` . Channel NewsAsia . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Play Guardians of the Galaxy : The Universal Weapon '' . Marvel . July 17 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zalben , Alex ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Mobile Game ? You 're Welcome '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pratt and Zoe Saldana Join Marvel Entertainment Executives To Ring The Opening Bell at the NYSE to Promote the Highly - Anticipated Summer Film , Marvel s Guardians of the Galaxy '' . New York Stock Exchange . July 29 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Polowy , Kevin ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Here 's That Clip of Dancing Baby Groot in All Its Galactic Glory '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on August 23 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McMillan , Graeme ( August 22 , 2014 ) . `` It 's Official : Dancing Groot Is the Breakout Character of Summer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Melrose , Kevin ( August 28 , 2014 ) . `` ' Grooting ' has entered the lexicon '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` Chris Pratt Visits Children 's Hospital Los Angeles in Costume as Star - Lord From Guardians of the Galaxy '' . E !. Archived from the original on August 22 , 2014 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Rich ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Ramps Up Guardians of the Galaxy Trademarks '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel Rallies New Merchandise Partners Around ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Krupa , Daniel ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy LEGO Toy Sets Coming Soon '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Krupa , Daniel ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Lego Sets Officially Unveiled '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Dancing Baby Groot of ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' to Hit Shelves in December '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` New Wave of ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Merchandise Launches Around Homevideo Release '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marvel UK ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's # GuardiansOfTheGalaxy comes to 3D / 2D Blu - ray & DVD in the UK November 24 '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2014 . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guardians of the Galaxy ' on Blu - Ray 12 / 9 with Deleted Scenes , Audio Commentary and More ; Digital HD in November '' . Stitch Kingdom . October 3 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy - DVD and Blu - ray Sales '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection ' Unveiled ; Contains First Look at Phase 3 '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Int'l Box Office Final : ' Guardians ' Now 3rd Biggest Marvel Movie Ever ; ' Dracula Untold ' , ' Gone Girl ' , ' Annabelle ' Hold Well ; Action In France , Mexico ; More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` Int'l Box Office FINAL : ' Happy New Year ' Uncorks Record Bollywood Bow ; ' Annabelle ' Still A Doll With $26.2 M ; ' Lucy ' Outmuscles ' Hercules ' In China ; More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 25 , 2014 ) . `` Intl Box Office Final : Milestones For ' Godzilla ' , ' 22 Jump Street ' , ' Transformers ' + ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Rockets To $67.4 M ; Local Pics Make Waves In Asia ; More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` No. 5 ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' -- 2014 Most Valuable Blockbuster Movie Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2015 . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy ' Soars to Biggest Thursday Box Office Opening of the Year '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( August 2 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Rockets To $37.8 M Friday '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Suber , Ray ( August 3 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Obliterates August Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( August 10 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Nets $65 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Mark ( August 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Ninja Turtles ' tops ' Expendables 3 , ' ' Let 's Be Cops ' at box office '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brett ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Back on Top , ' Sin City 2 ′ Flops '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brent ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy ' Tops Weak Labor Day Box Office , Summer Stumbles to Close '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( September 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Wins Cold U.S. Box Office with $10.2 Million , ' The Identical ' Tanks '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blackmon , Joe ( August 31 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Becomes Only Summer Movie To Top Box Office For Three Weekends '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Among Marvel Titles , ' Guardians ' Has The Most No. 1 Weekends '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bowles , Scott ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gone Girl ' Edges Out ' Annabelle ' In Race That Energizes Box Office : Monday Actuals '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Guardians ' Becomes Biggest Movie of the Summer '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( August 31 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office End of Summer : Some Profitable Hits In An Overall Blah Season '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( September 13 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Hits $600 Million Worldwide '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2014 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jake ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' retakes box office , passes ' Transformers ' for summer 's top film '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 -- via U.S. News & World Report . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Intl Box Office Final : ' Turtles ' Kicks In $29 M Opening ; ' Guardians ' At $313 M WW ; ' Maleficent ' Tops $500 M ; ' InBetweeners 2 ′ Smashes UK Records '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Int'l Box Office Final : ' Annabelle ' Wins Over ' Gone Girl ' At Overseas Box Office In Hair - Pulling Race ; ' Dracula ' Drinks Up $34 M+ ; ' Guardians ' Strong In China ; More -- Int'l B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy - International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( August 2 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Zooms to $37.8 M Friday for Likely $92 M Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( August 3 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Zooms To $94 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Justin ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy , review : ' a pop - culture gem ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Turran , Kenneth ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' Guardians of the Galaxy 's ' heroes are n't what you 'd expect '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Yee - Ha ! Space Cowboy Rides to the Rescue '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : A giddy space oddity makes the summer sunnier '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wakeman , Greg ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Is Marvel 's Best Movie Yet '' . Yahoo ! UK . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jake ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' relaxes Marvel 's seriousness , but not enough '' . Associated Press via Star Tribune . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' review : Space jaunt no marvel '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kyle ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' is space junk '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Poor subtitles may deal blow to superhero film '' . China Daily . October 17 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaCon honour for Chris Pratt '' . Screen Daily . March 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 2014 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards '' . Detroit Film Critics Society . December 15 , 2014 . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Blake , Emily ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Hollywood Film Awards 2014 : And the winners are ... '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2014 . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` YHA Nominees list '' . Young Hollywood Awards . June 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' Boyhood ' Wins Best Picture ; ' Birdman ' Leads With 7 Nods '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Jameson Empire Awards 2015 Live Blog '' . empireonline.com . Jump up ^ O'Mally , Zach ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Grammy Nominees 2015 : The Full List '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grand Budapest ' , ' Guardians ' , ' AHS : Freak Show ' Top Make - Up & Hair Stylists Awards '' . Deadline.com . Deadline Hollywood . February 14 , 2015 . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moraski , Lauren ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2015 hosts , nominees announced '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2015 MTV Movie Awards Nominees '' . MTV News . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Birdman ' Leads Satellite Awards Nominations '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Film Critics Society 2014 Awards '' . Phoenix Film Critics Society . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Film Critics Announce Nominees '' . AwardsDaily . December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Birdman ' , ' Foxcatcher ' Among Art Directors Guild Nominees '' . Deadline.com . January 5 , 2015 . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Writers Guild Awards Nominations : ' Whiplash ' , ' Gone Girl ' , ' Guardians ' On Diverse List '' . Deadline.com . January 7 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Nominations : ' Grand Budapest Hotel ' Leads With 11 -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . January 8 , 2015 . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Nominations Unveiled -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . January 15 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards : List of 2015 nominations '' . March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Sequel Gets Title '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Studios Begins Production on Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' '' . Marvel.com . February 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Compton 's Neil Brown Jr . Signs On For ' Sand Castle ' ; Pom Klementieff Joins ' Guardians Of The Galaxy 2 ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy 3 ' : James Gunn Returning to Write and Direct '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marston , George ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 Coming In 2020 , According To Gunn '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) . Official website Guardians of the Galaxy on IMDb Guardians of the Galaxy at AllMovie Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Creators Stan Lee Arnold Drake Roy Thomas Dan Abnett Andy Lanning Members 1969 team members Charlie - 27 Martinex T'Naga Nikki Starhawk Talon Vance Astro / Major Victory Yondu Udonta 2008 team members Adam Warlock Bug Cosmo the Spacedog Drax the Destroyer Gamora Groot Jack Flag Mantis Moondragon Quasar ( Phyla - Vell ) Rocket Raccoon Star - Lord Supporting characters Annihilators Beta Ray Bill Gladiator Quasar Ronan the Accuser Silver Surfer Avengers Kismet Nova Corps Richard Rider Sam Alexander Starjammers Antagonists Annihilus Badoon Blastaar Brood Ego the Living Planet Galactus Hala the Accuser J'son Korvac Magus Nebula Shi'ar Empire Vulcan Skrull Thanos Titus Universal Church of Truth Storylines Annihilation Annihilation : Conquest War of Kings Realm of Kings The Thanos Imperative The Black Vortex In other media Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy ( TV series ) Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series Related articles Cosmic entities Knowhere Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Guardians of the Galaxy ( Epcot Attraction ) Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War production Ant - Man and the Wasp Untitled Avengers film production Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 5 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` Behold ... The Inhumans '' `` Those Who Would Destroy Us '' Netflix Daredevil season 1 characters Jessica Jones season 1 characters Luke Cage season 1 characters Iron Fist season 1 characters The Defenders The Punisher Hulu Runaways Freeform Cloak & Dagger Other Most Wanted New Warriors Other Short films Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King Digital series WHIH Newsfront Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot Tie - in comics Fury 's Big Week Cast and characters Film cast Television series cast Phil Coulson Erik Selvig Trevor Slattery Claire Temple Music Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Captain America : Civil War Luke Cage Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok MCU - inspired media Video games Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor : God of Thunder Captain America : Super Soldier Iron Man 3 Lego Marvel 's Avengers Attraction Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Book Category Portal Live - action theatrical films based on Marvel Comics Franchises Ant - Man Ant - Man Ant - Man and the Wasp Avengers The Avengers Avengers : Age of Ultron Avengers : Infinity War Untitled Avengers film production Blade Blade Blade II Blade : Trinity Captain America Captain America ( serial ) Captain America ( 1990 ) Captain America : The First Avenger Captain America : The Winter Soldier Captain America : Civil War Daredevil Daredevil Elektra Deadpool Deadpool Deadpool 2 Fantastic Four The Fantastic Four ( 1994 ) Fantastic Four ( 2005 ) Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer Fantastic Four ( 2015 ) Ghost Rider Ghost Rider Ghost Rider : Spirit of Vengeance Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Hulk Hulk The Incredible Hulk Iron Man Iron Man Iron Man 2 Iron Man 3 Punisher The Punisher ( 1989 ) The Punisher ( 2004 ) Punisher : War Zone Spider - Man Spider - Man Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man 3 The Amazing Spider - Man The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor Thor Thor : The Dark World Thor : Ragnarok Wolverine X-Men Origins : Wolverine The Wolverine Logan X-Men X-Men X2 X-Men : The Last Stand X-Men : First Class X-Men : Days of Future Past X-Men : Apocalypse X-Men : Dark Phoenix Single films Howard the Duck Red Sonja Man - Thing Doctor Strange Black Panther The New Mutants Venom Franchises from Marvel Comics imprints Kick - Ass Kick - Ass Kick - Ass 2 Kingsman Kingsman : The Secret Service Kingsman : The Golden Circle Men in Black Men in Black Men in Black II Men in Black 3 See also Marvel Studios Marvel Cinematic Universe films Marvel One - Shots Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King No Good Deed James Gunn Films written and directed Slither ( 2006 ) Super ( 2010 ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) Films written Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) The Specials ( 2000 ) Scooby - Doo ( 2002 ) Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed ( 2004 ) Dawn of the Dead ( 2004 ) LolliLove ( 2004 ) The Belko Experiment ( 2017 ) TV and web series created The Tromaville Cafe ( 1997 -- 2000 ) James Gunn 's PG Porn ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Other All I Need to Know about Filmmaking I Learned from the Toxic Avenger Lollipop Chainsaw Movie 43 ( 2013 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Action Movie The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Inception ( 2010 ) Drive ( 2011 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) Lone Survivor ( 2013 ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) Hacksaw Ridge ( 2016 ) Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , Long Form The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) The Incredibles ( 2005 ) Serenity ( 2006 ) Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2007 ) Stardust ( 2008 ) WALL - E ( 2009 ) Moon ( 2010 ) Inception ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones ( season 1 ) ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) Gravity ( 2014 ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2015 ) The Martian ( 2016 ) Arrival ( 2017 ) Nebula Award for Best Script / Ray Bradbury Award Nebula Award for Best Script Soylent Green -- Stanley R. Greenberg ( 1973 ) Sleeper -- Woody Allen ( 1974 ) Young Frankenstein -- Mel Brooks and Gene Wilder ( 1975 ) Star Wars -- George Lucas ( 1977 ) The Sixth Sense -- M. Night Shyamalan ( 1999 ) Galaxy Quest -- David Howard and Robert Gordon ( 2000 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon James Schamus , Kuo Jung Tsai , and Hui - Ling Wang ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring -- Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , and Peter Jackson ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers -- Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , Stephen Sinclair , and Peter Jackson ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King -- Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , and Peter Jackson ( 2004 ) Serenity -- Joss Whedon ( 2005 ) Howl 's Moving Castle -- Hayao Miyazaki , Cindy Davis Hewitt , and Donald H. Hewitt ( 2006 ) Pan 's Labyrinth -- Guillermo del Toro ( 2007 ) WALL - E -- Andrew Stanton , Jim Reardon , and Pete Docter ( 2008 ) Ray Bradbury Award for Outstanding Dramatic Presentation Terminator 2 : Judgment Day -- James Cameron ( 1992 ) Babylon 5 -- J. Michael Straczynski ( 1999 ) 2000X -- Tales of the Next Millennia -- Yuri Rasovsky and Harlan Ellison ( 2001 ) Joss Whedon ( 2008 ) District 9 -- Neill Blomkamp and Terri Tatchell ( 2009 ) Inception -- Christopher Nolan ( 2010 ) Doctor Who : `` The Doctor 's Wife '' -- Richard Clark and Neil Gaiman ( 2011 ) Beasts of the Southern Wild -- Benh Zeitlin , Lucy Alibar ( 2012 ) Gravity -- Alfonso Cuarón and Jonás Cuarón ( 2013 ) Guardians of the Galaxy -- James Gunn and Nicole Perlman ( 2014 ) Mad Max : Fury Road -- George Miller , Brendan McCarthy , and Nico Lathouris ( 2015 ) Arrival -- Eric Heisserer ( 2016 ) Saturn Award for Best Comic - to - Film Motion Picture Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) Ant - Man ( 2015 ) Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Film in the United States portal Superhero fiction portal Comics portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_(film)&oldid=808614017 '' Categories : 2014 films English - language films 2010s action films 2010s adventure films 2010s comedy films 2010s science fiction films 2010s superhero films 2014 3D films Alien abduction films American comedy science fiction films American action comedy films American adventure comedy films American films American science fiction action films American space adventure films Film scores by Tyler Bates Films directed by James Gunn Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films featuring Howard the Duck Films set in 1988 Films set in 2014 Films set in Missouri Films set in prison Films set on fictional planets Films shot at Longcross Studios Films shot at Shepperton Studios Films shot in London Films shot in Los Angeles Films using computer - generated imagery Guardians of the Galaxy films Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , Long Form winning works IMAX films Marvel Cinematic Universe films Performance capture in film Rotoscoped films Screenplays by James Gunn Superhero comedy films Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Good articles Use mdy dates from July 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Перем Коми Polski Português Română Русский Scots Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 23 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the blue guys name from guardians of the galaxy | [
"Michael Rooker as Yondu Udonta:\nA blue-skinned bandit who is the leader of the Ravagers and a paternal figure to Quill.[9][50] Yondu helps Quill to steal the orb before Quill betrays him, leaving Yondu and the Ravagers to chase the Guardians. On the character, Rooker said, he has \"some interesting issues–not a good guy, not a bad guy. There's hope and there's a heart inside Yondu.\" Gunn created the film's version of the character specifically with Rooker in mind, while borrowing the character's mohawk and use of a whistle-controlled arrow from the comics. Rooker fully committed to the role once he knew his role on the TV series The Walking Dead would be ending.[51] Rooker's makeup took approximately four hours to apply.[52]\n"
] | [
"Yondu Udonta"
] |
3340823007683829701 | List of most-followed Instagram accounts | List of most - followed Instagram accounts - wikipedia List of most - followed Instagram accounts Jump to : navigation , search Selena Gomez is the most followed individual on Instagram , with over 137 million followers . This list contains the top 25 accounts with the most followers on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram . As of May 2018 , the most followed user is Instagram 's own account , with over 235 million followers . Selena Gomez is the most followed individual , with over 137 million followers . Ten accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site . Contents ( hide ) 1 Top accounts 1.1 All - time 1.2 By country 2 See also 3 References Top accounts All - time The following table lists the top 25 most followed accounts on Instagram , with each total rounded to the nearest million followers , as well as the profession of each user and country of origin . Rank Chg Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Profession Country 1 . @ instagram Instagram 235 Social media platform USA 2 . @ selenagomez Selena Gomez 137 Musician and actress USA 3 . @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 126 Footballer POR 4 . @ arianagrande Ariana Grande 119 Musician and actress USA 5 . @ beyonce Beyoncé 115 Musician and actress USA 6 . @ kimkardashian Kim Kardashian 111 Reality TV personality USA 7 . @ kyliejenner Kylie Jenner 109 Reality TV personality USA 8 . @ taylorswift Taylor Swift 108 Musician and actress USA 9 . @ therock Dwayne Johnson 107 Actor and professional wrestler USA 10 . @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 100 Musician CAN 11 . @ neymarjr Neymar 93 Footballer BRA 12 . @ leomessi Lionel Messi 91 Footballer ARG 13 . @ kendalljenner Kendall Jenner 90 Model USA 14 . @ natgeo National Geographic 88 Magazine USA 15 . @ nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 86 Musician TRI 16 . @ nike Nike 77 Sportswear multinational corporation USA 17 . @ khloekardashian Khloé Kardashian 76 Reality TV personality USA 18 . @ mileycyrus Miley Cyrus 75 Musician and actress USA 19 . @ jlo Jennifer Lopez 75 Musician and actress USA 20 . @ katyperry Katy Perry 69 Musician USA 21 . @ ddlovato Demi Lovato 67 Musician and actress USA 22 . @ kourtneykardash Kourtney Kardashian 63 Reality TV personality USA 23 . @ badgalriri Rihanna 62 Musician BAR 24 . @ victoriassecret Victoria 's Secret 59 Lingerie retailer USA 25 . @ kevinhart4real Kevin Hart 59 Comedian USA As of May 13 , 2018 By country The following table lists the top 14 most followed accounts on Instagram by country of origin , with each total rounded to the nearest million followers , as well as the profession of each user . Rank Chg Country Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Profession 1 . United States @ instagram Instagram 235 Social media platform 2 . Portugal @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 126 Footballer 3 . Canada @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 99 Musician 4 . Brazil @ neymarjr Neymar 93 Footballer 5 . Argentina @ leomessi Lionel Messi 91 Footballer 6 . Trinidad and Tobago @ nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 86 Musician 7 . Barbados @ badgalriri Rihanna 61 Musician 8 . Spain @ realmadrid Real Madrid C.F. 58 Football club 9 . Colombia @ shakira Shakira 47 Musician 10 . United Kingdom @ emmawatson Emma Watson 46 Actress 11 . Hong Kong @ 9gag 9GAG 44 Social media platform 12 . Sweden @ iamzlatanibrahimovic Zlatan Ibrahimović 32 Footballer 13 . France @ chanelofficial Chanel 27 Clothing retailer 14 . Indonesia @ raffinagita1717 Raffi Ahmad & Nagita Slavina 22 Presenter and musician As of May 13 , 2018 See also List of most - liked Instagram pictures List of most - followed Twitter accounts List of most - subscribed YouTube channels List of most - viewed YouTube videos List of most streamed artists on Spotify List of most streamed songs on Spotify References ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 Instagram Users by Followers - Socialblade Instagram Stats - Instagram Statistics '' . Socialblade . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lenker , Maureen Lee ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Selena Gomez holds on to Instagram crown with most followers in 2017 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` @ chanelofficial '' . Instagram . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` @ raffinagita1717 '' . Instagram . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Facebook Website Features Beacon Bluetooth Beacon Credits EdgeRank Graph Search Instant Articles Like button Live facebookcorewwwi. onion Platform Safety Check Stories Watch ( List of original programs ) Zero Other products Current Atlas Solutions Express Wi - Fi Free Basics Instagram Hyperlapse List of most liked pictures Messenger MSQRD Oculus Rift Onavo tbh WhatsApp Workplace Former Camera FriendFeed Home HTC First M ( virtual assistant ) Paper Poke ( app ) Riff Slingshot Wirehog People Founders Mark Zuckerberg ( 28 % equity ) Dustin Moskovitz ( 7 % ) Eduardo Saverin ( 5 % , formerly ) Chris Hughes ( 1 % , formerly ) Andrew McCollum Board Mark Zuckerberg Jim Breyer ( 11 % ) Peter Thiel ( 2 % ) Sheryl Sandberg Marc Andreessen Erskine Bowles Susan Desmond - Hellmann Donald E. Graham Reed Hastings Executive officers Current Mark Zuckerberg ( Chairman and CEO ) Sheryl Sandberg ( COO ) David Wehner ( CFO ) Mike Schroepfer ( CTO ) Former Sean Parker ( 4 % , formerly ) Owen Van Natta Gideon Yu Adam D'Angelo Chris Kelly Bret Taylor David Ebersman Notable employees Current Chris Cox ( VP of Product ) Elliot Schrage ( VP of Global Communications , Marketing and Public Policy ) Lars Rasmussen ( Graph Search director ) John Carmack ( CTO of Oculus VR ) Hugo Barra ( VP of Oculus VR ) Naomi Gleit ( VP of social good ) Caryn Marooney ( VP of Communications ) Former Blake Ross ( Director of Product ) Ted Ullyot ( VP , General Counsel , and Secretary ) Matt Cohler Charlie Cheever Randi Zuckerberg Yishan Wong George Hotz Joe Lockhart Andrei Alexandrescu ( research scientist ) Open source Apache Cassandra Apache Hive Apache Thrift Buck FQL Hack HHVM HipHop for PHP MyRocks Open Compute Project Phabricator React RocksDB Scribe Tornado ( web server ) Mass media The Facebook Effect The Accidental Billionaires The Social Network Concepts Activity stream Social graph Friending and following Reblogging Fan - gating Facebook diplomacy Facebook like button Business History Timeline Acquisitions f8 conference IPO Censorship Criticism Cambridge Analytica data scandal Litigation Divisions Facebook AI Research Facebook Creative Labs Related Priscilla Chan ( wife of Mark Zuckerberg ) Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Aquila Internet relay drone Willow Village Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most-followed_Instagram_accounts&oldid=843654586 '' Categories : 21st century - related lists Lists of Internet - related superlatives Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from January 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 15 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the most followed user in instagram | [
"This list contains the top 25 accounts with the most followers on the social photo-sharing platform Instagram.[1] As of May 2018, the most followed user is Instagram's own account, with over 235 million followers. Selena Gomez is the most followed individual, with over 137 million followers.[2] Ten accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site."
] | [
"Instagram's own account"
] |
-2841647623486003005 | Smoking ban in England | Smoking ban in England - wikipedia Smoking ban in England Jump to : navigation , search Since 1 July 2007 smoking has been banned in all enclosed public places in England including pubs , bars and restaurants . A smoking ban in England , making it illegal to smoke in all enclosed work places in England , came into force on 1 July 2007 as a consequence of the Health Act 2006 . Similar bans had already been introduced by the rest of the United Kingdom : in Scotland on 26 March 2006 , Wales on 2 April 2007 and Northern Ireland on 30 April 2007 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Before the smoking ban 2 Passage of the law 3 Following the passing of the law 4 Exemptions from the law 5 Public transport 6 Policing of the ban 7 Opposition to the ban 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Before the smoking ban ( edit ) Before the ban many businesses voluntarily introduced bans on smoking mainly as a result of public feedback . The pub chain Wetherspoons was the first major chain to introduce a complete ban on indoor smoking . Tobacco advertising had been banned in England gradually starting with a ban on Television Advertising of cigarettes in 1965 to a complete ban on all Tobacco Advertising in 2005 . Passage of the law ( edit ) On 16 November 2004 a Public Health white paper proposed a smoking ban in almost all public places in England and Wales . Smoking restrictions would be phased in , with a ban on smoking in NHS and government buildings by 2006 , in enclosed public places by 2007 , and pubs , bars and restaurants ( except pubs not serving food ) by the end of 2008 . On 26 October 2005 , after external challenge and debates within the Cabinet , the government announced that it would continue with its plans . All workplaces , including restaurants and pubs selling food , would have to comply by summer 2007 However , there was widespread criticism from all sides of the argument on this , with a number of MPs threatening to try to overturn the bill . Many representatives of the licensed trade told the Government that only a total ban would work , and over 90 MPs signed a motion demanding this , with over 100 signing a petition for a free vote on the issue . It was reported on 24 November that Chief Medical Officer Liam Donaldson nearly quit over the partial ban , but decided to stay to champion a total ban . On the same day , the government released the results of the public consultation , after Cancer Research UK demanded them under the Freedom of Information Act , which revealed that nearly 9 out of 10 respondents wanted a total ban . On 11 January 2006 , the government further announced that it would give MPs a free vote on an amendment to the Health Bill , submitted by the Health select committee , to instigate a comprehensive smoke - free workplace regulations . Health Secretary Patricia Hewitt voted in favour of the amendment and , in so doing , voted against her own Department 's then publicly stated policy ( i.e. the proposed partial regulations ) . All other parties had offered free votes on the issue which was debated on 14 February , with three options : the present compromise , a total ban , or an exemption for members ' clubs only . On 14 February 2006 , the House of Commons first voted on the amendment to the original compromise plan , to extend the ban to all enclosed public places except private members ' clubs . The amendment was carried with a large majority . MPs then voted on a further amendment to ban smoking in all enclosed public places including private members ' clubs . Again this amendment gained significant support and was carried with a large majority . This therefore replaced the earlier successful amendment which would have allowed smoking only in private members ' clubs . The legislation was passed by the House of Lords , allowing a total smoking ban in enclosed public places to come into force in England . Political opposition did not entirely disappear at this point , the House of Lords Economic Affairs Committee accused the Government of overreacting to the threat posed by passive smoking and said that the smoking ban was symptomatic of MPs ' failure to understand risk on 7 June 2006 . The ban came into force on 1 July 2007 , as announced on 30 November 2006 by former Secretary of State for Health Patricia Hewitt , who called it `` a huge step forward for public health '' . Following the passing of the law ( edit ) Many pubs provide smoking areas outdoors , where smoking remains generally permitted . A smoking shelter outside an office building in England . Since 2007 such shelters have become commonplace at workplaces . On 30 June 2010 , the recently formed Coalition Government announced that it would not be reviewing the ban . An attempt in October 2010 by Conservative MP David Nuttall to amend the law to exempt private members ' clubs and pubs from the smoking ban was defeated in the House of Commons on its first reading . Exemptions from the law ( edit ) While the ban affects almost all indoor workplaces , some exemptions were provided : designated hotel rooms designated rooms in nursing homes designated rooms in prisons designated rooms in offshore oil rigs designated rooms in mental health units ( until 1 July 2008 ) specialist tobacconists in relation to sampling cigars and / or pipe tobacco . An exemption was also theoretically possible within the Palace of Westminster , as for other Royal Palaces , although members of the House of Commons and the House of Lords agreed to observe the spirit of the ban and restrict any smoking within the grounds of Parliament to four designated outside areas . Smoking is permitted in a private residence , although not in areas used as a shared work - space . In flats with communal entrances or shared corridors , these must be smoke - free . University halls of residence presented some dilemmas in practice as regards defining what is public and private . Several universities have imposed a blanket ban on smoking including halls of residence . Public transport ( edit ) As part of the implementation of the smoking ban , Transport for London announced that smoking would be no longer permitted on taxis , private hire vehicles and all London Buses premises , including all bus stop shelters . The Association of Train Operating Companies and Network Rail introduced an extended ban on smoking covering all railway property including all National Rail station platforms whether enclosed or not . The ban has since been extended to cover the use of Electronic cigarettes . Smoking on board trains was banned in 2005 when both GNER and First Caledonian Sleeper withdrew smoking accommodation from their services . The Tyne and Wear Metro was the first public transport system to ban in its entirety which has been enforced since the system first opened in 1980 . Policing of the ban ( edit ) The ban is enforced by Environmental Health Officers in England , who issue warnings and offer advice before resorting to punitive measures and have had to issue a low frequency of fines since the law came into force . However , there were some objectors who generated higher - profile legal cases , for instance Hugh Howitt , also known as Hamish Howitt , the landlord of the Happy Scots Bar in Blackpool who was the first landlord to be prosecuted for permitting smoking in a smoke - free place under his control . On 2 August 2007 , Howitt appeared before Blackpool Magistrates ' Court and pleaded not guilty to 12 counts of failing to stop people smoking in his pub . On 2 December 2008 , Howitt effectively had his premises licence revoked , after an appeal by Blackpool Council was upheld ; he was not allowed to appeal , and Howitt had to close the Delboys Bar following the decision . There have been some incidents of violence perpetrated by people refusing to obey the ban , in one of which a former heavyweight boxer , James Oyebola , was shot in the head after he asked a customer at a nightclub to stop smoking and later died of his injuries . However , the view of enforcement authorities is that the smoke - free workplace regulations are simple to understand , popular , and as a result largely ' self - policing ' . For a short while , bars in the UK that offered shisha ( the smoking of flavoured tobacco through a pipe ) were still allowed to provide their services inside the establishment , however the ban covered this area in late 2007 leading to a rapid decline in shisha bars . A legal blunder by Stoke - on - Trent City Council meant that , while the smoking ban still applied in the city , the council were unable to issue fines to people caught flouting the law until 16 July 2007 . The blunder caused the city to briefly be dubbed Smoke - on - Trent . Opposition to the ban ( edit ) A group calling themselves `` Freedom To Choose '' , launched a campaign for a judicial review of the smoke - free workplace regulations claiming a breach of the Human Rights Act 1998 , as it does not respect the right to privacy of people who wish to smoke in public . Supporters of the regulations put forward counter-arguments positing that the rights of smokers to indulge in their habit cease as soon as it negatively affects other people in the vicinity . In 2010 pub landlord Nick Hogan was jailed for an offence related to the smoking ban . In 2012 it was reported that `` Five years after the introduction of the smoking ban in England , almost seven out of 10 licensees want the legislation amended to allow for separate smoking rooms in pubs '' . See also ( edit ) Smoking in the United Kingdom List of smoking bans Smokeasy FOREST Action on Smoking and Health References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wetherspoon pubs ban smoking '' . BBC Online . BBC News . 24 January 2005 . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Smoking ban proposed for England '' . BBC News . 16 November 2004 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Smoke ban bill details released '' . BBC News . 27 October 2005 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chief medic considered quitting '' . BBC News . 24 November 2005 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.webcitation.org/5tkNlefMT?url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/health/article672477.ece Jump up ^ `` BBC News - ' No plans ' for smoking ban review '' . Bbc.co.uk. 1 July 2010 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Smoking ban exemptions bid defeated News '' . Thisislondon.co.uk . Archived from the original on 25 December 2010 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Smoke - free ( Premises and Enforcement ) Regulations 2006 '' . Opsi.gov.uk. 16 July 2010 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Smoke - free ( Exemptions and Vehicles ) Regulations 2007 '' . Opsi.gov.uk. 16 July 2010 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Parliamentary Privilege First Report '' . The Stationery Office . 4 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 4 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` MPs ' smoking in Commons toilets ' '' . BBC News . 5 July 2007 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Part 3B Section 13.1 '' ... warwick.ac.uk . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Smoking ban : impact on London 's transport network '' . tfl.gov.uk . Transport for London . 6 June 2007 . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Smoke Free Law and Vehicles '' . Smoke Free England . Smoke Free England . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Saul , Heather ( 12 August 2015 ) . `` Rail companies ban e-cigarettes from trains and stations '' . Independent . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` End of the line for train smoking '' . BBC News ( London ) . BBC News . 29 August 2005 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First ScotRail withdraws smoking on Caledonian Sleeper service ahead of £ 1million refurbishment '' . First Scotrail . First Group . 28 August 2005 . Archived from the original on 15 March 2015 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Metro was built '' . Tyne and Wear Metro . Nexus . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilmore , James ( 2 December 2008 ) . `` Blackpool smoke ban rebel loses licence '' . The Publican . Retrieved 5 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Fielding , Paul ( 5 December 2008 ) . `` Bar shuts as smoking rebel loses court fight '' . Blackpool Gazette . Retrieved 5 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Boxer shot over club smoking row '' . BBC News . 24 July 2007 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Boxer shot in smoking row dies '' . BBC News . 27 July 2007 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Council error stubs out smoke ban '' . BBC . BBC News . 11 July 2007 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Kathryn ( 11 July 2007 ) . `` Smoke - on - Trent reignites debate '' . BBC . BBC Stoke . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom To Choose '' . Freedom2choose.info. 12 October 2010 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Swindon Advertiser ( 19 June 2007 ) . `` Non-smoking landlord braced for High Court ban battle '' . Retrieved 2 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Chris Melville ( 1 July 2007 ) . `` Smoking ban : why did we have to wait for so long ? '' . eurosong.net . Retrieved 2 July 2007 . Jump up ^ The Daily Mail ( 27 February 2010 ) . `` Pub landlord is first person in Britain to be jailed over smoking ban '' . Retrieved 14 April 2012 . Jump up ^ The Publican 's Morning Advertiser ( 3 July 2012 ) . `` Smoking ban : Majority of licensees want smoking legislation amended for pubs '' . Retrieved 7 September 2012 . External links ( edit ) NHS Smokefree website ( focused on Quiting ) Archived NHS Smokefree website ( Contains signage , and more legal info than the current site ) Video clips Discussing the ban with TV GP Dr Chris Steel David Cameron discussing the ban Smokefree England TV advert England articles History Overviews Timeline Education Local government Maritime Military Social Chronology Prehistoric Roman Britain Lloegyr Anglo - Saxon England Heptarchy Kingdom of England Norman conquest Angevin Empire Wars of the Roses Tudor period Stuart period English Renaissance English Reformation Elizabethan era Jacobean era Civil War Union with Scotland Georgian era Regency Victorian era Edwardian period The Blitz Geography Counties Districts Gardens Islands Parishes Places Regions Towns Politics Economy Middle Ages Elizabethan government Independence Monarchy Parliament Culture Afternoon Tea Anglophilia Castles Country clothing Cuisine Demographics Education Folklore Fête Landscape garden Identity Innovations and discoveries English language in England Middle England Museums People list Religion Church of England Science education Sport Cricket national team Football The Football Association national team Rugby league Rugby Football League national team Rugby union Rugby Football Union national team Wimbledon Symbols Coat of arms Flags national flag Heraldry Oak tree Royal Standards Royal Supporters St. George St George 's Day Tudor Rose Outline Book Category Portal Smoking Country and region Albania Argentina Brazil Canada China Colombia East Timor Ecuador Egypt Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iraq Iran Ireland Italy Japan Korea North South Macau Malaysia New Zealand Nigeria Norway Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sweden Syria Taiwan Tokelau Turkey United Kingdom United States Uruguay Vietnam Religion Smoking in Jewish law Tobacco fatwa Ceremonial pipe Chanunpa Kinnikinnick Pipe bag Health Health effects of tobacco ( Nicotine poisoning Nicotine withdrawal ) Passive smoking Third - hand smoke Prevalence of tobacco consumption Schizophrenia and smoking Sidestream smoke Smokeless tobacco keratosis Smoker 's face Smoker 's melanosis Stomatitis nicotina Smoking age Smoking and male infertility Smoking cessation Tobacco - Free Pharmacies Tobacco packaging warning messages WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products World No Tobacco Day Youth smoking Women and smoking Breastfeeding difficulties Breast cancer Cervical cancer Menopause Ptosis of the breast Smoking and female infertility Smoking and pregnancy Smoking ban Inflight smoking List of smoking bans Smoking bans in private vehicles Tobacco - Free College Campuses Country and region Australia United States Other Chain smoking Cigarette consumption per capita History of smoking Smokeasy Smoking fetishism Tobacco advertising Tobacco bowdlerization Tobacco industry Tobacco smoking Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smoking_ban_in_England&oldid=842323832 '' Categories : Governance of England Smoking in the United Kingdom 2007 establishments in England 2007 in politics Tobacco control Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 18 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was smoking in pubs banned in uk | [
"A smoking ban in England, making it illegal to smoke in all enclosed work places in England, came into force on 1 July 2007 as a consequence of the Health Act 2006. Similar bans had already been introduced by the rest of the United Kingdom: in Scotland on 26 March 2006, Wales on 2 April 2007 and Northern Ireland on 30 April 2007."
] | [
"1 July 2007"
] |
7442825767453442552 | Train horn | Train horn - wikipedia Train horn Jump to : navigation , search Train horns are made of multiple horn units called chimes which produce different notes ; sounded together they make a chord . The Nathan model M5 pictured is a 5 chime horn . A train horn is a powerful air horn that serves as an audible warning device on electric and Diesel locomotives . The horn 's primary purpose is to alert persons and animals to an oncoming train , especially when approaching a grade crossing . The horn is also used for acknowledging signals given by railroad employees , such as during switching operations . Leslie S3L locomotive horn , once the most common horn in use on North American railroads Contents ( hide ) 1 History and background 2 Operation 2.1 United States 2.2 Germany 2.3 France 2.4 India 2.5 United Kingdom 3 Placement on locomotives 4 Audio samples 5 Manufacturers 5.1 North America 5.1. 1 AirChime , Ltd . 5.1. 2 Buell Air Horns 5.1. 3 Gustin Bacon Mfg. Co . 5.1. 4 Leslie Controls , Inc . 5.1. 5 Prime Manufacturing , Inc . 5.1. 6 Westinghouse Air Brake Co . 5.2 Australia 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History and background ( edit ) Trains move on fixed rails , making them uniquely susceptible to collision . This susceptibility is exacerbated by the enormous weight and inertia of a train , which make it difficult to quickly stop when encountering an obstacle . Also , trains generally do not stop at grade crossings ( level crossings ) , instead relying upon pedestrians and vehicles to clear the tracks when they pass . Therefore , from their beginnings locomotives have been equipped with loud horns or bells to warn vehicles or pedestrians that they are coming . Steam locomotives had steam whistles , operated from steam produced by their boilers . As Diesel locomotives began to replace steam on most railroads during the mid-20th century , it was realized that the new locomotives were unable to utilize the steam whistles then in use . Early internal combustion locomotives were initially fitted with small truck horns or exhaust - powered whistles , but these were found to be unsuitable and hence the air horn design was scaled up and modified for railroad use . Early train horns often were tonally similar to the air horns still heard on road - going trucks today . It was found that this caused some confusion among people who were accustomed to steam locomotives and the sound of their whistles ; when approaching a grade crossing , when some people heard an air horn they expected to see a truck , not a locomotive , and accidents happened . So , locomotive air horns were created that had a much higher , more musical note , tonally much more like a steam whistle . This is why most train horns have a unique sound , different from that of road going trucks , although many switch engines , which did n't see road service ( service on the main lines ) , retained the deeper truck - like horns . Strict regulations specific to each country specify how loud horns must be , and how far in advance of grade crossings and other locations locomotive engineers are required to sound their horns to give adequate time to clear the tracks . Standard signals consisting of different sequences of horn blasts must be given in different circumstances . Due to the encroachment of development , some suburban dwellers have opposed railroad use of the air horn as a trackside warning device . Residents in some communities have attempted to establish quiet zones , in which train crews are instructed not to sound their horns , except in case of emergency . Recent years have seen an increase of horn theft from railroad property . Operation ( edit ) Diagram of a typical locomotive air horn power chamber , showing operation Train horns are operated by compressed air , typically 125 - 140 psi ( 8.6 - 9.6 bar ) , and fed from a locomotive main air reservoir . When the engineer opens the horn valve , air flows through a supply line into the power chamber at the base of the horn ( diagram , right ) . It passes through a narrow opening between a nozzle and a circular diaphragm in the power chamber , then out through the flaring horn bell . The flow of air past the diaphragm causes it to vibrate or oscillate against the nozzle , producing sound . Keep in mind that when an Air horn is not operating and has no Fluid pressure flowing through it , the interior of the power chamber housing is completely air tight , as the Diaphragm disc creates a full air tight seal against the nozzle surface . Referring to the cut - away blueprint diagram of a conventional air horn power chamber on the right , when a constant stream of pressurised Fluid enters through the small inlet at the bottom , the pressure in the power chamber increases as it is air tight internally . The pressure continues rising in Chamber ' A ' until the air pressure overcomes the spring tension of the Diaphragm . Once this occurs , the Diaphragm is deflected back , and in such , is no longer sealed against the nozzle . From this , the interior of the power chamber is now no longer air tight , as the Diaphragm has deflected off the nozzle . As a result , the pressurised Fluid now escapes out of the horn bell . Because the pressurised Fluid exits through the horn bell at a much faster rate than the Fluid enters into the power chamber through the base air inlet , the air pressure in the power chamber drops rapidly . As such , the Diaphragm re-seats itself against the nozzle surface . This entire process is one cycle of the Diaphragm operating . In reality , this operation process occurs much faster in accordance to the Frequency produced by the horn . The constant back and forth Oscillation of the Diaphragm creates sound waves , which are then amplified by the large flared horn bell . The length , thickness and diameter of the horn bell contribute to the Frequency of the note produced by the horn . When vibrated by the diaphragm , the column of air in the bell oscillates with standing waves . The length of the bell determines the wavelength of the sound waves , and thus the fundamental frequency ( pitch ) of the note produced by the horn ( measured in hertz ) . The longer the horn bell , the lower the note . North American diesel locomotives manufactured prior to the 1990s utilized an air valve actuated by the engineer through the manipulation of a lever or pull cord . Use of this method made possible a practice known as `` feathering '' , meaning that modulation of the horn 's volume was possible through finer regulation of the air valve . Many locomotives manufactured during the 1990s made use of pushbutton controls . In addition , several North American locomotives incorporated a sequencer pedal built into the cab floor beneath the operators position ; that when depressed , sounded the grade crossing sequence . Locomotives of European origin have featured pushbutton control of air horns since the mid-1960s . Current production locomotives from GE Transportation Systems and Electro - Motive Diesel utilize a lever - actuated solenoid valve . United States ( edit ) Leslie A200 - 156 , a single chime horn used on locomotives in the early days of dieselization On April 27 , 2005 , the Federal Railroad Administration ( FRA ) , which enforces rail safety regulations , published the final rule on the use of locomotive horns at highway - rail grade crossings . Effective June 24 , 2005 , the rule requires that locomotive horns be sounded at all public grade crossings at least 15 seconds , but not more than 20 seconds before entering a crossing . This rule applies when the train speed is below 45 mph ( 70 km / h ) . At 45 mph or above , trains are still required to sound their horn at the designated location ( usually denoted with a whistle post ) . The pattern for blowing the horn remains two long , one short , and one long . This is to be repeated or prolonged as necessary until the lead locomotive fully occupies the crossing . Locomotive engineers retain the authority to vary this pattern as necessary for crossings in close proximity , and are allowed to sound the horn in emergency situations no matter where the location . A ban on sounding locomotive horns in Florida was ordered removed by the FRA after it was shown that the accident rate doubled during the ban . The new ruling preempts any state or local laws regarding the use of the train horn at public crossings . This also provides public authorities the option to maintain and / or establish quiet zones provided certain supplemental or alternative safety measures are in place , and the crossing accident rate meets government standards . The following are the required horn signals listed in the operating rules of most North American railroads , along with their meanings . Signals are illustrated by an `` o '' for short sounds , and `` -- '' for longer sounds . ( Note that these signals and their indications are updated to reflect modern practice . ) Those rules marked with an asterisk ( * ) must be sounded when and / or where applicable . Those signals without an asterisk convey information to employees ; they must be used when voice communication is not available . Rule Sequence Indication 14 ( a ) o Applying air brakes while standing . 14 ( b ) * -- -- Proceeding . Releasing air brakes . This signal is often referred to as `` whistling off , '' despite it being given by an air horn . 14 ( f ) * oo -- Acknowledging a flagman 's stop signal . 14 ( g ) * oo Acknowledging any signal not otherwise provided for . 14 ( h ) * ooo Backing up . 14 ( j ) oooo Calling for signals . 14 ( l ) * -- -- o -- 1 . Trains or engines approaching public highway grade crossings shall sound the horn at least 15 seconds , but no more than 20 seconds before the lead engine enters the crossing . Trains or engines travelling at speeds greater than 45 mph shall begin sounding the horn at or about , but not more than , one - quarter mile ( 1,320 feet ) in advance of the nearest public crossing . Even if the advance warning provided by the horn will be less than 15 seconds in duration . This signal is to be prolonged or repeated until the engine or train occupies the crossing ; or , where multiple crossing are involved , until the last crossing is occupied . 2 . Approaching tunnels , yards , or other points where railroad workers may be at work . 3 . Passing standing trains . 14 ( m ) * o Approaching passenger station . 14 ( o ) o -- Inspect train for a leak in brake pipe system or for brakes sticking . 14 ( p ) * Succession of sounds Warning to people and / or animals . 14 ( q ) * -- o When running against the current of traffic : 1 . Approaching stations , curves , or other points where view may be obscured : and 2 . Approaching passenger or freight trains and when passing freight trains . Exception : Engine horn signals required by rules 14 ( b ) and 14 ( h ) do not apply after momentary stops in continuous switching movements . Germany ( edit ) Horn signals are regulated in the Zp category of the Eisenbahn - Bau - und Betriebsordnung . Their most common use today is when approaching a level crossing that lacks barriers , and for warning purposes . Whistle posts are labeled with the letter `` P '' ( for ' Pfeifen ' ) . Common signals are : Sequence Meaning _ Zp 1 - Generic `` Attention '' signal . o Zp 2 - Tighten handbrakes . oo Zp 3 - Strongly tighten handbrakes . _ _ Zp 4 - Loosen handbrakes ooo ooo ooo Zp 5 - Emergency . Brake immediately . _ o _ Zp 11 - Come . Used to call out for train staff . France ( edit ) Train horns are sounded where a whistle post ( marked with the letter `` S '' for `` siffler '' ) is present . If the whistle post is labelled `` J '' ( meaning `` jour '' ) , the horn is only to be sounded between 0700 and 2000 . Horns must also be sounded when passing an oncoming train , and shortly before reaching the last car of the train . India ( edit ) The IRFCA FAQ lists the following : ' o ' : denotes a short blast on the horn . ' -- ' : denotes a comparatively long blast on the horn . ' -- -- - ' : denotes a longer blast on the horn . ' -- -- -- -- -- ' : denotes a very long blast on the horn . Code ( o ) - Before Starting : Indication to driver of the assisting engine that driver of leading engine is ready to start . Acknowledgement by the driver of the assisting engine . Engine ready to leave yard Engine ready to go to loco yard Light loco or shunter about to move Code ( o ) - On the run : Assistance of other engine not required Acknowledgement by driver of the assisting engine Code ( -- ) Normal departure from station on receipt of clear signal . This is usually followed by another long blast about 10 -- 20 seconds after the first one , after the guard 's all - right signal is received . Beginning of shunting operation ( if shunted rake has passengers in it ) Code ( oo ) Call for guard 's signal Signals not exchanged by guard Signals not exchanged by station staff Code ( -- o ) Guard to release brakes Before starting engine from a midsection / station Main Line clear Code ( ooo ) Guard to apply brakes Train out of control , guard to assist Code ( oo -- ) Sudden loss of brake pressure or vacuum ( perhaps by alarm chain being pulled ) Code ( oooo ) Train can not proceed on account of accident , failure or other cause Protect train in rear Code ( -- -- oo ) Call for guard to come to engine Code ( o -- o ) Token not received Token missed With wrong authority to proceed Passing stop signal at ' on ' on proper authority Code ( -- -- - ) - Before Starting Vacuum recreated on ghat section , remove sprags Passing automatic ' stop ' signal at ' On ' Code ( -- -- - ) - On the run Acknowledgement of guards signal Code ( -- -- -- -- -- ) Approaching level crossing or tunnel area Recall staff protecting train in rear Material train ready to leave Running through a station Approaching a stop signal at ' on ' Detained at stop signal Crossing stop signal at ' on ' after waiting the stipulated time . Code ( -- o -- o ) Alarm chain pulled Insufficient vacuum in engine Guard applies vacuum brakes . Code ( -- -- ) Raise Pantograph ( electric loco only ) Code ( -- o -- ) Lower Pantograph ( electric loco only ) Code ( ooooooooo ) ( Frequently ) Apprehension of danger Danger signal to driver of an approaching train whose path is obstructed Moving in wrong direction on a double line . Also used by EMU motormen to warn passengers on a crowded platform of the approach of a fast train which will not stop at that station United kingdom ( edit ) UK diesel and electric locomotives are usually fitted with two - tone horns , sounded sequentially to distinguish them from the horns used on road vehicles , and , in the past , both tones were routinely used . However , because of noise complaints , new rules were introduced in 2007 : The introduction of a night time quiet period , between 2300 and 0700 when trains will no longer routinely sound their horns at whistle boards ( they will always sound their horns when people are seen on the track ) That where the technology is available , drivers should only use the low tone from the two tone horn at whistle boards . For all new or replacement train horns on trains capable of travelling up to 160 km / ha much lower minimum sound pressure level has been established -- and a maximum sound level has been introduced ( min 101 dB and max 106 dB ) Placement on locomotives ( edit ) As many individuals do with their personal vehicles , railroads order locomotives with different options in order to suit their operating practices . Air horns are no exception , and railroad mechanical forces mount these on locomotives where they are deemed most effective at projecting sound , and for ease of maintenance . Horn mounted on MBTA Commuter Rail control car when in Push Pull Mode Nathan K5LA mounted atop a San Diego Coaster Cab Car Horn mounted in the middle section of the roof on a GE locomotive Typical horn mounting location on European locomotives Low horn mounting location on a European locomotive . The horn is visible above the right side buffer . Audio samples ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Train horns . The following are samples of select air horns as used in North American railroad service : AirChime K5LA ( 329 KB ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Leslie A200 - 156 ( 127 KB ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Leslie S - 3L ( 187 KB ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Leslie S - 5T ( 275 KB ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Nathan M5 ( 277 KB ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Nathan P5 ( 358 KB ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Prime PM - 920 ( 312 KB ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Prime PM - 990 ( 301 KB ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . WABCO E2 ( 243 KB ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . WABCO E2 - B1 ( 274 KB ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Train horn being fitted to a vintage EMD GP30 diesel locomotive at the 2006 Oak Ridge Horn Honk and Collectors Meet Manufacturers ( edit ) North america ( edit ) Airchime , Ltd. ( edit ) AirChime , Ltd. traces their beginnings through the work of Robert Swanson in 1949 . Prior to the early 1950s , locomotives were equipped with air horns that sounded a singular note . Swanson sought to develop an air horn which would mimic the sound of a classic steam whistle . Using ancient Chinese musical theory , Swanson produced the six - note model ' H6 ' . This was impractical for railroad use , due to its relatively large size . Railroad equipment operates over routes restricted by loading gauge , a difference of only a few inches may prohibit that equipment from operating on the line in question . Swanson would later refine his ' H6 ' into the model ' H5 ' . As the numeric designation indicates , the horn sounds a five - note chord . In 1950 , AirChime introduced the ' M ' series , a further improvement on the earlier horns through elimination of unnecessary moving parts . Among the earliest customers of the AirChime ' M ' was the Southern Railway , which sought replacement horns for their motive power . The company announced this program through the placement of a full - page advertisement in the May 25 , 1951 edition of the Washington Times - Herald . Refurbished Nathan - AirChime model P5 Under Swanson 's guidance , AirChime would focus on ease of mass production , low maintenance , and reliability in their air horn design , with the development of the ' P ' ( 1953 ) , and ' K ' ( 1954 ) series AirChime model K3L , shown here in an Auburn University - inspired livery AirChime has been sold to their American licensee , Nathan Manufacturing , Inc. , a division of Micro Precision Group , Inc , in Windham , Connecticut . Buell air horns ( edit ) An air horn manufactured by the American Strombos Co. , used on early locomotives as well as trucks Founded in 1912 as The American Strombos Co. of Philadelphia , PA , Buell sold modified marine horns for rail use . They were often installed on small locomotives , electric interurban equipment . and railcars ( for example the Doodlebugs ) . Buell has recently made available a line of air horns specific for railroad equipment . Gustin Bacon Mfg. Co. ( edit ) The Gustin Bacon Mfg. Co. of Kansas City , MO offered airhorns for use on railroad equipment prior to the Second World War . Leslie Controls , Inc. ( edit ) Leslie Tyfon model A200 - 154 air horn , used on many first - generation diesel locomotives Leslie Controls , Inc. ( originally the Leslie Company of Lyndhurst , New Jersey , later Parsippany , finally relocating to Tampa , Florida in 1985 ) began horn production by obtaining the rights to manufacture the Kockums Mekaniska Verkstad product line of `` Tyfon '' brand airhorns , marketing these for railroad use beginning in the 1930s . Their model A200 series would later grace the rooftops of countless locomotives , such as the legendary Pennsylvania Railroad GG1 , as well as thousands of EMD E and F - units . Leslie eventually introduced their own line of multi-note airhorns , known as the `` Chime - Tone '' series , in direct competition with AirChime . Poor sales of the Chime - Tones ( due to the horns requiring an ample volume of air ) led the Leslie Company to introduce a new line of air horns utilizing interchangeable components while using less air to produce greater sound volume than the earlier `` Tyfon '' series . Developed by Kockums , this horn utilized a back - pressure power chamber design in order to enhance diaphragm oscillation . Known as the `` SuperTyfon '' series , these horns would eventually supplant the `` Tyfon '' in railroad service . Leslie SuperTyfon model S - 5T , regarded by many aficionados as the ' king of horns ' `` SuperTyfon '' horns were offered in single , dual , triple , quad , and five note configurations . Leslie Controls continues to manufacture `` SuperTyfon '' air horns for the railroad industry . Prime Manufacturing , Inc. ( edit ) Prime model PM - 990 locomotive air horn Prime Manufacturing , Inc. had produced locomotive appliances for many years prior to their entry into the air horn market in 1972 . Their line of `` Pneumatic Horns '' was basically a derivative of the Leslie SuperTyfon design ( having taken advantage of a patent expiration at the time ) , though their horns employed heavier castings than equivalents from Leslie , and sounding a somewhat richer timbre as a result . Sales were brisk ( railroads such as Union Pacific and the Burlington Northern were notable customers ) but ultimately disappointing . Finding themselves increasingly unable to compete in a niche market dominated by Leslie Controls and AirChime , Prime ceased air horn production c. 1999 . Westinghouse air Brake Co. ( edit ) Westinghouse model E2 - B1 locomotive air horn consisting of three ' singles ' bolted onto a common plate Westinghouse Air Brake Company ( known throughout the 19th and 20th Century as WABCO ) was the first to offer air horns specifically for use with railroad equipment , as early as the 1910s . Their model E2 was recognized by many for the deep , commanding tone it produced . In response to the Leslie multi-note `` Chime - Tone '' series , Westinghouse offered a bracket to which three of their single - note `` honkers '' could be bolted onto , achieving the same result as what the Chime - Tones did for Leslie . Overshadowed later on by Leslie and AirChime , WABCO eventually ceased production of most horns for the North American market . At present , the company is known as Wabtec , Inc. , and continues to offer their line of ' Pneumatic horns ' for the export market . Australia ( edit ) Railways in Australia often utilize the same type of air horns as their North American counterparts . Examples from both the Leslie Co. and AirChime Ltd. can be found there . Notable horns used in Australian railways , sourced from the United States include the Leslie S5T , Leslie RS5T , Nathan Airchime P3 , Nathan Airchime P5 , and the unique Nathan Airchime K5UL - AU - LS . In the earlier years of dieselisation in Australia , during the 1950 's , the earliest diesel locomotives were fitted with two chime horns manufactured by the Westinghouse Air Brake Company in Australia . These two chime horns were the WABCO Pneuphonic AB , consisting of an ' A ' single chime , and a ' B ' single chime . When played together , the combination often sounded melodious due to the ' perfect 4th chord ' produced when blowing in unison . Throughout the early 1960 's , the Roy - Victor - Butler ( R.V.B ) company of Spotswood , Victoria , manufactured and supplied the majority of horns fitted to the locomotives constructed from the late 1950 's , to the late 1960 's . The R.V.B horns fitted to the majority of locomotives used in Victoria ( Australia ) during the late 1950 's to 1960 's , were the 3 chime models . They were not very effective and seldom operated as intended . Not to mention , they produced a very displeasing sound , eventually resulting in their nickname `` screaming cats '' . The company specialised in producing pneumatic tyre pressure gauge meters , tyre air pumps , valves , as well as small automotive klaxons . In fact , many vintage Holden and Ford vehicles may be found to have R.V.B electric snail horns fitted to them . Three chime R.V.B horns have also been fitted to the older Electric Multiple Units ( EMU 's ) operating in Victoria . The old Swing Door ( train ) and Tait ( train ) EMU 's of the 1920 's and 1930 's , were fitted with R.V.B three chimes , while the Harris ( train ) ( 1950 's & 60 's ) , Hitachi ( train ) ( 1970 's ) , and Comeng ( train ) ( 1980 's ) were also fitted with R.V.B three chime horns . From the mid 1960 's , the railroads in Australia commenced sourcing horns from the United States . These horns were manufactured by the two main companies : Nathan Manufacturing , and Leslie Controls . Many of the older Australian Commonwealth Railways GM class diesel locomotives were re-fitted with Leslie S5T 's , as did the Commonwealth Railways CL class , with their horns re-located behind the pilot after their rebuild and consequent re-classing to CLP , and CLF . A large order of Leslie S5T 's took place in 1976 - 1977 in preparation for the Clyde Engineering built ' C ' class diesel locomotives , which were constructed from 1977 - 1978 . All the C classes were fitted with round - back Leslie S5T 's as standard . Through to the early to mid 1980 's , with the Leslie company replacing their ' S ' line of horns with the more improved ' RS ' line of horns , the A class ( rebuilt from B classes in 1983 ) , N class , 1st & 2nd order G class and BL class diesel locomotives all received Leslie RS5T 's as standard horns . The RS5T 's are somewhat more reliable than the previous S5T horns , however the sound produced by the RS5T tends to be flatter sounding , and harsher compared to the deeper and throatier sound emitted by the earlier S5T 's . Most of the X class diesel locomotives received Nathan Airchime P5 horns in the mid 1980 's , to replace the wretched and unpopular fleet of R.V.B 3 chime horns originally mounted on the X class . Originally , it was thought of to replace the R.V.B 's on the X classes , with the Leslie RS5T , however , this was deemed inappropriate due to the large size of the Leslie 5 chime horns , which would consequently reduce visibility significantly . Another factor was the Leslie horns were much dearer in price than the Nathan P5 . And so the X classes received Nathan P5 's , one mounted on the nose and one on the roof . Third and fourth order G class diesel locomotives all received the identical Nathan P5 's which the X classes received during the mid 1980 's . This was to reduce costs , as the Leslie RS5T 's were much dearer , as stated earlier . The AN class diesel locomotive is thought to be the final class fitted with Leslie RS5T 's in the factory . The older S class diesel locomotives were fitted with R.V.B 3 chime horns originally . Only a very small amount still retain these . Most have been replaced with Nathan P5 's . S307 and S317 were fitted with Leslie 5 chime horns . 307 was fitted with a Leslie RS5T , while 317 was fitted with a Leslie S5T . Both locomotives have air restricting components built in to the air feed to the horns , to reduce noise pollution . Locomotives built from the mid 2000 's to current , were fitted with Nathan Airchime K5UL - AU - LS five chime horns . The ' UL ' in K5UL , denotes an ' Ultra-Low ' manifold , which was fabricated in order for the horn to be as low as possible when mounted , in order to comply with the tight loading gauge in Australia . The AU , in K5UL - AU , denotes ' Australian market ' as these horns were designed by Nathan Airchime in the United States specially for use in Australia . The ' LS ' in K5UL - AU - LS , denotes ' Low - Sound ' as these horns have multiple air inlets on the manifold , enabling low sound output in populated areas , as well as regular loud operation for general use . See also ( edit ) Air horn Hancock air whistle Steam whistle Train whistle Whistle post References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Noise Abatement Society '' . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Rockland Quiet Zone '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 2 crooks out smarted by water after attempting to steal train horn in Tulare '' . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Railroad Administration '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ 70 FR 21844 , https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2005/04/27/05-8285/use-of-locomotive-horns-at-highway-rail-grade-crossings Jump up ^ 71 FR 47614 , https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2006/08/17/06-6912/use-of-locomotive-horns-at-highway-rail-grade-crossings Jump up ^ http://www.fra.dot.gov/eLib/details/L02686 Jump up ^ See Hayes v. Union Pacific R. Co. , 141 P. 3d 1073 , 143 Idaho 204 ( 2006 ) . https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17886920228406310755&hl=en&as_sdt=2,5 Jump up ^ `` Locomotive Horn Signals '' . Union Pacific Railroad . Jump up ^ `` www.stellwerke.de - Signalsystem in Deutschland '' . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 05 . ( German ) Jump up ^ `` Signs , Whistle Codes , Flag and Hand Signals '' , from IRFCA FAQ Jump up ^ http://www.rssb.co.uk/Pages/Train_Horns.aspx Jump up ^ `` Locomotivehorns.info '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Micro Precision Group , Inc '' . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Buell Air Horns '' . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Five Chime Consultants : Leslie S - 25 '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Five Chime Consultants : Leslie S - 2B '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Five Chime Consultants : Leslie S - 3L '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Five Chime Consultants : Leslie SL - 4T '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Five Chime Consultants : Leslie S - 5T '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Leslie Controls , Inc '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Wabtec , Inc '' . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Locomotive horns . Five Chime Consultants - online spotters ' guide to diesel locomotive horns in North America LocomotiveHorns.info - guide to collecting diesel locomotive air horns Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Train_horn&oldid=836743245 '' Categories : Locomotive parts Railway safety Sound production Collecting Encodings Hidden categories : Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Nederlands Polski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 16 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when do trains have to blow their horns | [
"On April 27, 2005, the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), which enforces rail safety regulations, published the final rule on the use of locomotive horns at highway-rail grade crossings.[4][5] Effective June 24, 2005, the rule requires that locomotive horns be sounded at all public grade crossings at least 15 seconds, but not more than 20 seconds before entering a crossing.[6] This rule applies when the train speed is below 45 mph (70 km/h). At 45 mph or above, trains are still required to sound their horn at the designated location (usually denoted with a whistle post)."
] | [
"at all public grade crossings"
] |
8469330632658516275 | Wilshire 5000 | Wilshire 5000 - wikipedia Wilshire 5000 Jump to : navigation , search Wilshire 5000 price The Wilshire 5000 Total Market Index , or more simply the Wilshire 5000 , is a market - capitalization - weighted index of the market value of all stocks actively traded in the United States . As of December 31 , 2016 the index contained only 3,618 components . The index is intended to measure the performance of most publicly traded companies headquartered in the United States , with readily available price data , ( Bulletin Board / penny stocks and stocks of extremely small companies are excluded ) . Hence , the index includes a majority of the common stocks and REITs traded primarily through New York Stock Exchange , NASDAQ , or the American Stock Exchange . Limited partnerships and ADRs are not included . It can be tracked by following the ticker ^ W5000 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Record high values 3 Versions 4 Calculation 5 Alternatives 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The Wilshire 5000 Total Market Index was established by the Wilshire Associates in 1974 , naming it for the approximate number of issues it included at the time . It was renamed the `` Dow Jones Wilshire 5000 '' in April 2004 , after Dow Jones & Company assumed responsibility for its calculation and maintenance . On March 31 , 2009 the partnership with Dow Jones was terminated and the index returned to Wilshire Associates . The base value for the index was 1404.60 points on base date December 31 , 1980 , when it had a total market capitalization of $1,404.596 billion . On that date , each one - index - point change in the index was equal to $1 billion . However , index divisor adjustments due to corporate actions and index composition changes have changed the relationship over time , so that by 2005 each index point reflected a change of about $1.2 billion in the index 's total market capitalization . The index increased tenfold in less than twenty years from its base date , peaking at a 20th - century closing record high of 14,751.64 points on March 24 , 2000 , a level that would not be surpassed until February 20 , 2007 . A hypothetical investment in the Wilshire 5000 , made at the 2000 peak and with subsequent dividends reinvested , did not become profitable on a closing basis until October 3 , 2006 . On April 20 , 2007 , the index closed above 15,000 for the first time . On that day , the S&P 500 was still several percentage points below its March 2000 high , because small cap issues absent from the S&P 500 and included in the Wilshire 5000 outperformed the large cap issues that dominate the S&P 500 during the cyclical bull market . The index reached an all - time high on October 9 , 2007 at the 15,806.69 point level , right before the onset of the Great Recession and the related financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 . Since late 2007 , the expansion of subprime lending difficulties into a wider financial crisis plunged the United States into a renewed bear market that accelerated beginning on September 15 , 2008 . On October 8 , the Wilshire 5000 closed below 10,000 for the first time since 2003 . The index continued trading downward towards a 13 - year low , reaching a bottom of 6,858.43 points , on March 9 , 2009 , representing a loss of about $10.9 trillion in market capitalization from its highs in 2007 . The Wilshire 5000 gained approximately $2.5 trillion in market value during the first 11 months of 2009 while the index rose 2,105 points . Therefore , as of November 2009 , each index point represented about $1.2 billion in market value . The index achieved a new highest yearly close on December 31 , 2012 , a few percent above those of 1999 and 2007 , but failed to do so above the 15,000 level ( after achieving it intraday ) by fewer than 5 points , closing with 14,995.11 points . However , it continued to rise in the short term such that , on February 8 , 2013 , the index surpassed the 16,000 level for the first time . It would be the first of four 1000 - point milestones that the index reached in 2013 , as the index closed above 17,000 for the first time on May 3 , 18,000 for the first time on August 1 , and 19,000 for the first time on November 14 . The Wilshire 5000 would close out 2013 on a record high , finishing the December 31 , 2013 trading session at 19,706.03 points . On February 28 , 2014 , the Wilshire 5000 had its first intraday high over 20,000 points . On March 4 , the index closed above this milestone for the first time . On July 1 , 2014 , the index closed above the 21,000 level for the first time . Record high values ( edit ) Type Date Set Value Highest Closing Friday , October 27 , 2017 26,817.34 Highest Intraday Friday , October 27 , 2017 26,828.10 Versions ( edit ) There are five versions of the index : Full capitalization total return Full capitalization price Float - adjusted total return Float - adjusted price Equal weight The difference between the total return and price versions of the index is that the total return versions accounts for reinvestment of dividends . The difference between the full capitalization , float - adjusted , and equal weight versions is in how the index components are weighted . The full cap index uses the total shares outstanding for each company . The float - adjusted index uses shares adjusted for free float . The equal - weighted index assigns each security in the index the same weight . Calculation ( edit ) Let : M = Number of issues included in the index ; P = Price of one share of issue i included in the index ; N = Number of shares of issue i for the full capitalization version , or the float of issue i for the float - adjusted version ; α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) = a fixed scaling factor . The value of the index is then : α ∑ i = 1 M N i P i ( \ displaystyle \ alpha \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( M ) N_ ( i ) P_ ( i ) ) At present , one index point corresponds to a little more than US $1 billion of market capitalization . The list of issues included in the index is updated monthly to add new listings resulting from corporate spin - offs and initial public offerings , and to remove issues which move to the pink sheets or that have ceased trading for at least 10 consecutive days . Alternatives ( edit ) The CRSP U.S. Total Market Index ( ticker CRSPTM1 ) is a very similar comprehensive index of U.S. stocks supplied by the Center for Research in Security Prices . It was especially designed for use by Index funds . After Dow Jones and Wilshire split up , Dow Jones made their own total stock market index , called the Dow Jones U.S. Total Stock Market Index , similar to the Wilshire 5000 . See also ( edit ) Wilshire Associates Wilshire 4500 Russell 3000 Dow Jones & Company News Corporation NASDAQ OMX NYSE Euronext S&P 1500 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Wilshire Associates - Wilshire 5000 Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ http://www.marketwatch.com/story/average-us-stock-at-all-ime-high-as-wilshire-index-sets-record Jump up ^ Hulbert , Mark ( 2006 - 09 - 28 ) . `` Losses from 2000 - 02 bear market have now been erased '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ http://www.pionline.com/article/20100324/DAILYREG/100329940 Jump up ^ `` Wilshire Indexes News Release , December 7 , 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Wilshire Associates Incorporated . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ https://finance.yahoo.com/q/hp?s=%5EW5000&a=04&b=1&c=2013&d=04&e=3&f=2013&g=d Jump up ^ `` Wilshire : Index Calculator Result '' . Jump up ^ `` Wilshire 5000 Methodology '' ( PDF ) . External links ( edit ) Official website Wilshire 5000 Family Yahoo ! Finance page for W5000 Major United States stock market indices Dow Jones Industrial Average ( 30 large stocks ; popular indicator ) NYSE Composite Index ( all companies on the NYSE ) Nasdaq Composite Index ( all companies on the NASDAQ ; technology - heavy ) NASDAQ - 100 Index ( 100 large NASDAQ non-financial stocks ) S&P 500 Index ( 500 large companies ; general market analysis ) Russell 2000 Index ( small - cap stocks ) Wilshire 5000 Index ( total U.S. market ) News Corp Dow Jones & Company National consumer products Barron 's Financial News Heat Street MarketWatch.com BigCharts VSE Vedomosti The Wall Street Journal The Wall Street Journal Asia The Wall Street Journal Europe Wall Street Journal Radio Network WSJ . Enterprise products Factiva S&P Dow Jones Indices ( 2.6 % ) HarperCollins United States Avon Caedmon Ecco Harper Harper Perennial I Can Read ! William Morrow and Company United Kingdom William Collins , Sons Collins Bartholomew The Friday Project Leckie & Leckie Australia Angus & Robertson Christian BibleGateway.com Thomas Nelson Women of Faith Zondervan Canada Harlequin Enterprises News Corp Australia Metropolitan newspapers The Australian The Daily Telegraph Herald Sun / Sunday Herald Sun The Courier Mail The Sunday Mail ( Brisbane ) The Advertiser The Sunday Times ( Western Australia ) The Mercury Northern Territory News mX Community newspapers Leader Community Newspapers ( Victoria ) NewsLocal ( NSW ) Quest Community Newspapers ( Queensland ) Messenger Newspapers ( South Australia ) Community Newspaper Group ( Western Australia ) Regional newspapers Geelong Advertiser Gold Coast Bulletin The Cairns Post Townsville Bulletin Magazines Big League GQ Australia Vogue Australia Television channels Fox Sports Pty Limited Fox Sports Fox Footy Fox League Fox Sports News Australian News Channel Sky News Live Sky News Business Channel Sky News Weather Channel A-PAC Professional sports Brisbane Broncos ( 68.87 % ) Other properties Australian Associated Press ( 45 % ) Newspoll ( polling brand ) Papua New Guinea Post-Courier ( 63 % ) REA Group ( 61.6 % ) Foxtel ( 50 % ) News UK The Times The Sunday Times The Sun The Times Literary Supplement Wireless Group Other assets Move New York Post News America Marketing News Outdoor Group See also List of assets owned by News Corp , 21st Century Fox , News Corporation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilshire_5000&oldid=807904354 '' Categories : American stock market indices Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch ไทย Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 19 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the wilshire 5000 total market index | [
"The Wilshire 5000 Total Market Index, or more simply the Wilshire 5000, is a market-capitalization-weighted index of the market value of all stocks actively traded in the United States. As of December 31, 2016 the index contained only 3,618 components.[1] The index is intended to measure the performance of most publicly traded companies headquartered in the United States, with readily available price data, (Bulletin Board/penny stocks and stocks of extremely small companies are excluded). Hence, the index includes a majority of the common stocks and REITs traded primarily through New York Stock Exchange, NASDAQ, or the American Stock Exchange. Limited partnerships and ADRs are not included. It can be tracked by following the ticker ^W5000."
] | [
"a market-capitalization-weighted index of the market value of all stocks actively traded in the United States"
] |
-7396794207693539207 | High School Football National Championship | High School football national championship - wikipedia High School football national championship Jump to : navigation , search The High School Football National Championship is a national championship honor awarded to the best high school football team ( s ) in the United States of America based on rankings from USA Today and the National Prep Poll . There have been some efforts over the years at organizing a single - game playoff for the national championship . Sometimes a dominant team in one state would defeat a dominant team in a neighboring state after the regular season and then would self - claim the national championship . However , sometimes such a game could not be scheduled , like in 1936 after Washington High School of Massillon , Ohio refused to withhold its black players in a proposed game with segregated Central High School of Knoxville , Tennessee . Central High subsequently proclaimed itself national champion that year . On December 31 , 1938 , duPont Manual of Louisville , Kentucky and New Britain of Connecticut played in an actual national championship game in Baton Rouge with the Louisiana Sports Association as the formal sponsor -- and , by extension , the Sugar Bowl Committee , which held a series of sporting events leading up to the Sugar Bowl game itself . Manual won , 28 -- 20 . The following year , on December 30 , the game featured Pine Bluff , Arkansas , which defeated Baton Rouge High School by a score of 26 -- 0 . This series of games proved difficult to organize , due to some states ' prohibition of postseason play . Pine Bluff , for example , had to receive a special waiver from its state to participate in the game . In 1962 , Florida state champion Miami Senior High beat Baltimore Polytechnic in the Orange Bowl and was recognized by Imperial Sports Syndicate of California as a national champion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Selectors 2 National Champions by year 3 National Championships by school ( multiple winners only ) 4 See also 5 Sources 6 References Selectors ( edit ) Selector Years National Sports News Service ( NSNS ) 1910 -- 1916 , 1918 -- 1943 , 1946 -- 1999 Louisiana Sports Association ( LSA ) 1938 -- 39 USA TODAY ( USA ) 1982 -- present National Prep Poll ( NPP ) 1987 -- present MaxPreps Freeman Computer Rankings ( Freeman ) 2004 -- present MaxPreps Composite Rankings ( MPComposite ) 2013 -- present High School Football America Top 25 ( Algorithm ) 2012 -- present National Champions by year ( edit ) Year Champion ( s ) Record Coach Selector ( s ) 1910 Oak Park , IL 10 -- 2 Robert Zuppke NSNS 1911 Oak Park , IL 10 -- 0 Robert Zuppke NSNS 1912 Oak Park , IL 10 -- 0 Robert Zuppke NSNS 1913 Oak Park , IL 10 -- 1 Glenn Thistlewaite NSNS 1914 Everett , MA 13 -- 0 Cleo O'Donnell NSNS 1915 Detroit , MI , Central 11 -- 0 -- 1 Edbert C. Buss NSNS Everett , MA 11 -- 0 -- 1 Cleo O'Donnell NSNS 1916 San Diego , CA Scott , Toledo , Ohio 12 - 0 - 0 10 - 0 - 0 Nibs Price Tom Merrell NSNS NSNS 1917 No Known Champion 1918 Harrisburg , PA , Tech 9 -- 0 Paul Smith NSNS 1919 Harrisburg , PA , Tech 12 -- 0 Paul Smith NSNS 1920 Everett , WA 9 -- 0 -- 1 Enoch Bagshaw NSNS Oak Park , IL 9 -- 0 -- 1 Glenn Thistlewaite NSNS 1921 Jacksonville , FL , Duval 8 -- 0 Unknown NSNS 1922 Toledo , OH , Scott 9 -- 0 Dr. William A. Neill NSNS 1923 East Cleveland , OH , Shaw 9 -- 1 John Snavely NSNS Toledo , OH , Scott 10 -- 0 Dr. William A. Neill NSNS 1924 Toledo , OH , Waite 10 -- 0 Joe C. Collins NSNS 1925 Pine Bluff , AR 16 -- 0 Foy Hammons NSNS 1926 Tuscaloosa , AL 9 -- 0 Paul Burnum NSNS 1927 Waco , TX 14 -- 0 Paul Tyson NSNS 1928 Medford , OR 9 -- 0 Prink Callison NSNS 1929 Tuscaloosa , AL 9 -- 0 Paul Burnum NSNS 1930 Phoenix , AZ , Union 13 -- 0 R.R. Robinson NSNS 1931 Ashland , KY 10 -- 0 Paul Jenkins NSNS 1932 Toledo , OH , Waite 12 -- 0 Donald McCallister NSNS 1933 Oklahoma City , OK , Capitol Hill 12 -- 0 Jim Lookabaugh NSNS 1934 Canton , OH , McKinley 11 -- 0 Jimmy Aiken NSNS 1935 Massillon , OH , Washington 10 -- 0 Paul Brown NSNS 1936 Massillon , OH , Washington 10 -- 0 Paul Brown NSNS 1937 Chicago , IL , Austin 10 -- 0 William Heiland NSNS 1938 Louisville , KY , Manual 10 -- 0 Ray Baer LSA , NSNS 1939 Massillon , OH , Washington 10 -- 0 Paul Brown NSNS Pine Bluff , AR 11 -- 0 -- 1 Allen Dunaway LSA 1940 Massillon , OH , Washington 10 -- 0 Paul Brown NSNS 1941 Chicago , IL , Leo 11 -- 0 Whitey Cronin NSNS 1942 Miami , FL 9 -- 0 Lyles Alley NSNS 1943 Miami , FL 9 -- 0 Tom Moore NSNS 1944 No Award Made 1945 No Award Made 1946 Little Rock , AR , Senior 14 -- 0 Raymond Burnett NSNS 1947 East Chicago , IN , Roosevelt 9 -- 0 Unknown NSNS Lynn , MA , Classical 11 -- 1 Bill Joyce ( 1 ) NSNS 1948 Waco , TX 14 -- 0 Carl Price NSNS 1949 Wichita Falls , TX 14 -- 0 Joe Golding NSNS 1950 Massillon , OH , Washington 10 -- 0 Chuck Mather NSNS 1951 Weymouth , MA 9 -- 0 Harry Arlanson ( 2 ) NSNS 1952 Massillon , OH , Washington 10 -- 0 Chuck Mather NSNS 1953 Massillon , OH , Washington 10 -- 0 Chuck Mather NSNS 1954 Vallejo , CA 9 -- 0 Bob Patterson NSNS 1955 San Diego , CA 12 -- 0 Duane Maley NSNS 1956 Abilene , TX 14 -- 0 Charles Moser NSNS 1957 Little Rock , AR , Central 12 -- 0 Wilson Matthews NSNS Downey HS , Downey , California 11 -- 0 NSNS 1958 Oak Ridge , TN , Oak Ridge 10 -- 0 Jack Armstrong NSNS 1959 Massillon , OH , Washington 10 -- 0 Leo Strang NSNS 1960 Miami , Fla . 8 - 0 - 2 Ottis Mooney NSNS 1961 Massillon , OH , Washington 11 -- 0 Leo Strang NSNS 1962 Valdosta , GA 12 -- 0 Wright Bazemore NSNS 1963 Chicago , IL , St. Rita 9 -- 0 Edward Buckley NSNS 1964 Coral Gables , FL 12 -- 0 Nick Kotys NSNS 1965 Miami , FL 12 -- 0 Robert Carlton NSNS 1966 Pico Rivera , CA , El Rancho 13 -- 0 Ernest Johnson NSNS 1967 Austin , TX , Reagan 14 -- 0 Travis Raven NSNS Coral Gables , FL 13 -- 0 Nick Kotys NSNS 1968 Austin , TX , Reagan 15 -- 0 Travis Raven NSNS Coral Gables , FL 12 -- 1 Nick Kotys NSNS 1969 Coral Gables , FL 11 -- 0 Nick Kotys NSNS Valdosta , GA 12 -- 0 -- 1 Wright Bazemore NSNS 1970 Reagan , Austin , Texas 14 -- 1 Travis Raven NSNS 1971 Valdosta , GA 13 -- 0 Wright Bazemore NSNS 1972 Bristol , TN 13 -- 0 John Cropp NSNS 1973 Chattanooga , TN , Baylor 13 -- 0 E.B. Etter NSNS Thomasville , GA 12 -- 1 Jim Hughes NSNS Los Angeles , CA , Loyola 13 -- 0 Marty Shaughnessy NSNS 1976 Moeller , Cincinnati , Oh 12 - 0 Gerry Faust NSNS Warner Robins , Warner Robins , Ga . 13 - 0 Robert Davis NSNS 1977 Cincinnati , OH , Moeller 12 -- 0 Gerry Faust NSNS 1978 Annandale , VA 14 -- 0 Bob Hardage NSNS 1979 Cincinnati , OH , Moeller 12 -- 0 Gerry Faust NSNS 1980 Cincinnati , OH , Moeller 13 -- 0 Gerry Faust NSNS 1981 Warner Robins , GA 15 -- 0 Robert Davis NSNS 1982 Cincinnati , OH , Moeller 13 -- 0 Steve Klonne NSNS , USA Berwick Area , PA 13 -- 0 George Curry NSNS , USA 1984 Valdosta , GA 15 -- 0 Nick Hyder NSNS , USA 1985 East St. Louis , IL 14 -- 0 Bob Shannon NSNS , USA 1986 Valdosta , GA 15 -- 0 Nick Hyder NSNS , USA Fontana , CA 14 -- 0 Dick Bruich NPP Pittsburgh , PA , North Hills 13 -- 0 Jack McCurry USA Plano , TX 16 -- 0 Gerald Brence NSNS Pensacola , FL , Pine Forest 14 -- 0 Carl Madison NSNS , USA Prichard , AL , Vigor 13 -- 0 Harold Clark NPP Cleveland , OH , St. Ignatius 13 -- 0 Chuck Kyle USA Odessa , TX , Permian 16 -- 0 Gary Gaines NPP , NSNS Houston , Texas Aldine High School 15 -- 0 Bill Smith NPP Lawton , OK , Eisenhower 14 -- 0 Tim Reynolds USA Ruston , LA 14 -- 0 Jimmy `` Chick '' Childress NSNS 1991 Indianapolis , IN , Ben Davis 14 -- 0 Dick Dullaghan NPP , NSNS LaGrange , GA 15 -- 0 Gary Guthrie USA Berwick Area , PA 15 -- 0 George Curry USA Valdosta , GA 14 -- 0 Nick Hyder NPP , NSNS Cleveland , OH , St. Ignatius 14 -- 0 Chuck Kyle NPP , NSNS , USA Concord , CA , De La Salle 13 -- 0 Bob Ladouceur NPP , NSNS Santa Ana , CA , Mater Dei 14 -- 0 Bruce Rollinson USA 1995 Berwick Area , PA 15 -- 0 George Curry USA Cleveland , OH , St. Ignatius 14 -- 0 Chuck Kyle NPP , NSNS Hampton , VA 14 -- 0 Mike Smith NPP , NSNS Santa Ana , CA , Mater Dei 14 -- 0 Bruce Rollinson USA Canton , OH , McKinley 14 -- 0 Thom McDaniels USA Hampton , VA 13 -- 0 Mike Smith NPP , NSNS 1998 Concord , CA , De La Salle 12 -- 0 Bob Ladouceur NPP , NSNS , USA 1999 Concord , CA , De La Salle 12 -- 0 Bob Ladouceur NSNS Midland , TX , Lee 15 -- 0 John Parchman USA Shreveport , LA , Evangel Christian 15 -- 0 Dennis Dunn NPP 2000 Concord , CA , De La Salle 13 -- 0 Bob Ladouceur NPP , USA Concord , CA , De La Salle 12 -- 0 Bob Ladouceur NPP , USA 2002 Concord , CA , De La Salle 13 -- 0 Bob Ladouceur NPP , USA 2003 Concord , CA , De La Salle 13 -- 0 Bob Ladouceur NPP , USA Southlake , TX , Carroll 16 -- 0 Todd Dodge NPP , USA 2005 Lakeland , FL 15 -- 0 Bill Castle USA Southlake , TX , Carroll 16 -- 0 Todd Dodge NPP , Freeman 2006 Lakeland , FL 15 -- 0 Bill Castle NPP Southlake , TX , Carroll 16 -- 0 Todd Dodge USA , Freeman 2007 Cincinnati , OH , St. Xavier 15 -- 0 Steve Specht NPP , Freeman Miami , FL , Northwestern 15 -- 0 Billy Rolle USA 2008 Fort Lauderdale , FL , St. Thomas Aquinas 15 -- 0 George Smith NPP , USA , Freeman 2009 Ramsey , NJ , Don Bosco Prep 12 -- 0 Greg Toal NPP , USA , Freeman Fort Lauderdale , FL , St. Thomas Aquinas 15 -- 0 George Smith NPP South Panola , MS 15 -- 0 Lance Pogue USA , Freeman 2011 Ramsey , NJ , Don Bosco Prep 11 -- 0 Greg Toal NPP , USA , Freeman 2012 River Ridge , LA , John Curtis Christian 14 -- 0 J.T. Curtis NPP , USA 2013 Miami , FL , Booker T. Washington 16 - 0 Jason Negro NPP , USA 2014 Las Vegas , NV , Bishop Gorman 15 -- 0 Tony Sanchez NPP , USA 2015 Katy , TX 16 - 0 Gary Joseph NPP Las Vegas , NV , Bishop Gorman 15 -- 0 Kenny Sanchez USA 2016 Las Vegas , NV , Bishop Gorman 15 -- 0 Kenny Sanchez NPP , USA , Freeman , High School Football America National Championships by school ( multiple winners only ) ( edit ) School Championships Years Massillon , OH , Washington 9 1935 , 1936 , 1939 , 1940 , 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1959 , 1961 Concord , CA , De La Salle 7 1994 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 Valdosta , GA 6 1962 , 1969 , 1971 , 1984 , 1986 , 1992 Miami , FL 5 1942 , 1943 , 1960 , 1962 , 1965 Cincinnati , OH , Moeller 5 1976 , 1977 , 1979 , 1980 , 1982 Oak Park , IL 5 1910 , 1911 , 1912 , 1913 , 1920 Coral Gables , FL 1964 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 Austin , TX , Reagan 1967 , 1968 , 1970 Berwick , PA 1983 , 1992 , 1995 Cleveland , OH , St. Ignatius 1989 , 1993 , 1995 Southlake , TX , Carroll 2004 , 2005 , 2006 Las Vegas , NV , Bishop Gorman 2014 , 2015 , 2016 Canton , OH , McKinley 1997 , 1998 Everett , MA 1914 , 1915 Fort Lauderdale , FL , St. Thomas Aquinas 2008 , 2010 Lakeland , FL 2005 , 2006 Little Rock , AR , Central 1946 , 1957 Odessa , TX , Permian 1972 , 1989 Pine Bluff , AR 1925 , 1939 Ramsey , NJ , Don Bosco Prep 2009 , 2011 Santa Ana , CA , Mater Dei 1994 , 1996 Toledo , OH , Scott 1922 , 1923 Toledo , OH , Waite 1924 , 1932 Tuscaloosa , AL 1926 , 1929 Waco , TX , 2 1927 , 1948 Warner Robins , GA 1976 , 1981 See also ( edit ) USA Today All - USA high school football team ( including Super 25 teams in U.S. and Top 10 teams in East , South , Midwest , and West regions ) USA Today High School Football Coach of the Year Sources ( edit ) http://www.highschoolsports.net/super25/Football/Varsity/Boys Huff , Doug & Tennis , Mark . ( 2001 ) National High School Football Record Book , Student Sports . ISBN 0 - 9708676 - 0 - 3 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See USA Today All - USA high school football team # 2010 team , for `` USA TODAY Super 25 '' teams and `` USA TODAY Super 25 regional rankings '' ( top 10 in each region : East , South , Midwest , West ) . ^ Jump up to : George Abraham ( December 31 , 1939 ) . `` Hutson Twins Lead Zebras to 26 -- 0 Win : Devastating Offensive Too Much for B.R.H.S. '' . Baton Rouge Morning Advocate ( p. 1 ) . Jump up ^ Groeschen , Tom ( 2001 - 08 - 24 ) . `` Moeller coach Bob Crable draws spotlight '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . Cincinnati , Ohio : Gannett Company . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 26 . Klonne was asked to resign despite a 19 - season record of 169 -- 48 , including two state titles ( 1982 , ' 85 ) and a USA Today national championship in 1982 . ( hide ) High school football awards Team award USA Today / National Prep Poll High School Football National Championship Overall trophies U.S. Army Player of the Year Award Sam B. Nicola Trophy Gatorade Player of the Year Award Overall media awards USA Today Offensive Player of the Year USA Today Defensive Player of the Year Mr. Football USA Positional awards Anthony Muñoz Award ( Lineman ) Dick Butkus Award ( Linebacker ) Walter Payton Trophy ( Best Athlete ) All - Americans Parade High School All - Americans USA Today All - USA Team Head Coaching awards USA Today Coach of the Year Academic , inspirational , and versatility awards Rudy Award ( inspirational / motivational ) Regional awards Glenn Davis Award ( Los Angeles ) Kennedy Award ( West Virginia ) Thomas A. Simone Award ( Kansas City ) Mr. Football Award ( Multiple States ) http://www.ohsaa.org/sports/ft/boys/PastResults/results98.PDF Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High_School_Football_National_Championship&oldid=803347990 '' Categories : High school football trophies and awards in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 23 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the high school football national championship | [
"\n\nYear\nChampion(s)\nRecord\nCoach\nSelector(s)\n\n\n1910\nOak Park, IL\n10–2\nRobert Zuppke\nNSNS\n\n\n1911\nOak Park, IL\n10–0\nRobert Zuppke\nNSNS\n\n\n1912\nOak Park, IL\n10–0\nRobert Zuppke\nNSNS\n\n\n1913\nOak Park, IL\n10–1\nGlenn Thistlewaite\nNSNS\n\n\n1914\nEverett, MA\n13–0\nCleo O'Donnell\nNSNS\n\n\n1915\nDetroit, MI, Central\n11–0–1\nEdbert C. Buss\nNSNS\n\n\nEverett, MA\n11–0–1\nCleo O'Donnell\nNSNS\n\n\n1916\nSan Diego, CA\nScott, Toledo, Ohio\n\n12-0-0\n10-0-0\n\nNibs Price\nTom Merrell\n\nNSNS\nNSNS\n\n\n\n1917\nNo Known Champion\n\n\n\n\n\n1918\nHarrisburg, PA, Tech\n9–0\nPaul Smith\nNSNS\n\n\n1919\nHarrisburg, PA, Tech\n12–0\nPaul Smith\nNSNS\n\n\n1920\nEverett, WA\n9–0–1\nEnoch Bagshaw\nNSNS\n\n\nOak Park, IL\n9–0–1\nGlenn Thistlewaite\nNSNS\n\n\n1921\nJacksonville, FL, Duval\n8–0\nUnknown\nNSNS\n\n\n1922\nToledo, OH, Scott\n9–0\nDr. William A. Neill\nNSNS\n\n\n1923\nEast Cleveland, OH, Shaw\n9–1\nJohn Snavely\nNSNS\n\n\nToledo, OH, Scott\n10–0\nDr. William A. Neill\nNSNS\n\n\n1924\nToledo, OH, Waite\n10–0\nJoe C. Collins\nNSNS\n\n\n1925\nPine Bluff, AR\n16–0\nFoy Hammons\nNSNS\n\n\n1926\nTuscaloosa, AL\n9–0\nPaul Burnum\nNSNS\n\n\n1927\nWaco, TX\n14–0\nPaul Tyson\nNSNS\n\n\n1928\nMedford, OR\n9–0\nPrink Callison\nNSNS\n\n\n1929\nTuscaloosa, AL\n9–0\nPaul Burnum\nNSNS\n\n\n1930\nPhoenix, AZ, Union\n13–0\nR.R. Robinson\nNSNS\n\n\n1931\nAshland, KY\n10–0\nPaul Jenkins\nNSNS\n\n\n1932\nToledo, OH, Waite\n12–0\nDonald McCallister\nNSNS\n\n\n1933\nOklahoma City, OK, Capitol Hill\n12–0\nJim Lookabaugh\nNSNS\n\n\n1934\nCanton, OH, McKinley\n11–0\nJimmy Aiken\nNSNS\n\n\n1935\nMassillon, OH, Washington\n10–0\nPaul Brown\nNSNS\n\n\n1936\nMassillon, OH, Washington\n10–0\nPaul Brown\nNSNS\n\n\n1937\nChicago, IL, Austin\n10–0\nWilliam Heiland\nNSNS\n\n\n1938\nLouisville, KY, Manual\n10–0\nRay Baer\nLSA,[2] NSNS\n\n\n1939\nMassillon, OH, Washington\n10–0\nPaul Brown\nNSNS\n\n\nPine Bluff, AR\n11–0–1\nAllen Dunaway\nLSA[2]\n\n\n1940\nMassillon, OH, Washington\n10–0\nPaul Brown\nNSNS\n\n\n1941\nChicago, IL, Leo\n11–0\nWhitey Cronin\nNSNS\n\n\n1942\nMiami, FL\n9–0\nLyles Alley\nNSNS\n\n\n1943\nMiami, FL\n9–0\nTom Moore\nNSNS\n\n\n1944\nNo Award Made\n\n\n\n\n\n1945\nNo Award Made\n\n\n\n\n\n1946\nLittle Rock, AR, Senior\n14–0\nRaymond Burnett\nNSNS\n\n\n1947\nEast Chicago, IN, Roosevelt\n9–0\nUnknown\nNSNS\n\n\nLynn, MA, Classical\n11–1\nBill Joyce [1]\nNSNS\n\n\n1948\nWaco, TX\n14–0\nCarl Price\nNSNS\n\n\n1949\nWichita Falls, TX\n14–0\nJoe Golding\nNSNS\n\n\n1950\nMassillon, OH, Washington\n10–0\nChuck Mather\nNSNS\n\n\n1951\nWeymouth, MA\n9–0\nHarry Arlanson [2]\nNSNS\n\n\n1952\nMassillon, OH, Washington\n10–0\nChuck Mather\nNSNS\n\n\n1953\nMassillon, OH, Washington\n10–0\nChuck Mather\nNSNS\n\n\n1954\nVallejo, CA\n9–0\nBob Patterson\nNSNS\n\n\n1955\nSan Diego, CA\n12–0\nDuane Maley\nNSNS\n\n\n1956\nAbilene, TX\n14–0\nCharles Moser\nNSNS\n\n\n1957\nLittle Rock, AR, Central\n12–0\nWilson Matthews\nNSNS\n\n\nDowney HS, Downey, California\n11–0\n\nNSNS\n\n\n1958\nOak Ridge, TN, Oak Ridge\n10–0\nJack Armstrong\nNSNS\n\n\n1959\nMassillon, OH, Washington\n10–0\nLeo Strang\nNSNS\n\n\n1960\nMiami, Fla.\n8-0-2\nOttis Mooney\nNSNS\n\n\n1961\nMassillon, OH, Washington\n11–0\nLeo Strang\nNSNS\n\n\n1962\nValdosta, GA\n12–0\nWright Bazemore\nNSNS\n\n\n1963\nChicago, IL, St. Rita\n9–0\nEdward Buckley\nNSNS\n\n\n1964\nCoral Gables, FL\n12–0\nNick Kotys\nNSNS\n\n\n1965\nMiami, FL\n12–0\nRobert Carlton\nNSNS\n\n\n1966\nPico Rivera, CA, El Rancho\n13–0\nErnest Johnson\nNSNS\n\n\n1967\nAustin, TX, Reagan\n14–0\nTravis Raven\nNSNS\n\n\nCoral Gables, FL\n13–0\nNick Kotys\nNSNS\n\n\n1968\nAustin, TX, Reagan\n15–0\nTravis Raven\nNSNS\n\n\nCoral Gables, FL\n12–1\nNick Kotys\nNSNS\n\n\n1969\nCoral Gables, FL\n11–0\nNick Kotys\nNSNS\n\n\nValdosta, GA\n12–0–1\nWright Bazemore\nNSNS\n\n\n1970\nReagan, Austin, Texas\n14–1\nTravis Raven\nNSNS\n\n\n1971\nValdosta, GA\n13–0\nWright Bazemore\nNSNS\n\n\n1972\nBristol, TN\n13–0\nJohn Cropp\nNSNS\n\n\n1973\nChattanooga, TN, Baylor\n13–0\nE. B. Etter\nNSNS\n\n\n1974\nThomasville, GA\n12–1\nJim Hughes\nNSNS\n\n\n1975\nLos Angeles, CA, Loyola\n13–0\nMarty Shaughnessy\nNSNS\n\n\n1976\nMoeller, Cincinnati, Oh\n12-0\nGerry Faust\nNSNS\n\n\nWarner Robins, Warner Robins, Ga.\n13-0\nRobert Davis\nNSNS\n\n\n1977\nCincinnati, OH, Moeller\n12–0\nGerry Faust\nNSNS\n\n\n1978\nAnnandale, VA\n14–0\nBob Hardage\nNSNS\n\n\n1979\nCincinnati, OH, Moeller\n12–0\nGerry Faust\nNSNS\n\n\n1980\nCincinnati, OH, Moeller\n13–0\nGerry Faust\nNSNS\n\n\n1981\nWarner Robins, GA\n15–0\nRobert Davis\nNSNS\n\n\n1982\nCincinnati, OH, Moeller\n13–0\nSteve Klonne[3]\nNSNS, USA\n\n\n1983\nBerwick Area, PA\n13–0\nGeorge Curry\nNSNS, USA\n\n\n1984\nValdosta, GA\n15–0\nNick Hyder\nNSNS, USA\n\n\n1985\nEast St. Louis, IL\n14–0\nBob Shannon\nNSNS, USA\n\n\n1986\nValdosta, GA\n15–0\nNick Hyder\nNSNS, USA\n\n\n1987\nFontana, CA\n14–0\nDick Bruich\nNPP\n\n\nPittsburgh, PA, North Hills\n13–0\nJack McCurry\nUSA\n\n\nPlano, TX\n16–0\nGerald Brence\nNSNS\n\n\n1988\nPensacola, FL, Pine Forest\n14–0\nCarl Madison\nNSNS, USA\n\n\nPrichard, AL, Vigor\n13–0\nHarold Clark\nNPP\n\n\n1989\nCleveland, OH, St. Ignatius\n13–0\nChuck Kyle\nUSA\n\n\nOdessa, TX, Permian\n16–0\nGary Gaines\nNPP, NSNS\n\n\n1990\nHouston, Texas Aldine High School\n15–0\nBill Smith\nNPP\n\n\nLawton, OK, Eisenhower\n14–0\nTim Reynolds\nUSA\n\n\nRuston, LA\n14–0\nJimmy \"Chick\" Childress\nNSNS\n\n\n1991\nIndianapolis, IN, Ben Davis\n14–0\nDick Dullaghan\nNPP, NSNS\n\n\nLaGrange, GA\n15–0\nGary Guthrie\nUSA\n\n\n1992\nBerwick Area, PA\n15–0\nGeorge Curry\nUSA\n\n\nValdosta, GA\n14–0\nNick Hyder\nNPP, NSNS\n\n\n1993\nCleveland, OH, St. Ignatius\n14–0\nChuck Kyle\nNPP, NSNS, USA\n\n\n1994\nConcord, CA, De La Salle\n13–0\nBob Ladouceur\nNPP, NSNS\n\n\nSanta Ana, CA, Mater Dei\n14–0\nBruce Rollinson\nUSA\n\n\n1995\nBerwick Area, PA\n15–0\nGeorge Curry\nUSA\n\n\nCleveland, OH, St. Ignatius\n14–0\nChuck Kyle\nNPP, NSNS\n\n\n1996\nHampton, VA\n14–0\nMike Smith\nNPP, NSNS\n\n\nSanta Ana, CA, Mater Dei\n14–0\nBruce Rollinson\nUSA\n\n\n1997\nCanton, OH, McKinley\n14–0\nThom McDaniels\nUSA\n\n\nHampton, VA\n13–0\nMike Smith\nNPP, NSNS\n\n\n1998\nConcord, CA, De La Salle\n12–0\nBob Ladouceur\nNPP, NSNS, USA\n\n\n1999\nConcord, CA, De La Salle\n12–0\nBob Ladouceur\nNSNS\n\n\nMidland, TX, Lee\n15–0\nJohn Parchman\nUSA\n\n\nShreveport, LA, Evangel Christian\n15–0\nDennis Dunn\nNPP\n\n\n2000\nConcord, CA, De La Salle\n13–0\nBob Ladouceur\nNPP, USA\n\n\n2001\nConcord, CA, De La Salle\n12–0\nBob Ladouceur\nNPP, USA\n\n\n2002\nConcord, CA, De La Salle\n13–0\nBob Ladouceur\nNPP, USA\n\n\n2003\nConcord, CA, De La Salle\n13–0\nBob Ladouceur\nNPP, USA\n\n\n2004\nSouthlake, TX, Carroll\n16–0\nTodd Dodge\nNPP, USA\n\n\n2005\nLakeland, FL\n15–0\nBill Castle\nUSA\n\n\nSouthlake, TX, Carroll\n16–0\nTodd Dodge\nNPP, Freeman\n\n\n2006\nLakeland, FL\n15–0\nBill Castle\nNPP\n\n\nSouthlake, TX, Carroll\n16–0\nTodd Dodge\nUSA, Freeman\n\n\n2007\nCincinnati, OH, St. Xavier\n15–0\nSteve Specht\nNPP, Freeman\n\n\nMiami, FL, Northwestern\n15–0\nBilly Rolle\nUSA\n\n\n2008\nFort Lauderdale, FL, St. Thomas Aquinas\n15–0\nGeorge Smith\nNPP, USA, Freeman\n\n\n2009\nRamsey, NJ, Don Bosco Prep\n12–0\nGreg Toal\nNPP, USA, Freeman\n\n\n2010\nFort Lauderdale, FL, St. Thomas Aquinas\n15–0\nGeorge Smith\nNPP\n\n\nSouth Panola, MS\n15–0\nLance Pogue\nUSA, Freeman\n\n\n2011\nRamsey, NJ, Don Bosco Prep\n11–0\nGreg Toal\nNPP, USA, Freeman\n\n\n2012\nRiver Ridge, LA, John Curtis Christian\n14–0\nJ.T. Curtis\nNPP, USA\n\n\n2013\nMiami, FL, Booker T. Washington\n16-0\nJason Negro\nNPP, USA\n\n\n2014\nLas Vegas, NV, Bishop Gorman\n15–0\nTony Sanchez\nNPP, USA\n\n\n2015\nKaty, TX\n16-0\nGary Joseph\nNPP\n\n\nLas Vegas, NV, Bishop Gorman\n15–0\nKenny Sanchez\nUSA\n\n\n2016\nLas Vegas, NV, Bishop Gorman\n15–0\nKenny Sanchez\nNPP, USA, Freeman, High School Football America\n\n"
] | [
"Bishop Gorman"
] |
-2148560302635310074 | Great Pyramid of Giza | Great pyramid of Giza - wikipedia Great pyramid of Giza Jump to : navigation , search The Great Pyramid of Giza Owner Khufu Location Giza pyramid complex , Giza , Egypt Coordinates 29 ° 58 ′ 45.03 '' N 31 ° 08 ′ 03.69 '' E / 29.9791750 ° N 31.1343583 ° E / 29.9791750 ; 31.1343583 Coordinates : 29 ° 58 ′ 45.03 '' N 31 ° 08 ′ 03.69 '' E / 29.9791750 ° N 31.1343583 ° E / 29.9791750 ; 31.1343583 Ancient name Khufu 's Horizon Architect Hemiunu Constructed c. 2580 -- 2560 BC ( 4th dynasty ) Type True pyramid Height 146.7 metres ( 481 ft ) or 280 cubits ( ancient ) 138.8 metres ( 455 ft ) ( contemporary ) Base 230.34 metres ( 756 ft ) or 440 cubits Volume 2,583,283 cubic metres ( 91,227,778 cu ft ) Slope 51 ° 52 ' ± 2 ' UNESCO World Heritage Site Criteria Cultural : ( i ) , ( iii ) , ( vi ) Reference 86 - 002 Inscription 1979 ( 3rd Session ) Location of Great Pyramid of Giza Related media on Wikimedia Commons ( edit on Wikidata ) The Great Pyramid of Giza ( also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops ) is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering what is now El Giza , Egypt . It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , and the only one to remain largely intact . Based on a mark in an interior chamber naming the work gang and a reference to fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu , Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was built as a tomb over a 10 to 20 - year period concluding around 2560 BC . Initially at 146.5 metres ( 481 feet ) , the Great Pyramid was the tallest man - made structure in the world for more than 3,800 years . Originally , the Great Pyramid was covered by casing stones that formed a smooth outer surface ; what is seen today is the underlying core structure . Some of the casing stones that once covered the structure can still be seen around the base . There have been varying scientific and alternative theories about the Great Pyramid 's construction techniques . Most accepted construction hypotheses are based on the idea that it was built by moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and lifting them into place . There are three known chambers inside the Great Pyramid . The lowest chamber is cut into the bedrock upon which the pyramid was built and was unfinished . The so - called Queen 's Chamber and King 's Chamber are higher up within the pyramid structure . The main part of the Giza complex is a setting of buildings that included two mortuary temples in honour of Khufu ( one close to the pyramid and one near the Nile ) , three smaller pyramids for Khufu 's wives , an even smaller `` satellite '' pyramid , a raised causeway connecting the two temples , and small mastaba tombs surrounding the pyramid for nobles . Transparent view of Khufu 's pyramid from SE . Taken from a 3d model Contents ( hide ) 1 History and description 2 Materials 2.1 Casing stones 2.2 Construction theories 3 Interior 3.1 Queen 's Chamber 3.2 Grand Gallery 3.3 King 's Chamber 3.4 Modern entrance 4 Pyramid complex 5 Boats 6 Looting 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History and description Timeline and map of the Great Pyramid of Giza and the other Wonders of the Ancient World It is believed the pyramid was built as a tomb for Fourth Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Khufu ( often Hellenicised as `` Cheops '' ) and was constructed over a 20 - year period . Khufu 's vizier , Hemiunu ( also called Hemon ) , is believed by some to be the architect of the Great Pyramid . It is thought that , at construction , the Great Pyramid was originally 280 Egyptian cubits tall ( 146.5 metres ( 480.6 ft ) ) , but with erosion and absence of its pyramidion , its present height is 138.8 metres ( 455.4 ft ) . Each base side was 440 cubits , 230.4 metres ( 755.9 ft ) long . The mass of the pyramid is estimated at 5.9 million tonnes . The volume , including an internal hillock , is roughly 2,500,000 cubic metres ( 88,000,000 cu ft ) . Based on these estimates , building the pyramid in 20 years would involve installing approximately 800 tonnes of stone every day . Additionally , since it consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks , completing the building in 20 years would involve moving an average of more than 12 of the blocks into place each hour , day and night . The first precision measurements of the pyramid were made by Egyptologist Sir Flinders Petrie in 1880 -- 82 and published as The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh . Almost all reports are based on his measurements . Many of the casing stones and inner chamber blocks of the Great Pyramid fit together with extremely high precision . Based on measurements taken on the northeastern casing stones , the mean opening of the joints is only 0.5 millimetre wide ( 1 / 50 of an inch ) . Great Pyramid of Giza from a 19th - century stereopticon card photo The pyramid remained the tallest man - made structure in the world for over 3,800 years , unsurpassed until the 160 - metre - tall ( 520 ft ) spire of Lincoln Cathedral was completed c. 1300 . The accuracy of the pyramid 's workmanship is such that the four sides of the base have an average error of only 58 millimetres in length . The base is horizontal and flat to within ± 15 mm ( 0.6 in ) . The sides of the square base are closely aligned to the four cardinal compass points ( within four minutes of arc ) based on true north , not magnetic north , and the finished base was squared to a mean corner error of only 12 seconds of arc . The completed design dimensions , as suggested by Petrie 's survey and subsequent studies , are estimated to have originally been 280 royal cubits high by 440 cubits long at each of the four sides of its base . The ratio of the perimeter to height of 1760 / 280 royal cubits equates to 2 π to an accuracy of better than 0.05 % ( corresponding to the well - known approximation of π as 22 / 7 ) . Some Egyptologists consider this to have been the result of deliberate design proportion . Verner wrote , `` We can conclude that although the ancient Egyptians could not precisely define the value of π , in practice they used it '' . Petrie , author of Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh concluded : `` but these relations of areas and of circular ratio are so systematic that we should grant that they were in the builder 's design '' . Others have argued that the Ancient Egyptians had no concept of pi and would not have thought to encode it in their monuments . They believe that the observed pyramid slope may be based on a simple seked slope choice alone , with no regard to the overall size and proportions of the finished building . In 2013 rolls of papyrus called The diary of Merer were discovered written by some of those who delivered stone and other construction materials to Khufu 's brother at Giza . Materials The Great Pyramid consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks which most believe to have been transported from nearby quarries . The Tura limestone used for the casing was quarried across the river . The largest granite stones in the pyramid , found in the `` King 's '' chamber , weigh 25 to 80 tonnes and were transported from Aswan , more than 800 km ( 500 mi ) away . Traditionally , ancient Egyptians cut stone blocks by hammering into them some wooden wedges , which were then soaked with water . As the water was absorbed , the wedges expanded , causing the rock to crack . Once they were cut , they were carried by boat either up or down the Nile River to the pyramid . It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of limestone , 8,000 tonnes of granite ( imported from Aswan ) , and 500,000 tonnes of mortar were used in the construction of the Great Pyramid . Casing stones Casing stone in the British Museum . At completion , the Great Pyramid was surfaced by white `` casing stones '' -- slant - faced , but flat - topped , blocks of highly polished white limestone . These were carefully cut to what is approximately a face slope with a seked of 51⁄2 palms to give the required dimensions . Visibly , all that remains is the underlying stepped core structure seen today . In AD 1303 , a massive earthquake loosened many of the outer casing stones , which were then carted away by Bahri Sultan An - Nasir Nasir - ad - Din al - Hasan in 1356 to build mosques and fortresses in nearby Cairo . Many more casing stones were removed from the great pyramids by Muhammad Ali Pasha in the early 19th century to build the upper portion of his Alabaster Mosque in Cairo not far from Giza . These limestone casings can still be seen as parts of these structures . Later explorers reported massive piles of rubble at the base of the pyramids left over from the continuing collapse of the casing stones , which were subsequently cleared away during continuing excavations of the site . Nevertheless , a few of the casing stones from the lowest course can be seen to this day in situ around the base of the Great Pyramid , and display the same workmanship and precision that has been reported for centuries . Petrie also found a different orientation in the core and in the casing measuring 193 centimetres ± 25 centimetres . He suggested a redetermination of north was made after the construction of the core , but a mistake was made , and the casing was built with a different orientation . Petrie related the precision of the casing stones as to being `` equal to opticians ' work of the present day , but on a scale of acres '' and `` to place such stones in exact contact would be careful work ; but to do so with cement in the joints seems almost impossible '' . It has been suggested it was the mortar ( Petrie 's `` cement '' ) that made this seemingly impossible task possible , providing a level bed , which enabled the masons to set the stones exactly . Construction theories Main article : Egyptian pyramid construction techniques Clay seal bearing the name of Khufu from the great pyramid . On display at the Musée du Louvre . Many alternative , often contradictory , theories have been proposed regarding the pyramid 's construction techniques . Many disagree on whether the blocks were dragged , lifted , or even rolled into place . The Greeks believed that slave labour was used , but modern discoveries made at nearby workers ' camps associated with construction at Giza suggest that it was built instead by tens of thousands of skilled workers . Verner posited that the labour was organized into a hierarchy , consisting of two gangs of 100,000 men , divided into five zaa or phyle of 20,000 men each , which may have been further divided according to the skills of the workers . One mystery of the pyramid 's construction is its planning . John Romer suggests that they used the same method that had been used for earlier and later constructions , laying out parts of the plan on the ground at a 1 - to - 1 scale . He writes that `` such a working diagram would also serve to generate the architecture of the pyramid with precision unmatched by any other means '' . He also argues for a 14 - year time span for its construction . A modern construction management study , in association with Mark Lehner and other Egyptologists , estimated that the total project required an average workforce of 14,567 people and a peak workforce of roughly 40,000 . Without the use of pulleys , wheels , or iron tools , they used critical path analysis methods , which suggest that the Great Pyramid was completed from start to finish in approximately 10 years . Interior Diagram of the interior structures of the Great Pyramid . The inner line indicates the pyramid 's present profile ; the outer line indicates the original profile . The original entrance to the Great Pyramid is on the north , 17 metres ( 56 ft ) vertically above ground level and 7.29 metres ( 23.9 ft ) east of the centre line of the pyramid . From this original entrance , there is a Descending Passage 0.96 metres ( 3.1 ft ) high and 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide , which goes down at an angle of 26 ° 31'23 '' through the masonry of the pyramid and then into the bedrock beneath it . After 105.23 metres ( 345.2 ft ) , the passage becomes level and continues for an additional 8.84 metres ( 29.0 ft ) to the lower Chamber , which appears not to have been finished . There is a continuation of the horizontal passage in the south wall of the lower chamber ; there is also a pit dug in the floor of the chamber . Some Egyptologists suggest that this Lower Chamber was intended to be the original burial chamber , but Pharaoh Khufu later changed his mind and wanted it to be higher up in the pyramid . 28.2 metres ( 93 ft ) from the entrance is a square hole in the roof of the Descending Passage . Originally concealed with a slab of stone , this is the beginning of the Ascending Passage . The Ascending Passage is 39.3 metres ( 129 ft ) long , as wide and high as the Descending Passage and slopes up at almost precisely the same angle to reach the Grand Gallery . The lower end of the Ascending Passage is closed by three huge blocks of granite , each about 1.5 metres ( 4.9 ft ) long . One must use the Robbers ' Tunnel ( see below ) to access the Ascending Passage . At the start of the Grand Gallery on the right - hand side there is a hole cut in the wall . This is the start of a vertical shaft which follows an irregular path through the masonry of the pyramid to join the Descending Passage . Also at the start of the Grand Gallery there is the Horizontal Passage leading to the `` Queen 's Chamber '' . The passage is 1.1 m ( 3'8 `` ) high for most of its length , but near the chamber there is a step in the floor , after which the passage is 1.73 metres ( 5.7 ft ) high . Queen 's Chamber Richard Pococke 's sketch of Pyramid of Cheops from 1754 . The `` Queen 's Chamber '' is exactly halfway between the north and south faces of the pyramid and measures 5.75 metres ( 18.9 ft ) north to south , 5.23 metres ( 17.2 ft ) east to west , and has a pointed roof with an apex 6.23 metres ( 20.4 ft ) above the floor . At the eastern end of the chamber there is a niche 4.67 metres ( 15.3 ft ) high . The original depth of the niche was 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) , but has since been deepened by treasure hunters . In the north and south walls of the Queen 's Chamber there are shafts , which unlike those in the King 's Chamber that immediately slope upwards ( see below ) , are horizontal for around 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) before sloping upwards . The horizontal distance was cut in 1872 by a British engineer , Waynman Dixon , who believed a shaft similar to those in the King 's Chamber must also exist . He was proved right , but because the shafts are not connected to the outer faces of the pyramid or the Queen 's Chamber , their purpose is unknown . At the end of one of his shafts , Dixon discovered a ball of black diorite ( a type of rock ) and a bronze implement of unknown purpose . Both objects are currently in the British Museum . The shafts in the Queen 's Chamber were explored in 1993 by the German engineer Rudolf Gantenbrink using a crawler robot he designed , Upuaut 2 . After a climb of 65 m ( 213 ft ) , he discovered that one of the shafts was blocked by limestone `` doors '' with two eroded copper `` handles '' . Some years later the National Geographic Society created a similar robot which , in September 2002 , drilled a small hole in the southern door , only to find another door behind it . The northern passage , which was difficult to navigate because of twists and turns , was also found to be blocked by a door . Research continued in 2011 with the Djedi Project . Realizing the problem was that the National Geographic Society 's camera was only able to see straight ahead of it , they instead used a fiber - optic `` micro snake camera '' that could see around corners . With this they were able to penetrate the first door of the southern shaft through the hole drilled in 2002 , and view all the sides of the small chamber behind it . They discovered hieroglyphs written in red paint . They were also able to scrutinize the inside of the two copper `` handles '' embedded in the door , and they now believe them to be for decorative purposes . They also found the reverse side of the `` door '' to be finished and polished , which suggests that it was not put there just to block the shaft from debris , but rather for a more specific reason . Grand Gallery The Grand Gallery of the Great Pyramid of Giza The Grand Gallery continues the slope of the Ascending Passage , but is 8.6 metres ( 28 ft ) high and 46.68 metres ( 153.1 ft ) long . At the base it is 2.06 metres ( 6.8 ft ) wide , but after 2.29 metres ( 7.5 ft ) the blocks of stone in the walls are corbelled inwards by 7.6 centimetres ( 3.0 in ) on each side . There are seven of these steps , so , at the top , the Grand Gallery is only 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide . It is roofed by slabs of stone laid at a slightly steeper angle than the floor of the gallery , so that each stone fits into a slot cut in the top of the gallery like the teeth of a ratchet . The purpose was to have each block supported by the wall of the Gallery rather than resting on the block beneath it , which would have resulted in an unacceptable cumulative pressure at the lower end of the Gallery . At the upper end of the Gallery on the right - hand side there is a hole near the roof that opens into a short tunnel by which access can be gained to the lowest of the Relieving Chambers . The other Relieving Chambers were discovered in 1837 - 1838 by Colonel Howard Vyse and J.S. Perring , who dug tunnels upwards using blasting powder . The floor of the Grand Gallery consists of a shelf or step on either side , 51 centimetres ( 20 in ) wide , leaving a lower ramp 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide between them . In the shelves there are 54 slots , 27 on each side matched by vertical and horizontal slots in the walls of the Gallery . These form a cross shape that rises out of the slot in the shelf . The purpose of these slots is not known , but the central gutter in the floor of the Gallery , which is the same width as the Ascending Passage , has led to speculation that the blocking stones were stored in the Grand Gallery and the slots held wooden beams to restrain them from sliding down the passage . This , in turn , has led to the proposal that originally many more than 3 blocking stones were intended , to completely fill the Ascending Passage . At the top of the Grand Gallery , there is a step giving onto a horizontal passage some metres long and approximately 1.02 metres ( 3.3 ft ) in height and width , in which can be detected four slots , three of which were probably intended to hold granite portcullises . Fragments of granite found by Petrie in the Descending Passage may have come from these now - vanished doors . King 's Chamber Sarcophagus in the King 's chamber The `` King 's Chamber '' is 20 cubits or 10.47 metres ( 34.4 ft ) from east to west and 10 cubits or 5.234 metres ( 17.17 ft ) north to south . It has a flat roof 11 cubits and 5 digits or 5.852 metres ( 19 feet 2 inch ) above the floor . 0.91 m ( 3.0 ft ) above the floor there are two narrow shafts in the north and south walls ( one is now filled by an extractor fan in an attempt to circulate air inside the pyramid ) . The purpose of these shafts is not clear : they appear to be aligned towards stars or areas of the northern and southern skies , yet one of them follows a dog - leg course through the masonry , indicating no intention to directly sight stars through them . They were long believed by Egyptologists to be `` air shafts '' for ventilation , but this idea has now been widely abandoned in favour of the shafts serving a ritualistic purpose associated with the ascension of the king 's spirit to the heavens . The King 's Chamber is entirely faced with granite . Above the roof , which is formed of nine slabs of stone weighing in total about 400 tons , are five compartments known as Relieving Chambers . The first four , like the King 's Chamber , have flat roofs formed by the floor of the chamber above , but the final chamber has a pointed roof . Vyse suspected the presence of upper chambers when he found that he could push a long reed through a crack in the ceiling of the first chamber . From lower to upper , the chambers are known as `` Davison 's Chamber '' , `` Wellington 's Chamber '' , `` Nelson 's Chamber '' , `` Lady Arbuthnot 's Chamber '' , and `` Campbell 's Chamber '' . It is believed that the compartments were intended to safeguard the King 's Chamber from the possibility of a roof collapsing under the weight of stone above the Chamber . As the chambers were not intended to be seen , they were not finished in any way and a few of the stones still retain masons ' marks painted on them . One of the stones in Campbell 's Chamber bears a mark , apparently the name of a work gang . The entrance of the Pyramid The only object in the King 's Chamber is a rectangular granite sarcophagus , one corner of which is broken . The sarcophagus is slightly larger than the Ascending Passage , which indicates that it must have been placed in the Chamber before the roof was put in place . Unlike the fine masonry of the walls of the Chamber , the sarcophagus is roughly finished , with saw marks visible in several places . This is in contrast with the finely finished and decorated sarcophagi found in other pyramids of the same period . Petrie suggested that such a sarcophagus was intended but was lost in the river on the way north from Aswan and a hurriedly made replacement was used instead . Modern entrance Today tourists enter the Great Pyramid via the Robbers ' Tunnel , a tunnel purportedly created around AD 820 by Caliph al - Ma'mun 's workmen using a battering ram . The tunnel is cut straight through the masonry of the pyramid for approximately 27 metres ( 89 ft ) , then turns sharply left to encounter the blocking stones in the Ascending Passage . It is believed that their efforts dislodged the stone fitted in the ceiling of the Descending Passage to hide the entrance to the Ascending Passage and it was the noise of that stone falling and then sliding down the Descending Passage , which alerted them to the need to turn left . Unable to remove these stones , however , the workmen tunnelled up beside them through the softer limestone of the Pyramid until they reached the Ascending Passage . It is possible to enter the Descending Passage from this point , but access is usually forbidden . Pyramid complex Main article : Giza pyramid complex Map of Giza pyramid complex -- `` Pyramid of Khufu '' refers to the Great Pyramid . The Great Pyramid is surrounded by a complex of several buildings including small pyramids . The Pyramid Temple , which stood on the east side of the pyramid and measured 52.2 metres ( 171 ft ) north to south and 40 metres ( 130 ft ) east to west , has almost entirely disappeared apart from the black basalt paving . There are only a few remnants of the causeway which linked the pyramid with the valley and the Valley Temple . The Valley Temple is buried beneath the village of Nazlet el - Samman ; basalt paving and limestone walls have been found but the site has not been excavated . The basalt blocks show `` clear evidence '' of having been cut with some kind of saw with an estimated cutting blade of 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) in length , capable of cutting at a rate of 1.5 inches ( 38 mm ) per minute . John Romer suggests that this `` super saw '' may have had copper teeth and weighed up to 300 pounds ( 140 kg ) . He theorizes that such a saw could have been attached to a wooden trestle and possibly used in conjunction with vegetable oil , cutting sand , emery or pounded quartz to cut the blocks , which would have required the labour of at least a dozen men to operate it . On the south side are the subsidiary pyramids , popularly known as Queens ' Pyramids . Three remain standing to nearly full height but the fourth was so ruined that its existence was not suspected until the recent discovery of the first course of stones and the remains of the capstone . Hidden beneath the paving around the pyramid was the tomb of Queen Hetepheres I , sister - wife of Sneferu and mother of Khufu . Discovered by accident by the Reisner expedition , the burial was intact , though the carefully sealed coffin proved to be empty . Group photo of Australian 11th Battalion soldiers on the Great Pyramid in 1915 . Aerial photography , taken from Eduard Spelterini 's balloon on 21 November 1904 The Giza pyramid complex , which includes among other structures the pyramids of Khufu , Khafre and Menkaure , is surrounded by a cyclopean stone wall , the Wall of the Crow . Mark Lehner has discovered a worker 's town outside of the wall , otherwise known as `` The Lost City '' , dated by pottery styles , seal impressions , and stratigraphy to have been constructed and occupied sometime during the reigns of Khafre ( 2520 -- 2494 BC ) and Menkaure ( 2490 -- 2472 BC ) . Recent discoveries by Mark Lehner and his team at the town and nearby , including what appears to have been a thriving port , suggest the town and associated living quarters consisting of barracks called `` galleries '' may not have been for the pyramid workers after all , but rather for the soldiers and sailors who utilized the port . In light of this new discovery , as to where then the pyramid workers may have lived Lehner now suggests the alternative possibility they may have camped on the ramps he believes were used to construct the pyramids or possibly at nearby quarries . In the early 1970s , the Australian archaeologist Karl Kromer excavated a mound in the South Field of the plateau . This mound contained artefacts including mudbrick seals of Khufu , which he identified with an artisans ' settlement . Mudbrick buildings just south of Khufu 's Valley Temple contained mud sealings of Khufu and have been suggested to be a settlement serving the cult of Khufu after his death . A worker 's cemetery used at least between Khufu 's reign and the end of the Fifth Dynasty was discovered south of the Wall of the Crow by Zahi Hawass in 1990 . Boats Main article : Khufu ship There are three boat - shaped pits around the pyramid , of a size and shape to have held complete boats , though so shallow that any superstructure , if there ever was one , must have been removed or disassembled . In May 1954 , the Egyptian archaeologist Kamal el - Mallakh discovered a fourth pit , a long , narrow rectangle , still covered with slabs of stone weighing up to 15 tons . Inside were 1,224 pieces of wood , the longest 23 metres ( 75 ft ) long , the shortest 10 centimetres ( 0.33 ft ) . These were entrusted to a boat builder , Haj Ahmed Yusuf , who worked out how the pieces fit together . The entire process , including conservation and straightening of the warped wood , took fourteen years . The result is a cedar - wood boat 43.6 metres ( 143 ft ) long , its timbers held together by ropes , which is currently housed in a special boat - shaped , air - conditioned museum beside the pyramid . During construction of this museum , which stands above the boat pit , a second sealed boat pit was discovered . It was deliberately left unopened until 2011 when excavation began on the boat . Looting Comparison of approximate profiles of the Great Pyramid of Giza with some notable pyramidal or near - pyramidal buildings . Dotted lines indicate original heights , where data are available . In its SVG file , hover over a pyramid to highlight and click for its article . Although succeeding pyramids were smaller , pyramid building continued until the end of the Middle Kingdom . However , as authors Briar and Hobbs claim , `` all the pyramids were robbed '' by the New Kingdom , when the construction of royal tombs in a desert valley , now known as the Valley of the Kings , began . Joyce Tyldesley states that the Great Pyramid itself `` is known to have been opened and emptied by the Middle Kingdom '' , before the Arab caliph Abdullah al - Mamun entered the pyramid around AD 820 . I.E.S. Edwards discusses Strabo 's mention that the pyramid `` a little way up one side has a stone that may be taken out , which being raised up there is a sloping passage to the foundations '' . Edwards suggested that the pyramid was entered by robbers after the end of the Old Kingdom and sealed and then reopened more than once until Strabo 's door was added . He adds : `` If this highly speculative surmise be correct , it is also necessary to assume either that the existence of the door was forgotten or that the entrance was again blocked with facing stones '' , in order to explain why al - Ma'mun could not find the entrance . He also discusses a story told by Herodotus . Herodotus visited Egypt in the 5th century BC and recounts a story that he was told concerning vaults under the pyramid built on an island where the body of Cheops lies . Edwards notes that the pyramid had `` almost certainly been opened and its contents plundered long before the time of Herodotus '' and that it might have been closed again during the Twenty - sixth Dynasty of Egypt when other monuments were restored . He suggests that the story told to Herodotus could have been the result of almost two centuries of telling and retelling by Pyramid guides . See also Djedi Project Golden Ratio dimensions in Egyptian pyramids Index of Egypt - related articles List of archaeoastronomical sites by country List of Egyptian pyramids List of largest monoliths in the world including a section on calculating the weight of megaliths List of tallest freestanding structures Pyramid inch Pyramidion Pyramidology The Upuaut Project References Notes Jump up ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiunu . ^ Jump up to : `` By themselves , of course , none of these modern labels define the ancient purposes of the architecture they describe . '' -- Romer ( 2007 ) , p. 8 Jump up ^ Shaw ( 2003 ) , p. 89 Jump up ^ Levy ( 2005 ) , p. 17 ^ Jump up to : Petrie ( 1883 ) Jump up ^ I.E.S. Edwards ( 1986 ) ( 1947 ) . The Pyramids of Egypt . p. 285 . Jump up ^ Collins ( 2001 ) , p. 234 Jump up ^ Cole Survey ( 1925 ) based on side lengths 230.252 m , 230.454 m , 230.391 m , 230.357 m Jump up ^ Lehner ( 1997 ) , p. 108 Jump up ^ Petrie ( 1883 ) , p. 38 For 2600 BC , bisecting the semi-circular path of star 10i Draconis around the North Celestial Pole during the half - day darkness of a mid-winter evening would easily provide accurate true north . See Nature 412 : 699 ( 2001 ) ; further sources and discussion available via DIO . Jump up ^ Petrie ( 1883 ) , p. 125 Jump up ^ Petrie ( 1883 ) , p. 39 Jump up ^ Verner ( 2003 ) , p. 70 Jump up ^ Petrie Wisdom of the Egyptians 1940 : 30 Jump up ^ Rossi , Corina ( 2007 ) , Architecture and Mathematics in Ancient Egypt , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 69053 - 9 Jump up ^ Stille , Alexander . `` The World 's Oldest Papyrus and What It Can Tell Us About the Great Pyramids '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Lehner ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Romer ( 2007 ) , p. 157 Jump up ^ `` British Museum -- Limestone block from the pyramid of Khufu '' . britishmuseum.org . Jump up ^ Romer ( 2007 ) , p. 41 Jump up ^ Clarke , Somers ; Reginal Engelbach ( 1991 ) . Ancient Egyptian construction and architecture . Dover Publications . pp. 78 -- 79 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 26485 - 1 . Jump up ^ Stocks , Denys Allen ( 2003 ) . Experiments in Egyptian archaeology : stoneworking technology in ancient Egypt . Routledge . pp. 182 -- 183 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 30664 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Building the Great Pyramid '' . BBC . 3 February 2006 . Jump up ^ Verner ( 2001 ) , p. 75 -- 82 Jump up ^ Romer ( 2007 ) , p. 327 , 329 -- 337 Jump up ^ Romer ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` Civil Engineering '' . June 1999 . Archived from the original on 8 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Unfinished Chamber '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lower Northern Shaft '' . The Upuaut Project . Retrieved 11 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Will the Great Pyramid 's Secret Doors Be Opened ? '' . Fox News . 12 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Gupton , Nancy ( 4 April 2003 ) . `` Ancient Egyptian Chambers Explored '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Third `` Door '' Found in Great Pyramid `` . National Geographic . 23 September 2002 . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` First images from Great Pyramid 's chamber of secrets '' . New Scientist . Reed Business Information . 25 May 2011 . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Lehner , Mark ( 1997 ) . The Complete Pyramids . London : Thames and Hudson . p. 113 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05084 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jackson & Stamp ( 2002 ) , p. 79 , 104 Jump up ^ `` Vyse , H. ( 1840 ) Operations Carried on at the Pyramids of Gizeh in 1837 : With an Account of a Voyage into Upper Egypt , and an Appendix . Vol I . '' . Internet Archive . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas and Dr Zahi Hawass inside the Great Pyramid '' . BBC . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tyldesley ( 2007 ) , p. 38 Jump up ^ Tyldesley ( 2007 ) , pp. 38 -- 40 Jump up ^ Shafer , Byron E. ; Dieter Arnold ( 2005 ) . Temples of Ancient Egypt . I.B. Tauris . pp. 51 -- 52 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85043 - 945 - 5 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Dieter ; Nigel Strudwick ; Helen Strudwick ( 2002 ) . The encyclopaedia of ancient Egyptian architecture . I.B. Tauris . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86064 - 465 - 8 . Jump up ^ Romer Jump up ^ `` Egyptian Pyramids -- Lost City of the Pyramid Builders -- AERA -- Ancient Egypt Research Associates '' . aeraweb.org . Jump up ^ `` Dating the Lost City of the Pyramids -- Mark Lehner & AERA -- Ancient Egypt Research Associates '' . aeraweb.org . Jump up ^ `` Ruins of Bustling Port Unearthed at Egypt 's Giza Pyramids '' . Livescience.com. 2014 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Zahi Hawass : ' `` Giza , workmen 's community '' , In : Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt . Compiled and edited by Kathryn A. Bard . London / New York 1999 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 18589 - 0 pp. 423 -- 426 Jump up ^ Hawass , Zahi ; Ashraf Senussi ( 2008 ) . Old Kingdom Pottery from Giza . Supreme Council of Antiquities . pp. 127 -- 128 . ISBN 978 - 977 - 305 - 986 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hawass , Zahi . `` The Discovery of the Tombs of the Pyramid Builders at Giza '' . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Khufu 's Second Boat '' . Institute of Egyptology . Tokyo , Japan : Waseda University . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Brier 1999 , p. 164 . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 19 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Cremin 2007 p. 96 . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 19 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Edwards ( 1986 ) , p. 99 -- 100 Jump up ^ Edwards ( 1986 ) , p. 990 -- 91 Bibliography Bauval , Robert & , Hancock , Graham ( 1996 ) . Keeper of Genesis . Mandarin books . ISBN 0 - 7493 - 2196 - 2 . Brier , Bob & , Hobbs , A. Hoyt ( 1999 ) . Daily Life of the Ancient Egyptians . Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30313 - 5 . Calter , Paul A. ( 2008 ) . Squaring the Circle : Geometry in Art and Architecture . Key College Publishing . ISBN 1 - 930190 - 82 - 4 . Clayton , Peter A. ( 1994 ) . Chronicle of the Pharaohs . Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05074 - 0 . Cole , JH. ( 1925 ) . Determination of the Exact Size and Orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza . Cairo : Government Press . SURVEY OF EGYPT Paper No. 39 . Collins , Dana M. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510234 - 5 . Cremin , Aedeen ( 2007 ) . Archaeologica . Frances Lincoln . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7112 - 2822 - 1 . Edwards , I.E.S. ( 1986 ) ( 1962 ) . The Pyramids of Egypt . Max Parrish . Gahlin , Lucia ( 2003 ) . Myths and Mythology of Ancient Egypt . Anness Publishing Ltd . ISBN 1 - 84215 - 831 - 7 . Hassan , Selim ( 1960 ) . The Great Pyramid of Khufu and its Mortuary Chapel With Names and Titles of Vols . I-X of the Excavations at Giza ( PDF ) . Ministry of Culture and National Orientation , Antiquities Department of Egypt . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 January 2013 . Jackson , K. ; Stamp , J. ( 2002 ) . Pyramid : Beyond Imagination . Inside the Great Pyramid of Giza . BBC Worldwide Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 563 - 48803 - 3 . Lehner , Mark ( 1997 ) . The Complete Pyramids . London : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05084 - 8 . Levy , Janey ( 2005 ) . The Great Pyramid of Giza : Measuring Length , Area , Volume , and Angles . Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 1 - 4042 - 6059 - 5 . Lepre , J.P. ( 1990 ) . The Egyptian Pyramids : A Comprehensive , Illustrated Reference . McFarland & Company . ISBN 0 - 89950 - 461 - 2 . Lightbody , David I ( 2008 ) . Egyptian Tomb Architecture : The Archaeological Facts of Pharaonic Circular Symbolism . British Archaeological Reports International Series S1852 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4073 - 0339 - 0 . Oakes , Lorana ; Lucia Gahlin ( 2002 ) . Ancient Egypt . Hermes House . ISBN 1 - 84309 - 429 - 0 . Petrie , Sir William Matthew Flinders ( 1883 ) . The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh . Field & Tuer . ISBN 0 - 7103 - 0709 - 8 . Romer , John ( 2007 ) . The Great Pyramid : Ancient Egypt Revisited . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87166 - 2 . Scarre , Chris ( 1999 ) . The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World . Thames & Hudson , London . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05096 - 5 . Seidelmann , P. Kenneth ( 1992 ) . Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac . University Science Books . ISBN 0 - 935702 - 68 - 7 . Shaw , Ian ( 2003 ) . The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 815034 - 2 . Siliotti , Alberto ( 1997 ) . Guide to the pyramids of Egypt ; preface by Zahi Hawass . Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 0763 - 4 . Smyth , Piazzi ( 1978 ) . The Great Pyramid . Crown Publishers Inc . ISBN 0 - 517 - 26403 - X . Tyldesley , Joyce ( 2007 ) . Egypt : How a lost civilization was rediscovered . BBC Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 563 - 52257 - 7 . Verner , Miroslav ( 2001 ) . The Pyramids : The Mystery , Culture , and Science of Egypt 's Great Monuments . Grove Press . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 1703 - 1 . Verner , Miroslav ( 2003 ) . The Pyramids : Their Archaeology and History . Atlantic Books . ISBN 1 - 84354 - 171 - 8 . Wirsching , Armin ( 2009 ) . Die Pyramiden von Giza -- Mathematik in Stein gebaut ( 2nd ed . ) . Books on Demand . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8370 - 2355 - 8 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Pyramid of Giza . Pyramids at DMOZ Building the Khufu Pyramid `` The Giza Plateau Mapping Project '' . Oriental Institute . Records Preceded by Red Pyramid World 's tallest structure c. 2570BC -- 1300AD 146.6 m Succeeded by Lincoln Cathedral Egyptian pyramids List of Egyptian pyramids ( Lepsius ) Commons Period Dynasty Pyramids Old Kingdom ( 2686 -- 2181 BC ) III Djoser Buried Layer Lepsius I ( de ) Athribis Elephantine Edfu South el - Kula ( de ) Naqada Saujet el - Meitin ( de ) Sinki ( de ) IV Seila ( de ) Meidum Bent Red Khufu Djedefre Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan Khafre Menkaure Khentkaus I ( de ) Mastabet el - Fara'un G1 - a G1 - b G1 - c G1 - d Lepsius L ( de ) V Userkaf Neferhetepes ( de ) Sahure Neferirkare Khentkaus II Neferefre Unfinished Niuserre ( de ) Lepsius XXIV Double Headless Djedkare - Isesi Unas VI Teti Pepi I Merenre Pepi II Sesheshet 1 Intermediate Period ( 2181 -- 2040 BC ) VII VIII Ity Neferkare Neby Ibi Khui X Merikare Middle Kingdom ( 2040 -- 1650 BC ) XI Reherishefnakht XII Amenemhat I Senusret I White Senusret II ( de ) Senusret III Black Hawara Neferuptah ( de ) Central Dahshur ( de ) South Mazghuna North Mazghuna XIII Ameny Qemau Khendjer Southern South Saqqara SAK S 3 SAK S 7 ( de ) South Dahshur A ( de ) South Dahshur B ( de ) DAS 46 DAS 49 DAS 50 DAS 51 DAS 53 ( de ) S 9 S 10 Merneferre Ay Second Intermediate ( 1650 -- 1570 BC ) XVII Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre - Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose New Kingdom ( 1570 -- 1070 BC ) XVIII Ahmose Step pyramid Construction techniques Seked Texts Pyramidion Pyramidology Mathematics and art Forms Algorithmic art Anamorphic art Computer art 4D art Fractal art Islamic geometric patterns Girih Jali Muqarnas Zellige Knotting Architecture Geodesic dome Islamic Mughal Pyramid Vastu shastra Music Origami Textiles String art Sculpture Tiling Artworks List of works designed with the golden ratio Continuum Octacube Pi Pi in the Sky Buildings Hagia Sophia Pantheon Parthenon Pyramid of Khufu Sagrada Família St Mary 's Cathedral Sydney Opera House Taj Mahal Artists Renaissance Paolo Uccello Piero della Francesca Albrecht Dürer Leonardo da Vinci Vitruvian Man Parmigianino Self - portrait in a Convex Mirror 19th -- 20th Century William Blake The Ancient of Days Newton ) Jean Metzinger Danseuse au café L'Oiseau bleu Man Ray René Magritte La condition humaine Salvador Dalí Crucifixion The Swallow 's Tail Giorgio de Chirico M.C. Escher Circle Limit III Print Gallery Relativity Reptiles Waterfall Contemporary Martin and Erik Demaine Scott Draves Jan Dibbets John Ernest Helaman Ferguson Peter Forakis Bathsheba Grossman George W. Hart Desmond Paul Henry John A. Hiigli Anthony Hill Charles Jencks Garden of Cosmic Speculation Robert Longhurst István Orosz Hinke Osinga Hamid Naderi Yeganeh A Bird in Flight Boat Tony Robbin Oliver Sin Hiroshi Sugimoto Daina Taimina Roman Verostko Concepts Algorithm Catenary Fractal Golden ratio Hyperboloid structure Minimal surface Paraboloid Perspective Camera lucida Camera obscura Projective geometry Proportion Architecture Human Symmetry Tessellation Wallpaper group Theorists Ancient Polykleitos Canon Vitruvius De architectura Renaissance Luca Pacioli De divina proportione Piero della Francesca De prospectiva pingendi Leon Battista Alberti De pictura De re aedificatoria Sebastiano Serlio Regole generali d'architettura Andrea Palladio I quattro libri dell'architettura Albrecht Dürer Vier Bücher von Menschlicher Proportion Romantic Frederik Macody Lund `` Ad Quadratum '' Jay Hambidge `` The Greek Vase '' Samuel Colman `` Nature 's Harmonic Unity '' Modern Owen Jones The Grammar of Ornament Ernest Hanbury Hankin The Drawing of Geometric Patterns in Saracenic Art G.H. Hardy A Mathematician 's Apology George David Birkhoff Aesthetic Measure Douglas Hofstadter Gödel , Escher , Bach Nikos Salingaros The ' Life ' of a Carpet Publications Journal of Mathematics and the Arts Organizations Ars Mathematica The Bridges Organization European Society for Mathematics and the Arts Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science Institute For Figuring Museum of Mathematics Related topics Droste effect Mathematical beauty Patterns in nature Sacred geometry Memphis and the Memphis pyramid complex City Memphis Abu Rawash Pyramid of Djedefre Giza Giza pyramid complex Great Pyramid of Giza Pyramid of Khafre Pyramid of Menkaure Sphinx Zawyet el'Aryan Abusir Abu Gorab Saqqara Step Pyramid Pyramid of Unas Mastabet el - Fara'un Serapeum Pyramid of Teti Imhotep Museum Dahshur Bent Pyramid Red Pyramid Black Pyramid Mazghuna See also Egyptian pyramid construction techniques Lepsius list of pyramids Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The Seven Wonders Great Pyramid of Giza Hanging Gardens of Babylon Statue of Zeus at Olympia Temple of Artemis Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Colossus of Rhodes Lighthouse of Alexandria Related Wonders of the World Seven Wonders of the World ( 1956 film ) VIAF : 247198851 LCCN : sh85057002 GND : 4093545 - 0 SUDOC : 027326578 BNF : cb11939303h ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=800811421 '' Categories : Buildings and structures completed in the 26th century BC Pyramids of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt Former world 's tallest buildings Giza Plateau Khufu Seven Wonders of the Ancient World Buildings and structures in Giza Tourist attractions in Egypt Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from June 2011 Use British English Oxford spelling from August 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles using infobox pyramid using locally defined parameters Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with DMOZ links Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Livvinkarjala Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Twi Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 20 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how long did it take to build great pyramid of giza | [
"Based on these estimates, building the pyramid in 20 years would involve installing approximately 800 tonnes of stone every day. Additionally, since it consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks, completing the building in 20 years would involve moving an average of more than 12 of the blocks into place each hour, day and night. The first precision measurements of the pyramid were made by Egyptologist Sir Flinders Petrie in 1880–82 and published as The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh.[5] Almost all reports are based on his measurements. Many of the casing stones and inner chamber blocks of the Great Pyramid fit together with extremely high precision. Based on measurements taken on the northeastern casing stones, the mean opening of the joints is only 0.5 millimetre wide (1/50 of an inch).[6]"
] | [
"20 years"
] |
6775520303477184949 | FIFA Women's World Cup | FIFA Women 's World Cup - wikipedia FIFA Women 's World Cup Jump to : navigation , search FIFA Women 's World Cup Founded 16 November 1991 ; 26 years ago ( 1991 - 11 - 16 ) ( as the FIFA Women 's World Championship ) Region FIFA ( International ) Number of teams 24 ( finals ) Current champions United States ( 3rd title ) Most successful team ( s ) United States ( 3 titles ) Website FIFA Women 's World Cup 2019 France The BC Place hosting a 2015 Women 's FIFA World Cup match Tournaments 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 The FIFA Women 's World Cup is an international football competition contested by the senior women 's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The competition has been held every four years since 1991 , when the inaugural tournament , then called the FIFA Women 's World Championship , was held in China . Under the tournament 's current format , national teams vie for 23 slots in a three - year qualification phase . ( The host nation 's team is automatically entered as the 24th slot . ) The tournament proper , alternatively called the World Cup Finals , is contested at venues within the host nation ( s ) over a period of about one month . The seven FIFA Women 's World Cup tournaments have been won by four different national teams . The current champion is the United States , after winning their third title in the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Format 2.1 Qualification 2.2 Final tournament 3 Results 4 All - time performance 5 Overall team records 6 Attendance 7 Broadcasting 8 Awards 9 Player records 9.1 Most goals 9.2 Most tournaments 9.3 Most matches 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) In 1988 -- 58 years after the first Men 's FIFA World Cup tournament in 1930 and approximately 17 years after the FA ban on women 's football was eliminated in 1971 -- FIFA hosted an invitational in China as a test to see if a global women 's World Cup was feasible . Twelve national teams took part in the competition -- four from UEFA , three from AFC , two from CONCACAF and one from CONMEBOL , CAF and OFC . The tournament saw European champion Norway defeat Sweden 1 -- 0 in the final to win the tournament , while Brazil clinched third place by beating the hosts in a penalty shootout . The competition was deemed a success and on 30 June FIFA approved the establishment of an official World Cup , which was to take place in 1991 again in China . Again , twelve teams competed , this time culminating in the United States beating Norway in the final 2 - 1 . In the 1999 edition , one of the most famous moments of the tournament was American defender Brandi Chastain 's victory celebration after scoring the Cup - winning penalty kick against China . She took off her jersey and waved it over her head ( as men frequently do ) , showing her muscular torso and sports bra as she celebrated . The 1999 final in the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California had an attendance of 90,185 , a world record for a women 's sporting event . The 1999 and 2003 Women 's World Cups were both held in the United States ; in 2003 China was supposed to host it , but the tournament was moved because of SARS . As compensation , China retained its automatic qualification to the 2003 tournament as host nation , and was automatically chosen to host the 2007 FIFA Women 's World Cup . Germany hosted the 2011 FIFA Women 's World Cup , as decided by vote in October 2007 . In March 2011 , FIFA awarded Canada the right to host the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup . The 2015 edition saw the field expand from 16 to 24 teams . During the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup , both Formiga of Brazil and Homare Sawa of Japan made a record of appearing in six World Cups , a feat that had never been achieved before by either female or male players . Christie Rampone is the oldest player to ever play in a Women 's World Cup match , at the age of 40 years . In March 2015 , FIFA awarded France the right to host the 2019 FIFA Women 's World Cup over South Korea . The tournament will begin on 1 June 2019 and the final will be played on 30 June 2019 ; both the opening and final matches will be played at Parc Olympique Lyonnais , a venue with a capacity of 58,000 in the Lyon suburb of Décines . Format ( edit ) Qualification ( edit ) Main article : FIFA Women 's World Cup qualification Qualifying tournaments are held within the six FIFA continental zones ( Africa , Asia , North and Central America and Caribbean , South America , Oceania , Europe ) , and are organised by their respective confederations : Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) , Asian Football Confederation ( AFC ) , Confederation of North , Central America and Caribbean Association Football ( CONCACAF ) , South American Football Confederation CONMEBOL , Oceania Football Confederation ( OFC ) , and Union of European Football Associations UEFA ) . For each tournament , FIFA decides beforehand the number of berths awarded to each of the continental zones , based on the relative strength of the confederations ' teams . The hosts of the World Cup receive an automatic berth in the finals . Since the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup , the number of finalists increased from 16 to 24 . Final tournament ( edit ) The final tournament has featured between twelve and twenty - four national teams competing over about one month in the host nation ( s ) . There are two stages : the group stage followed by the knockout stage . In the group stage , teams are drawn into groups of four teams each . Each group plays a round - robin tournament , in which each team is scheduled for three matches against other teams in the same group . The last round of matches of each group is scheduled at the same time to preserve fairness among all four teams . In the 2015 24 - team format , the two teams finishing first and second in each group and the four best teams among those ranked third qualify for the round of 16 , also called the knockout stage . Points are used to rank the teams within a group . Since 1994 , three points have been awarded for a win , one for a draw and none for a loss ( before , winners received two points ) . The ranking of each team in each group is determined as follows : Greatest number of points in group matches Greatest goal difference in group matches Greatest number of goals scored in group matches If more than one team remain level after applying the above criteria , their ranking will be determined as follows : Greatest number of points in head - to - head matches among those teams Greatest goal difference in head - to - head matches among those teams Greatest number of goals scored in head - to - head matches among those teams If any of the teams above remain level after applying the above criteria , their ranking will be determined by the drawing of lots The knockout stage is a single - elimination tournament in which teams play each other in one - off matches , with extra time and penalty shootouts used to decide the winner if necessary . It begins with the round of 16 . This is followed by the quarter - finals , semi-finals , the third - place match ( contested by the losing semi-finalists ) , and the final . Results ( edit ) See also : List of FIFA Women 's World Cup finals Year Host Champions Score Runners - up Third Place Score Fourth Place Teams 1991 China United States 2 -- 1 Norway Sweden 4 -- 0 Germany 12 1995 Sweden Norway 2 -- 0 Germany United States 2 -- 0 China PR 12 1999 United States United States 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) ( 5 -- 4 p ) China PR Brazil 0 -- 0 ( 5 -- 4 p ) Norway 16 2003 United States Germany 2 -- 1 ( a.g.g.e.t. ) Sweden United States 3 -- 1 Canada 16 2007 China Germany 2 -- 0 Brazil United States 4 -- 1 Norway 16 2011 Germany Japan 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 1 p ) United States Sweden 2 -- 1 France 16 2015 Canada United States 5 -- 2 Japan England 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Germany 24 2019 France 24 2023 TBD No extra time was played . All - time performance ( edit ) Main article : National team appearances in the FIFA Women 's World Cup # Team Titles Runners - up Third Place Fourth Place Total United States 3 ( 1991 , 1999 , 2015 ) 1 ( 2011 ) 3 ( 1995 , 2003 , 2007 ) -- 7 Germany 2 ( 2003 , 2007 ) 1 ( 1995 ) -- 2 ( 1991 , 2015 ) 5 Norway 1 ( 1995 ) 1 ( 1991 ) -- 2 ( 1999 , 2007 ) Japan 1 ( 2011 ) 1 ( 2015 ) -- -- 5 Sweden -- 1 ( 2003 ) 2 ( 1991 , 2011 ) -- 6 Brazil -- 1 ( 2007 ) 1 ( 1999 ) -- 7 China PR -- 1 ( 1999 ) -- 1 ( 1995 ) 8 England -- -- 1 ( 2015 ) -- 9 Canada -- -- -- 1 ( 2003 ) France -- -- -- 1 ( 2011 ) Overall team records ( edit ) As per statistical convention in football , matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses , while matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws . 3 points per win , 1 point per draw and 0 points per loss . Rank Team Part Pld GF GA GD Points United States 7 43 33 6 112 35 + 77 105 Germany 7 39 26 5 8 111 37 + 74 83 Norway 7 35 22 10 86 45 + 41 69 Sweden 7 33 18 5 10 59 42 + 17 59 5 Brazil 7 30 18 8 59 35 + 24 58 6 China PR 6 29 15 6 8 52 29 + 23 51 7 Japan 7 29 13 13 36 54 - 18 42 8 England 19 10 5 30 25 + 5 34 9 Canada 6 23 6 5 12 30 49 - 19 23 10 France 14 6 5 22 16 + 6 21 11 Australia 6 22 5 5 12 29 44 - 15 20 12 Russia 8 0 16 14 + 2 12 13 Nigeria 7 22 16 18 56 - 38 12 14 North Korea 13 8 12 20 - 8 11 15 Italy 7 11 8 + 3 10 16 Denmark 14 10 19 26 - 7 10 17 Cameroon 0 9 + 5 6 18 Colombia 7 9 - 5 5 19 Netherlands - 1 20 South Korea 7 5 5 19 - 14 21 Ghana 9 7 6 30 - 24 22 Switzerland 0 11 5 + 6 23 Thailand 0 10 - 7 24 Chinese Taipei 0 15 - 13 25 New Zealand 12 0 9 7 29 - 22 26 Mexico 9 0 6 6 30 - 24 27 Costa Rica 0 - 1 28 Spain 0 - 2 29 Equatorial Guinea 0 0 7 - 5 0 30 Ivory Coast 0 0 16 - 13 0 31 Ecuador 0 0 17 - 16 0 32 Argentina 6 0 0 6 33 - 31 0 Attendance ( edit ) Tournament Matches Attendance Ref Total Average Highest 1991 China 26 510,000 18,344 65,000 1995 Sweden 26 112,213 4,316 17,158 1999 USA 32 1,214,209 37,944 90,185 2003 USA 32 679,664 21,240 34,144 5 2007 China 32 1,190,971 37,218 55,832 6 2011 Germany 32 845,751 26,430 73,680 7 2015 Canada 52 1,353,506 26,029 54,027 Notes : The 2003 Women 's World Cup was originally scheduled for China but re-located in May 2003 to the United States after a SARS outbreak in China . The 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup set a new attendance record for all previous FIFA competitions other than the men 's FIFA World Cup . Broadcasting ( edit ) See also : List of FIFA Women 's World Cup broadcasters As of 2017 , the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup Final was the most watched soccer match in American history with nearly 23 million viewers until this summer where even more people watched a friendly between Manchester United and Real Madrid , more than the 2015 NBA Finals and Stanley Cup . It was also the most watched Spanish - language broadcast in tournament history . More than 750 million viewers were reported to have watched the tournament worldwide . Awards ( edit ) Main article : FIFA Women 's World Cup awards At the end of each World Cup , awards are presented to select players and teams for accomplishments other than their final team positions in the tournament . There are currently seven awards : The Golden Ball for the best player , determined by a vote of media members ( first awarded in 1991 ) ; the Silver Ball and the Bronze Ball are awarded to the players finishing second and third in the voting respectively . The Golden Boot ( also known as the Golden Shoe ) for the top goalscorer ( first awarded in 1991 ) . The Silver Boot and the Bronze Boot have been awarded to the second and third top goalscorers respectively . If two or more players finish the tournament with the same number of goals , tiebreakers are used in the following order : Most assists . Fewest minutes played . The Golden Glove Award for the best goalkeeper , decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group . First awarded in 2007 as `` Best Goalkeeper '' ; current award name adopted in 2011 . The Best Young Player Award for the best player no older than age 21 as of 1 January of the year of the final tournament , decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group ( first awarded in 2011 ) . The FIFA Fair Play Award for the team with the best record of fair play , according to the points system and criteria established by the FIFA Fair Play Committee ( first awarded in 1991 ) . The All - Star Team , consisting of the best players of the tournament as determined by the FIFA Technical Study Group ( first selected in 1999 ) . The Dream Team , consisting of the best players of the tournament as chosen by users of fifa.com ( first selected in 2015 ) . Another award is presented a week after the final match : The Goal of the Tournament , consisting of the tournament 's best goal , as chosen by users of fifa.com from a shortlist of 12 goals selected by FIFA 's web administrators ( first awarded in 2015 ) . One past award is no longer presented : The Most Entertaining Team Award for the team that has entertained the public the most during the World Cup , determined by a poll of the general public ( awarded in 2003 and 2007 ) . Player records ( edit ) Main article : FIFA Women 's World Cup records Most goals ( edit ) Main article : List of FIFA Women 's World Cup goalscorers Marta of Brazil is the all - time leading scorer of the World Cup . Birgit Prinz is tied for the second most goals in all tournaments , and won the title twice representing Germany . Rank Name World Cup Total ' 91 ' 95 ' 99 ' 03 ' 07 ' 11 ' 15 Marta 7 15 Birgit Prinz 7 5 0 14 Abby Wambach 6 14 Michelle Akers 10 0 12 5 Sun Wen 7 11 Bettina Wiegmann 11 7 Ann Kristin Aarønes 6 10 Heidi Mohr 7 10 9 Linda Medalen 6 9 Hege Riise 5 0 9 Christine Sinclair 9 12 Kerstin Garefrekes 8 Mia Hamm 8 Kristine Lilly 0 8 Liu Ailing 8 Marianne Pettersen 8 Célia Šašić 6 8 Homare Sawa 0 0 0 5 0 8 Formiga and Homare Sawa are the only players to appear in six Women 's World Cup editions . Most tournaments ( edit ) Main article : List of players who have appeared in multiple FIFA Women 's World Cups # Player Appearances Formiga 6 ( 1995 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2011 , 2015 ) Homare Sawa 6 ( 1995 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2011 , 2015 ) Kristine Lilly 5 ( 1991 , 1995 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 ) Bente Nordby 5 ( 1991 * , 1995 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 ) Birgit Prinz 5 ( 1995 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2011 ) Karina LeBlanc 5 ( 1999 * , 2003 , 2007 * , 2011 , 2015 * ) Nadine Angerer 5 ( 1999 * , 2003 * , 2007 , 2011 , 2015 ) Christie Rampone 5 ( 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2011 , 2015 ) * Did not play but was part of the squad . Most matches ( edit ) # Player Matches Kristine Lilly 30 Abby Wambach 25 Formiga 24 Julie Foudy 24 Birgit Prinz 24 Homare Sawa 24 7 Joy Fawcett 23 Mia Hamm 23 9 Bente Nordby 22 Hege Riise 22 Bettina Wiegmann 22 See also ( edit ) FIFA Women 's Club World Cup FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup Women 's association football portal Association football portal Women 's Sport portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The History of Women 's Football '' . England Football Association . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . Jump up ^ FIFA KOs Greece . El Mundo Deportivo , 01 / 07 / 88 Jump up ^ `` Women 's World Cup History '' . The Sports Network . Retrieved 25 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Koppel , Naomi ( 3 May 2003 ) . `` FIFA moves Women 's World Cup from China because of SARS '' . USA Today . Retrieved 27 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Molinaro , John F. ( 3 March 2011 ) . `` Canada gets 2015 Women 's World Cup of soccer '' . CBC Sports . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Japan legend Sawa makes cut for sixth World Cup '' . Reuters. 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USWNT 'S Christie Rampone Is Now The Oldest Player To Appear In The Women 's World Cup '' . Huffington Post . 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` France to host the FIFA Women 's World Cup in 2019 '' . FIFA.com. 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LA FINALE DU MONDIAL FEMININ 2019 AU PARC OL ! '' ( Press release ) ( in French ) . Groupama Stadium . 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Champions : USA Wins 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup '' . U.S. Soccer. 5 July 2004 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations FIFA Women 's World Cup Canada 2015 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil takes third '' . SI / CNN . 10 July 1999 . Archived from the original on 28 February 2002 . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Women 's World Cup Germany 2011 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . pp. 109 -- 110 . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Women 's World Cup Germany 2011 Statistics '' . FIFA . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Key figures from the FIFA Women 's World Cup Canada 2015 TM '' . FIFA. 7 July 2015 . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Women 's World Cup Final Is Most - watched Soccer Match in U.S. History '' . U.S. Soccer. 8 July 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hinog , Mark ( 6 July 2015 ) . `` More Americans watched the Women 's World Cup final than the NBA Finals or the Stanley Cup 24 '' . SB Nation . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Record - breaking FIFA Women 's World Cup tops 750 million TV viewers '' . FIFA. 17 December 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA Women 's World Cup . FIFA official site UEFA 's page on the FIFA Women 's World Cup Photos : FIFA Women 's World Cup China 2007 on Time.com RSSSF 's pages FIFA History of FIFA FIFA Anthem FIFA Congress FIFA Council FIFA Ethics Committee FIFA headquarters Football at the Summer Olympics List of football federations International Football Association Board Timeline of association football Football codes Association football Beach soccer Futsal Confederations AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Men 's tournaments FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup FIFA Club World Cup FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup Blue Stars / FIFA Youth Cup Women 's tournaments FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup FIFA Women 's Club World Cup Other tournaments FIFA eWorld Cup Presidents Robert Guérin ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Daniel Burley Woolfall ( 1906 -- 1918 ) Jules Rimet ( 1921 -- 1954 ) Rodolphe Seeldrayers ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Arthur Drewry ( 1955 -- 1961 ) Stanley Rous ( 1961 -- 1974 ) João Havelange ( 1974 -- 1998 ) Sepp Blatter ( 1998 -- 2015 ) Issa Hayatou ( 2015 -- 2016 , acting ) Gianni Infantino ( 2016 -- present ) General Secretaries Louis Muhlinghaus ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Wilhelm Hirschman ( 1906 -- 1931 ) Ivo Schricker ( 1932 -- 1951 ) Kurt Gassmann ( 1951 -- 1960 ) Helmut Käser ( 1961 -- 1981 ) Sepp Blatter ( 1981 -- 1998 ) Michel Zen - Ruffinen ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Urs Linsi ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Jérôme Valcke ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Markus Kattner ( 2015 -- 2016 , acting ) Fatma Samoura ( 2016 -- present ) Awards FIFA 100 FIFA Ballon d'Or FIFA Club of the Century FIFA Development Award FIFA Fair Play Award FIFA Female Player of the Century FIFA FIFPro World XI FIFA Order of Merit FIFA Player of the Century FIFA Presidential Award FIFA Puskás Award FIFA Women 's World Cup awards FIFA World Coach of the Year FIFA World Cup All - Time Team FIFA World Cup Dream Team FIFA World Cup awards FIFA World Player of the Year The Best FIFA Football Awards Rankings FIFA World Rankings FIFA World Ranking system ( 1999 -- 2006 ) FIFA Women 's World Rankings Congresses 51st ( Paris 1998 ) 53rd ( Seoul 2002 ) 61st ( Zürich 2011 ) 65th ( Zürich 2015 ) Extraordinary ( Zürich 2016 ) Corruption `` FIFA 's Dirty Secrets '' Garcia Report 2015 FIFA corruption case List of banned football officials Others FIFA ( video game series ) List of FIFA country codes FIFA Disciplinary Code FIFA Fan Fest FIFA Futbol Mundial FIFA eligibility rules FIFA International Match Calendar FIFA International Referees List FIFA Master FIFA Transfer Matching System FIFA World Cup Trophy Non-FIFA United Passions FIFA Women 's World Cup Tournaments China 1991 Sweden 1995 United States 1999 United States 2003 China 2007 Germany 2011 Canada 2015 France 2019 2023 Qualification 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 Finals 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Squads 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Miscellaneous Hosts Team appearances Player appearances Goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Multiple winners Records Awards Broadcasters International women 's association football FIFA Federations Teams Competitions World Rankings Player of the Year The Best FIFA Women 's Player Asia AFC Women 's Asian Cup U-19 U-16 Regional ( ASEAN , EAFF , SAFF , WAFF ) Africa CAF Women Cup of Nations U-20 U-17 Regional ( CECAFA , COSAFA , WAFU ) North America , Central America and the Caribbean CONCACAF Women 's Gold Cup U-20 U-17 South America CONMEBOL Copa América Femenina U-20 U-17 Oceania OFC Women 's Nations Cup U-20 U-17 Europe UEFA Women 's Championship U-19 U-17 Non-FIFA NF - Board Women 's Viva World Cup Games African Games Asian Games Central America and Caribbean Central American Games Pan American Games Pacific Games Indian Ocean Island Games South Asian Games Southeast Asian Games Universiade Worldwide World Cup U-17 U-20 Albena Cup Algarve Cup Brazil Cup China Cup Cyprus Women 's Cup Turkish Women 's Cup Istria Cup Peace Queen Cup SheBelieves Cup Tournament of Nations Yongchuan International Tournament Olympics Youth Olympics Universiade Geography Codes Player of the Century Men 's football World championships List of world sports championships Olympic sports Team Association football men men 's club women women 's club Baseball men Basketball men women 3x3 basketball Beach volleyball Curling Handball men women Field hockey men women Ice hockey men women Rugby sevens Softball women Volleyball men men 's club women women 's club Water polo Individual Archery Aquatic sports Athletics outdoor race walking Badminton men women mixed individual Biathlon Bobsleigh and skeleton Boxing ( amateur ) Canoeing slalom sprint Cycling road track cyclo - cross mountain biking trials BMX Equestrianism Equestrian Games dressage eventing show jumping Fencing Golf men women Gymnastics artistic rhythmic trampolining Ice skating figure speed short track Judo Karate Luge artificial track natural track Modern pentathlon Rowing Sailing Shooting Skiing alpine nordic freestyle snowboarding Sport climbing Table tennis Taekwondo Triathlon Weightlifting Wrestling Discontinued Basque pelota Cricket men women Lacrosse men Polo Roller hockey men women Paralympic sports Team Amputee Football CP Football Para ice hockey Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair rugby Wheelchair curling Goalball Sitting volleyball Individual Archery Athletics Badminton Cycling Track cycling Road cycling Powerlifting Skiing Alpine Swimming Table tennis Cue sports Carom billiards Three - cushion individual team artistic five - pin English billiards Crokinole Pocket billiards eight - ball nine - ball ten - ball straight pool Snooker six - red ladies amateurs seniors Mind sports Backgammon Bridge Chess open women Draughts men women checkers draughts - 64 draughts - 64 women Go Puzzles Scrabble Sudoku Xiangqi eSports ESWC FIFA Dota 2 League of Legends Motorsport Auto racing Alternative energy Solar car Formula One Formula Three Karting Rallying WRC WRC - 2 WRC - 3 rally raid Rallycross Sports car endurance Touring car Motorcycle sports Endurance Enduro Ice racing individual team Grand Prix Production Superbike Supersport Cross-country rally Motocross individual nation Supercross sidecar Sidecar Speedway individual team Trial Other Aeroplane sport Aerobatic Aerobatic GP Air Race Powerboating F1 offshore Radio - controlled racing 1 : 10 electric off - road Tank biathlon Other sports Team American football men women Australian football Bandy men men 's club women women 's club Ball hockey Baseball men women Beach handball Beach soccer Canoe polo Dancesport Formation Latin Fistball men women Flag football Floorball Futsal men men 's club women Inline hockey FIRS IIHF Korfball Lacrosse men women indoor under - 19s Netball Padel tennis Quidditch Ringette Roll Ball Roller derby Rugby league men men 's club women Rugby union men women Sailing Yachts Dinghies Sepaktakraw Softball men Synchronized skating Tchoukball Individual Air sports Ballooning Gliding Parachuting Paragliding Aquatics Surfing Water skiing Athletics cross country half marathon indoor 100 km Mountain running Long Distance Mountain running Snowshoe running Skyrunning Trail running Bowling Tenpin Bowls Indoor Canoeing marathon Cycling mountain bike marathon cyclo - cross Darts BDO PDC Fishing freshwater fly fishing Gymnastics acrobatic aerobic Inline speed skating Kendo Kickboxing Orienteering foot ski mountain bike trail Pétanque Powerlifting men women Professional boxing men women Mounted games Racquetball Sambo Shooting practical handgun practical rifle practical shotgun Skiing flying Ski mountaineering Squash individual doubles team Roller skating artistic Swimming short course Triathlon Ironman Wrestling Armwrestling Sumo Wushu Other Yo - yo World cup competitions List of world cups Team Association football men men 's club women women 's club Viva Athletics Australian rules football Badminton men women mixed Baseball men women Basketball men women Beach soccer Boxing Bull riding Cricket men ODI men Twenty20 women ODI women Twenty20 indoor Darts PDC WDF Field hockey men women Futsal FIFA men AMF men AMF women Golf men women Ice hockey Lacrosse women Nine - ball Pitch and putt Rowing Motorsport enduro Roll ball Pesäpallo Roller derby men women Rugby league men women Rugby union men women sevens Quidditch Sepaktakraw Snooker Softball Tennis men women mixed Touch football Volleyball men women Water polo men women Wrestling Individual Archery Canoe slalom Chess Cyclo - cross Diving Equestrian dressage Gymnastics artistic rhythmic Mountain bike racing Orienteering Paralympic summer winter Road bicycle racing men women Sailing Show jumping Speedway motorcycle Sport shooting Swimming Ten - pin bowling Track cycling Triathlon Winter sports Biathlon Skiing Alpine Cross-country Freestyle ski cross Nordic combined Ski jumping ski flying Snowboarding Ski orienteering Sledding Bobsleigh Luge Skeleton Speed skating Short track See also : Template : Main world championships World football championships Football at the Summer Olympics Football at the Youth Olympics Men National FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup Club FIFA Club World Cup ( Intercontinental Cup ) Women National FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup Club FIFA Women 's Club World Cup ( International Women 's Club Championship ) Variants FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup FIFA Interactive World Cup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup&oldid=839401159 '' Categories : FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA competitions for women 's national teams Recurring sporting events established in 1991 Women 's world championships World championships in association football Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from January 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 39 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 05 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the women's first world cup held | [
"The FIFA Women's World Cup is an international football competition contested by the senior women's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The competition has been held every four years since 1991, when the inaugural tournament, then called the FIFA Women's World Championship, was held in China."
] | [
"1991"
] |
-6475722257453803073 | Star Trek (film) | Star Trek ( film ) - wikipedia Star Trek ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2009 film . For the 1979 Star Trek film , see Star Trek : The Motion Picture . For the film series , see Star Trek ( film series ) . Star Trek Theatrical release poster Directed by J.J. Abrams Produced by J.J. Abrams Damon Lindelof Written by Roberto Orci Alex Kurtzman Based on Star Trek by Gene Roddenberry Starring John Cho Ben Cross Bruce Greenwood Simon Pegg Chris Pine Zachary Quinto Winona Ryder Zoe Saldana Karl Urban Anton Yelchin Eric Bana Leonard Nimoy Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Dan Mindel Edited by Mary Jo Markey Maryann Brandon Production companies Spyglass Entertainment Bad Robot Productions Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date April 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 07 ) ( Sydney Opera House ) May 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 08 ) ( United States ) Running time 127 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $150 million Box office $385.7 million Star Trek is a 2009 American science fiction adventure film directed by J.J. Abrams and written by Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman . It is the eleventh film in the Star Trek film franchise , and is also a reboot that features the main characters of the original Star Trek television series portrayed by a new cast , as the first in the rebooted film series . The film follows James T. Kirk ( Chris Pine ) and Spock ( Zachary Quinto ) aboard USS Enterprise as they combat Nero ( Eric Bana ) , a Romulan from their future who threatens the United Federation of Planets . The story takes place in an alternate reality because of time travel by both Nero and the original Spock ( Leonard Nimoy ) . The alternate timeline was created in an attempt to free the film and the franchise from established continuity constraints while simultaneously preserving original story elements . The idea for a prequel film which would follow the Star Trek characters during their time in Starfleet Academy was discussed by series creator Gene Roddenberry in 1968 . The concept resurfaced in the late 1980s , when it was postulated by Harve Bennett as a possible plotline for what would become Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country , but was rejected in lieu of other projects by Roddenberry . Following the critical and commercial failure of Star Trek : Nemesis and the cancellation of the television series Star Trek : Enterprise , the franchise 's executive producer Rick Berman and screenwriter Erik Jendresen wrote an unproduced film titled Star Trek : The Beginning , which would take place after Enterprise . After the separation of Viacom and CBS Corporation in 2005 , former Paramount Pictures president Gail Berman convinced CBS to allow Paramount to produce a new film in the franchise . Orci and Kurtzman , both fans of Star Trek , were approached to write the film , and J.J. Abrams was approached to direct it . Kurtzman and Orci used inspiration from novels and graduate school dissertations , as well as the series itself . Principal photography commenced on November 7 , 2007 and ended on March 27 , 2008 . The film was shot in various locations around California and Utah . Abrams wanted to avoid using bluescreen and greenscreen , opting to use sets and locations instead . Heavy secrecy surrounded the film 's production and was under the fake working title Corporate Headquarters . Industrial Light & Magic used digital ships for the film , as opposed to the previous films in the franchise . Production for the film concluded by the end of 2008 . Star Trek was heavily promoted in the months preceding its release ; pre-release screenings for the film premiered in select cities around the world , including Austin , Texas , Sydney , Australia , and Calgary , Alberta . It was released in the United States and Canada on May 8 , 2009 , to critical acclaim ; critics praised its character development , as well as its storyline , effects , stunts , action sequences , direction , and its score by Michael Giacchino . Star Trek was a box office success , grossing over $385.7 million worldwide against its $150 million production budget . It was nominated for several awards , including four Academy Awards at the 82nd Academy Awards , ultimately winning Best Makeup , making it the first Star Trek film to win an Academy Award . It was followed by two sequels , Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 ) and Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) , with a fourth having been announced . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Design 3.4 Filming 3.5 Effects 3.6 Music 3.7 Sound effects 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Sequels 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In the 23rd century , the Federation starship USS Kelvin is investigating a `` lightning storm '' in space . A Romulan ship , Narada , emerges from the storm and attacks Kelvin . Narada 's first officer , Ayel , demands that Kelvin 's Captain Robau come aboard to negotiate a truce . Robau is questioned about the current stardate and an `` Ambassador Spock '' , whom he does not recognize . Narada 's commander , Nero , kills him , and resumes attacking Kelvin . George Kirk , Kelvin 's first officer , orders the ship 's personnel , including his pregnant wife Winona , to abandon ship while he pilots Kelvin on a collision course with Narada . Kirk sacrifices his life to ensure Winona 's survival as she gives birth to James T. Kirk . Seventeen years later on the planet Vulcan , a young Spock is accepted to join the Vulcan Science Academy . Realizing that the Academy views his human mother Amanda as a `` disadvantage '' , he joins Starfleet instead . On Earth , Kirk becomes a reckless but intelligent young adult . Following a bar fight with Starfleet cadets accompanying Nyota Uhura , Kirk meets Captain Christopher Pike , who encourages him to enlist in Starfleet Academy , where Kirk meets and befriends doctor Leonard McCoy . Three years later , Commander Spock accuses Kirk of cheating during the Kobayashi Maru simulation . Kirk argues that cheating was acceptable because the simulation was designed to be unbeatable . The disciplinary hearing is interrupted by a distress signal from Vulcan . With the primary fleet out of range , the cadets are mobilized . McCoy and Kirk board Pike 's ship , the Enterprise . Realizing that the `` lightning storm '' observed near Vulcan is similar to the one that occurred when he was born , Kirk breaks protocol to convince Pike that the distress signal is a trap . Enterprise arrives to find the fleet destroyed and Narada drilling into Vulcan 's core . Narada attacks Enterprise and Pike surrenders , delegating command of the ship to Spock and promoting Kirk to first officer . Kirk , Hikaru Sulu and Chief Engineer Olson perform a space jump onto the drilling platform . Olson is killed but Kirk and Sulu disable the drill . Despite their efforts , Nero launches `` red matter '' into Vulcan 's core , forming an artificial black hole that destroys Vulcan . Spock rescues the high council and his father Sarek , but his mother Amanda dies . As Narada moves toward Earth , Nero tortures Pike to gain access to Earth 's defense codes . Spock maroons Kirk on Delta Vega after Kirk attempts mutiny . Kirk encounters an older Spock , who explains that he and Nero are from 129 years in the future . In that future , Romulus was threatened by a supernova . Spock 's attempt to use `` red matter '' to create an artificial black hole and consume the supernova failed , and Nero 's family perished along with Romulus . Narada and Spock 's vessel were caught in the black hole , sending them back in time . Nero stranded Spock on Delta Vega to watch Vulcan 's destruction . Reaching a Starfleet outpost on Delta Vega , Kirk and the elder Spock meet Montgomery Scott . With the elder Spock 's help , Kirk and Scott beam onto Enterprise . Following the elder Spock 's advice , Kirk provokes younger Spock into attacking him , forcing Spock to recognize himself as emotionally compromised and relinquish command to Kirk . After talking with Sarek , Spock decides to help Kirk . While Enterprise hides itself within the gas clouds of Titan , Kirk and Spock beam aboard Narada . Kirk fights with Nero and Ayel , killing the latter and rescuing Pike , while Spock uses the elder Spock 's ship to destroy the drill . Spock leads Narada away from Earth and sets his ship to collide with Nero 's ship . Enterprise beams Kirk , Pike , and Spock aboard . The older Spock 's ship and Narada collide , igniting the `` red matter '' . Kirk offers Nero help to escape , but Nero refuses , prompting Kirk to give the order to fire , dooming Narada to be consumed in a black hole . Kirk is promoted to Captain and given command of Enterprise while Pike is promoted to Rear Admiral . Spock encounters his older self , who persuades his younger self to continue serving in Starfleet , encouraging him to do , for once , what feels right instead of what is logical . Spock remains in Starfleet , becoming first officer under Kirk 's command . Enterprise goes to warp as the elder Spock speaks the `` where no one has gone before '' monologue . Cast ( edit ) From top to bottom : Chris Pine , Zachary Quinto and Zoe Saldana . Chris Pine as James T. Kirk Pine described his first audition as `` awful '' , because he could not take himself seriously as a leader . Abrams did not see Pine 's first audition , and it was only after Pine 's agent met Abrams ' wife that the director decided to give him another audition opposite Quinto . Quinto was supportive of Pine 's casting because they knew each other from working out at the same gym . After getting the part , Pine sent William Shatner a letter and received a reply containing Shatner 's approval . Pine watched classic episodes and read encyclopedias about the Star Trek universe , but stopped as he felt weighed down by the feeling he had to copy Shatner . Pine felt he had to show Kirk 's `` humor , arrogance and decisiveness , '' but not Shatner 's speech pattern , which would have bordered on imitation . Pine said that when watching the original series , he was also struck by how Shatner 's performance was characterized by humor . Instead , Pine chose to incorporate elements of Tom Cruise from Top Gun and Harrison Ford 's portrayals of Indiana Jones and Han Solo . Chris Pratt also auditioned for the role . Jimmy Bennett portrays a younger Kirk . Zachary Quinto as Spock The younger alternate - timeline Spock . Quinto expressed interest in the role because of the duality of Spock 's half - human , half - Vulcan heritage , and how `` he is constantly exploring that notion of how to evolve in a responsible way and how to evolve in a respectful way . I think those are all things that we as a society , and certainly the world , could implement . '' He mentioned he heard about the new film and revealed his interest in the role in a December 2006 interview with the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette ; the article was widely circulated and he attracted Abrams ' interest . For the audition , Quinto wore a blue shirt and flattened his hair down to feel more like Spock . He bound his fingers to practice the Vulcan salute , shaved his eyebrows , and grew and dyed his hair for the role . He conveyed many of Spock 's attributes , such as his stillness and the way Nimoy would hold his hands behind his back . Quinto commented that the physical transformation aided in portraying an alien , joking `` I just felt like a nerd . I felt like I was 12 again . You look back at those pictures and you see the bowl cut . There 's no question I was born to play the Spock role . I was sporting that look for a good four or five years . The film officially establishes ( to Kirk 's surprise ) that Uhura and Spock are lovers and have been romantically linked for some time , a point which had never been previously explored on TV or in film . '' Adrien Brody had discussed playing the role with the director before Quinto was cast . Jacob Kogan portrays a younger Spock . Eric Bana as Captain Nero The film 's time - traveling Romulan villain . Bana shot his scenes toward the end of filming . He was n't `` a huge Trekkie when ( he ) was a kid '' , and had not seen the films . Even though he was `` crazy about the original series , '' he would not have accepted the role unless he liked the script , which he deemed `` awesome '' once he read it . Bana knew Abrams because they coincidentally shared the same agent . Bana improvised the character 's speech patterns . Leonard Nimoy as Spock Prime : Nimoy reprises the role of the older Spock from the original Star Trek timeline , credited as `` Spock Prime '' . He was a longtime friend of Abrams ' parents , but became better acquainted with Abrams during filming . Although Quinto watched some episodes of the show during breaks in filming , Nimoy was his main resource in playing Spock . Abrams and the writers met Nimoy at his house ; writer Roberto Orci recalled that the actor gave a `` ' Who are you guys and what are you up to ? ' vibe '' before being told how important he was to them . He was silent , and Nimoy 's wife Susan Bay told the creative team he had remained in his chair after their conversation , emotionally overwhelmed by his decision after turning down many opportunities to revisit the role . Had Nimoy disliked the script , production would have been delayed for it to be rewritten . Nimoy later said , `` This is the first and only time I ever had a filmmaker say , ' We can not make this film without you and we wo n't make it without you ' '' . He was `` genuinely excited '' by the script 's scope and its detailing of the characters ' backstories , saying , `` We have dealt with ( Spock 's being half - human , half - Vulcan ) , but never with quite the overview that this script has of the entire history of the character , the growth of the character , the beginnings of the character and the arrival of the character into the Enterprise crew . '' Abrams commented , `` It was surreal to direct him as Spock , because what the hell am I doing there ? This guy has been doing it for forty years . It 's like ' I think Spock would ... ' '' Zoe Saldana as Nyota Uhura Abrams asked her to play the role because he had seen her previous work and liked it . Saldana had never seen the original series , though she had played a Trekkie in The Terminal ( 2004 ) , but agreed to play the role after Abrams complimented her . `` For an actor , that 's all you need , that 's all you want . To get the acknowledgment and respect from your peers , '' she said . She met with Nichelle Nichols , who explained to her how she had created Uhura 's background and had named the character . Saldana 's mother was a Star Trek fan and sent her voice mails during filming , giving advice on the part . Sydney Tamiia Poitier also auditioned for the part . The film officially establishes the character 's first name , which had never been previously uttered on TV or in film . It also establishes ( in an officially discreet manner ) that Uhura and Spock are , in fact , lovers and had been romantically linked for some time during the film . Karl Urban as Dr. Leonard `` Bones '' McCoy Like Pine , Urban said of taking on the role that `` it is a case of not doing some sort of facsimile or carbon copy , but really taking the very essence of what DeForest Kelley has done and honoring that and bringing something new to the table '' . Urban has been a fan of the show since he was seven years old and actively pursued the role after rediscovering the series on DVD with his son . Urban was cast at his first audition , which was two months after his initial meeting with Abrams . He said he was happy to play a role with lots of comedy , something he had not done since The Price of Milk , because he was tired of action - oriented roles . When asked why McCoy is so cantankerous , Urban joked the character might be a `` little bipolar actually ! '' Orci and Kurtzman had collaborated with Urban on Xena : Warrior Princess , in which he played Cupid and Caesar . Simon Pegg as Montgomery `` Scotty '' Scott Abrams contacted Pegg by e-mail , offering him the part . To achieve Scotty 's accent , Pegg was assisted by his wife Maureen , who is from Glasgow , although Pegg said that Scotty was from Linlithgow and that he therefore wanted his accent to sound more East Coast Scottish . As a result , the accent he used is a mixture of both , although it leans more towards the West sound . He was also aided by James Doohan 's son , Chris , and Tommy Gormley , the film 's Glaswegian first assistant director . Pegg described Scotty as a positive Scottish stereotype , noting `` Scots are the first people to laugh at the fact that they drink and fight a bit '' , and that Scotty comes from a long line of Scots with technical expertise , such as John Logie Baird and Alexander Graham Bell . Years before , Pegg 's character on Spaced joked that every odd - numbered Star Trek film being `` shit '' was a fact of life . Pegg noted `` Fate put me in the movie to show me I was talking out of my ass . '' John Cho as Hikaru Sulu Abrams had at first been concerned about casting a Korean - American as a Japanese character , but George Takei reassured him that Sulu had been meant to represent all of Asia on Enterprise , so Abrams went ahead with Cho . Cho acknowledged that being an Asian - American , `` there are certain acting roles that you are never going to get , and one of them is playing a cowboy . ( Playing Sulu ) is a realization of that dream -- going into space . '' He cited the masculinity of the character as being important to him , and spent two weeks fight training . Although Cho suffered an injury to his wrist during filming , a representative reassured the public that the injury was `` no big deal '' . James Kyson Lee had originally been interested in playing the part of Sulu , but both he and Quinto , who had already been cast as Spock , were at the time members of the cast of the television series Heroes , and its producers told Lee they did not want to lose another cast member for three months . Anton Yelchin as Pavel Chekov As with the rest of the cast , Yelchin was allowed to choose what elements there were from their predecessor 's performances . Yelchin decided to carry on Walter Koenig 's speech patterns of replacing `` v '' s with `` w '' s , although he and Abrams felt this was a trait more common of Polish accents than Russian ones . He described Chekov as an odd character , being a Russian who was brought on to the show `` in the middle of the Cold War . '' He recalled a `` scene where they 're talking to Apollo ( who says ) , ' I am Apollo . ' And Chekov is like , ' And I am the czar of all the Russias . ' ( ... ) They gave him these lines . I mean he really is the weirdest , weirdest character . '' Bruce Greenwood as Christopher Pike , the captain of USS Enterprise . Ben Cross as Sarek , Spock 's father . Winona Ryder as Amanda Grayson , Spock 's mother . Clifton Collins Jr. as Ayel , Nero 's first officer . Chris Hemsworth plays George Kirk , James Tiberius Kirk 's father , who dies aboard USS Kelvin while battling Nero . Mark Wahlberg was also approached for the role . Faran Tahir plays Kelvin captain Richard Robau . Winona Kirk , Kirk 's mother , is played by Jennifer Morrison . Greg Ellis plays Chief Engineer Olson , the redshirt who is killed during the space jump . Additional minor roles include Rachel Nichols as Gaila , an Orion Starfleet cadet ; Deep Roy as Scotty 's alien ( Royla ) assistant Keenser ; and Paul McGillion as a Starfleet barracks leader . Chris Doohan , the son of the original Scotty , James Doohan , makes a cameo appearance in the transporter room as Lt. Kyle . Some characters had their scenes substantially or entirely cut from the film , including Brad William Henke as Kirk 's stepfather ( the character 's lines in the film were provided by Greg Grunberg ) . Spencer Daniels originally played Kirk 's older brother , George Samuel `` Sam '' Kirk , Jr. , but the majority of his scenes were cut and the opening car chase scene where Kirk can be heard calling out to him was overdubbed . Victor Garber plays a Klingon interrogator who tortures Nero during his time on Rura Penthe . Tyler Perry appears as the head of Starfleet Academy , Admiral Richard Barnett . James Cawley , producer and star of the web series Star Trek : New Voyages , appears as a Starfleet officer , while Pasha Lychnikoff and Lucia Rijker play Romulans , Lychnikoff a Commander and Rijker a Communications Officer . W. Morgan Sheppard , who played a Klingon in Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country , as well as Data 's allegorical grandfather in the TNG episode `` The Schizoid Man '' , appears in this film as the head of the Vulcan Science Council . Wil Wheaton , known for portraying Wesley Crusher on Star Trek : The Next Generation , was brought in , through urging by Greg Grunberg , to voice several of the other Romulans in the film . Star Trek fan and Carnegie Mellon University professor Randy Pausch cameoed as a Kelvin crew member , and has a line of dialogue . Majel Barrett , the widow of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry , reprised her role as the voice of Enterprise 's computer , which she completed two weeks before her death on December 18 , 2008 . Orci and Kurtzman wrote a scene for Shatner , in which old Spock gives his younger self a recorded message by Kirk from the previous timeline . `` It was basically a Happy Birthday wish knowing that Spock was going to go off to Romulus , and Kirk would probably be dead by the time , '' and it would have shifted into Shatner reciting `` Where no man has gone before '' . However , Shatner wanted to share Nimoy 's major role , and did not want a cameo , despite his character 's death in Star Trek Generations . He suggested the film canonize his novels where Kirk is resurrected , but Abrams decided if his character was accompanying Nimoy 's , it would have become a film about the resurrection of Kirk , and not about introducing the new versions of the characters . Nimoy disliked the character 's death in Generations , but also felt resurrecting Kirk would be detrimental to this film , and his friendship with Shatner caused them to avoid discussing the film . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) As early as the 1968 World Science Fiction Convention , Star Trek creator Roddenberry had said he was going to make a film prequel to the television series . But the prequel concept did not resurface until the late 1980s , when Ralph Winter and Harve Bennett submitted a proposal for a prequel during development of the fourth film . Roddenberry rejected Bennett 's prequel proposal in 1991 , after the completion of Star Trek V : The Final Frontier . Then David Loughery wrote a script entitled The Academy Years , but it was shelved in light of objections from Roddenberry and the fanbase . The film that was commissioned instead ended up being Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country . In February 2005 , after the financial failure of the tenth film , Star Trek : Nemesis ( 2002 ) , and the cancellation of the television series Star Trek : Enterprise , the franchise 's executive producer Rick Berman and screenwriter Erik Jendresen began developing a new film entitled Star Trek : The Beginning . It was to revolve around a new set of characters , led by Kirk 's ancestor Tiberius Chase , and be set during the Earth - Romulan War -- after the events of Enterprise but before the events of the original series . In 2005 , Viacom , which owned Paramount Pictures , separated from CBS Corporation , which retained Paramount 's television properties , including ownership of the Star Trek brand . Gail Berman , then president of Paramount , convinced CBS ' chief executive , Leslie Moonves , to allow them eighteen months to develop a new Star Trek film , otherwise Paramount would lose the film rights . Berman approached Mission : Impossible III writers Orci and Kurtzman for ideas on the new film , and after the film had completed shooting she asked their director , Abrams , to produce it . Abrams , Orci and Kurtzman , plus producers Damon Lindelof and Bryan Burk , felt the franchise had explored enough of what took place after the series , Orci and Lindelof consider themselves trekkies , and feel some of the Star Trek novels have canonical value , although Roddenberry never considered the novels to be canon . Kurtzman is a casual fan , while Burk was not . Abrams ' company , Bad Robot Productions produced the film with Paramount , marking the first time another company had financed a Star Trek film . Bill Todman , Jr. 's Level 1 Entertainment also co-produced the film , but , during 2008 , Spyglass Entertainment replaced them as financial partner . In an interview , Abrams said that he had never seen Star Trek : Nemesis because he felt the franchise had `` disconnected '' from the original series . For him , he said , Star Trek was about Kirk and Spock , and the other series were like `` separate space adventure ( s ) with the name Star Trek '' . He also acknowledged that as a child he had actually preferred the Star Wars movies . He noted that his general knowledge of Star Trek made him well suited to introduce the franchise to newcomers , and that , being an optimistic person , he would make Star Trek an optimistic film , which would be a refreshing contrast to the likes of The Dark Knight . He added that he loved the focus on exploration in Star Trek and the idea of the Prime Directive , which forbids Starfleet to interfere in the development of primitive worlds , but that , because of the budgetary limitations of the original series , it had `` never had the resources to actually show the adventure '' . He noted he only became involved with the project as producer initially because he wanted to help Orci , Kurtzman and Lindelof . On February 23 , 2007 , Abrams accepted Paramount 's offer to direct the film , after having initially been attached to it solely as a producer . He explained that he had decided to direct the film because , after reading the script , he realized that he `` would be so agonizingly envious of whoever stepped in and directed the movie . '' Orci and Kurtzman said that their aim had been to impress a casual fan like Abrams with their story . Abrams noted that , during filming , he had been nervous `` with all these tattooed faces and pointy ears , bizarre weaponry and Romulan linguists , with dialogue about ' Neutral Zones ' and ' Starfleet ' ( but ) I knew this would work , because the script Alex and Bob wrote was so emotional and so relatable . I did n't love Kirk and Spock when I began this journey -- but I love them now . '' Writing ( edit ) `` We 're from different worlds , Alex ( Kurtzman ) was born here , and I was born in Mexico City and lived there until I was nine . Kirk and Spock are opposites from two worlds . That 's us in a nutshell . We 're drawn to each by what each of us lacks . The story of this film is about two guys who are such opposites that they might end up strangling each other but instead they bond and thrive together . That 's us . We can go warp speed together . '' Roberto Orci on the film 's emotional context . Orci said getting Nimoy in the film was important . `` Having him sitting around a camp fire sharing his memories was never gon na cut it '' though , and time travel was going to be included in the film from the beginning . Kurtzman added , saying the time travel creates jeopardy , unlike other prequels where viewers `` know how they all died '' . The writers acknowledged time travel had been overused in the other series , but it served a good purpose in creating a new set of adventures for the original characters before they could completely do away with it in other films . Abrams selected the Romulans as the villains because they had been featured less than the Klingons in the series , and thought it was `` fun '' to have them meet Kirk before they do in the series . Orci and Kurtzman noted it would feel backward to demonize the Klingons again after they had become heroes in later Star Trek series , and the Romulan presence continues Spock 's story from his last chronological appearance in `` Unification '' , an episode of Star Trek : The Next Generation set in 2368 . The episode of the original continuity in which Kirk becomes the first human to ever see a Romulan , `` Balance of Terror '' , served as one of the influences for the film . Orci said it was difficult giving a good explanation for the time travel without being gimmicky , like having Nero specifically seeking to assassinate Kirk . Orci noted while the time travel story allowed them to alter some backstory elements such as Kirk 's first encounter with the Romulans , they could not use it as a crutch to change everything and they tried to approach the film as a prequel as much as possible . Kirk 's service on Farragut , a major backstory point to the original episode `` Obsession '' , was left out because it was deemed irrelevant to the story of Kirk meeting Spock , although Orci felt nothing in his script precluded it from the new film 's backstory . There was a scene involving Kirk meeting Carol Marcus ( who is revealed as the mother of his son in Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan ) as a child , but it was dropped because the film needed more time to introduce the core characters . Figuring out ways to get the crew together required some contrivances , which Orci and Kurtzman wanted to explain from old Spock as a way of the timeline mending itself , highlighting the theme of destiny . The line was difficult to write and was ultimately cut out . The filmmakers sought inspiration from novels such as Prime Directive , Spock 's World and Best Destiny to fill in gaps unexplained by canon ; Best Destiny particularly explores Kirk 's childhood and names his parents . One idea that was justified through information from the novels was having Enterprise built on Earth , which was inspired by a piece of fan art of Enterprise being built in a shipyard . Orci had sent the fan art to Abrams to show how realistic the film could be . Orci explained parts of the ship would have to be constructed on Earth because of the artificial gravity employed on the ship and its requirement for sustaining warp speed , and therefore the calibration of the ship 's machinery would be best done in the exact gravity well which is to be simulated . They felt free to have the ship built in Iowa because canon is ambiguous as to whether it was built in San Francisco , but this is a result of the time travel rather than something intended to overlap with the original timeline . Abrams noted the continuity of the original series itself was inconsistent at times . Orci and Kurtzman said they wanted the general audience to like the film as much as the fans , by stripping away `` Treknobabble '' , making it action - packed and giving it the simple title of Star Trek to indicate to newcomers they would not need to watch any of the other films . Abrams saw humor and sex appeal as two integral and popular elements of the show that needed to be maintained . Orci stated being realistic and being serious were not the same thing . Abrams , Burk , Lindelof , Orci and Kurtzman were fans of The Wrath of Khan , and also cited The Next Generation episode `` Yesterday 's Enterprise '' as an influence . Abrams ' wife Katie was regularly consulted on the script , as were Orci , Kurtzman and Lindelof 's wives , to make the female characters as strong as possible . Katie Abrams ' approval of the strong female characters was partly why Abrams signed on to direct . Orci and Kurtzman read graduate school dissertations on the series for inspiration ; they noted comparisons of Kirk , Spock and McCoy to Shakespearian archetypes , and Kirk and Spock 's friendship echoing that of John Lennon and Paul McCartney . They also noted that , in the creation of this film , they were influenced by Star Wars , particularly in pacing . `` I want to feel the space , I want to feel speed and I want to feel all the things that can become a little bit lost when Star Trek becomes very stately '' said Orci . Star Wars permeated in the way they wrote the action sequences , while Burk noted Kirk and Spock 's initially cold relationship mirrors how `` Han Solo was n't friends with anyone when they started on their journey . '' Spock and Uhura were put in an actual relationship as a nod to early episodes highlighting her interest in him . Orci wanted to introduce strong Starfleet captains , concurring with an interviewer that most captains in other films were `` patsies '' included to make Kirk look greater by comparison . USS Kelvin , the ship Kirk 's father serves on , is named after J.J. Abrams ' grandfather , as well as the physicist and engineer Lord Kelvin ( William Thomson ) . Kelvin 's captain , Richard Robau ( Faran Tahir ) , is named after Orci 's Cuban uncle : Orci theorized the fictional character was born in Cuba and grew up in the Middle East . Another reference to Abrams ' previous works is Slusho , which Uhura orders at the bar where she meets Kirk . Abrams created the fictitious drink for Alias and it reappeared in viral marketing for Cloverfield . Its owner , Tagruato , is also from Cloverfield and appears on a building in San Francisco . The red matter in the film is in the shape of a red ball , an Abrams motif dating back to the pilot of Alias . Design ( edit ) The film 's production designer was Scott Chambliss , a longtime collaborator with Abrams . Chambliss worked with a large group of concept illustrators , including James Clyne , Ryan Church , creature designer Neville Page , and Star Trek veteran John Eaves . Abrams stated the difficulty of depicting the future was that much of modern technology was inspired by the original show , and made it seem outdated . Thus the production design had to be consistent with the television series but also feel more advanced than the real world technology developed after it . `` We all have the iPhone that does more than the communicator , '' said Abrams . `` I feel like there 's a certain thing that you ca n't really hold onto , which is kind of the kitschy quality . That must go if it 's going to be something that you believe is real . '' Prop master Russell Bobbitt collaborated with Nokia on recreating the original communicator , creating a $50,000 prototype . Another prop recreated for the film was the tricorder . Bobbitt brought the original prop to the set , but the actors found it too large to carry when filming action scenes , so technical advisor Doug Brody redesigned it to be smaller . The phaser props were designed as spring - triggered barrels that revolve and glow as the setting switches from `` stun '' to `` kill '' . An Aptera Typ - 1 prototype car was used on location . Panorama of Enterprise 's redesigned bridge Production designer Scott Chambliss maintained the layout of the original bridge , but aesthetically altered it with brighter colors to reflect the optimism of Star Trek . The viewscreen was made into a window that could have images projected on it to make the space environment palpable . Abrams compared the redesign to the sleek modernist work of Pierre Cardin and the sets from 2001 : A Space Odyssey , which were from the 1960s . He joked the redesigned bridge made the Apple Store look `` uncool '' . At the director 's behest , more railings were added to the bridge to make it look safer , and the set was built on gimbals so its rocking motions when the ship accelerates and is attacked was more realistic . To emphasize the size of the ship , Abrams chose to give the engine room a highly industrial appearance : he explained to Pegg that he was inspired by RMS Titanic , a sleek ship in which there was an `` incredible gut '' . Abrams selected Michael Kaplan to design the costumes because he had not seen any of the films , meaning he would approach the costumes with a new angle . For the Starfleet uniforms , Kaplan followed the show 's original color - coding , with dark gray ( almost black ) undershirts and pants and colored overshirts showing each crew member 's position . Command officers wear gold shirts , science and medical officers wear blue , and operations ( technicians , engineers , and security personnel ) wear red . Kaplan wanted the shirts to be more sophisticated than the originals and selected to have the Starfleet symbol patterned on them . Kirk wears only the undershirt because he is a cadet . Kaplan modelled the uniforms on Kelvin on science fiction films of the 1940s and 1950s , to contrast with Enterprise - era uniforms based on the ones created in the 1960s . For Abrams , `` The costumes were a microcosm of the entire project , which was how to take something that 's kind of silly and make it feel real . But how do you make legitimate those near - primary color costumes ? '' Lindelof compared the film 's Romulan faction to pirates with their bald , tattooed heads and disorganized costuming . Their ship , Narada , is purely practical with visible mechanics as it is a `` working ship '' , unlike the Enterprise crew who give a respectable presentation on behalf of the Federation . Chambliss was heavily influenced by the architecture of Antoni Gaudí for Narada , who created buildings that appeared to be inside out : by making the ship 's exposed wires appear like bones or ligaments , it would create a foreboding atmosphere . The ship 's interior was made of six pieces that could be rearranged to create a different room . The Romulan actors had three prosthetics applied to their ears and foreheads , while Bana had a fourth prosthetic for the bitemark on his ear that extends to the back of his character 's head . The film 's Romulans lacked the ' V ' - shaped ridges on the foreheads , which had been present in all of their depictions outside the original series . Neville Page wanted to honor that by having Nero 's crew ritually scar themselves too , forming keloids reminiscent of the ' V ' - ridges . It was abandoned as they did not pursue the idea enough . Kaplan wanted aged , worn and rugged clothes for the Romulans because of their mining backgrounds , and found some greasy looking fabrics at a flea market . Kaplan tracked down the makers of those clothes , who were discovered to be based in Bali , and commissioned them to create his designs . Barney Burman supervised the makeup for the other aliens : his team had to rush the creation of many of the aliens , because originally the majority of them were to feature in one scene towards the end of filming . Abrams deemed the scene too similar to the cantina sequence in Star Wars and decided to dot the designs around the film . A tribble was placed in the background of Scotty 's introduction . Both digital and physical makeup was used for aliens . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography for the film began on November 7 , 2007 and culminated on March 27 , 2008 ; however second unit filming occurred in Bakersfield , California in April 2008 , which stood in for Kirk 's childhood home in Iowa . Filming was also done at the City Hall of Long Beach , California ; the San Rafael Swell in Utah ; and the California State University , Northridge in Los Angeles ( which was used for establishing shots of students at Starfleet Academy ) . A parking lot outside Dodger Stadium was used for the ice planet of Delta Vega and the Romulan drilling rig on Vulcan . The filmmakers expressed an interest in Iceland for scenes on Delta Vega , but decided against it : Chambliss enjoyed the challenge of filming scenes with snow in southern California . Other Vulcan exteriors were shot at Vasquez Rocks , a location that was used in various episodes of the original series . A Budweiser plant in Van Nuys was used for Enterprise 's engine room , while a Long Beach power plant was used for Kelvin 's engine room . Filming locations in Star Trek Vasquez Rocks San Rafael Swell California State University , Northridge Following the initiation of the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike on November 5 , 2007 , Abrams , himself a WGA member , told Variety that while he would not render writing services for the film and intended to walk the picket line , he did not expect the strike to impact his directing of the production . In the final few weeks before the strike and start of production , Abrams and Lindelof polished the script for a final time . Abrams was frustrated that he was unable to alter lines during the strike , whereas normally they would have been able to improvise new ideas during rehearsal , although Lindelof acknowledged they could dub some lines in post-production . Orci and Kurtzman were able to stay on set without strikebreaking because they were also executive producers on the film ; they could `` make funny eyes and faces at the actors whenever they had a problem with the line and sort of nod when they had something better '' . Abrams was able to alter a scene where Spock combats six Romulans from a fistfight to a gunfight , having decided there were too many physical brawls in the film . The production team maintained heavily enforced security around the film . Karl Urban revealed , `` ( There is a ) level of security and secrecy that we have all been forced to adopt . I mean , it 's really kind of paranoid crazy , but sort of justified . We 're not allowed to walk around in public in our costumes and we have to be herded around everywhere in these golf carts that are completely concealed and covered in black canvas . The security of it is immense . You feel your freedom is a big challenge . '' Actors like Jennifer Morrison were only given the scripts of their scenes . The film 's shooting script was fiercely protected even with the main cast . Simon Pegg said , `` I read ( the script ) with a security guard near me -- it 's that secretive . '' The film used the fake working title of Corporate Headquarters . Some of the few outside of the production allowed to visit the set included Rod Roddenberry , Ronald D. Moore , Jonathan Frakes , Walter Koenig , Nichelle Nichols , Ben Stiller , Tom Cruise and Steven Spielberg ( who had partially convinced Abrams to direct because he liked the script , and he even advised the action scenes during his visit ) . When the shoot ended , Abrams gave the cast small boxes containing little telescopes , which allowed them to read the name of each constellation it was pointed at . `` I think he just wanted each of us to look at the stars a little differently , '' said John Cho . After the shoot , Abrams cut out some scenes of Kirk and Spock as children , including seeing the latter as a baby , as well as a subplot involving Nero being imprisoned by the Klingons and his escape : this explanation for his absence during Kirk 's life confused many to whom Abrams screened the film . Other scenes cut out explained that the teenage Kirk stole his stepfather 's antique car because he had forced him to clean it before an auction ; and that the Orion he seduced at the Academy worked in the operations division . Afterwards , she agrees to open the e-mail containing his patch that allows him to pass the Kobayashi Maru test . Abrams chose to shoot the film in the anamorphic format on 35 mm film after discussions about whether the film should be shot in high - definition digital video . Cinematographer Dan Mindel and Abrams agreed the choice gave the film a big - screen feel and the realistic , organic look they wanted for the film setting . Abrams and Mindel used lens flares throughout filming to create an optimistic atmosphere and a feeling that activity was taking place off - camera , making the Star Trek universe feel more real . `` There 's something about those flares , especially in a movie that potentially could be incredibly sterile and CG and overly controlled . There 's just something incredibly unpredictable and gorgeous about them . '' Mindel would create more flares by shining a flashlight or pointing a mirror at the camera lens , or using two cameras simultaneously and therefore two lighting set - ups . Editor Mary Jo Markey later said in interview that he had not told her ( or fellow editor Maryann Brandon ) this , and initially contacted the film developers asking why the film seemed overexposed . Effects ( edit ) Industrial Light & Magic and Digital Domain were among several companies that created over 1,000 special effect shots . The visual effects supervisors were Roger Guyett , who collaborated with Abrams on Mission : Impossible III and also served as second unit director , and Russell Earl . Abrams avoided shooting only against bluescreen and greenscreen , because it `` makes me insane '' , using them instead to extend the scale of sets and locations . The Delta Vega sequence required the mixing of digital snow with real snow . Star Trek was the first film ILM worked on using entirely digital ships . Enterprise was intended by Abrams to be a merging of its design in the series and the refitted version from the original film . Abrams had fond memories of the revelation of Enterprise 's refit in Star Trek : The Motion Picture , because it was the first time the ship felt tangible and real to him . The iridescent pattern on the ship from The Motion Picture was maintained to give the ship depth , while model maker Roger Goodson also applied the `` Aztec '' pattern from The Next Generation . Goodson recalled Abrams also wanted to bring a `` hot rod '' aesthetic to the ship . Effects supervisor Roger Guyett wanted the ship to have more moving parts , which stemmed from his childhood dissatisfaction with the ship 's design : The new Enterprise 's dish can expand and move , while the fins on its engines split slightly when they begin warping . Enterprise was originally redesigned by Ryan Church using features of the original , at 1,200 feet ( 370 m ) long , but was doubled in size to 2,357 feet ( 718 m ) long to make it seem `` grander '' , while the Romulan Narada is five miles long and several miles wide . The filmmakers had to simulate lens flares on the ships in keeping with the film 's cinematography . Carolyn Porco of NASA was consulted on the planetary science and imagery . The animators realistically recreated what an explosion would look like in space : short blasts , which suck inward and leave debris from a ship floating . For shots of an imploding planet , the same explosion program was used to simulate it breaking up , while the animators could manually composite multiple layers of rocks and wind sucking into the planet . Unlike other Star Trek films and series , the transporter beam effects swirl rather than speckle . Abrams conceived the redesign to emphasize the notion of transporters as beams that can pick up and move people , rather than a signal composed of scrambled atoms . Lola Visual Effects worked on 48 shots , including some animation to Bana and Nimoy . Bana required extensive damage to his teeth , which was significant enough to completely replace his mouth in some shots . Nimoy 's mouth was reanimated in his first scene with Kirk following a rerecording session . The filmmakers had filmed Nimoy when he rerecorded his lines so they could rotoscope his mouth into the film , even recreating the lighting conditions , but they realized they had to digitally recreate his lips because of the bouncing light created by the camp fire . Music ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek ( soundtrack ) Michael Giacchino , Abrams ' most frequent collaborator , composed the music for Star Trek . He kept the original theme by Alexander Courage for the end credits , which Abrams said symbolized the momentum of the crew coming together . Giacchino admitted personal pressure in scoring the film , as `` I grew up listening to all of that great ( Trek ) music , and that 's part of what inspired me to do what I 'm doing ( ... ) You just go in scared . You just hope you do your best . It 's one of those things where the film will tell me what to do . '' Scoring took place at the Sony Scoring Stage with a 107 - piece orchestra and 40 - person choir . An erhu , performed by Karen Han , was used for the Vulcan themes . A distorted recording was used for the Romulans . Varèse Sarabande , the record label responsible for releasing albums of Giacchino 's previous scores for Alias , Lost , Mission : Impossible III , and Speed Racer , released the soundtrack for the film on May 5 . The music for the theatrical trailers were composed by Two Steps from Hell . Sound effects ( edit ) The sound effects were designed by Star Wars veteran Ben Burtt . Whereas the phaser blast noises from the television series were derived from The War of the Worlds ( 1953 ) , Burtt made his phaser sounds more like his blasters from Star Wars , because Abrams ' depiction of phasers were closer to the blasters ' bullet - like fire , rather than the steady beams of energy in previous Star Trek films . Burtt reproduced the classic photon torpedo and warp drive sounds : he tapped a long spring against a contact microphone , and combined that with cannon fire . Burtt used a 1960s oscillator to create a musical and emotional hum to the warping and transporting sounds . Release ( edit ) Urban , Pine , Burk , Quinto , Abrams , Bana and Cho attending the film 's premiere at the Sydney Opera House on April 7 , 2009 . In February 2008 , Paramount announced they would move Star Trek from its December 25 , 2008 release date to May 8 , 2009 , as the studio felt more people would see the film during summer than winter . The film was practically finished by the end of 2008 . Paramount 's decision came about after visiting the set and watching dailies , as they realized the film could appeal to a much broader audience . Even though the filmmakers liked the Christmas release date , Damon Lindelof acknowledged it would allow more time to perfect the visual effects . The months - long gap between the completion of the production and release meant Alan Dean Foster was allowed to watch the whole film before writing the novelization , although the novel would contain scenes absent from the final edit . Quinto narrated the audiobook . A surprise public screening was held on April 6 , 2009 , at the Alamo Drafthouse theater in Austin , Texas , hosted by writers Robert Orci , Alex Kurtzman , and producer Damon Lindelof . The showing was publicized as a screening of Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan , followed by a ten - minute preview of the new Star Trek film . A few minutes into Khan , the film appeared to melt and Nimoy appeared on stage with Orci , Kurtzman and Lindelof , asking the audience , `` would n't you rather see the new movie ? '' Following the surprise screening in Texas , the first of many premieres across the world was held at the Sydney Opera House in Sydney on April 7 , 2009 . For almost two years , the town of Vulcan , Alberta had campaigned to have the film premiere there , but because it had no theater , Paramount arranged instead a lottery where 300 winning residents would be taken to a prerelease screening in Calgary . Marketing ( edit ) See also : Star Trek : Countdown and Star Trek DAC The first teaser trailer debuted in theaters with Cloverfield on January 18 , 2008 , which showed Enterprise under construction . Abrams himself directed the first part of the trailer , where a welder removes his goggles . Professional welders were hired for the teaser . The voices of the 1960s played over the trailer were intended to link the film to the present day ; John F. Kennedy in particular was chosen because of similarities with the character of James T. Kirk and because he is seen to have `` kicked off '' the Space Race . Orci explained that : `` If we do indeed have a Federation , I think Kennedy 's words will be inscribed in there someplace . '' Star Trek 's later trailers would win four awards , including Best in Show , in the tenth annual Golden Trailer Awards . Paramount faced two obstacles in promoting the film : the unfamiliarity of the `` MySpace generation '' with the franchise and the relatively weak international performance of the previous films . Six months before the film 's release , Abrams toured Europe and North America with 25 minutes of footage . Abrams noted the large - scale campaign started unusually early , but this was because the release delay allowed him to show more completed scenes than normal . The director preferred promoting his projects quietly , but concurred Paramount needed to remove Star Trek 's stigma . Abrams would exaggerate his preference for other shows to Star Trek as a child to the press , with statements like `` I 'm not a Star Trek fan '' and `` this movie is not made for Star Trek fans necessarily '' . Orci compared Abrams ' approach to The Next Generation episode `` A Matter of Honor '' , where William Riker is stationed aboard a Klingon vessel . `` On that ship when someone talks back to you , you would have to beat them down or you lose the respect of your crew , which is protocol , whereas on a Federation ship that would be a crime . So we have to give ( J.J. Abrams ) a little bit of leeway , when he is traveling the ' galaxy ' over there where they do n't know Trek , to say the things that need to be said in order to get people onto our side . '' Promotional partners on the film include Nokia , Verizon Wireless , Esurance , Kellogg 's , Burger King and Intel Corporation , as well as various companies specializing in home decorating , apparel , jewelry , gift items and `` Tiberius '' , `` Pon Farr '' and `` Red Shirt '' fragrances . Playmates Toys , who owned the Star Trek toy license until 2000 , also held the merchandise rights for the new film . The first wave was released in March and April 2009 . Playmates hope to continue their toy line into 2010 . The first wave consists of 3.75 `` , 6 '' and 12 '' action figures , an Enterprise replica , prop toys and play sets . to recreate the whole bridge , one would have to buy more 3.75 '' figures , which come with chairs and consoles to add to the main set consisting of Kirk 's chair , the floor , the main console and the viewscreen . Master Replicas , Mattel , Hasbro and Fundex Games will promote the film via playing cards , Monopoly , UNO , Scrabble , Magic 8 - Ball , Hot Wheels , Tyco R / C , 20Q , Scene It ? and Barbie lines . Some of these are based on previous Star Trek iterations rather than the film . CBS also created a merchandising line based around Star Trek caricatures named `` Quogs '' . Home release ( edit ) The film was released on DVD and Blu - ray on October 19 , 2010 in North America , November 16 in the United Kingdom and October 26 in Australia and New Zealand . In Sweden and Germany , it was released on November 4 . First week sales stood at 5.7 million DVDs along with 1.1 million Blu - ray Discs , giving Paramount Pictures their third chart topping release in five weeks following Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen and G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Official screenings in the United States started at 7 pm on May 7 , 2009 , grossing $4 million on its opening day . By the end of the weekend , Star Trek had opened with $79,204,300 , as well as $35,500,000 from other countries . Adjusted and unadjusted for inflation , it beat Star Trek : First Contact for the largest American opening for a Star Trek film . The film made US $8.5 million from its IMAX screenings , breaking The Dark Knight 's $6.3 million IMAX opening record . The film is the highest - grossing in the United States and Canada from the entire Star Trek film franchise , eclipsing The Voyage Home and Star Trek : The Motion Picture . Its opening weekend numbers alone outgross the entire individual runs of The Undiscovered Country , The Final Frontier , Insurrection and Nemesis . Star Trek ended its United States theatrical run on October 1 , 2009 , with a box office total of $257,730,019 , which places it as the seventh highest - grossing film for 2009 behind The Hangover . The film grossed $127,764,536 in international markets , for a total worldwide gross of $385,494,555 . While foreign grosses represent only 31 % of the total box office receipts , executives of Paramount were happy with the international sales , as Star Trek historically was a movie franchise that never has been a big draw overseas . Critical response ( edit ) Star Trek was acclaimed by film critics . On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , it received 95 % approval with an average rating of 8.2 / 10 ( the highest scored Star Trek film ) , based on 333 reviews , with the consensus : `` Star Trek reignites a classic franchise with action , humor , a strong story , and brilliant visuals , and will please traditional Trekkies and new fans alike . '' Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score , gave the film an 83 out of 100 based on 37 reviews from critics . The editing , cinematography , and special effects work are state - of - the - art , as you 'd expect -- extra praise goes to an astonishingly detailed sound mix -- but so are the same aspects of Wolverine , and that film 's a joyless bore by comparison . What lifts the Abrams film into the ether is the rightness of its casting and playing , from Saldana 's Uhura , finally a major character after all these years , to Urban 's loyal , dyspeptic McCoy , to Simon Pegg 's grandly comic Scotty , the movie 's most radical reimagining of a Star Trek regular . -- Ty Burr of the Boston Globe Ty Burr of the Boston Globe gave the film a perfect four star rating , describing it as `` ridiculously satisfying '' , and the `` best prequel ever '' . Burr praised the character development in the film , opining that `` emotionally , Star Trek hits every one of its marks , functioning as a family reunion that extends across decades , entertainment mediums , even blurring the line between audience and show . '' He continued : `` Trading on affections sustained over 40 years of popular culture , Star Trek does what a franchise reboot rarely does . It reminds us why we loved these characters in the first place . '' Owen Gleiberman from Entertainment Weekly gave the film an ' A - ' grade , commenting that director Abrams `` crafts an origin story that avoids any hint of the origin doldrums . '' Similar sentiments were expressed by Rolling Stone journalist Peter Travers , who gave the film a 3.5 out of 4 stars . He felt that the acting from the cast was the highlight of the filming , asserting that the performance of Pine radiated star quality . Likewise , Travers called Quinto 's performance `` sharp '' and `` intuitive '' , and felt that Quinto `` gave the film a soul '' . Manohla Dargis of the New York Times wrote , `` Star Trek ( ... ) is n't just a pleasurable rethink of your geek uncle 's favorite science - fiction series . It 's also a testament to television 's power as mythmaker , as a source for some of the fundamental stories we tell about ourselves , who we are and where we came from . Slate 's Dana Stevens felt that the film was `` a gift to those of us who loved the original series , that brainy , wonky , idealistic body of work that aired to almost no commercial success between 1966 -- 69 and has since become a science fiction archetype and object of cult adoration . '' Time Out London 's Tom Huddleston praised the aesthetic qualities of the film , such as the design of Enterprise , and praised the performances of the cast . He wrote , `` The cast are equally strong : Quinto brings wry charm to an otherwise calculating character , while Pine powers through his performance in bullish , if not quite Shatner-esque fashion . '' The chemistry between Pine and Quinto was well received by critics . Gleiberman felt that as the film progressed to the conclusion , Pine and Quinto emulated the same connection as Kirk and Spock . Tim Robey of The Telegraph echoed similar attitudes ; `` The movie charts their relationship ( ... ) in a nicely oblique way . '' Robey resumed : `` It 's the main event , dramatically speaking , but there 's always something more thumpingly urgent to command their attention , whether it 's a Vulcan distress signal or the continuing rampages of those pesky Romulans . '' Burr opined that Abrams had an accurate understanding of the relationship between Kirk and Spock , and wrote , `` Pine makes a fine , brash boy Kirk , but Quinto 's Spock is something special -- an eerily calm figure freighted with a heavier sadness than Roddenberry 's original . The two ground each other and point toward all the stories yet to come . '' Similarly , The Guardian writer Peter Bradshaw expressed : `` The story of Kirk and Spock is brought thrillingly back to life by a new first generation : Chris Pine and Zachary Quinto , who give inspired , utterly unselfconscious and lovable performances , with power , passion and some cracking comic timing . '' Some film critics were polarized with Star Trek . Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club gave the film a ' B + ' grade , and asserted that it was `` a reconsideration of what constitutes Star Trek , one that deemphasizes heady concepts and plainly stated humanist virtues in favor of breathless action punctuated by bursts of emotion . It might not even be immediately recognizable to veteran fans . '' In concurrence , Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times stated that `` the Gene Roddenberry years , when stories might play with questions of science , ideals or philosophy , have been replaced by stories reduced to loud and colorful action . '' Ebert ultimately gave it a 2.5 out of 4 stars . Similarly , Marc Bain of Newsweek opined : `` The latest film version of Star Trek ( ... ) is more brawn than brain , and it largely jettisons complicated ethical conundrums in favor of action sequences and special effects . Slate journalist Juliet Lapidos argued that the new film , with its `` standard Hollywood torture scene '' , failed to live up to the intellectual standard set by the 1992 Next Generation episode `` Chain of Command '' , whose treatment of the issue she found both more sophisticated and pertinent to the ongoing debate over the United States ' use of enhanced interrogation techniques . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Star Trek ( film ) The film garnered numerous accolades after its release . In 2010 , it was nominated for four Academy Awards at the 82nd Academy Awards , for Best Sound Editing , Best Sound Mixing , Best Visual Effects , and Best Makeup . Star Trek won in the category for Best Makeup , making it the first Star Trek film to receive an Academy Award . The film was nominated for three Empire Awards , to which it won for Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy . In October 2009 , Star Trek won the Hollywood Award for Best Movie , and attained six Scream Awards and the 2009 Scream Awards Ceremony . The film attained a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture at the 16th Screen Actors Guild Awards . Star Trek received several nominations . The film was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media , but was beaten out by Up , also composed by Michael Giacchino . At the 36th People 's Choice Awards , the film received four nominations : the film was a contender for Favorite Movie , Zoe Saldana was nominated for Favorite Breakout Movie Actress , and both Pine and Quinto were nominated for Favorite Breakout Movie Actor . On June 15 , 2009 , the film was nominated for five Teen Choice Awards . In addition , Star Trek was nominated for five Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards and was named one of the top - ten films of 2009 by the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures . Sequels ( edit ) Main articles : Star Trek Into Darkness and Star Trek Beyond The film 's major cast members signed on for two sequels as part of their original deals . Abrams and Bryan Burk signed to produce and Abrams signed to direct the first sequel . The sequel , Star Trek Into Darkness , starring Benedict Cumberbatch as Khan Noonien Singh , was released on May 16 , 2013 . A third film , Star Trek Beyond , directed by Justin Lin and starring Idris Elba as the main antagonist , was released on July 22 , 2016 , to positive reviews . In July 2016 , Abrams confirmed plans for a fourth film , and stated that Chris Hemsworth would return as Kirk 's father . Most of the cast and producers of Beyond have also agreed to return ; however , Abrams stated Anton Yelchin 's role would not be recast following his death . See also ( edit ) Star Trek film series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` STAR TREK '' . British Board of Film Classification . 2009 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Trek ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll `` ' Star Trek ' Sequel Will Deal With ' Unpredictable Future ' '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2009 - 05 - 15 ) . `` ' Star Trek ' Director Open To Sequel With William Shatner Or Khan '' . MTV . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Cargill , JD ( 2009 - 05 - 08 ) . `` The Scene : ' Trek ' actors dive onto Vulcan '' . CNN . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Plait , Phil ( 2009 - 05 - 08 ) . `` BA Review : Star Trek '' . Discover . Kalmbach Publishing . Retrieved December 10 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Jeff Jensen ( 2008 - 10 - 24 ) . `` ' Star Trek ' : New Movie , New Vision '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : John Jurgensen ( 2009 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Boldly Revisiting Roles '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Pascale , Anthony ( 2009 - 02 - 28 ) . `` WonderCon 09 : Star Trek Panel Detailed Report & Pictures '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Kaleem Aftab ( 2008 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Exclusive : Trek Star Reveals Captain Kirk Inspiration '' . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Nolan Feeney ( 2014 - 07 - 14 ) . `` Chris Pratt Was Turned Down for Roles in Star Trek and Avatar '' . Time . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony Pascale ( 2008 - 04 - 14 ) . `` Grand Slam XVI : Two Spocks Rock The House '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony Pascale ( 2009 - 05 - 05 ) . `` Interview with Zachary Quinto '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Josh Horowitz ( 2007 - 09 - 26 ) . `` Adrien Brody Confirms He Was Almost Mr. Spock '' . MTV ( Viacom ) . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Shawn Adler ( 2008 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Eric Bana Boldly Goes On About New ' Star Trek ' '' . MTV ( Viacom ) . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Brian Jacks ( 2009 - 05 - 05 ) . `` Eric Bana Has Never Seen A ' Star Trek ' Movie '' . MTV ( Viacom ) . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Bana calls ' Star Trek ' role irresistible '' . United Press International . 2008 - 02 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Anthony Pascale ( 2008 - 02 - 26 ) . `` Bana Spoofs Star Trek Plot Details '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Peter Mitchell ( 2009 - 03 - 06 ) . `` Bana dons face tattoos for new role '' . ninemsn . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Nimoy , Leonard ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Leonard Nimoy Talks Tees , Trek And More , Part 2 '' ( Interview ) . Interview with StarTrek.com staff . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Geoff Boucher ( 2009 - 03 - 29 ) . `` ' Star Trek ' writing pair cling on to their partnership '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Vic Holtreman ( 2008 - 04 - 13 ) . `` Hungry For More Star Trek Details ? Here You Go ! '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Boucher , Geoff ( 2009 - 05 - 11 ) . `` Leonard Nimoy : ' Star Trek ' fans can be scary '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : A Conversation with Trek 's Two Spocks '' . TV Guide . 2008 - 04 - 15 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Abrams and Orci On Fan Reaction + Bob Meets Brannon '' . TrekMovie.com. 2009 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Wilson Morales ( 2008 - 01 - 29 ) . `` Zoe Saldaña sheds a little light on playing ' Uhura ' '' . Blackfilm.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2009 - 04 - 21 ) . `` New ' Star Trek ' Cast Took Cues From The Classic Series '' . MTV ( Viacom ) . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Jen Yamato ( 2007 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Sydney Tamiia Poitier on Critics , Grindhouse , and the Final Frontier '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Eric Goldman ( 2008 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Karl Urban : From Comanche Moon to Star Trek '' . IGN . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Battersby , Shandelle ( 2009 - 04 - 09 ) . `` Karl Urban on Star Trek and beyond '' . The New Zealand Herald . APN News & Media . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Anthony Pascale ( 2007 - 09 - 28 ) . `` Karl Urban Up For ' Star Trek ' Role ( But Not Villain ) + Casting & Plot Updates '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Siobhan Synnot ( 2009 - 04 - 26 ) . `` Simon Pegg interview '' . Scotland on Sunday . The Scotsman Publications . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Craig McLean ( 2009 - 04 - 26 ) . `` Simon Pegg can still boldly go ... to East Kilbride '' . The Sunday Times . London . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Erin Biba ( 2008 - 07 - 21 ) . `` Simon Pegg 's Geek Roots Show in Spaced '' . Wired . Condé Nast Publications . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Steve Fritz ( 2009 - 01 - 21 ) . `` From ' Trek ' to ' Wars ' , Part 2 : George Takei on Star Trek '' . Newsarama . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Tenuto , John ( 2007 - 12 - 16 ) . `` John Cho : Sulu Is A Badass '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Anthony Pascale ( 2008 - 03 - 17 ) . `` Cho Injured On Trek Set '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Ileane Rudolph ( 2007 - 10 - 29 ) . `` Heroes Preview : Ando 's Secret Superpower Desire '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` JJ Abrams on the new Star Trek trailer '' . Empire . Bauer Media Group . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Cindy White ( 2008 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Young Chekov Talks Trek '' . IGN . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Total Film ( 2013 - 03 - 12 ) . `` Star Wars Episode 7 : Movie Stars On J.J. Abrams ' Sequel '' ( Interview ) . Totalfilm.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Anthony Pascale ( 2007 - 05 - 09 ) . `` Greg Ellis Joins Star Trek Cast '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick Lee ( 2009 - 04 - 29 ) . `` Do n't blink ! We unearth a few Star Trek easter eggs '' . Sci Fi Wire . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ William Keck ( 2008 - 03 - 02 ) . `` Boldly go where they went before '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Brad William Henke talks about his role in STAR TREK '' . Collider. 2008 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Trotter , Charles ( 2008 - 01 - 29 ) . `` Meet The Young Kirk Boys '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` How J.J. Abrams snuck Wesley Crusher into Star Trek ! '' . Sci - Fi Wire. 2009 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Charles Trotter ( 2009 - 05 - 02 ) . `` Fun Stuff In Official Star Trek Movie Credits '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Pascale , Anthony ( 2008 - 12 - 18 ) . `` Majel Barrett - Roddenberry Passes Away '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Meredith Woerner ( 2009 - 05 - 11 ) . `` The Shatner Scene You Never Saw In Abrams ' Star Trek '' . io9 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Clayton Neuman ( 2008 - 09 - 08 ) . `` Masters of SciFi -- J.J. Abrams on Reviving Frankenstein in Fringe and Adhering to Canon With Star Trek '' . AMC . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ William Keck ( 2008 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Celeb Watch : Shatner 's gone there before , but new ' Trek ' is n't on frontier '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Judith and Garfield Reeves - Stevens ( 1995 ) . The Art of Star Trek . Pocket Books . p. 155 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 89804 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kreski , Chris ; Shatner , William ( 1995 ) . Star Trek Movie Memories . New York : HarperTorch . p. 276 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 109329 - 7 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Hughes , David ( 2008 - 07 - 15 ) . The Greatest Sci - Fi Movies Never Made ( Revised ed . ) . Titan Books . pp. 35 , 37 , 44 -- 46 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84576 - 755 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Dave Itzkoff ( 2009 - 04 - 23 ) . `` New team retrofits old ship '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony Pascale ( 2008 - 01 - 25 ) . `` Star Trek Cast & Crew Fan Chat Transcript + Pictures From The Set '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony Pascale ( 2007 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Interview -- Roberto Orci On Why He Is A Trekkie & Making Trek Big Again '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Steve Krutzler ( 2006 - 06 - 07 ) . `` Abrams Cohorts Emphasize Respect for Mythology in Trek XI , Say Script Will Contain Old and New '' . TrekWeb.com . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Pascale , Anthony ( 2007 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Paramount Updates Star Trek Credits & Official Synopsis + Adds Production Partner '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Pascale , Anthony ( 2008 - 12 - 30 ) . `` Super High Resolution Images For ' Star Trek ' 2009 '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Can J.J. Abrams save Star Trek ? '' . Empire . Bauer Media Group . July 2006 . p. 56 . Jump up ^ Matthew Leyland ( April 2009 ) . `` Bold New Enterprise '' . Total Film . Future plc . p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Geoff Boucher ( 2009 - 01 - 29 ) . `` J.J. Abrams on tribbles and the ' Galaxy Quest ' problem '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : James Dyer ( May 2009 ) . `` The Prime Director '' . Empire . Bauer Media Group . pp. 76 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Tatiana Siegel ( February 24 , 2007 ) . `` Abrams takes helm of ' Star Trek ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( 2008 - 05 - 16 ) . `` Abrams Talks Trek , Cloverfield 2 '' . IGN . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Hugh Hart ( 2008 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Star Trek Writers Brace for Impact '' . Wired . Condé Nast Publications . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony Pascale ( 2008 - 12 - 11 ) . `` Bob Orci Explains How The New Star Trek Movie Fits With Trek Canon ( and Real Science ) '' ( Some information is taken from subsequent comments by Orci under the username `` boborci '' ) . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick Lee ( 2009 - 03 - 26 ) . `` Orci & Kurtzman : Why they do n't call Star Trek a reboot '' . Sci Fi Wire . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony Pascale ( 2009 - 04 - 30 ) . `` Star Trek Writers Alex Kurtzman & Roberto Orci '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Helen O'Hara ( 2008 - 11 - 14 ) . `` Klingon Subplot Revealed '' . Empire . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Behind the scenes '' ( Video ) . The Hollywood Reporter . Lynne Segall . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Patrick Lee ( 2009 - 03 - 24 ) . `` Orci & Kurtzman : What familiar Star Trek bits will you see in the new movie ? '' . Sci Fi Wire . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Goldsmith , Jeff ( 2009 - 05 - 16 ) . `` Star Trek Q&A '' . Creative Screenwriting . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Jeff Jensen ( 2008 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Inspirations for a whole new Enterprise '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony Pascale ( 2008 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Roberto Orci On All The Latest With Star Trek ( and more ) '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony Pascale ( 2008 - 01 - 19 ) . `` Interview -- Orci Answers Questions About New Star Trek Trailer '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Josh Horowitz ( 2007 - 03 - 08 ) . `` ' Star Trek ' Writers Talk Direction , Technobabble -- But Not Matt Damon '' . MTV . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony Pascale ( 2007 - 10 - 08 ) . `` Interview -- Orci Talks Casting , Characters , Canon and Kirks '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony Pascale ( 2008 - 04 - 13 ) . `` Grand Slam XVI : Highlights From Orci Q&A '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Bryan Cairns ( 2009 - 03 - 23 ) . `` To Boldly Go ... ' Star Trek ' Executive Producer Bryan Burk '' . Newsarama . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Magazine No. 17 Preview + Scott Chambliss Interview Extract '' . TrekMovie.com. 2009 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Cotta Vaz , Mark . Star Trek : The Art of the Film , Titan Books , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fred Topel ( 2008 - 09 - 05 ) . `` J.J. Abrams on TV 's Fringe '' . Suicide Girls . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Vic Holtreman ( 2009 - 03 - 24 ) . `` Exclusive Interview With The Man Behind Star Trek 's Props '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Eric Vespe ( 2008 - 03 - 18 ) . `` Why do these shots from the filming of `` Corporate Headquarters '' look suspiciously like the Starfleet Academy ? `` . Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Production notes '' . StarTrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 04 . Enter the main site and click `` About '' on the navigation menu to access . Jump up ^ Pascale , Anthony ( 2009 - 05 - 03 ) . `` TrekMovie Hollywood Premiere Video Interviews w / Trek Celebs ( Past & Present ) '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Helen O'Hara ( 2008 - 10 - 28 ) . `` Empire Star Trek Cover '' . Empire . Bauer Media Group . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Sampson , Mike ( 2008 - 10 - 15 ) . `` EXCL : Star Trek pic ! '' . JoBlo.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Joe Nazzaro ( 2009 - 04 - 06 ) . `` FX artists create new aesthetic for ' Star Trek ' franchise '' . Makeup Mag . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Bill Desowitz ( 2009 - 05 - 15 ) . `` Creature Designer Neville Page Talks Star Trek '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Patrick Lee ( 2009 - 03 - 20 ) . `` Star Trek `` doctor '' reveals details of Kirk 's birth in Abrams ' film `` . Sci Fi Wire . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Anthony Pascale ( 2008 - 03 - 27 ) . `` Star Trek Wraps '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Anthony Pascale ( 2008 - 04 - 09 ) . `` Producer Talks ' Iowa ' Shoot + VIDEO Of Scene Being Shot '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Paul Eakins ( 2007 - 12 - 19 ) . `` Council Returns after ' Trek ' '' . Long Beach Press - Telegram . Jump up ^ `` Motion Picture Incentive Fund '' . Economic Development Corporation of Utah . 2009 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Anthony Pascale ( 2008 - 03 - 18 ) . `` CSUN Transformed Into Academy '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Cynthia Littleton , Michael Schneider ( 2007 - 11 - 05 ) . `` WGA strike hit the streets '' . Variety . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Svetkey ( 2007 - 11 - 08 ) . `` Writers ' strike : Imagining the worst - case scenario '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony Pascale ( 2008 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Damon Lindelof On New Release Date and Trek Appealing To Wider Audience '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Alex Billington ( 2009 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Kicking Off 2009 with Writers Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci -- Part Two : Transformers 2 '' . First Showing . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Troy ( 2007 - 12 - 20 ) . `` Karl Urban Talks Comanche Moon Mini-series and Star Trek '' . The Dead Bolt . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Morrison and Nichols Talk a little Trek '' . TrekMovie.com. 2008 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Spills On Star Trek '' . Sky Living . 2007 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Anthony Pascale ( 2007 - 11 - 06 ) . `` ' Star Trek ' Extras Open Casting Call -- Looking for Unique Faces '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Dan Madsen ( 2009 - 03 - 24 ) . `` Mania Exclusive Interview : Eugene Roddenberry , Jr . '' . Mania . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Anthony Pascale ( 2008 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Ron Moore Talks Movies ( Past and Future ) '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Michael ( 2009 - 04 - 20 ) . `` Back on Trek ; How J.J. Abrams led the Star Trek revival '' . Millimetre . p. 2 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Christopher . `` Tech Support Interview : The crafts of ' Star Trek ' '' . In Contention . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bill Desowitz ( 2009 - 05 - 12 ) . `` Where No Star Trek Has Gone Before '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : McGorry , Ken ( 2009 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Star Trek Returns '' . Post Magazine . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Jeff Jensen ( 2008 - 11 - 11 ) . `` ' Star Trek ' : An exclusive first look at the Enterprise '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` How ILM came up with the new Enterprise for J.J. Abrams ' Trek '' . Sci Fi Wire. 2009 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Jaeger , Alex ( 2009 - 07 - 01 ) . Cinefax. `` 118 '' . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Pascale , Anthony ( 2008 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Interview with Star Trek 's new science advisor '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Dan Goldwasser ( 2009 - 04 - 21 ) . `` Michael Giacchino hits warp speed with his score to Star Trek '' . ScoringSessions.com . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Cindy White ( 2007 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Trek Score Will Keep Theme '' . Sci Fi Wire . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Anthony Pascale ( 2008 - 03 - 23 ) . `` Giacchino 's Star Trek Soundtrack Announced -- Available For Pre-order '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Two Steps From Hell : Music for Motion Picture Advertising '' . TwoStepsFromHell.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Michael Kunkes ( 2009 - 04 - 29 ) . `` More Sound Trekking '' . Motion Picture Editors Guild . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Trek ' boldly goes to summer 2009 in schedule shift '' . KATU. 2008 - 02 - 15 . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Anthony Pascale ( 2009 - 02 - 12 ) . `` Alan Dean Foster Writing Star Trek Movie Adaptation '' . StarTrek.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Anthony Pascale ( 2009 - 03 - 19 ) . `` ST09 Tidbits ( Spocks Edition ) : Nimoy Supports Vulcans ( UPDATED ) + Quinto Reads Audiobook & Appears in GQ '' . StarTrek.com . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Austin , TX Fans Given Surprise Showing of ENTIRE Star Trek Movie '' . StarTrek.com. 2009 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek to get Sydney premiere '' . BBC News . 2009 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Anthony Pascale ( 2009 - 03 - 20 ) . `` ST09 Tidbits ( T - 48 days ) : Vulcan Gets A ' Yes ' + New Esurance Contest + New Kellogg 's Promos + more '' . StarTrek.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Charles Trotter ( 2008 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Trek Welder Talks Teaser Shoot '' . StarTrek.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Lauer , Andy ( 2009 - 06 - 05 ) . `` '' Man on Wire , '' `` The Wrestler '' Among 2009 Golden Trailer Winners `` . indieWIRE . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Jay A. Fernandez and Borys Kit ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) . `` '' Star Trek '' promo blasting off six months early `` . Reuters . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Stanley , T.L. ( 2009 - 04 - 16 ) . `` Paramount forges ' Star Trek ' tie - ins '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` CBS Announces New Star Trek Licenses -- Including Monopoly , Uno , Apparel , Fragrances + more ( UPDATED ) '' . StarTrek.com. 2009 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ John Tenuto ( 2008 - 01 - 27 ) . `` Star Trek Headed Back To Playmates '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ John Tenuto ( 2008 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Details On First Two Waves Of Playmates Star Trek Movie Toys + Nero 's Ship Name Revealed ( UPDATED ) '' . StarTrek.com . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ John Tenuto ( 2009 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Exclusive Details On Playmates Full Line Of Star Trek Movie Toys + Hi Res Images '' . StarTrek.com . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ John Tenuto ( 2008 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Corgi Announces Star Trek Movie License '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ John Tenuto ( 2009 - 01 - 19 ) . `` Star Trek Hot Wheels Coming in May '' . StarTrek.com . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ John Tenuto ( 2009 - 02 - 12 ) . `` CBS Introduces Star Trek QUOGS -- New Cartoon - style TOS Character Designs For Multiple Products '' . StarTrek.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` '' Star Trek '' DVDs will beam up on Nov. 17th `` . The Times - Picayune . Ashton Phelps Jr. 2009 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek XI 2 - disc edition '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek ( 2009 ) '' ( in Swedish ) . WebHallen . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas ( 2009 - 11 - 25 ) . `` ' Star Trek ' tops video charts '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling DVDs of 2009 '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Peter Sciretta ( 2009 - 04 - 13 ) . `` Star Trek on May 7th '' . / Film . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Rosario T. Calabria ( 2009 - 05 - 11 ) . `` Final Numbers In -- Star Trek Breaks Franchise & IMAX Records + Outpeforming Batman Begins '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Movies '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` UIP International Box Office Gross '' . United International Pictures . 2009 - 10 - 01 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Anthony Pascale ( 2009 - 07 - 01 ) . `` ST09 Tidbits : Last Day in Top 10 ? + More Khan Debate + More Trek / Wars + more '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek ( 2009 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Reviews , Ratings , Credits '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Releases by Score ( 2009 ) '' . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Burr , Ty ( 2009 - 05 - 05 ) . `` A Fresh Frontier '' . Boston Globe . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( 2009 - 05 - 08 ) . `` Star Trek '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Traver , Peter ( 2009 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Star Trek '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( 2009 - 05 - 08 ) . `` Star Trek ( 2009 ) '' . New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Dana ( 2009 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Go See ' Star Trek ' '' . Slate . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Huddleston , Tom ( 2009 - 05 - 07 ) . `` Star Trek ( 2009 ) '' . Time Out London . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Robey , Tim ( 2009 - 05 - 07 ) . `` Star Trek review '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( 2011 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Star Trek '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Phipps , Keith ( 2009 - 05 - 07 ) . `` Star Trek '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 2009 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Star Trek '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Sun - Times Media Group . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Bain , Marc ( 2009 - 05 - 05 ) . `` Enterprise Ethics '' . Newsweek . Ray Chelstowski . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Lapidos , Juliet ( 2009 - 05 - 07 ) . `` There Are Four Lights ! '' . Slate . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The 82nd Academy Awards ( 2010 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy '' . Empire . Bauer Consumer Media . 2010 . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Wins Hollywood Movie Award '' . TrekMovie.com. 2009 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` SCREAM Awards 2009 Winners '' . Spike TV . 2011 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The 16th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees And Winners '' . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees '' . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 38 Years . Hundreds of Memories '' . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ West , Kelly ( 2009 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Nominations Posted For 2009 Teen Choice Awards '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` THE 15th CRITICS ' CHOICE MOVIE AWARDS NOMINEES '' . Broadcast Film Critics Association . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Up In the Air named 2009 's Best Film by the National Board Review '' . National Board of Review of Motion Pictures . 2009 - 12 - 03 . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Pascale , Anthony ( 2008 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Paramount Already Thinking About Sequel To Abrams Star Trek '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( 2011 - 07 - 28 ) . `` J.J. Abrams Closes In On Directing `` Star Trek 2 '' `` . MTV ( Viacom ) . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Brodesser - Akner , Claude ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` J.J. Abrams Officially Commits to Directing Star Trek 2 '' . New York . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Vary , Adam ( 2012 - 09 - 10 ) . `` ' Star Trek ' sequel gets a title '' . Inside Movies . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount Moves ' Star Trek ' 3D Sequel Back 11 Months to 2013 '' . TheWrap . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://www.ew.com/article/2016/07/17/star-trek-beyond-idris-elbas-krall-new-look-tv-spot External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Star Trek ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Star Trek ( film ) Official website Star Trek on IMDb Links to related articles Star Trek Outline Timeline Canon Television series The Original Series episodes The Animated Series episodes The Next Generation episodes Deep Space Nine episodes Voyager episodes Enterprise episodes Discovery episodes Feature films The Original Series The Motion Picture The Wrath of Khan The Search for Spock The Voyage Home The Final Frontier The Undiscovered Country The Next Generation Generations First Contact Insurrection Nemesis `` Reboot '' films Star Trek Into Darkness Beyond Setting Characters A -- F G -- M N -- S T -- Z Concepts Games Kobayashi Maru Law Prime Directive Materials Dilithium Sexuality Pon farr Stardate Maquis Locations Galactic quadrant Mirror Universe Planets A -- B C -- F G -- L M -- Q R -- S T -- Z Cultures and species Andorian Bajoran Borg Breen Cardassian Dominion Ferengi Rules of Acquisition Gorn Kazon Klingon language Orion Romulan Species 8472 United Federation of Planets Starfleet Academy Section 31 Tribble Vidiians Vulcan nerve pinch salute Xindi Technology Communicator Deflector shields Holodeck Hypospray Impulse drive LCARS Medicine Replicator Spacecraft Deep Space Nine Defiant Earth Spacedock Enterprise Shuttlecraft Voyager Starships ordered by class Transporter Tricorder Uniforms Warp drive Weapons Bat'leth Production List of staff Gene Roddenberry Norway Corporation Composers and music musical theme `` Where no man has gone before '' `` Beam me up , Scotty '' Redshirt Unmade projects The God Thing Planet of the Titans Phase II Spin - off fiction Games Literature Comics Novels Reference books Stage A Klingon Christmas Carol Klingon opera Documentaries Trekkies Mind Meld Trekkies 2 How William Shatner Changed the World Beyond the Final Frontier The Captains Trek Nation To Be Takei For the Love of Spock Cultural influence Comparison to Star Wars Crossovers Fandom productions expanded universe Kirk and Uhura 's kiss Kirk / Spock Memory Alpha The Exhibition The Experience Book Portal Star Trek reboot series Primary characters Pavel Chekov James T. Kirk Leonard McCoy Christopher Pike Montgomery Scott Khan Noonien Singh Spock Hikaru Sulu Nyota Uhura Media Films Star Trek ( awards ) Star Trek Into Darkness ( awards ) Star Trek Beyond Comic books Star Trek : Countdown Star Trek : Nero Star Trek : Khan Video games Star Trek DAC Star Trek Star Trek : Bridge Crew Other topics USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 ) Category : Star Trek Star Trek Romulan stories Star Trek : The Original Series `` Balance of Terror '' `` The Deadly Years '' `` The Enterprise Incident '' Star Trek : The Animated Series `` The Survivor '' `` The Practical Joker '' Star Trek : The Next Generation `` The Neutral Zone '' `` Contagion '' `` The Enemy '' `` The Defector '' `` Tin Man '' `` Data 's Day '' `` The Mind 's Eye '' `` Redemption '' `` Unification '' `` The Next Phase '' `` Face of the Enemy '' `` Birthright '' `` The Chase '' `` Timescape '' `` The Pegasus '' Star Trek : Deep Space Nine `` The Search '' `` Visionary '' `` Improbable Cause '' `` The Die is Cast '' `` By Inferno 's Light '' `` In the Pale Moonlight '' `` Image in the Sand '' `` Inter Arma Enim Silent Leges '' Star Trek : Voyager `` Eye of the Needle '' `` Message in a Bottle '' Star Trek : Enterprise `` Minefield '' `` Kir'Shara '' `` Babel One '' `` United '' `` The Aenar '' Star Trek film franchise Star Trek : Nemesis Star Trek Category : Star Trek Star Trek time travel stories Star Trek : The Original Series `` The Naked Time '' `` Tomorrow Is Yesterday '' `` The City on the Edge of Forever '' `` Assignment : Earth '' `` All Our Yesterdays '' Star Trek : The Animated Series `` Yesteryear '' Star Trek : The Next Generation `` We 'll Always Have Paris '' `` Time Squared '' `` Yesterday 's Enterprise '' `` Captain 's Holiday '' `` A Matter of Time '' `` Cause and Effect '' `` Time 's Arrow '' `` Tapestry '' `` Timescape '' `` Parallels '' `` Firstborn '' `` All Good Things ... '' Star Trek : Deep Space Nine `` Past Tense '' `` Visionary '' `` The Visitor '' `` Little Green Men '' `` Accession '' `` Trials and Tribble - ations '' `` Children of Time '' `` Wrongs Darker than Death or Night '' `` Time 's Orphan '' `` The Sound of Her Voice '' Star Trek : Voyager `` Time and Again '' `` Eye of the Needle '' `` Non Sequitur '' `` Death Wish '' `` Future 's End '' `` Before and After '' `` Year of Hell '' `` Timeless '' `` Relativity '' `` Fury '' `` Shattered '' `` Endgame '' Star Trek : Enterprise `` Cold Front '' `` Shockwave '' `` Future Tense '' `` Twilight '' `` Carpenter Street '' `` Azati Prime '' `` E2 '' `` Zero Hour '' `` Storm Front '' `` In a Mirror , Darkly '' Star Trek : Discovery `` Magic to Make the Sanest Man Go Mad '' Star Trek films Star Trek IV : The Voyage Home Star Trek Generations Star Trek : First Contact Star Trek Category : Star Trek J.J. Abrams Films Director Mission : Impossible III ( 2006 ) Star Trek ( 2009 ) Super 8 ( 2011 ) Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Producer The Pallbearer ( 1996 ) The Suburbans ( 1999 ) Joy Ride ( 2001 ) Cloverfield ( 2008 ) Star Trek ( 2009 ) Morning Glory ( 2010 ) Super 8 ( 2011 ) Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol ( 2011 ) Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 ) Mission : Impossible -- Rogue Nation ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) 10 Cloverfield Lane ( 2016 ) Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) God Particle ( 2018 ) Mission : Impossible 6 ( 2018 ) Writer Taking Care of Business ( 1990 ) Regarding Henry ( 1991 ) Forever Young ( 1992 ) Gone Fishin ' ( 1997 ) Armageddon ( 1998 ) Joy Ride ( 2001 ) Mission : Impossible III ( 2006 ) Super 8 ( 2011 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Television Felicity ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Alias ( 2001 -- 2006 ) Lost ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Fringe ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Undercovers ( 2010 ) Production company Bad Robot Productions Damon Lindelof Writer and producer Lost ( 2004 -- 10 , TV ) Lost : Via Domus ( 2008 , video game ) Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 ) The Leftovers ( 2014 -- 17 , TV ) Tomorrowland ( 2015 ) Writer only Cowboys & Aliens ( 2011 ) Prometheus ( 2012 ) World War Z ( 2013 ) Producer only Star Trek ( 2009 ) Empire Award for Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2006 ) Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2007 ) Stardust ( 2008 ) Wanted ( 2009 ) Star Trek ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) Thor ( 2012 ) The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2014 ) X-Men : Days of Future Past ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2016 ) A Monster Calls ( 2017 ) Star Trek portal Film in the United States portal 2000s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Trek_(film)&oldid=806422920 '' Categories : 2009 films English - language films American films 2000s science fiction films Alternate timeline films American science fiction action films American space adventure films Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Empire Award winners Black holes in fiction Films about revenge Films set in Iowa Films set in San Francisco Films set in the 23rd century Films set in the 24th century Films shot in California Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in Utah Films that won the Academy Award for Best Makeup IMAX films Reboot films Science fiction adventure films Star Trek ( film franchise ) Time travel films Titan ( moon ) in film Bad Robot Productions films Spyglass Entertainment films Paramount Pictures films Film scores by Michael Giacchino Films directed by J.J. Abrams Films produced by J.J. Abrams Films produced by Damon Lindelof Screenplays by Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Pages with citations lacking titles CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from January 2012 Good articles Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 23 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played spock's mother in star trek 2009 | [
"Winona Ryder as Amanda Grayson, Spock's mother."
] | [
"Winona Ryder"
] |
2052578363181168140 | Belle (Disney) | Belle ( Disney ) - wikipedia Belle ( Disney ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the character . For the song , see Belle ( Disney song ) . For other uses , see Belle ( disambiguation ) . Belle Beauty and the Beast character First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Created by Linda Woolverton Portrayed by Emma Watson ( 2017 live action film ) Voiced by Paige O'Hara ( 1991 -- 2011 , 2018 ) Julie Nathanson ( 2011 -- present ) Jodi Benson ( House of Mouse ) Information Family Maurice ( father ) , Prince Ben ( son , in Descendants only ) Significant other ( s ) Prince Nationality French Belle is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures ' 30th animated feature film Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) . Originally voiced by American actress and singer Paige O'Hara , Belle is the non-conforming daughter of an inventor . Belle yearns to abandon her predictable village life in return for adventure . When her father Maurice is imprisoned by a cold - hearted beast , Belle offers him her own freedom in exchange for her father 's , and eventually learns to love the Beast despite his unsightly outward appearance . Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg commissioned Beauty and the Beast as an animated musical with a strong heroine and hired first - time screenwriter Linda Woolverton to write it . Basing her on the heroine of Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's fairy tale `` Beauty and the Beast '' , Woolverton adapted Belle into a stronger and less passive character for the film . Inspired by the women 's rights movement , Woolverton wanted Belle to be a unique Disney heroine different from The Little Mermaid 's popular Ariel , and thus deliberately conceived the character as a feminist in an effort to avoid the criticism Disney had long been receiving due to the studio 's reputation of depicting its female characters as victims . Belle 's strength and love of reading was inspired by American actress Katharine Hepburn 's performance as Jo March in the film Little Women ( 1933 ) , while the writers instilled the adventure - seeking heroine with goals and aspirations beyond romance . However , the story artists and animators often disagreed with Woolverton 's liberated vision for the character . Animated by James Baxter and Mark Henn , the former of whom based the character 's graceful gait on those of impressionist Edgar Degas ' ballerinas , Belle 's European facial features were inspired by those of British actresses Vivien Leigh and Audrey Hepburn . Several additional Hollywood actresses inspired Belle 's appearance , including Natalie Wood , Elizabeth Taylor , and Grace Kelly . Belle has garnered widespread acclaim from film critics who appreciated the character 's bravery , intelligence and independence . Reception towards her feminism , however , has been more mixed , with commentators accusing the character 's actions of being romance - oriented . The fifth Disney Princess , Belle is often ranked among the franchise 's best . Highly regarded as one of Disney 's strongest examples of a feminist character , critics agree that Belle helped spearhead a generation of independent film heroines while changing the reputation of a Disney princess . Also one of Disney 's most iconic characters , Belle was the only animated heroine nominated for the American Film Institute 's greatest heroes in film ranking . The character also appears in the film 's several sequels and spin - offs , as well as her own live - action television series . American actress Susan Egan originated the role of Belle in the Broadway musical adaptation of the film , for which she was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical . Emma Watson plays a live - action version of the character in a 2017 live action adaptation of the original 1991 film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Conception and writing 1.2 Voice 1.3 Personality 1.4 Design and animation 2 Characterization and themes 3 Appearances 3.1 Film and television 3.1. 1 Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 live action film ) 3.2 Broadway musical 3.3 Miscellaneous 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Feminist analysis 5 Impact and legacy 6 References 7 External links Development ( edit ) Conception and writing ( edit ) After the success of Walt Disney Productions ' first feature - length animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) , filmmaker Walt Disney himself made several attempts to adapt the fairy tale `` Beauty and the Beast '' by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont into one of the studio 's earliest animated feature films during the 1930s and 1950s . However , the project was continuously abandoned due to the fairy tale 's `` static '' plot and main characters . The filmmaker was also concerned about the `` unnecessary intensity '' required to depict Belle imprisoned . Inspired by the unprecedented success of The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) , Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg green - lit another attempt at adapting `` Beauty and the Beast '' under the direction of Richard Purdum . However , Katzenberg did not approve of Purdum 's dark , somber version of the fairy tale , and ultimately ordered that it be restarted from scratch in favor of creating a Broadway - style musical film starring a strong heroine , similar to The Little Mermaid . Opting instead for a `` feminist twist '' on the story , Katzenberg hired television writer Linda Woolverton , who had never written an animated film before , to write the film 's screenplay . American actress Katharine Hepburn 's performance as Jo March in the film Little Women ( 1933 ) served as screenwriter Linda Woolverton 's inspiration for Belle 's personality . Before Beauty and the Beast , Disney 's tradition of depicting female characters as victims had already long been established . The fact that Belle was hardly depicted as a feminist in earlier versions of the film became a point of contention among the filmmakers . Despite the fact that Disney wanted Beauty and the Beast to resemble an old - fashioned film , the filmmakers envisioned Belle as `` a woman that was ahead of her time '' . As the first woman in the history of Disney to write a feature - length animated film , Woolverton decided to explore Belle as an opportunity to create a female character who would ultimately be better received than Disney 's previous animated heroines , specifically Ariel from The Little Mermaid . Woolverton was aware that the task would be particularly challenging due to the previous character 's popularity , but fought relentlessly to make sure that she was creating `` a new kind of Disney heroine . '' Inspired by the women 's rights movement Woolverton herself had experienced during the 1960s and 1970s , the screenwriter was determined to avoid creating another `` insipid '' Disney princess and decided to conceive Belle as a headstrong feminist . Woolverton strongly believed that contemporary audiences would not identify with Belle unless she was updated appropriately , and thus evolved the character into `` a woman of the ' 90s '' . The screenwriter refused to watch Jean Cocteau 's 1946 film adaptation of the fairy tale and chose to base Belle on American actress Katharine Hepburn 's portrayal of Jo March in the 1933 film adaptation of Louisa May Alcott 's book Little Women instead , who she felt was `` a real depiction of womanhood . '' Similarly , story artist Brenda Chapman drew influence from Hepburn 's on - screen bickering with actor Spencer Tracy during the scene in which Belle tends to the Beast 's wounds . Animator Mark Henn observed that , unlike Ariel , Belle does not `` fall in love at first sight '' ; instead `` there 's an actual relationship you see grow '' . In the original fairy tale , Belle has two selfish sisters who both have their own respective love interests , all of whom Woolverton omitted from the screenplay in favor of focusing solely on Belle 's relationship with Gaston . At one point , Belle had a younger sister named Clarice and a cruel aunt named Marguerite , both of whom were discarded -- Clarice to emphasize Belle 's loneliness , and Marguerite to be replaced by Gaston as the film 's villain . Woolverton also eliminated the subplot of Belle asking her father for a rose . Despite constant `` regressive '' re-writes , Woolverton 's overall vision for Belle generally remained intact . Beauty and the Beast 's story department was predominantly male , a time during which few women were involved . Woolverton often found herself at odds and disagreeing with the more traditional story artists in regards to Belle 's role in the film , but continued to be supported by Katzenberg and lyricist Howard Ashman . According to Woolverton , the story team challenged nearly every line of dialogue Woolverton suggested for the character . On one occasion , the story artists re-wrote what Woolverton had originally scripted as Belle using a map to indicate places to where she would like to travel to the character baking a cake . Arguing that the liberated Belle would not even know how to bake , Woolverton decided to compromise by having the character read a book instead , which was similarly debated because some filmmakers considered reading to be too passive an activity . To resolve this , Woolverton scripted Belle walk while reading , an activity in which Woolverton herself partook as a child . In Beaumont 's fairy tale , Belle is essentially forced to replace her father as the Beast 's prisoner . To make the character more independent , Woolverton re-wrote her so that she willingly ventures into the woods in search of her father , bravely confronts the Beast and ultimately trades her own freedom in return for Maurice 's instead . During Gaston 's climactic fight with the Beast , the character 's line `` Time to die ! '' was changed to `` Belle is mine ! '' in order to return the focus of the story to Belle . Voice ( edit ) Disney had originally considered casting actress Jodi Benson , who famously voiced Ariel in The Little Mermaid , as Belle , but ultimately felt that she sounded `` too American '' and young , opting for a `` more classical ... womanly '' voice instead . Describing the character as `` a woman that was ahead of her time , '' the filmmakers wanted Belle to sound `` more like a woman than a girl . '' However , Benson voiced Belle in a few episodes of Disney 's House of Mouse . Director Kirk Wise was particularly interested in casting an actress capable of `` creat ( ing ) a character completely with her voice '' , envisioning a voice similar to that of American entertainer Judy Garland . American actress and singer Paige O'Hara was performing on Broadway when she first read about Disney 's then - upcoming animated project Beauty and the Beast in an article in The New York Times . Upon discovering that the studio was holding auditions for the lead role of Belle and , at the behest of lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken , specifically recruiting Broadway performers , O'Hara immediately insisted that her agent get her an audition . Familiar with O'Hara's Broadway stint as Ellie May Chipley in the musical Show Boat ; Ashman had already been eyeing O'Hara for the part . O'Hara auditioned for the role five times , competing against approximately 500 other actresses . First auditioning solely for casting director Albert Taveres , O'Hara's next two auditions simply required the actress to mail audio recordings of her voice to the studio in Los Angeles . Required to perform a song of her choice , O'Hara sang `` Heaven Help My Heart '' from the musical Chess . At her first legitimate audition , O'Hara spoke and sang in a higher register than her own in an effort to mimic Snow White from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , but the filmmakers insisted that she use her own voice instead . In addition to Ashman and Menken , O'Hara's last few auditions were attended by directors Wise and Gary Trousdale , and producers Katzenberg and Don Hahn . O'Hara recalled that the songwriters would first close their eyes and listen to her before finally watching her perform . An hour after her fifth and final audition , O'Hara received a telephone call from Disney on her birthday informing her that she had been cast . The actress was fairly confident that the role was hers before she was officially cast , and credits the fact that Ashman enjoyed her performance on the cast recording of the musical Show Boat . O'Hara admitted , `` I 'm not usually confident about auditions ... but I just understood ( Belle ) so much . '' 30 years - old at the time of her audition , O'Hara consequently imbued Belle 's voice with a mature , `` womanly quality '' despite the character 's young age . Woolverton appreciated the fact that O'Hara sounded more mature than traditional Disney heroines . Additionally , O'Hara identified with her character because they were both ostracized by their peers throughout their childhood because of their unconventional interests , explaining , `` I was odd growing up myself . I mean , I was into musical theater and Gershwin and Rodgers and Hammerstein while people were going to Led Zeppelin concerts . So I understood that ... I was n't the norm either . I was very focused on my career , on my performing all through my childhood and my teens ... I had a one - track mind , and I think that Belle was like that a lot . '' O'Hara also shares Belle 's interest in reading . Wise was pleased with the quality of O'Hara's voice , which reminded him of Garland . O'Hara initially found it challenging to control her speaking volume due to having been trained to project as a stage actress . O'Hara told The Guardian that to solve this she `` softened and used the microphone . '' As per the filmmakers ' encouragement , the actress would occasionally ad - lib her own dialogue , none was included in the final film because it sounded `` too modern '' . The animators would videotape O'Hara daily while she recorded to incorporate her `` quirky '' mannerisms , expressions and gestures into the character , among them her hair constantly falling into her eyes . O'Hara and American actor Robby Benson , who provides the voice of the Beast , asked Disney to allow the co-stars to record together as opposed to the traditional method of being isolated in a recording booth , to which the studio agreed despite its costliness . O'Hara credited the filmmaker 's decision with developing both the film and Belle and the Beast 's relationship . O'Hara and Benson became the first Disney voice actors to record together . In total , the recording process took over two years to complete . O'Hara had already been friends with co-star Richard White , who voices Gaston , for 15 years . Despite her successful stage career , O'Hara was virtually unknown to Hollywood audiences when she was cast in Beauty and the Beast ; she was one of the last obscure actresses to be cast in a feature - length Disney animated film before the studio began casting better known talent in subsequent animated projects . Since the November 1991 release of Beauty and the Beast , O'Hara has returned to The Walt Disney Company on several occasions to voice Belle in a variety of media and merchandise , including its direct - to - video sequels Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) , Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) and Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) , as well as various video game releases such as the Kingdom Hearts series and several audio and video recordings associated with the Disney Princess franchise . Additionally , O'Hara was hired by Disney to perform the song `` Belle '' at the 64th Academy Awards in 1992 . O'Hara has referred to the studio as her `` main employer for 20 years '' . In 2011 , O'Hara was officially replaced by actress Julie Nathanson , who first voiced Belle in the video game Kinect Disneyland Adventures ( 2011 ) . O'Hara revealed to the Las Vegas Review - Journal that news of the replacement greatly upset her to the point of which she was willing to re-record much of Belle 's dialogue in an attempt to prove to the company that she is still capable of voicing the character . However , O'Hara eventually admitted that she found the process quite difficult as a result of the way in which her voice has changed over the course of 20 years . In July 2017 , it was announced that O'Hara would return as the voice of Belle in the 2018 film Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 . Personality ( edit ) According to producer Don Hahn , Beaumont 's Belle is an `` incredibly passive '' character , the personality of whom he likened to those of Sleeping Beauty and Cinderella , as well as American actress and animal rights activist Doris Day , describing them as women who are `` capable , but filling a role that women might fill in the 1950s and 1960s . '' The filmmakers painstakingly reworked Belle into a more three - dimensional character by providing her with goals and aspirations beyond romance and marriage , while expanding her passive role into that of a more inquisitive heroine . Determined to have Belle resemble `` an unusual Disney heroine , '' Woolverton deliberately molded her into an independent character who is not a princess , enjoys books and has little interest in marriage , and worked closely with Ashman to create a proactive heroine `` who was a thinker and a reader and she was n't about what she looked like and she was n't a victim . '' Although Belle being well - read is mentioned in the original fairy tale , it is hardly important to its plot . Thus , Belle 's passion for reading was vastly expanded upon , borrowing from both the Little Woman character Jo March and Woolverton 's own love of reading to further demonstrate the character 's intelligence and open mind . Both Woolverton and O'Hara encouraged the filmmakers to emphasize the intelligent and book - loving aspects of Belle 's personality . However , at times the animators struggled to fulfill Woolverton 's vision . Originally , Belle was depicted constantly crying throughout her imprisonment ; Woolverton resented this , arguing that the character was much more likely to be either searching for an escape or simply `` be intrigued that she was living in an enchanted castle '' than crying . `` Once everybody realized she was n't going to be this typical Disney female , they would go to the extreme ... She became bitchy '' ; the screenwriter argued that Belle would be `` too smart '' to act this way . A few years older than The Little Mermaid 's Ariel , Belles ' love of reading makes the character more worldly and mature than her predecessor . Belle is believed by Henn to be `` probably '' the oldest of Disney 's princesses , at 20 years of age . Design and animation ( edit ) British actress Vivien Leigh was one among several Hollywood screen legends whose appearance provided inspiration for Belle 's . Beauty and the Beast became the first animated film to fully credit each animator responsible for animating a specific character during the film 's closing credits . Belle 's supervising animators were James Baxter and Mark Henn . Belle was Henn 's second Disney heroine , after he had previously contributed to animating Ariel . Henn was specifically assigned certain scenes to animate from the studio 's Florida division , namely the character exploring the West Wing , the scene in which Belle tends to the Beast 's wounds , and the `` Something There '' musical sequence . Having since animated Jasmine in Aladdin ( 1992 ) , Mulan in Mulan ( 1998 ) and Tiana in The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) , Henn has established himself `` as the go - to man behind many Disney princesses . '' To demonstrate that the character is not perfect , Woolverton described `` a little wisp of hair that keeps falling in her face , '' which was the only direction she used to describe Belle 's physical appearance . Wanting Belle to be significantly different and more European in appearance than Ariel , the animators drew her with fuller lips , narrower eyes and darker eyebrows , which were inspired by the facial features of British actresses Vivien Leigh and Audrey Hepburn . More statuesque than most Disney princesses , Belle 's appearance was inspired by that of American actress Jennie Garth . The animators also used photographs of Hollywood actresses Natalie Wood , Elizabeth Taylor and Grace Kelly for reference . Baxter studied the art of French impressionist Edgar Degas , a painter known for his portraits of ballerinas , whose work inspired the animator to incorporate `` graceful , swan - like movements '' into Belle 's performance . Belle 's yellow ballgown was inspired by a similar costume Hepburn had worn in the film Roman Holiday ( 1953 ) . Hahn and a team of male filmmakers designed the ballgown while consuming pizza and alcohol . Originally , the marketing department ordered that Belles ' dress be pink to cater to the female audience , but art director Brian McEntee convinced studio to make the dress gold in order to make her to distinguish her from other Disney Princess , specifically Aurora 's from Sleeping Beauty ( 1950 ) . Art director Brian McEntee suggested that Belle be the only character in her village to wear blue in order emphasize the fact that she is different and an outcast . The colors Belle wears also mimic her emotions , blue being associated with sadness and loneliness . Blue was also used to symbolize good , while Gaston 's red represented evil . According to the Directory of World Cinema : American Hollywood by Lincoln Geraghty , Belle was inspired by actress Judy Garland 's role as Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) and Julie Andrews ' performance as Maria von Trapp in The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) . Actress and model Sherri Stoner served as the performance model for Belle , providing live - action reference for the animators as they drew the character . Belle 's tendency to constantly brush her hair away from her face was also inspired by both Stoner and O'Hara . `` I was constantly doing that and little quirky things that they would catch , '' O'Hara told The Guardian . The animators also incorporated O'Hara's eyes , cheekbones and the way in which she raises her eyebrow into Belle 's face . O'Hara felt that Belle originally looked `` too perfect , '' likening the character 's appearance to actresses Elizabeth Taylor and Angelina Jolie . Writing for the Los Angeles Times , Charles Solomon observed inconsistencies in Belle 's appearance , writing , `` The prettiest and liveliest Belle waltzes with Beast in his marble ballroom and weeps over his body before he 's transformed into the Prince '' while `` The Belle who receives the library from Beast has wider - set eyes and a more prominent mouth than the noticeably slimmer Belle who sings ' Something There ' '' . Characterization and themes ( edit ) Woolverton created Belle as part of `` her self - directed mandate to move women and girls forward . '' The Express - Times described the character as an intelligent young woman who `` sings songs about reading and wanting to gain knowledge , rather than falling in love . '' Woolverton credits Belle 's knowledge and love of books with providing the character with a `` point of view of her life and that does n't necessarily involve a man getting her there . '' One of the film 's main themes , Belle is considered an outsider because her love of reading provides her with knowledge of the outside world as opposed to her `` narrow - minded '' village peers . Writing for Wired.com , Matt Blum dubbed Belle `` the geekiest heroine of any Disney animated film '' , exemplified by an opening number that demonstrates just how much she does not fit in with her peers due to her intelligence and active imagination . Similarly , Boxoffice 's Amy Nicholson coined the character `` Disney 's Smartest Heroine , '' while Rob Burch of The Hollywood News observed that the character `` comes across as arrogant at times '' because she `` spends much of the first act complaining . '' In her book Sex , Love and Abuse : Discourses on Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault , author Sharon Hayes described Belle as `` the quintessential beautiful young ingenue . '' Comparing Belle 's personality to that of the princess in the Brothers Grimm 's fairy tale `` The Frog Prince '' , The Meanings of `` Beauty and the Beast '' : A Handbook author Jerry Griswold described the character as a similarly `` feisty and outspoken '' heroine . Writing for St. Francis Xavier University , Dawn Elizabeth England observed that Belle possesses equally as many traditionally feminine as she does masculine traits , citing her bravery , independence and assertiveness as masculine , and her sensitivity and fearfulness as feminine . According to Hard Bodies : Hollywood Masculinity in the Reagan Era author Susan Jeffords , `` Belle 's credentials as heroine are established ... when she is the only one of the town 's single women not to swoon over Gaston , '' while the character 's love of reading is essentially manipulated `` to mark her as better than the rest of the townspeople . '' Writing for The Statesman , David O'Connor cited Belle 's intelligence and bibliophilia as `` in stark opposition to the insensitive and significantly dim - witted Gaston . '' Critics continue to debate over whether Belle or the Beast is the film 's protagonist . Susan Jeffords , author of Hard Bodies : Hollywood Masculinity in the Reagan Era , felt that although Belle appears to be the protagonist in Beaumont 's original fairy tale , the character becomes `` less the focus of the narrative '' in Disney 's adaptation and more of a `` mechanism for solving the Beast 's ' dilemma ' . '' In her article `` The Tangled Evolution of the Disney Princess '' , Noelle Buffam felt that Belle arrived just in time when Disney 's heroines were `` in a dire need for some change , '' awarding her `` the red stamp of approval '' for her intelligence and spirit . Analyzing ways in which Disney 's heroines have evolved overtime due to `` the approach to the characterization of the princesses chang ( ing ) '' as the characters gradually transformed from passive young women into heroines who `` had ambitions and desires aside from finding true love , '' critics often divide the Disney Princesses into three separate categories and rank Belle among the middle of the timeline , with Kit Steinkellner of HelloGiggles observing that the character improved upon `` the Disney princess archetype '' by simultaneously serving as both a `` dreamer '' and a `` doer '' in her film , as opposed to exclusively the former . Film historian Paula Sigman Lowery explained to the Daily Express that Belle 's personality is a combination of Ariel 's spirit and burgeoning independence , and Pocahontas ' maturity , while Belle is `` a little older ( than Ariel ) and a little further along in their journey towards independence . '' About.com 's David Nusair believes that Belle belongs to a category of Disney Princesses known as `` The Lady Vanishes , '' in which the heroines , in spite of being brave , outspoken and independent , nonetheless `` are forced to behave passively as others help them achieve their respective goals . '' Michelle Munro , writing for Durham College of Applied Arts and Technology , felt that even though Belle shares several traits with her more passive predecessors , the character introduced `` new possibilities for princesses . '' Girls in Capes wrote that Belle pioneered a generation of princesses who taught `` about ambition , self - discovery and the pursuit of what we want . '' Additionally , Belle remains Disney 's first and only princess to have hazel eyes . Appearances ( edit ) Film and television ( edit ) Belle debuted in Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) as a beautiful bibliophile who , although praised by her fellow villagers for her unrivaled beauty , is at the same time ridiculed for her intelligence and non-conformity . Having grown weary of her uneventful provincial life , in which she is relentlessly romantically pursued by an arrogant hunter named Gaston , Belle longs for adventure . After her father 's horse returns without its rider , she willingly ventures into the woods in search of her father . She persuades the Beast that she will trade her own freedom in return for her father 's , since her father is ill in the dungeon , promising to remain with the Beast in his castle among his staff of enchanted objects forever . Belle 's curiosity leads her to the forbidden west wing where she discovers an enchanted rose without realizing that it is tied to the Beast 's fate ; and the Beast 's rage at her trespassing causes her to flee the castle on horseback . Belle is pursued by wolves in the woods but they are driven off by the Beast , afterwards Belle helps the injured Beast back to the castle and nurses him back to health . Although she initially dislikes her captor , Belle gradually learns to accept the Beast in spite of his appearance and eventually befriends him . Belle and the Beast 's strong bond greatly envies Gaston to the point of which he storms the castle and mortally wounds the Beast , though Gaston falls to his own death in the process . However , Belle confesses her love for the Beast just in time to break the spell under which he had been placed by an enchantress as punishment for his selfish ways , and the Beast ultimately transforms back into a handsome prince . In Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) , Belle attempts to reignite the castle 's waning spirit by reintroducing and celebrating Christmas , in spite of the Beast 's strong resentment towards the holiday . Meanwhile , a solemn pipe organ named Forte grows determined to sabotage Belle and the Beast 's burgeoning friendship because he longs to maintain his co-dependent relationship with his master . Tricked by Forte into retrieving a large Christmas tree from a frozen pond , Belle nearly drowns , only to be rescued by the Beast . The Beast , however , having been misinformed by Forte , wrongly accuses Belle of trying to escape again , and locks her in the dungeon as punishment . When the Beast finally discovers the truth , they forgive each other , and Belle helps him thwart Forte 's plan to destroy the castle . Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) , depicts Belle as she interacts with both the Beast and his enchanted servants in various segments , exploring themes such as forgiveness , friendship , cooperation and respect . In Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) , a spin - off of the film series , Belle owns a bookstore in which she teaches valuable lessons to children by reading and retelling well - known stories and fairy tales , narrating four classic Disney animated shorts : The Three Little Pigs ( 1933 ) , Peter and the Wolf ( 1946 ) , The Wise Little Hen ( 1934 ) and Morris the Midget Moose ( 1950 ) . For the first time , Belle appears as both animated and live - action versions of herself , voiced and portrayed by actresses Paige O'Hara and Lyndsey McLeod , respectively . In the television series Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) , Belle , in a role reprised by McLeod , owns her own music and bookshop , where she is visited by children to whom she tells and sings stories . Belle appeared in the animated television series Disney 's House of Mouse and its direct - to - video films Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse and Mickey 's House of Villains . In the television series , Belle is voiced by American actress and singer Jodi Benson , while O'Hara reprises her role in the film . A live - action version of Belle appears as a main character in the ABC television series Once Upon a Time , where she serves as the love interest of Rumplestiltskin ( who is the show 's version of the Beast ) . She is portrayed by Australian actress Emilie de Ravin . Another live - action version of the character appeared in the 2015 television film Descendants , where she was played by Keegan Connor Tracy ( who is also a cast member on Once Upon a Time , except she plays The Blue Fairy / Mother Superior in the series ) and serves as the Queen of the United States of Auradon . The series Sofia the First included a cameo by Belle in a 2013 episode . British actress Amy Jackson who portrayed as Belle opposite Indian actor Vikram , who being portrayed as Beast for sequences in a dreamy song `` Ennodu Nee Irundhal '' in the 2015 Tamil language romantic thriller `` I '' . The original prosthetic make - up for the characters were provided by Sean Foot ( Shaun ) and Davina Lamont and additional works were done by National Film Award winners -- Christien Tinsley and Dominie Till . Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 live action film ) ( edit ) English actress Emma Watson portrays Belle in the 2017 live - action version of the film . In January 2015 , English actress Emma Watson announced that she will be portraying Belle in a live - action adaptation of the film , which was released in 2017 . Beauty and the Beast is the first of the Disney remakes in which an A-list actress portrays a Disney princess , as all previous Disney live - action adaptations used then - unknowns . As a feminist and model , Watson suggested several changes to the character in the live - action film . For costume design Watson rejected the traditional `` big princess dress '' and corset for the golden gown as that would have reduced her mobility , with the gown seen as crucial for marketing the film , while for the village scenes she requested boots instead of ballet slippers to give the character more ruggednes . Nonetheless Belle 's attire in the live - action remake largely stays true to its animated predecessor . Thanks to Watson 's influence , Belle is not only a bookworm but also an inventor like her father - she uses her inventions for everyday chores such as laundry , which in turn provides her with time to pursue her passion for reading . It is also revealed that Belle 's mother died of a disease plague during Belle 's infancy , consequently Maurice is somewhat overprotective of Belle and does not allow her to leave the village . For instance , Maurice creates `` music boxes playing tunes from faraway places , in a bid to sate her thirst for exploration '' , as he is unwilling to let Belle be adventurous due to her mother 's death , although Belle harbors no hard feelings about this . Watson 's portrayal of Belle won her the MTV Movie Award for Best Performance at the 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards . Broadway musical ( edit ) Belle appeared in the Broadway musical adaptation of Beauty and the Beast . The role was originated by actress Susan Egan , who was initially reluctant to audition for Beauty and the Beast because she `` thought it was a terrible idea for Disney to put a cartoon on Broadway . '' However , her agent managed to convince her otherwise , and Egan ultimately turned down callbacks for roles in the musicals My Fair Lady , Carousel and Grease in favor of starring as Belle in Beauty and the Beast because she had always wanted to originate a Broadway role . Egan had never watched Beauty and the Beast prior to her audition , relying solely on `` her own creative instincts '' instead . Egan 's performance earned her a Tony Award nomination for Best Actress in a Musical at the 48th Tony Awards . A total of seventeen actresses have portrayed Belle in the Broadway musical , among them recording artists Debbie Gibson and Toni Braxton , The Sopranos ' Jamie - Lynn Sigler , and Disney Channel alumnae Christy Carlson Romano and Anneliese van der Pol , the latter of whom became Broadway 's final Belle when the show ended its thirteen - year - long run in 2007 . Actress Sarah Litzsinger remains Broadway 's longest - running Belle . A best - selling R&B singer , Braxton made her Broadway debut when she was cast as Belle in 1998 , turning down actress Halle Berry 's role in the film Why Do Fools Fall In Love ( 1998 ) . Braxton 's desire to pursue an acting career stemmed from a series of conflicts with the singer 's record label at the time , in turn making her the only African American to portray Belle in the show 's history . Belle 's ballad `` A Change in Me '' was written by songwriters Alan Menken and Tim Rice specifically for Braxton . However , the song was ultimately so well - received that it has been included in the musical ever since . During her tenure as Belle , Braxton was stalked by an `` obsessed fan . '' The stalker had reportedly `` bombarded '' Braxton with threatening e-mails and letters . Several measures were taken to ensure the singer 's safety , including forcing Braxton to dress in full disguise when traveling to and from the theatre in addition to reducing her total number of weekly performances from eight to seven . The stalker was eventually arrested and charged with `` aggravated harassment . '' Miscellaneous ( edit ) Belle along with Beast and Chip appeared at the 64th Academy Awards as presenters for Best Animated Short Feature . She also makes a brief cameo appearance in Disney 's 34th animated feature film The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) during the `` Out There '' musical sequence . She was featured as one of the seven Princesses of Heart in the Kingdom Hearts video game series . Belle was also the main character in various comic books based on the film , including one set during Belle 's stay at the castle published by Marvel Comics , and a prequel set several years before the film distributed by Disney Comics . In the former , the storylines generally have the servants trying to coax Belle into doing something with the Beast , only for it to backfire and nearly ruin their friendship before they make up . In the latter serial , Belle ends up locked up in a cellar by village children after reluctantly playing pirates with them , and later nearly goes down the path leading to Beast 's castle . The latter serial also implies that she holds misandric views and refuses to associate herself with the village children , especially the males , due to their not being as well - versed in literature as she . Belle and the other characters from the first movie appear in the stage show , Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage at Disney 's Hollywood Studios , Walt Disney World . Belle appears in a meet - and - greet attraction at Magic Kingdom 's Fantasyland called Enchanted Tales with Belle . In season 18 of Dancing With the Stars , Danica McKellar played Belle while performing a Quickstep on a Disney themed episode . Ginger Zee and Edyta Śliwińska also both portrayed Belle while performing a Foxtrot and Waltz respectively during the Disney night episode of the 22nd season of Dancing with the Stars . Emma Slater then played Belle while dancing a Foxtrot during the Disney theme night of the show 's 24th season . Belle , alongside other Disney Princesses , is set to cameo in the film Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 , as was announced at the 2017 D23 Expo , with Paige O'Hara returning to the role after seven years . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Belle has garnered widespread acclaim from film critics , several of whom voiced their preference for the character over her predecessor , Ariel from The Little Mermaid . Hal Hinson of The Washington Post described Belle as a `` compelling '' character who is `` more mature , more womanly and less blandly asexual '' than Ariel , as well as `` a more worldly girl '' , describing her as `` a bookworm , with gumption and a mind of her own . '' Similarly comparing Belle to Ariel , John Hartl of The Seattle Times wrote that , in Beauty and the Beast , `` there 's rarely a sense of deja vu , perhaps because the heroine is so different from ' Mermaid 's ' dependent Ariel , and her dilemma is more poignant , '' while Boxoffice scribed , `` Undoubtedly in response to criticism that the cute little ' Mermaid ' Ariel was nothing more than a precocious sexpot , the idea - people behind this beauty -- aptly named Belle ... chose to make her an icon of self - reliance and a voracious reader with a curiosity and love for everything around her . '' Jennie Punter of The Globe and Mail extolled Belle as a `` smart , courageous ... ' take - charge kind of gal ' , '' while crowning her the `` main attraction of Beauty and the Beast . '' Emma Cochrane of Empire hailed Belle as `` a feminist heroine who ( is ) more rounded than previous Disney characters '' , while Paste 's Annlee Ellingson similarly enjoyed the character 's `` feminist kick . '' Stephen Hunter of The Baltimore Sun wrote that `` Belle ... is no passive fairy tale princess , but a real live girl , with a spunky personality and her own private agenda . '' TV Guide wrote that `` The familiar narrative is strengthened by the independent , self - assured character of Belle , '' concluding , `` Unlike Disney heroines from Snow White through Ariel , Belle is smart , knows what she wants , and does n't spend her time pining away for the love of a handsome prince . '' Marc Bernardin of Entertainment Weekly praised Belle 's heroism , dubbing her `` the hero '' of Beauty and the Beast , while Entertainment Weekly 's Christian Blauvelt opined , `` Unlike previous Disney heroines who needed to be rescued by a prince themselves , Belle not only saves the Beast 's life , she saves his soul . '' TLC 's Vicki Arkoff received Belle as a `` smart '' and `` sharp - tongued '' heroine , crediting the character for `` break ( ing ) Disney 's passive - princess mold . '' About.com 's David Nusair described Belle as an `` admirable '' heroine . AllMovie 's Don Kaye and Perry Seibert echoed each other 's reviews of the character , with Kaye describing both Belle and the Beast as `` three - dimensional ... complex individuals who defy stereotyping and change over the course of the story , '' and Seibert calling Belle a `` strong female character '' who `` sidesteps most of the clichés surrounding Disney heroines . '' Common Sense Media hailed Belle as `` one of Disney 's smartest , most independent heroines . '' Meanwhile , Belle 's relationship with the Beast has also been met with positive reviews . About. com 's David Nusair wrote that `` the palpable chemistry between Belle and The Beast ensur ( es ) that Beauty and the Beast lives up to its reputation as one of the most memorable romances of all time . '' Describing it as an `` unconventional romance , '' Charles Solomon of the Los Angeles Times opined , `` The idea of a young woman learning to love a gentle heart hidden beneath a baleful exterior represented a major break with tradition . '' Likewise , critics enjoyed O'Hara's performance . According to Variety , Belle was `` magnificently voiced by O'Hara . '' The Star - Ledger 's Stephen Whitty enjoyed O'Hara's `` pretty soprano . '' John Hartl of The Seattle Times wrote , `` O'Hara does a spirited job of investing the character with warmth , intuition and maturity , '' while the Sun - Sentinel 's Candice Russel felt that O'Hara `` does a good job of creating Belle as intellectual , wisely feminine and disarmed by the stirrings of her heart . '' According to the Young Writers Society , Belle remains the best - reviewed Disney Princess to - date . One of the character 's few negative reviews was written by Ethan Alter of Television Without Pity , who opined : ( T ) he movie ... present ( ed ) audiences with a willful female protagonist that was firmly in control of her romantic destiny and regularly placed reading books above chasing after boys . And it 's true that in that respect at least , Belle stood in stark contrast to past Disney heroines ... Still , the filmmakers did n't do the character any favors by swapping out that boy crazy trait for a pronounced maternalistic streak that comes across as a little creepy . Besides being utterly devoted to her father , Belle 's relationship with the Beast possesses a distinctly mother / toddler dynamic ... Their romance also lacks spark because -- due to the fundamental set - up of the narrative ... it 's always clear that he needs her far more than she needs him . Particularly when compared to some of the dynamic animated heroines that came after her ... today Belle ca n't help but seem ... bland . -- Television Without Pity 's Ethan Alter 's mixed analysis of Belle . Feminist analysis ( edit ) Jezebel determined that Belle `` is often held up as the standard of the ' feminist ' Disney princess . '' According to Tales , Then and Now : More Folktales as Literary Fictions for Young Adults author Anna E. Altmann , Disney heavily promoted Beauty and the Beast as `` a feminist fairy tale '' due to Belle 's characterization and role in the film . In his book Hearing a Film , Seeing a Sermon : Preaching and Popular Movies , author Timothy B. Cargal agreed that the character indicated `` Disney 's ... continued efforts to reshape their heroines for a more feminist age . '' According to Girl Culture : An Encyclopedia author Claudia Mitchell , Belle 's feminism was influenced by third - wave feminism and the relatively new concept of girl power during the 1990s . Feminist critics have been generally mixed in their analyses of Belle , arguing over whether or not the character is in fact `` feminist enough . '' Although Beauty and the Beast was initially lauded upon release for starring a `` forward thinking and feminist '' heroine , critics tend to agree that , in spite of Belle 's independence and resentment towards Gaston , Beauty and the Beast essentially remains a romance about a girl who finally `` meets her ideal man . '' Acknowledging that Belle `` represented significant change from ( her ) sweet , mop - wielding predecessors , '' Twilight and History author Nancy Reagin observed that `` the end result of fulfillment through marriage has been maintained . '' Kathleen Maher of The Austin Chronicle cited Belle as an example of `` pseudo-feminism '' because she rejects one man , Gaston , in favor of another , a prince . While commending Belle for `` seeing past the beast 's appearance , '' Judith Welikala of The Independent in the end accused the character of `` melting back into the role of wife when he turns back into a handsome prince . '' Fairy Tale author Andrew Teverson referred to Belle as Disney 's attempt to address `` feminist criticism of its representation of women in earlier films , '' but ultimately criticized the character 's curiosity for `` extend ( ing ) only to romance , '' additionally accusing her of being `` a zealous individualist with a pathological hostility to common men and women . '' Meanwhile , Stylist ranked Belle among the most feminist Disney characters , describing her as an `` incredibly intelligent '' woman who `` does n't stand for a man who considers her as just a piece of meat ... she wants someone who loves her for her mind too . '' Acknowledging the character 's `` feminist longings , '' Daniel Eagen , author of America 's Film Legacy : The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry , cited Belle as Disney 's `` modern - day corrective to Snow White . '' Beyond Adaptation : Essays on Radical Transformations of Original Works author Phyllis Frus wrote that , initially , Beauty and the Beast does not seem `` remotely feminist . '' However , the author did acknowledge Belle as `` an appealing character with a noticeable feminist streak , '' but in the end criticized Disney 's Consumer Products of reversing what the film had nearly accomplished by inducting the character into the Disney Princess franchise . In Refinery29 's `` Definitive Ranking Of Disney Princesses As Feminist Role Models , '' author Vanessa Golembewski ranked the character eighth but described her personality and ambitions as `` confusing . '' Complex 's Tara Aquino described Belle as `` a kinda feminist ... who 's well - read , self - sufficient , and with standards high enough that she does n't fall for the town 's brain - dead pretty boy . '' Commentators have generally reacted more cynically towards Belle 's relationship with the film 's male characters , particularly the Beast , questioning its morality . Writing for the University of Central Florida , Faith Dickens felt that after Belle 's introduction , the character becomes little more than `` a vehicle for exploring the Beast 's dilemmas , '' while her initial pining for adventure is replaced by romance . Dickens went on to criticize the fact that while Belle appears to be `` perfect the way she is , '' the Beast `` need ( s ) to be reformed . '' Anna E. Altmann , author of Tales , Then and Now : More Folktales as Literary Fictions for Young Adults , disliked the fact that Belle appears to share a motherly relationship with both the Beast and Maurice . Altman also panned the fact that Belle 's interest in reading appears to be limited to fairy tales , ultimately dismissing the character as little more than `` a feisty North American version of '' Beaumont 's heroine . Orange Coast writer Henry A. Giroux felt that Belle serves as little more than `` a prop for resolving the Beast 's problems . '' Sonia Saraiya of Nerve ranked Belle the sixth most feminist Disney Princess , writing that , unlike Ariel , `` Belle 's sass does n't come from teenage rebellion , but rather from intellectual acuity . '' Saraiya commended Belle for resisting `` her village 's expectations of what her life should look like , '' crediting her with being `` the first princess to express some skepticism about married life . '' While calling Belle 's sacrifice `` brave , '' the author also labeled it `` not much of a step for womankind , '' in the end accusing her of falling `` for a domineering man . '' Similarly , Kit Steinkellner of HelloGiggles expressed concern over the `` abusive undercurrents running through Belle and Beast 's relationship . '' Meanwhile , Bustle 's Mary Grace Garis also commended Belle 's aspirations and love of reading , but criticized her relationship with the Beast , concluding , `` Though the ' 90s showed a move toward princesses wanting to buck conventions and free themselves from their fathers ( or the town misogynist ) the endgame is the still the same , elaborating , `` When the movie ends , they 're still solidly with a man , their dreams of adventure abandoned . Therefore , the Disney renaissance is characterized more by theoretical want of adventure rather than a genuine pursuit . '' Impact and Legacy ( edit ) Dubbed an `` iconoclast '' by Boxoffice , Belle continues to garner media recognition for her role in Beauty and the Beast . Established as a cultural icon , the character maintains the distinction of being Disney 's first feminist princess . Commentators believe that the character 's role in Beauty and the Beast as one of Disney 's first strong female characters is responsible for changing the way in which women would be depicted in subsequent animated films . According to Kevin Fallon of The Daily Beast , `` being a Disney princess meant singing songs about how much you love combing your hair with a fork and giving away your voice if it meant you got to marry the guy with that dreamy chiseled jaw '' prior to Belle 's arrival . The Los Angeles Times ' Charles Solomon ranked Belle among the four Disney Princesses responsible for breaking `` the bonds of convention . '' About.com 's David Nusair agreed that Belle successfully `` updated the princess formula for an entirely new generation . '' The Atlantic 's Lindsay Lowe echoed Nusair 's sentiment , citing Belle as the character responsible for ending Disney 's `` history of ... docile heroines . '' The Daily Campus ' Cathy Schmidt recognized Belle and Ariel as `` the beginnings of the more modern Disney princesses . '' Writing for Virgin Media , Limara Salt believes that the character `` proved that audiences could fall in love with a brown - haired intellectual . '' A survey conducted by Disney after the film 's release determined that Belle 's love of books inspired young women to read . Justin Humphreys of The Hook expressed , `` Belle remains a most successful princess because people can relate '' to her . Elina Bolokhova of Parenting believes that Belle 's `` bravery and independence helped redefine the meaning of a Disney princess . '' According to Justine McGrath of Teen Vogue , Belle has `` become one of the most popular classic Disney princesses of all time . '' Commending her intelligence and lack of vanity , the character was placed at number one on E ! 's ranking of the Disney Princesses , while Cosmopolitan ranked her fourth . In the magazine 's `` Definitive Ranking Of Disney Princesses '' , Seventeen ranked Belle fifth . Similarly , BuzzFeed also ranked the character fifth , praising her love of reading . A reader poll conducted by BuzzFeed also determined that Belle is the most popular Disney Princess , having garnered 18 % of votes . Belle is the fifth most successful Disney Princess in terms of box office revenue , with Beauty and the Beast having grossed over $350 million . However , Belle was the lowest - selling Disney Princess on eBay in 2013 , with sales of less than $7,000 despite the fact that she is often cited as a customer favorite . `` As Disney heroines go , Belle was an iconoclast . Her strong - willed , independent personality feels invigorating in a medium where most damsels are in distress . That was definitely true 20 years ago when Beauty was released , and it 's still half - true today . '' -- Boxoffice 's Todd Gilchrist explaining the way in which Belle altered Disney heroines for the 20th and 21st centuries . Belle is considered to be among Disney 's most beloved animated heroines . According to Scott Huver of People , the character 's `` popularity remains a force to be reckoned with '' even 25 years after the film 's release . Belle was the only animated heroine nominated for the American Film Institute 's greatest heroes in film ranking ; only eight women were included on the final list . CNN ranked Belle among `` Merida and other animated heroines '' , a list recognizing some of Disney 's greatest heroines . According to the Daily Mirror , Belle is Disney 's second most iconic character , behind only Mickey and Minnie Mouse , describing her as a `` portrait of bravery , teaching us to look beyond appearances and stand up for what we believe in . '' Meanwhile , PopMatters ranked Belle Disney 's second best hero . Considered to be both a sex symbol and fashion icon , Belle has garnered accolades for both her appearance and costumes . The character was ranked 64th on UGO 's list of the most attractive female cartoon characters , while being ranked 14th on Complex 's `` 25 Hottest Cartoon Women of All Time '' . E ! ranked Belle the second best - dressed Disney Princess , crowning her `` the most couture of all the Disney princesses . '' Author Emily Popp went on to praise the character 's ballgown for being `` off the Oscar de la Renta runway , '' while Vogue included it among the `` Most Famous Dresses '' , with author Sarah Karmali dubbing it `` One of the most instantly recognizable dresses in Disney history . '' Revered as iconic , the dress is currently among the most famous in film history 25 years after its debut . Belle appeared on BuzzFeed 's `` Definitive Ranking Of 72 Disney Princess Outfits '' four times , ranking the character 's green , blue , pink and yellow dresses 51st , 37th , 31st and 15th , respectively . Similarly , Belle 's blue , pink , yellow and green costumes were ranked 18th , 10th , ninth and fourth by Official Disney Blogs , whose author believes that the character 's ballgown `` went down in the history books . '' Belle appeared on Stylist 's list of the `` Best beauty looks in Disney '' twice , both for the character 's hairstyles . Entertainment Weekly ranked Belle 's hair fifth in the magazine 's `` Disney Princesses : Ranking Their Hairdos -- and Don'ts ! '' Belle helped establish Woolverton as a `` legendary screenwriter '' ; the writer continues to be commended for her dedication to creating strong female characters ; ever since Belle , the majority of Woolverton 's female characters have been headstrong , independent women , namely Nala in The Lion King ( 1994 ) , Mulan in Mulan ( 1998 ) , Alice in Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) and Maleficent in Maleficent ( 2014 ) . Susan Wloszczyna of Indiewire wrote that `` Woolverton set a new standard for fully fleshed - out fairy - tale heroines ... with Belle '' , in turn paving the way for The Hunger Games ' Katniss Everdeen , and Frozen 's Anna and Elsa ( 2013 ) . Woolverton remains protective of Belle , explaining , `` ( she ) was my first - born child , so there 's a little bit of possessiveness , which really I had to let it go '' . Beauty and the Beast , Belle performs the film 's opening number , `` Belle '' , which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 64th Academy Awards in 1992 . In 1998 , O'Hara was nominated for an Annie Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting by a Female Performer in an Animated Feature Production for reprising her role as Belle in the second of Beauty and the Beast 's three direct - to - video sequels , Belle 's Magical World . To commemorate her work on Beauty and the Beast and various contributions to Disney , O'Hara was honored with a Disney Legends award on August 19 , 2011 . Disney hired Spanish actress Penélope Cruz to pose as Belle in photographer Annie Leibovitz 's Disney Dream Portrait Series , while actor Jeff Bridges posed as the Beast . The Daily Mail described the image as Cruz `` wearing Belle 's gorgeous yellow gown and being lifted high into the air by her prince , '' accompanied by the phrase `` Where a moment of beauty lasts forever . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Still the Belle of the Ball '' . D23 . Disney . January 12 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2012 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Noyer , Jérémie ( October 11 , 2010 ) . `` Beauty And The Beast : Glen Keane on discovering the beauty in The Beast '' . Animated Views . Animated Views . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , James ( 2012 ) . Animated Films - Virgin Film . United States : Random House . ISBN 9781448132812 . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 -- via Google Docs . Jump up ^ Taylor , Drew ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` Review : ' Beauty and the Beast 3D ' Is The Same Great Movie , With Some Added 3D Charm '' . Indiewire . SnagFilms . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Galindo , Brian ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` 30 Things You Might Not Know About `` Beauty And The Beast '' `` . BuzzFeed . BuzzFeed , Inc . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Susman , Gary ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` 25 Things You Did n't Know About ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Moviefone . Aol Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Willstein , Paul ( November 22 , 1991 ) . `` ` Beauty 's ' Story Was A Beast For Disney '' . The Morning Call . The Morning Call . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Korkis , Jim ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` Evolution of the Disney Princesses '' . MousePlanet.com . MousePlanet . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McGovern , Joe ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Linda Woolverton , the $3 billion Alice and Beauty and the Beast screenwriter , remembers a Belle battle '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly Inc . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Was Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Re-Tooled Because Belle Was n't Enough of a Feminist ? '' . The Huffingon Post . TheHuffingtonPost.com , Inc . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Huver , Scott ( May 30 , 2012 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast 3D '' Gives Original Star Paige O'Hara a Whole New Perspective `` . NBC Chicago . NBCUniversal , Inc . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dutka , Elaine ( January 19 , 1992 ) . `` MOVIES : Ms. Beauty and the Beast : Writer of Disney Hit Explains Her ' Woman of the ' 90s ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ames , Katrine ; Ansen , David ( November 17 , 1991 ) . `` Just The Way Walt Made ' Em '' . The Daily Beast . Newsweek LLC . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2013 . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rothman , Lily ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` The Same Woman Wrote Maleficent and Beauty and the Beast -- Here 's How They 're Linked '' . Time . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Berman , Eliza ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` How Beauty and the Beast 's Screenwriter Shaped Disney 's First Feminist Princess '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dutka , Elaine ( January 25 , 1992 ) . `` ' Beauty And Beast ' Writer Is As Feisty As Her Heroine '' . Orlando Sentinel . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Jessica ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' gets a budget - friendly makeover '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Atkinson , S. ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` The One Thing ' Beauty And The Beast ' Fans Probably Do n't Know About The Creation Of Belle '' . Bustle . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Cast and Filmmakers Recall Making of ' Beauty and the Beast ' at 25th Anniversary Screening '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 10 Things You Probably Never Knew About `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` . tooFab . EHM Productions , Inc . May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eagan , Daniel ( 2010 ) . America 's Film Legacy : The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry . United Kingdom : A&C Black . pp. 808 -- 809 . ISBN 9780826429773 . ^ Jump up to : Omanski , Stephanie ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` 11 Evil Facts You Never Knew About Disney Villains '' . M. Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cruise , Rachel ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' 2017 News : Original Disney Movie Was Retooled ? What You Did n't Know About The First Film '' . Parent Herald . IQADNET LLC . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` The Disney Characters You Never Saw '' . io9 . Gizmodo Media Group . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wloszczyna , Susan ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` Maleficent Writer Linda Woolverton on Adapting Fairy Tales for a New Generation '' . Indiewire . Indiewire.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sampson , Wade ( September 17 , 2008 ) . `` Linda Woolverton and Belle '' . MousePlanet.com . MousePlanet . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Losgar , Maxwell ( May 27 , 2016 ) . `` Your Burning Questions about Beauty and the Beast and The Lion King , Answered '' . Vanity Fair . Condé Nast . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alcala , Eunice ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ' WRITER WANTS A STRONG BELLE -- SOMEONE WHO DOESN 'T ONLY SIT AND ' WAIT FOR HER PRINCE TO COME ' '' . Inquisitr . The Inquisitr News . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keegan , Rebecca ( May 29 , 2016 ) . `` First Belle , now Alice : How screenwriter and headbanger Linda Woolverton is remaking Disney heroines for a feminist age '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . I 'd say , ' Belle is not baking a cake ! She 's putting pins in a map of where she wants to go in her life ^ Jump up to : Nicholson , Amy ( January 13 , 2012 ) . `` Meet Paige O'Hara : The Voice -- And More -- Of Disney 's Smartest Heroine '' . Boxoffice . BoxOffice ® Media , LLC . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2014 . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Klassen , Anna ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` 15 Things You Did n't Know About ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Bustle.com . Bustle.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hischak , Thomas S. ( 2011 ) . Disney Voice Actors : A Biographical Dictionary . United States : McFarland . p. 158 . ISBN 978 - 0786462711 . Retrieved May 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Burch , Rob ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Disney 53 : Beauty And The Beast '' . The Hollywood News . The Hollywood News . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Peppel , Sarah ( October 1 , 2010 ) . `` Personal Interview with Paige O'Hara or Belle of Beauty and the Beast '' . Genesis Moments . Genesis Framework . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rusoff , Jane Wollman ( November 22 , 1992 ) . `` Beauty & The Bridge First She Charmed Us With Her Voice In Beauty And The Beast . Now Fort Lauderdale ` s Paige O ` hara Takes On A Very Different Role In A Film About Chappaquiddick '' . Sun - Sentinel . The Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview With Paige O'Hara , The Voice Of Belle In `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` . Disney Dreaming . Unrivaled Media Group , LLC . October 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sands , Jez ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` Beauty And The Beast : Paige O'Hara Interview '' . On the Box . OntheBox.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bean , Jason ( April 21 , 2013 ) . `` More than 20 years after ' Beauty and the Beast ' , Paige O'Hara still remembered as voice of Disney princess '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Stephens Media LLC . Retrieved May 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Huver , Scott ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast 's Animated Belle , Paige O'Hara Says Emma Watson 's Casting Is ' Genius ' '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brodie , Anne ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` Paige O'Hara talks giving Belle voice for Beauty and the Beast '' . Monsters and Critics . Monsters and Critics.com . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Voice of `` Belle '' Paints Her Tale '' ( PDF ) . WordPress . Disney . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . just sing something that you love . ^ Jump up to : Benedictus , Leo ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` How we made : Don Hahn and Paige O'Hara on Beauty and the Beast '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Cerasaro , Pat ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` SPOTLIGHT ON BEAUTY & THE BEAST 3D : Paige O'Hara '' . Broadway World . Wisdom Digital Media . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stanek , Billy ( November 4 , 2011 ) . `` Dateline Disney : 1991 '' . D23 . Disney . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2011 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Joyce ( 2013 ) . `` The Real Women Behind Disney Princesses '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Yahoo ! Canada Co . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abbay , Semein ( January 13 , 2012 ) . `` Gofobo Interview : Paige O'Hara ( Belle ) from Beauty & The Beast 3D '' . Gofobo . Entertainment Printing Services , LLC . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Molina , Melissa ( January 15 , 2012 ) . `` Interview : Paige O'Hara On ' Beauty And The Beast 3D ' '' . Shockya.com . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Greenberger , Robert ( October 3 , 2010 ) . `` Paige O'Hara , the voice of Belle , on being part of ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . ComicMix . ComicMix . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherford , Mike ( January 15 , 2012 ) . `` Belle still tolls for actress O'Hara '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Stephens Media LLC . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2012 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Puchko , Kristy . `` Paige O'Hara , Belle -- Disney Princesses Then and Now '' . TheFW . TheFW . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Julie Nathanson Starring Roles '' . Behind the Voice Actors . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Belle '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` OVGuide '' . Online Video Guide . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Adam ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Wreck - It Ralph 2 Is Bringing The Original Disney Princesses Back '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gilsdorf , Ethan ( June 16 , 2012 ) . `` Pixar 's new ' Brave ' is fueled by girl power '' . The Boston Globe . The New York Times Company . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Green , Stanley ( 2010 ) . Hollywood Musicals Year by Year . Hollywood Musicals Year by Year . United States : Hal Leonard Corp. p. 286 . ISBN 978 - 0881886108 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Beck , Jerry ( December 31 , 2014 ) . `` In Her Own Words : Linda Woolverton '' . Cartoon Research . Jerry Beck . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tracy , Joe . `` An Inside Look at the Original Beauty and the Beast '' . Digital Media FX . Digital Media FX . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Radloff , Jessica ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's Beauty and the Beast 25th Anniversary : The Story Behind Belle 's Ball Gown and More Secrets You Never Knew '' . Glamour . Condé Nast . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mallenbaum , Carly ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` 8 things you never knew about ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast Facts '' . Magical Kingdoms . Magical Kingdoms . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lytal , Cristy ( February 22 , 2009 ) . `` Animator James Baxter puts imagination in motion '' . The Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chan , J ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Meet the Disney Animator Who Helped Create Some of Your Favorite Princesses : Mark Henn '' . Animation School Daily . Animation School Daily . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2015 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Noyer , Jérémie ( January 8 , 2010 ) . `` The Princess And The Frog 's Supervising Animator Mark Henn -- Part 2 : The `` Disney Decade '' `` . Animated Views . Animated Views . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ghez , Didier ( 2011 ) . Walt 's People : Talking Disney With the Artists Who Knew Him . United States : Xlibris Corporation . p. 570 . ISBN 9781465368416 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Artist Mark Henn -- The Man Behind the Princesses '' . ArtInsights . ArtInsights . December 12 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Leonora ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` 57 Things You Never Knew About Disney Princesses '' . BuzzFeed . BuzzFeed , Inc . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Figueiredo , Rodney ( October 5 , 2002 ) . `` Beauty And The Beast : Platinum Edition '' . Animated Views . Animated Views . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Churchill , Alexandra. `` 50 Epic Things You Did n't Know About Disney Princesses '' . YourTango . Tango Media Corporation . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Panisello , Stephanie ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Creatives Reflect on Disney Tale 25 Years Later '' . Variety . Variety Media , LLC . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . ( M ) arketing wanted everything pink and lavender , because that 's what every girl likes ^ Jump up to : Shamsian , Jacob ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Belle 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' gown was supposed to look totally different '' . Business Insider . Business Insider Inc . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shamsian , Jacob ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Belle 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' gown was supposed to look totally different '' . Insider . Business Insider Inc . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nagi , Ariel ( August 29 , 2014 ) . `` 15 Surprising Facts About Your Fave Disney Princesses '' . Seventeen . Hearst Communications , Inc . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2015 . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Geraghty , Lincoln ( 2011 ) . `` Romance '' . Directory of World Cinema : American Hollywood , Volume 5 . United States of America : Intellect Ltd. p. 232 . ISBN 9781841504155 . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Osmond , Andrew ( 2010 ) . 100 Animated Feature Films . United Kingdom : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 43 -- 45 . ISBN 9781844575633 . Jump up ^ Bell , Elizabeth ; Lynda Haas ; Laura Sells ( 1995 ) . From Mouse to Mermaid : The Politics of Film , Gender , and Culture . Indiana University Press . p. 264 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 20978 - 8 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Solomon , Charles ( December 31 , 2001 ) . `` But It Was Big Enough Already '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The evolution of the Disney Princess '' . LehighValleyLive.com . PennLive LLC . October 21 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Blum , Matt ( January 13 , 2012 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast 3D : Still a Great Film , and a Tangled Short , Too ! '' . Wired.com . Condé Nast . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Sharon ( 2014 ) . Sex , Love and Abuse : Discourses on Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault . United Kingdom : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 15 -- 17 . ISBN 9781137008817 . Jump up ^ Griswold , Jerry ( 2004 ) . The Meanings of `` Beauty and the Beast '' : A Handbook . Canada : Broadview Press . p. 251 . ISBN 9781551115634 . Jump up ^ England , Dawn Elizabeth ; Descartes , Melissa ; Collier - Meek , Melissa A. ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Gender Role Portrayal and the Disney Princesses '' ( PDF ) . St. Francis Xavier University . St. Francis Xavier University . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffords , Susan ( 1994 ) . Hard Bodies : Hollywood Masculinity in the Reagan Era . United States : Rutgers University Press . pp. 150 -- 155 . ISBN 9780813520032 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , David ( April 29 , 2013 ) . `` Evolution of Disney princesses shows societal progress '' . The Statesman . Statesman Association Inc . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Buffam , Noelle ( November 29 , 2010 ) . `` The Tangled Evolution of the Disney Princess '' . The Script Lab . TSL Media Inc . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Evolution of the Disney Princess '' . Girls in Capes. April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Welsh , Jennifer ( April 1 , 2011 ) . `` Disney Princes and Princesses Still Slaves to Some Stereotypes '' . LiveScience . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Steinkellner , Kit ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` The evolution of the Disney princess -- from dainty damsel to badass '' . HelloGiggles . HelloGiggles . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fox , Emily ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` How Disney 's princesses reflect the evolution of modern - day women '' . Daily Express . Northern and Shell Media Publications . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nusair , David . `` The Evolution of the Disney Princess '' . About.com . About.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Munro , Michelle ( 2014 ) . `` Evolution of The Disney Princess -- Disney has made quite the transformation from innocent Snow white to Independent Anna '' . The Water Buffalo . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2015 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mullins , Jenna ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` 53 Fascinating Facts You Probably Did n't Know About Disney Films '' . E !. Entertainment Television , LLC . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Aoife ( January 1 , 2015 ) . `` 7 things you did n't now about Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' princess Belle '' . Irish Independent . Independent.ie . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ North , Jesse ( December 22 , 2011 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast Leading Lady Emily Behny on Her Hectic Wedding Day Audition '' . Broadway.com . Key Brand Entertainment . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' With her nose stuck in a book , ' Belle is a kindred spirit '' . write meg ! . October 14 , 2010 . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trousdale , Gary ( director ) ; Wise , Kirk ( director ) ( November 13 , 1991 ) . Beauty and the Beast ( Film ) . Buena Vista Pictures . Jump up ^ Knight , Andy ( director ) ( November 11 , 1997 ) . Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( Motion picture ) . United States : Buena Vista Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World '' . Disney.com . Disney . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sing Me a Story with Belle '' . TV.com . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jodi Benson '' . Behind the Voice Actors . Behind the Voice Actors . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paige O'Hara '' . Behind the Voice Actors . Behind the Voice Actors . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` Lost 's Emilie de Ravin is Once Upon a Time 's Belle '' . IGN . IGN Entertainment . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Busis , Hillary ( September 9 , 2013 ) . `` Disney 's ' Sofia the First ' meets Princess Belle -- EXCLUSIVE CLIP '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly , Inc . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ I - Ennodu Nee Irundhaal Video - A.R. Rahman - Vikram - Shankar ( video ) . YouTube ( in Tamil ) . Sony Music India . 3 February 2015 . Event occurs at 0 : 12 . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shankar has taken technology to a totally different level in Ai '' - PC Sreeram `` . Behindwoods.com. 22 June 2014 . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vikram stuns everyone with beast get - up '' . The Times of India . 16 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson will be Disney 's new Belle in live - action musical ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly , Inc . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Dray , Kayleigh ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Emma Watson convinced Disney to give Beauty and the Beast a feminist makeover '' . Stylist . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` MTV Movie & TV Awards : ' Beauty And The Beast , ' ' Stranger Things ' and ' Get Out ' & Among Winners '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Egan , the Belle of Broadway , Talks About Her New CD '' . DIS Unplugged. Werner Technologies , LLC . November 15 , 2011 . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Callaway , Tim ( July 29 , 2012 ) . `` Susan Egan : Belle , Meg , Glamour and Goop -- Part 1 '' . The Mouse Castle . The Mouse Castle . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Susan Egan on her dirt - catching days as a Disney Princess and humble motherhood '' . Stage Rush . Stage Rush . October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Handelman , Jay ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Broadway 's Belle celebrates musical theater in concert '' . Arts Sarasota . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2015 . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast '' . Playbill Vault . Playbill , Inc . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Anneliese van der Pol Will Be Beauty and the Beast 's Final Belle '' . Broadway.com . Broadway.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nesti , Robert ( December 29 , 2005 ) . `` Sarah Litzsinger : From Belle to Evita '' . Edge . EDGE Publications , Inc . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daniel Baker , C. ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` Toni Braxton Decoded : `` Family Values '' Help Put Struggling Singer Back in Spotlight `` . Black Enterprise . Black Enterprise Magazine . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Braxton To Join Broadway 's ' Aida ' '' . Billboard . Billboard . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toni Braxton Makes Broadway Debut As Belle In Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' '' . Jet . Johnson Publishing Company . October 26 , 1998 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toni Braxton '' . Billboard . Billboard . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ehren , Christine ( October 7 , 1998 ) . `` Toni Braxton Premieres Beauty ' s New Song , Oct. 7 On ' Rosie ' '' . Playbill.com . Playbill , Inc . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2013 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fitzharris , Dustin ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` Toni Braxton Says ' I Heart You ' '' . The Huffington Post . TheHuffingtonPost.com , Inc . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Speers , W ( October 27 , 1998 ) . `` A Stalker Disrupts Toni Braxton 's Broadway Stint '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Philadelphia Media Network . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toni Tells Her Troubles '' . Newsweek . The Newsweek LLC. April 30 , 2000 . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toni Braxton Is Stalked By An Obsessed Fan '' . Jet . Johnson Publishing Company . November 16 , 1998 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Terrified ' Broadway star stalked by obsessed fan '' . Daily Mail . Cengage Learning . October 27 , 1998 . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hatza , George ( October 27 , 1998 ) . `` Another stalker targets Broadway 's ' Beauty ' '' . Reading Eagle . Reading Eagle Company . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Galindo , Brian ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` 27 Disney Movie Easter Eggs You May Have Seriously Never Noticed '' . BuzzFeed . BuzzFeed , Inc . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Square ( 2002 - 11 - 15 ) . Kingdom Hearts . PlayStation 2 . Square Electronic Arts . Jump up ^ Birlew , Dan ( 2003 ) . Kingdom Hearts Official Strategy Guide . BradyGames Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7440 - 0198 - 6 . Jump up ^ The New Adventures of Beauty and the Beast , Issue 1 ; story 2 : Bothered , Page 14 . Disney Comics , 1993 . `` Maurice : You should be playing outside with the other children ! / / Belle : I 'm having a much better time in King Arthur 's Court ! Sometimes I can see myself living in a castle surrounded by servants . I might even entertain the thought of a handsome prince ... As long as he was gentle and kind ... Not like those childish roughnecks in the square ! Not one of them could even spell gallant ! / / Maurice : A day will come when those boys will look like knights in shining armor to you . / / Belle : Never ! I wo n't have anything to do with them . Men are such ... such ... / / Maurice : Hear that , Pierre ? According to my daughter there is n't an ounce of difference between us ! / / Pierre : Oink ! / / Belle : Well , I suppose there are some exceptions . '' Jump up ^ Carbone , Gina ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wreck - It Ralph 2 ' Brings All of the Disney Princesses Together ( With C - 3PO ) '' . Moviefone . Jump up ^ Das , Linda ( December 12 , 2008 ) . `` Disney 's Dames : As Sleeping Beauty turns 50 , we reveal the stories behind Walt 's heroines ... '' Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Yet there 's no question Disney has been responsible for creating some of the finest female leads . ^ Jump up to : `` The Evolution of Disney Princesses '' . Young Writers Society . Young Writers Society . March 16 , 2014 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Salt , Limara ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` The evolution of Disney princesses '' . Virgin Media . Virgin Media . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . ( Ariel ) became an instant favourite but also received mixed reviews from critics who noted that , although she 's an explorer keen to escape the kingdom run by her strict father , she also gives up her family and home for a man . No such criticisms were thrown at Belle . Jump up ^ Hinson , Hal ( November 22 , 1991 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast 3D '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hartl , John ( November 22 , 1991 ) . `` A Classic Feel Already -- Voices , Visuals Fit Superbly In Disney 's ` Beast ' '' . The Seattle Times . The Seattle Times Company . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast '' . Boxoffice . BoxOffice ® Media , LLC . November 22 , 1991 . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2014 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Punter , Jennie ( January 13 , 2012 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast 3D : Disney classic gets added pop '' . The Globe and Mail . The Globe and Mail Inc . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cochrane , Emma . `` Beauty And The Beast '' . Empire . Bauer Consumer Media . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ellingson , Annlee ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast 3D '' . Paste . Paste Media Group . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Stephen ( November 22 , 1991 ) . `` ' BEAUTY and the BEAST ' Stunning animation fills characters with life '' . The Baltimore Sun . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive Inc . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bernardin , Marc ( August 1 , 2012 ) . `` Best Animated Movies Ever '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly Inc . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Blauvelt , Christian ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Animated Films : Best / Worst '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly Inc . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Arkoff , Vicki . `` Ultimate Guide to Disney Princess '' . TLC . Discovery Communications , LLC . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nusair , David . `` Character Bios for Disney Princesses '' . About.com . About.com . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kaye , Don . `` Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) '' . AllMovie . All Media Network , LLC . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seibert , Perry . `` Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) '' . AllMovie . All Media Network , LLC . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast '' . Common Sense Media . Common Sense Media Inc . September 19 , 2005 . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nusair , David . `` Top 10 Animated Films of the 1990s '' . About.com . About.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Variety . Variety Media , LLC . December 31 , 1990 . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Whitty , Stephen ( January 13 , 2012 ) . `` Back to ' The Beast ' : Disney tinkers with an old favorite '' . The Star - Ledger . New Jersey On - Line LLC . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Russel , Candice ( November 22 , 1991 ) . `` Timeless Tale Taps Deep Emotions '' . Sun - Sentinel . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Atler , Ethan ( January 13 , 2012 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast 3D : Tale as Bland as Time '' . Television Without Pity . Bravo Media LLC . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2015 . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` A Feminist Guide to Disney Princesses '' . Jezebel . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Altmann , Anna E. ; De Vos , Gail De ( 2001 ) . Tales , Then and Now : More Folktales as Literary Fictions for Young Adults . United States : Libraries Unlimited . pp. 41 -- 42 . ISBN 9781563088315 . Jump up ^ Cargal , Timothy B. ( 2007 ) . Hearing a Film , Seeing a Sermon : Preaching and Popular Movies . United States : Westminster John Knox Press . p. 44 . ISBN 9780664236335 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Claudia ; Reid - Walsh , Jacqueline ( 2007 ) . Girl Culture : An Encyclopedia . United States : Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 484 . ISBN 9780313084447 . ^ Jump up to : Frus , Phyllis ; Williams , Christy ( 2010 ) . Beyond Adaptation : Essays on Radical Transformations of Original Works . United States : McFarland . pp. 168 -- 180 . ISBN 9780786455782 . ^ Jump up to : Dickens , Faith . `` '' The Guy with the Problem `` : Reform Narrative in Disney 's Beauty and the Beast '' . University of Central Florida . UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL FLORIDA . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Evolving Princess : The Progressive Feminism in Disney Films : Part Two -- Beauty and the Beast '' . Flickering Myth . Flickering Myth . February 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2015 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reagin , Nancy ( 2010 ) . Twilight and History . United States : John Wiley & Sons . pp. 63 -- 64 . ISBN 9780470619780 . Jump up ^ Maher , Kathleen ( November 29 , 1991 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast '' . The Austin Chronicle . Austin Chronicle Corp . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Welikala , Judith ; Emily Dugan ( December 16 , 2012 ) . `` How Walt Disney 's women have grown up '' . The Independent . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Teverson , Andrew ( 2013 ) . Fairy Tale . United Kingdom : Routledge . p. 140 . ISBN 9781134105700 . Jump up ^ `` The most feminist characters in Disney '' . Stylist . Stylist . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Golembewski , Vanessa . `` A Definitive Ranking Of Disney Princesses As Feminist Role Models '' . Refinery29 . Refinery29 . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barone , Matt ; Serafino , Jason ; Scarano , Ross ; Aquino , Tara ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` The 50 Best Animated Movies of All Time '' . Complex . Complex Media Inc . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barone , Matt ; Scarano , Ross ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` 100 Movies You Need to See Before You Die '' . Complex . Complex Media Inc . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giroux , Henry A. ( 1995 ) . `` Are Disney Movies Bad for Your Kids '' . Orange Coast . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Ranked : Disney Princesses From Least To Most Feminist '' . Nerve.com . Nerve.com Inc . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Garis , Mary Grace ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` From Snow White to Moana : The Evolution of the Adventurous Disney Princess '' . Bustle . Bustle.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gilchrist , Todd ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` Beauty And The Beast 3D '' . Boxoffice . BoxOffice ® Media , LLC . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2014 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilken , Selina ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recruits ' Lost ' alum for iconic role of Belle ! '' . Hypable . ' Once Upon a Time ' recruits ' Lost ' alum for iconic role of Belle ! . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast 's Leading Lady Hilary Maiberger on Why Belle is ' Not Your Average Disney Princess ' '' . Broadway.com . Key Brand Entertainment . October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Best , Jessica ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Disney at 90 : The 20 most iconic Disney characters '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gonzales , Erica ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` HOW BELLE FROM ' BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ' BECAME DISNEY 'S FIRST FEMINIST PRINCESS '' . Harper 's Bazaar . Hearst Communications , Inc . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ahlfield , Krisitine ( December 4 , 2011 ) . `` How children 's movies have changed '' . Ethos Magazine . Ethos magazine . Retrieved February 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Terrill , Ashley ( November 8 , 2010 ) . `` Ladies , Leading -- Linda Woolverton , Writer '' . Elle . Hearst Communications , Inc . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Lindsay ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Enough Feisty Princesses : Disney Needs an Introverted Heroine '' . The Atlantic . The Atlantic Monthly Group . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bolokhova , Elina . `` Best Animated Movies for Kids '' . Parenting . Parenting . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fallon , Kevin ( June 1 , 2014 ) . `` The ' Maleficent ' Screenwriter Also Wrote ' The Lion King ' and ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Charles ( June 26 , 1998 ) . `` Animated Heroines Finally Get in Step With the Times '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Cathy ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` Disney princesses are not the role models they appear to be '' . Daily Campus . The Daily Campus . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2013 . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Humphreys , Justin ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` FILM - Fairest of Them All : Disney 's Beauty , Paige O'Hara '' . The Hook . Better Publications LLC -- The Hook . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McGrath , Justine . `` Our Official Ranking of the 10 Best Disney Princesses of All Time '' . Teen Vogue . Condé Nast Digital . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boone , John ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` All of the Disney Princesses , Ranked '' . E !. Entertainment Television , LLC . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breslaw , Anna ( December 27 , 2013 ) . `` The Definitive Ranking of Disney Princesses '' . Cosmopolitan . Hearst Communications , Inc . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosa , Jelani Addams ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` The Definitive Ranking Of Disney Princesses , From Distressed Damsels To Most Kickass '' . Seventeen . Hearst Communications , Inc . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Madison III , Ira ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` A Definitive Ranking Of Disney Princesses '' . BuzzFeed . BuzzFeed , Inc . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leonora , Epstein ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Here Are The Most Popular Disney Princesses '' . BuzzFeed . BuzzFeed , Inc . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ M , Sofia ( May 12 , 2013 ) . `` Tale As Old As 1939 : 10 Richest Disney Princesses Ever '' . TheRichest . TheRichest.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 10 Disney Princesses at the Box Office '' . The Fiscal Times . The Fiscal Times . 2014 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dockterman , Eliana ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` And the Most Popular Disney Princess Is ... '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morrissey , Tracie Egan ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Who Is the Most Popular Disney Princess on eBay ? '' . Jezebel . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gilchrist , Todd ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast 3D '' . Boxoffice . BOXOFFICE Media , LLC . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 greatest heroes and the 50 greatest villains of all time 400 Nominated Characters '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . American Film Institute . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McConnell , Liv ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` 13 things you never knew about Belle from ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Revelist . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Stephanie ( June 22 , 2012 ) . `` ' Brave 's ' Merida and other animated heroines '' . CNN . Cable News Network . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gibron , Bill ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's Best Heroes ... and Villains '' . PopMatters . PopMatters Media , Inc . Retrieved December 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McGrath , Kara ( May 10 , 2014 ) . `` The Most Stylish Disney Princesses : A Definitive Ranking '' . Bustle . Bustle.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Animated Hotties '' . UGO . IGN Entertainment . December 2 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sanfiorenzo , Dimas ( January 27 , 2011 ) . `` The 25 Hottest Cartoon Women of All Time '' . Complex . Complex Media . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Popp , Emily ( July 18 , 2014 ) . `` All of the Disney Princesses ' Wardrobes , Ranked '' . E !. Entertainment Television , LLC . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Sarah ( March 23 , 2013 ) . `` Most Famous Dresses '' . Vogue . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2015 . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Beauty and the Beast trailer offers teasing glimpse of Emma Watson 's Belle '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group Limited . May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Leonora ( June 13 , 2014 ) . `` A Definitive Ranking Of 72 Disney Princess Outfits '' . BuzzFeed . BuzzFeed , Inc . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brandon , Emily ( 2014 ) . `` Every Disney Princess Outfit , Ranked '' . Official Disney Blogs . Disney.com . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best beauty looks in Disney '' . Stylist . Stylist . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Annie ( June 23 , 2012 ) . `` Disney Princesses : Ranking Their Hairdos -- and Don'ts ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly Inc . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LINDA WOOLVERTON AND THE MAKING OF MALEFICENT '' . Interview . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sara Munson Deats , Lagretta Tallent Lenker , ed. ( 1999 ) . Aging and Identity : A Humanities Perspective . Praeger Publishers . p. 211 . ISBN 9780275964795 . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 26th Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners ( 1998 ) -- Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting by a Female Performer in an Animated Feature Production '' . Annie Awards . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Draskovic , Marina ( August 19 , 2011 ) . `` Joining the Prestigious Circle '' . D23 . Disney . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Finn , Natalie ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` Penélope Cruz Swept Away by a New Prince Charming '' . E !. Entertainment Television , LLC . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Leibovitz 's Latest Disney Ad Campaign ( PHOTOS ) '' . The Huffington Post . TheHuffingtonPost.com , Inc . March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bull , Sarah ( March 4 , 2011 ) . `` Penelope Cruz is the Belle of the ball in stunning new Annie Leibovitz Disney Dream portrait '' . Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sawas , George ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` Disney Parks Unveils New Annie Leibovitz Disney Dream Portraits '' . Disney Parks Blog . Disney . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Disney portal Fictional characters portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Belle ( Disney ) . Belle on IMDb Belle at Disney.com Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Disney Princess Snow White Cinderella Aurora Ariel Belle Jasmine Pocahontas Mulan Tiana Rapunzel Merida Films Featured Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Cinderella Sleeping Beauty The Little Mermaid Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Pocahontas Mulan The Princess and the Frog Tangled Brave Sequels The Return of Jafar Aladdin and the King of Thieves Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Cinderella II : Dreams Come True Cinderella III : A Twist in Time Mulan II Tangled : Before Ever After Prequels Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning Shorts Tangled Ever After The Legend of Mor'du Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( DTV 2 shorts ) Live - action Maleficent Cinderella Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Television The Little Mermaid Aladdin Sing Me a Story with Belle Tangled : The Series Albums Disney 's Princess Favorites Disney Princess : The Ultimate Song Collection Disney Princess Tea Party Ultimate Disney Princess Related If You Can Dream Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Sofia the First Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey Kingdom Hearts Disney Princess : My Fairytale Adventure Once Upon a Time Disney 's Descendants Elena of Avalor The 7D Elena and the Secret of Avalor List of Disney Princess firsts MusicBrainz : 2e56f4a1 - 5871 - 47d3 - 8029 - 7f22c9aa1e7d Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belle_(Disney)&oldid=809061725 '' Categories : Disney Princess characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast characters Fictional characters introduced in 1991 Fictional French people Kingdom Hearts characters Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 CS1 Tamil - language sources ( ta ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from November 2015 Good articles Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 22 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays bell in beauty and the beast | [
"Belle has garnered widespread acclaim from film critics who appreciated the character's bravery, intelligence and independence. Reception towards her feminism, however, has been more mixed, with commentators accusing the character's actions of being romance-oriented. The fifth Disney Princess, Belle is often ranked among the franchise's best. Highly regarded as one of Disney's strongest examples of a feminist character, critics agree that Belle helped spearhead a generation of independent film heroines while changing the reputation of a Disney princess. Also one of Disney's most iconic characters, Belle was the only animated heroine nominated for the American Film Institute's greatest heroes in film ranking. The character also appears in the film's several sequels and spin-offs, as well as her own live-action television series. American actress Susan Egan originated the role of Belle in the Broadway musical adaptation of the film, for which she was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical. Emma Watson plays a live-action version of the character in a 2017 live action adaptation of the original 1991 film.",
"Belle has garnered widespread acclaim from film critics who appreciated the character's bravery, intelligence and independence. Reception towards her feminism, however, has been more mixed, with commentators accusing the character's actions of being romance-oriented. The fifth Disney Princess, Belle is often ranked among the franchise's best. Highly regarded as one of Disney's strongest examples of a feminist character, critics agree that Belle helped spearhead a generation of independent film heroines while changing the reputation of a Disney princess. Also one of Disney's most iconic characters, Belle was the only animated heroine nominated for the American Film Institute's greatest heroes in film ranking. The character also appears in the film's several sequels and spin-offs, as well as her own live-action television series. American actress Susan Egan originated the role of Belle in the Broadway musical adaptation of the film, for which she was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical. Emma Watson plays a live-action version of the character in a 2017 live action adaptation of the original 1991 film."
] | [
"Susan Egan",
"Tony Award"
] |
-6239654794017005096 | 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship | 2017 College Football Playoff national championship - wikipedia 2017 College Football Playoff national championship Jump to : navigation , search 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship College Football Playoff Clemson Tigers Alabama Crimson Tide ( 13 -- 1 ) ( 14 -- 0 ) ACC SEC 35 31 Head coach : Dabo Swinney Head coach : Nick Saban AP Coaches CFP AP Coaches CFP Total Clemson 0 7 7 21 35 Alabama 7 7 10 7 31 Date January 9 , 2017 Season 2016 Stadium Raymond James Stadium Location Tampa , Florida MVP Offensive : # 4 Deshaun Watson Clemson Defensive : # 10 Ben Boulware Clemson Favorite Alabama by 6.5 National anthem Little Big Town Referee Mike Defee ( Big 12 ) Halftime show Million Dollar Band , Clemson University Tiger Band Attendance 74,512 United States TV coverage Network ESPN / ESPN Radio / ESPN Deportes Announcers ESPN : Chris Fowler ( play - by - play ) Kirk Herbstreit ( analyst ) Samantha Ponder ( sideline reporter ) Tom Rinaldi ( sideline reporter ) ESPN Deportes : Eduardo Varela ( play by play ) Pablo Viruega ( analyst ) ESPN Brazil : Everaldo Marques ( play by play ) Antony Curti ( analyst ) ESPN Radio : Sean McDonough ( play - by - play ) Todd Blackledge ( analyst ) Holly Rowe ( sideline reporter ) Ian Fitzsimmons ( sideline reporter ) Joe Tessitore , Barrett Jones , Adam Amin , and Tajh Boyd ( ESPN2 Homer 's Telecast ) . Nielsen ratings 15.3 ( 26.0 million viewers ) International TV coverage Network ESPN Deportes College Football Playoff National Championship < 2016 2018 > The 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship was a bowl game that was used to determine a national champion of college football in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2016 season . The game was played at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa , Florida , on January 9 , 2017 . It was the culminating game of the 2016 -- 17 bowl season . The game was played between the winners of two pre-designated bowl games played on December 31 , 2016 : the Clemson Tigers , who defeated the Ohio State Buckeyes in the Fiesta Bowl , and the Alabama Crimson Tide , who defeated the Washington Huskies in the Peach Bowl . Having met in the previous year 's championship game , the resulting title game between Clemson and Alabama became college football 's first rematch between # 1 and # 2 in national championship game history . The Tigers won the game 35 -- 31 on a go - ahead touchdown with one second left , having come back from a 14 -- 0 deficit earlier in the game . Clemson quarterback and Heisman Finalist Deshaun Watson set the record for most passing yards in a championship game with 420 , breaking his own record of 405 yards set in the 2016 national championship game . Deshaun Watson and Ben Boulware were named the Offensive and Defensive Most Valuable Players respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Teams 2.1 Alabama 2.2 Clemson 3 2017 College Football Playoff 4 Game summary 4.1 Scoring summary 4.2 Statistics 5 Broadcasting 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) The 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship was played at Raymond James Stadium . Competing bids were placed to host the championship game by Tampa , Jacksonville , Minneapolis , San Antonio , San Francisco , and South Florida . Raymond James Stadium in Tampa , Florida , was announced as the host site for the third College Football Playoff ( CFP ) National Championship game on December 17 , 2013 . It became the first CFP championship game to not be held at the site of one of the `` New Year 's Six '' bowls . This championship game is part of the third annual CFP , constituted by four teams playing to decide the national champion of the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision . The four teams were originally selected by a 13 member - committee . Teams ( edit ) The championship game was a rematch of the 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship , where Alabama defeated Clemson , 45 -- 40 . Overall , the championship game marked the 17th meeting between the two schools ; however , prior to the previous championship game , the programs had only met once in the regular season since 1975 . Alabama ( edit ) See also : 2016 Alabama Crimson Tide football team Alabama was led by head coach Nick Saban . The Crimson Tide were undefeated in the regular season and played the Washington Huskies in the 2016 Peach Bowl , winning 24 -- 7 . Alabama 's defense was ranked first in the nation in points allowed ( 11.8 ) and yards per game ( 248 ) . The defense was led by defensive back Minkah Fitzpatrick , who had six interceptions and 62 total tackles . Jalen Hurts attempted to become the first t rue freshman quarterback since 1985 and only the second ever to win the National Championship . Alabama had four AP First - Team All - Americans on its roster and entered the game as a 6.5 - point favorite over Clemson . Clemson ( edit ) See also : 2016 Clemson Tigers football team Clemson was led by head coach Dabo Swinney . The Tigers entered the game with a 13 - 1 record , with their only loss being to Pittsburgh . Clemson played the Ohio State Buckeyes in the 2016 Fiesta Bowl and won , 31 -- 0 . On offense , the Tigers were led by quarterback Deshaun Watson , who threw for 4,173 yards , 38 touchdowns and 17 interceptions on the season . Watson was also Clemson 's second - leading rusher , rushing for 586 yards and 8 touchdowns . Clemson had two Associated Press Second - Team All - Americans and three AP Third - Team All - Americans . Clemson 's cornerback Cordrea Tankersley and defensive end Christian Wilkins were First - team All - Americans with USA Today and the Football Writers Association ( FWAA ) , respectively . 2017 College Football Playoff ( edit ) Semifinals 2017 Championship Game December 31 -- Fiesta Bowl 2 Clemson 31 3 Ohio State 0 January 9 -- National Championship 2 Clemson 35 1 Alabama 31 December 31 -- Peach Bowl 1 Alabama 24 4 Washington 7 This bracket : view talk edit Game Summary ( edit ) Total # 2 Clemson 0 7 7 21 35 # 1 Alabama 7 7 10 7 31 Alabama opened the game with a three - and - out , and Clemson failed to capitalize , turning the ball over on downs after failing to convert a 4th & 1 . On Alabama 's ensuing drive , Bo Scarbrough opened the game 's scoring with a 25 - yard rushing touchdown . The first quarter ended with Alabama leading Clemson , 7 -- 0 . Scarbrough scored again in the second quarter , on a 37 - yard rush to increase Alabama 's lead to 14 -- 0 . Clemson quarterback Deshaun Watson scored the Tigers ' first touchdown of the game on an eight -- yard run with six minutes left in the second quarter . The game went to halftime with Alabama leading , 14 -- 7 . The Tigers turned the ball over on their first drive in the second half ; their fumble was recovered by Ryan Anderson and returned to Clemson 's 16 yard line -- the Tide increased their lead to 10 after converting a 27 - yard field goal . Clemson cut the lead to three with seven minutes left in the third quarter after Watson found Hunter Renfrow over the middle for a 24 - yard touchdown pass . After an injury to Scarbrough , the Tide came out and scored on a 68 - yard pass from Jalen Hurts to O.J. Howard on the next play ; this put Alabama back up by ten points with 1 : 53 left in the third quarter , which ended with Alabama leading Clemson , 24 -- 14 . Clemson scored just three plays into the final quarter as Watson threw a touchdown pass to Mike Williams ; this cut the lead down to 24 -- 21 . With 4 : 38 to go in the game , Clemson took their first lead in the game after Wayne Gallman scored on a one - yard touchdown rush ; Alabama got the ball back on their own 32 yard line with 4 : 38 remaining in the game . The drive came to a 3rd & 16 , on which Jalen Hurts found ArDarius Stewart for a 15 - yard pass to set up a 4th & 1 , which the Tide converted via a Damien Harris 5 - yard rush . Hurts found the end zone on a 30 - yard rush just a few plays later to give Alabama the lead back , 31 -- 28 . Clemson took possession of the ball with 2 : 01 on the clock and the ball on their own 36 yard line . After another long catch by Mike Williams , the drive came to a 3rd & 3 on the Alabama 32 yard line , which was converted on a pass to Renfrow to the Alabama 26 yard line with 0 : 19 left . The next play saw Watson find Jordan Leggett on a pass down to the Tide 9 yard line with 0 : 14 left . Watson threw to the end zone on 1st & goal ; the pass was overthrown and the clock stopped with 0 : 09 . On 2nd & goal , Watson targeted Mike Williams , who was tripped in the end zone . The resulting pass interference call gave the Tigers 1st & goal with the ball placed on the 2 - yard line with 0 : 06 left . On the next play , Watson threw a touchdown pass to Renfrow with 0 : 01 left ; putting Clemson back in the lead , 35 -- 31 . After Clemson recovered an onside kick attempting to run out the clock , the game ended with a kneel - down and Clemson won the National Championship Game . Watson , who went 36 - for - 56 ( 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 % ) on pass attempts for 420 yards with three passing touchdowns , and ran for 43 yards and one rushing touchdown , was named the game 's Offensive Most Valuable Player . Ben Boulware , who recorded six tackles , including one for loss of yards , was named the Defensive Most Valuable Player . Scoring Summary ( edit ) ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP Clemson Alabama 9 : 23 59 0 : 58 Alabama Bo Scarbrough 25 - yard touchdown run , Adam Griffith kick good 0 7 10 : 42 5 74 1 : 24 Alabama Bo Scarbrough 37 - yard touchdown run , Adam Griffith kick good 0 14 6 : 09 7 87 1 : 33 Clemson Deshaun Watson 8 - yard touchdown run , Greg Huegel kick good 7 14 12 : 25 7 1 : 29 Alabama 27 - yard field goal by Adam Griffith 7 17 7 : 10 42 1 : 03 Clemson Hunter Renfrow 24 - yard touchdown reception from Deshaun Watson , Greg Huegel kick good 14 17 1 : 53 79 1 : 01 Alabama O.J. Howard 68 - yard touchdown reception from Jalen Hurts , Adam Griffith kick good 14 24 14 : 00 9 72 2 : 47 Clemson Mike Williams 4 - yard touchdown reception from Deshaun Watson , Greg Huegel kick good 21 24 4 : 38 6 88 1 : 55 Clemson Wayne Gallman 1 - yard touchdown run , Greg Huegel kick good 28 24 2 : 07 6 68 2 : 31 Alabama Jalen Hurts 30 - yard touchdown run , Adam Griffith kick good 28 31 0 : 01 9 68 2 : 00 Clemson Hunter Renfrow 2 - yard touchdown reception from Deshaun Watson , Greg Huegel kick good 35 31 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 35 31 Source : Statistics ( edit ) Statistics Clemson Alabama First Downs 31 16 Plays - yards 99 -- 511 66 -- 376 Third down efficiency 7 -- 18 2 -- 15 Rushes - yards 42 -- 91 34 -- 221 Passing yards 420 155 Passing , Comp - Att - Int 36 -- 57 -- 0 14 -- 32 -- 0 Time of Possession 34 : 44 25 : 16 Source : ( 1 ) Team Player Statistics Clemson Passing Deshaun Watson 36 / 56 , 420 yds , 3 TD Rushing Wayne Gallman 18 car , 46 yds , 1 TD Receiving Hunter Renfrow 10 rec , 92 yds , 2 TD Alabama Passing Jalen Hurts 13 / 31 , 131 yds , 1 TD Rushing Bo Scarbrough 16 car , 93 yds , 2 TD Receiving O.J. Howard 4 rec , 106 yds , 1 TD Source : ( 2 ) Broadcasting ( edit ) The game was broadcast in the United States by ESPN , ESPN Deportes ( Spanish ) , and ESPN Radio . As in past years , ESPN provided Megacast coverage of the game , which supplemented coverage with analysis and additional perspectives of the game on different ESPN channels and platforms . A 30 - second commercial cost up to $1 million to air . The game had a total of 26.03 million viewers , and earned a 15.3 overnight Nielsen rating , a 4 % increase from the 2016 championship game . ESPN reported that the game set records in online streaming with a 710,000 average audience , 2.41 million unique viewers , and 182.5 million overall minutes watched . However , according to USA Today `` the combined overnight rating fell well short of the record for a College Football Playoff title . '' This became the third - highest watched game by streaming on ESPN , after two games from the FIFA World Cup . See also ( edit ) College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Johnson , Richard . `` Bama - Clemson is college football 's first - ever true title rematch '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hutchins , Andy . `` How Deshaun Watson became a superstar '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paine , Neil ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Deshaun Watson And Clemson Made History Against Alabama '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ English , Antonya ; Jamison , Peter ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Tampa to host 2017 college football national championship '' . Tampa Bay Times . Tampa , Florida : Times Publishing Company . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the College Football Playoff Selection Committee '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama beats Clemson 45 -- 40 to win national championship '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama , Clemson square off in national championship rematch '' . CNN . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Bill . `` Bama vs. Clemson changed both programs last time '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : College football playoff : Alabama vs. Clemson preview , how to watch , game time for national championship . NCAA.com . January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kirshner , Alex . `` Hurts : Second - ever true freshman national champ QB ? '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National championship , Alabama vs. Clemson predictions , picks , spread , line '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Badenhausen , Kurt . `` College Football National Championship : Alabama Vs. Clemson By The Numbers '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clemson has 6 named to All - American Teams '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Zimanek , Brad ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Alabama 's offensive deficiencies drag Tide down '' . Montgomery Advertiser . Tampa , Florida : Gannett Company . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keepfer , Scott ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Hunter Renfrow continues his playoff prowess '' . The Greenville News . Tampa , Florida : Gannett Company . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Borden , Sam ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Clemson Upsets Alabama to Win the College Football Championship '' . The New York Times . Tampa , Florida : The New York Times Company . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bonnell , Rick ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Clemson rides a frantic 4th quarter to national championship '' . The Charlotte Observer . Tampa , Florida : The McClatchy Company . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hurt , Cecil ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Alabama ca n't complete perfect season '' . The Tuscaloosa News . Tampa , Florida : GateHouse Media . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Auerbach , Nicole ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Clemson gets revenge vs. Alabama to win national championship '' . USA Today . Tampa , Florida : Gannett Company . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Russo , Ralph ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Watson and Clemson dethrone top - ranked Tide , 35 -- 31 '' . Associated Press . Tampa , Florida : AP Sports . Associated Press . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clements , Ron ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Clemson follows MVPs Deshaun Watson , Ben Boulware to national title '' . SportingNews.com . Sporting News . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` StatMonitr Stat Feed '' . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Game Summary -- Clemson vs Alabama '' . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 College Football Playoff Championship Megacast : What 's on each ESPN network '' . SB Nation . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barrabi , Thomas ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Alabama - Clemson Football : Thrilling Upset , But TV Ratings Sink '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clemson - Alabama title game ratings better than last year , but far off record '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website 2016 -- 17 NCAA football bowl game season New Mexico ( Dec. 17 ) Las Vegas ( Dec. 17 ) Camellia ( Dec. 17 ) Cure ( Dec. 17 ) New Orleans ( Dec. 17 ) Miami Beach ( Dec. 19 ) Boca Raton ( Dec. 20 ) Poinsettia ( Dec. 21 ) Famous Idaho Potato ( Dec. 22 ) Armed Forces ( Dec. 23 ) Bahamas ( Dec. 23 ) Dollar General ( Dec. 23 ) Hawaii ( Dec. 24 ) Quick Lane ( Dec. 26 ) St. Petersburg ( Dec. 26 ) Independence ( Dec. 26 ) Heart of Dallas ( Dec. 27 ) Military ( Dec. 27 ) Cactus ( Dec. 27 ) Holiday ( Dec. 27 ) Russell Athletic ( Dec. 28 ) Pinstripe ( Dec. 28 ) Texas ( Dec. 28 ) Foster Farms ( Dec. 28 ) Alamo ( Dec. 29 ) Birmingham ( Dec. 29 ) Belk ( Dec. 29 ) Orange ( Dec. 30 ) Liberty ( Dec. 30 ) Arizona ( Dec. 30 ) Music City ( Dec. 30 ) Sun ( Dec. 30 ) TaxSlayer ( Dec. 31 ) Citrus ( Dec. 31 ) Outback ( Jan. 2 ) Rose ( Jan. 2 ) Sugar ( Jan. 2 ) Cotton ( Jan. 2 ) College Football Playoff games : Peach ( semifinal ) ( Dec. 31 ) Fiesta ( semifinal ) ( Dec. 31 ) National Championship Game ( Jan. 9 ) All - Star Games : 2017 East -- West Shrine Game ( Jan. 21 ) NFLPA Collegiate Bowl ( Jan. 21 ) Senior Bowl ( Jan. 28 ) College Football Playoff Championships Overview College Football Playoff National Championship Games 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) 2015 ( Jan 2016 ) 2016 ( Jan 2017 ) 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) 2018 2019 Semifinal Bowls Rose 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) , 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) Sugar 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) , 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) Orange 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) , 2018 Cotton 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) , 2018 Peach 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) , 2019 Fiesta 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) , 2019 Other List of College Football Playoff games New Year 's Six College Football Playoff National Championship Trophy NCAA Division I FBS champions Mythical national championship Plus - One system Power Five conferences Alabama Crimson Tide bowl games 1926 Rose Bowl 1927 Rose Bowl 1931 Rose Bowl 1935 Rose Bowl 1938 Rose Bowl 1942 Cotton Bowl Classic 1943 Orange Bowl 1945 Sugar Bowl 1946 Rose Bowl 1948 Sugar Bowl 1953 Orange Bowl 1954 Cotton Bowl Classic 1959 Liberty Bowl 1960 Bluebonnet Bowl 1962 Sugar Bowl 1963 Orange Bowl 1964 Sugar Bowl 1965 Orange Bowl 1966 Orange Bowl 1967 Sugar Bowl 1968 Cotton Bowl Classic 1968 Gator Bowl 1969 Liberty Bowl 1970 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl 1972 Orange Bowl 1973 Cotton Bowl Classic 1973 Sugar Bowl 1975 Orange Bowl 1975 Sugar Bowl 1976 Liberty Bowl 1978 Sugar Bowl 1979 Sugar Bowl 1980 Sugar Bowl 1981 Cotton Bowl Classic 1982 Cotton Bowl Classic 1982 Liberty Bowl 1983 Sun Bowl 1985 Aloha Bowl 1986 Sun Bowl 1988 Hall of Fame Bowl 1988 Sun Bowl 1990 Sugar Bowl 1991 Fiesta Bowl 1991 Blockbuster Bowl 1993 Sugar Bowl # 1993 Gator Bowl 1995 Florida Citrus Bowl 1997 Outback Bowl 1998 Music City Bowl 2000 Orange Bowl 2001 Independence Bowl 2004 Music City Bowl 2006 Cotton Bowl Classic 2006 Independence Bowl 2007 Independence Bowl 2009 Sugar Bowl 2010 BCS National Championship Game # 2011 Capital One Bowl 2012 BCS National Championship Game # 2013 BCS National Championship Game # 2014 Sugar Bowl 2015 Sugar Bowl / 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic / 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship # 2016 Peach Bowl / 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship # Pound sign ( # ) denotes national championship game . Forward slash ( / ) denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game Clemson Tigers bowl games 1940 Cotton Bowl Classic 1949 Gator Bowl 1951 Orange Bowl 1952 Gator Bowl 1957 Orange Bowl 1959 Sugar Bowl 1959 Bluebonnet Bowl 1977 Gator Bowl 1978 Gator Bowl 1979 Peach Bowl 1982 Orange Bowl # 1985 Independence Bowl 1986 Gator Bowl 1988 Florida Citrus Bowl 1989 Florida Citrus Bowl 1989 Gator Bowl 1991 Hall of Fame Bowl 1992 Florida Citrus Bowl 1993 Peach Bowl 1996 Gator Bowl 1996 Peach Bowl 1998 Peach Bowl 1999 Peach Bowl 2001 Gator Bowl 2001 Humanitarian Bowl 2002 Tangerine Bowl 2004 Peach Bowl 2005 Champs Sports Bowl 2006 Music City Bowl 2007 Chick - fil - A Bowl 2009 Gator Bowl 2009 Music City Bowl 2010 Meineke Car Care Bowl 2012 Orange Bowl 2012 Chick - fil - A Bowl 2014 Orange Bowl 2014 Russell Athletic Bowl 2015 Orange Bowl 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship # 2016 Fiesta Bowl 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship # Pound sign ( # ) denotes national championship game . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_College_Football_Playoff_National_Championship&oldid=797268530 '' Categories : 2016 -- 17 NCAA football bowl games 2016 -- 17 College Football Playoff Alabama Crimson Tide football bowl games Clemson Tigers football bowl games 2017 in sports in Florida Sports competitions in Tampa , Florida American football in Florida 21st century in Tampa , Florida January 2017 sports events in the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 23 : 51 . About Wikipedia | where is the college football national championship played this year | [
"The 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship was a bowl game that was used to determine a national champion of college football in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2016 season. The game was played at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida, on January 9, 2017. It was the culminating game of the 2016–17 bowl season."
] | [
"Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida"
] |
-4669627672716558383 | The world's 100 most threatened species | The world 's 100 most threatened species - wikipedia The world 's 100 most threatened species Jump to : navigation , search Asiatic cheetah with fewer than 70 still alive in the wild Silky sifaka ( Propithecus candidus ) , fewer than 1,000 still alive The World 's 100 most threatened species is a compilation of the most threatened animals , plants , and fungi in the world . It was the result of a collaboration between over 8,000 scientists from the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission ( IUCN SSC ) , along with the Zoological Society of London . The report was published by the Zoological Society of London in 2012 as the book , Priceless or Worthless ? While all the species on the list are threatened with extinction , the scientists who chose them had another criterion : all the species have no obvious benefit for humans and therefore have no vested interests trying to save them . Iconic and charismatic species , such as tigers and pandas -- along with economically important species -- have many defenders , while these apparently `` worthless '' species had none . The title of the report , `` Priceless or Worthless ? '' , is based on that shared quality of the species . The report 's co-author , Ellen Butcher , stated one of the guiding principles of the list , `` If we take immediate action we can give them a fighting chance for survival . But this requires society to support the moral and ethical position that all species have an inherent right to exist . '' The report was released in Jeju , South Korea , on September 11 , 2012 , at the quadrennial meeting of IUCN , the World Conservation Congress . At the Congress , it was reported that scientists are finding it more and more common to have to justify funding for protection of species by showing what the human benefits would be . Jonathan Baillie , of the Zoological Society of London and co-author of the report , stated that , `` The donor community and conservation movement are increasingly leaning towards a ' what can nature do for us ? ' approach , where species and wild habitats are valued and prioritised according to these services they provided for people . This has made it increasingly difficult for conservationists to protect the most threatened species on the planet . '' Some of the threatened species are down to only a handful of surviving members . Santa Catarina 's guinea pig , native to a single island in Brazil , is down to its last 40 -- 60 individuals , reduced by hunting and habitat disturbance . The great Indian bustard is threatened by habitat loss resulting from agriculture and human development , and is down to the last 50 -- 249 individuals . Elaeocarpus bojeri , a flowering plant found only on the island of Mauritius , has fewer than 10 surviving individuals , because of loss of habitat . The Baishan fir ( Abies beshanzuensis ) , native to China , is down to five surviving mature individuals . Priceless or Worthless ? describes the threats that each species is facing , along with measures that would aid their survival . Contents ( hide ) 1 Species list 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Species list ( edit ) The world 's 100 most threatened species Species Common name Type Image Location ( s ) Estimated population Threats Abies beshanzuensis Baishan fir Plant ( flower ) Baishanzu Mountain , Zhejiang , China Five mature individuals agriculture fire Actinote zikani Insect ( butterfly ) Near São Paulo , Atlantic forest , Brazil Unknown habitat loss from human expansion Aipysurus foliosquama Leaf scaled sea - snake Reptile Ashmore Reef and Hibernia Reef , Timor Sea Unknown unknown -- probably degradation of coral reef habitat Amanipodagrion gilliesi Amani flatwing Insect ( damselfly ) Amani - Sigi Forest , Usamabara Mountains , Tanzania < 500 individuals population pressure and water pollution Anisolabis seychellensis Insect Morne Blanc , Mahé island , Seychelles Unknown invasive species climate change Antilophia bokermanni Araripe manakin Bird Chapado do Araripe , South Ceará , Brazil 779 individuals recreational facilities water diversion Aphanius transgrediens Aci Göl toothcarp Fish south - eastern shore of former Lake Aci , Turkey few hundred pairs competition and predation by Gambusia road construction Aproteles bulmerae Bulmer 's fruit bat Mammal Luplupwintern Cave , Western Province , Papua New Guinea 150 hunting cave disturbance Ardea insignis White bellied heron Bird Bhutan , North East India and Myanmar 70 -- 400 individuals hydropower development Ardeotis nigriceps Great Indian bustard Bird Rajasthan , Gujarat , Maharashtra , Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka and Madhya , India 50 -- 249 mature individuals agricultural development Astrochelys yniphora Ploughshare tortoise Reptile Baly Bay region , northwestern Madagascar 440 -- 770 illegal collection for international pet trade Atelopus balios Rio Pescado stubfoot toad Amphibian Azuay , Cañar and Guyas provinces , south - western Ecuador Unknown Chytridiomycosis logging agricultural expansion Aythya innotata Madagascar pochard Bird volcanic lakes north of Bealanana , Madagascar 80 mature individuals agriculture hunting and fishing introduced fish Azurina eupalama Galapagos damsel fish Fish Unknown Unknown climate change oceanographic changes related to the 1982 / 1983 El Nino Bahaba taipingensis Giant yellow croaker Fish Chinese coast from Yangtze River , China to Hong Kong Unknown over-fishing due to value of swim - bladder in traditional medicine Batagur baska Common batagur Reptile ( turtle ) Bangladesh , Cambodia , India , Indonesia and Malaysia Unknown illegal export China Bazzania bhutanica Plant Budini and Lafeti Khola , Bhutan 2 sub-populations forest clearance overgrazing development Beatragus hunteri Hirola Mammal ( antelope ) South - east Kenya and possibly south - west Somalia < 1,000 individuals habitat loss competition with livestock poaching Bombus franklini Franklin 's bumblebee Insect ( bee ) Oregon and California Unknown disease from commercial bumblebees habitat destruction and degradation Brachyteles hypoxanthus Northern muriqui Woolly spider monkey Mammal ( primate ) Atlantic forest , south - eastern Brazil < 1,000 large - scale deforestation and logging Bradypus pygmaeus Pygmy three - toed sloth Mammal Isla Escudo de Veraguas , Panama < 500 illegal logging of mangrove forests for firewood and construction hunting Callitriche pulchra Plant ( freshwater ) pool on Gavdos , Greece Unknown habitat exploitation by livestock modification of the pool by locals Calumma tarzan Tarzan 's chameleon Reptile Anosibe An'Ala region , eastern Madagascar < 100 agriculture Cavia intermedia Santa Catarina 's guinea pig Mammal ( rodent ) Moleques do Sul Island , Santa Catarina , Brazil 40 -- 60 habitat disturbance possible hunting result of having such a small population Cercopithecus roloway Roloway guenon Mammal ( primate ) Côte d'Ivoire Unknown hunting habitat loss Coleura seychellensis Seychelles sheath - tailed bat Mammal ( bat ) Two small caves on Silhouette and Mahé , Seychelles < 100 habitat degradation predation by invasive species Cryptomyces maximus Willow blister Fungi Pembrokeshire , United Kingdom Unknown limited habitat Cryptotis nelsoni Nelson 's small - eared shrew Mammal ( shrew ) Volcán San Martín Tuxtla , Veracruz , Mexico Unknown logging cattle grazing fire agriculture Cyclura collei Jamaican iguana Jamaican rock iguana Reptile Hellshire Hills , Jamaica Unknown habitat destruction predation by introduced species Daubentonia Madagascariensis Aye - aye Mammal ( primate ) Deciduous forest , East Madagascar Unknown poaching limited habitat Dendrophylax fawcettii Cayman Islands ghost orchid Plant ( orchid ) Ironwood Forest , George Town , Grand Cayman Unknown infrastructure development Dicerorhinus sumatrensis Sumatran rhino Mammal ( rhino ) Sabah , Sarawak and Peninsular Malaysia , Kalimantan and Sumatra , Indonesia < 100 hunting ( horn is used in traditional medicine ) Diomedea amsterdamensis Amsterdam albatross Bird Breeds on Plateuau des Tourbières , Amsterdam Island , Indian Ocean . 100 mature individuals disease incidental by - catch in long - line fishing Dioscorea strydomiana Wild yam Plant Oshoek area , Mpumalanga , South Africa 200 collection for medicinal use Diospyros katendei Plant ( tree ) Kasyoha - Kitomi Forest Reserve , Uganda 20 individuals in a single population agricultural activity illegal tree felling alluvial gold digging small population Dipterocarpus lamellatus Plant ( tree ) Siangau Forest Reserve , Sabah , Malaysia 12 individuals logging of lowland forest creation of industrial plantations Discoglossus nigriventer Hula painted frog Amphibian Hula Valley , Israel Unknown predation by birds range restriction due to habitat destruction Dombeya mauritiana Plant Mauritius Unknown encroachment by invasive plant species habitat loss due to cannabis cultivation Elaeocarpus bojeri Bois Dentelle Plant ( tree ) Grand Bassin , Mauritius < 10 individuals habitat degradation Eleutherodactylus glandulifer La Hotte glanded frog Amphibian Massif de la Hotte , Haiti Unknown charcoal production slash - and - burn agriculture Eleutherodactylus thorcetes Macaya breast - spot frog Amphibian Formon and Macaya peaks , Masif de la Hotte , Haiti Unknown charcoal production slash - and - burn agriculture Eriosyce chilensis Chilenito ( cactus ) Plant Pta Molles and Pichidungui , Chile < 500 individuals collection of flowering plants Erythrina schliebenii Coral tree Plant Namatimbili - Ngarama Forest , Tanzania < 50 individuals limited habitat and small population size increase vulnerability Euphorbia tanaensis Plant ( tree ) Witu Forest Reserve , Kenya 4 mature individuals illegal logging agricultural expansion infrastructure development Eurynorhyncus pygmeus Spoon - billed sandpiper Bird Breeds in Russia , migrates along the East Asian - Australasian Flyway to wintering grounds in India , Bangladesh and Myanmar 100 breeding pairs trapping land reclamation Ficus katendei Plant Kasyoha - Kitomi Forest Reserve , Ishasha River , Uganda < 50 mature individuals agriculture illegal tree felling alluvial gold digging Geronticus eremita Northern bald ibis Bird Breeds in Morocco , Turkey and Syria . Syrian population winters in central Ethiopia . 200 -- 249 mature individuals habitat degradation and destruction hunting Gigasiphon macrosiphon Plant ( flower ) Kaya Muhaka , Gongoni and Mrima Forest Reserves , Kenya , Amani Nature Reserve , West Kilombero Scarp Forest Reserve , and Kihansi Gorge , Tanzania 33 timber extraction agriculture encroachment and development predation by wild pigs Gocea ohridana Mollusc Lake Ohrid , Macedonia Unknown increasing pollution levels off - take of water sedimentation events Heleophryne rosei Table mountain ghost frog Amphibian Table Mountain , Western Cape Province , South Africa Unknown invasive plants water abstraction Hemicycla paeteliana Mollusc ( land snail ) Jandia peninsula , Fuerteventura , Canary Islands Unknown overgrazing trampling by goats and tourists Heteromirafa sidamoensis Liben lark Bird Liben Plains , southern Ethiopia 90 -- 256 agricultural expansion overgrazing fire suppression Hibiscadelphus woodii Plant ( tree ) Kalalau Valley , Hawaii Unknown habitat degradation due to feral ungulates competition with invasive plant species Hucho perryi Sakhalin taimen Fish Russian and Japanese rivers , Pacific Ocean between Russia and Japan Unknown overfishing damming agriculture other land use Johora singaporensis Singapore freshwater crab Crustacean Bukit Timah Nature Reserve and streamlet near Bukit Batok , Singapore Unknown habitat degradation due to reduction in water quality and quantity Lathyrus belinensis Belin vetchling Plant Outskirts of Belin village , Antalya , Turkey < 1,000 urbanisation over-grazing conifer planting road widening Leiopelma archeyi Archey 's frog Amphibian Coromandel peninsula and Whareorino Forest , New Zealand Unknown Chytridiomycosis predation by invasive species Lithobates sevosus Dusky gopher frog Amphibian Harrison County , Mississippi , USA 60 -- 100 fungal disease climate change land - use changes Lophura edwardsi Edwards 's pheasant Bird Quang Binh , Quang Tri and Thua Thien - Hue , Viet Nam Unknown habitat loss hunting Magnolia wolfii Plant ( tree ) Risaralda , Colombia isolation of species low regeneration rates Margaritifera marocana Mollusc Oued Denna , Oued Abid and Oued Beth , Morocco < 250 pollution development Moominia willii Mollusc ( snail ) Silhouette Island , Seychelles < 500 invasive species climate change Natalus primus Cuban greater funnel eared bat Mammal ( bat ) Cueva La Barca , Isle of Pines , Cuba < 100 habitat loss human disturbance Nepenthes attenboroughii Attenborough 's pitcher plant Plant Mount Victoria , Palawan , Philippines Unknown poaching Nomascus hainanus Hainan black crested gibbon Mammal ( primate ) Hainan Island , China 20 hunting Neurergus kaiseri Luristan newt Amphibian Zagros Mountains , Lorestan , Iran < 1,000 illegal collection for pet trade Oreocnemis phoenix Mulanje red damsel Insect ( damselfly ) Mulanje Plateau , Malawi Unknown habitat destruction and degradation due to drainage agricultural expansion exploitation of forest Pangasius sanitwongsei Pangasid catfish Fish Chao Phraya and Mekong basins in Cambodia , China , Lao PDR , Thailand and Viet Nam Unknown overfishing collection for aquarium trade Parides burchellanus Insect ( butterfly ) Cerrado , Brazil < 100 human expansion limited range Phocoena sinus Vaquita Mammal ( porpoise ) Northern Gulf of California , Mexico < 200 capture in fishermen 's gillnets Picea neoveitchii Type of spruce tree Plant ( tree ) Qinling Range , China Unknown destruction of forest Pinus squamata Qiaojia pine Plant ( tree ) Qiaojia , Yunnan , China < 25 limited distribution small population size Poecilotheria metallica Gooty tarantula Metallic tarantula Peacock tarantula Salepurgu Spider Nandyal and Giddalur , Andhra Pradesh , India Unknown deforestation firewood collection civil unrest Pomarea whitneyi Fatuhiva monarch Bird Fatu Hiva , Marquesas Islands , French Polynesia 50 predation by introduced species - Rattus rattus and feral cats Pristis pristis Common sawfish Fish Coastal tropical and subtropical waters of Indo - Pacific and Atlantic Oceans . Currently largely restricted to northern Australia Unknown exploitation has removed the species from 95 per cent of its historical range Prolemur simus Greater bamboo lemur Mammal ( primate ) Southeastern and southcentral rainforests of Madagascar 500 agriculture mining illegal logging Propithecus candidus Silky sifaka Mammal ( primate ) Maroantsetra to Andapa basin , and Marojeju Massif , Madagascar 100 -- 1,000 hunting habitat disturbance Psammobates geometricus Geometric tortoise Reptile Western Cape Province , South Africa Unknown loss of habitat destruction predation Pseudoryx nghetinhensis Saola Mammal Annamite mountains , on the Viet Nam - PDR Laos border Unknown habitat destruction hunting Psiadia cataractae Plant Mauritius Unknown development project competition from invasive plant species Psorodonotus ebneri Beydaglari bush - cricket Insect Beydaglari range , Antalaya , Turkey Unknown climate change habitat loss Rafetus swinhoei Red River giant softshell turtle Reptile Hoan Kiem Lake and Dong Mo Lake , Viet Nam , and Suzhou Zoo , China hunting for consumption wetland destruction pollution Rhinoceros sondaicus Javan rhino Mammal ( rhino ) Ujung Kulon National Park , Java , Indonesia < 100 hunting for traditional medicine small population size Rhinopithecus avunculus Tonkin snub - nosed monkey Mammal ( primate ) Northeastern Vietnam < 200 habitat loss hunting Rhizanthella gardneri West Australian underground orchid Plant ( orchid ) Western Australia , Australia < 100 land clearance for agriculture climate change salinisation Rhynchocyon spp . Boni giant sengi Mammal ( shrew ) Boni - Dodori Forest , Lamu area , Kenya Unknown development causing habitat loss Risiocnemis seidenschwarzi Cebu frill - wing Insect ( damselfly ) Rivulet beside the Kawasan River , Cebu , Philippines Unknown habitat degradation and destruction Rosa arabica Plant St Katherine Mountains , Egypt Unknown , 10 sub-populations domestic animal grazing climate change and drought medicinal plant collecting limited range Salanoia durrelli Durrell 's vontsira Mammal ( mongoose ) Marshes of Lake Alaotra , Madagascar Unknown loss of habitat Santamartamys rufodorsalis Red crested tree rat Mammal ( rodent ) Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta , Colombia Unknown urban development coffee cultivation Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis Red - finned blue - eye Fish Edgbaston Station , central western Queensland , Australia 2,000 -- 4,000 predation by introduced species Squatina squatina Angel shark Fish Canary Islands Unknown benthic trawling Sterna bernsteini Chinese crested tern Bird Breeding in Zhejiang and Fujian , China . Outside breeding season in Indonesia , Malaysia , Philippines , Taiwan , Thailand . < 50 habitat destruction egg collection Syngnathus watermeyeri Estuarine pipefish Fish Kariega Estuary to East Kleinemonde Estuary , Eastern Cape Province , South Africa Unknown dam construction is altering river flows flood events into estuaries Tahina spectabilis Suicide palm Dimaka Plant Analalava district , north - western Madagascar 90 fires logging agricultural developments Telmatobufo bullocki Bullock 's false toad Amphibian ( frog ) Nahuelbuta , Arauco Province , Chile Unknown construction of hydro - electricity Tokudaia muenninki Okinawa spiny rat Mammal ( rodent ) Okinawa Island , Japan Unknown habitat loss predation by feral cats Trigonostigma somphongsi Somphongs 's rasbora Fish Mae Khlong basin , Thailand Unknown farmland conversion and urbanization Valencia letourneuxi Fish Southern Albania and Western Greece Unknown habitat destruction water abstraction aggressive interaction with Gambusia Voanioala gerardii Forest coconut Plant Masoala peninsula , Madagascar < 10 deforestation harvesting for consumption of palm heart Zaglossus attenboroughi Attenborough 's echidna Mammal Cyclops Mountains , Papua Province , Indonesia Unknown habitat modification and degradation logging agricultural encroachment shifting cultivation and hunting by local people See also ( edit ) Extinct and Endangered Species portal The World 's 25 Most Endangered Primates Lists of organisms by population References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Report lists world 's 100 most threatened species , urges action '' . The Globe and Mail . 11 September 2012 . Retrieved 17 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 most threatened species '' . ZSL Living Conservation . The Zoological Society of London . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Baillie , Jonathan EM ; Ellen R Butcher ( 2012 ) . Priceless or Worthless ? ( PDF ) . ZoolFlyway to wintering grounds in Indiaogical Society of London . ISBN 978 - 0 - 900881 - 67 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Harvey , Fiona ( 10 September 2012 ) . `` The expendables ? World 's 100 most endangered species listed '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Kew Magazine stated that , `` A strong and consistent moral and ethical stance needs to be taken , they ( the authors of The List ) argue , that all species have a right to exist . '' Harrison , Christina . `` Every species counts '' . Kew Magazine Blog . Royal Botanic Gardens , Kew . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Argument for Saving Threatened Species That Do Not Benefit Humans '' . Smithsonian.com . Smithsonian Institution . 12 September 2012 . Retrieved 17 September 2012 . External links ( edit ) IUCN Species Survival Commission Threatened species Template : Threatened species by region IUCN Red List Categories Extinct Extinct ( EX ) Extinct in the Wild ( EW ) Threatened Critically Endangered ( CR ) Endangered ( EN ) Vulnerable ( VU ) Lower risk Near Threatened ( NT ) Least Concern ( LC ) Lower Risk ( LR ) Conservation Dependent ( LR / cd ) Not fully assessed Data Deficient ( DD ) Not Evaluated ( NE ) Species Lists Extinct Extinct in the Wild Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Near Threatened Least Concern Data Deficient WP categories Extinct Extinct in the Wild Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Near Threatened Least Concern Data Deficient CITES Appendix I Appendix II Appendix III By taxa Endangered arthropods / spiders Threatened Banksia / rays / sharks / Fungi / Chromista The World 's 25 Most Endangered Primates The world 's 100 most threatened species Conservation Biodiversity action plan Biodiversity threats Conservation biology CITES ARKive Bird conservation Conservation status Conservation - reliant species Ecoregion conservation status Habitat destruction Latent extinction risk Rare species Vulnerability and susceptibility Pre-2001 categories and subcategories shown in italics . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_world%27s_100_most_threatened_species&oldid=840740778 '' Categories : Conservation Endangered species International Union for Conservation of Nature Lists of superlatives Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Latviešu Русский Simple English Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 21 : 19 . About Wikipedia | what is the most threatened animal in the world | [
"\nThe world's 100 most threatened species[3]\n\nSpecies\nCommon name\nType\nImage\nLocation(s)\nEstimated population\nThreats\n\n\nAbies beshanzuensis\nBaishan fir\nPlant (flower)\n\nBaishanzu Mountain, Zhejiang, China\nFive mature individuals\n\n\nagriculture\nfire\n\n\n\n\nActinote zikani\n\nInsect (butterfly)\n\nNear São Paulo, Atlantic forest, Brazil\nUnknown\n\n\nhabitat loss from human expansion\n\n\n\n\nAipysurus foliosquama\nLeaf scaled sea-snake\nReptile\n\nAshmore Reef and Hibernia Reef, Timor Sea\nUnknown\n\n\nunknown—probably degradation of coral reef habitat\n\n\n\n\nAmanipodagrion gilliesi\nAmani flatwing\nInsect (damselfly)\n\nAmani-Sigi Forest, Usamabara Mountains, Tanzania\n\n\n\npopulation pressure and water pollution\n\n\n\n\nAnisolabis seychellensis\n\nInsect\n\nMorne Blanc, Mahé island, Seychelles\nUnknown\n\n\ninvasive species\nclimate change\n\n\n\n\nAntilophia bokermanni\nAraripe manakin\nBird\n\nChapado do Araripe, South Ceará, Brazil\n779 individuals\n\n\nrecreational facilities\nwater diversion\n\n\n\n\nAphanius transgrediens\nAci Göl toothcarp\nFish\n\nsouth-eastern shore of former Lake Aci, Turkey\nfew hundred pairs\n\n\ncompetition and predation by Gambusia\nroad construction\n\n\n\n\nAproteles bulmerae\nBulmer’s fruit bat\nMammal\n\nLuplupwintern Cave, Western Province, Papua New Guinea\n150\n\n\nhunting\ncave disturbance\n\n\n\n\nArdea insignis\nWhite bellied heron\nBird\n\nBhutan, North East India and Myanmar\n70–400 individuals\n\n\nhydropower development\n\n\n\n\nArdeotis nigriceps\nGreat Indian bustard\nBird\n\nRajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Madhya, India\n50–249 mature individuals\n\n\nagricultural development\n\n\n\n\nAstrochelys yniphora\nPloughshare tortoise\nReptile\n\nBaly Bay region, northwestern Madagascar\n440–770\n\n\nillegal collection for international pet trade\n\n\n\n\nAtelopus balios\nRio Pescado stubfoot toad\nAmphibian\n\nAzuay, Cañar and Guyas provinces, south-western Ecuador\nUnknown\n\n\nChytridiomycosis\nlogging\nagricultural expansion\n\n\n\n\nAythya innotata\nMadagascar pochard\nBird\n\nvolcanic lakes north of Bealanana, Madagascar\n80 mature individuals\n\n\nagriculture\nhunting and fishing\nintroduced fish\n\n\n\n\nAzurina eupalama\nGalapagos damsel fish\nFish\n\nUnknown\nUnknown\n\n\nclimate change\noceanographic changes related to the 1982/1983 El Nino\n\n\n\n\nBahaba taipingensis\nGiant yellow croaker\nFish\n\nChinese coast from Yangtze River, China to Hong Kong\nUnknown\n\n\nover-fishing due to value of swim-bladder in traditional medicine\n\n\n\n\nBatagur baska\nCommon batagur\nReptile (turtle)\n\nBangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia and Malaysia\nUnknown\n\n\nillegal export China\n\n\n\n\nBazzania bhutanica\n\nPlant\n\nBudini and Lafeti Khola, Bhutan\n2 sub-populations\n\n\nforest clearance\novergrazing\ndevelopment\n\n\n\n\nBeatragus hunteri\nHirola\nMammal (antelope)\n\nSouth-east Kenya and possibly south-west Somalia\n\n\n\nhabitat loss\ncompetition with livestock\npoaching\n\n\n\n\nBombus franklini\nFranklin’s bumblebee\nInsect (bee)\n\nOregon and California\nUnknown\n\n\ndisease from commercial bumblebees\nhabitat destruction and degradation\n\n\n\n\nBrachyteles hypoxanthus\nNorthern muriqui\nWoolly spider monkey\nMammal (primate)\n\nAtlantic forest, south-eastern Brazil\n\n\n\nlarge-scale deforestation and logging\n\n\n\n\nBradypus pygmaeus\nPygmy three-toed sloth\nMammal\n\nIsla Escudo de Veraguas, Panama\n\n\n\nillegal logging of mangrove forests for firewood and construction\nhunting\n\n\n\n\nCallitriche pulchra\n\nPlant (freshwater)\n\npool on Gavdos, Greece\nUnknown\n\n\nhabitat exploitation by livestock\nmodification of the pool by locals\n\n\n\n\nCalumma tarzan\nTarzan’s chameleon\nReptile\n\nAnosibe An’Ala region, eastern Madagascar\n\n\n\nagriculture\n\n\n\n\nCavia intermedia\nSanta Catarina’s guinea pig\nMammal (rodent)\n\nMoleques do Sul Island, Santa Catarina, Brazil\n40–60\n\n\nhabitat disturbance\npossible hunting\nresult of having such a small population\n\n\n\n\nCercopithecus roloway\nRoloway guenon\nMammal (primate)\n\nCôte d'Ivoire\nUnknown\n\n\nhunting\nhabitat loss\n\n\n\n\nColeura seychellensis\nSeychelles sheath-tailed bat\nMammal (bat)\n\nTwo small caves on Silhouette and Mahé, Seychelles\n\n\n\nhabitat degradation\npredation by invasive species\n\n\n\n\nCryptomyces maximus\nWillow blister\nFungi\n\nPembrokeshire, United Kingdom\nUnknown\n\n\nlimited habitat\n\n\n\n\nCryptotis nelsoni\nNelson’s small-eared shrew\nMammal (shrew)\n\nVolcán San Martín Tuxtla, Veracruz, Mexico\nUnknown\n\n\nlogging\ncattle grazing\nfire\nagriculture\n\n\n\n\nCyclura collei\nJamaican iguana\nJamaican rock iguana\nReptile\n\nHellshire Hills, Jamaica\nUnknown\n\n\nhabitat destruction\npredation by introduced species\n\n\n\n\nDaubentonia Madagascariensis\nAye-aye\nMammal (primate)\n\nDeciduous forest, East Madagascar\nUnknown\n\n\npoaching\n\n\nlimited habitat\n\n\n\n\nDendrophylax fawcettii\nCayman Islands ghost orchid\nPlant (orchid)\n\nIronwood Forest, George Town, Grand Cayman\nUnknown\n\n\ninfrastructure development\n\n\n\n\nDicerorhinus sumatrensis\nSumatran rhino\nMammal (rhino)\n\nSabah, Sarawak and Peninsular Malaysia, Kalimantan and Sumatra, Indonesia\n\n\n\nhunting (horn is used in traditional medicine)\n\n\n\n\nDiomedea amsterdamensis\nAmsterdam albatross\nBird\n\nBreeds on Plateuau des Tourbières, Amsterdam Island, Indian Ocean.\n100 mature individuals\n\n\ndisease\nincidental by-catch in long-line fishing\n\n\n\n\nDioscorea strydomiana\nWild yam\nPlant\n\nOshoek area, Mpumalanga, South Africa\n200\n\n\ncollection for medicinal use\n\n\n\n\nDiospyros katendei\n\nPlant (tree)\n\nKasyoha-Kitomi Forest Reserve, Uganda\n20 individuals in a single population\n\n\nagricultural activity\nillegal tree felling\nalluvial gold digging\nsmall population\n\n\n\n\nDipterocarpus lamellatus\n\nPlant (tree)\n\nSiangau Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia\n12 individuals\n\n\nlogging of lowland forest\ncreation of industrial plantations\n\n\n\n\nDiscoglossus nigriventer\nHula painted frog\nAmphibian\n\nHula Valley, Israel\nUnknown\n\n\npredation by birds\nrange restriction due to habitat destruction\n\n\n\n\nDombeya mauritiana\n\nPlant\n\nMauritius\nUnknown\n\n\nencroachment by invasive plant species\nhabitat loss due to cannabis cultivation\n\n\n\n\nElaeocarpus bojeri\nBois Dentelle\nPlant (tree)\n\nGrand Bassin, Mauritius\n\n\n\nhabitat degradation\n\n\n\n\nEleutherodactylus glandulifer\nLa Hotte glanded frog\nAmphibian\n\nMassif de la Hotte, Haiti\nUnknown\n\n\ncharcoal production\nslash-and-burn agriculture\n\n\n\n\nEleutherodactylus thorcetes\nMacaya breast-spot frog\nAmphibian\n\nFormon and Macaya peaks, Masif de la Hotte, Haiti\nUnknown\n\n\ncharcoal production\nslash-and-burn agriculture\n\n\n\n\nEriosyce chilensis\nChilenito (cactus)\nPlant\n\nPta Molles and Pichidungui, Chile\n\n\n\ncollection of flowering plants\n\n\n\n\nErythrina schliebenii\nCoral tree\nPlant\n\nNamatimbili-Ngarama Forest, Tanzania\n\n\n\nlimited habitat and small population size increase vulnerability\n\n\n\n\nEuphorbia tanaensis\n\nPlant (tree)\n\nWitu Forest Reserve, Kenya\n4 mature individuals\n\n\nillegal logging\nagricultural expansion\ninfrastructure development\n\n\n\n\nEurynorhyncus pygmeus\nSpoon-billed sandpiper\nBird\n\nBreeds in Russia, migrates along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway to wintering grounds in India, Bangladesh and Myanmar\n100 breeding pairs\n\n\ntrapping\nland reclamation\n\n\n\n\nFicus katendei\n\nPlant\n\nKasyoha-Kitomi Forest Reserve, Ishasha River, Uganda\n\n\n\nagriculture\nillegal tree felling\nalluvial gold digging\n\n\n\n\nGeronticus eremita\nNorthern bald ibis\nBird\n\nBreeds in Morocco, Turkey and Syria. Syrian population winters in\ncentral Ethiopia.\n\n200–249 mature individuals\n\n\nhabitat degradation and destruction\nhunting\n\n\n\n\nGigasiphon macrosiphon\n\nPlant (flower)\n\nKaya Muhaka, Gongoni and Mrima Forest Reserves, Kenya, Amani Nature Reserve, West Kilombero Scarp Forest Reserve, and Kihansi Gorge, Tanzania\n33\n\n\ntimber extraction\nagriculture encroachment and development\npredation by wild pigs\n\n\n\n\nGocea ohridana\n\nMollusc\n\nLake Ohrid, Macedonia\nUnknown\n\n\nincreasing pollution levels\noff-take of water\nsedimentation events\n\n\n\n\nHeleophryne rosei\nTable mountain ghost frog\nAmphibian\n\nTable Mountain, Western Cape Province, South Africa\nUnknown\n\n\ninvasive plants\nwater abstraction\n\n\n\n\nHemicycla paeteliana\n\nMollusc (land snail)\n\nJandia peninsula, Fuerteventura, Canary Islands\nUnknown\n\n\novergrazing\ntrampling by goats and tourists\n\n\n\n\nHeteromirafa sidamoensis\nLiben lark\nBird\n\nLiben Plains, southern Ethiopia\n90–256\n\n\nagricultural expansion\novergrazing\nfire suppression\n\n\n\n\nHibiscadelphus woodii\n\nPlant (tree)\n\nKalalau Valley, Hawaii\nUnknown\n\n\nhabitat degradation due to feral ungulates\ncompetition with invasive plant species\n\n\n\n\nHucho perryi\nSakhalin taimen\nFish\n\nRussian and Japanese rivers, Pacific Ocean between Russia and Japan\nUnknown\n\n\noverfishing\ndamming\nagriculture\nother land use\n\n\n\n\nJohora singaporensis\nSingapore freshwater crab\nCrustacean\n\nBukit Timah Nature Reserve and streamlet near Bukit Batok, Singapore\nUnknown\n\n\nhabitat degradation due to reduction in water quality and quantity\n\n\n\n\nLathyrus belinensis\nBelin vetchling\nPlant\n\nOutskirts of Belin village, Antalya, Turkey\n\n\n\nurbanisation\nover-grazing\nconifer planting\nroad widening\n\n\n\n\nLeiopelma archeyi\nArchey’s frog\nAmphibian\n\nCoromandel peninsula and Whareorino Forest, New Zealand\nUnknown\n\n\nChytridiomycosis\npredation by invasive species\n\n\n\n\nLithobates sevosus\nDusky gopher frog\nAmphibian\n\nHarrison County, Mississippi, USA\n60–100\n\n\nfungal disease\nclimate change\nland-use changes\n\n\n\n\nLophura edwardsi\nEdwards’s pheasant\nBird\n\nQuang Binh, Quang Tri and Thua Thien-Hue, Viet Nam\nUnknown\n\n\nhabitat loss\nhunting\n\n\n\n\nMagnolia wolfii\n\nPlant (tree)\n\nRisaralda, Colombia\n3\n\n\nisolation of species\nlow regeneration rates\n\n\n\n\nMargaritifera marocana\n\nMollusc\n\nOued Denna, Oued Abid and Oued Beth, Morocco\n\n\n\npollution\ndevelopment\n\n\n\n\nMoominia willii\n\nMollusc (snail)\n\nSilhouette Island, Seychelles\n\n\n\ninvasive species\nclimate change\n\n\n\n\nNatalus primus\nCuban greater funnel eared bat\nMammal (bat)\n\nCueva La Barca, Isle of Pines, Cuba\n\n\n\nhabitat loss\nhuman disturbance\n\n\n\n\nNepenthes attenboroughii\nAttenborough’s pitcher plant\nPlant\n\nMount Victoria, Palawan, Philippines\nUnknown\n\n\npoaching\n\n\n\n\nNomascus hainanus\nHainan black crested gibbon\nMammal (primate)\n\nHainan Island, China\n20\n\n\nhunting\n\n\n\n\nNeurergus kaiseri\nLuristan newt\nAmphibian\n\nZagros Mountains, Lorestan, Iran\n\n\n\nillegal collection for pet trade\n\n\n\n\nOreocnemis phoenix\nMulanje red damsel\nInsect (damselfly)\n\nMulanje Plateau, Malawi\nUnknown\n\n\nhabitat destruction and degradation due to drainage\nagricultural expansion\nexploitation of forest\n\n\n\n\nPangasius sanitwongsei\nPangasid catfish\nFish\n\nChao Phraya and Mekong basins in Cambodia, China, Lao PDR, Thailand and Viet Nam\nUnknown\n\n\noverfishing\ncollection for aquarium trade\n\n\n\n\nParides burchellanus\n\nInsect (butterfly)\n\nCerrado, Brazil\n\n\n\nhuman expansion\nlimited range\n\n\n\n\nPhocoena sinus\nVaquita\nMammal (porpoise)\n\nNorthern Gulf of California, Mexico\n\n\n\ncapture in fishermen's gillnets\n\n\n\n\nPicea neoveitchii\nType of spruce tree\nPlant (tree)\n\nQinling Range, China\nUnknown\n\n\ndestruction of forest\n\n\n\n\nPinus squamata\nQiaojia pine\nPlant (tree)\n\nQiaojia, Yunnan, China\n\n\n\nlimited distribution\nsmall population size\n\n\n\n\nPoecilotheria metallica\nGooty tarantula\nMetallic tarantula\nPeacock tarantula\nSalepurgu\nSpider\n\nNandyal and Giddalur, Andhra Pradesh, India\nUnknown\n\n\ndeforestation\nfirewood collection\ncivil unrest\n\n\n\n\nPomarea whitneyi\nFatuhiva monarch\nBird\n\nFatu Hiva, Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia\n50\n\n\npredation by introduced species - Rattus rattus and feral cats\n\n\n\n\nPristis pristis\nCommon sawfish\nFish\n\nCoastal tropical and subtropical waters of Indo-Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Currently largely restricted to northern Australia\nUnknown\n\n\nexploitation has removed the species from 95 per cent of its historical range\n\n\n\n\nProlemur simus\nGreater bamboo lemur\nMammal (primate)\n\nSoutheastern and southcentral rainforests of Madagascar\n500\n\n\nagriculture\nmining\nillegal logging\n\n\n\n\nPropithecus candidus\nSilky sifaka\nMammal (primate)\n\nMaroantsetra to Andapa basin, and Marojeju Massif, Madagascar\n100–1,000\n\n\nhunting\nhabitat disturbance\n\n\n\n\nPsammobates geometricus\nGeometric tortoise\nReptile\n\nWestern Cape Province, South Africa\nUnknown\n\n\nloss of habitat destruction\npredation\n\n\n\n\nPseudoryx nghetinhensis\nSaola\nMammal\n\nAnnamite mountains, on the Viet Nam - PDR Laos border\nUnknown\n\n\nhabitat destruction\nhunting\n\n\n\n\nPsiadia cataractae\n\nPlant\n\nMauritius\nUnknown\n\n\ndevelopment project\ncompetition from invasive plant species\n\n\n\n\nPsorodonotus ebneri\nBeydaglari bush-cricket\nInsect\n\nBeydaglari range, Antalaya, Turkey\nUnknown\n\n\nclimate change\nhabitat loss\n\n\n\n\nRafetus swinhoei\nRed River giant softshell turtle\nReptile\n\nHoan Kiem Lake and Dong Mo Lake, Viet Nam, and Suzhou Zoo, China\n4\n\n\nhunting for consumption\nwetland destruction\npollution\n\n\n\n\nRhinoceros sondaicus\nJavan rhino\nMammal (rhino)\n\nUjung Kulon National Park, Java, Indonesia\n\n\n\nhunting for traditional medicine\nsmall population size\n\n\n\n\nRhinopithecus avunculus\nTonkin snub-nosed monkey\nMammal (primate)\n\nNortheastern Vietnam\n\n\n\nhabitat loss\nhunting\n\n\n\n\nRhizanthella gardneri\nWest Australian underground orchid\nPlant (orchid)\n\nWestern Australia, Australia\n\n\n\nland clearance for agriculture\nclimate change\nsalinisation\n\n\n\n\nRhynchocyon spp.\nBoni giant sengi\nMammal (shrew)\n\nBoni-Dodori Forest, Lamu area, Kenya\nUnknown\n\n\ndevelopment causing habitat loss\n\n\n\n\nRisiocnemis seidenschwarzi\nCebu frill-wing\nInsect (damselfly)\n\nRivulet beside the Kawasan River, Cebu, Philippines\nUnknown\n\n\nhabitat degradation and destruction\n\n\n\n\nRosa arabica\n\nPlant\n\nSt Katherine Mountains, Egypt\nUnknown, 10 sub-populations\n\n\ndomestic animal grazing\nclimate change and drought\nmedicinal plant collecting\nlimited range\n\n\n\n\nSalanoia durrelli\nDurrell’s vontsira\nMammal (mongoose)\n\nMarshes of Lake Alaotra, Madagascar\nUnknown\n\n\nloss of habitat\n\n\n\n\nSantamartamys rufodorsalis\nRed crested tree rat\nMammal (rodent)\n\nSierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia\nUnknown\n\n\nurban development\ncoffee cultivation\n\n\n\n\nScaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis\nRed-finned blue-eye\nFish\n\nEdgbaston Station, central western Queensland, Australia\n2,000–4,000\n\n\npredation by introduced species\n\n\n\n\nSquatina squatina\nAngel shark\nFish\n\nCanary Islands\nUnknown\n\n\nbenthic trawling\n\n\n\n\nSterna bernsteini\nChinese crested tern\nBird\n\nBreeding in Zhejiang and Fujian, China. Outside breeding season in Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand.\n\n\n\nhabitat destruction\negg collection\n\n\n\n\nSyngnathus watermeyeri\nEstuarine pipefish\nFish\n\nKariega Estuary to East Kleinemonde Estuary, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa\nUnknown\n\n\ndam construction is altering river flows\nflood events into estuaries\n\n\n\n\nTahina spectabilis\nSuicide palm\nDimaka\nPlant\n\nAnalalava district, north-western Madagascar\n90\n\n\nfires\nlogging\nagricultural developments\n\n\n\n\nTelmatobufo bullocki\nBullock’s false toad\nAmphibian (frog)\n\nNahuelbuta, Arauco Province, Chile\nUnknown\n\n\nconstruction of hydro-electricity\n\n\n\n\nTokudaia muenninki\nOkinawa spiny rat\nMammal (rodent)\n\nOkinawa Island, Japan\nUnknown\n\n\nhabitat loss\npredation by feral cats\n\n\n\n\nTrigonostigma somphongsi\nSomphongs’s rasbora\nFish\n\nMae Khlong basin, Thailand\nUnknown\n\n\nfarmland conversion and urbanization\n\n\n\n\nValencia letourneuxi\n\nFish\n\nSouthern Albania and Western Greece\nUnknown\n\n\nhabitat destruction\nwater abstraction\naggressive interaction with Gambusia\n\n\n\n\nVoanioala gerardii\nForest coconut\nPlant\n\nMasoala peninsula, Madagascar\n\n\n\ndeforestation\nharvesting for consumption of palm heart\n\n\n\n\nZaglossus attenboroughi\nAttenborough’s echidna\nMammal\n\nCyclops Mountains, Papua Province, Indonesia\nUnknown\n\n\nhabitat modification and degradation\nlogging\nagricultural encroachment shifting cultivation and hunting by local people\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Actinote zikani"
] |
-8887362907516777854 | Pabst Blue Ribbon | Pabst Blue Ribbon - wikipedia Pabst Blue Ribbon Pabst Blue Ribbon Type American - style lager Manufacturer Pabst Brewing Company Introduced 1844 Alcohol by volume 4.74 -- 5.9 % Website pabstblueribbon.com Pabst Blue Ribbon is an American lager beer sold by Pabst Brewing Company , established in Milwaukee , Wisconsin in 1844 and currently based in Los Angeles . Originally called Best Select , and then Pabst Select , the current name comes from the blue ribbons tied around the bottle neck between 1882 and 1916 . Contents 1 History 1.1 Brand Name 1.2 Peak , decline , and revival 2 Nutritional content 3 Marketing 4 Pabst Blue Ribbon in popular culture 5 Outside of the United States 5.1 Australia 5.2 Canada 5.3 China 5.4 Ireland 5.5 Sweden 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Brand name ( edit ) Gottlieb and Frederika Pabst and their twelve - year - old son Frederick arrived in the United States in 1848 and settled in Chicago where Frederick eventually found work on the ships of Lake Michigan . In 1862 , Frederick married Maria Best , daughter of the founder and owner of the Best Brewing Company , and in 1863 became a brewer at his father - in - law 's brewery . When Philip Best retired to Germany in 1867 , Pabst and Emil Schandein -- his sister - in - law 's husband and the vice-president of Best Brewery -- worked to transform the company into one of the nation 's largest brewers , capitalizing on , among other things , the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 that destroyed nineteen Chicago breweries and helped position Milwaukee as the leading beer - producing city in the United States . In 1889 , Schandein died , leaving Pabst as president and his widow , Lisette Schandein , as vice-president . In 1890 , Pabst changed the `` Best '' letterhead to `` Pabst '' and the Pabst Brewing Company officially began . `` This is the original Pabst Blue Ribbon Beer . Nature 's choicest products provide its prized flavor . Only the finest of hops and grains are used . Selected as America 's Best in 1893 . '' -- Quote from PBR label , referring to the award it received at the 1893 World 's Columbian Exposition . The company has historically claimed that its flagship beer was renamed Pabst Blue Ribbon following its win as `` America 's Best '' at the World 's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893 . Whether the brand actually won an award in 1893 is unclear . Some contemporaneous accounts indicate that many vendors were frustrated by the fair 's refusal to award such prizes . One account says that the only prizes awarded by the executive committee were bronze medals , in recognition of `` some independent and essential excellence in the article displayed '' , rather than `` merely to indicate the relative merits of competing exhibits '' . However , the beer had won many other awards at many other fairs -- so many , in fact , that Captain Pabst had already started tying silk ribbons around every bottle . It was a time when beer bottles were more likely to be embossed than labeled and the ribbons were likely added at great cost to Pabst . But Pabst 's display of pride was also a display of marketing savvy , as patrons started asking their bartenders for the blue ribbon beer . Peak , decline , and revival ( edit ) A 1911 advertisement showing a blue ribbon tied around the bottle Sales of Pabst peaked at 18 million barrels in 1977 . In 1980 and 1981 , the company had four different CEOs , and by 1982 it was fifth in beer sales in the U.S. , dropping from third in 1980 . In 1996 , Pabst headquarters left Milwaukee , and the company ended beer production at its main complex there . By 2001 , the brand 's sales were below a million barrels . That year , the company got a new CEO , Brian Kovalchuk , formerly the CFO of Benetton , and major changes at the company 's marketing department were made . In 2010 , food industry executive C. Dean Metropoulos bought the company for a reported $250 million . In 2011 , the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission forced two advertising executives to cease efforts to raise $300 million to buy the Pabst Brewing Company . The two had raised over $200 million by crowdsourcing , collecting pledges via their website , Facebook , and Twitter . In November 2014 , Eugene Kashper , an American beer entrepreneur , and TSG Consumer Partners acquired Pabst Brewing Company . In 2015 , Pabst won the `` best large brewing company of the year '' award at the Great American Beer Festival . Nutritional content ( edit ) A 12 US fluid ounces ( 0.35 l ) Pabst Blue Ribbon has : 144 calories 12.8 grams of carbohydrates 4.74 % alcohol by volume ( alc / vol ) Marketing ( edit ) Pabst Blue Ribbon concession stand at Progressive Field in Cleveland . The beer experienced a sales revival in the early 2000s after a two decade - long slump , largely due to its increasing popularity among urban hipsters . Although the Pabst website features user - submitted photography , much of which features twenty - something Pabst drinkers dressed in alternative fashions , the company has opted not to fully embrace the countercultural label in its marketing , fearing that doing so could jeopardize the very `` authenticity '' that made the brand popular ( as was the case with the poorly received OK Soda ) . Pabst instead targets its desired market niche through the sponsorship of indie music , local businesses , facial hair clubs ( RVA Beard League ) , post-collegiate sports teams , dive bars and radio programming like National Public Radio 's All Things Considered . The company encourages fan art to be submitted online , and is subsequently shown on the beer 's official Facebook page . Pabst Blue Ribbon in popular culture ( edit ) The beer has appeared in the films Midnight Madness , Blue Velvet , Everything Must Go and Gran Torino , and in television shows such as AMC 's Breaking Bad and South Park . The beer is referenced in the 2011 film Tucker & Dale vs. Evil . The beer is referenced in the title and lyrics of the 1973 country song Rednecks , White Socks and Blue Ribbon Beer by Johnny Russell . In the Mad Men season 2 episode , `` The Mountain King '' , Don Draper drinks a Pabst Blue Ribbon from the bottle . In South Park , Pabst Blue Ribbon is the beer preferred by character Randy Marsh . In `` The Poor Kid , '' the narrator opines : `` Pabst Blue Ribbon and white trash . It 's a deadly combination that can lead to prison time and children being taken away from their homes . '' In Reno 911 ! season 4 episode 12 , `` Hodgepodge '' , Officer Jonson and Junior arrest a man who drank PBR because he is completely confused . Lana Del Rey mentions the brand in her songs `` This is What Makes us Girls '' and `` Music To Watch Boys To . '' Australian Metalcore Band The Amity Affliction released a song on their 2012 album Chasing Ghosts which they named `` Pabst Blue Ribbon on Ice '' . The Zac Brown Band references the brand in their song `` Toes '' on their 2008 album The Foundation . In the album , Heart to Heart by Betty Buckley , there is a song called `` I Am a Town '' ( Carpenter ) which contains the lyric , `` I am Pabst Blue Ribbon America and Southern Serves the South '' . The song `` Ruby Room '' by Green Day side project Foxboro Hot Tubs alludes to the beer with the lyric : `` Lucky Strike and I will travel , as the Pabst Blue Ribbon unravels . '' In the film National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation , Randy Quaid 's character is seen drinking a can of PBR . In The West Wing season four episode `` Election Night '' , Charlie Young 's Little Brother Anthony brings his friend Orlando Kettles to the White House , possibly hoping to get charges dropped after Orlando was caught driving with `` an open can of Pabst . '' In the Timeless episode `` The World 's Columbian Exposition '' , a waitress serves Flynn and Lucy , `` It 's called Pabst ? It just won a blue ribbon at the fair . '' The Boston Ska Band `` Big D and the Kids Table '' features numerous songs that include Pabst Blue Ribbon in their lyrics ; including `` Lynn Lynn The City Of Sin '' and `` Shining On '' . Macklemore 's song `` Cowboy Boots '' includes the lyric `` cowboy boots doing lines at the bar where the time goes slow when you 're drinking PBR . '' The beer is referenced in the title and lyrics of the 2009 country song `` Pabst Blue Ribbon '' , by Shane Yellowbird . Brad Pitt is seen drinking a PBR in the hit film Se7en Outside of the United States ( edit ) Can of Pabst Blue Ribbon Beer sold in China Australia ( edit ) Dan Murphy 's liquor stores have stocked the beer since 2012 . Canada ( edit ) Pabst Blue Ribbon is brewed by Sleeman Breweries of Guelph , Ontario ( although credited as ' Stroh Canada ' on the labeling ; Sleeman acquired the Stroh label in 1999 ) . Pabst Blue Ribbon contains 4.9 % alc / vol . There is also a Pabst strong beer which contains 5.9 % alc / vol . China ( edit ) Pabst Blue Ribbon America has a licensing agreement and joint venture arrangement with China Pabst Blue Ribbon . It is produced , marketed and distributed by CBR Brewing Company , which jointly owns the company along with Guangdong Blue Ribbon Group under a sub-licensing agreement with the Pabst Brewing Company . CBR is a British Virgin Islands owned company but it is based in China . In 2010 , China Pabst released a new beer called Pabst Blue Ribbon 1844 for consumption in the domestic market ; it sells for 44 U.S. dollars a bottle . Ireland ( edit ) Pabst Blue Ribbon America has a licensing agreement and joint venture arrangement with C&C Group Plc and is being distributed in Republic of Ireland through C&C Gleeson and in Northern Ireland through Tennents Northern Ireland . It is sold in 355ml cans and bottles and on draught via a 30L keg . The ABV is 4.6 % . Sweden ( edit ) Pabst Blue Ribbon launched in Sweden in 2012 , imported by Galatea Beer Spirits & Wine and sold in Systembolaget stores . The Pabst Blue Ribbon sold in Sweden is labeled as the `` export '' version . According to Galatea it is an `` extra flavorful version brewed for the Swedish market '' , and contains 4.5 % alc / vol . Pabst Blue Ribbon export is brewed and bottled in America and then shipped to Sweden . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ogle , Maureen ( 2006 ) . Ambitious Brew : The Story of American Beer . New York : Harcourt . p. 49 . ISBN 0151010129 . Jump up ^ Ogle . Ambitious Brew . p. 51 . Jump up ^ Skilnik , Bob ( 2006 ) . Beer : A History of Brewing in Chicago . Ft. Lee , N.J. : Barricade Books . pp. 24 -- 25 . ISBN 1569803129 . Jump up ^ The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography . J.T. White . 1893 . p. 294 . Jump up ^ Mansion , The Pabst . `` Pabst Brewery History '' . pabstmansion.com . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The brewery 's flagship beer was finally renamed Pabst Blue Ribbon following its win as ' America 's Best ' at the World 's Columbian Exposition in Chicago '' . Retrieved 9 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Stamp , Jimmy . `` Where Did Pabst Win that Blue Ribbon ? '' . smithsonianmag.com . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Bancroft , Hubert Howe . The Book of the Fair : an historical and descriptive presentation of the world 's science , art , and industry , as viewed through the Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893 , designed to set forth the display made by the Congress of Nations , of human achievement in material form , so as to more effectually to illustrate the profess of mankind in all the departments of civilized life . Chicago , San Francisco : The Bancroft Company , 1893 . p. 83 . ( 10 v. ( approx. , 1000p . ) : illus . ( incl . ports . ) , 41 cm . ) Jump up ^ Pabst Brewing Co . Timeline from the company 's website Jump up ^ Ray Kenney ( January 24 , 1982 ) . `` The Blue - Ribbon Battle for Pabst '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Carrie Antlfinger ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Group Wants to Bring Pabst Blue Ribbon Back to Milwaukee '' . Associated Press . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Don Terry ( November 6 , 1996 ) . `` Brewery 's Exit Leaves a Bitter Taste '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Rob Walker ( June 22 , 2003 ) . `` The Marketing of No Marketing '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Pabst Brewing Sells Itself to Metropoulos '' . The New York Times . June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael J. De La Merced ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` S.E.C. Stops Would - Be Buyers of Pabst Beer '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Wilmore , James ( 14 November 2014 ) . `` Pabst Brewing Co sale finalised as Eugene Kashper , TSG take reins '' . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Lockwood , Denise ( 14 November 2014 ) . `` Pabst Brewing Co. sale completed , company to stay in Los Angeles '' . Milwaukee Business Journal . Jump up ^ Gelles , David ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Hey Guys , the Russians Are n't Buying Pabst After All '' , New York Times . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Daykin , Tom ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Titletown and Pabst Gain National Awards at Great American Beer Festival '' , Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pabst Blue Ribbon '' . pabstblueribbon.com . Archived from the original on 30 May 2012 . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rob Walker ( June 22 , 2003 ) . `` The Marketing of No Marketing '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marketing With a Whisper '' . Fast Company . January 11 , 2003 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2004 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Pabst Blue Ribbon Homepage '' . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Carly Berwick ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Murketing to Hipsters Saves Pabst , Boosts Apple '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Edward McClelland ( August 11 , 2008 ) . `` And the next great American beer will be ... ? '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Pabst Blue Ribbon Lacrosse '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 16 . PBR Lacrosse is the official lacrosse team of Pabst Blue Ribbon Beer . PBR Lacrosse is the premier post-collegiate lacrosse team in Houston , Texas . The team is made up of post-NCAA Division I , II and III and MCLA players . They compete against SWLA teams throughout the state of Texas and play in tournaments in the southern United States region . Jump up ^ Dan Eaton ( November 16 , 2008 ) . `` Pabst gives marketing campaign a blue ribbon for effectiveness '' . Columbus Business First . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Facebook '' . facebook.com . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( 15 August 2012 ) . `` Remember This ? ' Midnight Madness ' : An Obsessive Chat '' . huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Blue Velvet Pabst Blue Ribbon on YouTube Jump up ^ `` At the Movies : Prius , PBR & Will Ferrell 's Perfect Product Placement Plot '' . brandchannel.com. 13 May 2011 . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pabst Blue Ribbon , Everything Must Go and Gran Torino -- Coolspotters '' . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Will Russian ownership affect hipsters ' taste for Pabst Blue Ribbon ? '' . timesfreepress.com . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Tucker & Dale ' review : A hillbilly horror spoof delivers '' . nj.com . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Mountain King . '' Mad Men . AMC . NY , NY . 19 October 2008 . Television . Jump up ^ `` South Park : `` The Poor Kid '' Review - IGN `` . archive.org. 2 May 2012 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Reno 911 ! ( 2003 ) s04e12 Episode Script - SS '' . Springfield ! Springfield ! . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey -- This Is What Makes Us Girls '' . genius.com . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey -- Music to Watch Boys To '' . genius.com . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Amity Affliction -- Pabst Blue Ribbon On Ice '' . genius.com . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Zac Brown Band - Toes Lyrics - SongMeanings '' . SongMeanings . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Betty Buckley - I Am a Town Lyrics - SongMeanings '' . SongMeanings . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Foxboro Hot Tubs -- Ruby Room '' . genius.com . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Election Night '' . livejournal.com . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Blackburn , R.A. ( 24 February 2018 ) . `` Timeless Season 1 : Episode 11 -- The World 's Columbian Exposition - The Time Travel Nexus '' . timetravelnexus.com . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Big D And The Kids Table -- Lynn Lynn the City of Sin '' . genius.com . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Big D And The Kids Table -- Shining on '' . genius.com . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Macklemore & Ryan Lewis -- Cowboy Boots '' . genius.com . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pabst Blue Ribbon - Shane Yellowbird - Song Info - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Classic 90s Movie : `` Se7en '' -- Go Into The Story `` . blcklst.com. 4 May 2014 . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pabst Blue Ribbon Premium Lager Cans 473mL '' . Dan Murphy 's Online . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pabst Blue Ribbon '' . pabstblueribbon.ca . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pabst Blue Ribbon 5.9 -- The Beer Store '' . thebeerstore.ca . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Sittig , marshall ( 1995 ) . Guide to China Business Contacts : Companies , Places , and Markets . Jump up ^ Hoover 's Masterlist of Major U.S. Companies 1998 -- 1999 . 1998 . Jump up ^ Miller , Russell ( 2000 ) . Doing Business in Newly Privatized Markets : Global Opportunities and Challenges . Jump up ^ Gibson , Megan ( July 21 , 2010 ) . `` Pabst Blue Ribbon Is Classy and Expensive in China '' . Time . External links ( edit ) Official website A souvenir booklet from the Pabst Brewing Company , 1907 , Wisconsin Historical Society Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pabst_Blue_Ribbon&oldid=853943582 '' Categories : 1844 introductions American beer brands Pabst Brewing Company World 's Columbian Exposition Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hRecipes Articles with hProducts All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 23 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what's the abv of pabst blue ribbon | [
"Pabst Blue Ribbon America has a licensing agreement and joint venture arrangement with C&C Group Plc and is being distributed in Republic of Ireland through C&C Gleeson and in Northern Ireland through Tennents Northern Ireland. It is sold in 355ml cans and bottles and on draught via a 30L keg. The ABV is 4.6%.\n"
] | [
"4.6%"
] |
-141888702804513542 | Wrecked (U.S. TV series) | Wrecked ( U.S. TV series ) - wikipedia Wrecked ( U.S. TV series ) Wrecked Genre Comedy Created by Jordan Shipley Justin Shipley Starring Zach Cregger Asif Ali Rhys Darby Brooke Dillman Ginger Gonzaga Will Greenberg Jessica Lowe Ally Maki Brian Sacca James Scott Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 30 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) James Griffiths Jordan Shipley Justin Shipley Moses Port Producer ( s ) Jesse Hara Ken Topolsky Production location ( s ) Puerto Rico ( season 1 ) Fiji ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Camera setup Single - camera Production company ( s ) Shipley & Shipley Productions TBS Productions ( Season 1 ) Studio T ( Season 2 -- 3 ) Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network TBS Picture format 16 : 9 HDTV Original release June 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 14 ) -- present External links Website Wrecked is an American comedy television series created by Jordan Shipley and Justin Shipley for TBS . The series is about a group of people stranded on an island , after their airplane crashed in the ocean . The 10 - episode first season premiered on June 14 , 2016 . On July 6 , 2016 , TBS renewed the show for a second season which was shot in Fiji . The second season premiered on June 20 , 2017 . On September 13 , 2017 , TBS renewed the series for a third season , which premiered on August 7 , 2018 . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Recurring 1.2 Guest starring 2 Development 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) Zach Cregger as Owen O'Connor , a flight attendant Asif Ali as Pack Hara , a sports agent Brian Sacca as Daniel `` Danny '' Wallace , the son of a rich businessman Rhys Darby as Steve Rutherford , a New Zealander from Papakura Brooke Dillman as Karen Cushman / Sister Mercy , a statistical analysis executive for Bing Ginger Gonzaga as Emma Cook , a podiatrist ( season 1 , guest Season 2 - 3 ) Jessica Lowe as Florence Bitterman , Emma 's best friend , a pretentious feminist Will Greenberg as Todd Hinkle , an obnoxious guy who cares more about his finding the meaning to life than his girlfriend Ally Maki as Jess Kato , Todd 's girlfriend , then fiancee and later , wife James Scott as Liam , a British soldier ( pilot only ) Recurring ( edit ) Pablo Azar as Pablo ( season 1 ) George Basil as Chet Smart Lela Elam as Diane from Toledo ( season 1 - 2 ) Todd Allen Durkin as Kurt Turdhole ( season 1 , guest Season 2 ) Brendan Jennings as Jerry , a deceased castaway with whom Pack has conversations during his hallucinations ( season 1 ) Mike Benitez as Roger ( season 1 ) Will McLaughlin as Bruce Island ( season 1 - 3 ) Ruben Rabasa as Yolonzo ( season 1 ) Rory Scovel as Corey ( season 2 , guest Season 1 ) Eliza Coupe as Rosa , Owen 's co-worker ( season 1 ) Erinn Hayes as Rosa , Owen 's co-worker ( season 2 ) Ebonee Noel as The Barracuda ( season 2 ) Ravi Patel as Tank Top ( season 2 , guest 1 ) Lucas Hazlett as Bandana ( season 2 , guest 1 ) Shaun Diston as V - Neck ( season 2 ) Patrick Cox as Flannel ( season 2 ) Jemaine Clement as Luther ( season 2 ) Dink O'Neal as Richard `` Dick '' Wallace , Danny 's father ( season 1 , guest Season 2 ) Jonno Roberts as Declan Stanwick ( season 3 ) Rachel House as Martha Stanwick ( season 3 ) Robert Baker as Brewster ( season 3 ) Will Hines as Greg Peabody ( season 3 ) Eugene Cordero as Errol ( season 3 ) Karan Soni as Keith ( season 3 ) Guest starring ( edit ) Darin Toonder as Owen 's father Luke Nappe as Young Owen Gary Anthony Williams as Gary , Jerry 's deceased friend Josh Lawson as Eric , Steve 's boss Elke Berry as Carol , Steve 's ex-wife Jamie Denbo as Greta Liebowitz , Pack 's boss Chris Bosh as Himself Marc Evan Jackson as Father Daddy Sara Paxton as Sister Grace Britt Lower as Margot Wallace , Danny 's sister Rob Corddry as Himself Development ( edit ) TBS ordered the production of the pilot episode written by Jordan Shipley and Justin Shipley in October 2014 . The show follows a group of people after they survived a plane crash on a deserted island . The pilot was filmed in Puerto Rico and was picked up to series with a 10 - episode order in May 2015 . Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 June 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 14 ) August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 10 June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) August 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) 10 August 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 07 ) October 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 02 ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` All Is Not Lost '' James Griffiths Jordan Shipley & Justin Shipley June 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 14 ) 101 1.64 A striking British special forces agent leads a daring rescue after a commercial flight crash - lands on an uninhabited island . `` Rest in Peace , Callaway Hinkle '' James Griffiths Jordan Shipley & Justin Shipley June 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 14 ) 102 1.21 The survivors find a satellite phone . Danny confronts his past . Steve comforts Todd after learning about the death of his child . `` Always Meant to See That '' Stuart McDonald Chris Kula June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) 103 1.37 Todd , Danny , and Owen investigate the other islanders after unearthing a troubling suitcase . Pack , Emma , and Florence are faced with the ultimate choice . `` The Community Pile '' Stuart McDonald Ben Dougan June 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) 104 1.22 Chet takes Pack on a vision quest . Danny helps Owen relax . Todd makes a play to control the island . 5 5 `` Tubthumping '' Jeff Tomsic Chris Kula July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) 105 1.38 The island holds an election for leader . Candidates are Emma , Florence , and Steve . Eventually Steve wins . Todd gets incarcerated into `` The Pit . '' 6 6 `` The Phantom '' Stuart McDonald Carol Kolb July 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) 106 1.15 Steve and Owen argue over the best use of island supplies . Danny tries to remember an actor 's name . Pack faces a difficult decision . 7 7 `` The Trial '' Ryan Case Rosa Handelman July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) 107 1.24 The island holds a trial after a serious accident . 8 8 `` The Adventures of Beth and Lamar '' Stuart McDonald Clay Lapari & Erin Mitchell July 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 26 ) 108 1.22 Owen and Danny search for food . Florence tries desperately to get a sick Emma medical help . Steve 's origins are revealed . 9 9 `` Javier and the Gang '' Todd Biermann Jordan Shipley & Justin Shipley August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 109 1.17 Owen has an encounter in the jungle . Florence and Todd try to survive off the island . 10 10 `` Cop Tricks '' Todd Biermann Jordan Shipley & Justin Shipley August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 110 0.92 Owen and Steve face off for control of the island . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 11 `` Ransom '' Ian Fitzgibbon The Shipley Brothers June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 201 1.21 Pirates arrive on the island to ransom Danny back to his millionaire father , but things do n't go as planned for anyone . 12 `` Poison '' Ian Fitzgibbon Anthony King June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 202 0.86 As the pirates take over the island , Pack tries to negotiate a deal for the group 's continued survival . Steve tries to make an alliance with Danny . 13 `` Caiman '' Maurice Marable Shaun Diston June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 203 1.02 Florence and Karen must trek into the jungle to find what is tainting their water . The castaways debate whether they want the pirates to spoil `` Game of Thrones . '' Steve begins an unlikely romance . 14 `` Tony Pepperoni '' Sarah Adina Smith Chris Kula July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) 204 0.87 Owen and Florence deal with the return of a deadly foe . Todd makes a haunting discovery about his past after trying to fist fight Chet . 15 5 `` No One Rides for Free '' Maurice Marable Celeste Ballard July 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 18 ) 205 0.94 Jess and Todd try to buy passage on the pirate 's ship through unconventional means . Owen starts to have feelings for Florence as Steve grapples with his new love . 16 6 `` Sister Mercy '' Sarah Adina Smith Anthony King July 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 25 ) 206 0.98 After discovering the pirate 's plan to harvest their organs , the survivors try to escape the island . Karen makes a difficult decision that echoes a moment from her past . 17 7 `` Cruise - ifornication '' Emile Levisetti Chris Kula August 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 01 ) 207 1.08 After making it onto the pirate 's ship ( a Red Hot Chili Peppers tribute band cruise ) , the survivors divide after only some of them are able to get showers before the water runs out . Pack and Bruce form an unlikely friendship . 18 8 `` Speed '' Jim Field Smith Lauren McGuire August 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) 208 1.00 After Todd and Jess decide to get married , Florence and Owen struggle to define their new romance . Corey returns to officiate the wedding . Pack and Steve make a discovery that threatens to tear them apart . 19 9 `` The Setup '' Jim Field Smith The Shipley Brothers August 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 15 ) 209 1.01 Danny launches an investigation after the survivors discover someone has sabotaged the ship by blowing the engine . Steve makes a shocking discovery at the bottom of the ship . 20 10 `` Nerd Speak '' James Griffiths The Shipley Brothers August 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) 210 1.08 As the ship sinks , the survivors try to escape . Meanwhile Danny , Owen , and Florence must confront Corey for the sabotage . Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 21 `` Bush Man '' Jim Field Smith The Shipley Brothers August 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 07 ) 301 0.87 After surviving the Cruisifornication explosion and washing ashore on a new island , the survivors uncover a menacing threat . 22 `` Puke & Cigars '' Jim Field Smith Chris Kula August 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 14 ) 302 0.98 After a charismatic millionaire rescues the survivors , Jess and Florence suspect he may not be what he seems , and set out to answer the question -- who is Declan Stanwick ? 23 `` Six Feet '' Justin Shipley The Shipley Brothers and Chris Kula August 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 21 ) 303 0.98 After discovering Declan 's sinister plot , Danny goes undercover with the rich , while Pack and Karen attempt to escape the compound . 24 `` A Game of Chest '' Jordan Shipley Lauren McGuire August 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 28 ) 304 0.86 After Jess loses her recollection of the last decade , Todd attempts to spark her memory . Steve and Declan face off in a battle of wits . 25 5 `` Last Meal '' Amy York Rubin Shaun Diston September 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 04 ) 305 0.90 On the eve of `` The Hunt , '' Martha offers to the survivors ' one last meal of their choosing ; as long as they can all decide together . 26 6 `` Hunt Day '' Alethea Jones Lyle Friedman September 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 11 ) 306 0.89 Hunt Day arrives and the survivors must face off against each other in a battle royale to the death . 27 7 `` Ballers '' Alethea Jones Celeste Ballard September 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 18 ) 307 0.91 Attempting to hide from the others during The Hunt , Pack and Jess run into a new threat on the island . 28 8 `` The Dark Prince Returns '' Jim Field Smith Charlie Fay and Isaac Jay September 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 25 ) 308 0.79 With Karen gravely injured , Owen and Danny must journey to the center of the island to defeat Chettywompwomp ; Florence learns more about Karen 's back story ; Pack , Todd and Jess face a futile task . 29 9 `` Mrs. Stanwick '' Jim Field Smith Chris Kula October 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 02 ) 309 0.73 The survivors attempt to turn the tables on the rich and lure them into a trap . 30 10 `` The Island Family '' James Griffiths The Shipley Brothers October 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 02 ) 310 0.55 Barricaded in the mansion and surrounded by the rich , the survivors mount one last attempt to escape Declan 's island . Reception ( edit ) Wrecked has received mixed reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , the series holds a score of 58 % , based on 10 reviews . The critics consensus reads : `` Wrecked is an imaginative spoof of Lost with a game cast that does n't have enough good material to work with . '' On Metacritic , the show holds a metascore of 56 , indicating mixed or average reviews . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Inspired by ' Lost , ' these KC brothers landed a TBS hit on their first try '' . kansascity . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Guest Book , ' ' People of Earth ' and ' Wrecked ' all renewed at TBS '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` TBS Deserted Island Comedy Pilot ' Wrecked ' Sets Ensemble Cast '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` britt lower on Twitter : `` the appropriate words that i should share are : i am in this show tomorrow ! ! ! # wrecked '' `` . Twitter.com. 2017 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` TBS Orders ' Wrecked ' Deserted Island Comedy Pilot That Echoes ' Lost ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Reilly Unveils Bold Vision for TNT & TBS At Turner Broadcasting 's 2015 Upfront '' . The Futon Critic . May 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.14. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.21. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.28. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.5. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.12. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.19. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.26. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.2. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.18. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 8 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.7. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 15 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.14. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 22 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.21. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 29 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.28. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 6 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.4. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 12 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.11. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 19 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.18. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 26 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.25. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 3 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.2. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wrecked - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Wrecked ( 2016 ) : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Wrecked on IMDb TBS original programming Current American Dad ! ( since 2014 ) Angie Tribeca ( since 2016 ) Conan ( since 2010 ) The Detour ( since 2016 ) Drop the Mic ( since 2017 ) Final Space ( since 2018 ) Full Frontal with Samantha Bee ( since 2016 ) The Guest Book ( since 2017 ) The Joker 's Wild ( since 2017 ) The Last O.G. ( since 2018 ) Major League Baseball on TBS ( since 2008 ) Movie and a Makeover ( since 2006 ) NCAA Beach Volleyball Championship ( since 2016 ) NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament ( since 2011 ) Search Party ( since 2016 ) Wrecked ( since 2016 ) Former 1970s debuts Best of World Championship Wrestling ( 1973 -- 87 ) Braves TBS Baseball ( 1973 -- 2007 ) Georgia Championship Wrestling ( 1972 -- 84 ) WCW Saturday Night ( 1971 -- 2000 ) 1980s debuts The Baseball Bunch ( 1980 -- 85 ) The Catlins ( 1983 -- 85 ) College Football on TBS ( 1982 -- 2006 ) Clash of the Champions ( 1988 -- 97 ) Down to Earth ( 1984 -- 87 ) G - Force : Guardians of Space ( 1986 ) Kid 's Beat ( 1983 -- 97 ) NASCAR on TBS ( 1983 -- 2000 ) National Geographic Explorer ( 1986 -- 99 ) NBA on TBS ( 1984 -- 2002 ) The New Leave It to Beaver ( 1986 -- 89 ) Night Tracks ( 1983 -- 92 ) Rocky Road ( 1985 -- 87 ) Safe at Home ( 1985 -- 88 ) Starcade ( 1982 -- 83 ) Tom and Jerry 's Funhouse on TBS ( 1986 -- 95 ) Tush ( 1980 -- 81 ) WCW Main Event ( 1988 -- 98 ) WCW Power Hour ( 1989 -- 94 ) 1990s debuts 2 Stupid Dogs ( 1993 -- 95 ) Between the Lines ( 1991 -- 94 ) Captain Planet and the Planeteers ( 1990 -- 96 ) Cartoon Planet ( 1995 ) The Chimp Channel ( 1999 ) Dinner and a Movie ( 1995 -- 2011 ) Live from the House of Blues ( 1995 ) Monkey - ed Movies ( 1998 ) The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest ( 1996 -- 97 ) SWAT Kats : The Radical Squadron ( 1993 -- 94 ) WCW Pro ( 1994 -- 98 ) WCW Thunder ( 1998 -- 2001 ) 2000s debuts 10 Items or Less ( 2006 -- 09 ) The Bill Engvall Show ( 2007 -- 09 ) Daisy Does America ( 2005 -- 06 ) Frank TV ( 2007 -- 08 ) He 's a Lady ( 2004 ) House Rules ( 2003 ) Lopez Tonight ( 2009 -- 11 ) Meet the Browns ( 2009 -- 11 ) Midnight Money Madness ( 2006 ) Minding the Store ( 2005 ) My Boys ( 2006 -- 10 ) Outback Jack ( 2004 ) The Real Gilligan 's Island ( 2004 -- 05 ) Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! ( 2000 -- 03 ) Tyler Perry 's House of Payne ( 2007 -- 12 ) Worst Case Scenarios ( 2002 ) 2010s debuts America 's Greatest Makers ( 2016 ) Are We There Yet ? ( 2010 -- 13 ) Bam 's Bad Ass Game Show ( 2014 ) CeeLo Green 's The Good Life ( 2014 ) Clipped ( 2015 ) Cougar Town ( 2013 -- 15 ) Deal with It ( 2013 -- 14 ) Deon Cole 's Black Box ( 2013 ) Funniest Wins ( 2014 ) Funny or Die Presents : America 's Next Weatherman ( 2015 ) Glory Daze ( 2010 -- 11 ) Ground Floor ( 2013 -- 15 ) King of the Nerds ( 2013 -- 15 ) Meet the Smiths ( 2015 ) Men at Work ( 2012 -- 14 ) Neighbors from Hell ( 2010 ) People of Earth ( 2016 -- 17 ) The Pete Holmes Show ( 2013 -- 14 ) Sullivan & Son ( 2012 -- 14 ) Separation Anxiety ( 2016 ) Tarantula ( 2017 ) Trust Me , I 'm a Game Show Host ( 2013 ) Tyler Perry 's For Better or Worse ( 2011 -- 12 ) Wedding Band ( 2012 -- 13 ) Who Gets the Last Laugh ? ( 2013 ) Your Family or Mine ( 2015 ) Upcoming Close Enough ( 2019 ) Miracle Workers ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wrecked_(U.S._TV_series)&oldid=864385898 '' Categories : 2017 in Fiji Television shows set in Fiji Television series by Studio T TBS ( U.S. TV channel ) programs 2010s American single - camera sitcoms 2016 American television series debuts English - language television programs Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 21 : 30 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when is the new season of wrecked coming out | [
"On July 6, 2016, TBS renewed the show for a second season which was shot in Fiji.[1] The second season premiered on June 20, 2017. On September 13, 2017, TBS renewed the series for a third season[2], which premiered on August 7, 2018.\n"
] | [
"August 7, 2018"
] |
-1376789061622902401 | Charlotte mayoral election, 2017 | Charlotte mayoral election , 2017 - wikipedia Charlotte mayoral election , 2017 Jump to : navigation , search Charlotte mayoral election , 2017 ← 2015 November 7 , 2017 2019 → Nominee Vi Lyles Kenny Smith Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 71,876 49,555 Percentage 59.13 % 40.77 % Mayor before election Jennifer Roberts Democratic Elected Mayor Vi Lyles Democratic The 2017 Charlotte mayoral election took place on Tuesday , November 7 , 2017 . Party primary elections were held on Tuesday , September 12 , 2017 . Second - round primaries would have been held on Tuesday , October 10 , 2017 , if they had been necessary , but both primary winners received more than the minimum 40 percent of the vote needed to avoid a runoff . The incumbent , Democrat Jennifer Roberts , was eligible to run for a second two - year term . She ran but lost the Democratic nomination in the primary . Two members of the City Council , Democrat Vi Lyles and Republican Kenny Smith , won the primaries and advanced to face each other in the general election . Vi Lyles defeated Kenny Smith in the general election , and became the 59th mayor of Charlotte , North Carolina . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Democratic primary 2.1 Candidates 2.1. 1 Declared 2.1. 2 Declined 2.2 Endorsements 2.3 Polling 2.4 Results 3 Republican primary 3.1 Candidates 3.1. 1 Declared 3.2 Endorsements 3.3 Results 4 General election 4.1 Polling 4.2 Results 5 References Background ( edit ) Jennifer Roberts , a former Mecklenburg County commissioner , was elected to her first term in 2015 when she defeated Republican Edwin Peacock III , a former Charlotte City Councilman . Democratic primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Jennifer Roberts , incumbent Joel Ford , North Carolina State Senator Vi Lyles , Charlotte City Councilwoman Constance Partee - Johnson Lucille Puckett Declined ( edit ) David Howard , former Charlotte City Councilman Endorsements ( edit ) ( show ) Jennifer Roberts Human Rights Campaign MeckPAC Equality NC New South Progressives Sierra Club Southern Piedmont Central Labor Council Unite Here Local 23 North Carolina Chapter ( show ) Joel Ford Charlotte Fire Fighters Association Real Estate and Building Industry Coalition ( show ) Vi Lyles Black Political Caucus Democracy for America Charlotte Post Charlotte Observer Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Jennifer Roberts ( D ) Joel Ford ( D ) Vi Lyles ( D ) Constance Partee - Johnson ( D ) Other Undecided Lake Research Partners June 1 -- 4 , 2017 400 ± 4.9 % 35 % 15 % 21 % -- -- 28 % Results ( edit ) Candidates Democratic Primary Election - Sept. 12 Candidate Party Votes Percent Vi Lyles Democratic 15,773 46.15 % Jennifer Roberts Democratic 12,375 36.21 % Joel Ford Democratic 5,452 15.95 % Constance Partee ( Connie ) Johnson Democratic 310 0.91 % Lucille Puckett Democratic 267 0.78 % Republican primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Kimberley Paige Barnette , former magistrate Barnette garnered controversy in September 2017 when her Facebook page briefly described herself as `` Republican $ Smart , White , Traditional . '' The controversy garnered national attention . Gary M. Dunn , candidate for Democratic nomination in 2013 Kenny Smith , Charlotte City Councilman Endorsements ( edit ) ( show ) Kenny Smith Fraternal Order of Police Charlotte Observer Results ( edit ) Candidates Republican Primary Election - Sept. 12 Candidate Party Votes Percent Kenny Smith Republican 7,912 88.63 % Gary M. Dunn Republican 553 6.19 % Kimberley Paige Barnette Republican 462 5.18 % General election ( edit ) Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Vi Lyles ( D ) Kenny Smith ( R ) Undecided SurveyUSA October 18 -- 21 , 2017 517 ± 4.4 % 41 % 40 % 19 % Results ( edit ) Candidates General Election - Nov. 7 Candidate Party Votes Percent Vi Lyles Democratic 71,876 59.13 % Kenny Smith Republican 49,555 40.77 % References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Multi Year Election Schedule '' . Mecklenburg County Government . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charlotte Observer : Vi Lyles stuns Roberts , faces Kenny Smith for Charlotte mayor ^ Jump up to : Spanberg , Erik ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Thought election season was over in Charlotte ? Mayor 's race getting an early start '' . Charlotte Business Journal . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Paul ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` Councilman Smith leads way with most money in mayoral race '' . WSOC - TV . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Steve ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` In mayoral debate , Jennifer Roberts and Vi Lyles play nice '' . The Charlotte Observer . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://apps.meckboe.org/CandidatePrint.aspx Jump up ^ Harrison , Steve ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` LGBT groups make their picks for Charlotte mayor , council '' . The Charlotte Observer . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.meckpac.org/endorsements/2017-charlotte-mayoral-city-council-endorsements/ Jump up ^ http://equalitync.org/latest/news/turnoutCLT/ Jump up ^ http://us14.campaign-archive1.com/?u=d11fd3f059107c746d4deb4a3&id=718e797b42 Jump up ^ http://www.sierraclub.org/sites/www.sierraclub.org/files/sce/central-piedmont-group/2017%20Charlotte%20Mayor%20Endorsement.pdf Jump up ^ https://splabor.org/news/september-primary-endorsements-announced Jump up ^ https://www.jenniferrobertsformayor.com/endorsements Jump up ^ https://joelfordformayor.com/2017/08/29/charlotte-firefighters-endorse-joel-ford-for-mayor/ Jump up ^ https://rebiccharlotte.com/2017/08/08/rebic-announces-endorsements-for-charlotte-city-council-primary/ Jump up ^ Morrill , Jim ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Black Political Caucus has endorsed a mayoral candidate . How will it shape the primary ? '' . The Charlotte Observer . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.democracyforamerica.com/our_candidates#NC Jump up ^ Charlotte Post Editorial Board ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Post endorses Vi Lyles in Democratic mayoral primary Experience and leadership earns support '' . The Charlotte Post . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charlotte Observer Editorial Board ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Who we like in the Charlotte mayor 's race , and why '' . The Charlotte Observer . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Herbert ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Poll : Mayor Roberts leads Lyles and Ford in Democratic campaign '' . The Charlotte Post . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : NC State Board of Elections Sept. 12 Primary Results ^ Jump up to : NC State Board of Elections : Candidate filings Jump up ^ LinkedIn Jump up ^ Savransky , Rebecca ( 2017 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Candidate for Charlotte mayor puts ' white ' among qualifications '' . TheHill . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Steve ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Kenny Smith formally announces mayoral bid with swipes at Mayor Roberts '' . Charlotte Observer . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/politics-government/election/article175865761.html/ Jump up ^ http://www.charlotteobserver.com/opinion/editorials/article172619896.html Jump up ^ http://er.ncsbe.gov/?election_dt=11/07/2017&county_id=60&office=ALL&contest=0 ( 2016 ← ) 2017 United States elections ( → 2018 ) U.S. Senate Alabama U.S. House California 's 34th Georgia 's 6th Kansas 's 4th Montana 's at - large South Carolina 's 5th Utah 's 3rd Governors New Jersey Virginia Mayors Albuquerque , NM Atlanta , GA Atlantic City , NJ Boston , MA Buffalo , NY Charlotte , NC Cincinnati , OH Cleveland , OH Detroit , MI El Paso , TX Frederick , MD Hoboken , NJ Jackson , MS Jersey City , NJ Los Angeles , CA Miami , FL Minneapolis , MN New Orleans , LA New York , NY North Miami , FL Omaha , NE Pittsburgh , PA Raleigh , NC Rochester , NY St. Louis , MO St. Paul , MN St. Petersburg , FL San Antonio , TX Seattle , WA City Houston , TX Minneapolis , MN State New Jersey Virginia Territories Puerto Rican status referendum Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlotte_mayoral_election,_2017&oldid=813627367 '' Categories : Mayoral elections in Charlotte , North Carolina North Carolina elections , 2017 United States mayoral elections , 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 12 : 01 . About Wikipedia | who is running for mayor of charlotte nc | [
"\n\nCandidates\nGeneral Election - Nov. 7[28]\n\n\nCandidate\nParty\nVotes\nPercent\n\n\nVi Lyles\nDemocratic\n71,876\n59.13%\n\n\nKenny Smith\nRepublican\n49,555\n40.77%\n\n",
"\n\nCandidates\nGeneral Election - Nov. 7[28]\n\n\nCandidate\nParty\nVotes\nPercent\n\n\nVi Lyles\nDemocratic\n71,876\n59.13%\n\n\nKenny Smith\nRepublican\n49,555\n40.77%\n\n"
] | [
"Vi Lyles",
"Kenny Smith"
] |
-4290995734869358358 | Eye for an eye | Eye for an eye - wikipedia Eye for an eye Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the principle of retributive justice . For other uses , see Eye for an eye ( disambiguation ) and Lex talionis ( disambiguation ) . `` Only one eye for one eye '' , also known as `` An eye for an eye '' , or the law of retaliation , is the principle that a person who has injured another person is to be penalized to a similar degree , or in softer interpretations , the victim receives the ( estimated ) value of the injury in compensation . The intent behind the principle was to restrict compensation to the value of the loss . The principle is sometimes referred using the Latin term lex talionis or the law of talion . The English word talion ( from the Latin talio ) means a retaliation authorized by law , in which the punishment corresponds in kind and degree to the injury . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition and methods 2 Antecedents 3 In religion 3.1 Judaism 3.1. 1 Talmud 3.1. 2 Objective of reciprocal justice in Judaism 3.1. 3 Social hierarchy and reciprocal justice 3.2 Christianity 3.3 Islam 4 Notable criticisms 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Definition and methods ( edit ) An interactive piece at the Viktor Frankl Museum ... `` As a Human Being ... Aug ' um Aug ' ? '' The term lex talionis does not always and only refer to literal eye - for - an - eye codes of justice ( see rather mirror punishment ) but applies to the broader class of legal systems that specify formulate penalties for specific crimes , which are thought to be fitting in their severity . Some propose that this was at least in part intended to prevent excessive punishment at the hands of either an avenging private party or the state . The most common expression of lex talionis is `` an eye for an eye '' , but other interpretations have been given as well . Legal codes following the principle of lex talionis have one thing in common : prescribed ' fitting ' counter punishment for a felony . In the famous legal code written by Hammurabi , the principle of exact reciprocity is very clearly used . For example , if a person caused the death of another person , the killer would be put to death . The simplest example is the `` eye for an eye '' principle . In that case , the rule was that punishment must be exactly equal to the crime . Conversely , the twelve tables of Rome merely prescribed particular penalties for particular crimes . The Anglo - Saxon legal code substituted payment of wergild for direct retribution : a particular person 's life had a fixed value , derived from his social position ; any homicide was compensated by paying the appropriate wergild , regardless of intent . Under the British Common Law , successful plaintiffs were entitled to repayment equal to their loss ( in monetary terms ) . In the modern tort law system , this has been extended to translate non-economic losses into money as well . The meaning of the principle Eye for an Eye is that a person who has been injured by another person returns the offending action to the originator in compensation , or that an authority does so on behalf of the injured person . The exact Latin ( lex talionis ) to English translation of this phrase is `` The law of retaliation . '' The root principle of this law is to provide equitable retribution . Antecedents ( edit ) Various ideas regarding the origins of lex talionis exist , but a common one is that it developed as early civilizations grew and a less well - established system for retribution of wrongs , feuds and vendettas , threatened the social fabric . Despite having been replaced with newer modes of legal theory , lex talionis systems served a critical purpose in the development of social systems -- the establishment of a body whose purpose was to enact the retaliation and ensure that this was the only punishment . This body was the state in one of its earliest forms . The principle is found in Babylonian Law . If it is surmised that in societies not bound by the rule of law , if a person was hurt , then the injured person ( or their relative ) would take vengeful retribution on the person who caused the injury . The retribution might be worse than the crime , perhaps even death . Babylonian law put a limit on such actions , restricting the retribution to be no worse than the crime , as long as victim and offender occupied the same status in society . As with blasphemy or lèse - majesté ( crimes against a god or a monarch ) , crimes against one 's social betters were punished more severely . Roman law moved toward monetary compensation as a substitute for vengeance . In cases of assault , fixed penalties were set for various injuries , although talio was still permitted if one person broke another 's limb . In religion ( edit ) First referenced in the Code of Hammurabi , ( which predates the Hebrew bible . ) In the Hebrew Law , the `` eye for eye '' was to restrict compensation to the value of the loss . Thus , it might be better read ' only one eye for one eye ' . The biblical phrase `` an eye for an eye '' in Exodus and Leviticus ( עין תחת עין , ayin tachat ayin ) literally means ' an eye in place of an eye ' while a slightly different phrase ( עַיִן בְּעַיִן שֵׁן בְּשֵׁן , literally `` eye for an eye ; tooth for a tooth '' ) is used in another passage ( in Deuteronomy ) of the Hebrew Bible , specifically , in the first of its three subdivisions , the Torah . For example , a passage in Leviticus states , `` And a man who injures his countryman -- as he has done , so it shall be done to him ( namely , ) fracture for fracture , eye for eye , tooth for tooth . Just as he has injured a person , so it shall be done to him . '' ( Lev. 24 : 19 -- 21 ) Judaism ( edit ) Isaac Kalimi explains that the `` lex talionis was humanized by the Rabbis who interpreted `` an eye for an eye '' to mean reasonable pecuniary compensation . As in the case of the Babylonian ' lex talionis ' , ethical Judaism and humane Jewish jurisprudence replaces the peshat ( literal meaning ) of the written Torah . Pasachoff and Littman point to the reinterpretation of the lex talionis as an example of the ability of Pharisaic Judaism to `` adapt to changing social and intellectual ideas . '' Talmud ( edit ) The Talmud interprets the verses referring to `` an eye for an eye '' and similar expressions as mandating monetary compensation in tort cases and argues against the interpretations by Sadducees that the Bible verses refer to physical retaliation in kind , using the argument that such an interpretation would be inapplicable to blind or eyeless offenders . Since the Torah requires that penalties be universally applicable , the phrase can not be interpreted in this manner . The Oral Law explains , based upon the biblical verses , that the Bible mandates a sophisticated five - part monetary form of compensation , consisting of payment for `` Damages , Pain , Medical Expenses , Incapacitation , and Mental Anguish '' -- which underlies many modern legal codes . Some rabbinic literature explains , moreover , that the expression , `` An eye for an eye , etc . '' suggests that the perpetrator deserves to lose his own eye , but that biblical law treats him leniently . − Paraphrased from the Union of Orthodox Congregations . However , the Torah also discusses a form of direct reciprocal justice , where the phrase ayin tachat ayin makes another appearance . Here , the Torah discusses false witnesses who conspire to testify against another person . The Torah requires the court to `` do to him as he had conspired to do to his brother '' . Assuming the fulfillment of certain technical criteria ( such as the sentencing of the accused whose punishment was not yet executed ) , wherever it is possible to punish the conspirators with exactly the same punishment through which they had planned to harm their fellow , the court carries out this direct reciprocal justice ( including when the punishment constitutes the death penalty ) . Otherwise , the offenders receive lashes . Since there is no form of punishment in the Torah that calls for the maiming of an offender ( punitary amputation ) there is no case where a conspiratorial false witness could possibly be punished by the court injuring to his eye , tooth , hand , or foot . There is one case where the Torah states `` ... and you shall cut off her hand ... '' The sages of the Talmud understood the literal meaning of this verse as referring to a case where the woman is attacking a man in potentially lethal manner . This verse teaches that , although one must intervene to save the victim , one may not kill a lethal attacker if it is possible to neutralize that attacker through non-lethal injury . Regardless , there is no verse that even appears to mandate injury to the eye , tooth , or foot . Numbers 35 : 9 -- 30 discusses the only form of remotely reciprocal justice not carried out directly by the court , where , under very limited circumstances , someone found guilty of negligent manslaughter may be killed by a relative of the deceased who takes on the role of `` redeemer of blood '' . In such cases , the court requires the guilty party to flee to a designated city of refuge . While the guilty party is there , the `` redeemer of blood '' may not kill him . If , however , the guilty party illegally forgoes his exile , the `` redeemer of blood '' , as an accessory of the court , may kill the guilty party . Nevertheless , the provision of the `` redeemer of blood '' does not serve as true reciprocal justice , because the redeemer only acts to penalize a negligent killer who forgoes his exile . Furthermore , intentional killing does not parallel negligent killing and thus can not serve directly as a reciprocal punishment for manslaughter , but as a penalty for escaping punishment . According to traditional Jewish Law , application of these laws requires the presence and maintenance of the biblically designated cities of refuge , as well as a conviction in an eligible court of 23 judges as delineated by the Torah and Talmud . The latter condition is also applicable for any capital punishment . These circumstances have not existed for approximately 2,000 years . Objective of reciprocal justice in Judaism ( edit ) The Talmud discusses the concept of justice as measure - for - measure retribution ( middah k'neged middah ) in the context of divinely implemented justice . Regarding reciprocal justice by court , however , the Torah states that punishments serve to remove dangerous elements from society ( `` ... and you shall eliminate the evil from your midst '' ) and to deter potential criminals from violating the law ( `` And the rest shall hear and be daunted , and they shall no longer commit anything like this evil deed in your midst '' ) . Additionally , reciprocal justice in tort cases serves to compensate the victim ( see above ) . The ideal of vengeance for the sake of assuaging the distress of the victim plays no role in the Torah 's conception of court justice , as victims are cautioned against even hating or bearing a grudge against those who have harmed them . The Torah makes no distinction between whether the potential object of hatred or a grudge has been brought to justice , and all people are taught to love their fellow Israelites . Social hierarchy and reciprocal justice ( edit ) In Exodus 21 , as in the Code of Hammurabi , the concept of reciprocal justice seemingly applies to social equals ; the statement of reciprocal justice `` life for life , eye for eye , tooth for tooth , hand for hand , foot for foot , burn for burn , wound for wound , stripe for stripe '' is followed by an example of a different law : if a slave - owner blinds the eye or knocks out the tooth of a slave , the slave is freed but the owner pays no other consequence . On the other hand , the slave would probably be put to death for the injury of the eye of the slave - owner . However the reciprocal justice applies across social boundaries : the `` eye for eye '' principle is directly followed by the proclamation `` You are to have one law for the alien and the citizen . '' This shows a much more meaningful principle for social justice , in that the marginalized in society were given the same rights under the social structure . In this context , the reciprocal justice in an ideal functioning setting , according to Michael Coogan , `` to prevent people from taking the law into their own hands and exacting disproportionate vengeance for offenses committed against them . '' Christianity ( edit ) See also : Christian views on the old covenant When talking about an `` eye for an eye '' , Jesus taught to turn the other cheek during the Sermon on the Mount . In the Sermon on the Mount , Jesus urges his followers to turn the other cheek : You have heard that it was said , `` An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth . '' But I say to you , Do not resist the one who is evil . But if anyone slaps you on the right cheek , turn to him the other also . -- Jesus Christ , English Standard Version ( Matthew 5 : 38 - 39 ) Some interpret this as an admonition not to seek legal steps for any compensation that corresponds in kind and degree to the injury : . Others interpret it as Jesus simply teaching his followers not to take personal vengeance , rather than commenting on any legal practice . Christian interpretation of the Biblical passage has been heavily influenced by the Church father Augustine of Hippo . He already discussed in his Contra Faustum , Book XIX , the points of ' fulfilment or destruction ' of the Jewish law . George Robinson characterizes the passage of Exodus ( `` an eye for an eye '' ) as one of the `` most controversial in the Bible '' . According to Robinson , some have pointed to this passage as evidence of the vengeful nature of justice in the Hebrew Bible . Similarly , Abraham Bloch speculates that the `` lex talionis has been singled out as a classical example of biblical harshness . '' Harry S. Lewis points to Lamech , Gideon and Samson as Biblical heroes who were renowned for `` their prowess in executing blood revenge upon their public and private enemies . '' Lewis asserts that this `` right of ' wild ' justice was gradually limited . '' Stephen Wylen asserts that the lex talionis is `` proof of the unique value of each individual '' and that it teaches `` equality of all human beings for law . '' Islam ( edit ) Main article : Qisas The Qur'an mentions the `` eye for an eye '' concept as being ordained for the Children of Israel . The principle of Lex talionis in Islam is Qiṣāṣ ( Arabic : قصاص ) as mentioned in Qur'an , 2 : 178 : `` O you who have believed , prescribed for you is legal retribution ( Qisas ) for those murdered -- the free for the free , the slave for the slave , and the female for the female . But whoever overlooks from his brother anything , then there should be a suitable follow - up and payment to him with good conduct . This is an alleviation from your Lord and a mercy . But whoever transgresses after that will have a painful punishment . '' Shi'ite countries that use Islamic Sharia law , such as Iran , apply the `` eye for an eye '' rule literally . In the Torah We prescribed for them a life for a life , an eye for an eye , a nose for a nose , an ear for an ear , a tooth for a tooth , an equal wound for a wound : if anyone forgoes this out of charity , it will serve as atonement for his bad deeds . Those who do not judge according to what God has revealed are doing grave wrong . ( Qurʾān , 5 : 45 ) Notable criticisms ( edit ) Martin Luther King , Jr. later used this phrase in the context of racial violence : `` The old law of an eye for an eye leaves everyone blind . '' See also ( edit ) Aggression Bubuti system Capital punishment Deterrence theory Divine retribution Forgiveness Golden Rule Moral hazard Mutual assured destruction Non-aggression principle Norm of reciprocity Pacifism Punitive Revenge Retorsion Silver Rule Two wrongs make a right Tit for tat Vigilante An Eye for an Eye , novel References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Plaut 1945 , pp. 571ff . ^ Jump up to : Plaut 1981 , p. 572 . ^ Jump up to : Plaut 1981 , pp. 571ff . Jump up ^ Knight , Douglas A ; Levine , Amy - Jill ( 2011 ) . The Meaning of the Bible . New York : Harper Collins . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 112175 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hammurabi & 1780 BC , § 230 . Jump up ^ Hammurabi & 1780 BC . Jump up ^ Bond , Kenneth ( 1998 ) , Religious Beliefs as a Basis for Ethical Decision Making in the Workplace , Humboldt State University , archived from the original on 3 July 2007 , retrieved 10 July 2010 , ... Code of Hammurabi ( 1780 BC ) . I used a translation by LW King with Commentary by Charles F. Horne ( 1915 ) . My version was a 1996 electronically enhanced version of the 1910 Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` Roman law : Delict and contract '' , Encyclopædia Britannica . ^ Jump up to : Lv 24 : 19 -- 21 Jump up ^ Ex 21 : 22 -- 25 Jump up ^ Dt 19 : 16 - 21 Jump up ^ Kalimi , Isaac ; Haas , Peter J ( 2006 ) . Biblical interpretation in Judaism and Christianity . Continuum . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Pasachoff , Naomi E ; Littman , Robert J ( 2005 ) . A concise history of the Jewish people . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 64 . Jump up ^ Bava Kamma , 83b -- 84a . Jump up ^ `` Torah '' , About Judaism , ou.org . Jump up ^ Dt 19 : 16 -- 21 . ^ Jump up to : Dt 19 : 19 . Jump up ^ Makot , 1 : 1 . Jump up ^ Bab . Talmud , 2a , based on critical exegesis of Dt 25 : 1 -- 3 Jump up ^ Dt 25 : 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Sifrei . Jump up ^ Maimonides , Yad . Jump up ^ Hillel , `` Rotze'ach u'Sh'mirat Nefesh '' , Nezikin , 1 : 7 . Jump up ^ Makot , 7a -- 13a . Jump up ^ Dt 19 : 20 . Jump up ^ Lv 19 : 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Ex 21 : 23 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : Coogan , Michael D ( 2009 ) . A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament : The Hebrew Bible in Its Context . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533272 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lv 24 : 19 -- 22 . Jump up ^ `` Righteous Personal Conduct Interpretation of Turning the Other Cheek '' . Wikepedia . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . Jump up ^ of Hippo , Augustine , `` Contra Faustum '' , Fathers , NewAdvent . Jump up ^ Robinson , George ( 2000 ) . Essential Judaism : a complete guide to beliefs , customs and rituals . Simon & Schuster . p. 242 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 03481 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bloch , Abraham P ( 1984 ) . A book of Jewish ethical concepts : Biblical and postbiblical . KTAV . Jump up ^ Lewis , Harry Samuel ( 1915 ) . Liberal Judaism and social service . Bloch . p. 37 . Jump up ^ Wylen , Stephen M ( 2005 ) . The seventy faces of Torah : the Jewish way of reading the Sacred Scriptures . Paulist Press . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Qur'an , V : 45 . Jump up ^ Court orders Iranian man blinded , BBC , 28 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Acid blinding sentence postponed by Iran after international outcry '' , The Guardian , UK , 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ King , Martin Luther jr , King , Coretta Scott , ed. , The Words , Violence as a way of achieving racial justice is both impractical and immoral . It is impractical because it is a descending spiral ending in destruction for all . The old law of an eye for an eye leaves everyone blind . It is immoral because it seeks to humiliate the opponent rather than win his understanding ... Bibliography ( edit ) Hammurabi , Code of 1780 BC . Plaut ( 1981 ) , The Torah -- A Modern Commentary , New York : Union of American Hebrew Congregations . External links ( edit ) Aquinas , Thomas , `` Matthew 5 : 38 -- 42 '' , Catena ( collation of commentaries ) . Calvin , Jean , `` 21 : 22 -- 26 '' , Commentary on Exodus , Christian classics ethereal library . -- -- -- , `` 5 : 38 '' , Commentary on Matthew Miller , Professor William Ian , `` The fine art of revenge '' , Salon ( interview ) : the author of `` Eye for an Eye '' , about the Lex talionis . Shubow , Justin ( December 2006 ) , `` Blind Justice '' , First Things ( review of William Ian Miller 's Eye for an Eye ) , archived from the original on 23 February 2008 . `` Part 1 '' , Tolstoy 's Legacy for Mankind : A Manifesto for Nonviolence , DK : Freds akademiet & Part 2 `` The Torah and Lex Talionis '' , About Judaism ( explanation ) , Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eye_for_an_eye&oldid=821341445 '' Categories : Criminal law English - language idioms Codes of conduct Legal history Law and morality Biblical phrases Islamic terminology Christian terminology Revenge Hidden categories : Pages with Bible version errors Use dmy dates from May 2011 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2017 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 21 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the eye for an eye come from | [
"First referenced in the Code of Hammurabi, (which predates the Hebrew bible.) In the Hebrew Law, the \"eye for eye\" was to restrict compensation to the value of the loss. Thus, it might be better read 'only one eye for one eye'.[3] The biblical phrase \"an eye for an eye\" in Exodus and Leviticus (עין תחת עין, ayin tachat ayin) literally means 'an eye in place of an eye' while a slightly different phrase (עַיִן בְּעַיִן שֵׁן בְּשֵׁן, literally \"eye for an eye; tooth for a tooth\") is used in another passage (in Deuteronomy) of the Hebrew Bible, specifically, in the first of its three subdivisions, the Torah.[9][10][11] For example, a passage in Leviticus states, \"And a man who injures his countryman – as he has done, so it shall be done to him [namely,] fracture for fracture, eye for eye, tooth for tooth. Just as he has injured a person, so it shall be done to him.\" (Lev. 24:19–21)[9]"
] | [
"Hebrew bible"
] |
4779943362827487014 | List of prime ministers of Elizabeth II | List of prime ministers of Elizabeth II - wikipedia List of prime ministers of Elizabeth II Queen Elizabeth II with several of her prime ministers and other Commonwealth nation leaders at the 1960 Commonwealth Prime Ministers ' Conference Since succeeding her father on 6 February 1952 , Queen Elizabeth II has been head of state of 32 different independent states ; currently , there are 16 states , called Commonwealth realms . Within the Westminster system in each realm , the Queen 's government is headed by a prime minister . Appointment and dismissal of prime ministers are common reserve powers that can be exercised by the Queen or her governors - general . This list does not cover Commonwealth nations that are not Commonwealth realms , nor holders of offices of prime minister in colonies or sub-national entities such as states or provinces . The Queen has had over 160 individuals serve as her realms ' prime ministers throughout her reign , the first new appointment being Dudley Senanayake as Prime Minister of Ceylon and the most recent being Mia Mottley as Prime Minister of Barbados . Several of the Queen 's prime ministers from various realms have been appointed for life to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prime ministers of current realms 1.1 Antigua and Barbuda 1.2 Australia 1.3 Bahamas 1.4 Barbados 1.5 Belize 1.6 Canada 1.7 Grenada 1.8 Jamaica 1.9 New Zealand 1.10 Papua New Guinea 1.11 Saint Kitts and Nevis 1.12 Saint Lucia 1.13 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1.14 Solomon Islands 1.15 Tuvalu 1.16 United Kingdom 2 Prime ministers of former realms 2.1 Ceylon 2.2 Fiji 2.3 Gambia 2.4 Ghana 2.5 Guyana 2.6 Kenya 2.7 Malawi 2.8 Malta 2.9 Mauritius 2.10 Nigeria 2.11 Pakistan 2.12 Sierra Leone 2.13 South Africa 2.14 Tanganyika 2.15 Trinidad and Tobago 2.16 Uganda 3 Anomalous cases 4 See also 5 References 6 Notes Prime ministers of current realms ( edit ) Antigua and Barbuda ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda became independent on 1 November 1981 with Vere Bird as the first prime minister . Bird had previously been Premier of Antigua . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Vere Bird ( 1910 -- 1999 ) 1 November 1981 9 March 1994 Lester Bird ( 1938 -- ) 9 March 1994 24 March 2004 Baldwin Spencer ( 1948 -- ) 24 March 2004 13 June 2014 Gaston Browne ( 1967 -- ) 13 June 2014 Incumbent Reference Australia ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Australia Queen Elizabeth II with Prime Minister of Australia Robert Menzies during her first tour of Australia in 1954 Robert Menzies was the incumbent prime minister of Australia when Elizabeth became queen . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Sir Robert Menzies ( 1894 -- 1978 ) 19 December 1949 26 January 1966 Harold Holt ( 1908 -- 1967 ) 26 January 1966 19 December 1967 Sir John McEwen ( 1900 -- 1980 ) 19 December 1967 10 January 1968 Sir John Gorton ( 1911 -- 2002 ) 10 January 1968 10 March 1971 5 Sir William McMahon ( 1908 -- 1988 ) 10 March 1971 5 December 1972 6 Gough Whitlam ( 1916 -- 2014 ) 5 December 1972 11 November 1975 7 Malcolm Fraser ( 1930 -- 2015 ) 11 November 1975 11 March 1983 8 Bob Hawke ( 1929 -- ) 11 March 1983 20 December 1991 9 Paul Keating ( 1944 -- ) 20 December 1991 11 March 1996 10 John Howard ( 1939 -- ) 11 March 1996 3 December 2007 11 Kevin Rudd ( 1957 -- ) 3 December 2007 24 June 2010 12 Julia Gillard ( 1961 -- ) 24 June 2010 27 June 2013 ( 11 ) Kevin Rudd ( 1957 -- ) 27 June 2013 18 September 2013 13 Tony Abbott ( 1957 -- ) 18 September 2013 15 September 2015 14 Malcolm Turnbull ( 1954 -- ) 15 September 2015 Incumbent Reference Bahamas ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of the Bahamas The Bahamas became independent on 10 July 1973 with Lynden Pindling as the first prime minister . Pindling had previously been the prime minister of the self - governing Commonwealth of the Bahama Islands . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Sir Lynden Pindling ( 1930 -- 2000 ) 10 July 1973 21 August 1992 Hubert Ingraham ( 1947 -- ) 21 August 1992 3 May 2002 Perry Christie ( 1943 -- ) 3 May 2002 4 May 2007 ( 2 ) Hubert Ingraham ( 1947 -- ) 4 May 2007 8 May 2012 ( 3 ) Perry Christie ( 1943 -- ) 8 May 2012 11 May 2017 Hubert Minnis ( 1954 -- ) 11 May 2017 Incumbent Reference Barbados ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Barbados Barbados became independent on 30 November 1966 with Errol Barrow as the first prime minister . Barrow had previously been Premier of Barbados . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Errol Barrow ( 1920 -- 1987 ) 30 November 1966 8 September 1976 J.M.G.M. ' Tom ' Adams ( 1931 -- 1985 ) 8 September 1976 11 March 1985 Harold Bernard St. John ( 1931 -- 2004 ) 11 March 1985 29 May 1986 ( 1 ) Errol Barrow ( 1920 -- 1987 ) 29 May 1986 1 June 1987 Lloyd Erskine Sandiford ( 1937 -- ) 1 June 1987 7 September 1994 5 Owen Arthur ( 1945 -- ) 7 September 1994 16 January 2008 6 David Thompson ( 1961 -- 2010 ) 16 January 2008 23 October 2010 7 Freundel Stuart ( 1951 -- ) 23 October 2010 25 May 2018 8 Mia Mottley ( 1965 -- ) 25 May 2018 Incumbent Reference Belize ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Belize Belize became independent on 21 September 1981 with George Cadle Price as the first prime minister . Price had previously been Premier of Belize . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office George Cadle Price ( 1919 -- 2011 ) 21 September 1981 17 December 1984 Manuel Esquivel ( 1940 -- ) 17 December 1984 7 November 1989 ( 1 ) George Cadle Price ( 1919 -- 2011 ) 7 November 1989 3 July 1993 ( 2 ) Manuel Esquivel ( 1940 -- ) 3 July 1993 28 August 1998 Said Musa ( 1944 -- ) 28 August 1998 8 February 2008 Dean Barrow ( 1951 -- ) 8 February 2008 Incumbent Reference Canada ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Canada Louis St. Laurent was the incumbent Prime Minister of Canada when Elizabeth became queen . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Louis St. Laurent ( 1882 -- 1973 ) 15 November 1948 21 June 1957 John Diefenbaker ( 1895 -- 1979 ) 21 June 1957 22 April 1963 Lester B. Pearson ( 1897 -- 1972 ) 22 April 1963 20 April 1968 Pierre Trudeau ( 1919 -- 2000 ) 20 April 1968 4 June 1979 5 Joe Clark ( 1939 -- ) 4 June 1979 3 March 1980 ( 4 ) Pierre Trudeau ( 1919 -- 2000 ) 3 March 1980 30 June 1984 6 John Turner ( 1929 -- ) 30 June 1984 17 September 1984 7 Brian Mulroney ( 1939 -- ) 17 September 1984 25 June 1993 8 Kim Campbell ( 1947 -- ) 25 June 1993 4 November 1993 9 Jean Chrétien ( 1934 -- ) 4 November 1993 12 December 2003 10 Paul Martin ( 1938 -- ) 12 December 2003 6 February 2006 11 Stephen Harper ( 1959 -- ) 6 February 2006 4 November 2015 12 Justin Trudeau ( 1971 -- ) 4 November 2015 Incumbent Reference Grenada ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Grenada Grenada became independent on 7 February 1974 with Eric Gairy as the first prime minister . Gairy had previously been Premier of Grenada . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Sir Eric Gairy ( 1922 -- 1997 ) 7 February 1974 13 March 1979 Maurice Bishop ( 1943 -- 1983 ) 13 March 1979 19 October 1983 Herbert Blaize ( 1918 -- 1999 ) 4 December 1984 19 December 1989 Ben Jones ( 1924 -- 2005 ) 19 December 1989 16 March 1990 5 Nicholas Brathwaite ( 1925 -- 2016 ) 16 March 1990 1 February 1995 6 George Brizan ( 1942 -- 2012 ) 1 February 1995 22 June 1995 7 Keith Mitchell ( 1946 -- ) 22 June 1995 9 July 2008 8 Tillman Thomas ( 1947 -- ) 9 July 2008 20 February 2013 ( 7 ) Keith Mitchell ( 1946 -- ) 20 February 2013 Incumbent Reference Jamaica ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Jamaica Jamaica became independent on 6 August 1962 with Alexander Bustamante as the first prime minister . Bustamante had previously been Premier of Jamaica . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Sir Alexander Bustamante ( 1884 -- 1977 ) 6 August 1962 23 February 1967 Sir Donald Sangster ( 1911 -- 1967 ) 23 February 1967 11 April 1967 Hugh Shearer ( 1923 -- 2004 ) 11 April 1967 2 March 1972 Michael Manley ( 1924 -- 1997 ) 2 March 1972 1 November 1980 5 Edward Seaga ( 1930 -- ) 1 November 1980 10 February 1989 ( 4 ) Michael Manley ( 1924 -- 1997 ) 10 February 1989 30 March 1992 6 P.J. Patterson ( 1935 -- ) 30 March 1992 30 March 2006 7 Portia Simpson - Miller ( 1945 -- ) 30 March 2006 11 September 2007 8 Bruce Golding ( 1947 -- ) 11 September 2007 23 October 2011 9 Andrew Holness ( 1972 -- ) 23 October 2011 5 January 2012 ( 7 ) Portia Simpson - Miller ( 1945 -- ) 5 January 2012 3 March 2016 ( 9 ) Andrew Holness ( 1972 -- ) 3 March 2016 Incumbent Reference New Zealand ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of New Zealand Sidney Holland was the incumbent Prime Minister of New Zealand when Elizabeth became queen . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Sir Sidney Holland ( 1893 -- 1961 ) 13 December 1949 20 September 1957 Sir Keith Holyoake ( 1904 -- 1983 ) 20 September 1957 12 December 1957 Sir Walter Nash ( 1882 -- 1968 ) 12 December 1957 12 December 1960 ( 2 ) Sir Keith Holyoake ( 1904 -- 1983 ) 12 December 1960 7 February 1972 Sir Jack Marshall ( 1912 -- 1988 ) 7 February 1972 8 December 1972 5 Norman Kirk ( 1923 -- 1974 ) 8 December 1972 31 August 1974 † 6 Sir Bill Rowling ( 1927 -- 1995 ) 6 September 1974 12 December 1975 7 Sir Robert Muldoon ( 1921 -- 1992 ) 12 December 1975 26 July 1984 8 David Lange ( 1942 -- 2005 ) 26 July 1984 8 August 1989 9 Sir Geoffrey Palmer ( 1942 -- ) 8 August 1989 4 September 1990 10 Mike Moore ( 1949 -- ) 4 September 1990 2 November 1990 11 Jim Bolger ( 1935 -- ) 2 November 1990 8 December 1997 12 Dame Jenny Shipley ( 1952 -- ) 8 December 1997 5 December 1999 13 Helen Clark ( 1950 -- ) 5 December 1999 19 November 2008 14 Sir John Key ( 1961 -- ) 19 November 2008 12 December 2016 15 Sir Bill English ( 1961 -- ) 12 December 2016 26 October 2017 16 Jacinda Ardern ( 1980 -- ) 26 October 2017 Incumbent Reference Papua New Guinea ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea became independent on 16 September 1975 with Michael Somare as the first prime minister . Somare had previously been Chief Minister of the Papua New Guinea . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Michael Somare ( 1936 -- ) 16 September 1975 11 March 1980 Sir Julius Chan ( 1939 -- ) 11 March 1980 2 August 1982 ( 1 ) Michael Somare ( 1936 -- ) 2 August 1982 21 November 1985 Paias Wingti ( 1951 -- ) 21 November 1985 4 July 1988 Rabbie Namaliu ( 1947 -- ) 4 July 1988 17 July 1992 ( 3 ) Paias Wingti ( 1951 -- ) 17 July 1992 30 August 1994 ( 2 ) Sir Julius Chan ( 1939 -- ) 30 August 1994 27 March 1997 N / A John Giheno ( 1950 -- 2017 ) Acting Prime Minister 27 March 1997 2 June 1997 ( 2 ) Sir Julius Chan ( 1939 -- ) 2 June 1997 22 July 1997 5 Bill Skate ( 1953 -- 2006 ) 22 July 1997 14 July 1999 6 Sir Mekere Morauta ( 1946 -- ) 14 July 1999 5 August 2002 ( 1 ) Sir Michael Somare ( 1936 -- ) 5 August 2002 2 August 2011 / 3 August 2012 7 Peter O'Neill ( 1965 -- ) 2 August 2011 / 3 August 2012 Incumbent Reference Saint Kitts and Nevis ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis became independent on 19 September 1983 with Kennedy Simmonds as the first prime minister . Simmonds had previously been Premier of Saint Kitts and Nevis . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Kennedy Simmonds ( 1936 -- ) 19 September 1983 7 July 1995 Denzil Douglas ( 1953 -- ) 7 July 1995 18 February 2015 Timothy Harris ( 1964 -- ) 18 February 2015 Incumbent Reference Saint Lucia ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Saint Lucia Saint Lucia became independent on 22 February 1979 with John Compton as the first prime minister . Compton had previously been Premier of Saint Lucia . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office John Compton ( 1925 -- 2007 ) 22 February 1979 2 July 1979 Allan Louisy ( 1916 -- 2011 ) 2 July 1979 4 May 1981 Winston Cenac ( 1925 -- 2004 ) 4 May 1981 17 January 1982 N / A Michael Pilgrim ( 1947 -- ) Acting Prime Minister 17 January 1982 3 May 1982 ( 1 ) Sir John Compton ( 1925 -- 2007 ) 3 May 1982 2 April 1996 Vaughan Lewis ( 1940 -- ) 2 April 1996 24 May 1997 5 Kenny Anthony ( 1951 -- ) 24 May 1997 15 December 2006 ( 1 ) Sir John Compton ( 1925 -- 2007 ) 15 December 2006 7 September 2007 6 Stephenson King ( 1958 -- ) 7 September 2007 30 November 2011 ( 5 ) Kenny Anthony ( 1951 -- ) 30 November 2011 7 June 2016 7 Allen Chastanet ( 1960 - ) 7 June 2016 Incumbent Reference Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines became independent on 27 October 1979 with Milton Cato as the first prime minister . Cato had previously been Premier of Saint Vincent . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Milton Cato ( 1915 -- 1997 ) 27 October 1979 30 July 1984 Sir James Fitz - Allen Mitchell ( 1931 -- ) 30 July 1984 27 October 2000 Arnhim Eustace ( 1944 -- ) 27 October 2000 29 March 2001 Ralph Gonsalves ( 1946 -- ) 29 March 2001 Incumbent Reference Solomon Islands ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands The Solomon Islands became independent on 7 July 1978 with Peter Kenilorea as the first prime minister . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Peter Kenilorea ( 1943 -- 2016 ) 7 July 1978 31 August 1981 Solomon Mamaloni ( 1943 -- 2000 ) 31 August 1981 19 November 1984 ( 1 ) Sir Peter Kenilorea ( 1943 -- 2016 ) 19 November 1984 1 December 1986 Ezekiel Alebua ( 1947 -- ) 1 December 1986 28 March 1989 ( 2 ) Solomon Mamaloni ( 1943 -- 2000 ) 28 March 1989 18 June 1993 Francis Billy Hilly ( 1948 -- ) 18 June 1993 7 November 1994 ( 2 ) Solomon Mamaloni ( 1943 -- 2000 ) 7 November 1994 27 August 1997 5 Bartholomew Ulufa'alu ( 1950 -- 2007 ) 27 August 1997 30 June 2000 6 Manasseh Sogavare ( 1955 -- ) 30 June 2000 17 December 2001 7 Sir Allan Kemakeza ( 1950 -- ) 17 December 2001 20 April 2006 8 Snyder Rini ( 1949 -- ) 20 April 2006 4 May 2006 ( 6 ) Manasseh Sogavare ( 1955 -- ) 4 May 2006 20 December 2007 9 Derek Sikua ( 1959 -- ) 20 December 2007 25 August 2010 10 Danny Philip ( 1953 -- ) 25 August 2010 16 November 2011 11 Gordon Darcy Lilo ( 1965 -- ) 16 November 2011 9 December 2014 ( 6 ) Manasseh Sogavare ( 1955 -- ) 9 December 2014 15 November 2017 12 Rick Houenipwela ( 1958 - ) 15 November 2017 Incumbent Reference Tuvalu ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Tuvalu Tuvalu became independent on 1 October 1978 with Toaripi Lauti as the first prime minister . Lauti had previously been Chief Minister of Tuvalu . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Toaripi Lauti ( 1928 -- 2014 ) 1 October 1978 8 September 1981 Tomasi Puapua ( 1938 -- ) 8 September 1981 16 October 1989 Bikenibeu Paeniu ( 1956 -- ) 16 October 1989 10 December 1993 Kamuta Latasi ( 1936 -- ) 10 December 1993 24 December 1996 ( 3 ) Bikenibeu Paeniu ( 1956 -- ) 24 December 1996 27 April 1999 5 Ionatana Ionatana ( 1938 -- 2000 ) 27 April 1999 8 December 2000 N / A Lagitupu Tuilimu Acting Prime Minister 8 December 2000 24 February 2001 6 Faimalaga Luka ( 1940 -- 2005 ) 24 February 2001 14 December 2001 7 Koloa Talake ( 1934 -- 2008 ) 14 December 2001 24 August 2002 8 Saufatu Sopoanga ( 1952 -- ) 24 August 2002 25 August 2004 9 Maatia Toafa ( 1954 -- ) 11 October 2004 14 August 2006 10 Apisai Ielemia ( 1955 -- ) 14 August 2006 29 September 2010 ( 9 ) Maatia Toafa ( 1954 -- ) 29 September 2010 24 December 2010 11 Willy Telavi ( 1954 -- ) 24 December 2010 1 August 2013 12 Enele Sopoaga ( 1956 -- ) 5 August 2013 Incumbent Reference United Kingdom ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill was the incumbent Prime Minister of the United Kingdom when Elizabeth became queen . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Sir Winston Churchill ( 1874 -- 1965 ) 26 October 1951 7 April 1955 Sir Anthony Eden ( 1897 -- 1977 ) 7 April 1955 10 January 1957 Harold Macmillan ( 1894 -- 1986 ) 10 January 1957 18 October 1963 Sir Alec Douglas - Home ( 1903 -- 1995 ) 18 October 1963 16 October 1964 5 Harold Wilson ( 1916 -- 1995 ) 16 October 1964 19 June 1970 6 Edward Heath ( 1916 -- 2005 ) 19 June 1970 4 March 1974 ( 5 ) Harold Wilson ( 1916 -- 1995 ) 4 March 1974 5 April 1976 7 James Callaghan ( 1912 -- 2005 ) 5 April 1976 4 May 1979 8 Margaret Thatcher ( 1925 -- 2013 ) 4 May 1979 28 November 1990 9 Sir John Major ( 1943 -- ) 28 November 1990 2 May 1997 10 Tony Blair ( 1953 -- ) 2 May 1997 27 June 2007 11 Gordon Brown ( 1951 -- ) 27 June 2007 11 May 2010 12 David Cameron ( 1966 -- ) 11 May 2010 13 July 2016 13 Theresa May ( 1956 -- ) 13 July 2016 Incumbent Reference Prime ministers of former realms ( edit ) This section lists prime ministers during Elizabeth 's reign of former states that became republics during her reign . Where an office of prime minister remained after the transition , and the incumbent at the time of transition remained in that office , the date of the end of that period in office is given in the tables below . Ceylon ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Sri Lanka D.S. Senanayake was the incumbent prime minister of Ceylon when Elizabeth became queen . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office D.S. Senanayake ( 1883 -- 1952 ) 24 September 1947 22 March 1952 Dudley Senanayake ( 1911 -- 1973 ) 26 March 1952 12 October 1953 Sir John Kotelawala ( 1895 -- 1980 ) 12 October 1953 12 April 1956 S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike ( 1899 -- 1959 ) 12 April 1956 26 September 1959 5 Wijeyananda Dahanayake ( 1901 -- 1997 ) 26 September 1959 20 March 1960 ( 2 ) Dudley Senanayake ( 1911 -- 1973 ) 21 March 1960 21 July 1960 6 Sirimavo Bandaranaike ( 1916 -- 2000 ) 21 July 1960 27 March 1965 ( 2 ) Dudley Senanayake ( 1911 -- 1973 ) 27 March 1965 29 May 1970 ( 6 ) Sirimavo Bandaranaike ( 1916 -- 2000 ) 29 May 1970 23 July 1977 Reference Ceylon abolished the monarchy on 22 May 1972 and renamed the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka . Bandaranaike remained in office as the republic 's first prime minister until 23 July 1977 . Fiji ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Fiji Fiji became independent on 10 October 1970 with Kamisese Mara as the first prime minister . Mara had previously been Chief Minister of Fiji . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara ( 1920 -- 2004 ) 10 October 1970 13 April 1987 Timoci Bavadra ( 1934 -- 1989 ) 13 April 1987 14 May 1987 Reference Following the 1987 Fijian coups d'état ( which resulted in a vacancy in the premiership until December 1987 ) , on 7 October 1987 , the new ruling regime declared the nation to have become the Republic of Fiji . Fiji 's relationship with the monarchy after this transition is complex ( see Monarchy of Fiji ) . Gambia ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of the Gambia The Gambia became independent on 18 February 1965 with Dawda Jawara as the first prime minister . Jawara had previously been prime minister of the self - governing Gambia . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Sir Dawda Jawara ( 1924 -- ) 6 March 1965 24 April 1970 Reference The Gambia abolished the monarchy on 24 April 1970 , via referendum . Jawara became President of the Gambia on the same day as the post of prime minister was abolished . Ghana ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Ghana Ghana became independent on 15 August 1957 , with Kwame Nkrumah as its first prime minister . Nkrumah had previously been prime minister of the self - governing Gold Coast . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Kwame Nkrumah ( 1909 -- 1972 ) 15 August 1957 1 July 1960 Reference Ghana abolished the monarchy on 1 July 1960 , via referendum . Nkrumah became President of Ghana on the same day as the post of prime minister was abolished . Guyana ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Guyana Guyana became independent on 26 May 1966 , with Forbes Burnham as its first prime minister . Burnham had previously been Premier of British Guiana . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Forbes Burnham ( 1923 -- 1985 ) 26 May 1966 6 October 1980 Reference Guyana abolished the monarchy on 23 February 1970 . Burnham remained in office as the republic 's first prime minister until 6 October 1980 . Kenya ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Kenya Kenya became independent on 12 December 1963 , with Jomo Kenyatta becoming the first prime minister . Kenyatta had previously been prime minister of self - governing Kenya . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Jomo Kenyatta ( 1891 -- 1978 ) 12 December 1963 12 December 1964 Reference Kenya abolished the monarchy on 12 December 1964 . Kenyatta became President of Kenya as the post of prime minister was abolished . Malawi ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Malawi Malawi became independent on 6 July 1964 , with Hastings Banda as prime minister . Banda had previously been prime minister of self - governing Nyasaland . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Hastings Banda ( 1898 -- 1997 ) 6 July 1964 6 July 1966 Reference Malawi abolished the monarchy on 6 July 1966 . Banda became President of Malawi as the post of prime minister was abolished . Malta ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Malta The Crown Colony of Malta became independent as the State of Malta on 21 September 1964 with George Borg Olivier as prime minister . Olivier had previously been the colony 's prime minister . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office George Borg Olivier ( 1911 -- 1980 ) 21 September 1964 21 June 1971 Dom Mintoff ( 1916 -- 2012 ) 21 June 1971 22 December 1984 Reference Malta abolished the monarchy on 13 December 1974 and became the current Republic of Malta , a republic within the Commonwealth . Mintoff remained in office as the republic 's first prime minister until 22 December 1984 . Mauritius ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Mauritius Mauritius became independent on 12 March 1968 , with Seewoosagur Ramgoolam becoming the first prime minister . Ramgoolam had previously been Chief Minister of Mauritius . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam ( 1899 -- 1985 ) 12 March 1968 30 June 1982 Sir Anerood Jugnauth ( 1930 -- ) 30 June 1982 15 December 1995 Reference Mauritius abolished the monarchy on 12 March 1992 . Jugnauth remained in office as the republic 's prime minister until 15 December 1995 . Nigeria ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Nigeria The Federation of Nigeria became independent on 1 October 1960 , with Abubakar Tafawa Balewa becoming the first Prime Minister of Nigeria . Balewa had previously been Chief Minister of the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa ( 1912 -- 1966 ) 1 October 1960 15 January 1966 Reference Nigeria became the Federal Republic of Nigeria on 1 October 1963 . Balewa remained in office as the republic 's prime minister until his overthrow and assassination in the 1966 Nigerian coup d'état on 15 January 1966 . Pakistan ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Pakistan Khawaja Nazimuddin was the incumbent Prime Minister of Pakistan when Elizabeth became queen . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin ( 1894 -- 1964 ) 17 October 1951 17 April 1953 Mohammad Ali Bogra ( 1909 -- 1963 ) 17 April 1953 12 August 1955 Chaudhry Muhammad Ali ( 1905 -- 1980 ) 12 August 1955 12 September 1956 Reference Pakistan abolished the monarchy on 23 March 1956 . Ali remained in office as the republic 's first prime minister until 12 September 1956 . Sierra Leone ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Sierra Leone Sierra Leone became independent on 27 April 1961 , with Milton Margai as the first prime minister . Margai had previously been Prime Minister of the Protectorate of Sierra Leone . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Sir Milton Margai ( 1895 -- 1964 ) 27 April 1961 28 April 1964 Sir Albert Margai ( 1910 -- 1980 ) 28 April 1964 21 March 1967 Siaka Stevens ( 1905 -- 1988 ) ( See below ) ( See below ) Reference Siaka Stevens assumed the role of prime minister following his party 's narrow victory in the 1967 general election . However , immediately after taking office , Stevens was deposed by the National Reformation Council in a coup d'état and placed under house arrest . Military rule persisted until an April 1968 counter-coup restored Stevens ' premiership . Sierra Leone became the Republic of Sierra Leone on 19 April 1971 . Stevens left the office of prime minister two days later and became President of Sierra Leone . South Africa ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of South Africa Daniel François Malan was the incumbent prime minister of the Union of South Africa when Elizabeth became queen . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Daniel François Malan ( 1874 -- 1959 ) 4 June 1948 30 November 1954 Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom ( 1893 -- 1958 ) 30 November 1954 24 August 1958 Hendrik Verwoerd ( 1901 -- 1966 ) 24 August 1958 6 September 1966 Reference Following a referendum , South Africa abolished the monarchy on 31 May 1961 , becoming the Republic of South Africa . Verwoerd remained in office as the republic 's first prime minister until 6 September 1966 . Tanganyika ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Tanganyika Tanganyika became independent on 9 December 1961 , with Julius Nyerere as its first prime minister . Nyerere had previously been the prime minister of self - governing Tanganyika . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Julius Nyerere ( 1922 -- 1999 ) 9 December 1961 22 January 1962 Rashidi Kawawa ( 1926 -- 2009 ) 22 January 1962 9 December 1962 Reference Tanganyika abolished the monarchy on 9 December 1962 . The post of prime minister was abolished . Trinidad and Tobago ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago became independent on 31 August 1962 , with Eric Williams as its first prime minister . Williams had previously been Chief Minister and Premier of Trinidad and Tobago . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Eric Williams ( 1911 -- 1981 ) 31 August 1962 29 March 1981 Reference Trinidad and Tobago abolished the monarchy on 1 August 1976 . Williams remained in office as the republic 's first prime minister until 29 March 1981 . Uganda ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Uganda Uganda became independent on 9 October 1962 with Milton Obote as the first prime minister . Obote had previously been the prime minister of self - governing Uganda . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Milton Obote ( 1925 -- 2005 ) 9 October 1962 15 April 1966 Reference Uganda abolished the monarchy on 9 October 1963 . Obote remained in office as the republic 's first prime minister until 15 April 1966 . Anomalous cases ( edit ) Rhodesia ( 1965 -- 1970 ) Ian Smith was Prime Minister of Rhodesia following a unilateral declaration of independence on 11 November 1965 . Though Rhodesia considered Elizabeth II as Queen of Rhodesia , this title was not accepted by her . Acting in his vice-regal capacity under direction from the UK government , Governor of Southern Rhodesia Humphrey Gibbs dismissed the Prime Minister and his government but this action was ignored by Smith . The state remained unrecognised by Britain and the international community . Following a referendum , Rhodesia declared itself a republic on 2 March 1970 . Smith remained in office throughout this period . See also ( edit ) Constitutional monarchy List of Commonwealth heads of government References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Antigua and Barbuda '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Australia '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` The Bahamas '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Barbados '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Belize '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Canada '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Grenada '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Jamaica '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` New Zealand '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Papua New Guinea '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Saint Kitts and Nevis '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Saint Lucia '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Saint Vincent and the Grenadines '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Solomon Islands '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Tuvalu '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` United Kingdom '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Fiji '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` The Gambia '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Ghana '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Guyana '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Kenya '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Malawi '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Malta '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Mauritius '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Nigeria '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Pakistan '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Sierra Leone '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Keen , David ( 2005 ) . Conflict and Collusion in Sierra Leone . Oxford : James Currey . ISBN 0 - 85255 - 883 - X . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` South Africa '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Tanganyika ( now Tanzania ) '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Trinidad and Tobago '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Uganda '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ International Law Reports , Volume 52 , E. Lauterpacht , Cambridge University Press , 1979 , page 53 CIA list of world leaders ( current and monthly historical archive : 2001 -- present ) World Statesmen.org ( directory of leaders ) Rulers.org ( directory of leaders ) Notes ( edit ) ^ After Christie suffered a stroke Cynthia A. Pratt served as acting Prime Minister from 4 May to 22 June 2005 . ^ Maurice Bishop held de facto government control for most of the People 's Revolutionary Government period ( from 13 March 1979 till 14 October 1983 ) . On 14 October 1983 Bishop was deposed by Bernard Coard and Bishop was killed on 19 October . Coard held power only briefly before military government was declared . After the invasion Grenada 's pre-revolutionary system of government , and the office of Prime Minister , was restored on 4 December 1984 . The website of the Grenadian government lists Bishop as a former Prime Minister , but not Coard nor any other individual who held de facto or de jure power in this period . ^ Due to the Sandline affair , Chan resigned as Prime Minister on 27 March 1997 and Giheno took over as acting Prime Minister . He regained the position on 2 June 1997 , shortly before being ousted in a general election . ^ For two periods in this term of Somare 's premiership Sam Abal was Acting Prime Minister . ^ See 2011 -- 12 Papua New Guinean constitutional crisis for details on the dispute between Somare and O'Neill as to legitimately held the position of Prime Minister in this time . This period of ambiguity spans the time between the later - disputed dismissal of Somare from office and the implementation of the results of the 2012 general election . ^ Tuilimu served as acting prime minister following the death of Ionatana . ^ Telavi was removed from office on 1 August 2013 . Sopoaga briefly served as acting Prime Minister before being sworn in as Prime Minister on 5 August 2013 ^ A constitutional change ended Elizabeth II 's reign in Uganda on 9 October 1963 though Uganda did not formally use the term `` Republic '' until 1966 . Queen Elizabeth II Monarchies Current Realms Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Grenada Jamaica New Zealand Papua New Guinea Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Solomon Islands Tuvalu United Kingdom Former Realms Ceylon Fiji Gambia Ghana Guyana Kenya Malawi Malta Mauritius Nigeria Pakistan Sierra Leone South Africa Tanganyika Trinidad and Tobago Uganda Ancestry and family Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh ( husband ) wedding wedding dress Charles , Prince of Wales ( son ) Anne , Princess Royal ( daughter ) Prince Andrew , Duke of York ( son ) Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex ( son ) George VI ( father ) Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother ( mother ) Princess Margaret , Countess of Snowdon ( sister ) Mountbatten - Windsor family Accession and coronation Coronation Royal Guests Participants in the procession Coronation gown Medal Honours Award The Queen 's Beasts Treetops Hotel Proclamation of accession MacCormick v Lord Advocate Reign Annus horribilis Household Christopher John Lewis incident Lithgow Plot Marcus Sarjeant incident Michael Fagan incident Personality and image Prime Ministers Operation London Bridge Jubilees Silver Jubilee Events Medal Honours Jubilee Gardens Jubilee line Jubilee Walkway Golden Jubilee Prom at the Palace Party at the Palace Medal Honours Jubilee Odyssey Diamond Jubilee Pageant Armed Forces Parade and Muster Thames Pageant Gloriana Spirit of Chartwell Concert Gibraltar Flotilla Medal Honours Sapphire Jubilee Sapphire Jubilee Commonwealth tours Australia Official openings Canada Ships used HMS Vanguard ( 23 ) SS Gothic ( 1947 ) HMY Britannia State visits Outgoing State visit to Ireland Incoming Pope Benedict XVI President Michael D. Higgins President Xi Jinping Titles and honours Head of the Commonwealth List of things named after Queen Elizabeth II Royal Family Order Elizabeth Cross Queen 's Official Birthday Flags Depictions Documentaries Royal Journey ( 1951 ) A Queen Is Crowned ( 1953 ) The Queen in Australia ( 1954 ) The Royal Tour of the Caribbean ( 1966 ) Royal Family ( 1969 ) Elizabeth R : A Year in the Life of the Queen ( 1992 ) Monarchy : The Royal Family at Work ( 2007 ) The Queen ( 2009 TV serial ) The Diamond Queen ( 2012 ) Elizabeth at 90 : A Family Portrait ( 2016 ) The Coronation ( 2018 ) Film and television A Question of Attribution ( 1992 TV ) Her Majesty ( 2001 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) Happy and Glorious ( 2012 ) A Royal Night Out ( 2015 ) The Crown ( 2016 -- ) Plays A Question of Attribution ( 1988 ) The Audience ( 2013 ) Handbagged Portraits Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II -- An 80th Birthday Portrait Pietro Annigoni 's Portraits The Queen Songs God Save the Queen Her Majesty Stamps Machin series ( List ) Wilding series Castle series Canadian domestic rate stamp Country definitives Animals Corgis Dookie Susan Horses Aureole Burmese Carrozza Dunfermline Estimate Height of Fashion Highclere Pall Mall Winston Related Elizabeth II 's jewels Sagana Lodge Villa Guardamangia Children 's Party at the Palace Jeannette Charles Lists relating to Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom Lists by order Age Constituencies Cultural depictions Governments votes of no confidence Historical rankings Number living Records Service ( timeline ) Term length Peerages By monarch Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II Personal life Burial places Coats of arms Education Nickname Spouse In fiction Fictional Prime Ministers Prime ministers of British monarchs ( 1837 -- present ) Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_prime_ministers_of_Elizabeth_II&oldid=849481494 '' Categories : British Empire - related lists Commonwealth of Nations Commonwealth realms Elizabeth II - related lists British monarchy - related lists Lists of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2011 Use British English from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Polski Português Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 9 July 2018 , at 09 : 27 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who was prime minister when the queen was crowned | [
"Winston Churchill was the incumbent Prime Minister of the United Kingdom when Elizabeth became queen.\n"
] | [
"Winston Churchill"
] |
3721783344189538747 | Term limits in the United States | Term limits in the United states - wikipedia Term limits in the United states Term limits in the United States apply to many offices at both the federal and state level , and date back to the American Revolution . Term limits , also referred to as rotation in office , restrict the number of terms of office an officeholder may hold . For example , according to the 22nd Amendment , the President of the United States can serve two four - year terms and serve no more than 10 years . This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Kavanaugh Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government United States portal Other countries Atlas Contents 1 Historical background 1.1 The Constitution 1.2 Term limits in the Constitution 1.3 After 1789 1.4 Era of incumbency 1.5 Term limits movement 2 Federal term limits 2.1 President 2.2 Congress 2.3 Supreme Court 3 State term limits 3.1 Gubernatorial term limits 3.2 State legislatures with term limits 3.3 Overturned or repealed state legislative term limits 4 Municipal term limits 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Historical background ( edit ) The Constitution ( edit ) Term limits date back to the American Revolution , and prior to that to the democracies and republics of antiquity . The council of 500 in ancient Athens rotated its entire membership annually , as did the ephorate in ancient Sparta . The ancient Roman Republic featured a system of elected magistrates -- tribunes of the plebs , aediles , quaestors , praetors , and consuls -- who served a single term of one year , with re-election to the same magistracy forbidden for ten years ( see cursus honorum ) . According to historian Garrett Fagan , office holding in the Roman Republic was based on `` limited tenure of office '' which ensured that `` authority circulated frequently '' , helping to prevent corruption . An additional benefit of the cursus honorum or Run of Offices was to bring the `` most experienced '' politicians to the upper echelons of power - holding in the ancient republic . Many of the founders of the United States were educated in the classics , and quite familiar with rotation in office during antiquity . The debates of that day reveal a desire to study and profit from the object lessons offered by ancient democracy . Prior to independence , several colonies had already experimented with term limits . The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut of 1639 , for example , prohibited the colonial governor from serving consecutive terms , setting terms at one year 's length , and holding `` that no person be chosen Governor above once in two years . '' Shortly after independence , the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 set maximum service in the Pennsylvania General Assembly at `` four years in seven '' . Benjamin Franklin 's influence is seen not only in that he chaired the constitutional convention which drafted the Pennsylvania constitution , but also because it included , virtually unchanged , Franklin 's earlier proposals on executive rotation . Pennsylvania 's plural executive was composed of twelve citizens elected for the term of three years , followed by a mandatory vacation of four years . The Articles of Confederation , adopted in 1781 , established term limits for the delegates to the Continental Congress , mandating in Article V that `` no person shall be capable of being a delegate for more than three years in any term of six years . '' On October 2 , 1789 , the Continental Congress appointed a committee of thirteen to examine forms of government for the impending union of the states . Among the proposals was that from the State of Virginia , written by Thomas Jefferson , urging a limitation of tenure , `` to prevent every danger which might arise to American freedom by continuing too long in office the members of the Continental Congress '' . The committee made recommendations , which as regards congressional term limits were incorporated unchanged into the Articles of Confederation ( 1781 -- 89 ) . The fifth Article stated that `` no person shall be capable of being a delegate ( to the continental congress ) for more than three years in any term of six years '' . Term limits in the Constitution ( edit ) In contrast to the Articles of Confederation , the federal constitution convention at Philadelphia omitted mandatory term limits from the U.S. Constitution of 1789 . At the convention , some delegates spoke passionately against term limits such as Rufus King , who said `` that he who has proved himself to be most fit for an Office , ought not to be excluded by the constitution from holding it . '' The Electoral College , it was believed by some delegates at the convention , could have a role to play in limiting unfit officers from continuing . When the states ratified the Constitution ( 1787 -- 88 ) , several leading statesmen regarded the lack of mandatory limits to tenure as a dangerous defect , especially , they thought , as regards the presidency and the Senate . Richard Henry Lee viewed the absence of legal limits to tenure , together with certain other features of the Constitution , as `` most highly and dangerously oligarchic '' . Both Jefferson and George Mason advised limits on reelection to the Senate and to the Presidency , because said Mason , `` nothing is so essential to the preservation of a Republican government as a periodic rotation '' . The historian Mercy Otis Warren , warned that `` there is no provision for a rotation , nor anything to prevent the perpetuity of office in the same hands for life ; which by a little well - timed bribery , will probably be done '' . After 1789 ( edit ) Michael Korzi says George Washington did not set the informal precedent for a two - term limit for the Presidency . He only meant he was too worn out to personally continue in office . It was Thomas Jefferson who made it a principle in 1808 . He made many statements calling for term limits in one form or another . The tradition was challenged by Ulysses Grant in 1880 , and by Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 . Otherwise no major effort to avoid it took place until 1940 when Franklin Roosevelt explicitly broke it . The 22nd Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1951 formally establishing in law the two - term limit -- although it did not apply to the incumbent Harry Truman . The fact that `` perpetuity in office '' was not approached until the 20th century is due in part to the influence of rotation in office as a popular 19th - century concept . `` Ideas are , in truth , forces '' , and rotation in office enjoyed such normative support , especially at the local level , that it altered political reality . For a detailed study of the 19th - century concepts of rotation , consult Political Science Quarterly , vol. 94 , `` House Turnover and the Principle of Rotation '' , by Robert Struble , Jr . See also his Treatise on Twelve Lights , chapter six , `` Rotation in History '' . Consult also , James Young 's The Washington Community , 1800 -- 1828 . According to Young , the tendency to look with mistrust upon political power was so ingrained into American culture that even the officeholders themselves perceived their occupations in a disparaging light . James Fenimore Cooper described the common view that `` contact with the affairs of state is one of the most corrupting of the influences to which men are exposed '' . An article in the Richmond Enquirer ( 1822 ) noted that the `` long cherished '' principle of rotation in office had been impressed on the republican mind `` by a kind of intuitive impulse , unassailable to argument or authority '' . Beginning about the 1830s , Jacksonian democracy introduced a less idealistic twist to the practice of limiting terms . Rotation in office came to mean taking turns in the distribution of political prizes . Rotation of nominations to the U.S. House of Representatives -- the prizes -- became a key element of payoffs to the party faithful . The leading lights in the local party machinery came to regard a nomination for the House as `` salary '' for political services rendered . A new code of political ethics evolved , based on the proposition that `` turnabout is fair play '' . In short , rotation of nominations was intertwined with the spoils system . In district nominating conventions local leaders could negotiate and enforce agreements to pass the nominations around among themselves . Abraham Lincoln was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846 under such a bargain , and he returned home to Springfield after a single congressional term because , he wrote , `` to enter myself as a competitor of another , or to authorize anyone so to enter me , is what my word and honor forbid '' . During the Civil War , the Confederate States Constitution limited its president to a single six - year term . Era of incumbency ( edit ) The practice of nomination rotation for the House of Representatives began to decline after the Civil War . It took a generation or so before the direct primary system , civil service reforms , and the ethic of professionalism worked to eliminate rotation in office as a common political practice . By the turn of the 20th century the era of incumbency was coming into full swing . A total of 8 presidents served two full terms and declined a third and three presidents served one full term and refused a second . After World War II , however , an officeholder class had developed to the point that congressional tenure rivaled that of the U.S. Supreme Court , where tenure is for life . Term limits movement ( edit ) `` Homesteading , '' or securing a lifelong career in Congress , was made possible by reelection rates that approached 100 % by the end of the 20th century . The concept of homesteading brought about a popular movement known as the `` term - limits movement '' . The elections of 1990 -- 94 saw the adoption of term limits for state legislatures in almost every state where citizens had the power of the initiative . In addition , 23 states limited service in their delegation to Congress . As they pertain to Congress , these laws are no longer enforceable , however , as in 1995 , the U.S. Supreme Court overturned congressional term limits in U.S. Term Limits , Inc. v. Thornton , ruling that state governments can not limit the terms of members of the national government . Where rotation in the legislative branch has withstood court challenges , term limits continue to garner popular support . As of 2002 , the advocacy group `` U.S. Term Limits '' found that in the 17 states where state legislators served in rotation , public support for term limits ranged from 60 to 78 percent . Federal term limits ( edit ) Office Term limits President Limited to being elected to a total of 2 four - year terms . A President by succession who completes more than two years of a former President 's unfinished term may be elected in his or her own right only once , and 2 more four - year terms are permitted if they complete two years or less . Becoming a President by succession may happen to someone an unlimited number of times , for example , if he or she is Vice President and the President dies , resigns or is removed from office via impeachment conviction . Vice President Unlimited four - year terms House of Representatives Unlimited two - year terms Senate Unlimited six - year terms Supreme Court No term limits , appointed to serve `` during good behavior '' ( but can be impeached and removed from office for `` high Crimes and Misdemeanors '' ) ; in practice a Justice serves until death or stepping down ( by retirement or resignation ) As of 2013 , term limits at the federal level are restricted to the executive branch and some agencies . Judicial appointments at the federal level are made for life , and are not subject to election or to term limits . The U.S. Congress remains ( since the Thornton decision of 1995 ) without electoral limits . President ( edit ) The third president , Thomas Jefferson , started the tradition of presidential term limits by refusing to run for a third term in 1808 . Everything the first president did obviously set a precedent , but did not necessarily set a new policy . However George Washington 's decision in 1796 not to run for a third term has sometimes been given credit as the start of a `` tradition '' of the strong policy that no president should ever run for a third term . Washington wanted to retire when his first term ended in 1792 but all his advisors begged him to stand for reelection . By 1796 he insisted on retiring , for he felt worn out , and was disgusted with the virulent personal attacks on his integrity . His Farewell Address very briefly mentioned why he would not run for a third term , and goes on to give a great deal of political advice . But he does not mention of term limits . After his death his refusal to run was explained in terms of a `` no - third - tradition '' . Historian David Crocket argues , `` The argument for term limits has a solid and respectable pedigree . Contrary to popular belief , however , that pedigree does not begin with George Washington . '' Politically Washington felt the stability of the republic required a contested presidential election with a choice of candidates , which would not happen if he ran again . If he won and then died a vice president would take over who was not elected and his goal would fail . ( He in fact did die in 1799 two years into the new term ) . The election went forward and he was absolutely neutral between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson . He personally did not feel bound by a two - term limit . In the 1780s , about half the states provided term limits for governors . The Constitutional convention of 1787 discussed the issue and decided not to do so . `` The matter was fairly discussed in the Convention , '' Washington wrote in 1788 , `` and to my full convictions ... I can see no propriety in precluding ourselves from the services of any man , who on some great emergency shall be deemed universally , most capable of serving the Public '' even after serving two terms . The Constitution , Washington explained , retained sufficient checks against political corruption and stagnant leadership without a presidential term limits provision . Jefferson , however , strongly endorsed a policy of term limits . He rejected calls from supporters that he run for a third term in 1808 , telling several state legislatures in 1807 - 1808 that he needed to support `` the sound precedent set by ( his ) illustrious predecessor . '' Thomas Jefferson mentioned that Washington retired after serving only two terms , without mentioning that Washington opposed the policy Jefferson was proposing . Crockett argues that Washington , `` did not intentionally establish the so - called two - term tradition ; his departure was motivated by a desire to demonstrate that the country could function without him and to retire to Mount Vernon . He made no principled argument for limiting presidents to two terms , and in fact disagreed with Thomas Jefferson on this point . '' The `` two term tradition '' was created in 1807 - 1808 and it mistakenly suggested Washington had launched the policy . A political cartoon showing Washington rejecting Theodore Roosevelt 's highly controversial run for a third term in 1912 In 1861 the Confederate States of America adopted a six - year term for their president and vice-president and barred the president from seeking re-election . That innovation was endorsed by many American politicians after the Civil War , most notably by Rutherford B. Hayes in his inaugural address . Ulysses Grant was urged to run for a third term in 1876 , but he refused . He did try for the 1880 nomination but was defeated in part because of anti-third - term sentiment . Theodore Roosevelt had already served over 7 years and in 1912 , after a four - year hiatus , ran for a third term . He was violently criticized -- indeed almost killed by John Flammang Schrank , who was obsessed with stopping a third term . Franklin D. Roosevelt ( president , 1933 -- 1945 ) in 1940 was the only president to break the tradition , winning a third term in 1940 and a fourth term in 1944 . This gave rise to a successful move to formalize the traditional two - term limit by amending the U.S. Constitution . As ratified in 1951 , the Twenty - Second Amendment provides that `` no person shall be elected to the office of President more than twice '' . The new Amendment explicitly did not apply to the incumbent , President Harry S. Truman . However all his close advisors , pointing to his age , his failing abilities , and his poor showing in the polls , talked him out of it . Congress ( edit ) Letter from Senator Orrin Hatch , first elected in 1976 , expressing reservations regarding term limits ( dated February 10 , 2011 ) Reformers during the early 1990s used the initiative and referendum to put congressional term limits on the ballot in 24 states . Voters in eight of these states approved the congressional term limits by an average electoral margin of two to one . It was an open question whether states had the constitutional authority to enact these limits . In May 1995 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5 -- 4 in U.S. Term Limits , Inc. v. Thornton , 514 U.S. 779 ( 1995 ) , that states can not impose term limits upon their federal Representatives or Senators . In the 1994 elections , part of the Republican platform included legislation for term limits in Congress . After winning the majority , a Republican congressman brought a constitutional amendment to the House floor that proposed limiting members of the Senate to two six - year terms and members of the House to six two - year terms . However , this rate of rotation was so slow ( the life - tenured Supreme Court averages in the vicinity of twelve years ) that the congressional version of term - limits garnered little support among the populist backers of term limits , including U.S. Term Limits , the largest private organization pushing for congressional term limits . The bill got only a bare majority ( 227 -- 204 ) , falling short of the two - thirds majority ( 290 ) needed for constitutional amendments . Three other term limit amendment bills failed to get more than 200 votes . Defeated in Congress and overridden by the Supreme Court , the federal term limit uprising was brought to a halt . The term limits intended simultaneously to reform state legislatures ( as distinguished from the federal congressional delegations ) remain in force , however , in fifteen states . In 2007 Larry J. Sabato revived the debate over term limits by arguing in A More Perfect Constitution that the success and popularity of term limits at the state level suggests that they should be adopted at the federal level as well . He specifically put forth the idea of congressional term limits and suggested a national constitutional convention be used to accomplish the amendment , since the Congress would be unlikely to propose and adopt any amendment that limits its own power . Some state legislators have also expressed their opinions on term limits . It is confirmed that in the following five states -- and there may be others -- state lawmakers approved resolutions asking Congress to propose a federal constitutional amendment to limit the number of terms which members of Congress may serve : This section has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) South Dakota Legislature ( designated as POM - 42 in the U.S. Senate ) approved in 1989 , South Dakota House Joint Resolution No. 1001 ( see Congressional Record of April 4 , 1989 , at pages 5395 and 5396 , with verbatim text provided ) ; Hawaii Senate ( designated as Memorial 400 in the U.S. House of Representatives ) approved in 1990 , Hawaii Senate Resolution No. 41 -- unicameral only ( see Congressional Record of September 28 , 1998 , at page 22655 ) it took 8 years for this resolution to find its way into the Congressional Record and to be correctly referred to the Committee on the Judiciary -- and even then , its text was not provided in the Congressional Record ) ; back in 1990 , Hawaii 's S.R. No. 41 was indeed received by the U.S. House of Representatives , and was designated as Memorial 416 , ( Congressional Record of June 6 , 1990 , at pages 13262 and 13263 ) but the resolution was erroneously referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce -- and its text is NOT provided in the Congressional Record ; Utah Legislature ( designated as POM - 644 in the U.S. Senate ) approved in 1990 , Utah Senate Joint Resolution No. 24 ( see Congressional Record of September 27 , 1994 , at page 26033 , with verbatim text provided ) it took four years for this resolution to find its way into the U.S. Senate 's portion of the Congressional Record ; Idaho Legislature ( designated as Memorial 401 in the U.S. House of Representatives ) approved in 1992 , Idaho Senate Joint Memorial No. 116 ( see Congressional Record of April 29 , 1992 , at page 9804 -- text NOT provided in the Congressional Record ) ; and Florida Legislature ( designated as POM - 122 in the U.S. Senate ) approved in 2012 , Florida House Memorial No. 83 ( see Congressional Record of July 25 , 2012 , at page S5378 , with verbatim text provided ) . Taking matters a bit further , on February 10 , 2016 , Florida lawmakers approved House Memorial No. 417 calling upon Congress , pursuant to Article V of the Federal Constitution , to assemble a Convention to prepare a constitutional amendment that would establish term limits upon members of Congress . Supreme Court ( edit ) Legal scholars have discussed whether or not to impose term limits on the Supreme Court of the United States . Currently , Supreme Court Justices are appointed for life `` during good behavior '' . A sentiment has developed , among certain scholars , that the Supreme Court may not be accountable in a way that is most in line with the spirit of checks and balances . Equally , scholars have argued that life tenure has taken on a new meaning in a modern context . Changes in medical care have markedly raised life expectancy and therefore has allowed Justices to serve for longer than ever before . Steven G. Calebresi and James Lindgren , professors of law at Northwestern University , argued that , because vacancies in the court are occurring with less frequency and justices served on average , between 1971 and 2006 , for 26.1 years , the `` efficacy of the democratic check that the appointment process provides on the Court 's membership '' is reduced . There have been several similar proposals to implement term limits for the nation 's highest court , including Professor of Law at Duke University , Paul Carrington 's 2005 `` The Supreme Court Renewal Act of 2005 '' . Many of the proposals center around a term limit for Justices that would be 18 years ( Larry Sabato , Professor of Political Science at University of Virginia , suggested between 15 and 18 years ) . The proposed staggered term limits of 18 years would , according to Calebresi , Lindgren ( 2006 ) , and Carrington ( 2005 ) , allow for a new appointment to the Court every two years , which in effect would allow every president at least two appointments . Professor Carrington has argued that such a measure would not require a constitutional amendment as the `` Constitution does n't even mention life tenure ; it merely requires that justices serve during ' good behaviour ' `` . The idea was not without support among Judges , as John Roberts supported term limits before he was appointed to the Supreme Court as Chief Justice . Calebresi , Lingren , and Carrington have also proposed that when justices have served out their proposed 18 - year term they should be able to sit on other Federal Courts until retirement , death , or removal . Fairleigh Dickinson University 's PublicMind Poll measured American voters ' attitudes towards various proposed Supreme Court reforms , including implementing term limits . The 2010 poll found that a majority of Americans were largely unaware of a proposal to impose a term limit of 18 years , as 82 % reported they had heard little or nothing at all . Notwithstanding a lack of awareness , 52 % of Americans approved of limiting terms to 18 years , while 35 % disapproved . When asked how old is too old for a Supreme Court judge to serve if he or she seems healthy , 48 % said `` no limit as long as he or she is healthy '' , while 31 % agreed that anyone over the age of 70 is too old . Some state lawmakers have officially expressed to Congress a desire for a federal constitutional amendment to limit terms of Supreme Court justices as well as of judges of federal courts below the Supreme Court level . While there might be others , below are three known examples : In 1957 , the Alabama Legislature adopted Senate Joint Resolution No. 47 on the subject ( appearing in the U.S. Senate 's portion of the Congressional Record on July 3 , 1957 , at page 10863 , with full text provided ) ; In 1978 , the Tennessee General Assembly adopted House Joint Resolution No. 21 on the subject ( designated as POM - 612 by the U.S. Senate and quoted in full in the Congressional Record of April 25 , 1978 , at page 11437 ) ; and In 1998 , the Louisiana House of Representatives adopted House Resolution No. 120 on the subject ( designated as POM - 511 by the U.S. Senate and quoted in full in the Congressional Record of July 17 , 1998 , at page 16076 ) . State term limits ( edit ) See also : Comparison of State Governments Term limits for state officials have existed since colonial times . The Pennsylvania Charter of Liberties of 1682 , and the colonial frame of government of the same year , both authored by William Penn , provided for triennial rotation of the provincial council -- the upper house of the colonial legislature . The Delaware Constitution of 1776 limited the governor to a single three - year term ; currently , the governor of Delaware can serve two four - year terms . At present , 36 states have term limits of various types for their governors . To circumvent the term limit in Alabama incumbent governor George Wallace pushed through the nomination of his wife Lurleen , in the 1966 Democratic primary , which was , in those days , the real contest in Alabama . It was generally understood that Mrs. Wallace would only be a titular governor while her husband continued to hold the real power . She won the election , but only served 16 months before dying in 1968 . As indicated above , in fifteen state legislatures the members serve in rotation , i.e. , under term limits enacted during the reforms of the early 1990s . In another six states , however , state legislatures have either overturned their own limits or state supreme courts have ruled such limits unconstitutional . In 2002 the Idaho Legislature became the first legislature of its kind to repeal its own term limits , enacted by a public vote in 1994 , ostensibly because it applied to local officials along with the legislature . Gubernatorial term limits ( edit ) U.S. gubernatorial term limits as of 2014 No limit No limit , two - year terms One ; reeligible after four years Two ; reeligible after four years Two ; eligible 8 out of 12 years Two ; eligible 8 out of 16 years Two , absolute Governors of 36 states and four territories are subject to various term limits , while the governors of 14 states , Puerto Rico , and the Mayor of Washington , D.C. , may serve an unlimited number of terms . Each state 's gubernatorial term limits are prescribed by its state constitution , with the exception of Wyoming , whose limits are found in its statutes . Territorial term limits are prescribed by its constitution in the Northern Mariana Islands , the Organic Acts in Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands , and by statute in American Samoa . Unique in its restriction , Virginia prohibits its governors from succeeding themselves for a second term , although former governors are reeligible after four years out of office . Many other states formerly had this prohibition , but all had eliminated it by 2000 . The governors of the following states and territories are limited to two consecutive terms , but are reeligible after four years out of office : Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Colorado , Florida , Georgia , Hawaii , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maine , Maryland , Nebraska , New Jersey , New Mexico , North Carolina , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , South Dakota , Tennessee , West Virginia , American Samoa , Guam , and the U.S. Virgin Islands . Equivalently , the Governors of Indiana and Oregon are limited to serving 8 out of any 12 years . Conversely , the Governors of Montana and Wyoming are restricted to two terms , limited to serving 8 out of any 16 years . Finally , the governors of the following states and territory are absolutely limited ( for life ) to two terms : Arkansas , California , Delaware , Michigan , Mississippi , Missouri , Nevada , the Northern Mariana Islands , and Oklahoma . The current Governor of California ( Jerry Brown ) is , however , serving a fourth ( non-consecutive ) term because his first two terms were before limits were passed in California , and the limits did not apply to individuals ' prior terms . The governors of New Hampshire and Vermont may serve unlimited two - year terms . The governors ( or equivalent ) in the following states , district , and territory may serve unlimited four - year terms : Connecticut , Idaho , Illinois , Iowa , Massachusetts , Minnesota , New York , North Dakota , Texas , Utah , Washington , Wisconsin , District of Columbia , and Puerto Rico . The Governor of Utah was previously limited to serving three terms , but all term limit laws have since been repealed by the legislature . State legislatures with term limits ( edit ) The following 15 legislatures have term limits : Arizona Legislature : four consecutive two - year terms for both houses ( eight years ) . No limit on total number of terms . Arkansas General Assembly : sixteen years total in either the House or the Senate . ( Prior to the 2014 election , the previous limits of three two - year terms for House members ( six years ) and two four - year terms for Senate members ( eight years ) applied ) . California State Legislature : twelve years total in either Assembly or Senate . ( For legislators first elected on or before June 5 , 2012 , the previous limits ( enacted in 1990 ) of either three two - year terms for Assembly members ( six years ) and two four - year terms for Senate members ( eight years ) apply ) . Colorado General Assembly : four consecutive two - year terms in the House ( eight years ) and two consecutive four - year terms in the Senate ( eight years ) . Florida Legislature : may serve no more than eight consecutive years in either house . No limit on total number of terms . Louisiana State Legislature : three consecutive four - year terms for both houses ( twelve years ) . Members may run for the opposite body without having to sit out an election . Maine Legislature : four two - year terms for both houses ( eight years ) . No limit on total number of terms Michigan Legislature : three two - year terms for House members ( six years ) and two four - year terms for Senate members ( eight years ) . Missouri General Assembly : four consecutive two - year terms for House members ( eight years ) and two four - year consecutive terms for Senate members ( eight years ) . Members may be elected again to the other house , but not serve more than 16 years . Montana State Legislature : four two - year terms for House members ( eight years ) in any sixteen - year period and two four - year terms for Senate members ( eight years ) in any sixteen - year period . Nebraska Legislature : unicameral legislature ; members limited to two consecutive four - year terms ( eight years ) , after which they must wait four years before running again . Nevada Legislature : six two - year terms for Assembly members ( twelve years ) and three four - year terms for Senate members ( twelve years ) . Ohio General Assembly : four consecutive two - year terms for House members ( eight years ) and two consecutive four - year terms for Senate members ( eight years ) . Oklahoma Legislature : six two - year terms for House members ( twelve years ) and three four - year terms for Senate members ( twelve years ) . Once term - limited in one house , a legislator can not be elected to the other . South Dakota Legislature : four consecutive two - year terms for both houses ( eight years ) . Overturned or repealed state Legislative term limits ( edit ) The following six legislatures have had their term limits nullified : Idaho Legislature : the Legislature repealed its own term limits in 2002 . Massachusetts General Court : the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court overturned term limits in 1997 . Oregon Legislative Assembly : the Oregon Supreme Court ruled term limits unconstitutional in 2002 . See term limits in Oregon . Utah State Legislature : the Legislature repealed its own term limits in 2003 . Washington State Legislature : the Washington Supreme Court voided term limits in 1998 . Wyoming Legislature : the Wyoming Supreme Court ruled term limits unconstitutional in 2004 . See term limits in Wyoming . Municipal term limits ( edit ) Some local governments have term limits . In Philadelphia , the mayor can not be elected three consecutive times , but there is no limit on how long any individual can serve as mayor . Frank Rizzo was elected mayor in 1971 and 1975 ; he attempted to repeal the term limit , but failed and could not run in 1979 . He ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for mayor in 1983 but he lost to Wilson Goode . In 1986 , he switched to the Republican Party , and ran as a Republican in the mayoral elections of 1987 and 1991 . Limits vary from city to city even within the same state . For example , Houston , Texas , has a limit of 2 four - year terms ( prior to November 3 , 2015 , 3 two - year terms dating back to 1991 ) , while San Antonio , Texas , has a limit of 4 two - year terms . Both Houston and San Antonio 's term limits are absolute ; elected officeholders are ineligible to run for the same position where seeking higher office is common . A two - term limit was imposed on New York City Council members and citywide elected officials ( except for district attorneys ) in New York City after a 1993 referendum ( see the Charter of the City of New York , § 1138 ) . On November 3 , 2008 , however , when Michael Bloomberg was in his second term of mayor , the City Council approved the extension of the two - term limit to a three - term limit ; one year later , he was elected to a third term . The two - term limit was reinstated after a referendum in 2010 . In Los Angeles the mayor serves up to two four - year terms since 1993 , while the City Council serve up to three four - year terms . In Cincinnati , Ohio , the term limit for mayor is two successive four - year terms . Council members are limited to two successive four - year terms . There is no limit to total terms that may be served , just a limit on successive terms . In New Orleans , City Council members are limited to two four - year terms . However , a council member representing one of the five council districts may run for one of the two at - large seats on the council once they reach the two - term limit , and vice versa . There is no limit on the number of terms a council member may serve in a lifetime . Since 1954 , the mayor of New Orleans has been limited to two consecutive four - year elected terms , but he or she may be elected again after sitting out one four - year term . When the new city plan of government was adopted , the mayor at the time , DeLesseps Story Morrison , was exempt from term limits due to a grandfather clause . Under the original Metropolitan Charter adopted in 1962 , the mayor of Nashville was limited to three consecutive four - year terms , which was subsequently reduced to two consecutive four - year terms in 1991 . Councilors were likewise limited to two consecutive four - year terms , but subsequent court rulings have determined the offices of district councilor and at - large councilor to be separate offices even though all councilors serve together in one unicameral body , which has meant that at large councilors have continued in office as district members , and ( more frequently ) district councilors have been elected to subsequent terms as at large councilors . See also ( edit ) Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 List of political term limits Political class Second Constitutional Convention of the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Professor Garrett G. Fagan , Penn State University ( 1999 ) . `` The History of Ancient Rome '' . The Teaching Company ... Office - holding at Rome was based on two important concepts : collegiality and limited tenure of office ... ( see page 19 of the Guidebook , Part 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Fundamental Orders of Connecticut '' . The Avalon Project : Documents in Law , History and Diplomacy . Yale Law School Lillian Goldman Law Library . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 , section 8 . Jump up ^ Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 , section 19 . On Franklin 's plan of 1775 see , Benjamin Franklin , The Writings of Benjamin Franklin , ed. , Albert Henry Smyth , 10 vols . ( New York : The Macmillan Co. , 1907 ) , 6 : 423 , article 9 . Jump up ^ `` Articles of Confederation : March 1 , 1781 '' . The Avalon Project : Documents in Law , History and Diplomacy . Yale Law School Lillian Goldman Law Library . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas Jefferson , The Papers of Thomas Jefferson , ed . Julian F. Boyd , et al. , ( Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press , 1950 -- ) , 1 : 411 . Jump up ^ Also , article IX , paragraph 5 , of the Articles of Confederation provided that , `` no person be allowed to serve in the office of president more than one year in any term of four years . '' Jump up ^ The Politics and Law of Term Limits Jump up ^ R.H. Lee , Letter to Edmund Randolph dated 16 October 1787 , in Richard Henry Lee , The Letters of Richard Henry Lee , ed . James C. Ballagh , 2 vols . ( New York : Macmillan Co. , 1911 ) , 2 : 450 , 455 . See also 1 : 191 , letter to Edmund Pendleton dated 12 May 1776 , and Letters from the Federal Farmer to the Republican , ed . Walter H. Bennett ( University , Alabama : The University of Alabama Press , 1978 ) , pp. 72 -- 75 , 86 . Jump up ^ Jefferson , Papers , Boyd , ed. , 12 : 440 , 13 : 490 . See also 15 : 25 for Jefferson 's definition of rotation in office . Jump up ^ Mason in Jonathan Eliot , ed. , The Debates in the Several State Conventions on Adoption of the Federal Constitution , 5 vols . ( Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office , 1836 ) , 3 : 485 . Jump up ^ Mercy Otis Warren , Observations on the new Constitution , and on the Federal and State Conventions 9 , in Herbert J. Staring , ed. , The Complete Anti-Federalist , 6 vols . ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1981 ) 4 : 270 , 278 . Jump up ^ Michael J. Korzi ( 2013 ) . Presidential Term Limits in American History : Power , Principles , and Politics . Texas A&M UP . pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ See ( https://famguardian.org/Subjects/Politics/ThomasJefferson/jeff1230.htm `` Thomas Jefferson on Politics & Government '' . Jump up ^ Charles W. Stein , The Third - Term Tradition : Its Rise and Collapse in American Politics ( 1943 ) pp 71 - 116 . Jump up ^ Stein , The Third - Term Tradition pp 144 - 222 . Jump up ^ Stein , The Third - Term Tradition pp 317 - 340 . Jump up ^ Robert Struble , Jr. , `` House Turnover and the Principle of Rotation Archived 2010 - 10 - 11 at the Wayback Machine. , '' Political Science Quarterly 94 ( Winter 1979 -- 80 ) : p. 650 , and fn. 6 . in the question , The quotation is from Henry James , the biographer . Jump up ^ Robert Struble , Jr. , Treatise on Twelve Lights , chapter six , Rotation in Office , and other democratic reforms ... '' Archived 2016 - 04 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ James S. Young , The Washington Community , 1800 -- 1828 ( New York : Columbia University Press , 1966 ) , pp. 51 -- 52 , 55 -- 57 , 59 -- 61 , 64 , 145 . Jump up ^ James Fenimore Cooper , The American Democrat ( New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1931 ) , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Richmond Enquirer , 8 November 1822 , p. 3 ; Struble , supra. , p. 653 . Jump up ^ One can still detect the idealism of the Revolutionary period echoed by President Andrew Jackson in his address to Congress , December 8 , 1829 : `` There are , perhaps , few men who can for any great length of time enjoy office and power without being more or less under the influence of feelings unfavorable to the faithful discharge of their public duties . Their integrity may be proof against improper considerations immediately addressed to themselves , but they are apt to acquire a habit of looking with indifference upon the public interests and of tolerating conduct from which an unpracticed man would revolt . Office is considered as a species of property , and government rather as a means of promoting individual interests than as an instrument created solely for the service of the people . Corruption in some and in others a perversion of correct feelings and principles divert government from its legitimate ends and make it an engine for the support of the few at the expense of the many . '' ... ( James D. Richardson , ed. , A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents , 10 vols . ( Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office , 1896 -- 99 ) , 2 : 448 -- 49 ) . Jump up ^ Struble , supra , pp. 661 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Struble , ibid , pp. 659 -- 60 ; Lincoln 's letter to William Herndon , 8 January 1848 , in Abraham Lincoln , The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln , ed . Roy P. Basler , 10 vols . ( New Brunswick , N.J. : Rutgers University Press , 1953 ) , 1 : 430 -- 31 . Jump up ^ U.S. Term Limits , Inc. v. Thornton . The decision was 5 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Stacie Rumenap , `` Career Politicians Never Did Like Term Limits , '' No Uncertain Terms , August 2002 , vol. 10 , # 7 , pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Michael C. Dorf ( 2 August 2000 ) . `` Why the Constitution permits a Gore - Clinton ticket '' . CNN Interactive . Jump up ^ Scott E. Gant ; Bruce G. Peabody ( 2006 - 06 - 13 ) . `` How to bring back Bill '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript of the Constitution of the United States -- Official Text '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Korzi notes it is a mistake to credit George Washington . Michael J. Korzi , Presidential Term Limits in American History : Power , Principles , and Politics ( 2011 ) p 43 . Jump up ^ Susan Dunn ( 2013 ) . 1940 : FDR , Willkie , Lindbergh , Hitler - the Election amid the Storm . Yale UP . p. 129 . Jump up ^ David A Crockett , `` ' An Excess of Refinement ) : Lame Duck Presidents in Constitutional and Historical Context '' Presidential Studies Quarterly 38 no4 707 - 21 , quoting p. 710 Jump up ^ Michael J. Korzi , `` Changing Views of Executive Tenure in Early American History , '' White House Studies 8 # 3 ( 2009 ) pp 357 - 379 at p 365 . Jump up ^ Bruce G. Peabody , `` George Washington , Presidential Term Limits , and the Problem of Reluctant Political Leadership , '' Presidential Studies Quarterly 31.3 ( 2001 ) : 439 - 453 , at p 442 . Jump up ^ Jeremy D. Bailey ( 2007 ) . Thomas Jefferson and Executive Power . p. 124 . Jump up ^ Crockett , `` ' An Excess of Refinement ) : Lame Duck Presidents in Constitutional and Historical Context '' Presidential Studies Quarterly ( 2008 ) 38 # 4 pp 707 - 21 at p. 710 Jump up ^ Peabody 2001 . p 446 - 48 . Jump up ^ Dorothy S. Truesdale , `` Rochester Views the Third Term 1880 . '' Rochester History 2.4 ( 1940 ) : pp 1 - 20 online . Jump up ^ Tim McNeese ( 2007 ) . The Progressive Movement : Advocating Social Change . Infobase Publishing . p. 110 - 111 . Jump up ^ Alonzo L. Hamby . Man of the People : A Life of Harry S. Truman ( 1995 ) pp 602 - 5 . Jump up ^ Dana Priest ; William Claiborne ( November 9 , 1994 ) . `` Voters in Several States , D.C. Adopt Limits For Legislators '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ H.J. Res. 73 , 104th Congress Jump up ^ U.S. Term Limits wanted House members to be limited to three two - year terms . Jump up ^ `` H.J. Res. 73 ( 104th ) : Contract with America bill ( On Passage of the Bill ) , House Vote # 277 '' . GovTrack.us . March 29 , 1995 . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The four constitutional amendments on term limits which the House rejected 29 March 1995 were sponsored by : Democrat John Dingell ( 12 / 12 retroactive ) , rejected 135 -- 297 ; Republican Bob Inglis ( 6 / 12 , not retroactive ) , rejected 114 -- 316 ; Republican Van Hilleary ( 12 / 12 , unretroactive , but defers to more stringent state imposed limits ) , rejected 164 -- 265 ; Republican Bill McCollum ( 12 / 12 not retroactive and would override more stringent state limits ) ; approved by less than the requisite 2 / 3 , 227 -- 204 ; on February 12 , 1997 Congress did likewise by a margin of 217 -- 211 ( 50.7 % ) . Jump up ^ `` State Legislative Term Limits '' . US Term Limits . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Neil Pinney , George Serra , and Dalene Sprick , `` The costs of reform : consequences of limiting legislative terms of service , '' Party Politics , 10 : 69 -- 84 ^ Jump up to : Steven G. Calebresi & James Lindgren , `` Term Limits for the Supreme Court : Life Tenure Reconsidered , '' Harvard Journal of Public Policy , Vol 29 no . 3 ( 2006 ) `` Social Science Research Network . ^ Jump up to : Richard Brust , `` Supreme Court 2.0 , ABA Connection , ( October 1 , 2008 ) . Article provides an overview of proposed reforms to the Supreme Court of the United States . ^ Jump up to : Julie Geng , `` Law Prof Proposes Supreme Court Term Limits '' , Cornell Sun Online ( February 11 , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Larry J. Sabato , `` Reforming the Least Democratic Branch '' ( April 15 , 1010 ) . ^ Jump up to : Fairleigh Dickinson University 's PublicMind Poll , `` Public Says Televising Court is Good for Democracy '' press release ( March 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Francis N. Thorpe , ed. , The Federal and State Constitutions , Colonial Charters , and other Organic Laws ... , 7 vols . ( Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office , 1909 ) 5 : 3048 , 3055 -- 56 , 3065 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Virginia '' . Virginia Constitution . pp. Article V , § , 1 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` AMENDMENT 282 RATIFIED '' . Alabama Constitution . pp. Amendment 282 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Article 3 -- The Executive '' . Alaska Constitution . pp. Article 3 , § , 5 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1 . Term limits on executive department and state officers ; term lengths ; election ; residence and office at seat of government ; duties '' . Arizona Constitution . pp. Article 5 , § , 1 Version 2 , clause A. Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Section 1 . Officers -- terms of office '' . Colorado Constitution . pp. Article IV , § , 1 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Florida Constitution '' . Florida Constitution . pp. Article IV , § , 5 , clause b . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the State of Georgia '' ( PDF ) . Georgia Constitution . pp. Article V , § I , Paragraph I. Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE V '' . Hawaii Constitution . pp. Article V , § , 1 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Article 1 . -- EXECUTIVE '' . Kansas Constitution . pp. Article 1 , § , 1 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Section 71 '' . Kentucky Constitution . pp. § , 71 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE IV . EXECUTIVE BRANCH '' . Louisiana Constitution . pp. Article IV , § , 3 , Clause B. Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Maine Constitution Article V. -- Part First . Executive Power '' . Maine Constitution . pp. Article V , part 1 , § , 2 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE II -- EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT '' . Maryland Constitution . pp. Article II , § , 1 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Article IV - 1 '' . Nebraska Constitution . pp. Article IV , § , 1 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NEW JERSEY STATE CONSTITUTION 1947 '' . New Jersey Constitution . pp. Article V , § I , paragraph 5 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Section 1 . ( Composition of department ; terms of office of members ; residing and maintaining records at seat of government . ) '' . New Mexico Constitution . pp. Article V , § , 1 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE III EXECUTIVE '' . North Carolina Constitution . pp. Article III , § , 2 , clause 2 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` § 3.02 Term of office '' . Ohio Constitution . pp. Article III , § , 2 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CONSTITUTION OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA '' . Pennsylvania Constitution . pp. Article IV , § , 3 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE IV OF ELECTIONS AND CAMPAIGN FINANCE '' . Rhode Island Constitution . pp. Article IV , § , 1 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE IV . EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT '' . South Carolina Constitution . pp. Article IV , § , 3 . Archived from the original on 27 April 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` § 2 '' . South Dakota Constitution . pp. Article IV , § , 2 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tennessee constitution -- article iii . executive department '' . Tennessee Constitution . pp. Article III , § , 4 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of West Virginia '' . West Virginia Constitution . pp. Article VII , § , 4 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Title 4 EXECUTIVE '' . American Samoa Code . pp. § , 4.0107 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2008 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` § 1422 . Governor and Lieutenant Governor ; term of office ; qualifications ; powers and duties ; annual report to Congress '' . United States Code . pp. Title 48 , § , 1422 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` § 1591 . Governor and Lieutenant Governor ; election ; eligibility ; official residence ; powers and duties ; report '' . United States Code . pp. Title 48 , § , 1591 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE 5 '' . Indiana Constitution . pp. Article V , § , 1 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Oregon '' . Oregon Constitution . pp. Article V , § , 1 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2007 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Montana Constitution '' . pp. Article IV , § , 8 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CHAPTER 5 -- NOMINATIONS '' . Wyoming Statutes . pp. § , 22 -- 5 -- 103 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Amend. 73 . Arkansas Term Limitation Amendment '' ( PDF ) . Arkansas Constitution . p. 134 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CALIFORNIA CONSTITUTION ARTICLE 5 EXECUTIVE '' . California Constitution . pp. Article 5 , § , 2 . Archived from the original on 8 January 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE . III EXECUTIVE '' . Delaware Constitution . pp. Article III , § , 5 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Constitution '' ( PDF ) . pp. Article V , § , 30 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI '' . Mississippi Constitution . pp. Article 5 , § , 116 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Article IV EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT Section 17 '' . Missouri Constitution . pp. Article IV , § , 17 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF NEVADA '' . Nevada Constitution . pp. Article 5 , § , 3 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE III : EXECUTIVE BRANCH '' . Northern Mariana Islands Constitution . pp. Article III , § , 4 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SECTION VI - 4 Terms of office -- Succession '' ( RTF ) . Oklahoma Constitution . pp. Article VI , § , 4 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions About Senators '' . Archived 2014 - 07 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Nebraska Legislature . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Archived 2 April 2015 at Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Term limits will land on city ballot in Nov '' . New York Post . 12 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Javier C. ( 3 November 2010 ) . `` Term Limits in New York City Are Approved Again '' . The New York Times . Further reading ( edit ) Bailey , Harry A. `` Presidential Tenure and the Two - Term Tradition . '' Publius 2.2 ( 1972 ) : 95 - 106 . online Crockett , David A. `` ' An Excess of Refinement ) : Lame Duck Presidents in Constitutional and Historical Context '' Presidential Studies Quarterly ( 2008 ) 38 # 4 pp. 707 - 21 . Korzi , Michael J. `` Changing Views of Executive Tenure in Early American History , '' White House Studies 8 # 3 ( 2009 ) pp 357 - 379 . Korzi , Michael J. ( 2013 ) . Presidential Term Limits in American History : Power , Principles , and Politics . Texas A&M UP . O'Keefe , Eric ( 2008 ) . `` Term Limits '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 504 -- 06 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n308 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . LCCN 2008009151 . OCLC 750831024 . Peabody , Bruce G. `` George Washington , presidential term limits , and the problem of reluctant political leadership . '' Presidential Studies Quarterly 31.3 ( 2001 ) : 439 - 453 . Sigel , Roberta S. , and David J. Butler . `` The Public and the No Third Term Tradition : Inquiry into Attitudes Toward Power . '' Midwest Journal of Political Science 8.1 ( 1964 ) : 39 - 54 . Stathis , Stephen W . `` The Twenty - Second Amendment : A practical remedy or partisan maneuver . '' Constitutional Commentary 7 ( 1990 ) : 61 + . Stein , Charles W . The Third - Term Tradition : Its Rise and Collapse in American Politics ( 1943 ) online External links ( edit ) National Conference of State Legislatures term limits summary Term Limits Now Political Action Committee U.S. Term Limits homepage Discussion on Term Limits Citizen Legislator Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Term_limits_in_the_United_States&oldid=863759246 '' Categories : Term limits Election - related lists Politics of the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Wikipedia references cleanup from February 2017 All articles needing references cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from February 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 October 2018 , at 20 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the maximum term a us president can serve | [
"Term limits, also referred to as rotation in office, restrict the number of terms of office an officeholder may hold. For example, according to the 22nd Amendment, the President of the United States can serve two four-year terms and serve no more than 10 years. \n"
] | [
"two four-year terms"
] |
2637270569368999046 | One-child policy | One - child policy - wikipedia One - child policy Jump to : navigation , search One - child policy A Chinese mother and son at a market in Jiayuguan , China Chinese 独生子 女 政策 ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Dúshēng zǐnǚ zhèngcè The one - child policy , a part of the family planning policy , was a population planning policy of China . It was introduced in 1979 and began to be formally phased out near the end of 2015 and the beginning of 2016 . The policy was only enforced on Han Chinese and allowed exceptions for many groups , including ethnic minorities . In 2007 , 36 % of China 's population was subject to a strict one - child restriction , with an additional 53 % being allowed to have a second child if the first child was a girl . Provincial governments imposed fines for violations , and the local and national governments created commissions to raise awareness and carry out registration and inspection work . According to the Chinese government , 400 million births were prevented . Scholars have widely disputed this claim with Martin King Whyte and Wang et al finding that the policy had little effect on population growth or the size of the total population . China has been compared to countries with similar socioeconomic development like Thailand and Iran , along with the Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu , which achieved similar declines of fertility without a one - child policy . Although 76 % of Chinese people supported the policy in a 2008 survey , it was controversial outside of China . On October 29 , 2015 , it was reported that the existing law would be changed to a two - child policy , citing a statement from the Communist Party of China . The new law became effective on January 1 , 2016 , following its passage in the standing committee of the National People 's Congress on December 27 , 2015 . China 's population since 1950 Population in China Year Million Change Change / year 1964 694.6 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - 1982 1008.2 313.6 + 17.42 2000 1265.8 257.6 + 14.31 1568.9 259.4 + 25.94 Source : Census of China Contents ( hide ) 1 Introduction 2 History 2.1 Implementation 2.2 Relaxation 3 Abolition 4 Administration 5 Effects 5.1 Fertility rates 5.2 Continuation of demographic transition 5.3 Disparity in sex ratio at birth 5.4 Education 5.5 Adoption 5.6 Twins 5.7 Quality of life for women 5.8 Healthcare improvements 5.9 `` Four - two - one '' problem 5.10 Unregistered children 5.11 Potential social problems 5.12 Birth tourism 5.13 Sex - selective abortion 6 Criticism 6.1 Statement of the effect of the policy on birth reduction 6.2 Unequal enforcement 6.3 Human rights violations 6.4 Effect on infanticide rates 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Introduction ( edit ) Birth rate in China During the period of Mao Zedong 's leadership in China , the birth rate fell from 37 per thousand to 20 per thousand . Infant mortality declined from 227 per thousand births in 1949 to 53 per thousand in 1981 , and life expectancy dramatically increased from around 35 years in 1948 to 66 years in 1976 . Until the 1960s , the government encouraged families to have as many children as possible because of Mao 's belief that population growth empowered the country , preventing the emergence of family planning programs earlier in China 's development . The population grew from around 540 million in 1949 to 940 million in 1976 . Beginning in 1970 , citizens were encouraged to marry at later ages and have only two children . Although the fertility rate began to decline , the Chinese government observed the global debate over a possible overpopulation catastrophe suggested by organizations such as Club of Rome and Sierra Club . While visiting Europe in 1979 , one of the top Chinese officials , Song Jian , read two influential books of the movement , The Limits to Growth and A Blueprint for Survival . With a group of mathematicians , Song determined the correct population of China to be 700 million . A plan was prepared to reduce China 's population to the desired level by 2080 , with the one - child policy as one of the main instruments of social engineering . In spite of some criticism inside the party , the plan ( also referred to as the Family Planning Policy ) was officially adopted in 1979 . The plan called for families to have one child each in order to curb a then - surging population and limit the demands for water and other resources , as well as to alleviate social , economic , and environmental problems in China . The policy was formally implemented as a temporary measure on September 18 , 1980 . History ( edit ) The one - child policy was originally designed to be a One - Generation Policy . It was enforced at the provincial level and enforcement varied ; some provinces had more relaxed restrictions . The one - child limit was most strictly enforced in densely populated urban areas . Beginning in 1980 , the official policy granted local officials the flexibility to make exceptions and allow second children in the case of `` practical difficulties '' ( such as cases in which the father is a disabled serviceman ) or when both parents are single children , and some provinces had other exemptions worked into their policies as well . In most areas , families were allowed to apply to have a second child if their first - born is a daughter . Furthermore , families with children with disabilities have different policies and families whose first child suffers from physical disability , mental illness , or intellectual disability were allowed to have more children . However , second children were sometimes subject to birth spacing ( usually 3 or 4 years ) . Children born in overseas countries were not counted under the policy if they do not obtain Chinese citizenship . Chinese citizens returning from abroad were allowed to have a second child . Sichuan province allowed exemptions for couples of certain backgrounds . By one estimate there were at least 22 ways in which parents could qualify for exceptions to the law towards the end of the one - child policy 's existence . As of 2007 , only 35.9 % of the population were subjected to a strict one - child limit . 52.9 % were permitted to have a second child if their first was a daughter ; 9.6 % of Chinese couples were permitted two children regardless of their gender ; and 1.6 % -- mainly Tibetans -- had no limit at all . The Danshan , Sichuan Province Nongchang Village people Public Affairs Bulletin Board in September 2005 noted that RMB 25,000 in social compensation fees were owed in 2005 . Thus far 11,500 RMB had been collected , so another 13,500 RMB had to be collected . Following the 2008 Sichuan earthquake , a new exception to the regulations was announced in Sichuan province for parents who had lost children in the earthquake . Similar exceptions had previously been made for parents of severely disabled or deceased children . People have also tried to evade the policy by giving birth to a second child in Hong Kong , but at least for Guangdong residents , the one - child policy was also enforced if the birth was given in Hong Kong or abroad . In accordance with China 's affirmative action policies towards ethnic minorities , all non-Han ethnic groups are subjected to different laws and were usually allowed to have two children in urban areas , and three or four in rural areas . Han Chinese living in rural towns were also permitted to have two children . Because of couples such as these , as well as who simply pay a fine ( or `` social maintenance fee '' ) to have more children , the overall fertility rate of mainland China was close to 1.4 children per woman as of 2011 . Implementation ( edit ) The Family Planning Policy was enforced through a financial penalty in the form of the `` social child - raising fee '' , sometimes called a `` family planning fine '' in the West , which was collected as a fraction of either the annual disposable income of city dwellers or of the annual cash income of peasants , in the year of the child 's birth . For instance , in Guangdong , the fee is between 3 and 6 annual incomes for incomes below the per capita income of the district , plus 1 to 2 times the annual income exceeding the average . Both members of the couple need to pay the fine . As part of the policy , women were required to have a contraceptive intrauterine device ( IUD ) surgically installed after having a first child , and to be sterilized by tubal ligation after having a second child . From 1980 to 2014 , 324 million Chinese women were fitted with IUDs in this way and 108 million were sterilized . Women who refused these procedures -- which many resented -- could lose their government employment and their children could lose access to education or health services . The IUDs installed in this way were modified such that they could not be removed manually , but only through surgery . In 2016 , following the abolition of the one - child policy , the Chinese government announced that IUD removals would now be paid for by the government . Relaxation ( edit ) In 2013 , Deputy Director Wang Peian of the National Health and Family Planning Commission said that `` China 's population will not grow substantially in the short term '' . A survey by the commission found that only about half of eligible couples wish to have two children , mostly because of the cost of living impact of a second child . In November 2013 , following the Third Plenum of the 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party , China announced the decision to relax the one - child policy . Under the new policy , families could have two children if one parent , rather than both parents , was an only child . This mainly applied to urban couples , since there were very few rural only children due to long - standing exceptions to the policy for rural couples . The coastal province of Zhejiang , one of China 's most affluent , became the first area to implement this `` relaxed policy '' in January 2014 . The relaxed policy has been implemented in 29 out of the 31 provinces , with the exceptions of Xinjiang and Tibet . Under this policy , approximately 11 million couples in China are allowed to have a second child ; however , only `` nearly one million '' couples applied to have a second child in 2014 , less than half the expected number of 2 million per year . By May 2014 , 241,000 out of 271,000 applications had been approved . Officials of China 's National Health and Family Planning Commission claimed that this outcome was expected , and that `` second - child policy '' would continue progressing with a good start . In 2016 , 433 births and 211 deaths were recorded in Wulipu , Hubei . The birth rate was 8.9 ‰ and death rate was 4.3 ‰ resulting in a natural population increase of 4.6 ‰ . In the results of a separate survey published by the Shayang County government , Wulipu 's population had increased from 48,044 to 48,132 during a survey period . 424 children were born during the survey period resulting in a birth rate of 8.82 ‰ . During the same period , 63 people died , resulting in death rate of 1.31 ‰ . Of the births in the survey , 406 ( 95.75 % ) were in compliance with the family planning policy of China . 312 ( 73.58 % ) of the births were the firstborn in the family . ( All of these births were in compliance with the family planning policy of China . ) Among the firstborn children , 157 were female . 107 ( 25.24 % ) of the births were the second - born child in the family . 90 of these births were in compliance with the family planning policy of China . Among the second - born children , 47 were female . Five ( 1.18 % ) of the births surveyed were neither the firstborn nor second - born child in the family . Four of these births were in compliance with the family planning policy of China . Among the children born who were neither firstborn nor second - born , two were female . Abolition ( edit ) See also : Two - child policy § China In October 2015 , the Chinese news agency Xinhua announced plans of the government to abolish the one - child policy , now allowing all families to have two children , citing from a communiqué issued by the Communist Party `` to improve the balanced development of population '' -- an apparent reference to the country 's female - to - male sex ratio -- and to deal with an aging population according to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . The new law took effect on 1 January 2016 after it was passed in the standing committee of the National People 's Congress on 27 December 2015 . The rationale for the abolition was summarized by former Wall Street Journal reporter Mei Fong : `` The reason China is doing this right now is because they have too many men , too many old people , and too few young people . They have this huge crushing demographic crisis as a result of the one - child policy . And if people do n't start having more children , they 're going to have a vastly diminished workforce to support a huge aging population . '' China 's ratio is about five working adults to one retiree ; the huge retiree community must be supported , and that will dampen future growth , according to Fong . Since the citizens of China are living longer and having fewer children , the growth of the population imbalance is expected to continue , as reported by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation which referred to a United Nations projections forecast that `` China will lose 67 million working - age people by 2030 , while simultaneously doubling the number of elderly . That could put immense pressure on the economy and government resources . '' The longer term outlook is also pessimistic , based on an estimate by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences , revealed by Cai Fang , deputy director . `` By 2050 , one - third of the country will be aged 60 years or older , and there will be fewer workers supporting each retired person . '' Although many critics of China 's reproductive restrictions approve of the policy 's abolition , Amnesty International said that the move to the two - child policy would not end forced sterilizations , forced abortions , or government control over birth permits . Others also stated that the abolition is not a sign of the relaxation of authoritarian control in China . A reporter for CNN said , `` It was not a sign that the party will suddenly start respecting personal freedoms more than it has in the past . No , this is a case of the party adjusting policy to conditions ... The new policy , raising the limit to two children per couple , preserves the state 's role . '' The abolition may not achieve a significant benefit , as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation analysis indicated : `` Repealing the one - child policy may not spur a huge baby boom , however , in part because fertility rates are believed to be declining even without the policy 's enforcement . Previous easings of the one - child policy have spurred fewer births than expected , and many people among China 's younger generations see smaller family sizes as ideal . '' The CNN reporter adds that China 's new prosperity is also a factor in the declining birth rate , saying , `` Couples naturally decide to have fewer children as they move from the fields into the cities , become more educated , and when women establish careers outside the home . '' Administration ( edit ) The one - child policy was managed by the National Population and Family Planning Commission under the central government since 1981 . The Ministry of Health of the People 's Republic of China and the National Health and Family Planning Commission were made defunct and a new single agency National Health and Family Planning Commission took over national health and family planning policies in 2013 . The agency reports to the State Council . The policy was enforced at the provincial level through fines that were imposed based on the income of the family and other factors . `` Population and Family Planning Commissions '' existed at every level of government to raise awareness and carry out registration and inspection work . Effects ( edit ) Fertility rates ( edit ) China had small family by 1978 before start of one - child policy in 1979 According to a 2017 study in the Journal of Economic Perspectives , it is complicated to evaluate the effects of the one - child policy on family outcomes because the Chinese government had already enacted aggressive family planning policy before the introduction of the one - child policy ; seen a sharp drop in fertility rates before the enactment of the one - child policy ; the one - child policy coincided with Chinese economic reform which would have contributed to reduced fertility rates ; and other developing East Asian countries also experienced sharp declines in fertility rates . According to the study , `` In general , very different views exist on how the one - child policy affected fertility : one group of studies argued that the one - child policy had a significant or decisive effect on fertility in China , while another group argued that socioeconomic development played a key role in China 's fertility decline . A plausible reconciliation of these views is that the one - child policy accelerated the already - occurring drop in fertility for a few years , but in the longer term , economic development played a more fundamental role in leading to and maintaining China 's low fertility level . To put it more bluntly , China 's fertility might well have dropped to the current low level with rapid economic development , even without the one - child policy , although the timeline of the decline would not appear quite the same . '' Continuation of demographic transition ( edit ) Further information : Demographics of China and Demographic transition The progression of China 's population pyramid , International Futures . The fertility rate in China continued its fall from 2.8 births per woman in 1979 ( already a sharp reduction from more than five births per woman in the early 1970s ) to 1.5 in 2010 . This is similar to demographic transition seen in Thailand , Indian states of Kerala , Tamil Nadu which have undergone similar changes in fertility rates without a one - child policy . China 's one - child policy significantly accelerated the advent of an aging society , radically altered the structure of the population , and helped create an aging population . While the policy may have achieved the stated demographic goals of preventing an estimated 200 million or more births ( the official claim is 400 million ) , it produced many unintended and far - reaching consequences . These include a deficit of 40 million female babies , mostly as a direct consequence of illegal sex - selective abortions , and a population with an artificially large elderly demographic . Disparity in sex ratio at birth ( edit ) The sex ratio at birth in People 's Republic of China , males per 100 females , 1980 -- 2010 . Further information : Missing women of China The sex ratio of a newborn infant ( between male and female births ) in mainland China reached 117 : 100 , and stabilized between 2000 and 2013 , substantially higher than the natural baseline , which ranges between 103 : 100 and 107 : 100 . It had risen from 108 : 100 in 1981 -- at the boundary of the natural baseline -- to 111 : 100 in 1990 . According to a report by the National Population and Family Planning Commission , there will be 30 million more men than women in 2020 , potentially leading to social instability , and courtship - motivated emigration . The disparity in the gender ratio at birth increases dramatically after the first birth , for which the ratios remained steadily within the natural baseline over the 20 year interval between 1980 and 1999 . Thus , a large majority of couples appear to accept the outcome of the first pregnancy , whether it is a boy or a girl . If the first child is a girl , and they are able to have a second child , then a couple may take extraordinary steps to assure that the second child is a boy . If a couple already has two or more boys , the sex ratio of higher parity births swings decidedly in a feminine direction . This demographic evidence indicates that while families highly value having male offspring , a secondary norm of having a girl or having some balance in the sexes of children often comes into play . Zeng 1993 reported a study based on the 1990 census in which they found sex ratios of just 65 or 70 boys per 100 girls for births in families that already had two or more boys . A study by Anderson & Silver ( 1995 ) found a similar pattern among both Han and non-Han nationalities in Xinjiang Province : a strong preference for girls in high parity births in families that had already borne two or more boys . This tendency to favour girls in high parity births to couples who had already borne sons was later also noted by Coale and Banister , who suggested as well that once a couple had achieved its goal for the number of males , it was also much more likely to engage in `` stopping behavior '' , i.e. , to stop having more children . The long - term disparity has led to a significant gender imbalance or skewing of the sex ratio . As reported by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation , China has between 32 million and 36 million more males than would be expected naturally , and this has led to social problems . `` Because of a traditional preference for baby boys over girls , the one - child policy is often cited as the cause of China 's skewed sex ratio ... Even the government acknowledges the problem and has expressed concern about the tens of millions of young men who wo n't be able to find brides and may turn to kidnapping women , sex trafficking , other forms of crime or social unrest . '' The situation will not improve in the near future . According to the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences , there will be 24 million more men than women of marriageable age by 2020 . Education ( edit ) According to a 2017 study in the Journal of Economic Perspectives , `` existing studies indicate either a modest or minimal effect of the fertility change induced by the one - child policy on children education '' . Adoption ( edit ) A roadside sign in rural Sichuan : `` It is forbidden to discriminate against , mistreat or abandon baby girls . '' The one - child policy of China made it more expensive for parents with children to adopt , which may have had an effect upon the numbers of children living in state - sponsored orphanages . However , in the 1980s and early 1990s , poor care and high mortality rates in some state institutions generated intense international pressure for reform . In the 1980s , adoptions accounted for half of the so - called `` missing girls '' . Through the 1980s , as the one - child policy came into force , parents who desired a son but had a daughter often failed to report or delayed reporting female births to the authorities . Some parents may have offered up their daughters for formal or informal adoption . A majority of children who went through formal adoption in China in the later 1980s were girls , and the proportion who were girls increased over time . In an interview with National Public Radio on October 30 , 2015 , Adam Pertman , president and CEO of the National Center on Adoption and Permanency , indicated that many young girls were adopted by citizens of other countries , particularly the United States , a trend which has been declining for some years . `` The infant girls of yesteryear have not been available , if you will , for five , seven years . China has been ... trying to keep the girls within the country ... And the consequence is that , today , rather than those young girls who used to be available -- primarily girls -- today , it 's older children , children with special needs , children in sibling groups . It 's very , very different . '' Twins ( edit ) Since there are no penalties for multiple births , it is believed that an increasing number of couples are turning to fertility medicines to induce the conception of twins . According to a 2006 China Daily report , the number of twins born per year was estimated to have doubled . Quality of life for women ( edit ) The one - child policy has played a major role in improving the quality of life for women in China . For thousands of years , girls have held a lower status in Chinese households . However , the one - child policy 's limit on the number of children has prompted parents of women to start investing money in their well - being . As a result of being an only child , women have increased opportunity to receive an education , and support to get better jobs . One of the side effects of the one - child policy is to have liberated women from heavy duties in terms of taking care of many children and the family in the past ; instead women had a lot of spare time for themselves to pursue their career or hobbies . The other major `` side effect '' of the one child policy is that the traditional concepts of gender roles between men and women have weakened . Being one and the only `` chance '' the parents have , women are expected to compete with peer men for better educational resources or career opportunities . Especially in cities where one - child policy was much more regulated and enforced , expectations on women to succeed in life are no less than on men . Healthcare improvements ( edit ) It is reported that the focus of China on population planning helps provide a better health service for women and a reduction in the risks of death and injury associated with pregnancy . At family planning offices , women receive free contraception and pre-natal classes that contributed to the policy 's success in two respects . First , the average Chinese household expends fewer resources , both in terms of time and money , on children , which gives many Chinese people more money with which to invest . Second , since Chinese adults can no longer rely on children to care for them in their old age , there is an impetus to save money for the future . `` Four - two - one '' problem ( edit ) A government sign in Tangshan Township : `` For a prosperous , powerful nation and a happy family , please practice family planning . '' As the first generation of law - enforced only - children came of age for becoming parents themselves , one adult child was left with having to provide support for his or her two parents and four grandparents . Called the `` 4 - 2 - 1 Problem '' , this leaves the older generations with increased chances of dependency on retirement funds or charity in order to receive support . If personal savings , pensions , or state welfare fail , most senior citizens would be left entirely dependent upon their very small family or neighbours for assistance . If , for any reason , the single child is unable to care for their older adult relatives , the oldest generations would face a lack of resources and necessities . In response to such an issue , all provinces have decided that couples are allowed to have two children if both parents were only children themselves : By 2007 , all provinces in the nation except Henan had adopted this new policy ; Henan followed in 2011 . Unregistered children ( edit ) Further information : Heihaizi Heihaizi ( Chinese : 黑 孩子 ; pinyin : hēiháizi ) or `` black child '' is a term denoting children born outside the one - child policy , or generally children who are not registered in the Chinese national household registration system . Being excluded from the family register means they do not possess a Hukou , which is `` an identifying document , similar in some ways to the American social security card . '' Since they do not legally exist and as a result can not access most public services , such as education and health care , and do not receive protection under the law . Potential social problems ( edit ) See also : Shidu ( bereavement ) , a social phenomenon denoting the loss of an only child Some parents may over-indulge their only child . The media referred to the indulged children in one - child families as `` little emperors '' . Since the 1990s , some people have worried that this will result in a higher tendency toward poor social communication and cooperation skills amongst the new generation , as they have no siblings at home . No social studies have investigated the ratio of these over-indulged children and to what extent they are indulged . With the first generation of children born under the policy ( which initially became a requirement for most couples with first children born starting in 1979 and extending into the 1980s ) reaching adulthood , such worries were reduced . However , the `` little emperor syndrome '' and additional expressions , describing the generation of Chinese singletons are very abundant in the Chinese media , Chinese academia and popular discussions . Being over-indulged , lacking self - discipline and having no adaptive capabilities are traits that are highly associated with Chinese singletons . Some 30 delegates called on the government in the Chinese People 's Political Consultative Conference in March 2007 to abolish the one - child rule , citing `` social problems and personality disorders in young people '' . One statement read , `` It is not healthy for children to play only with their parents and be spoiled by them : it is not right to limit the number to two children per family , either . '' The proposal was prepared by Ye Tingfang , a professor at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences , who suggested that the government at least restore the previous rule that allowed couples to have up to two children . According to a scholar , `` The one - child limit is too extreme . It violates nature 's law . And in the long run , this will lead to mother nature 's revenge . '' Birth tourism ( edit ) Reports surfaced of Chinese women giving birth to their second child overseas , a practice known as birth tourism . Many went to Hong Kong , which is exempt from the one - child policy . Likewise , a Hong Kong passport differs from China mainland passport by providing additional advantages . Recently though , the Hong Kong government has drastically reduced the quota of births set for non-local women in public hospitals . As a result , fees for delivering babies there have surged . As further admission cuts or a total ban on non-local births in Hong Kong are being considered , mainland agencies that arrange for expectant mothers to give birth overseas are predicting a surge in those going to North America . As the United States practises birthright citizenship , all children born in the US will automatically have US citizenship . The closest US location from China is Saipan in the Northern Mariana Islands , a US dependency in the western Pacific Ocean that allows Chinese visitors without visa restrictions . As of 2012 , the island was experiencing an upswing in Chinese births , since birth tourism there had become cheaper than to Hong Kong . This option is used by relatively affluent Chinese who often have secondary motives as well , wishing their children to be able to leave mainland China when they grow older or bring their parents to the US . Canada , compared to US , is less achievable as their government denies many visa requests . Sex - selective abortion ( edit ) Due to the preference in Rural Chinese society to birth a son , pre-natal sex determination and sex - selective abortions are illegal in China . Often argued as one of the key factors in the imbalanced sex - ratio in China , as excess female infant mortality and underreporting of female births can not solely explain this gender disparity . Researchers have found that the gender of the firstborn child in rural parts of China impact whether or not the mother will seek an ultrasound for the second child . 40 % of women with a firstborn son seek an ultrasound for their second pregnancy , versus 70 % of women with firstborn daughters . This clearly depicts a desire for women to birth a son if one has not yet been birthed . In response to this , the Chinese government made sex - selective abortions illegal in 2005 . Criticism ( edit ) The policy is controversial outside China for many reasons , including accusations of human rights abuses in the implementation of the policy , as well as concerns about negative social consequences . Statement of the effect of the policy on birth reduction ( edit ) The Chinese government , quoting Zhai Zhenwu , director of Renmin University 's School of Sociology and Population in Beijing , estimates that 400 million births were prevented by the one - child policy as of 2011 , while some demographers challenge that number , putting the figure at perhaps half that level , according to CNN . Zhai clarified that the 400 million estimate referred not just to the one - child policy , but includes births prevented by predecessor policies implemented one decade before , stating that `` there are many different numbers out there but it does n't change the basic fact that the policy prevented a really large number of births '' . This claim is disputed by Wang Feng , director of the Brookings - Tsinghua Center for Public Policy , and Cai Yong from the Carolina Population Center at University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Wang claims that `` Thailand and China have had almost identical fertility trajectories since the mid 1980s '' , and `` Thailand does not have a one - child policy . '' China 's Health Ministry has also disclosed that at least 336 million abortions were performed on account of the policy . According to a report by the US Embassy , scholarship published by Chinese scholars and their presentations at the October 1997 Beijing conference of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population seemed to suggest that market - based incentives or increasing voluntariness is not morally better but that it is in the end more effective . In 1988 , Zeng Yi and Professor T. Paul Schultz of Yale University discussed the effect of the transformation to the market on Chinese fertility , arguing that the introduction of the contract responsibility system in agriculture during the early 1980s weakened family planning controls during that period . Zeng contended that the `` big cooking pot '' system of the People 's Communes had insulated people from the costs of having many children . By the late 1980s , economic costs and incentives created by the contract system were already reducing the number of children farmers wanted . A long - term experiment in a county in Shanxi Province , in which the family planning law was suspended , suggested that families would not have many more children even if the law were abolished . A 2003 review of the policy - making process behind the adoption of the one - child policy shows that less intrusive options , including those that emphasized delay and spacing of births , were known but not fully considered by China 's political leaders . Unequal enforcement ( edit ) Corrupted government officials and especially wealthy individuals have often been able to violate the policy in spite of fines . Filmmaker Zhang Yimou had three children and was subsequently fined 7.48 million yuan ( $1.2 million ) . For example , between 2000 and 2005 , as many as 1,968 officials in central China 's Hunan province were found to be violating the policy , according to the provincial family planning commission ; also exposed by the commission were 21 national and local lawmakers , 24 political advisors , 112 entrepreneurs and 6 senior intellectuals . Some of the offending officials did not face penalties , although the government did respond by raising fines and calling on local officials to `` expose the celebrities and high - income people who violate the family planning policy and have more than one child '' . Also , people who lived in the rural areas of China were allowed to have two children without punishment , although the family is required to wait a couple of years before having another child . Human Rights violations ( edit ) Further information : Human rights in China The one - child policy has been challenged for violating a human right to determine the size of one 's own proper family . According to a 1968 proclamation of the International Conference on Human Rights , `` Parents have a basic human right to determine freely and responsibly the number and the spacing of their children . '' According to the UK newspaper The Daily Telegraph , a quota of 20,000 abortions and sterilizations was set for Huaiji County in Guangdong Province in one year due to reported disregard of the one - child policy . According to the article local officials were being pressured into purchasing portable ultrasound devices to identify abortion candidates in remote villages . The article also reported that women as far along as 8.5 months pregnant were forced to abort , usually by an injection of saline solution . A 1993 book by social scientist , Steven W. Mosher , reported that women in their ninth month of pregnancy , or already in labour , were having their children killed whilst in the birth canal or immediately after birth . According to a 2005 news report by Australian Broadcasting Corporation correspondent , John Taylor , China outlawed the use of physical force to make a woman submit to an abortion or sterilization in 2002 but ineffectively enforces the measure . In 2012 , Feng Jianmei , a villager from central China 's Shaanxi province was forced into an abortion by local officials after her family refused to pay the fine for having a second child . Chinese authorities have since apologized and two officials were fired , while five others were sanctioned . In the past , China promoted eugenics as part of its population planning policies , but the government has backed away from such policies , as evidenced by China 's ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities , which compels the nation to significantly reform its genetic testing laws . Recent research has also emphasized the necessity of understanding a myriad of complex social relations that affect the meaning of informed consent in China . Furthermore , in 2003 , China revised its marriage registration regulations and couples no longer have to submit to a pre-marital physical or genetic examination before being granted a marriage license . The United Nations Population Fund 's ( UNFPA ) support for family planning in China , which has been associated with the One - Child policy in the United States , led the United States Congress to pull out of the UNFPA during the Reagan administration , and again under George W. Bush 's presidency , citing human rights abuses and stating that the right to `` found a family '' was protected under the Preamble in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . President Obama resumed U.S. government financial support for the UNFPA shortly after taking office in 2009 , intending to `` work collaboratively to reduce poverty , improve the health of women and children , prevent HIV / AIDS and provide family planning assistance to women in 154 countries '' . Effect on infanticide rates ( edit ) Sex - selected abortion , abandonment , and infanticide are illegal in China . Nevertheless , the United States Department of State , the Parliament of the United Kingdom , and the human rights organization Amnesty International have all declared that infanticide still exists . A writer for the Georgetown Journal of International Affairs wrote , `` The ' one - child ' policy has also led to what Amartya Sen first called ' Missing Women ' , or the 100 million girls ' missing ' from the populations of China ( and other developing countries ) as a result of female infanticide , abandonment , and neglect '' . The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation offered the following summary as to the long term effects of sex - selective abortion and abandonment of female infants : `` Multiple research studies have also found that sex - selective abortion -- where a woman undergoes an ultrasound to determine the sex of her baby , and then aborts it if it 's a girl -- was widespread for years , particularly for second or subsequent children . Millions of female fetuses have been aborted since the 1970s . China outlawed sex selective abortions in 2005 , but the law is tough to enforce because of the difficulty of proving why a couple decided to have an abortion . The abandonment , and killing , of baby girls has also been reported , though recent research studies say it has become rare , in part due to strict criminal prohibitions . '' Anthropologist G. William Skinner at the University of California , Davis and Chinese researcher Yuan Jianhua have claimed that infanticide was fairly common in China before the 1990s . In popular culture ( edit ) Ball , David ( 2002 ) . China Run . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 74322743 - 3 . A novel about an American woman who travels to China to adopt an orphan of the one - child policy , only to find herself a fugitive when the Chinese government informs her that she has been given `` the wrong baby '' . The prevention of a state - imposed abortion during labor to conform with the one child policy is a key plot point in Tom Clancy 's novel The Bear and the Dragon . The difficulties of implementing the one - child policy are dramatized in Mo Yan 's novel Frog ( 2009 ; English translation by Howard Goldblatt , 2015 ) . Avoiding the family - planning enforcers is at the heart of Ma Jian 's novel The Dark Road ( translated by Flora Drew , 2013 ) . Novelist Lu Min writes about her own family 's experience with the One Child Policy in her essay `` A Second Pregnancy , 1980 '' ( translated by Helen Wang , 2015 ) . Xue , Xinran ( 2015 ) . Buy Me the Sky . Rider ( imprint ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 8460 - 4471 - 7 . Tells the stories of the children brought up under China 's one - child policy and the effect that has had on their lives , families and ability to deal with life 's challenges . Fong , Mei ( 2016 ) . One Child : The Story of China 's Most Radical Experiment . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 9780544275393 . See also ( edit ) China portal Shidu ( bereavement ) , denoting the loss of an only child Two - child policy The Dying Rooms General : Abortion in China Demographics of China Human population planning List of countries and dependencies by population Human overpopulation References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Feng , Wang ; Yong , Cai ; Gu , Baochang ( 2012 ) . `` Population , Policy , and Politics : How Will History Judge China 's One - Child Policy ? '' ( PDF ) . Population and Development Review . 38 : 115 -- 29 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1728 - 4457.2013. 00555. x . Jump up ^ Whyte , Martin K. ; Wang , Feng ; Cai , Yong ( 2015 ) . `` Challenging Myths about China 's One - Child Policy '' ( PDF ) . The China Journal . Jump up ^ Li , Hongbin ; Zhang , Junsen ( 2006 ) . `` How effective is the one - child policy in China ? '' ( PDF ) . Working Paper Series . ^ Jump up to : Sen , Amartya ( Jun 2012 ) . `` Population : Delusion and Reality '' ( PDF ) . Richard R Guzmán . Jump up ^ `` The Chinese Celebrate Their Roaring Economy , As They Struggle With Its Costs '' . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bergaglio , Maristella . `` Population Growth in China : The Basic Characteristics of China 's Demographic Transition '' ( PDF ) . Global geografia . IT . Jump up ^ `` World Development Indicators '' . Google Public Data Explorer . World Bank . 2009 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Mann , Jim ( 1992 - 06 - 07 ) . `` The Physics of Revenge : When Dr. Lu Gang 's American Dream Died , Six People Died With It '' . The Los Angeles Times Magazine . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Potts , M. ( 19 August 2006 ) . `` China 's one child policy '' . BMJ. 333 ( 7564 ) : 361 -- 62 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 38938.412593. 80 . PMC 1550444 . PMID 16916810 . Jump up ^ `` Total population , CBR , CDR , NIR and TFR of China ( 1949 -- 2000 ) '' . China Daily . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Zubrin , Robert ( 2012 ) . Radical Environmentalists , Criminal Pseudo-Scientists , and the Fatal Cult of Antihumanism . The New Atlantis . 2646 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59403476 - 3 . Jump up ^ Family Planning in China , Embassy of the People 's Republic of China in Lithuania ; Information Office of the State Council of the People 's Republic of China , August 1995 , Section III paragraph 2 , retrieved 27 October 2014 Jump up ^ Zhu , WX ( 1 June 2003 ) . `` The One Child Family Policy '' . Archives of Disease in Childhood. 88 ( 6 ) : 463 -- 64 . doi : 10.1136 / adc. 88.6. 463 . PMC 1763112 . PMID 12765905 . Jump up ^ `` East and Southeast Asia : China '' . CIA World Factbook . Jump up ^ Coale , Ansley J. ( March 1981 ) . `` Population Trends , Population Policy , and Population Studies in China '' ( PDF ) . Population and Development Review . 7 ( 1 ) : 85 . doi : 10.2307 / 1972766 . Coale shows detailed birth and death data up to 1979 , and gives a cultural background to the famine in 1959 -- 61 . ^ Jump up to : Five things to know about China 's one - child policy , CA : CBC . Jump up ^ da Silva , Pascal Rocha ( 2006 ) . `` La politique de l'enfant unique en République populaire de Chine '' ( The politics of one child in the People 's Republic of China ) ( PDF ) ( in French ) . University of Geneva : 22 -- 28 . Jump up ^ `` Experts challenge China 's 1 - child population claim '' . Boston.com. 2011 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Fong , Vanessa L. ( 2004 ) . Only Hope : Coming of Age Under China 's One - Child Policy . Stanford University Press . p. 179 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 80475330 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Status of Population and Family Planning Program in China by Province '' . Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific . Archived from the original on 30 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Scheuer , James ( 4 January 1987 ) . `` America , the U.N. and China 's Family Planning ( Opinion ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 27 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Most people free to have more child '' . China Daily . 2007 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Hu , Huiting ( 18 October 2002 ) . `` Family Planning Law and China 's Birth Control Situation '' . China Daily . Retrieved 2 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` China 's Only Child '' . NOVA. 14 February 1984 . PBS . Retrieved 13 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Qiang , Guo ( 2006 - 12 - 28 ) . `` Are the rich challenging family planning policy ? '' . China Daily . Jump up ^ 29th session of the standing committee of the 8th People 's Congress of Sichuan Province ( rev ed . ) , United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific , 17 October 1997 , Articles 11 -- 13 , archived from the original on 6 July 2008 , retrieved 31 October 2008 ^ Jump up to : Wong , Edward ( July 22 , 2012 ) . `` Reports of Forced Abortions Fuel Push to End Chinese Law '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Callick , Rowan ( 24 January 2007 ) . `` China relaxes its one - child policy '' . The Australian . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Andrew Jacobs ( 27 May 2008 ) . `` One - Child Policy Lifted for Quake Victims ' Parents '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 28 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Baby offer for earthquake parents '' . BBC . Retrieved 31 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` China Amends Child Policy for Some Quake Victims '' . Morning Edition . NPR . Jump up ^ Tan , Kenneth ( 2012 - 02 - 09 ) . `` Hong Kong to issue blanket ban on mothers from the mainland ? '' . Shanghaiist . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Yardley , Jim ( 11 May 2008 ) . `` China Sticking With One - Child Policy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New rich challenge family planning policy '' . Xinhua. 2015 - 12 - 14 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The most surprising demographic crisis '' . The Economist. 5 May 2011 . Retrieved 25 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Summary of Family Planning notice on how FP fines are collected Jump up ^ `` Heavy Fine for Violators of One - Child Policy '' . CN . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Wee , Sui - lee ( 7 January 2017 ) . `` After One - Child Policy , Outrage at China 's Offer to Remove IUDs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Burkitt , Laurie ( 2013 - 11 - 17 ) , `` China to Move Slowly on One - Child Law Reform '' , The Wall Street Journal ( online ed . ) , retrieved 2013 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Levin , Dan ( 25 February 2014 ) . `` Many in China Can Now Have a Second Child , but Say No '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ China reforms : One - child policy to be relaxed , UK : BBC , 2013 - 11 - 15 , retrieved 2013 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Why is China relaxing its one - child policy ? '' . The Economist . The Economist. 27 January 2015 . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Xinhua Insight : Heated discussion over loosening of one - child policy '' . Xinhua net . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Eastern Chinese province first to ease one - child policy '' . Reuters. 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1 mln Chinese couples apply to have second child '' . China daily . Jump up ^ China daily , Feb 2014 . Jump up ^ Wang , Yamei ( 2014 ) . `` 11 million couples qualify for a second child '' . Xinhua News . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2014 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 五 里 铺 镇 '' . 沙 洋 县 人民 政府 门户 网站 www.shayang.gov.cn ( in Simplified Chinese ) . 沙 洋 县 新闻 中心 . Retrieved 31 March 2018 . 五 里 铺 镇 ( ... ) 2016 年 出生 人口 433 人 , 死亡 211 人 , 人口 出生率 8.9 ‰ , 死亡 率 4.3 ‰ , 自然 增长 率 4.6 ‰ . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 沙 洋 县 全 员 人口 相关 数据 统计 表 '' . 沙 洋 县 人民 政府 门户 网站 www.shayang.gov.cn ( in Simplified Chinese ) . 沙 洋 县 新闻 中心 . Retrieved 31 March 2018 . 地区 总 人 口 出 生 总 数 一 孩 二 孩 多 孩 死 亡 期 初 期 末 人 数 出生率 ‰ 符合 政策 生育 人数 符合 政策 生育 % 人 数 符合 政策 生育 人数 其中 : 女孩 人数 一 孩 率 % 人 数 符合 政策 生育 人数 其中 : 女孩 人数 二 孩 率 % 人 数 符合 政策 生育 人数 其中 : 女孩 人数 多 孩 率 % 人 数 死亡 率 ‰ ( ... ) 五 里 铺 镇 48044 48132 424 8.82 406 95.75 312 312 157 73.58 107 90 47 25.24 5 4 2 1.18 63 1.31 CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` China to abolish decades - old one - child policy '' . Al Jazeera English . 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Jiang , Steven ; Hanna , Jason ( 29 October 2015 ) . `` China says it will end one - child policy '' . CNN . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beschluss der Kommunistischen Partei : China beendet Ein - Kind - Politik '' ( in German ) . DE : Tagesschau. 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` China to end one - child policy and allow two '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` China to allow two children for all couples '' . Xinhua. 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom . `` China ends one - child policy after 35 years '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` The ' model ' example of China 's one child policy '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Top legislature amends law to allow all couples to have two children '' . Xinhua News Agency . 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` China formally abolishes decades - old one - child policy '' . International Business Times . 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Fong , Mei ( 2015 - 10 - 15 ) , `` China one - child policy '' , National Geographic . ^ Jump up to : China daily , Dec 2014 . Jump up ^ `` China ends one - child policy -- but critics warn new two - child policy wo n't end forced abortions '' . The Raw Story . 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/10/china-one-child-reform/ ^ Jump up to : Ghitis ( 2015 - 10 - 29 ) , China : one - child policy , CNN . Jump up ^ http://www.ejinsight.com/20151105-china-one-child-calamity/ Jump up ^ Dewey , Arthur E ( 16 December 2004 ) . `` One - Child Policy in China '' . Senior State Department . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Zhang , Junsen ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) . `` The Evolution of China 's One - Child Policy and Its Effects on Family Outcomes '' . Journal of Economic Perspectives. 31 ( 1 ) : 141 -- 160 . doi : 10.1257 / jep. 31.1. 141 . ISSN 0895 - 3309 . Jump up ^ Sen , Amartya . `` Population Policy : Authoritarianism versus Cooperation '' ( PDF ) . BR : Universidade de Campinas . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Cai , Yong ( Sep 2010 ) . `` China 's Below - Replacement Fertility : Government Policy or Socioeconomic Development ? '' ( PDF ) . Population and Development Review . 36 ( 3 ) : 419 -- 40 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1728 - 4457.2010. 00341. x . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Li , Shiyu , and Shuanglin Lin . `` Population aging and China 's social security reforms . '' Journal of Policy Modeling 38.1 ( 2016 ) : 65 - 95 . Jump up ^ Nie , Jing - Bao ( 7 November 2016 ) . `` Erosion of Eldercare in China : a Socio - Ethical Inquiry in Aging , Elderly Suicide and the Government 's Responsibilities in the Context of the One - Child Policy '' . Ageing International . 41 ( 4 ) : 350 -- 365 . doi : 10.1007 / s12126 - 016 - 9261 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wei , Chen ( 2005 ) . `` Sex Ratios at Birth in China '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 July 2006 . Retrieved 2 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese facing shortage of wives '' . BBC . 2007 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Zeng , Yi ; et al. ( 1993 ) , `` Causes and Implications of the Recent Increase in the Reported Sex Ratio at Birth in China '' , Population and Development Review , 19 ( June ) : 283 -- 302 , doi : 10.2307 / 2938438 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Barbara A ; Silver , Brian D ( 1995 ) , `` Ethnic Differences in Fertility and Sex Ratios at Birth in China : Evidence from Xinjiang '' , Population Studies , 49 ( July ) : 211 -- 26 , doi : 10.1080 / 0032472031000148476 . Jump up ^ Coale , Ansley J ; Banister , Judith ( December 1996 ) . `` Five decades of missing females in China '' . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society . 140 ( 4 ) : 421 -- 450 . JSTOR 987286 . Also printed as `` Five decades of missing females in China '' . Demography. 31 : 459 -- 79 . Aug 1994 . doi : 10.2307 / 2061752 . PMID 7828766 . Jump up ^ `` Online dating a path to marriage for young , busy Chinese '' , Beijing today , Oct 2015 . Jump up ^ Death by Default : A Policy of Fatal Neglect in China 's State Orphanages . New York : Human Rights Watch / Asia . 1996 . ISBN 1 - 56432 - 163 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese Orphanages : A Follow - up '' ( PDF ) . Human Rights Watch / Asia . March 1996 . ^ Jump up to : Johansson , Sten ; Nygren , Olga ( 1991 ) . `` The missing girls of China : a new demographic account '' . Population and Development Review . Population Council . 17 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 51 . doi : 10.2307 / 1972351 . JSTOR 1972351 . Jump up ^ Adam Pertman , National center on adoption & permanency . Jump up ^ How China 's one - child policy transformed US attitudes on adoption , NPR , 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` China : Drug bid to beat child ban '' . China Daily . Associated Press . 14 February 2006 . Retrieved 11 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` How China 's one - child policy overhauled the status and prospects of girls like me '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 18 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Naughton , Barry ( 2007 ) . The Chinese Economy : Transitions and Growth . Cambridge , Mass. : MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0262640640 . Jump up ^ 李 雯 ( Li Wen ) ( 5 April 2008 ) . `` 四 二 一 '' 家庭 , 路 在 何方 ? ( ' Four - two - one families ' , where is the road going ? ) ( in Chinese ) . 云南 日报 网 ( Yunnan Daily Online ) . Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . Jump up ^ 四 二 一 `` 家庭 真 的 是 问题 吗 ? ( Are ' four - two - one ' families really a problem ? ) ( in Chinese ) . 中国 人口 学会 网 ( China Population Association Online ) . 10 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rethinking China 's one - child policy '' . CBC . October 28 , 2009 . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 计生 委 新闻 发言 人 : 11 % 以上 人口 可 生 两 个 孩子 ( Spokesperson of the one - child policy committee : 11 % or more of the population may have two children ) ( in Chinese ) . Sina. 10 July 2007 . Retrieved 7 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` China 's most populous province amends family - planning policy '' . People 's Daily Online . 2011 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Gluckman , Ron ( 2013 - 12 - 19 ) . `` The Ghosts of China 's One - Child Policy '' . Vocativ . Retrieved 3 May , 2018 . Jump up ^ 黒 核子 ~ 一人っ子 政策 の 大 失敗 ( Black Children - The Failure of One Child Policy ) ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 10 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` One Child Policy - Laogai Research Foundation ( LRF ) '' . Laogai Research Foundation . Archived from the original on 31 October 2010 . Retrieved 13 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Li , Shuzhuo ; Zhang , Yexia ; Feldman , Marcus W ( 2010 ) . `` Birth Registration in China : Practices , Problems and Policies '' . Population research and policy review . 29 ( 3 ) : 297 -- 317 . doi : 10.1007 / s11113 - 009 - 9141 - x . PMC 2990197 . PMID 21113384 . Jump up ^ Ross , S.R.J. ( 2012 ) . AQA GCSE Geography A. Cheltenham : Nelson Thornes . p. 182 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4085 - 1708 - 6 . Jump up ^ Deane , Daniela ( July 26 , 1992 ) . `` The Little Emperors '' . The Los Angeles Times . p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese Singletons -- Basic ' Spoiled ' Related Vocabulary '' . Thinking Chinese . November 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Consultative Conference : ' The government must end the one - child rule ' '' . IT : AsiaNews. 2007 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Advisors say it 's time to change one - child policy '' . Shanghai Daily . 2007 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 談天說地 '' . review33 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Eugenio , Haidée V. `` Birth tourism on the upswing '' . Saipan Tribune . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Eugenio , Haidée V. `` Many Chinese giving birth in CNMI trying to get around one child policy '' . Saipan Tribune . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Hardee , Karen , Gu Baochang , and Xie Zhenming. 2000 . `` Holding up more than half the sky : Fertility control and women 's empowerment in China , '' paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America , 23 -- 25 March , Los Angeles Jump up ^ Junhong , Chu , June 2001 , `` Prenatal Sex Determination and Sex - Selective Abortion in Rural Central China , '' Population and Development Review , Vol. 27 , Iss. 2 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Hesketh , Therese . Lu , Li . Xing , Zhu Wei , Sept 2005 , `` The Effect of China 's One - Child Family Policy After 25 Years , The New England Journal of Medicine , Vol. 353 , Iss. 11 . Jump up ^ Junhong , Chu ( 2001 ) . `` Prenatal Sex Determination and Sex - Selective Abortion in Rural Central China '' . Population and Development Review . 27 ( 2 ) : 259 -- 81 Jump up ^ Junhong , Chu ( 2001 ) . `` Prenatal Sex Determination and Sex - Selective Abortion in Rural Central China '' . Population and Development Review . 27 ( 2 ) : 259 -- 81 Jump up ^ Hvistendahl , Mara ( 17 September 2010 ) . `` Has China Outgrown The One - Child Policy ? '' . Science . 329 ( 5998 ) : 1458 -- 61 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 329.5998. 1458 . PMID 20847244 . Jump up ^ Some demographers challenge that number , putting the figure at perhaps half that level . ^ Jump up to : `` Experts challenge China 's 1 - child population claim '' . Jump up ^ `` 336 million abortions under China 's one - child policy '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 15 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PRC Family Planning : The Market Weakens Controls But Encourages Voluntary Limits '' . U.S. Embassy in Beijing . June 1988 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ PRC journal Social Sciences in China ( Zhongguo , January 1988 ) Jump up ^ Greenhalgh , Susan ( 2003 ) . `` Science , Modernity , and the Making of China 's One - Child Policy '' ( PDF ) . Population and Development Review . 29 ( June ) : 163 -- 196 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1728 - 4457.2003. 00163. x . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 10 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Over 1,900 officials breach birth policy in C. China '' . Xinhua. 8 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 10 October 2008 . Retrieved 11 November 2008 . But heavy fines and exposures seemed to hardly stop the celebrities and rich people , as there are still many people , who can afford the heavy penalties , insist on having multiple kids , the Hunan commission spokesman said ... Three officials ... who were all found to have kept extramarital mistresses , were all convicted for charges such as embezzlement and taking bribes , but they were not punished for having more than one child . Jump up ^ `` China : Filmmaker Zhang Yimou fined $1 M for breach of one - child policy - CNN.com '' . CNN . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ chan , peggy ( 2005 ) . Cultures of the world China . New York : Marshall Cavendish International . Jump up ^ Freedman , Lynn P. ; Isaacs , Stephen L. ( Jan -- Feb 1993 ) . `` Human Rights and Reproductive Choice '' ( PDF ) . Studies in Family Planning . Population Council . 24 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 30 . doi : 10.2307 / 2939211 . JSTOR 2939211 . PMID 8475521 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation of Teheran '' . International Conference on Human Rights . 1968 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ McElroy , Damien ( 2001 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Chinese region ' must conduct 20,000 abortions ' '' . The Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Mosher , Steven W. ( July 1993 ) . A Mother 's Ordeal . Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 15 - 162662 - 6 . Jump up ^ Taylor , John ( 2005 - 02 - 08 ) . `` China -- One Child Policy '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Father in forced abortion case wants charges filed '' . My Way News . Associated Press . 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ ( subscription required ) `` Implications of China 's Ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities '' . China : an International Journal . Jump up ^ Sleeboom - Faulkner , Margaret Elizabeth ( 1 June 2011 ) . `` Genetic testing , governance , and the family in the People 's Republic of China '' . Social Science & Medicine . 72 ( 11 ) : 1802 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. socscimed. 2010.03. 052 . Jump up ^ `` Marriage Law of the People 's Republic of China '' ( PDF ) . Australia : Refugee Review Tribunal . Jump up ^ Moore , Stephen ( 1999 - 05 - 09 ) . `` Do n't Fund UNFPA Population Control '' . CATO Institute . Jump up ^ McElroy , Damien ( 2002 - 02 - 03 ) . `` China is furious as Bush halts UN ' abortion ' funds '' . The Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Siv , Sichan ( 2003 - 01 - 21 ) . `` United Nations Fund for Population Activities in China '' . U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on 19 February 2003 . Jump up ^ `` UNFPA Welcomes Restoration of U.S. Funding '' . UNFPA News . 29 January 2009 . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rizvi , Haider ( March 12 , 2009 ) . `` Obama Sets New Course at the U.N. '' IPS News . Inter Press Agency . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` US State Department position '' . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights in China and Tibet '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Jump up ^ Amnesty International . `` Violence Against Women -- an introduction to the campaign '' . Archived from the original on 9 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Mosher , Steve ( 1986 ) . `` Steve Mosher 's China report '' . The Interim . Jump up ^ `` Case Study : Female Infanticide '' . Gendercide Watch . 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Infanticide Statistics : Infanticide in China '' . All Girls Allowed. 2010 . Jump up ^ Steffensen , Jennifer . `` Georgetown Journal 's Guide to the ' One - Child ' Policy '' . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Lubman , Sarah ( 2000 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Experts Allege Infanticide In China -- ' Missing ' Girls Killed , Abandoned , Pair Say '' . San Jose Mercury News . CA . Jump up ^ `` A Second Pregnancy , 1980 '' , Paper republic . Further reading ( edit ) Better 10 Graves Than One Extra Birth : China 's Systemic Use of Coercion To Meet Population Quotas . Washington , DC : Laogai Research Foundation . 2004 . ISBN 1 - 931550 - 92 - 1 . Fong , Mei ( 2015 ) . One Child : The Past and Future of China 's Most Radical Experiment . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 544 - 27539 - X . Interview with Mei on her challenges writing the book . Hardee - Cleaveland , Karen ( 1988 ) . Family Planning in China : Recent Trends , Volume 3 . Center for International Research , U.S. Bureau of the Census . Goh , Esther C.L. ( 2011 ) . `` China 's One - Child Policy and Multiple Caregiving : raising little suns in Xiamen '' ( PDF ) . Journal of International and Global Studies . New York : Routledge . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 05 - 24 . Greenhalgh , Susan ( 2008 ) . Just One Child : Science and Policy in Deng 's China ( illustrated ed . ) . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25339 - 1 . Johnson , Kay Ann ( 2016 ) . China 's Hidden Children : Abandonment , Adoption , and the Human Costs of the One - Child Policy . University Of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0226352510 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Population policy in China . Family Planning in China `` Illegal births and legal abortions -- the case of China '' . Reprod Health . 2 : 5 . 2005 . doi : 10.1186 / 1742 - 4755 - 2 - 5 . PMC 1215519 . PMID 16095526 . Health in China Healthcare Health Disease surveillance Healthcare system reform Women 's health Health informatics Tobacco Control Association Barefoot doctor Patriotic Health Campaign China Welfare Institute Hospitals in China Medical schools Organ transplantation Medicine and pharmaceutical Medicine Traditional Chinese medicine Pharmacy Pharmaceutical industry Biotechnology Diseases Avian influenza Blue - ear disease Cardiovascular disease Chronic diseases Enterovirus 71 ( EV71 ) Fujian flu Hepatitis B HIV / AIDS Iodine deficiency lead poisoning scandal Leprosy Mental health Obesity Pneumonic plague SARS ( outbreak progress ) Stroke Swine influenza outbreak Tuberculosis Disease - related deaths Government National Health Commission Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention China Drug Administration State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Hong Kong Department of Health * Macau Secretariat for Social Affairs and Culture * General Administration of Customs Other related issues Demographics Dust storms Environment Food safety Illegal drug trade Pollution Poverty Prostitution Smoking Vegetarianism Violence against doctors in China Yi Nao Water supply and sanitation Studies China - Cornell - Oxford Project ( The China Study ) China Health and Nutrition Survey China Family Panel Studies China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study * Of special administrative regions Reproductive health Rights Compulsory sterilization Contraceptive security Genital integrity Circumcision controversies Genital modification and mutilation Intersex Education Genetic counseling Pre-conception counseling Sex education Planning Assisted reproductive technology Birth control Childfree / Childlessness Parenting Adoption Childbirth Foster care Safe sex Health Men 's Women 's Vulvovaginal Research Self - report sexual risk behaviors Pregnancy Abortion Birth spacing Maternal health Obstetrics Options counseling Pregnancy from rape Pregnant patients ' rights Prenatal care Teenage pregnancy Preteen pregnancy Unintended pregnancy Medicine Andrology Genitourinary medicine Gynaecology Obstetrics and gynaecology Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Sexual medicine Disorder Disorders of sex development Infertility Reproductive system disease Sexual dysfunction Sexually transmitted infection Clinic By country China India Iran Ireland Pakistan Philippines Singapore United Kingdom Teen United States Teen pregnancy Birth control History Birth control movement in the United States History of condoms Social hygiene movement Timeline of reproductive rights legislation Policy One - child policy Two - child policy Financial Baby bonus Bachelor tax Birth credit Child benefit Tax on childlessness Global human population Major topics Biocapacity Optimum population Overpopulation Malthusian catastrophe Population Population ethics Population momentum Sustainable development Women 's reproductive rights Zero population growth Biological and related topics Family planning Pledge two or fewer Human population planning One - child policy Two - child policy Population biology Population decline Population density Physiological density Population dynamics Population growth Population model Population pyramid Projections of population growth Human impact on the environment Deforestation Desalination Desertification Environmental impact of agriculture of aviation of biodiesel of concrete of electricity generation of the energy industry of fishing of irrigation of mining of off - roading of oil shale industry of palm oil of paper of the petroleum industry of reservoirs of shipping of war Industrialisation Land degradation Land reclamation Overconsumption Pollution Quarrying Urbanization Loss of green belts Urban sprawl Waste Water scarcity Overdrafting Population ecology Carrying capacity Deep ecology Earth 's energy budget Food security Habitat destruction I = P × A × T Malthusian growth model Overshoot ( population ) World energy consumption World energy resources World3 model Literature A Modest Proposal Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind , Peopling of Countries , etc . An Essay on the Principle of Population `` How Much Land Does a Man Need ? '' Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth Population Control : Real Costs , Illusory Benefits The Limits to Growth The Population Bomb The Skeptical Environmentalist The Ultimate Resource Publications Population and Environment Population and Development Review Lists Population and housing censuses by country Metropolitan areas by population Population milestone babies Events and organizations 7 Billion Actions International Conference on Population and Development Population Action International Population Connection Population Matters Population Research Institute United Nations Population Fund Voluntary Human Extinction Movement World Population Day World Population Foundation Related topics Classic Maya collapse Fertility and intelligence Green Revolution Holocene extinction Migration Commons Human overpopulation Human activities with impact on the environment Human migration Lists of countries by population statistics Global Current population Current population ( United Nations ) ( Sub - ) Continents Africa Asia Europe North America Caribbean Oceania South America Intercontinental Americas Arab world Commonwealth of Nations Eurasia European Union Islands Latin America Middle East Cities / urban regions National capitals Cities proper Metropolitan areas Urban areas Megacities Megalopolises Past and future Past population ( United Nations ) Past and future population 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1907 1939 2000 2005 Future population Population density Current density Current real density based on food growing capacity Growth indicators Population growth rate Natural increase Birth rate Mortality rate Fertility rate Other demographics Age at first marriage Divorce rate Ethnic and cultural diversity level Foreign - born population Immigrant population Linguistic diversity Median age Net migration rate Number of households Sex ratio Urban population Urbanization Health Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza HIV / AIDS adult prevalence rate Infant and under - five mortality rates Life expectancy Percentage suffering from undernourishment Health expenditure covered by government Suicide rate Total health expenditure per capita Body Mass Index ( BMI ) Education and innovation Bloomberg Innovation Index Education Index International Innovation Index Innovation Union Scoreboard Literacy rate Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies Progress in International Reading Literacy Study Student skills Tertiary education attainment Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study Women 's average years in school World Intellectual Property Indicators Economic Development aid given Official Development Assistance received Employment rate Irrigated land area Human Development Index by country inequality - adjusted Human Poverty Index Imports Income equality Job security Labour force Number of millionaires ( US dollars ) Number of billionaires ( US dollars ) Percentage living in poverty Public sector Sen social welfare function Unemployment rate List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One-child_policy&oldid=843577916 '' Categories : One - child policy Birth control in China Human overpopulation Population ecology Political controversies in China 1978 introductions 1980 introductions 2015 disestablishments in China Cold War history of China Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles needing more detailed references Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles containing Chinese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from October 2015 Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Vague or ambiguous time from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 02 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did china's 1 child policy end | [
"The one-child policy, a part of the family planning policy, was a population planning policy of China. It was introduced in 1979 and began to be formally phased out near the end of 2015 and the beginning of 2016. The policy was only enforced on Han Chinese and allowed exceptions for many groups, including ethnic minorities. In 2007, 36% of China's population was subject to a strict one-child restriction, with an additional 53% being allowed to have a second child if the first child was a girl. Provincial governments imposed fines for violations, and the local and national governments created commissions to raise awareness and carry out registration and inspection work."
] | [
"near the end of 2015 and the beginning of 2016"
] |
-5204230143632858787 | List of Dragon Ball Super episodes | List of Dragon Ball Super episodes - wikipedia List of Dragon Ball Super episodes Jump to : navigation , search Promotional artwork Dragon Ball Super is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation that began airing on July 5 , 2015 on Fuji TV . It is the first Dragon Ball television series featuring a new storyline in 18 years . Storywise , the series retells the events of the last two Dragon Ball Z films , Battle of Gods and Resurrection ' F ' , which themselves follow the events of Dragon Ball Z . Afterward , the series proceeds to tell an original story about the exploration of other universes , the reemergence of Future Trunks , and new threats to the Future Earth known as Goku Black and a Supreme Kai from Universe 10 named Zamasu . Later on , Goku , Vegeta , Gohan , Krillin , Android 17 , Android 18 , Piccolo , Tien , Master Roshi , and a temporarily revived Frieza participate in a universal tournament held by Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to decide the fate of multiple universes . If they lose in the universal tournament then Universe Seven will be erased . Thirteen pieces of theme music are used : two opening themes and eleven ending themes . The first opening theme song for episodes 1 to 76 is `` Chōzetsu Dynamic ! '' ( 超絶 ☆ ダイナミック ! , Chōzetsu Dainamikku , `` Excellent Dynamic ! '' ) performed by Kazuya Yoshii of The Yellow Monkey . The lyrics were penned by Yukinojo Mori who has written numerous songs for the Dragon Ball series . The second opening theme song for episodes 77 to 131 is `` Limit - Break x Survivor '' ( 限界 突破 × サバイバー , Genkai Toppa x Sabaibā ) by Kiyoshi Hikawa . Mori wrote the lyrics for the rock number `` Genkai Toppa x Survivor '' . Takafumi Iwasaki composed the music . The first ending theme song for episodes 1 to 12 is `` Hello Hello Hello '' ( ハロー ハロー ハロー , Harō Harō Harō ) by Japanese rock band Good Morning America . The second ending theme song for episodes 13 to 25 is `` Starring Star '' ( スターリング スター , Sutāringu Sutā ) by Key Talk . The third ending theme song for episodes 26 to 36 is `` Usubeni '' ( 薄 紅 , `` Light Pink '' ) by Lacco Tower . The fourth ending theme song for episodes 37 to 49 is `` Forever Dreaming '' ( フォーエバー ドリーミング , Fōebā Dorīmingu ) by Czecho No Republic . The fifth ending theme song for episodes 50 to 59 is `` Yokayoka Dance '' ( よかよか ダンス , Yokayoka Dansu , `` It 's Fine Dance '' ) by idol group Batten Showjo Tai . The sixth ending theme for episodes 60 to 72 is `` Chao Han Music '' ( 炒飯 MUSIC , Chāhan Myūjikku ) by Arukara . The seventh ending theme song for episodes 73 to 83 is `` Aku no Tenshi to Seigi no Akuma '' ( 悪 の 天使 と 正義 の 悪魔 , An Evil Angel and the Righteous Devil ) by THE COLLECTORS . The eighth ending theme song for episodes 84 to 96 is `` Boogie Back '' by Miyu Innoue . The ninth ending theme song for episodes 97 to 108 is `` Haruka '' by Lacco Tower . The tenth ending theme song for episodes 109 to 121 is `` By A 70cm Square Window '' by RottenGraffty . The eleventh ending theme song for episodes 122 to 131 is `` Lagrima '' by OnePixcel . The first series set was released on Japanese Blu - ray and DVD sets that contain twelve episodes each . The first set was released on December 2 , 2015 . The second set was released on March 2 , 2016 . The third set was released on July 2 , 2016 . The fourth set was released on October 10 , 2016 . Dragon Ball Super received an English - language dub that premiered on the Toonami channel in Southeast Asia in January 2017 . The series has been aired in Israel on Nickelodeon and in Portugal on SIC . Toei Animation Europe announced that Dragon Ball Super would be broadcast in France , Italy , Spain , and English - speaking Africa in Fall 2016 . An official English sub of the series would be simulcasted legally on Crunchyroll , Daisuki.net , and Anime Lab beginning October 22 , 2016 . Funimation announced the company acquired the rights to the series and will be producing an English dub . As well as officially announcing the dub , it was also announced they will be simulcasting the series on their streaming platform , FunimationNow . Funimation 's English dub of Dragon Ball Super began airing on Adult Swim 's Toonami block starting on January 7 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seasons overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 : God of Destruction Beerus Saga 2.2 Season 2 : Golden Frieza Saga 2.3 Season 3 : Universe 6 Saga 2.4 Season 4 : `` Future '' Trunks Saga 2.5 Season 5 : Universe Survival Saga 3 Blu - ray and DVD release 3.1 Region 1 ( North America ) 3.2 Region 2 ( Japan ) 4 Notes 5 References Seasons overview ( edit ) Saga Episodes Japanese Airdates English Airdates God of Destruction Beerus 14 ( 1 -- 14 ) July 5 , 2015 -- October 11 , 2015 January 7 , 2017 -- April 15 , 2017 Golden Frieza 13 ( 15 -- 27 ) October 18 , 2015 -- January 17 , 2016 April 22 , 2017 -- July 29 , 2017 Universe 6 19 ( 28 -- 46 ) January 24 , 2016 -- June 5 , 2016 August 5 , 2017 -- January 13 , 2018 `` Future '' Trunks 30 ( 47 -- 76 ) June 12 , 2016 -- January 29 , 2017 January 20 , 2018 -- TBA 5 Universe Survival 55 ( 77 -- 131 ) February 5 , 2017 -- March 25 , 2018 TBA Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 : God of Destruction Beerus Saga ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate `` The Peace Reward - Who Will Get the 100 Million Zeni ? '' / `` A Peacetime Reward : Who Gets the 100,000,000 Zeni ? ! '' `` Heiwa no hōshū - ichioku Zenī wa dare no te ni ! ? '' ( 平和 の 報酬 1 億 ゼニー は 誰 の 手 に ! ? ) July 5 , 2015 January 7 , 2017 After Son Goku defeated the dangerous Majin Buu , peace has returned to Earth . Chi - Chi wants Goku to get a job , so he works as a farmer . Son Goten and his friend Trunks search for a gift for his sister - in - law Videl , who is married to his older brother , Son Gohan . The two consider jewelry and makeup , but they are unable to afford anything . Goten and Trunks head for the hot springs in the woods to bottle up some mineral water instead . While there , they are attacked by a giant snake , which they manage to scare away . For his purported role in saving Earth from Majin Buu , Mr. Satan has been awarded with 100 million Zeni that he does not want . He decides to give the money to one of the fighters . Goku gives the money to Chi - Chi , so she would let him train . Meanwhile , somewhere in the depths of space , Beerus , the God of Destruction , has awakened from his slumber . Keen on battling the worthy opponent that appeared to him in his visions , Beerus and his attendant , Whis , set out to discover who this opponent is . `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Goes on a Family Trip ? ! '' / `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Takes a Family Trip ! '' `` Yakusoku no rizōto e ! Bejīta ga kazoku ryokō ! ? '' ( 約束 の リゾート へ ! ベジータ が 家族 旅行 ! ? ) July 12 , 2015 January 14 , 2017 Goku goes to King Kai 's planet to train with King Kai . Meanwhile , Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks take a family trip to a resort . Bulma and Trunks are enjoying the family time together , while Vegeta is bothered by the fact that Goku gets to train . Fed up with what he considers a waste of time , Vegeta flies away and heads back to Capsule Corporation to train . Somewhere in space , Beerus and Whis scour an alien planet in search of dinosaur meat . They are confronted by the planet 's strongest dweller , but he proves to be no match for them . Shortly afterwards , Beerus destroys the planet in order to have another vision of his destined opponent -- the Super Saiyan God . `` Where 's the Rest of the Dream ? ! In Search of the Super Saiyan God ! '' / `` Where Does the Dream Pick Up ? Find the Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Yume no tsuzuki wa doko da ! ? Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o sagase ! '' ( 夢 の 続き は どこ だ ! ? 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 探せ ! ) July 19 , 2015 January 21 , 2017 Fearing what might happen knowing that the God of Destruction is awake , the Old Supreme Kai and Supreme Kai urge King Kai to ensure that Goku never finds out about Beerus . However , Goku overhears the conversation and becomes curious . Back in his temple , Beerus and Whis continue their search for the Super Saiyan God . They soon learn of Goku and his feats . Beerus and Whis decide to pay him and King Kai a visit . Meanwhile , back on Earth , Goku 's friends and family members begin gathering on the cruise ship for Bulma 's birthday party except for Vegeta who is still training to overpower Goku and everyone else in the universe . `` Aim for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf Gang in Action ! '' / `` Bid for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf and Crew 's Impossible Mission ! '' `` Mezase Doragon Bōru ! Pirafu ichimi no dai - sakusen ! '' ( 目指せ ドラゴンボール ! ピラフ 一味 の 大 作戦 ! ) August 2 , 2015 January 28 , 2017 With all guests now gathered except for Goku and Vegeta , Bulma 's birthday party gets underway . Trunks shows Goten where his mother hid the bingo tournament grand prize -- the Dragon Balls . Not far off from the ship , the Pilaf Gang are now poor and hungry . They are trying to get by until they find the Dragon Balls and make their wishes come true . When his Dragon Radar picks up a signal coming from Bulma 's ship , Pilaf and his henchmen hastily board the ship with Trunks and Goten 's help . Meanwhile , on his planet , King Kai explains to Goku who and what Beerus exactly is and that for every benevolent God there must be a malevolent one in order to keep the universe in balance . Just as he finishes , Beerus and Whis arrive . 5 5 `` The Ultimate Fight on King Kai 's Planet ! Goku vs. the God of Destruction Beerus '' / `` Showdown on King Kai 's World ! Goku vs. Beerus the Destroyer ! '' `` Kaiō - sei no kessen ! Gokū VS Hakaishin Birusu '' ( 界 王 星 の 決戦 ! 悟空 VS 破壊 神 ビルス ) August 9 , 2015 February 4 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on King Kai 's planet and detect Goku 's presence . While he is initially disappointed that Goku does not know what a `` Super Saiyan God '' is , he agrees to test his strength in a sparring match . Goku attempts to fight him in all of the Super Saiyan transformations , but Beerus effortlessly defeats him in two strikes . Beerus and Whis head for Earth shortly afterwards , while King Kai uses his telepathy to warn Vegeta ahead of their arrival . 6 6 `` Do n't Anger the God of Destruction ! Excitement at the Birthday Party '' / `` Do n't Anger the Destroyer ! A Heart - Pounding Birthday Party ! '' `` Hakaishin o okoraseru na ! Doki - doki tanjō pātī '' ( 破壊 神 を 怒ら せる な ! ドキドキ 誕生 パーティー ) August 16 , 2015 February 11 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on Earth , where Bulma 's birthday party is underway . Initially , Vegeta is paralyzed by Beerus ' presence . He recalls a childhood encounter with the deity a long time ago when Beerus visited Planet Vegeta and threatened his father , King Vegeta . Shortly afterwards , Bulma pops up . She invites Beerus and Whis to join the party . The two gladly accept her offer and quickly become enamored with the Earth 's cuisine . They start mingling with the other guests , while Vegeta tries his best to ensure that Beerus remains calm . Whis soon learns of pudding , which he finds to be extraordinarily delicious . Whis urges Beerus to have some too . It turns out that Majin Buu had taken the remaining pudding cups for himself and refuses to share . Angered by Majin Buu 's insolence , Beerus attacks him . 7 7 `` How Dare You Hurt My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Sudden , Angry Shift ? ! '' / `` How Dare You Do That To My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Metamorphosis of Fury ? '' `` Yokumo ore no Buruma o ! Bejīta ikari no totsuzenhen'i ! ? '' ( よく も オレ の ブルマ を ! ベジータ 怒り の 突然 変異 ! ? ) August 23 , 2015 February 18 , 2017 Beerus effortlessly disposes of Majin Buu , while Vegeta stands by in awe . Vegeta tries to persuade Beerus to calm down and enjoy himself , but he refuses to listen . Trunks and Goten fuse into Gotenks and attack to no avail . Powerless to do anything else , Gotenks starts insulting Beerus for which he is promptly punished . Piccolo , Tien Shinhan , and Android 18 try taking on Beerus with little success . Majin Buu attacks again , but he is unable to land a single hit . While observing the battle , Dende realizes what Beerus actually is and immediately informs Piccolo . Before Piccolo is able to warn him , Gohan powers up and charges towards Beerus . Using Majin Buu as a weapon , Beerus repels Gohan and takes them both out . Being the last one standing , Vegeta confronts Beerus , but he is swiftly brought to the ground . Beerus tells Vegeta that he is disappointed with him since he is just as weak as his father was . Just as Beerus is about to finish Vegeta , Bulma walks up and slaps him for ruining her party . Beerus retaliates in similar fashion . Seeing Bulma struck infuriates Vegeta . He explodes and powers up immensely . 8 8 `` Goku Arrives ! A Last Chance from Beerus Sama ? ! '' / `` Goku Makes an Entrance ! A Last Chance from Lord Beerus ? '' `` Gokū kenzan ! Birusu - sama kara no rasuto chansu ! ? '' ( 悟空 見参 ! ビルス 様 から の ラスト チャンス ! ? ) August 30 , 2015 February 25 , 2017 Having powered up , Vegeta charges towards Beerus . He manages to land a few punches before Beerus , who was using only a fraction of his power , knocks him out . Just as he is about to destroy Earth , Beerus has a sudden idea . He decides to give the Earthlings another chance at saving Earth . Meanwhile , fearing for their lives , the Pilaf Gang disembark Bulma 's ship on a rowboat and sail away . Thinking he is the same as Majin Buu because of his pink hue , Beerus picks Oolong out of the crowd and challenges him to a game of rock -- paper -- scissors to decide the fate of the Earth . Oolong manages to draw twice , but Beerus eventually wins and proceeds to power up his attack . Just as Beerus is about to fire , Goku chimes in and says he has thought of a way to find out about the Super Saiyan God . He will summon and ask Shenron about it . 9 9 `` Sorry for the Wait , Beerus Sama . The Super Saiyan God Is Finally Born ! '' / `` Thanks for Waiting , Lord Beerus ! A Super Saiyan God is Born At Last ! '' `` O matase , Birusu - sama . Tsuini Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo tanjō ! '' ( お 待た せ 、 ビルス 様 . ついに 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド 誕生 ! ) September 6 , 2015 March 4 , 2017 Goku gathers the Dragon Balls together and summons Shenron , who is startled by Beerus ' presence . Shenron quickly explains that the Super Saiyan God is not a person , but it is a legendary transformation that only kindhearted Saiyans can achieve by fusing their power together . The Saiyans attempt to transform Goku , but they fail as they are one Saiyan short . Growing tired of waiting , Beerus starts preparing his attack to destroy the planet . Suddenly , Videl jumps in front of the Saiyans . She says that there is one more Saiyan who might be able to help them , who happens to be her and Gohan 's unborn child . The Saiyans and Videl attempt the transformation again and manage to transform Goku into the Super Saiyan God . 10 10 `` Unleash It , Goku ! The Power of the Super Saiyan God ! ! '' / `` Show Us , Goku ! The Power of a Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Misero Gokū ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo no pawā ! ! '' ( 見せろ 悟空 ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド の 力 ( パワー ) ! ! ) September 13 , 2015 March 11 , 2017 Goku is now a Super Saiyan God . He confronts Beerus . Goku is amazed by the immense power his body has gained with the transformation . He is initially unable to fully grasp its newfound potential . Fighting with Beerus , Goku manages to grow gradually into his new form . Seeing as how Goku might turn out to be a worthy adversary after all , Beerus decides it is time for them to unleash their true power and have a real battle of Gods . 11 11 `` Let 's Keep Going , Beerus Sama ! Our Battle of Gods ! '' / `` Let 's Keep Going , Lord Beerus ! The Battle of Gods ! '' `` Tsudukeyō ze Birusu - sama ! Kami to kami no tatakai o ! '' ( 続け よう ぜ ビルス 様 ! 神 と 神 の 戦い を ! ) September 20 , 2015 March 18 , 2017 Having somewhat got a grip on the Super Saiyan God form , Goku initially manages to keep up with Beerus . He soon realizes that his opponent is still not fighting at his maximum . It is revealed that Beerus is doing so only to motivate Goku to catch up with him . To that end , Beerus drags Goku to space , where he swiftly knocks him out . Goku comes crashing down back to Earth and ends up in an ocean . Amazed by such power , Goku gets excited and powers up . He heals himself in the process . Willing to have another go , Goku flies out of the ocean and dashes towards Beerus . 12 12 `` The Universe Crumbles ? ! Clash ! God of Destruction vs. Super Saiyan God '' / `` The Universe Will Shatter ? Clash ! Destroyer vs. Super Saiyan God '' `` Uchū ga kudakeru ! ? Gekitotsu ! Haikaishin VS Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo ! '' ( 宇宙 が 砕ける ! ? 激突 ! 破壊 神 VS 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド ! ) September 27 , 2015 March 25 , 2017 Goku and Beerus continue to fight in space . As both of them power up and clash , the universe begins to crumble under the power of the gods . Celestial bodies blow up due to the shock waves . Meanwhile , Old Supreme Kai reveals to the younger Supreme Kai that with three more blows the whole universe would be destroyed along with Beerus and Goku . When Goku lands the third clash with Beerus , he unknowingly stops the universe 's collapse by balancing Beerus ' attack with his own . Beerus gets enraged and uses his atomic bomb attack on Goku . Goku uses the Super Saiyan God energy to power up his Kamehameha attack to keep Beerus ' attack at bay . 13 13 `` Goku , Go Beyond Super Saiyan God '' / `` Goku , Surpass Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Gokū yo , Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o koete ike ! '' ( 悟空 よ 、 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 越え て 行け ! ) October 4 , 2015 April 8 , 2017 The Supreme Kais are surprised that the universe is still intact following the battle , but they fear the worst is still to come . On Earth , Vegeta , Whis , and the others are still standing by while watching the battle . Whis is surprised by the Super Saiyan God 's power and its ability to keep up with his trainee . In space , Goku struggles to keep up with Beerus ' attack , which ultimately ends up in a massive explosion that blinds everyone on Earth . Shortly after , the light clears out , which reveals everything to be as it was prior to the explosion . Beerus explains that he used his full power to negate the explosion , which saved the universe . Seeing it as a perfect opportunity to boast , Mr. Satan arranges to have himself be falsely credited with saving the planet yet again . Despite being at his limit , Goku remains calm , which annoys the God of Destruction . Beerus thinks Goku might have a strategy that he has been hiding , which Goku promptly denies . Goku says that everything he had been doing was improvised as they fought . The Gods quickly power up and continue fighting , but this time both are at their limit . As soon as they start , Goku loses his Super Saiyan God aura and reverts to the ordinary Super Saiyan form . Upon noticing that , Beerus decides to quit . He thinks it is pointless to fight an ordinary Super Saiyan . However , Goku does not notice and keeps going at it . Whis is able to sense Goku 's mortal energy . Whis assumes that the battle has concluded and that Goku has lost . However , Piccolo begs to differ . Surprised that Goku is still able to hit him even after losing his Super Saiyan God form , Beerus surmises that Goku 's body has adjusted to the Super Saiyan God power . This made him stronger in his ordinary form . With or without the Super Saiyan God form , Goku proclaims that it is still him that Beerus is up against . Beerus and Goku resume their battle of Gods . Note : This episode was originally scheduled to air on April 1 , 2017 , but an unannounced change in schedule on April Fools ' Day supplanted a new Dragon Ball Super episode with the premiere of the third season of Rick and Morty , which aired repeatedly from 8 PM to midnight . 14 14 `` This Is Every Ounce of Power I Have ! The Battle of Gods ' Conclusion ! '' / `` This Is All the Power I 've Got ! A Settlement Between Gods '' `` Kore ga ora no arittake no chikarada ! Ketchaku ! Kami to kami '' ( これが オラ の ありったけ の 力 だ ! 決着 ! 神 と 神 ) October 11 , 2015 April 15 , 2017 Now with only a Super Saiyan form at his disposal , Goku powers up and attacks but to no avail , as Beerus knocks him out effortlessly . With Goku knocked out , Beerus prepares to destroy the Earth . In a final effort to stop Beerus , Goku once again powers up and charges his Kamehameha attack . Goku manages to prevent Beerus ' attack , but he completely depletes what was left of his energy in the process . He comes crashing down to Earth onto Bulma 's ship , where Vegeta manages to catch him . Beerus lands on the planet shortly after to finish what he started , but he suddenly falls asleep . Whis explains that Goku must have tired Beerus out , and that by the time he wakes up he will have forgotten about their trip to Earth . Beerus was faking his sudden sleep because the Earth 's food convinced him to spare the planet . Beerus and Whis leave for Beerus ' planet . With Earth safe again , Goku decides to relax and enjoy the party . Season 2 : Golden Frieza Saga ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 15 `` Make a Miracle , Satan the Hero ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' / `` Valiant Mr. Satan , Work a Miracle ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' `` Yūsha Satan yo kiseki o okose ! Uchū kara no chōsenjō ! ! '' ( 勇者 サタン よ 奇跡 を 起こせ ! 宇宙 から の 挑戦 状 ! ! ) October 18 , 2015 April 22 , 2017 With Earth no longer in danger , Goku and the others return to their ordinary lives . Chi - Chi tells Goku she has already spent the 100 million Zeni received from Mr. Satan . She orders Goku to leave training behind and find a job so he can support the family . Meanwhile , Mr. Satan 's self - promotion goes awry when a group of aliens land in the city . The aliens reveal that they are ambassadors who wish to thank and reward whoever defeated Beerus and thus protected their planet from destruction . Before he is given the reward , Mr. Satan is asked to demonstrate his godlike power against the alien 's mightiest champion in a sparring match . Knowing that he does not stand a chance , Mr. Satan quickly scampers away to safety and calls for help , but no one answers him . Suddenly , Goku arrives at the scene in need of Mr. Satan 's help . Mr. Satan arranges to have Goku fight for him instead . Just before the fight , Goku spots Chi - Chi and immediately runs away to avoid being scolded for disobeying her . Mr. Satan is left to confront the alien champion on his own . Suddenly , the cynophobic aliens spot Mr. Satan 's dog and run away in fear . With the aliens gone , the crowd praises Mr. Satan , whom they think saved them and Earth yet again . 16 `` Vegeta Becomes an Apprentice ? ! Winning Whis Over ! '' / `` Vegeta Becomes a Student ? ! Win Over Whis ! '' `` Bejīta ga deshi'iri ! ? Uisu o kōryakuse yo ! '' ( ベジータ が 弟子入り ! ? ウイス を 攻略 せよ ! ) October 25 , 2015 April 29 , 2017 Chi - Chi still has Goku doing work out on the farm . Instead of working , Goku decides to rest and falls asleep . Krillin flies in and wakes up Goku . Krillin is very surprised to hear that Goku is still on Earth and not training with King Kai . He reminisces about his training with Goku under Master Roshi and the power level difference between them since they were children . Curious to see how large the gap is , Krillin tells Goku to punch him with all his power . A reluctant Goku tries to change Krillin 's mind . Goku ends up punching Krillin anyway , which sends Krillin flying into a boulder . Shortly afterwards , Goku heads home . Android 18 treats Krillin 's wounds . Krillin states that he misses martial arts and wishes to start training again . Meanwhile , Vegeta is seen in the wastelands standing determined . He states his intent to surpass Goku without the aid of others . Elsewhere , Whis and Bulma are having lunch together . Whis is enjoying all the food Bulma is having her chef make . While they dine , Bulma asks Whis to protect Earth from Beerus in case he ever shows up again . Vegeta arrives and sees Whis . He asks Whis to see Beerus , but Whis refuses to do so . Whis tells Vegeta that he is Beerus ' martial arts teacher . Whis informs Vegeta that with the proper tutelage he could one day surpass Goku . Vegeta bows and kneels before Whis and begs to become his student . An unimpressed Whis walks past him . Vegeta decides to convince Whis by giving him the tastiest food on Earth . After several failed attempts , Vegeta finally impresses Whis with a cup of instant noodle . Before Vegeta heads off with Whis to train on Beerus ' planet , Bulma hands him new battle armor . Whis and Vegeta arrive on Beerus ' planet . Whis prepares to train Vegeta . 17 `` Pan Is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Trip ? ! '' / `` Pan is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Journey ? ! '' `` Pan tanjō ! Soshite Gokū wa shugyō no tabi he ! ? '' ( パン 誕生 ! そして 悟空 は 修行 の 旅 へ ! ? ) November 1 , 2015 May 6 , 2017 Pan has been born . While most of her family members and friends think that she should be taught martial arts , Chi - Chi is revolted by the very idea . She believes that Pan should be raised to be a lady and not a mindless fighter like her grandfather Goku . Everyone tries to persuade Chi - Chi to change her mind but to no avail . Bulma accidentally mentions that Vegeta has been away training with Whis for six months , which shocks Goku . After some time , Whis returns to Earth to enjoy more of the food Earth has to offer . Goku approaches Whis and asks to become his pupil . Whis accepts Goku 's plea . Whis thinks it is the perfect time for Goku to join Vegeta in training . Just as the two are about to depart , Chi - Chi runs up and stops Goku from leaving . Despite her wishes , Goku ends up leaving with Whis . Chi - Chi has a sudden change of heart . She says that Goku will return once he gets hungry anyway . 18 `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Begins on Beerus ' Planet ! '' / `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Commences on Beerus ' World ! '' `` Ora mo kita zo ! Birusu - sei de shugyō kaishi da ! '' ( オラ も 来 た ぞ ! ビルス 星 で 修行 開始 だ ! ) November 8 , 2015 May 13 , 2017 Goku and Whis arrive on Beerus ' planet , where Vegeta is tasked with housekeeping . Goku is surprised to learn that Vegeta has gotten considerably stronger training under Whis . Goku wants to start his training right away . Before he is allowed to train , Whis orders him to help Vegeta with the chores including changing Beerus ' bed sheets without waking him up . Goku and Vegeta promptly do their chores and start their training with Whis . Whis ' training routine quickly wears Goku out . He falls asleep . Vegeta , who is willing to surpass Goku at any cost , keeps on training . The next day , Whis decides to have a sparring match with his apprentices in order to gauge their speed . The two prove to be no match for Whis . Goku and Vegeta are too slow to land a single hit on Whis . Somewhere in space , surviving members of Frieza 's army are led by Sorbet . They continue with their effort of resurrecting their leader . Not far off , mysterious beings from a different universe named Champa ( シャンパ , Shanpa ) and Vados ( ヴァドス , Vadosu ) continue their search for Beerus . 19 5 `` Despair Rises ! The Emperor of Evil , Frieza , Resurrected ! '' / `` Despair Redux ! The Return of the Evil Emperor , Frieza ! '' `` Zetsubō futatabi ! Aku no teiō Furīza no fukkatsu ! '' ( 絶望 ふたたび ! 悪 の 帝王 ・ フリーザ の 復活 ! ) November 15 , 2015 May 20 , 2017 Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . Meanwhile , Sorbet and his assistant Tagoma ( タゴマ ) depart their ship and head for Earth in order to find the Dragon Balls , which they intend to resurrect their leader Frieza . They run into the Pilaf Gang , who had collected all seven Dragon Balls just before their arrival . Sorbet coerces Pilaf into summoning Shenron . At first , Shenron refuses to revive Frieza because he sees it as pointless given his current state , where Frieza was cut in pieces just as he was when Future Trunks killed him . Tagoma suggests using their advanced healing technology to make Frieza intact again . Sorbet has Frieza resurrected . Sorbet and Tagoma collect all of Frieza 's pieces and return to their ship . Frieza is completely renewed shortly afterwards . 20 6 `` Jaco 's Warning ! Frieza and His 1000 Troops Approach '' / `` A Warning from Jaco ! Frieza and 1,000 Soldiers Close In '' `` Jako kara no keikoku ! Semari kuru Furīza to 1000 - ri no heishi - tachi ! '' ( ジャコ から の 警告 ! 迫り 来る フリーザ と 1000 人 の 兵士 達 ) November 22 , 2015 June 3 , 2017 Once restored , Frieza plans revenge against Goku and Future Trunks . Tagoma objects to Frieza 's plans , but Frieza promptly subdues him . When Frieza finds out that Goku has gotten much stronger since they last met , he decides to train in order to become more powerful . Since Frieza 's power was inborn , he reveals that he had never felt the need to train a day in his life before now . Four months pass before Frieza and his army head for Earth . All the while , Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis . Jaco the Galactic Patrolman travels to Earth to inform Bulma that Frieza had been revived . Frieza will be approaching Earth shortly with an army of one thousand soldiers . With Frieza 's army fast approaching , Bulma gathers the remaining fighters to fight Frieza 's army in hopes of holding out until Goku and Vegeta make it back to Earth . 21 7 `` The Start of Revenge ! The Malice of Frieza Army Strikes Gohan ! '' / `` The Start of Vengeance ! The Frieza Force 's Malice Strikes Gohan ! '' `` Fukushū no hajimari ! Furīza - gun no akuiga satoshi Gohan outsu ! '' ( 復讐 の 始まり ! フリーザ 軍 の 悪意 が 悟 飯 を 撃つ ! ) November 29 , 2015 June 10 , 2017 Frieza and his army arrive on Earth , where Gohan , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , Tien , and Jaco have gathered to hold out until Goku and Vegeta return . Frieza says that he has waited a long time to have his revenge and that he wishes to face Goku . Seeing as how Goku is not present to help , Frieza orders his army to attack the Earthlings . His army proves to be no match for the fighters even for Krillin , who had given up fighting . Disappointed with his lackluster army , Frieza orders Sorbet to send in his elite soldier , Shisami ( シサミ ) , to take out Gohan . Suddenly , Tagoma fires a beam at Shisami and Gohan , which kills the former and badly injures the latter . Sorbet is surprised by Tagoma 's newfound power , which he had achieved through training with Frieza . Frieza promises Tagoma the command of his army if he takes out the Earthlings . He accepts and prepares to fight the Earthlings . Meanwhile , Goku and Vegeta are oblivious to what is happening on Earth . They continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . 22 8 `` Change ! An Unexpected Return ! His Name is Ginyu ! ! '' `` Chēnji ! Masaka no fukkatsu ! Sono na wa Ginyū ! ! '' ( チェーンジ ! まさかの 復活 ! その 名 は ギニュー ! ! ) December 6 , 2015 June 17 , 2017 Tagoma powers up and confidently approaches his opponents . Piccolo is instantly outmatched . Gohan blasts Tagoma , which causes him to fly several yards away . As the dust settles , Tagoma reveals himself to be unharmed . Suddenly , Gotenks arrives and headbutts Tagoma . Everybody is shocked to see this . While Tagoma is struggling to recuperate from Gotenks ' attack , Captain Ginyu , who is in his frog form , pounces close to him and inscribes a message in the gravel . Tagoma accidentally sets off Ginyu 's signature move , and the two swap bodies . Ginyu rapidly adjusts to his new body 's immense power and assaults all of his rivals simultaneously . Bulma , Trunks , and Goten attempt to contact Whis , which bewilders Jaco . While fighting Gohan , Ginyu appears to have the upper hand until Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan and defeats him . When Gohan shows mercy to Ginyu , Frieza becomes enraged and repeatedly fires multiple blasts at Gohan . Before Frieza can kill Gohan , Piccolo steps in to save him . 23 9 `` The Earth ! Gohan ! Absolute Peril ! Hurry and Get Here , Son Goku ! ! '' / `` Earth ! Gohan ! Both on the Ropes ! Hurry and Get Here , Goku ! ! '' `` Chikyū ga ! Gohan ga ! Zettaizetsumei ! Hayaku kite kure Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 地球 が ! 悟 飯 が ! 絶 体 絶命 ! 早く 来 て くれ 孫悟空 ! ! ) December 13 , 2015 June 24 , 2017 Piccolo takes Frieza 's attack to save Gohan and dies in the process . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus desires more pizza . Whis gets an invitation from Bulma for a strawberry dessert . As Whis telepathically contacts her , she reveals Frieza 's revival and Piccolo 's death to him . Initially shocked to realize that Frieza is revived , Goku and Vegeta get set to fight Frieza . As Whis says it would take some time to reach Earth , Goku resorts to instant transmission on Beerus ' advice . Goku realizes that instant transmission is impossible due to the large distance between Earth and Beerus ' planet . Nevertheless , Goku tries to search for someone 's energy on Earth . On Earth , Gohan powers up to his maximum limit . This helps Goku to identify an energy source to perform instant transmission . Goku and Vegeta arrive on Earth in the nick of time to save Gohan . Vegeta executes Ginyu . As Goku and Frieza meet after a long time , Frieza transforms into his final form in a fit to demonstrate his new power . This results in the death of all his men except for Sorbet , who is at a considerable distance . Perplexed by Frieza 's new power , Goku prepares to engage in a battle . 24 10 `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Son Goku ; This Is The Result of My Training ! '' / `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Goku ! This is the Result of My Training ! '' `` Gekitotsu ! Furīza VS Son Gokū ; Kore ga ora no shugyō no seikada ! '' ( 激突 ! フリーザ VS 孫悟空 これが オラ の 修行 の 成果 だ ! ) December 20 , 2015 July 8 , 2017 The battle between Goku and Frieza begins . They fight on even ground , and neither one is able to inflict significant damage to the other . Frieza resorts to attacking Krillin and Bulma . When Goku tries to save them , he is caught off guard when Frieza lands several blows on him . Vegeta grows impatient due to the constant rambling by both fighters . He charges at Goku in frustration and asks him to give it all he has . Goku takes Vegeta 's request into account and convinces Frieza to power up to his maximum . When Frieza calls out to Goku to show his full power , Goku transforms into a Super Saiyan Blue . 25 11 `` An All - Out Battle ! The Revenge of Golden Frieza ! '' / `` A Full - Throttle Battle ! The Vengeful Golden Frieza '' `` Zenkai Batoru ! Fukushū no Gōruden Furīza '' ( 全開 バトル ! 復讐 の ゴールデン フリーザ ) December 27 , 2015 July 15 , 2017 After briefly testing Goku 's new transformation , Frieza transforms into a new gold - colored form , tersely named as Golden Frieza . After expressing how impressed they are by each - other 's progress , Goku and Frieza engage in a fierce battle . Meanwhile , Whis informs Bulma of their arrival on Earth in a few minutes but , on their way to Earth , Beerus and Whis encounter the God of Destruction of Universe Six , Champa , and his assistant , Vados . After having a short conversation with Champa and Vados , Beerus and Whis finally arrive on the battlefield . While eating Bulma 's delicious dessert , Beerus and Whis acknowledge that Frieza has indeed become significantly stronger and that Goku seems to have a tough time keeping up with Golden Frieza . Still not use to his newest form , Goku struggles to keep up with Golden Frieza 's speed and prowess , eventually getting pummeled into the ground . 26 12 `` A Glint of Hope Shines Through in a Crisis ! Time to Fight Back , Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chance Appears in a Tight Spot ! Launch a Counteroffensive , Goku ! '' `` Dai pinchi ni shōki ga mieta ! Hangeki kaishida Son Gokū ! '' ( 大 ピンチ に 勝機 が 見え た ! 反撃 開始 だ 孫悟空 ! ) January 10 , 2016 July 22 , 2017 Frieza and Goku continue their protracted battle with Frieza landing more blows on Goku than can be returned . Unable to match Frieza 's raw power , Goku manages to withstand and dodge Frieza 's attacks . Goku and Vegeta notice that Frieza is progressively losing stamina and that his power level is dropping , though Frieza himself fails to notice this . Vegeta urges Goku to quickly finish Frieza off before he has a chance to recover , or he will step up and do so himself . After Goku and Frieza exchange some sarcastic banter , they power up again and continue their fight . Frieza still has the upper hand , but Goku realizes he only needs to stall Frieza long enough for his weakness to reappear . After a fully powered Frieza unleashes a barrage of attacks , he quickly becomes tired and starts running out of breath , with his attacks no longer hurting Goku . Frieza finally realizes his weakness ; a lack of endurance , as his Golden form exhausts more energy than he can produce . Goku explains this is because Frieza rushed to Earth immediately after achieving the Golden form without giving himself enough time to master it . Frieza agonizes over his failed chance at revenge in combat , but mouths a few inaudible words to Sorbet for assistance . Goku tells Frieza to leave Earth while he still can - but to everyone 's surprise , a laser beam pierces Goku 's chest from behind , fired from Sorbet 's ray gun . Stomping on Goku 's chest wound to make him scream , Frieza gloats about his backup strategy to have Goku let his guard down , mocking him by claiming Goku 's overconfidence prevents him from being the strongest fighter . Before Frieza can unleash his killing shot on Goku , Vegeta fires at Frieza and announces that it is his turn to fight . 27 13 `` The Earth Explodes ? ! The Deciding Kamehameha '' / `` The Earth Explodes ? A Decisive Kamehameha ! '' `` Chikyū bakuhatsu ! ? Ketchaku no kamehameha '' ( 地球 爆発 ! ? 決着 の かめ はめ 波 ) January 17 , 2016 July 29 , 2017 Goku is critically injured , but Vegeta intervenes before Frieza can deliver a killing blow . When Krillin attempts to deliver Goku a Senzu Bean , Frieza attempts to blast him - but Vegeta redirects the blast to Sorbet , killing him . Afterwards , Vegeta demonstrates his own ability to transform into a Super Saiyan Blue . Frieza attempts to land a hit on Vegeta but fails to do so and , already exhausted from his fight with Goku , Frieza quickly finds himself completely outmatched by Vegeta . Enraged and humiliated , Frieza refuses to accept defeat and , while Vegeta powers up a killing shot , Frieza instead fires an attack at the Earth and destroys it out from under them . Whis protects Goku and the others , but Vegeta and everyone else on the planet are killed - with Whis suspecting Frieza survived and escaped through his ability to breathe in space . As Goku laments his failure to stop Frieza and protect Earth , Whis offers to turn back time by a couple of minutes and allow Goku one last chance . The moment is reset to the end of Vegeta and Frieza 's battle , allowing Goku just enough time to charge up a Kamehameha attack and kill Frieza , saving the world . Later , the group gathers at Capsule Corporation , where Piccolo is revived with the Namekian Dragon Balls . Shaken by his helplessness against Frieza , Gohan tells Piccolo that he intends to resume his training so that he can protect his loved ones , which Piccolo is delighted to hear . Season 3 : Universe 6 Saga ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 28 `` The God of Destruction from Universe 6 - His Name Is Champa ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Destroyer ! His Name is Champa ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū no hakaishin - Sono na wa Shanpa '' ( 第 6 宇宙 の 破壊 神 その 名 は シャンパ ) January 24 , 2016 August 5 , 2017 As Goku and Vegeta continue their vigorous training , Champa and Vados abruptly arrive on Beerus ' planet . After a small skirmish between Beerus and Champa , everyone settles down to eat some food . Formal introductions are exchanged , where Champa is introduced as Beerus ' twin brother and Vados as Whis ' older sister . An argument erupts concerning which universe 's food is superior . This leaves Goku and Vegeta bewildered . Whis explains that there are twelve universes . When two universes add up to thirteen , each universe compliments each other such as the sixth and the seventh universe . After Vados discovers that Universe Six 's Earth has been destroyed through warfare , Champa proposes a tournament between Universe Six and Seven to determine who acquires the Earth of Universe Seven . Beerus protests the idea . He believes it is impossible to do so . Champa ascertains that it is doable by using the Super Dragon Balls , which the Namekian Dragon Balls were trimmed from . At the current moment , Champa has six of them . Goku informs Beerus and Champa that Bulma is capable of locating the final Super Dragon Ball necessary to perform the wish . With tensions mounted , Beerus accepts Champa 's proposal . 29 `` The Martial Arts Match Has Been Decided ! The Team Captain Is Stronger Than Goku '' / `` Combat Matches Are a Go ! The Captain Is Someone Stronger Than Goku '' `` Kakutō shiai kaisai kettei ! Shushō wa Gokū yori tsuyoi yatsu '' ( 格闘 試合 開催 決定 ! 主将 は 悟空 より も 強い ヤツ ) January 31 , 2016 August 12 , 2017 Champa decides to host the tournament on a vacated nameless planet located between Universe Six and Universe Seven . Goku suggests the rules be similar to that of the Tenkaichi Budokai tournaments held on Earth . Vegeta recommends a written exam be implemented in order to prevent insensitive beings lacking knowledge of the regulations from participating . The tournament is scheduled to begin several days after the encounter between Beerus and Champa . On Earth , Whis requests that Bulma use her Dragon Radar in order to obtain the final Super Dragon Ball . Contrary to this , Bulma believes it would be easier to simply summon Shenron to locate it instead . Shenron reveals that tracking down the Super Dragon Balls is beyond his power . Meanwhile , Vados selects a portion of the nameless planet and transforms it into the tournament 's arena . After judging Whis ' students , Champa realizes he should also enlist a Saiyan onto his team . Beerus explains that Goku is merely the second strongest opponent he has ever faced . He proceeds to take off to inform Monaka ( モナカ ) , the strongest warrior he has ever fought , of the tournament . The next morning , Bulma finishes constructing the Super Dragon Radar . She intends to collect the Super Dragon Balls of Universe Seven before Beerus can use them to wish for total annihilation of the entire world . 30 `` A Review Before the ' Martial Arts Match ' - Who Are the Last Two Members ? ! '' / `` A Run - Through For the Competition ! Who Are the Last Two Members ? '' `` '' Kakutō '' shiai e no o sarai - Nokori futari no menbā wa dareda ! ? '' ( 「 格闘 試合 」 へ の お さらい 残り 二 人 の メンバー は 誰 だ ! ? ) February 7 , 2016 August 19 , 2017 Goku and Vegeta meet up with Krillin , who goes with them to recruit Majin Buu as the fourth combatant of the Universe Seven team . Although Majin Buu is reluctant due to his hatred of Beerus , he agrees when Goku promises him a wish from the Super Dragon Balls , which he plans on giving to Mr. Satan . Goten and Trunks try to join , but they are denied by Vegeta because their use of fusion is illegal . The group finds Piccolo training with Gohan . They recruit Piccolo as the fifth and final member . Gohan considers joining the team , but he can not participate due to a business meeting on the day of the tournament . Beerus and the others think back over recent events . Beerus and Whis contemplate the intentions behind Champa 's plans . A series of flashbacks recapping the series is shown up to Frieza 's demise . 31 `` Off to Zuno Sama 's ! Find Out Where Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' / `` Off to See Master Zuno ! Find Out Where the Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' `` Zunō - sama no moto e ! Sūpā Doragon Bōru no arika o kikidase ! '' ( ズノー 様 の も と へ ! 超 ( スーパー ) ドラゴンボール の あり か を 聞き 出せ ! ) February 14 , 2016 August 26 , 2017 Bulma and Jaco travel to meet an omniscient alien , Master Zunō ( ズノー 様 , Zunō - sama ) , to ask him about the Super Dragon Balls . After arriving on Master Zunō 's planet , the duo encounters a spacefaring criminal named Burpman ( ゲップマン , Geppuman ) , who is wanted for leaving a restaurant without paying the bill . As a reward for subduing the criminal , Master Zunō 's attendants allow Bulma and Jaco to skip the lengthy waiting list and seek Master Zunō 's advice right away . Bulma unwittingly wastes two of her three questions , but she does glean information on the radius and other properties of the Super Dragon Balls . This includes the fact that they were formerly scattered across both Universe Six and Universe Seven . 32 5 `` The Match Begins ! Let 's All Go to the `` Nameless Planet '' ! '' / `` The Matches Begin ! We 're All Off to the `` Planet With No Name ! '' '' `` Shiaikaishi da ! Min'na de `` Namae no nai hoshi '' e ! '' ( 試合 開始 だ ! みんな で 「 名前 の ない 星 」 へ ! ) February 21 , 2016 September 9 , 2017 On Earth , everyone gathers for the trip to the tournament . Goku and Vegeta arrive after having trained in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for three years . After stopping at Beerus ' planet to get both him and Monaka , everyone proceeds to go to the tournament . The group meets their competition who are all somewhat unusual . This includes a Saiyan with a radically different history as well as a fighter who looks like Frieza . After the written test , the Universe Seven team is left one team member down because Majin Buu falls asleep . Majin Buu is deemed unfit and disqualified . Beerus decides that Monaka will go last . After a round of rock - paper - scissors , it is decided that Goku will fight first , followed by Piccolo , and then Vegeta . Goku and his competitor named Botamo ( ボタモ ) , who is a giant bear - like creature , enter the tournament ring . 33 6 `` Behold , Universe 6 ! This Is the Super Saiyan ? Son Goku ! '' / `` Surprise , 6th Universe ! This is Super Saiyan Goku ! '' `` Odoroke Dai - 6 uchū yo ! Kore ga Sūpā Saiya - jin ・ Son Gokū da ! '' ( 驚け 第 6 宇宙 よ ! これが 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ・ 孫悟空 だ ! ) February 28 , 2016 September 16 , 2017 The fight between Goku and Botamo commences . Goku takes a while to warm up due to having overeaten during the trip . Although Goku seems faster and more well trained than Botamo , none of the hits that he lands seem to have an effect . Botamo seems content to simply take the punishment . Urged by Vegeta to think before he acts , Goku drags Botamo to the side of the ring and throws him out . This results in a win for Universe Seven . The next match begins almost immediately . The Frieza look alike named Frost ( フロスト , Furosuto ) is Goku 's next opponent . In direct contrast to Frieza , Frost is a kind and beloved hero in Universe Six who looks forward to a challenge . Goku surprises Frost with knowledge of his transformations . Frost assumes a form that mirrors Frieza 's third form . Goku mentions his ability to transform as well . He transforms into a Super Saiyan . Frost responds by transforming into his final form . Frost seems greatly outmatched by Goku even in his final transformation . Suddenly , a strange effect comes over Goku that severely weakens him and allows Frost a chance to strike . Frost knocks Goku out of the ring , which stuns everyone from Universe Seven . 34 7 `` Piccolo vs. Frost - Put It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' / `` Piccolo vs. Frost - Stake It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' `` Pikkoro VS Furosuto - Makankōsappō ni subete o kakero ! '' ( ピッコロ VS フロスト 魔 貫 光 殺 砲 に すべて を かけろ ! ) March 6 , 2016 September 23 , 2017 Frost beats Goku by knocking him out of the ring . Piccolo walks up to Frost to face him next . Piccolo charges his signature attack while simultaneously evading Frost 's attacks . To buy himself time to charge his attack , Piccolo creates clones of himself to distract Frost . Frost quickly disposes of decoys and charges at Piccolo . After a bout of close combat , Frost defeats Piccolo with a power blast . Before the referee could rule in Frost 's favor , Jaco chimes in claiming that Frost had been cheating all along . The referee examines Frost and finds that he had been using a forbidden tool . Champa is initially outraged to find that Frost had cheated . Champa decides to forgive and help him in his universe if Frost continues to play by the rules . Frost reveals that he set up the attacks on the planets he saved . The referee declares Piccolo the winner until Vegeta steps in and says that he wishes to face Frost . 35 8 `` Turn Rage into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - On Battle ! '' / `` Turn Your Anger Into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - Bore Battle '' `` Ikari o chikara ni kaero ! Bejīta no zenkai batoru '' ( 怒り を 力 に 変えろ ! ベジータ の 全開 バトル ) March 20 , 2016 September 30 , 2017 Frost cockily announces his intent to utterly defeat Vegeta in combat with the presentation of yet another weapon . Both parties agree that the match should not be regulated by the standard rules of the tournament in order to avoid disqualification and allow the combatants to fight at their full power . Vegeta mercilessly assaults Frost and sends him flying out of the barrier . Vegeta declares that he did not kill Frost because he was not going to stoop down to the latter 's level . Beerus discovers that Goku was also affected by Frost 's weapon , and he proceeds to convince the referee to allow Goku to return to the competition . Goku protests the turn order because he desperately wants to see Monaka in combat . Beerus explains that Monaka , as his trump card , must fight last . This prompts a hushed remark from Whis concerning Monaka 's `` true colors '' . Vados generates a new barrier around the ring as the referee announces a new rule , where any contact an individual makes with the barrier automatically disqualifies them . Meanwhile , Frost attempts to steal the tournament winnings and escape in Champa 's transportation cube . Frost is stunned by a purple humanoid , Hit ( ヒット , Hitto ) , in the process . Hit takes the unconscious Frost back to the arena . The next match begins . Vegeta faces off against the robot Magetta ( マゲッタ ) . The audience begins to dispute over Magetta 's eligibility because of the fact that Magetta can spit lava . Magetta is declared eligible because the lava is just his saliva . Magetta 's volcanic fumes engulf the barrier and cause Vegeta to perspire rapidly and breathe heavily from the extreme heat . 36 9 `` An Unexpected Desperate Battle ! Vegeta 's Furious Explosion ! '' / `` An Unexpectedly Uphill Battle ! Vegeta 's Great Blast of Fury ! '' `` Masaka no dai kusen ! Bejīta ikari no dai bakuhatsu ! '' ( まさかの 大 苦戦 ! ベジータ 怒り の 大 爆発 ! ) March 27 , 2016 October 7 , 2017 Vegeta continues his battle with Magetta . He is struggling against the rising temperatures in the enclosed arena . Vegeta tries to win quickly , but Magetta endures and counters his attacks . Magetta follows it with a punch that sends Vegeta flying toward the ground . After nearly being disqualified through by going out of bounds , Vegeta powers up in anger and destroys the barrier of the arena . He blasts Magetta and forces him to the very edge of the stage . However , Vegeta is unable to knock Magetta off the stage . After Vegeta insults Magetta , he loses his will to fight . Magetta is knocked out of the ring . 37 10 `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs. the Saiyan of Universe 6 ! '' / `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs The 6th Universe 's Saiyan ! '' `` Saiya - jin no hokori o wasureruna ! Bejīta VS Dai - 6 uchū no Saiya - jin '' ( サイヤ 人 の 誇り を 忘れる な ! ベジータ VS 第 6 宇宙 の サイヤ 人 ) April 3 , 2016 October 14 , 2017 Vegeta faces a slim and short Saiyan from Universe Six , Cabba ( キャベ ) , in the following round . Unlike their Universe Seven counterparts , Saiyans of Universe Six are heroic and kind . They are known as benevolent galactic protectors . Vegeta and Cabba are initially equally matched . After Vegeta pushes Cabba to power up , Cabba admits he can not do it . Cabba asks for Vegeta to teach him how to transform . This seemingly enrages Vegeta . Vegeta transforms into a Super Saiyan and begins to mercilessly beat Cabba . Vegeta threatens Cabba . He says he will kill him and destroy his planet if he forfeits . An enraged Cabba suddenly transforms and goes on the offensive . Vegeta reveals the Super Saiyan transformation is unlocked through drawing on one 's inner anger . Vegeta 's actions were intended to bring about that transformation . Vegeta quickly powers up even more and knocks Cabba out with a single punch . After the fight , Cabba thanks Vegeta for telling him about his untapped potential . Vegeta brushes him off and tells him not to forget his Saiyan pride . Vegeta also tells Cabba to surpass all other Saiyans . Cabba acknowledges Vegeta 's advice and walks off the stage . With Universe Six now down to their last fighter , Champa is still unconcerned as he is certain his hit man , Hit , will be able to settle the score . 38 11 `` The Ultimate Warrior of Universe 6 ! Assassin Hit Appears ! ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Mightiest Warrior ! Engage the Assassin Hit ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū saikyō no senshi ! Koroshi ya Hitto kenzan ! ! '' ( 第 6 宇宙 最強 の 戦士 ! 殺し 屋 ヒット 見参 ! ! ) April 10 , 2016 October 21 , 2017 Vegeta and Hit start their battle . To Vegeta 's surprise , he is unable to land a single blow on Hit due to his superior speed . Eventually , Vegeta is struck by a heavy blow and collapses . Hit is declared the winner of the match . Suddenly , it is revealed that Hit used a `` time - skipping '' technique , where he gets to time travel and be the only person able to move for a split second . Goku walks up to battle Hit . Initially , Hit overpowers Goku , which prompts him to ask Goku to surrender . Goku refuses and says he used the time to figure out how Hit 's technique works . Goku predicts Hit 's moves and evades his attacks . Hit claims that Goku 's foresight was just a fluke and that he will not be able to use it again . However , Goku is able to foresee Hit 's attacks and defend himself . Goku proposes that both of them fight at their full power . Hit concurs and withdraws . Shortly afterwards , both start preparing for their next fight . 39 12 `` The Advanced `` Time - Skip '' Fights Back ? ! Will It Come Forth ? Goku 's New Technique ! '' / `` A Developed `` Time Skip '' Counterstrike ? Here Comes Goku 's New Move ! '' `` Seichōshita `` toki tobashi '' no hangeki ! ? Deru ka ! ? Gokū no aratana waza ! '' ( 成長 した `` 時 とばし '' の 反撃 ! ? 出る か ! ? 悟空 の 新た な 技 ! ) April 17 , 2016 November 4 , 2017 Goku and Hit both power up before the match . Goku is finally able to counter Hit 's time - manipulating attacks , which displeases Hit . Hit tries to power up even more , but Goku prevents him . Soon after , Hit manages to counter Goku 's blows , while he simultaneously grows even stronger . Badly hurt , Goku hits the ground . Champa tells Hit to finish off Goku , but Hit refuses to obey his order . Goku manages to get back on his feet , and the two resume their fight . Goku is soon backed into a corner and resorts to his Kaiō - ken technique , which greatly increases his strength and speed . Having powered up , Goku begins pummeling and blasting Hit , who manages to evade most of the attacks with ease . 40 13 `` At Last , It Comes to an End ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' / `` A Decision at Last ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' `` Tsuini ketchaku ! Shōsha wa Birusu ? Soretomo Shanpa ? '' ( ついに 決着 ! 勝者 は ビルス ? それとも シャンパ ? ) April 24 , 2016 November 11 , 2017 Goku and Hit fight to an indecisive stalemate . Neither side is able to gain ground against the other . Goku requests that the rules of the fight be waived so that Hit can use his assassination techniques freely . Champa and Beerus argue over this decision . During their argument , Goku jumps out of the fighting stage . He forfeits the match . Goku argues that he would have been unable to continue due to the strain on his body brought on by his Kaiō - ken technique . Shortly afterwards , Monaka faces Hit . Monaka is scared to fight . Monaka punches Hit and wins the fight . Hit throws the fight as repayment for Goku enabling him to surpass his limits . With Hit defeated , the Universe Seven team is declared the winner of the tournament . Just as the festivities are about to conclude , Grand Zenō ( 全 王 ) , a mysterious `` King of Universes '' , appears in the center of the fighting stage . 41 14 `` Come , God of Dragons - And Pretty Please Grant My Wish ! '' / `` Come Forth , Divine Dragon ! And Grant My Wish , Peas and Carrots ! '' `` Ide deyo kami no ryū - soshite negai o kanaete chonmage ! '' ( 出 で よ 神 の 龍 そして 願い を 叶え て ちょんまげ ! ) May 1 , 2016 November 18 , 2017 Grand Zenō announces that he will organize a martial arts tournament for all twelve universes . Goku disrespectfully approaches and talks to Grand Zenō . Grand Zenō is amused , and everyone else is discomforted . Champa scolds his team for losing and orders them to train for the upcoming tournament . Shortly afterwards , Champa and his team leave . Beerus asks the Earthlings to find the Super Dragon Balls . Android 18 notices that all Super Dragon Balls are clumped together on the radar , and Monaka deduces that the planet they have been fighting on is actually the seventh Super Dragon Ball . Beerus , Goku , and the others leave for the location of all seven Super Dragon Balls . Once they are there , Whis summons Super Shenron ( スーパー シェンロン , Chāo Shénlóng ) , which is a more powerful version of Shenron . Unknown to anyone else , Beerus secretly wishes to have Universe Six 's Earth restored back to normal . Vados informs Champa what Beerus wished for . Whis leaves Beerus and Monaka on Beerus ' planet and departs for Earth . Monaka is revealed to be an ordinary mail deliveryman , who is an aspiring fighter . Beerus rewards Monaka with money for his help motivating Goku and Vegeta . Goku , Vegeta , and the others from Earth return home . 42 15 `` Trouble at the Victory Celebration ! Showdown at Last ? ! Monaka vs. Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chaotic Victory Party ! Showdown at Last ? Monaka vs. Goku ! '' `` Haran no shukushō kai ! Tsuini taiketsu ! ? Monaka VS Son Gokū ! '' ( 波乱 の 祝勝 会 ! 遂に 対決 ! ? モナカ VS 孫悟空 ) May 8 , 2016 December 2 , 2017 With the tournament completed , Bulma decides to hold a celebration party at the Capsule Corporation . She also decides to invite Monaka . Bulma considers Monaka to be the real winner of the tournament . Beerus and Whis are opposed to Bulma 's idea as they believe that Goku would want to fight Monaka if he were to attend . Ultimately , Monaka does attend . Beerus decides to tell everyone besides Goku about Monaka 's secret . Monaka is not nearly as powerful as everyone believes him to be . Goten and Trunks suggest that Beerus disguise himself as Monaka and fight Goku in Monaka 's place . Beerus agrees to the plan and disguises himself . Pu'ar also shape - shifts itself into Beerus to act as a decoy . Shortly afterwards , Goku and a disguised Beerus begin their fight . Following a brief clash , Whis interrupts the battle . Everyone carries on with the festivities . 43 16 `` Goku 's `` Ki '' is Out of Control ? ! Looking After Pan is A Lot of Trouble ! '' / `` Goku 's Energy is Out of Control ? The Struggle to Look After Pan '' `` Gokū no `` Ki '' ga seigyo funō ! ? Pan no osewa de shikuhakku ! '' ( 悟空 の 「 気 」 が 制御 不能 ! ? パン の お世話 で 四苦八苦 ) May 15 , 2016 December 9 , 2017 Due to overexerting himself during the tournament , Goku has problems controlling his energy . He decides to take a break and relax in order to get his strength back . While Gohan and Videl are out , Goku and his family babysit Pan . That morning , Pilaf , Shu , and Mai plan to attack Goku , while he is asleep . They end up fleeing in terror and bring Pan along with them . Inside their ship , Pilaf accidentally launches them into the stratosphere . The pressure from the launch destroys their ship , but Pan is able to fly back home with her captives in tow . On their way home , Goku 's family is relieved to find Pan even though they remain ignorant of her exploits . 44 17 `` Seal of Planet Potofu - Secret of the Superhuman Water Is Unleashed ! '' / `` The Seal of Planet Pot - au - feu ; Secrets of the Unleashed Superhuman Water ! '' `` Potofu sei no fūin toki hanatareta - `` Chōjin sui '' no himitsu ! '' ( ポトフ 星 の 封印 解き放た れ た `` 超人 水 '' の 秘密 ! ) May 22 , 2016 December 16 , 2017 While Monaka delivers a package to Bulma , Goten and Trunks sneak into his delivery truck and are accidentally taken to Planet Po - tau - feu . A group of space bandits are led by a teal humanoid called Gryll ( グリル , Guriru ) . They attempt to steal a key to an item called the Superhuman Water ( 超人 水 , Chōjin Mizu ) from an elder named Potage ( ポタジ , Potaji ) . The bandits succeed and are absorbed and cloned by the purple viscous liquid . At Bulma 's request , Vegeta and Jaco arrive on the planet to search for the children . Shortly after they arrive , the liquid absorbs and clones Vegeta . 45 18 `` Vegeta Disappears ? ! The Threat of Duplicated Vegeta ! '' / `` Vegeta Disappears ? ! Menace of the Duplicate Vegeta ! '' `` Bejīta ga kieru ! ? Fukusei bejīta no kyōi ! '' ( ベジータ が 消える ! ? 複製 ベジータ の 脅威 ! ) May 29 , 2016 January 6 , 2018 Vegeta is powerless due to the purple viscous liquid cloning and absorbing his powers . The liquid is revealed to be a sentient being known as Commeson ( コメソン , Komeson ) . Superhuman Water is just one of its many names known throughout the universe . Vegeta and the rest flee from the cloned Vegeta and the space bandits . They learn from Potage that the original will disappear once cloned . Goten and Trunks attempt to defeat the clone before that happens . Goku is fully recovered while training on King Kai 's planet . He senses that Goten and Trunks are in danger and teleports to Goten 's side . Goku prepares to fight the cloned Vegeta . 46 19 `` Goku vs. Duplicated Vegeta ! Who 's Gonna Win ? ! '' / `` Goku vs. the Duplicate Vegeta ! Which One is Going to Win ? '' `` Gokū VS fukusei Bejīta ! Katsu no wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS 複製 ベジータ ! 勝つ の は どっち だ ! ? ) June 5 , 2016 January 13 , 2018 Goku and the cloned Vegeta begin their battle . Each side holds its own . Vegeta tells Goku that he can not beat him with attacks like that . The cloned Vegeta backs Goku into a corner . Goku teleports behind his opponent and lands a blow on him , which briefly turns the battle in his favor . Vegeta starts getting frustrated that his clone is failing to dodge certain attacks and begins cheering for the clone when it knocks Goku away . Trunks reminds Vegeta that if they do not defeat the clone , Vegeta would die . Vegeta attempts to attack the clone himself , but he fails to do any damage . Frustrated , Vegeta criticizes both his clone and Goku . Goku begins wondering whose side Vegeta is on . He and the cloned Vegeta quickly power up , and the two continue their fight . Jaco points out that Vegeta is even more transparent than before . Potage tells Vegeta to use Commeson to gain time . Trunks wonders if there might be another way to save Vegeta in case their plan fails . Potage suggests that the Commeson should be destroyed to weaken the clones it had created . Trunks , Goten , Potage , and Jaco fly away to retrieve the weapon . Meanwhile , Goku manages to fight off cloned Vegeta . Vegeta is frustrated that it is Goku who is fighting the clone and not him . The fight causes a destructive shock wave . Commeson takes advantage of this and quickly attacks Trunks . Vegeta feels that Trunks is in trouble and tries to reach him . Monaka accidentally steps on Commeson 's core behind him , which damages it along with its clones . Potage notes that even though the core was destroyed , time has run out . Vegeta is disappearing . Realizing this is his last chance , Goku destroys the cloned Vegeta . As a result , Vegeta 's body regenerates . Potage reseals Commeson . Goku thanks Monaka for his help and says that he would have been beaten by the cloned Vegeta if it were not for him . With the Planet Po - tau - feu saved and the threat destroyed , Goku and the others return to Earth . Meanwhile , in an annihilated alternate timeline , Future Trunks looks to destroy a new threat that has been terrorizing his world . Season 4 : `` Future '' Trunks Saga ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 47 `` An SOS from the Future ! A Dark New Enemy Emerges ! ! '' / `` SOS from the Future : A Dark New Enemy Appears ! '' `` Mirai kara no esuōesu ! Kuroki arata na teki arawaru ! '' ( 未来 から の SOS ! 黒き 新た な 敵 現 る ! ! ) June 12 , 2016 January 20 , 2018 In an alternate timeline , Future Trunks is hiding from a mysterious enemy that has been terrorizing the Future Earth . He meets with his mother in their hideout , Future Bulma , who is relieved that he survived . She is revealed to have been working on the time machine for their trip to find help . Just as they are about to leave , an explosion destroys Future Bulma 's equipment . Seeing as they are in danger , Future Bulma urges Future Trunks to leave without her . Shortly after , a mysterious enemy demolishes the hideout . Future Bulma is killed by falling debris following the explosion , but Future Trunks manages to escape . Back in the present timeline , Goku is showing his new farm to Chi - Chi and Goten . Piccolo arrives shortly after at Goku 's request . Goku says he wants to use his work as a way to train . While Goku and Piccolo are having a harvesting competition , on Beerus ' planet , Vegeta is training with Whis . Goku notices this and teleports to them . Beerus asks if Goku brought him a gift , and Goku gives him a ball of lettuce he grabbed during his contest with Piccolo . Beerus enjoys the lettuce , but he considers it inadequate . Meanwhile , in the alternate timeline , Future Trunks meets up with Future Mai . Future Trunks tells her that his mother has sacrificed herself so he could escape and return to the past to save his world . Back on Beerus ' planet , Goku , Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis discuss Zenō , who is the `` King of Universes '' . Beerus says that Zenō is the most powerful being there is . Whis says that Zenō is also able to erase entire universes as there had originally been 18 universes instead of the current 12 universes . In the alternate timeline , Future Trunks and Future Mai are eating and resting . They discuss about going back 17 years in the past , where Future Trunks ' friends would be . They make their way to Capsule Corporation . They stumble upon a vortex in the sky out of which arrives the mysterious enemy that the two have been running away from . Future Trunks tells Future Mai to go on ahead as he draws his sword . He tries to face the enemy but to no avail . In order to save Future Trunks and give him a chance to escape , Future Mai acts as a decoy . Future Mai is hit by the enemy 's blast and seemingly killed on the spot . Future Trunks is enraged and looks at the enemy , who is revealed to be a Goku look - alike being named Goku Black ( ゴクウ ブラック , Gokū Burakku ) . 48 `` Hope ! ! Once More Awaken in the Present , Trunks '' / `` Hope ! Redux Awaken in the Present , Trunks '' `` Kibō ! ! Futatabi - Imade mezame yo Torankusu '' ( HOPE ( き ぼう ) ! ! 再び 現在 で 目覚めよ トランクス ) June 19 , 2016 January 27 , 2018 Goku Black taunts Future Trunks as he could not save any of his family or friends . Future Trunks powers up to Super Saiyan to fight Goku Black , but he is outmatched . He distracts Goku Black with an energy attack and quickly boards the Time Capsule and escapes 17 years into the past . Goku Black is frustrated that he can not find Trunks in the future timeline . Meanwhile in the present timeline , Trunks is studying in class along with Pilaf 's Gang . During a recess break , Trunks feels strange and looks at the sky to observe the Time Capsule arriving with Future Trunks inside . He immediately calls for his mother . Bulma contacts Vegeta and Goku who are training on Beerus ' planet . Bulma asks Trunks to power up in order for Goku to be able to teleport himself and Vegeta to their location . Whis and Beerus also arrive to see Future Trunks . Vegeta asks Goku to get some Senzu beans . Goku goes to Korin 's place to get some Senzu beans . Future Trunks regains consciousness thanks to the Senzu bean . Upon spotting Goku , Future Trunks recalls Goku Black 's attacks and immediately charges towards Goku , which shocks everyone around . 49 `` A Message from the Future - Goku Black Strikes ! '' / `` A Message From the Future - The Incursion of Goku Black ! '' `` Mirai kara no messēji - Gokū Burakku shūrai ! '' ( 未来 から の メッセージ ゴクウ ブラック 襲来 ! ) June 26 , 2016 February 3 , 2018 Goku manages to fight off Future Trunks . Bulma manages to calm down Future Trunks . Future Trunks gets clued in as to where he had ended up . He is also introduced to Beerus and Whis . Future Trunks apologizes to Goku for attacking him . Future Trunks explains that he was unaware that Goku was revived after sacrificing himself to defeat Cell , and the new enemy he is facing looks just like him . Both Goku and Vegeta are intrigued by this enemy . They decide to help him . Meanwhile in an alternate timeline , Goku Black is searching for Future Trunks . Realizing Future Trunks escaped using a time - traveling machine , Goku Black decides to go after him . Goku and Future Trunks decide to have a quick fight to determine each other 's power . Goku easily defeats Future Trunks , but Future Trunks warns Goku that Goku Black is a lot more powerful . While Goku and Future Trunks discuss more about Goku Black , a portal opens above them . Goku Black comes out of the portal and introduces himself . 50 `` Goku vs. Black ! The Closed Path to the Future '' / `` Goku vs. Black ! A Closed - Off Road to the Future '' `` Gokū VS Burakku ! Tozasareta mirai e no michi '' ( 悟空 VS ブラック ! 閉ざさ れ た 未来 へ の 道 ) July 3 , 2016 February 10 , 2018 Goku Black arrives in the past . Future Trunks decides to fight Goku Black , but Vegeta stops him . Curious to know how powerful Goku Black really is , Goku decides to fight him . Neither of them seems to be particularly interested in their fight . Goku decides to transform into a Super Saiyan . Goku Black proves to be no match for powered - up Goku . Future Trunks wonders why Goku does not simply destroy his opponent . Goku Black tries to power up but before he is able to , Goku thwarts him . While Goku and Goku Black fight , the time portal starts to disappear . It also starts dragging Goku Black towards itself . Goku Black realizes this . He destroys the Time Machine as soon as he had been dragged into it , which prevents others to return to the future . With Goku Black suddenly gone , Goku wonders where his enemy could have disappeared . Whis explains that Goku Black used a time - traveling method only Supreme Kai know about . Bulma decides to search for the other Time Machine that Cell used to travel back in time . Just as Goku Black reappears in the future timeline , Future Mai regains consciousness . 51 5 `` Feelings That Travel Beyond Time - Trunks and Mai '' / `` Feelings That Transcend Time : Trunks and Mai '' `` Toki o koeta omoi - Torankusu to Mai '' ( 時 を こえ た 想い トランクス と マイ ) July 10 , 2016 February 17 , 2018 Bulma finds the Time Machine that Cell used to travel to the past and promptly gathers the team to repair it . While Future Trunks is waiting for Bulma to finish the repairs , Goku heads off to King Kai 's planet to train . Future Trunks and Mai discuss their counterparts from alternate timelines . Future Trunks explains to Mai that Future Mai was a leader of Earth 's resistance movement who died fighting to protect the planet . He also mentions Goku Black 's ultimate goal , which is to eliminate all humans who are seen as inferior beings . Determined to find Goku Black , Beerus and Whis search for the villain 's energy signature . Meanwhile , Goku Black is surprised that he had grown stronger fighting Goku . He seeks to fight him again to become even stronger . 52 6 `` Teacher and Student Reunited - Son Gohan and `` Future '' Trunks '' / `` Master and Pupil Reunited Gohan and `` Future '' Trunks ! '' `` Shitei saikai - Son Gohan to `` Mirai '' Torankusu '' ( 師弟 再会 孫 悟 飯 と `` 未来 '' トランクス ) July 17 , 2016 February 24 , 2018 Bulma and her team are still repairing the Time Machine . Piccolo and Krillin are mending the damages in the wake of Goku 's fight with Goku Black . Piccolo mentions that Gohan had changed since he is not the pupil he had trained years ago . He is dissatisfied with the fact that Gohan decided to abandon his training to become a scholar . Future Trunks is surprised by Piccolo 's point of view . Piccolo and Krillin suggest that Future Trunks should meet their timeline 's Gohan . Future Trunks meets Gohan at Gohan 's house , and the two discuss their shared future . Gohan introduces Future Trunks to his family . Shortly afterwards , Future Trunks leaves for the Capsule Corporation . Meanwhile , Goku , Beerus , and Whis travel to another universe , where they had detected Goku Black 's energy . 53 7 `` Uncover Black 's Identity ! To the Sacred World of the Kais ! '' / `` Uncover Black 's Identity ! Off to the 10th Universe 's World of the Kai 's ! '' `` Burakku no shōtai o abake ! Iza dai 10 uchū no kaiōshin kai e ! '' ( ブラック の 正体 を 暴け ! いざ 第 10 宇宙 の 界 王 神 界 へ ! ) July 31 , 2016 March 3 , 2018 Goku , Beerus , and Whis arrive on Universe Ten 's Sacred World of the Kais . They meet the Supreme Kai beings called Zamasu ( ザマス ) , who is an apprentice Supreme Kai , and Gowasu ( ゴワス ) , who is the Supreme Kai and Zamasu 's master . Gowasu shows himself to be a kind hearted Supreme Kai who loves all creation , while Zamasu despises mortals . Goku is excited by the idea of fighting a Supreme Kai . He asks Zamasu to spar with him . Zamasu objects to fighting Goku , but he is asked to fight by Gowasu . Zamasu is baffled to learn that he is no match for Goku . Beerus and Whis realize that the energy they had detected is actually that of Zamasu . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head back to Universe Seven 's Earth . On Earth , Krillin introduces Future Trunks to his wife , Android 18 , and his daughter , Marron . 54 8 `` The One Who Inherits the Saiyan Blood - Trunk 's Resolve '' / `` He Who is of Saiyan Blood Trunks 's Resolve '' `` Saiya - jin no chiohikumono - Torankusu no ketsui '' ( サイヤ 人 の 血 を ひく 者 トランクス の 決意 ) August 7 , 2016 March 10 , 2018 Bulma and her team put the finishing touches to the rebuilt Time Machine . Meanwhile , Vegeta wants to test Future Trunks ' power to see how strong his son had become . Future Trunks proves to be no match for Vegeta at his full power . Future Trunks is outmatched in every way . However , Future Trunks finds this fact reassuring . Knowing how powerful Vegeta and Goku have become , he is certain that Goku Black will not be much of a threat . Vegeta is disappointed and angry with Future Trunks . Vegeta believes that Saiyans should continually strive to grow stronger and not only when enemies present themselves . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus and Whis are about to eat dinner . Suddenly , Grand Zenō contacts them and tells them that he wishes to meet Goku , which shocks Beerus and Whis . 55 9 `` I Want to See Son Goku - Zen - Oh Sama 's Summoning ! '' / `` I 'd Like to See Goku , You See A Summons from Grand Zeno ! '' `` Son Gokū ni aitai no ne - Zenō - sama kara no yobidashi ! '' ( 孫悟空 に 会 いたい の ね 全 王様 から の よびだし ! ) August 21 , 2016 March 17 , 2018 Whis and Beerus are worried over Grand Zenō 's request to meet Goku and what it could mean for their universe . They do not want Goku to meet Grand Zenō out of fear that he would come across as crude and offensive . Whis and Beerus reluctantly decide to heed Grand Zenō 's request . They tell Goku to keep quiet about their plans regarding Goku Black and time - traveling . Beerus instructs Whis to let nothing happen to the Supreme Kai of Universe Seven . It is revealed that if a Supreme Kai dies then the God of Destruction from the same universe dies as well . In Universe Ten on Planet Babari ( 惑星 ババリ , Wakusei Babari ) , Zamasu kills one of the natives after it tried to attack them . Gowasu scolds his student and says such behavior goes against his teaching of maintaining the balance between good and evil . Zamasu flouts that mindset and argues that the only way to maintain balance is to eradicate mortals . As Zamasu stands in the wind , rose petals start to whirl around him , which gives an allusion to distinctive red energy of Goku Black . Goku , Whis , and Universe Seven 's Supreme Kai arrive at Grand Zenō 's palace . Grand Zenō says that all he wanted was a friend to play with when he feels like having fun . Goku promises that he will find more friends for him to play with . Before Goku leaves , Grand Zenō gives him a button and says to press it if Goku ever wants to summon him . Shortly afterwards , Goku , Beerus , and Whis leave for Earth , where the Time Machine has been repaired . Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks arrive into Future Trunks ' alternate timeline . As soon as they arrive , Goku is attacked by the Earth 's resistance forces who mistook him for Goku Black . 56 10 `` Rematch With Goku Black ! Super Saiyan Rosé Appears '' / `` Rematch with Goku Black ! Enter Super Saiyan Rosé '' `` Saisen Gokū Burakku ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze tōjō ! ! '' ( 再戦 ゴクウ ブラック ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ロゼ 登場 ! ! ) August 28 , 2016 March 24 , 2018 Future Trunks quickly pacifies the resistance fighters . He explains that he has returned with Goku and Vegeta to defeat Goku Black . The fighters reveal that Future Mai has left them with an action plan in case Goku Black appears . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta leave and meet Future Mai at her hideout . Future Mai explains that after she managed to escape , she stumbled on a group of resistance members who took her in . However , their refuge was soon attacked and destroyed by Goku Black . Goku spots Future Yajirobe ( 未来 の ヤジロベー , Mirai no Yajirobē ) , who Future Trunks believed to be dead in the resistance 's ranks . Future Yajirobe reveals that his life was saved by a Senzu bean , which Korin had given him . Vegeta states that he plans to take on Goku Black alone this time . Goku suggests that they play a game of Rock - paper - scissors to decide who gets to fight first . Vegeta accepts the proposal and wins . Meanwhile , Goku Black is wandering the desolate ruins of the Future Earth . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta suddenly appear near him . Vegeta powers up and engages Goku Black who seems to be completely uninterested . Goku Black transforms into a pink - haired Super Saiyan and fights Vegeta . He dubs the form Super Saiyan Rosé ( 超 サイヤ 人 ロゼ , Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze ) following Goku 's naming pattern . Goku Black tells Vegeta that their fight only made him stronger . Vegeta and Goku Black exchange a few blows . Vegeta knocks him away . Vegeta charges in to attack again . Goku Black uses his ki to form an energy blade on his hand and stabs Vegeta in the chest , which critically wounds him . Goku quickly powers up and charges at Goku Black . As the two fight , Future Trunks thinks they are evenly matched , but Vegeta notices that Goku Black has an advantage over Goku as well . Just as Goku Black begins charging his attack , Zamasu appears and stops the fight . He urges Goku Black to allow him to kill Goku just as they have agreed . 57 11 `` The God With the Immortal Body - Zamasu Descends '' / `` The God With the Invulnerable Body : The Advent of Zamasu '' `` Fujimi no karada o motsu kami - Zamasu kōrin '' ( 不死身 の 体 を 持つ 神 ザマス 降臨 ) September 4 , 2016 March 31 , 2018 Zamasu appears unexpectedly from the sky . He states that he and Goku Black are `` kindred spirits '' who want a world without mortals . Goku challenges Zamasu to a fight and Zamasu accepts . During the fight , Goku Black suddenly comes between Goku and Zamasu and smashes Goku into a corner . Future Trunks appears and attacks Goku Black . Goku Black uses Goku 's Kamehameha blast at Goku and Future Trunks . They fail to dodge it . As Goku Black and Zamasu use their combined power to finish off Goku and Future Trunks , Vegeta steps in and saves Goku and Future Trunks . Vegeta is badly wounded . Future Yajirobe swoops in to rescue wounded Goku and Future Trunks and takes them to a safer location . Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to finish off Vegeta , Future Mai and the resistance soldiers intervene and rescue Vegeta . Goku and the others return to their timeline using the Time Machine . Future Mai and Future Yajirobe are left behind . 58 12 `` Zamasu and Black - The Mystery of the Two Deepens '' / `` Zamasu and Black - The Two Mysterious of the Deepens '' `` Zamasu to Burakku - Fukamaru futari no nazo '' ( ザマス と ブラック 深まる 二 人 の 謎 ) September 11 , 2016 April 7 , 2018 Wanting to learn more about the Super Dragon Balls , Zamasu visits Master Zuno 's planet . Under duress , Master Zuno explains exactly how the Super Dragon Balls work and where they are . At Capsule Corporation , Bulma nurses Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks back to health . Beerus and Whis arrive with Supreme Kai . After listening to what happened in the alternate timeline , Whis posits a theory as to what exactly Zamasu is planning . He believes that , after losing to Goku , Zamasu became obsessed with Goku and his incredible power . Zamasu needed an ally as powerful as Goku to achieve his goal of obliterating mortals . Goku Black was therefore supposed to be a copy of Goku and created using the Super Dragon Balls . Whis also adds his earlier theory about how Goku Black is able to time travel using Supreme Kai 's method . He believes that their timeline 's Zamasu is the one who is going to kill Gowasu and give Goku Black the time - traveling device known as the Time Ring ( 時 の 指輪 , Toki no yubiwa ) . Supreme Kai takes Goku , Beerus , and Whis to Universe Ten to warn Gowasu , while Vegeta stays behind . They arrive to the Supreme Kai Realm ( 界 王 神 界 , Kaiōshin Kai ) , where they meet Gowasu . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has left on what he called an important mission . Goku tries to warn Gowasu of what Zamasu has done in the future , but Beerus promptly silences him . They wonder if Gowasu noticed anything wrong with his apprentice . Gowasu mentions the doubts Zamasu has had regarding the role of the Supreme Kai and their relationship with mortals , but it should not be a cause for concern . Just as Gowasu finishes , Zamasu arrives . 59 13 `` Protect Supreme Kai Gowasu - Destroy Zamasu ! '' `` Kaiōshin Gowasu o mamore - Zamasu o hakai seyo ! '' ( 界 王 神 ゴワス を 守れ ザマス を 破壊 せよ ! ) September 25 , 2016 April 14 , 2018 Whis gifts Gowasu with rice cakes and says that he and the others did not mean to disturb Zamasu and him . They leave shortly after . While they are in space , Whis uses his staff to eavesdrop on Gowasu and Zamasu . They watch as Zamasu kills Gowasu . Whis turns back time so that Goku can save Gowasu . Zamasu claims he did not plan on killing Gowasu , but Whis tells him otherwise . Angered that his plan has failed , Zamasu tries to kill Goku . Beerus saves Goku and kills Zamasu . With the present day Zamasu killed , Goku and the others decide to track down Goku Black . In the alternate timeline , Zamasu and Goku Black are discussing Goku Black 's power . 60 14 `` Back to the Future - Goku Black 's Identity Is Revealed ! ! '' / `` Futatabi mirai e - Akasareru Gokū Burakku no shōtai ! ! '' ( 再び 未来 へ 明かさ れる ゴクウ ブラック の 正体 ! ! ) October 2 , 2016 TBA With Zamasu defeated , Beerus is convinced that Future Trunks ' timeline has become peaceful once again . Although hesitant , Future Trunks decides to go back to his timeline to make sure that is the case . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma accompany him . As soon as they arrive , they realize that nothing has changed . Future Zamasu and Goku Black learn of Goku and the others ' return . The two groups meet shortly after . Goku Black reveals himself to be the version of Zamasu who successfully killed Gowasu and was apparently erased by Whis ' time powers ; he had protected himself by using the Time Ring . Afterwards , he stole the body of his timeline 's Goku with the wish granted by the Super Dragon Balls . Goku Black used its potential to grow stronger than Goku himself . 61 15 `` Zamasu 's Ambition - The Awful `` Zero Mortal Plan '' Is Revealed '' / `` Zamasu no yabō - Katarareru kyōfu no `` Ningen 0 keikaku '' '' ( ザマス の 野望 語 られる 恐怖 の 『 人間 0 計画 』 ) October 9 , 2016 TBA Future Zamasu reveals himself to be Zamasu from Future Trunks ' alternate timeline , who used the Super Dragon Balls in this timeline to wish for immortality . Goku fights Goku Black and Future Zamasu , but he is outmatched by the two villains . Goku Black tells Goku that after taking over his body , he killed Chi - Chi and Goten just to spite him . Enraged , Goku takes on both of the villains . He is initially able to hold his own , but he is soon overpowered and knocked out . With Goku defeated , Future Trunks and Vegeta are backed into a corner . Future Zamasu holds Future Trunks and his constant time - traveling responsible for thwarting his plan to eradicate all mortals . This infuriates Future Trunks , who explodes and transforms into an immensely powerful new form of Super Saiyan . 62 16 `` I 'll Protect the World ! Trunks ' Furious Super Power Explodes ! ! '' / `` Sekai wa ore ga mamoru ! Torankusu ikari no sūpā pawā sakuretsu ! ! '' ( 世界 は オレ が 守る ! トランクス 怒り の 超 ( スーパー ) パワー 炸裂 ! ! ) October 16 , 2016 TBA While Future Trunks ' new form is enough to match Goku Black , Future Trunks is still unable to deal the death blow . Future Trunks tells Vegeta to take Goku back to the past , while he faces their opponents . Goku Black attempts to prevent them from escaping , but he fails to do so . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma arrive in the present . Vegeta explains what happened in Future Trunks ' timeline and Goku Black 's origin to Beerus and Whis . Believing they had done their part , Beerus and Whis leave . Meanwhile , Chi - Chi and Gohan meet with Krillin to ask if he knows where Goku went . Krillin hesitates and dodges the question . They leave for Bulma 's house to ask her the same question . Once there , they meet Goku in bandages . With everyone present , Piccolo thinks of a new plan . He proposes using Evil Containment Wave ( 魔 封 波 , Mafūba ) , which is an ancient technique used to seal demons in jars . Wondering what the Evil Containment Wave is , Goku quickly teleports to Kame House . Goku spends the night at Master Roshi 's house training to master the Evil Containment Wave , while Vegeta trains in the Hyberbolic Time Chamber . 63 17 `` Do n't Disrespect Saiyan Cells ! Vegeta 's Heroic Battle Begins ! ! '' / `` Saiya - jin no saibō o kegasu na ! Bejīta no sōzetsu batoru kaien ! ! '' ( サイヤ 人 の 細胞 を 汚す な ! ベジータ の 壮絶 バトル 開演 ! ! ) October 23 , 2016 TBA Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to kill him , Future Trunks is saved by the resistance . Future Yajirobe informs Future Trunks that Mai has found Goku Black 's hideout . Future Trunks leaves for the hideout . Mai tries to shoot Goku Black , but she misses her shot . Just as Goku Black and Zamasu try to retaliate , Future Trunks intervenes in the nick of time . Future Trunks fights the two again without success . Goku and Vegeta arrive just in time to save him . Goku Black destroys the Time Machine , but Bulma manages to salvage what was left by dousing the fire . Gowasu and Supreme Kai arrive from the past to stop Zamasu from going on a killing spree . Goku Black and Future Zamasu explain that they killed all of the Supreme Kais in the future timeline ; during the conversation , it is revealed that Whis and those like him are actually angels . Goku Black tries to kill Gowasu , but Goku and Vegeta stop him . Goku fights Future Zamasu , while Vegeta battles Goku Black . Bulma begins repairing the Time Machine and asks Future Trunks to prepare the seal , which Goku has brought to seal Zamasu . Vegeta gets the upper hand over Goku Black due to his latest training , which he interprets as a tipping point in his latent power that he possesses as the Prince of Saiyans . 64 18 `` Revere Him ! Praise Him ! Fusion Zamasu 's Explosive Birth ! ! '' / `` Agameyo ! Tataeyo ! Gattai Zamasu bakutan ! ! '' ( 崇めよ ! 讃えよ ! 合体 ザマス 爆誕 ! ! ) October 30 , 2016 TBA Vegeta continues to overpower Goku Black . Future Zamasu attempts to intervene , but Goku cuts him off . Goku Black realizes that Vegeta 's increased power comes from his anger and uses that method to increase his own power . Goku Black distracts Goku and Vegeta by creating many energy duplicates of himself to confuse them , while Future Zamasu goes after Future Trunks , Mai , and Bulma . Bulma attempts to buy time for Future Trunks to prepare the Evil Containment Wave by flirting with Future Zamasu . However , he sees through her trick and knocks her out . This angers Future Trunks , who powers up to his new Super Saiyan form and uses the Evil Containment Wave on Future Zamasu . The Evil Containment Wave works on Future Zamasu , who is sealed within the jar . However , in the present , Master Roshi realizes that he forgot to give Goku the paper amulet that would make the seal permanent . As a result , the seal fails and Future Zamasu breaks out of the jar , which weakened him . Goku Black goes to help him , and Goku and Vegeta follow in pursuit . Realizing that they have underestimated their enemies , Goku Black and Future Zamasu use their Potarra Earrings to fuse into a single immensely powerful being known as Fusion Zamasu . 65 19 `` Is This the Final Judgement ? ! The Ultimate Power of the Absolute God '' / `` Saigo no shipan ka ! ? Zettai shin no kyūkyoku no pawā '' ( 最後 の 審判 か ! ? 絶対 神 の 究極 の 力 ( パワー ) ) November 6 , 2016 TBA Fusion Zamasu explains that he possesses the immortality of Future Zamasu as well as Goku Black 's Saiyan ability to grow stronger from each fight . He shows off his power and devastates the Earth in the process . Meanwhile , Future Trunks decides to rejoin the fight , while Mai and Bulma are working on the Time Machine . Goku and Vegeta fight Fusion Zamasu , but they are easily defeated . Future Trunks joins the fight , but he is also overpowered . Fusion Zamasu begins charging up an enormous ki blast known as the Holy Wrath to destroy the planet . Future Trunks uses a last - ditch Galick Gun attack to hold him off . Vegeta joins the clash with his own all - out Galick Gun . Surprisingly , their combined attack overpowers Fusion Zamasu 's attack and saves the Earth . However , Fusion Zamasu survives unscathed . Vegeta barely saves Future Trunks from a deadly attack by Fusion Zamasu . Vegeta gets knocked out by the blast . Fusion Zamasu charges a second attack , but Goku rejoins the fight and counters it with his Kamehameha attack . 66 20 `` The Climactic Battle ! The Miraculous Power of a Relentless Warrior ! '' / `` Kessen ! Akiramenai senshi - tachi no kiseki no pawā ! '' ( 決戦 ! あきらめ ない 戦士 たち の 奇跡 の 力 ( パワー ) ! ) November 13 , 2016 TBA Goku puts all of his power into his Kamehameha , which is able to pierce through Fusion Zamasu 's attack and stop him from destroying Earth . In the wake of the explosion , Goku is exhausted , and Fusion Zamasu is injured . When Fusion Zamasu grabs him , Goku overpowers him using his Kaio - ken technique , and knocks Fusion Zamasu back temporarily . However , Goku 's use of the Kaio - ken drains all of his energy , and he collapses . Fusion Zamasu regains consciousness and powers up , but he still does not heal properly . Vegeta wonders why Fusion Zamasu is not healing . Gowasu explains that Fusion Zamasu must be mortal since Goku Black was as well . Goku decides that the only way they can win is for him and Vegeta to fuse using Supreme Kai 's Potarra Earrings . Vegeta initially refuses until Gowasu explains that a Potarra fusion that does not involve a Kai only lasts for one hour . Goku and Vegeta fuse to become Vegito . Vegito powers up to Super Saiyan Blue , dubbing himself `` Vegito Blue '' , and begins fighting Fusion Zamasu . Vegito quickly gains the advantage , but Fusion Zamasu grows even stronger . Gowasu explains that Zamasu 's mutation is a result of his anger manifesting in physical form . Meanwhile , Bulma and Mai finish repairing the Time Machine . Mai gives Future Trunks his broken sword , which inspires him to keep fighting . Future Trunks uses his power to restore the sword . Vegito and Fusion Zamasu continue fighting . Vegito is winning until his fusion abruptly ends , due to strain from his immense power . Fusion Zamasu begins to pummel Goku and Vegeta until Future Trunks arrives to help . Future Trunks unknowingly begins gathering energy from all living things on Earth , creating a Spirit Bomb , which he then channels into his sword . With this new power , Future Trunks runs his sword through Fusion Zamasu and cuts him in half . 67 21 `` With New Hope ! ! In Our Hearts - Farewell , Trunks '' / `` Aratana kibō ! ! O mune ni - saraba Torankusu '' ( 新た な HOPE ( き ぼう ) ! ! を 胸 に さらば トランクス ) November 20 , 2016 TBA Fusion Zamasu expresses his disbelief that a mortal could defeat him and then disintegrates . However , as everyone exchanges congratulations , Fusion Zamasu 's essence returns and begins spreading over the entire planet . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has cast off his physical form and is trying to physically merge his spirit and energy with the entire universe . Zamasu begins raining destruction down on the Earth and annihilates everything and everyone on the planet except Goku and the others . Zamasu 's power is even felt in the present timeline , where Beerus and Whis sense it . Goku looks for another Senzu bean in his pocket , but instead he finds the button that Grand Zenō gave him in the present timeline . Goku presses the button and Future Grand Zenō appears . After Goku explains the situation , Future Grand Zenō decides to erase the future timeline due to the corruption that Zamasu has caused . Gowasu and Supreme Kai teleport away , while Goku and the others escape using the Time Machine . Future Grand Zenō erases the entire future timeline and Fusion Zamasu . After the others return to the present , Goku and Future Trunks return to what is left of the future timeline . They retrieve Future Grand Zenō and bring him back to the present with them . Goku and Whis bring Future Grand Zenō to meet the present Grand Zenō , which fulfills Goku 's promise to provide the present Grand Zenō with a friend to play with . Whis also meets another angel , the Grand Minister ( 大 神官 , Daishinkan ) , who is revealed to be his father , and invites him to visit Universe Seven . In the aftermath , Whis devises a solution for Future Trunks and Future Mai . Whis explains that they can return to the future timeline before Zamasu became a threat , which would create a new and safe version of the future timeline with the price of there being two duplicates of both Future Trunks and Future Mai living in the new timeline . Future Trunks and Future Mai accept Whis ' solution and use the time machine to travel to their new future . 68 22 `` Come Forth , Shenron ! Whose Wish Will Be Granted ? ! '' / `` Ideyo Shenlong ! Kanaeru negai wa dare no mono ! ? '' ( いでよ 神龍 ( シェンロン ) ! 叶える 願い は 誰 の もの ! ? ) November 27 , 2016 TBA Bulma is secretly trying to build a new Time Machine , but she has so far been unsuccessful . Goku decides to gather the Dragon Balls and use them to revive King Kai . However , Bulma wants to use them to acquire a rare mineral that she needs for the Time Machine , which can only be found at the Earth 's core . Wanting to taste more Earth food , Beerus and Whis return to Earth . Bulma takes them to a seafood restaurant and attempts to keep them from finding out about the Time Machine as they had previously forbidden her from making another Time Machine . Goku gathers the Dragon Balls and summons Shenron . Before Goku can make his wish , several others show up who want to make their respective wishes . As the others are all fighting over the wishes , Gohan arrives with Pan , who is sick and suffering from a severe fever . Goku and the others immediately allow Gohan to use one of the two wishes to heal Pan . After Gohan and Pan leave , the others resume fighting over the remaining wish . Bulma manages to talk everyone else out of making wishes by solving their problems herself . Goku still insists on getting his wish granted . Bulma agrees , but she convinces Goku to go to the Earth 's core and retrieve the rare mineral she needs in exchange for letting him use the wish . Beerus and Whis finish eating and leave the restaurant . They spot Shenron and promptly go to the scene , and they find Goku at the Earth 's core . Having deduced that Bulma is trying to make another Time Machine , Beerus destroys both the mineral and the Time Machine . Just as Goku is about to make his wish , the Dragon Balls deactivate and scatter around the Earth . Goku promises to revive King Kai as soon as the Dragon Balls reactivate . 69 23 `` Goku vs. Arale ! A Ridiculous Battle Will End the Earth ? ! '' / `` Gokū VS Arare ! Hachamechabatoru de Chikyū ga owaru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS アラレ ! ハチャメチャ バトル で 地球 が 終わる ! ? ) December 4 , 2016 TBA Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks attend a science competition that Bulma is participating in , which is hosted by Mr. Satan , while Goku is hired to work security for the event . Dr. Senbei Norimaki of Penguin Village , who has created a device that can create any item its user can think of out of thin air , wins the award . Dr. Norimaki 's nemesis , Dr. Mashirito , appears as a ghost , and reveals that he has used a chemical called Playtine - X to gain control over Norimaki 's powerful robot daughter , Arale Norimaki . Vegeta attempts to stop Arale , but her overwhelming strength and seeming ability to defy the laws of physics are too much for him . She sends him flying into the distance . Goku transforms into Super Saiyan Blue and begins fighting Arale . They initially seem to be evenly matched , but it becomes apparent that their battle could easily destroy the Earth . Dr. Norimaki is able to use his new invention to distract Arale temporarily . Meanwhile , Bulma uses the invention to conjure up a mass of delicious food , which immediately attracts Beerus , who had been taking a nap . Dr. Mashirito confronts Beerus , who promptly obliterates him . Beerus also easily overpowers Arale . Just as Beerus is about to destroy her , the food he has eaten causes him severe stomach pain , which prompts him to rush home with Whis immediately . Shortly after , Dr. Norimaki and Arale leave and return home . Goku and Arale agree to fight again in the future . 70 24 `` Champa 's Challenge ! This Time We Fight with Baseball ! ! '' / `` Shanpa kara no chōsen - jō ! Kondo wa yakyū de shōbuda ! ! '' ( シャンパ から の 挑戦 状 ! 今度 は 野球 で 勝負 だ ! ! ) December 11 , 2016 TBA Champa contacts Beerus and challenges him to a game of baseball ( 野球 , Yakyū ) as a way of reconciling Universes Six and Seven . The baseball game is arranged to be held on Universe Seven 's Earth . Champa explains to Vados that he intends to use the game as an opportunity to steal food from Earth . The game begins with Goku initially unsuccessful as the pitcher for Beerus ' team due to his lack of experience . Yamcha , who has extensive experience playing baseball , steps up and gives the Universe Seven team an advantage . However , he is injured several times over the course of the game by Vegeta , who is playing on the Universe Six team with Champa . Champa and Beerus end up fighting , which almost destroys the planet . Whis and Vados intervene and call the game off . Vados reveals that Yamcha , despite his injuries , made it to home plate and scored a run before the game was called off , thereby winning the game for Universe Seven . Champa and his team return to Universe Six . Champa has seemingly forgotten his goal of stealing Universe Seven 's Earth 's food , as he has already become obsessed with training to prepare for a rematch . 71 25 `` The Death of Goku ! The Guaranteed Assassination Mission '' / `` Gokū shisu ! Zettai shikkō no ansatsu ninrai ! '' ( 悟空 死す ! 絶対 執行 の 暗殺 任 頼 ) December 18 , 2016 TBA Goku begins acting strangely . He admits to Gohan and Goten that he thinks someone wants to kill him . Meanwhile , in Universe Six , Hit carries out an assassination mission by killing a crime boss . His next target is revealed to be Goku . Goku senses Hit coming and flies to a remote area so that their fight would not put anyone else in danger . Hit arrives to kill Goku . Goku charges at Hit , but he can not hit him . Hit seemingly kills Goku with a single blow to the chest and disappears just before Piccolo , Gohan , and Goten arrive and find Goku 's body . 72 26 `` Will There Be a Counterattack ? ! The Invisible Killing Strike ! ! '' / `` Hangeki naruka ! ? Mienai koroshi no waza ! ! '' ( 反撃 なる か ! ? 見え ない 殺し の 技 ! ! ) December 25 , 2016 TBA Piccolo tries to revive Goku to no avail , but Goku had fired an energy blast in the air shortly before he was killed , reviving him . Goku learns that Hit 's assassination technique is an invisible energy blast . Goku shocks Hit by being the first person to ever dodge this technique , but he is still unable to land a blow on Hit and remains at a disadvantage . Meanwhile , Champa and Vados come to see the fight . They are later joined by Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis . Vados explains how Hit is able to use his secret technique , which makes him seemingly untouchable . In the midst of the battle , Goku fires his Kamehameha attack , which proves to be powerful enough to knock out both Hit and himself . In the aftermath , Goku reveals to Vegeta , Champa , and Beerus that he had hired Hit , because he wanted to fight him at full strength , and that Whis and Vados were involved in his plan as well . 73 27 `` Gohan 's Misfortune ! An Unexpected Great Saiyaman Movie ? ! '' / `` Gohan no sainan ! Gurētosaiyaman masakano eiga ka ! ? '' ( 悟 飯 の 災難 ! グレート サイヤマン まさかの 映画 化 ! ? ) January 8 , 2017 TBA Mr. Satan reveals to Videl and Gohan that he is starring in a new superhero film : `` Great Saiyaman vs. Mister Satan '' ! As Videl , Gohan , and Pan check out the film set , the lead in the film -- - a famous but self - absorbed actor named Barry Kahn -- becomes enamored with Videl and tries to woo her . Videl rejects Barry in front of the entire film crew , which angers him . Seeking revenge on Videl for his humiliation , Barry convinces Gohan to take over as the main stuntman for the film in order to embarrass and potentially maim him . As Gohan is the real Great Saiyaman , he uses his powers to easily take on the role . Gohan later dons the suit again for a fight against a pair of bank robbers . When the film crew accuses Gohan of using the suit and stopping the bank robbery , Bulma bails him out . However , Gohan 's identity is accidentally revealed to Cocoa , who is a starlet in the film . Cocoa blackmails Gohan into flying her around the city . Meanwhile , Jaco chases after a being known as Watagashi ( 綿 餓死 ) , which is an extraterrestrial parasitic criminal that possesses its hosts . Suspecting that `` The Great Saiyaman '' might be the host of Watagashi , Jaco attacks Gohan with a vaporizing cannon . 74 28 `` For the Ones He Loves ! The Unbeatable Great Saiyaman ! ! '' / `` Aisuru mono no tame ni ! Fukutsu no Gurēto Saiyaman ! ! '' ( 愛する ものの ため に ! 不屈 の グレート サイヤマン ! ! ) January 15 , 2017 TBA Gohan manages to dodge Jaco 's cannon blast and learns of Watagashi 's ability to possess its hosts . Cocoa brings Gohan back to her apartment to rehearse , but she hides the fact that she was forced by Barry to let photos be taken of the pair for the tabloids . She has a secret change of heart and does not let the photos get taken in her room . When the pair go to the roof the next morning , Barry gets the pictures of Gohan getting a kiss from Cocoa and revealing himself as Great Saiyaman . Barry immediately brings the photos to Videl in an attempt to expose Gohan as a cheater . As he tries to woo Videl again , she sees through Barry 's act and refuses his advances . Watagashi finds and possesses Barry by turning him into a powerful monster in the process . The possessed Barry dispatches Gohan and kidnaps Pan . He seeks a final showdown with Gohan . Barry proves formidable . Gohan is nearly killed in the struggle . Videl and Pan express complete faith in Gohan 's desire to protect them and call out for his aid . Gohan transforms into `` Super Great Saiyaman '' and knocks out Barry , which separates him from Watagashi in the process . The film becomes a hit . Cocoa blackmails Barry into keeping Gohan 's secret with the knowledge that Barry was the monster that attacked the city . Now seeing him as less of a threat , Jaco lets Watagashi escape . 75 29 `` Goku and Krillin Back to the Old Training Grounds '' / `` Gokū to Kuririn - Natsukashi no shugyō no ba e '' ( 悟空 と クリリン 懐かし の 修行 の 場 へ ) January 22 , 2017 TBA Goku seeks a sparring partner to train with , but he laments being unable to find a suitable opponent . On Goten 's suggestion , Goku goes to ask Krillin , who is still working as a police officer . Krillin is grazed by a bullet during a shootout with a pair of burglars , but they are easily disarmed by Goku . Krillin declines Goku 's offer to spar . He knows he would be no challenge for Goku and that he has given up martial arts for good . Krillin is chastised by Android 18 , who says the strong man she fell in love with could never be harmed by a bullet . Her words lead Krillin to reconsider Goku 's offer and ultimately accepts it . The two leave for Master Roshi 's to train as they did when they were children . Krillin proves to be no match for Goku even though Goku is wearing a heavy suit as a handicap . Sensing Krillin 's self - doubt and believing that a different approach is needed , Master Roshi sends his students on a race to a heavily forested island to recover a rare herb . As a reward , Master Roshi offers to teach the winner a secret technique that can immensely increase the user 's strength . On the island , Goku and Krillin meet Fortuneteller Baba . They tell her about Master Roshi 's challenge . Interested to see what will happen , Baba decides to observe the race using her crystal ball . Goku and Krillin venture into the forest in search of the herb . As they enter , a heavy fog rolls in , where familiar foes emerge . 76 30 `` Defeat These Terrifying Enemies ! Krillin 's Fighting Spirit Returns ! '' / `` Kowa teki o uchiyabure ! Kuririn no tōshi futatabi ! '' ( 恐 敵 を 打ち破れ ! クリリン の 闘志 ふたたび ! ) January 29 , 2017 TBA Android 18 arrives at Master Roshi 's house and searches for Krillin . Master Roshi and Fortuneteller Baba explain that Krillin and Goku have entered the `` Forest of Terror , '' which is a place where they have to face illusions of enemies that they had battled before . Master Roshi intended this exercise as a way to help Krillin overcome his lack of confidence . In the forest , Krillin is terrified by what he sees . Among the group of illusions are Tambourine , Frieza , Dabura , and Majin Buu , where all of them previously killed or seriously wounded Krillin . Overcome with fear , Krillin attempts to abandon the race and fly out of the forest . The trees move to block the entrance , which leave Goku and Krillin stranded . The illusions attack and separate Goku and Krillin . Krillin finds himself surrounded by the illusions , but his attacks only make them stronger . After slicing one in half , he discovers that they are powered by his own energy . He heeds Master Roshi 's training and calms himself down , which weakens the illusions . As a final challenge , Fortuneteller Baba summons an illusion of Super Shenron , which immediately ensnares Goku . Krillin quickly arrives and frees him . The two of them use a combined Kamehameha blast to destroy the illusion . The illusions turn into the rare herbs that Master Roshi wanted . Goku and Krillin return to Master Roshi 's house with bags full of the herb . Master Roshi admits that there is actually no secret technique . Krillin , who has regained his confidence , disagrees . Goku and Krillin soon leave . Krillin returns home , where Android 18 shaves his head . This signals Krillin 's decision to pick up his martial arts training once again . Season 5 : Universe Survival Saga ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 77 `` Let 's Do It , Zen - Oh Sama ! The All - Universe Martial Arts Tournament ! ! '' `` Yarou ze Zenō - sama ! Uchū ichi Budō - kai ! ! '' ( や ろう ぜ 全 王様 ! 宇宙 一 武道 会 ! ! ) February 5 , 2017 TBA The Present Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō are playing a game together in their realm , but both have become bored with their monotonous routine . Meanwhile , Goku heads to a local farmer 's market to sell his produce and get Chi - Chi off his back about making money . On the way home , he is ambushed by some robbers . Goku defeats them , but he is injured in the process . Deciding that he has grown rusty , Goku and Goten decide to train with Whis . They head to the Capsule Corporation building , where Bulma reveals she is pregnant with her and Vegeta 's second child . Goten remains behind to train with Trunks . Vegeta declines to accompany Goku so that he can be with Bulma when she gives birth . Goku heads to Beerus ' planet alone . While training with Whis , Goku remembers Grand Zenō 's intention to hold a multiverse martial arts tournament . Heedless of Beerus and Whis ' warnings , Goku uses Grand Zenō 's button to head to his realm and convinces Present Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to hold the tournament . When he returns to Beerus ' planet , Beerus angrily berates Goku and explains that Grand Zenō naive and innocent nature combined with his extreme power makes him a danger to the multiverse . Beerus threatens to kill Goku if he steps out of line again . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head to the Sacred World of the Kais , where the Grand Minister arrives . He tells the group to assemble their ten most powerful warriors to compete in the `` Tournament of Power '' ( 力 の 大会 , Chikara no Taikai ) . 78 `` The Gods of Every Universe in Shock ? ! Losers Erased in the Tournament of Power '' `` Zen uchū no kami - sama mo don hiki ! ? Maketara shōmetsu `` Chikara no taikai '' '' ( 全 宇宙 の 神様 も ドン 引き ! ? 負け たら 消滅 「 力 の 大会 」 ) February 12 , 2017 TBA The Grand Minister explains the details of the `` Tournament of Power '' and states that it will be held on `` the World of Void '' . It is a place of `` infinite nothingness '' , where the competitors can fight without limits . The tournament champion will be granted a wish by the Super Dragon Balls , while the losers and their respective universes will be completely erased from existence . Everyone is horrified by this harsh penalty . Goku suggests asking Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to ignore it , but Whis advises against this . Whis tells Goku that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō has already made up his mind and attempting to change it could be dangerous . Beerus demands that Goku takes responsibility for asking Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to hold the tournament in the first place . Goku declares that he will defeat any opponent he faces . The Grand Minister also reveals that Universes 7 and 9 are to have a smaller exhibition tournament for Future Grand Zenō 's benefit . Each universe is to name three fighters . Goku sets off to recruit teammates . After Vegeta refuses , Goku recruits Gohan and Majin Buu , who is accompanied by Mr. Satan to represent Universe 7 . Goku also explains the potential penalty to Gohan . Gohan tells Goku to keep the stakes a secret to prevent mass panic . Back at Grand Zenō 's and Future Grand Zenō 's palace , all the gods from all 12 universes gather . The Grand Minister explains the purpose of the Zen Exhibition Match . He alludes to the possibility of Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō erasing the fighters that he deems unfit for the tournament . In the first round , Majin Buu is to fight Basil ( バジル , Bajiru ) , a humanoid canine fighter from Universe 9 . 79 `` Universe 9 's Basil the Kicker VS Universe 7 's Majin Buu ! ! '' `` Dai kyu uchū keri no Bajiru basasu Dai nana uchū Majinbū ! ! '' ( 第 9 宇宙 蹴り の バジル VS 第 7 宇宙 魔 人 ブウ ! ! ) February 19 , 2017 TBA Basil quickly gains the upper hand and beats down Majin Buu , who is not taking the fight seriously and thinks of it as a game . Goku goads Basil into showing his full power to get Majin Buu 's attention , which leads to Basil using his ultimate attack . As Roh ( ロウ , Rō ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 9 , claims victory , Majin Buu emerges with a hole in his stomach , but he is otherwise unmoved . Basil and Roh are shocked to see this . Mr. Satan is injured during the attack . He tells Majin Buu to beat Basil before falling unconscious . This enrages Majin Buu to the point , where he effortlessly beats Basil and knocks him out of the ring . However , since neither Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō is satisfied with the fight , Basil is allowed to get back into the ring . Roh gives Basil a drug that makes him far more powerful . Although Beerus demands that Basil is disqualified for obvious cheating , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō is entertained by this and allows the fight to continue . The Grand Minister announces that the rules will be improvised as the tournament goes along . Basil overpowers Majin Buu and seemingly beats him , which causes Roh to prematurely gloat about the superiority of Universe 9 . However , Majin Buu emerges unscathed and launches a full power attack at Basil . This knocks him out and clinches Universe 7 the victory . As the Universe 9 team laments Basil 's loss , Basil 's second oldest brother Lavender ( ラベンダ , Rabenda ) says that if he is allowed to kill his opponent , which Bergamo gives him permission to do , he can win his match . Gohan volunteers to fight Lavender . 80 `` Awaken Your Sleeping Battle Spirit ! Son Gohan 's Fight ! ! '' `` Nemutta tōshi o yobisamase ! Son Gohan no tatakai ! ! '' ( 眠っ た 闘志 を 呼び覚ませ ! 孫 悟 飯 の 闘い ! ! ) February 26 , 2017 TBA As their battle begins , Lavender spits a poison mist into Gohan 's eyes and blinds him . Shin offers Gohan a Senzu bean to cure the poison , but Gohan refuses and says he wants to fight with his strength alone . Unable to see , Gohan uses his other senses to track Lavender and scores several blows . Lavender counters by levitating , which eliminates the sound of his footsteps . Gohan responds by powering up to Super Saiyan and bouncing his own ki off of Lavender 's body , which uses it as a kind of active radar . Powering up also causes the poison to spread rapidly through Gohan 's body . Lavender mounts a comeback . In desperation , Gohan grabs hold of Lavender and launches a kamikaze attack . He drives both of their bodies into the ring at high speed . Lavender is knocked out , but Gohan is so weakened by the poison that he can not continue . With both fighters down , the match is declared a tie . After Goku feeds Gohan a Senzu bean , the Grand Minister announces to those in attendance that all universes that lose the Tournament of Power will be erased with their respective gods as well . However , Universes 1 , 5 , 8 , and 12 will be exempt from erasure as will the Angels from all universes because their inhabitants are particularly strong . Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō had long believed that there were too many universes . He was planning to erase most of them anyway , but the tournament will afford one of the weaker universes the chance to be spared . With the announcement concluded , the ring is repaired in preparation for the final exhibition match where Goku will fight Bergamo ( ベルガモ , Berugamo ) , Basil 's oldest brother who is also a humanoid canine . 81 5 `` Bergamo the Crusher Vs Son Goku ! Which One Wields the Limitless Power ? ! '' `` Tsubushi no Berugamo VS Son Gokū ! Aotenjō no tsuyosa wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 潰し の ベルガモ VS 孫悟空 ! 青 天井 の 強 さ は どっち だ ! ? ) March 5 , 2017 TBA Before their battle begins , Bergamo denounces Goku before the assembled gods . Bergamo pleads with Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to rescind the rule that the universes that lose the Tournament of Power be erased . Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō agree on the condition that Bergamo beats Goku in an all out battle . Grand Minister states that if Goku holds back to cancel the erasure , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō will immediately erase all of the universes . Both Goku and Bergamo agree to the terms . When the fight begins , Bergamo invites Goku to hit him and leaves himself exposed . Goku obliges and strikes Bergamo several times , but Bergamo absorbs the energy of Goku 's attacks . He grows stronger and physically larger . Goku continues to attack , which causes Bergamo to grow so large that the ring begins to buckle under his weight . Goku transforms to Super Saiyan Blue , which shocks the gods and quickly overwhelms Bergamo with a Kaioken powered Kamehameha . Bergamo claims every universe participating in the Tournament of Power will seek vengeance on Goku for making them face erasure , but Goku relishes the idea of such a challenge . The Zen Exhibition Match comes to a close and the Tournament of Power will soon begin . The universe with the most fighters remaining or the last fighter standing will be declared the winner . Suddenly , a mysterious fighter from Universe 11 named Toppo ( トッポ ) appears and challenges Goku to a battle . Goku , who is unsatisfied after his short fight with Bergamo , agrees to fight Toppo . 82 6 `` Never Forgive Son Goku ! Toppo the Warrior of Justice Intrudes ! ! '' `` Son Gokū yurusumaji ! Seigi no senshi Toppo ran'nyū ! ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 許す まじ ! 正義 の 戦士 トッポ 乱入 ! ! ) March 19 , 2017 TBA After obtaining Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō blessing to proceed , Goku and Toppo begin their battle . Toppo quickly gains the upper hand and dislocates Goku 's shoulder . Goku responds by attacking with a flurry of blows , but Toppo manages to grab Goku in a powerful bear hug . He begins squeezing the life out of Goku , which forces Goku to turn Super Saiyan Blue to escape . Goku gains the upper hand in this form and damages Toppo with a Kamehameha . Just as the two power up even more , the Grand Minister puts an end to the fight . As Toppo leaves , he reveals to Goku that Universe 11 has a warrior even stronger than him named Jiren ( ジレン ) . The Grand Minister begins creating a martial arts arena suitable for the Tournament of Power . In the Sacred World of the Kais , Beerus and Goku get into an argument over Goku 's constant relaxed and negligent attitude , which Whis breaks up . The group agrees to convene at the Capsule Corporation to discuss their future strategy . 83 7 `` Form the Universe 7 Representing Team ! Who are the Strongest Ten ? ! '' `` Dai - 7 uchū daihyō chīmu o kessei seyo ! Saikyō no 10 - ri wa dareda ? '' ( 第 7 宇宙 代表 チーム を 結成 せよ ! 最強 の 10 人 は 誰 だ ! ? ) March 26 , 2017 TBA Goku and the others arrive at Capsule Corporation . They discuss who should be on the team . Goku immediately suggests Monaka , but Beerus tells him that Monaka is sick and can not participate . Goku and Gohan agree on Vegeta , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , No. 18 , and No. 17 , which would bring the total number of fighters up to nine . Trunks and Goten are ruled out due to their inexperience . They proceed to ask Vegeta , who has been thinking of a name for his second child . Vegeta refuses to participate . He says he will not fight , while Bulma is pregnant . Whis uses his time warping ability to birth the baby sooner than expected in order to get Vegeta to agree to the fight . Everyone celebrates the baby 's birth . Trunks is slightly disappointed he has a sister because he wanted to train with a younger brother . As soon as the baby is handed to Vegeta , he develops an attachment to her . Bulma names the baby Bulla even though Vegeta hoped to give her the Saiyan name Eschalot . However , Vegeta quickly accepts Bulla 's name . Goku leaves to recruit members and heads to Krillin 's house . 84 8 `` Son Goku the Recruiter Invites Krillin and No. 18 '' `` Sukautoman Son Gokū - Kuririn to 18 - gō o izanau '' ( スカウト マン 孫悟空 クリリン と 18 号 を 誘う ) April 2 , 2017 TBA Goku and Gohan arrive at Krillin 's house and ask him and No. 18 to join the Tournament of Power . No. 18 convinces Krillin to participate in order to put his newfound martial arts training to use . No. 18 is reluctant to join herself . She quickly suspects Goku and Gohan of hiding something from them , but Goku convinces her that the secret is a 10 million Zeni reward , which convinces her to participate . Gohan decides to test Krillin in a sparring match on the coast . After Gohan overpowers him in hand to hand combat , Krillin swiftly defeats Gohan by blinding him with his new move named Solar Flare x 100 and knocking him into the sea . Goku is excited by Krillin 's new power . He challenges him to a sparring match as well . They relocate to a building owned by Mr. Satan , where Krillin 's strategies make up for the gap in power , forcing Goku to go Super Saiyan . Goku then transforms into his Super Saiyan Blue form , and he and Krillin have a Kamehameha clash . As Goku increases his power and starts to overpower Krillin , No. 18 intervenes and blocks Goku 's Kamehameha , just as Krillin collapses from exhaustion . She justifies herself by noting that the Tournament of Power will be a battle royal and that Goku can not expect to fight one - on - one all the time . Goku concedes the match and realizes he will have to adjust his tactics in order to win the Tournament of Power . No. 18 reveals that No. 17 is currently working at a wildlife reserve , but she does not know where . Goku decides to ask Dende to find No. 17 . 85 9 `` The Universes Begin to Make Their Moves Their Individual Motives '' `` Ugokidasu uchū - sorezore no omowaku '' ( 動き出す 宇宙 - それぞれ の 思惑 ) April 9 , 2017 TBA Gohan leaves to recruit Piccolo , while Goku prepares to head to the Lookout . He encounters Majin Buu and Mr. Satan training . Goku discovers that Buu has lost weight and has gotten much slimmer in appearance . The two spar together . Buu defeats Goku by overwhelming him with ki blasts and knocking him out of the fighting stage . Meanwhile , Khai ( カイ ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 11 , gathers all of the Supreme Kais involved in the tournament except for Universe 7 's , who is ostracized due to Goku 's involvement with the creation of the tournament . Khai asks his fellow Supreme Kais to request that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō cancel the erasure of the universes , but they are all too afraid of his wrath to do so . Champa gathers all the Gods of Destruction involved in the tournament except Beerus after finding out about the Supreme Kai 's meeting , and they discuss Goku . Toppo recruits his fellow Pride Troopers Kahseral ( カーセラル , Kāseraru ) and Dyspo ( ディスポ , Disupo ) . Champa recruits Cabba and demands he find more powerful Saiyans . Goku meets Dende and Mr. Popo at the Lookout and learns No. 17 's location . Gohan prepares to train with Piccolo . 86 10 `` Fist Cross for the First Time ! Android # 17 VS Son Goku ! ! '' `` Hajimete majiwaru kobushi ! Jinzōningen Jūnana - gō VS Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 初めて 交わる 拳 ! 人造 人間 17 号 VS 孫悟空 ! ! ) April 16 , 2017 TBA On their way to the island where No. 17 is working , Dende explains that since the conclusion of the Cell Games , No. 17 has started a family and gotten far stronger . Dende also reveals that Kid Buu has reincarnated as a young Earthling with massive fighting potential and asks Goku to train him when he is old enough . They reach the island as Goku arrives just in time to witness No. 17 defeat a group of armed poachers . As they introduce themselves to each other , a large army of poachers arrive . Goku and No. 17 team up to subdue them all . Afterwards , No. 17 explains that the poachers are after the last Minotaurus in order to steal its rare and valuable horns . The two decide to have a sparring match . No. 17 evenly matches Super Saiyan Goku , which causes him to turn Super Saiyan Blue . Goku launches a Kamehameha at No. 17 , who easily deflects it with an energy shield . The two go toe - to - toe until No. 17 ends the match in order to avoid catching the island in the crossfire . Goku and No. 17 acknowledge that they were both holding back in the fight . Afterwards , Goku attempts to convince him to join the Tournament of Power , but No. 17 is uninterested . He remains indifferent even when Goku reveals that the losing universes will be erased . Meanwhile , alien poachers arrive on Earth and they set their sights on the Minotaurus . 87 11 `` Hunt the Poachers ! Goku and No. 17 's United Front ! ! '' `` Mitsuryō - dan o kare ! Gokū to Jūnana - gō no kyōtō ! ! '' ( 密漁 団 を 狩れ ! 悟空 と 17 号 の 共闘 ! ! ) April 23 , 2017 TBA Goku entices No. 17 with a wish on the Super Dragon Balls . As he begins to consider Goku 's offer , the alien poachers arrive and abduct all of the island 's animals . Goku uses his Instant Transmission to teleport himself and No. 17 aboard their ship before it can escape . After defeating some of the poachers , No. 17 sets off to defeat the leader , while Goku remains behind to battle the rest of the poachers . No. 17 confronts and easily defeats the leader . Goku catches up just as the leader pulls out a switch and threatens to self - destruct if he is not released immediately . No. 17 smashes him out of a window , which vents both of them into deep space . Goku manages to use his Instant Transmission to teleport all three of them to King Kai 's world . Dende contacts Goku and informs him that the leader 's threat was a bluff . Afterwards , Goku and No. 17 return the animals to their rightful homes . Jaco arrives to arrest the alien poachers . No. 17 decides to leave his island in the hands of Goten and Trunks and accepts Goku 's offer to fight in the Tournament of Power . He hopes to use the Super Dragon Balls to wish for an expensive boat and travel the world with his family . 88 12 `` Gohan and Piccolo Teacher and Pupil Clash in Max Training ! '' `` Gohan to Pikkoro Shitei gekitotsu no Genkai shugyō ! '' ( 悟 飯 と ピッコロ 師弟 激突 の 限界 修業 ! ) April 30 , 2017 TBA Gohan and Piccolo engage in intense training . Piccolo explains that Goku has already informed him about the potential erasure of the universe and that he is going to participate in the Tournament of Power . He points out that Gohan 's over eagerness to protect his loved ones is making him reckless . Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan , and the two continue to spar . Meanwhile , Cabba heads to the residence of his retired captain and mentor , Renso ( レンソウ ) . Cabba asks him to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power , but Renso refuses due to an injury to his leg . Renso suggests his sister , Caulifla ( カリフラ , Karifura ) , instead , who he claims is even stronger than him . Back in Universe 7 , Piccolo removes his weighted clothes to go all out and quickly defeats Gohan . Piccolo explains that Gohan has a tendency to become arrogant when he has the advantage in battle . After being encouraged by Piccolo , Gohan manages to reach the level of power he had against Super Buu . The two fight again , and Gohan successfully severs Piccolo 's arm . However , Piccolo blasts him in the back with the severed arm and defeats Gohan , which proves Piccolo 's point about Gohan 's overconfidence . That night , Piccolo vows to push Gohan to new heights of power . They both agree to work on combination moves . 89 13 `` An Unknown Beauty Appears ! The Tenshin - Style Dojo 's Mystery ? ! '' `` Arawareta nazo no bijo ! Tenshin - ryū Dōjō no kai ! ? '' ( 現れ た 謎 の 美女 ! 天津 流 道場 の 怪 ! ? ) May 7 , 2017 TBA Goku heads to Master Roshi 's island , where Oolong informs him that Tien and Chiaotzu have started a martial arts dojo , and that Roshi has headed there to act as a special instructor . Goku decides to make Tien the tenth member of the team , and heads off to recruit him and Roshi . At Tien 's dojo , a woman named Yurin ( ユーリン , Yūrin ) with a grudge against Tien arrives and requests to join the dojo . Although Tien denies her because her motivation of beauty was unfit for his dojo , Roshi drags Yurin off to ogle her . Goku arrives and asks Tien to join the Tournament of Power , but , even after Goku bribes him with 10 million Zeni , Tien refuses . Yurin escapes Roshi 's advances and uses witchcraft to drive Tien 's students on a rampage throughout town . Goku , Tien , Chiaotzu , and Roshi arrive at the village , where Yurin confronts them . Yurin explains that she is a former classmate of Tien 's during his time at the Crane School and that she swore revenge on him after he left the school and refused to fight her . Meanwhile , Cabba sways Caulifla into joining Universe 6 's team by promising to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . Back on Earth , while Goku , Chiaotzu , and Tien cure the students of their brainwashing , Roshi battles Yurin . He lowers his guard after catching a glimpse of Yurin 's panties , which allows her to brainwash him . The brainwashed Roshi quickly defeats Tien , but Goku intervenes . While Chiaotzu temporarily disables Yurin , Goku subdues Roshi with a Kamehameha and cures him of the brainwashing . Tien orders Yurin to apologize to everyone she hurt and offers her a place at his dojo . Tien decides to join the Tournament of Power because he believes that the 10 million Zeni Goku promised will repair the village . After hearing about the 10 million Zeni , Master Roshi quickly agrees to join as well . 90 14 `` See The Wall That Must Be Passed ! Goku vs Gohan '' `` Koerubeki kabe o misuete ! Gokū bāsasu Gohan '' ( 超える べき 壁 を 見据え て ! 悟空 VS 悟 飯 ) May 14 , 2017 TBA As Gohan finishes training with Piccolo , they go to meet with Goku , Master Roshi , and Tien . At Gohan 's request , Goku and Tien have a fight against Gohan and Piccolo to practice for the tournament . Although Tien views this as a practice match and wants to avoid injuring anyone , Gohan and Goku take the fight seriously . As Gohan fights both his father and Tien , Piccolo spends the time charging a strong technique , which ultimately destroys the mountain fighting stage when it is launched . Tien calls the match off on the grounds that the fighting stage is now destroyed . Although Goku agrees , Gohan requests to have a one - on - one fight against his father . Goku accepts , and Gohan powers up while Goku goes Super Saiyan 2 . Although Goku has the upper hand for much of the fight , Gohan turns the tables and begins to overpower Goku . Gohan begs Goku to use his full power . Goku responds by becoming a Super Saiyan Blue and using his Kaio - Ken technique , then defeats Gohan with a single blow . Impressed with his son 's improvement , Goku assigns Gohan as the leader of their Universe 7 team . Meanwhile , Rumsshi ( ラムーシ , Ramūshi ) recruits a powerful fighter named Murichim ( ムリチム , Murichimu ) and his companions to represent Universe 10 in the tournament . 91 15 `` Which Universe Will Survive ? ! The Strongest Warriors Are Gathering ! ! '' `` Kachinokoru no wa dono Uchū da ! ? Zokuzoku to tsudou Saikyō no senshi - tachi ! ! '' ( 勝ち残る の は どの 宇宙 だ ! ? 続々 と 集う 最強 の 戦士 たち ! ! ) May 21 , 2017 TBA Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō are suffering from extreme boredom again . They decide to observe the universes ' progress in assembling their strongest warriors . In Universe 7 , Vegeta prepares to enter the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for some intense training . Goku spars with Whis in Vegeta 's gravity chamber . Master Roshi and Puar train to remove Roshi 's weakness to seduction techniques , which fails miserably . In Universe 9 , word has spread of the potential erasure of their universe . The populace has descended into anarchy . The three canine brothers have been unable to find any other fighters . In Universe 6 , Hit tracks down the destitute Frost and forces him to join the Tournament of Power , while he relieves him of his poison needles in the process . In Universe 11 , Toppo 's comrade Kahseral is delayed from joining when he aids a cat stuck in a tree . In Universe 2 , a magical girl named Brianne de Chateau ( ブリアン ・ デ ・ シャトー , Burian de Shatō ) transforms into her alter ego named Ribrianne ( リブリアン , Riburian ) and auditions for a spot in the tournament . In Universe 10 , Murichim and his comrades record a dance video to improve team spirit . Back in Universe 7 , Mr. Satan calls and unexpectedly reveals that Majin Buu has fallen into a deep sleep and can not join the tournament , which horrifies everyone . 92 16 `` Emergency Development ! The Incomplete Ten Members ! ! '' `` Kinkyū jitai hassei ! Sorowanai jū nin no menbā ! ! '' ( 緊急 事態 発生 ! そろわ ない 10 人 の メンバー ! ! ) May 28 , 2017 TBA Goku races to Mr. Satan 's house , where he proves unable to wake Majin Buu from his hibernation . Meanwhile , all of Universe 7 's remaining warriors except Master Roshi and No. 17 gather at the Capsule Corporation . After Krillin brings up the 10 million Zeni prize that Goku had bribed him , Piccolo and Gohan reveal to Krillin , No. 18 , and Tien that the prize of 10 million Zeni was a lie and that the universe will be erased if they lose . When Goku returns , Krillin berates him and threatens to withdraw from the team along with No. 18 . After Goku fails to convince them otherwise , Beerus swiftly threatens Krillin into staying , while Bulma agrees to pay out the promised reward . In Universe 6 , Cabba takes Caulifla to a deserted wasteland to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . As Caulifla 's protégée , Kale ( ケール , Kēru ) , observes them , Cabba ineffectually attempts to provoke Caulifla in order to make her transform . When that fails , he teaches her to focus her energy on an area in her back . Caulifla successfully transforms into a Super Saiyan . Caulifla tests her newfound power and agrees to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power . She beckons Kale over to attempt the transformation herself . In Universe 11 , Kahseral arrives at the Pride Trooper headquarters , where he and Toppo agree to leave the universe in their trainees ' hands so they can participate in the tournament . In Universe 3 , two cyborg warriors named Nigrisshi ( ニグリシ , Nigrisshi ) and Narirama ( ナリラマ , Narirāma ) display their upgrades for the tournament to Universe 3 's God of Destruction Mosco ( モスコ , Mosuko ) , Supreme Kai Ea ( エア ) , and Angel Campari ( カンパーリ , Kanpāri ) . Back in Universe 7 , Goku and his friends are unable to figure out who can replace Buu . When Beerus claims they have no suitable fighters because Goku destroyed the Frieza Force , Goku is inspired to recruit Frieza , which shocks everyone . 93 17 `` You 're The Tenth Warrior ! Goku Goes To See Frieza ! ! '' `` Jū ninme no senshi wa omē da ! Gokū Furīza no moto e ! ! '' ( 10 人目 の 戦士 はお め え だ ! 悟空 フリーザ の も と へ ! ! ) June 4 , 2017 TBA Goku 's idea is met with much hesitance from his comrades . He explains that he intends to have Fortuneteller Baba resurrect Frieza for 24 hours to fight in the tournament . If Frieza betrays them then either he or Vegeta can defeat him . Goku 's friends reluctantly agree , and he sets out to the afterlife . The Universe 7 team are unaware that a spy from Universe 4 is observing them . In Universe 6 , Cabba and Caulifla attempt to teach Kale how to turn into a Super Saiyan but to no avail . Kale begins to despair over her own uselessness , and it enrages her enough to trigger her transformation into an extremely powerful Berserker Super Saiyan . Kale immediately goes berserk and attacks Cabba . Caulifla quickly deduces that Kale is jealous of her and Cabba 's perceived relationship . She denies having any sort of feelings for Cabba . Kale calms down and collapses in Caulifla 's arms . Cabba , who is impressed by Kale 's power , decides to add her to Universe 6 's team . Back in Universe 7 , Goku arrives in the afterlife and receives King Yemma 's permission to visit Frieza . He explains about the Tournament of Power and asks Frieza to join them . Frieza agrees to aid him on the condition that he be properly resurrected with Earth 's Dragon Balls . When Goku hesitates to agree , Frieza goads him by playing to his desire to see how powerful Frieza can become . Goku accepts his terms . In Universe 4 , Ganos ( ガノス , Ganosu ) reports Universe 7 's latest actions to Universe 4 's God of Destruction Quitela ( キテラ , Kitera ) and Supreme Kai Kuru ( クル ) . Quitela immediately begins making plans to counter Beerus . 94 18 `` The Emperor of Evil Returns ! A Reception of Mysterious Assassins ? ! '' `` Aku no Teiō fukkatsu ! Demukaeru Nazo no Shikaku - tachi ! ? '' ( 悪 の 帝王 復活 ! 出迎える 謎 の 刺客 たち ! ? ) June 11 , 2017 TBA Quitela contacts Universe 9 's God of Destruction Sidra ( シドラ , Shidora ) and informs him that Universe 7 is planning to use Frieza to assassinate their rivals before the tournament begins and that the only way to counter them is to kill them first . Sidra and Roh agree to have Frieza killed . Meanwhile , Goku returns to the Capsule Corporation to update everyone on his success . As Master Roshi completes his training at Korin 's tower , Krillin and No. 18 head to No. 17 's island to pick him up and drop off Goten , Trunks , and Marron . Goku goes to Fortuneteller Baba 's home , where she completes the ritual to resurrect Frieza . As Goku and Frieza prepare to depart , an army of assassins arrives to claim their heads . Despite the time pressure , Frieza wounds the assassins ' leader , transforms into his Golden form , and prepares for battle . 95 19 `` The Worst ! The Most Evil ! Frieza 's Rampage ! ! '' `` Saikyō ! Saiaku ! Furīza Ōabare ! ! '' ( 最 凶 ! 最悪 ! フリーザ 大 暴れ ! ! ) June 18 , 2017 TBA Frieza explains to Goku that he spent his recent incarceration in Hell undergoing intense mental training to overcome the stamina issues that plagued him during his previous battles with the Z - Fighters . He quickly slaughters most of the assassins , which horrifies Goku . The assassins ' leader , who has been directly empowered by Sidra , attacks Frieza with Sidra 's power , but Frieza manages to overcome and hijack the attack . Frieza spitefully uses the attack on Goku and traps him . Frieza tortures and kills the assassins until they reveal that Roh and Sidra hired them . Frieza contacts Universe 9 and offers his services as a defector . Roh and Sidra begin arguing about whether or not to accept him . Roh fears Frieza 's psychopathic and treasonous nature , while Sidra wants his power . Sidra is confident he could kill him if he stepped out of line . Their argument buys time for Beerus and Whis to arrive and rescue Goku . Frieza cuts the connection . He begins making plans to use the Tournament of Power to manipulate the gods to suit his own ends . Goku and Frieza have a brief sparring match , which ends in a draw . Goku , Frieza , Beerus , and Whis return to the Capsule Corporation . The Universe 7 team prepare to travel to the World of Void for the Tournament of Power . 96 20 `` The Time Is Here ! To The World Of Void For The Fate Of The Universe ! ! '' `` Toki wa kita ! Uchū no Meiun o kake Mu no Kai e ! ! '' ( 時 は きた ! 宇宙 の 命運 を かけ 無 の 界 へ ! ! ) June 25 , 2017 TBA In the World of Void , Universes 1 , 5 , and 8 's Gods of Destruction Iwne ( イワン , Iwan ) , Arack ( アラク , Araku ) , and Liquiir ( リキュール , Rikīru ) have a brief exhibition match to test the durability of the Tournament of Power 's fighting stage . Afterwards , the Grand Minister forces them all to clean up their mess and fix the stage . In Universe 7 , Gohan and Shin 's strategy is to have the team members stick together to conserve energy and use strength of numbers to defeat anyone who attacks them . This suggestion offends Goku and Vegeta 's Saiyan pride . Whis transports the team to the World of Void . All of the other universes arrive . Frieza and Frost befriend each other and agree to work together , while Goku singles out Jiren as a potential rival due to his extreme power . As the Grand Minister introduces each team , Universe 4 seemingly has only 8 warriors on their team , which confuses most of Universe 7 , except for Tien , who tells No. 18 that he can sense a faint presence . After a speech from the Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō , the 80 warriors prepare for battle . 97 21 `` Survive ! The Tournament of Power Begins at Last ! ! '' `` Ikinokore ! Tsui ni kaimaku Chikara no Taikai ! ! '' ( 生き残れ ! ついに 開幕 「 力 の 大会 」 ! ! ) July 2 , 2017 TBA The Grand Minister reminds everyone of the rules and officially starts the tournament . A massive free - for - all ensues . Goku targets Toppo , but he is intercepted by Ganos . Disregarding Gohan 's plan as well , No. 17 , No. 18 , Vegeta , and Frieza all jump into the fray . Universe 3 gains an early advantage when Narirama unleashes a spinning attack designed to knock its opponents off the stage , but Hit and Basil disable it . Universe 10 's Lilibeu ( リリベウ , Ririberu ) attacks Basil , but Basil successfully knocks her off the stage . Meanwhile , the five Universe 7 warriors who stayed together are confronted by a gang of warriors from varying universes , but Universe 7 uses teamwork to fend them off . Basil nearly defeats Universe 10 's Napapa , but Napapa is able to push his attacks away at the last moment . As Goku is pursuing Toppo , he comes face to face with Jiren until Universe 4 's Nink ( ニンク , Ninku ) outflanks Goku by grappling and dragging him towards the edge of the stage with the intention of jumping off with him . Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and knocks Nink off the stage . As Goku reverts back to his normal form to conserve energy , Basil , Lavender , Bergamo , and two other Universe 9 warriors surround him with 47 minutes remaining in the tournament . 98 22 `` Oh , Uncertainty ! A Universe Despairs ! ! '' `` Ā mujou ! Zetsubō suru Uchū ! ! '' ( あぁ 無常 ! 絶望 する 宇宙 ! ! ) July 9 , 2017 TBA Roh orders his warriors to attack Goku to avenge their defeat at the Zen Exhibition Match . Goku is forced to avoid fighting at his fullest in order to conserve stamina for later in the tournament . He fights Team Universe 9 , where the Trio de Dangers brothers manage to overwhelm him thanks to their teamwork . Vegeta notices Goku 's plight and reinforces him . Roh sends over three more fighters . Team Universe 9 is able to push Goku and Vegeta to the brink until Vegeta tricks Lavender and Hop ( ソレル , Hoppu ) into accidentally hitting each other . Goku and Vegeta take advantage of the confusion to defeat five of the Universe 9 warriors . No. 18 and Frieza each defeat Sorrel ( ソレル , Soreru ) and Roselle . Only Basil , Lavender , and Bergamo remain in the tournament for Team Universe 9 . Goku and Vegeta push them to the edge of the stage . The brothers use a combination beam as a last ditch effort , but Goku and Vegeta power up to Super Saiyan Blue and knock them off the stage with a Final Kamehameha . With all 10 members defeated , Universe 9 is eliminated from the tournament . As a result , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō erase Universe 9 , Roh , Sidra , and all of their fighters . This amuses Universe 9 's angel Mojito ( モヒイト , Mohi'ito ) and horrifies everyone else . 99 23 `` Show Them ! Krillin 's True Power ! ! '' `` Misetsukero ! Kuririn no sokojikara ! ! '' ( 見せつけろ ! クリリン の 底力 ! ! ) July 16 , 2017 TBA As the other warriors recover from the shock of Universe 9 's erasure , No. 17 reminds No. 18 that they have infinite stamina due to their cyborg bodies and have no reason to hold back . Vegeta tries to fight Hit , but he is blocked by Botamo , who is immune to damage . Vegeta manages to pick Botamo up and nearly throws him off the stage , but Magetta stops him at the last moment . Meanwhile , Universe 10 's Jium ( ジウム , Jiumu ) attacks Gohan and his friends . Jium is swiftly defeated by Master Roshi . Universe 4 's Shosa ( ショイサ , Shōsa ) tricks No. 18 into lowering her guard by faking his own death and nearly knocks her off the stage with a barrage of ki blasts . Krillin rescues No. 18 , and the two defeat Shosa with a powerful combination attack . They are challenged by Universe 4 's Majora ( マジョラ ) , who is a blind fighter that uses his powerful sense of smell to locate his enemies in battle . Although Majora proves to be stronger than Krillin , Krillin disables his nose by throwing his smelly shoe at him and knocks him off the stage . Krillin boasts about his victory , which allows Frost to knock him off with a single blow . Beerus and Shin berate Krillin for his carelessness with 43 minutes remaining in the tournament . 100 24 `` Out Of Control ! The Savage Berserker Awakens ! ! '' `` Daibōsō ! Mezame araburu Kyōsenshi ! ! '' ( 大 暴走 ! 目覚め 荒 ぶる 狂 戦士 ! ! ) July 23 , 2017 TBA As Universe 7 recovers from Krillin 's defeat , Cabba defeats Nigrisshi and Universe 10 's Murisam ( ムリサーム ) and confronts Vegeta . Hit blows off Narirama 's limbs and uses his time skip ability to dodge his ultimate attack . He flicks him off the stage . Meanwhile , Kale is disabled by Universe 10 's Napapa and Methiop ( メチオープ ) . They knock her unconscious and attempt to throw her off the stage , but Caulifla rescues her and defeats Napapa . The two confront Goku , and Caulifla knocks away Universe 2 's Jimeze ( ジーミズ , Jimizu ) and demands to know how to become a Super Saiyan Blue . Goku refuses , and Caulifla transforms into an Ultra Super Saiyan . However , her increased muscle mass cripples her speed and allows Goku to counterattack . With Goku 's aid , Caulifla manages to become a Super Saiyan 2 , and the two resume their fight . As Kale watches them , she is once again consumed by her feelings of uselessness and transforms into her Berserker Super Saiyan form . Hit uses his time skip to save Caulifla from getting caught in the crossfire . Kale flies into a jealous rage and attacks Goku for allegedly stealing Caulifla from her . Kale easily overwhelms Goku and forces him to power up to Super Saiyan Blue . He unleashes a powerful Kamehameha , but Kale powers through it unharmed . As Piccolo realizes she has lost control of her power , Kale begins firing ki blasts at everything in sight and defeats Methiop . When Universe 11 's Vuon ( ブーオン , Būon ) attempts to stop her , Kale defeats him as well . Jiren knocks her unconscious with a single ki blast . As Hit and Caulifla retreat with Kale , Goku challenges Jiren . 101 25 `` The Impending Warriors of Justice ! The Pride Troopers ! ! '' `` Semari kuru seigi no senshi ! Puraido Torūpāsu ! ! '' ( 迫り くる 正義 の 戦士 ! プライド ・ トルーパス ! ! ) July 30 , 2017 TBA As Goku prepares to fight Jiren , Toppo suddenly ambushes him with a barrage of ki blasts . Toppo and Jiren decide to retreat and conserve their stamina . This leaves Goku to be dealt with by Kahseral and their fellow Pride Troopers Tupper ( タッパー , Tappā ) , Zoiray ( ゾイレー , Zoirē ) , Cocotte ( ココット , Kokotto ) , and Kettol . The five declare their intent to defeat Caulifla and Kale to avenge Vuon 's defeat . The two are forced to form a temporary alliance with Goku . Meanwhile , Master Roshi and Tien team up to defeat Universe 3 's The Preecho ( ザ ・ プリーチョ ) . They regroup with Gohan , Piccolo , Vegeta , and Frieza , where he has defeated Murichim . The Pride Troopers push Goku , Caulifla , and Kale to the brink , but No. 17 and No. 18 rescue them . No. 18 and Goku defeat Tupper , while No. 17 easily overpowers Kahseral . The remaining Pride Troopers regroup and focus their assault on the wounded Caulifla and Kale . Cocotte seals them in a separate dimension to ensure that Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 do not interfere . As the four beat Caulifla , Kale 's self - hatred causes her to return to the Berserker Super Saiyan form , but she remains in control of herself this time . Caulifla and Kale use an extremely powerful combination ki blast to defeat Kahseral , Zoiray , and Kettol . Cocotte seals herself in a mini-dimension to avoid the blast , but No. 18 simply throws it off , eliminating Cocotte . Goku allows Caulifla and Kale to retreat so he can fight them at their full strength after they rest . The group is unaware that Brianne is observing them . 102 26 `` The Power of Love Explodes ? ! Universe 2 's Little Witch Warriors ! ! '' `` Ai no chikara ga dai bakuhatsu ! ? dai ni uchu majo - kko senshi ! ! '' ( 愛 の 力 が 大 爆発 ! ? 第 2 宇宙 の 魔女 っ 子 戦士 ! ! ) August 6 , 2017 TBA Brianne and her companions Sanka Ku ( サンカ ・ クー , Sanka Kū ) and Su Roas ( スー ・ ロース , Sū Rōsu ) announce themselves to the other fighters and begin to transform into their magical girl alter - egos . No. 17 blasts them before they can transform , but Brianne , Goku , and Toppo berate him for his dishonorable tactics and browbeat him into allowing them to transform , much to Beerus ' dismay . They assume their alter - egos Ribrianne , Kakunsa ( カクンサ , Kakunsa ) , and Rozie ( ロージィ , Rōjī ) and barrage the arena with a powerful love - based attack that brainwashes some of the fighters . Universe 7 's mental discipline allows them to overcome its effects . Gohan 's group elects to split up and fight independently . Vegeta attacks Ribrianne , who counters with a rolling attack that knocks out Universe 10 's Jirasen ( ジラセン ) . Rozie attacks Goku with a flurry of blows that grows more powerful the longer she keeps it up , while Kakunsa battles No. 17 with her animalistic fighting style . No. 17 baits her into overextending herself and stuns her with a barrier . He attempts to knock her out of the stage , but her teammate Vikal ( ビカル , Bikaru ) rescues her . No. 17 decides to stop holding back and swiftly eliminates Vikal . He also eliminates Kakunsa with a powerful ki blast . Enraged by his actions , Ribrianne powers up and prepares to battle No. 17 . 103 27 `` Gohan , Show No Mercy ! Showdown With Universe 10 ! ! '' `` Gohan yo hijōnare ! Dai ju uchu to no kessen ! ! '' ( 悟 飯 よ 非情 なれ ! 第 10 宇宙 と の 決戦 ! ! ) August 13 , 2017 TBA Ribrianne and No. 17 fiercely attack each other , while Rozie begins to overwhelm Goku 's defenses . She surrounds him with ki balls and attempts to blow him up , but No. 17 protects him with a barrier . Goku , who has studied Rozie 's techniques , hits her with a powerful ki blast . As he and No. 17 corner Rozie and Ribrianne , Jimeze arrives and rescues them with instant transmission . Elsewhere , Botamo challenges Gohan on Champa 's orders . As Piccolo and Goku observe , Gohan attacks with a flurry of blows , which apparently have no effect . However , Gohan 's attacks begin to lift Botamo off the ground and renders him unable to defend himself , allowing Gohan to knock him off the stage . Universe 10 's Obuni ( オブニ ) and Rubalt ( ルバルト , Rubaruto ) appear to challenge Gohan and Piccolo . Jimeze defeats Universe 10 's Jilcol ( ジルコル Jirukoru ) . With 8 warriors eliminated , Gowasu accepts his imminent demise , while Rumsshi remains defiant . Obuni shifts his ki away from his body to render himself impossible to detect and wounds Gohan . Rubalt initially has the upper hand against Piccolo , but Piccolo uses his Hellzone Grenade attack to knock out Rubalt , leaving Universe 10 with only Obuni . Obuni begins to overwhelm Gohan , which makes Gowasu want to cling to life again . Gohan powers up and powers through one of Obuni 's punches . He counterattacks Obuni 's moves by locating and hitting Obuni after he gets hit . Obuni pauses the fight to show his respect for Gohan , but refuses to lose for the sake of Universe 10 . Gohan battles and defeats Obuni with a Kamehameha . All of Universe 10 's fighters have been eliminated . Right before Universe 10 is annihilated , Gohan discovers a locket containing a picture of Obuni and his wife and child . Gohan and Universe 10 's angel , Cus ( クス , Kusu ) , mourn Universe 10 's erasure . 104 28 `` The Ultimate High Speed Battle Begins ! Goku and Hit Join Forces ! ! '' `` Chōzetsu kōsoku batoru boppatsu ! Gokū to hitto no kyōdō sensen ! ! '' ( 超絶 光速 バトル 勃発 ! 悟空 と ヒット の 共同 戦線 ! ! ) August 20 , 2017 TBA Dyspo challenges Hit and uses his incredible speed to overwhelm Hit 's Time Skip . Everyone quickly deduces that Dyspo is listening for the sound of Hit 's body tensing up to determine when he is about to attempt to use Time Skip . Hit resorts to fighting him conventionally , but he is pushed to the edge of the stage . Toppo deduces that Hit has adjusted to Dyspo 's fighting style and is luring him into a trap . Toppo sends fellow pride trooper Kunshi ( クンシー , Kunshī ) to back him up . Before Dyspo can land the finishing blow , Hit suddenly turns intangible and sends Dyspo over the edge . However , Kunshi uses ropes made of his energy to pull Dyspo back onto the stage before he is eliminated . The two launch a renewed assault against Hit and drive him into a corner . Before they can finish him off , Goku interferes and rescues Hit . Goku uses his Super Saiyan God form to counter Dyspo 's speed , while Hit uses his assassination technique to injure Kunshi . The two switch places . Hit uses a fake Time Skip to throw Dyspo off and wound him , while Goku overwhelms Kunshi with his Super Saiyan Blue form . Hit attempts to eliminate Dyspo , but Kunshi rescues him again . Kunshi charges Hit , who turns intangible and knocks him off the stage . Dyspo retreats and regroups with his allies . Toppo abandons all notions of justice and decides to focus on survival . Hit decides not to battle Goku as thanks for lending a hand . Goku and Hit vow to settle their score if they both make it to the end of the tournament . 105 29 `` A Desperate Battle ! Master Roshi 's Sacrifice ! ! '' `` Funsen ! Mutenroshi inochi o Moyasu ! ! '' ( 奮戦 ! 武 天 老師 命 を 燃やす ! ! ) August 27 , 2017 TBA Master Roshi quietly observes the battles from afar . He is challenged by an attractive warrior from Universe 4 , Caway ( キャウェイ , Kyauei ) , who attempts to seduce him . However , Caway 's attempts to attack him brings him back to his senses . Roshi destroys her energy weapon , powers up , and drives her to jump off the stage . Roshi is next challenged by Dercori ( ダーコリ , Dākori ) , who is a talisman - wielding warrior from Universe 4 . She uses her talismans to confound Roshi with illusions and trap him in a single spot . Roshi uses the Evil Containment Wave to seal her in a small bottle and throw her off the arena . Quitela and Beerus get into an argument about the legality of the move , which is defused when Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō rule in Roshi 's favor . Ganos , who is enraged at Roshi for eliminating his friends , challenges him and powers up into an avian form . Initially , Roshi is able to use his experience to predict , evade , and counter Ganos ' attacks . However , Ganos is able to grow more powerful the longer a fight drags on . He rallies and delivers a fierce series of blows to Roshi . Roshi attempts to hypnotize Ganos into falling asleep , but he attacks himself to wake himself up . Ganos demands that Roshi accept his limits and give up , but Roshi refuses . He unleashes a Max Power Kamehameha that defeats Ganos . However , the effort is too much for Roshi 's body to handle , and he collapses . Goku races over to him and successfully defibrillates him with his ki . Goku escorts Roshi to safety . 106 30 `` Find Him ! Death Match With An Invisible Attacker ! ! '' `` Mikiwamero ! Sugata naki atakkā to no shitō ! ! '' ( 見極めろ ! 姿 なき アタッカー と の 死闘 ! ! ) September 3 , 2017 TBA Goku brings Master Roshi to an isolated part of the stage and leaves him to rest at his request . Gohan and Piccolo are confronted by Universe 6 's Dr. Rota ( Dr. ロタ , Dokutā Rota ) , but Rota is shot down by a sniper before he can reveal his ability . Gohan and Piccolo are unable to find the location of the sniper until they find a red orb on the ground . It is revealed that the sniper , Universe 2 's Prum ( プラン , Puran ) , can see through these orbs . The lasers ricochet off of the orbs so that his true location is a secret . Piccolo tries to create a smokescreen in order to blur the vision , but Prum can still see them via their heat signatures . Prum shoots Piccolo and destroys both of his arms , which forces him to painfully regenerate them . Gohan and Piccolo realize that the orbs depend on heat signatures and blast the surrounding area to create multiple heat signatures . Prum responds by coming out of his hiding spot and blasting the entire area . Gohan and Piccolo are forced into hiding . Tien analyzes Dr. Rota and deduces that he was hit by a sniper as Goku and Vegeta arrive . Vegeta berates Tien , who warns them about Prum , but Vegeta arrogantly brushes it off until he is almost incapacitated by one of Prum 's blasts . As Goku and Tien observe Prum , they deduce that there is another shooter from behind as Prum is merely reflecting the blasts . Vegeta and Goku go after Prum , while Tien goes to save Gohan and Piccolo . Goku and Vegeta try to attack Prum , but their ki blasts are reflected off of his body . Tien navigates through the field of blasts and confronts the true sniper , Prum 's teammate Hermila ( ハーミラ , Hāmira ) . Realizing that Prum can deflect ki blasts and not physical attacks , Vegeta and Goku throw giant boulders at him . Tien uses his Multi-form technique in order to buy himself time against Hermila , but three of his clones are shot down . The fourth and final Tien defeats Hermila . Just as Tien is about to eliminate him , Hermila shoots the ground underneath Tien 's feet and knocks him off the stage . However , Tien 's other three clones come back and drag Hermila down with them . Tien and Hermila are eliminated from the tournament . Although Beerus praises Tien for forcing the battle into a draw , Tien is noticeably upset about being defeated . As Prum is confronted by Vegeta , Dr. Rota comes back and attacks Prum as revenge for shooting him . Shortly after , Vegeta eliminates Prum and Dr. Rota from the tournament . 107 31 `` Revenge `` F '' The Cunning Trap ? ! '' `` Fukushū no Efu ! Shikakerareta Kōkatsu na Wana ! ? '' ( 復讐 の 「 F 」 ! しかけ られ た 狡猾 な 罠 ! ? ) September 17 , 2017 TBA Frost recalls how Champa promised to pardon his crimes if he humiliated and defeated Universe 7 . Elsewhere , Universe 3 's Maji Kayo confronts Universe 11 's remaining warriors . He entraps Dyspo with his liquid body , but Jiren effortlessly defeats him with a single blow . As Master Roshi attempts to recover from his previous fights , Frost corners and attacks him . Goku sees this and tries to rush to his aid , but he is confronted by Ribrianne . Roshi hits Frost with a flurry of blows and attempts to use the Evil Containment Wave , but the strain proves too much for him . He flubs the attack . Frost barrages Roshi with ki blasts and sends an attack towards Vegeta , which provokes him . Vegeta interferes before Frost can finish Roshi . Magetta arrives to reinforce Frost , and the two battle Vegeta . Frost goads Roshi into using the Evil Containment Wave on Magetta despite the risk of killing himself . When Roshi falls for it , Frost reflects the attack and seals Vegeta into a bottle . With the last of his strength , Roshi uses a small ki blast to destroy the bottle and free Vegeta . Vegeta immediately turns Super Saiyan Blue , and Frost flees . Vegeta knocks Magetta off the stage and tells Roshi to drop out so he can receive medical attention . Roshi jumps off the stage , and he is given a Senzu Bean . Beerus admits that Roshi has earned his respect . 108 32 `` Frieza and Frost ! Conjoined Malice ? ! '' `` Furīza to Furosuto ! Majiwaru Akui ! ? '' ( フリーザ と フロスト ! 交わる 悪意 ! ? ) September 24 , 2017 TBA As Goku battles Ribrianne , the gods of the top four universes speculate on who will win the tournament . Meanwhile , Gohan is confronted by Jimeze . Jimeze makes use of his Instant Transmission technique to confound and damage Gohan . As he prepares to finish him , Frieza intervenes . When Frieza does not immediately attack Jimeze , Universe 7 's spectators speculate he may intend to betray and defeat Gohan so he can seize the wish on the Super Dragon Balls for himself . Frieza steps aside and allows Jimeze to continue his fight with Gohan . Jimeze corners Gohan again and attempts to finish him , but Frieza destroys his attack with a ki blast . Enraged , Jimeze attacks Frieza , who swiftly tortures and eliminates him . Frost appears and declares his intention to defeat Gohan , and Frieza admits that the two intend to work together in order to exact revenge on the Saiyans . Frieza battles Gohan , who counterattacks . Frieza uses his Golden form to knock out Gohan . However , instead of eliminating him , he double - crosses and eliminates Frost . Gohan admits that he immediately figured out Frieza 's plan and played along with him . An enraged Frost attempts to attack Frieza from the spectator stands , but Grand Zenō erases him , explaining that this is forbidden and Universe 6 would be erased upon a second offence . Meanwhile , Goku continues to battle Ribrianne . 109 33 `` The Ultimate Enemy Approaches Goku ! Now , Let Loose ! The Killer Spirit Bomb ! ! '' `` Goku ni Semaru Saikyo no Teki ! Ima Koso Hanate ! Hisassu no Genki - Dama ! ! '' ( 悟空 に 迫る 最強 の 敵 ! 今 こそ 放 て ! 必殺 の 元気 玉 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA Ribrianne declares her intention to use the wish to become a love goddess adored by all beings using the Super Dragon Balls . Goku considers using the wish to benefit his family or meet a strong opponent . Ribrianne absorbs the love of her teammates and becomes Super Ribrianne . She attacks Goku with several ki blasts , and he counters by turning Super Saiyan Blue and knocking her away . Ribrianne lands near Jiren , and Goku sees him and prepares to finally battle him . Universe 11 's God of Destruction , Belmod , telepathically orders Jiren to defeat Goku . Belmod hopes to demoralize the other universes by defeating the strongest fighter besides Jiren himself . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 , but that proves to be no match for Jiren 's overwhelming power . Goku begins powering up a Spirit Bomb , and all of his teammates except Vegeta lend him their energy . Despite the time it takes to charge the attack , Jiren agrees to wait for him to complete it . Ribrianne attempts to attack Goku from behind , but she is stopped by Vegeta . Goku completes the Spirit Bomb and throws it , but Jiren deflects it . The two engage in a struggle to take control of the Spirit Bomb . This forces Goku to use Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 to keep up . However , Jiren prevails and begins to overwhelm Goku with his own attack . 110 34 `` Son Goku Wakes ! New Level of the Awakened ! ! '' `` Son Gokū kakusei ! Mezameshi mono no aratanaru gokui ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 覚醒 ! 目覚め し 者 の 新た なる 極意 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA Goku powers up himself and pushes the Spirit Bomb back towards Jiren , which locks him in a stalemate . Whis realizes that Jiren is at least as powerful as a God of Destruction . As the two struggle to overpower each other , the Spirit Bomb suddenly condenses into a small black hole , which absorbs Goku and causes him to vanish . The Grand Minister rules that since Goku 's own attack apparently vaporized him , Jiren will not be disqualified for destroying him . As Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō prepare to eliminate Goku , he suddenly reappears and reaches a new level of power . Goku resumes the fight , and he is able to go toe - to - toe with Jiren . Whis theorizes Goku must have absorbed the Spirit Bomb and unlocked an ability called Ultra Instinct ( 身勝手 の 極意 '' 兆 '' , Migatte no Gokui ) . Goku uses another powerful attack in an attempt to eliminate Jiren , but he fails , and exhausts his newfound power . Jiren knocks him away , and Hit attempts to take advantage of the opportunity and attacks Jiren . Vegeta demands to know what happened to Goku before preparing to fight Ribrianne , while Frieza appears to corner Goku and aims an attack at him . 111 35 `` The Surreal Supreme Battle ! Hit vs Jiren ! ! '' `` I jigen no kyokuchi batoru ! Hitto basasu Jiren ! ! '' ( 異 次元 の 極致 バトル ! ヒット VS ジレン ! ! ) October 15 , 2017 TBA Instead of killing the defenseless Goku , Frieza shares with him some of his energy and repays his act of mercy during their fight on Planet Namek . Meanwhile , Hit uses his time - skip powers against Jiren , but his attacks fail to connect . Goku spectates the battle , but he is ambushed by Saonel ( サオネル , Saoneru ) and Pirina ( ピリナ , Pirina ) , Namekians from Universe 6 , who are confronted by Gohan and Piccolo . Elsewhere , Vegeta fights Ribrianne , and he is easily overpowering her in his base form until Rozie interferes and retreats with Ribrianne . Ribrianne loses hope due to the gap in power , but Rozie motivates her . Meanwhile , Hit keeps attacking Jiren to no avail , but he is able to react and block most of Jiren 's punches . After being knocked back , Hit sneaks up behind Jiren and lands a strong punch on his heart . He knocks Jiren to the edge of the ring after a brief struggle . Hit uses his own time - skip powers continually on Jiren to stop his movement . Realizing that he can not hold Jiren for long , Hit urges Cabba , Caulifla , and Kale to keep fighting for Universe 6 . Hit pools all his energy in a final attack to defeat him , but Jiren stops Hit 's attack only with his glare . Jiren breaks free and eliminates Hit . As the Tournament of Power reaches its midway point , Jiren begins to meditate . He is certain that there are no other warriors strong enough to fight him . Jiren leaves the fight to Toppo and Dyspo . Viara ( ビアラ , Biara ) and Katopesla ( カトペスラ , Katopesura ) of Universe 3 attempt to attack him while meditating , but Jiren 's energy alone is enough to push them back . 112 36 `` A Saiyan 's Vow ! Vegeta 's Resolution ! ! '' `` Saiya - jin no chikai ! Bejīta no kakugo ! ! '' ( サイヤ 人 の 誓い ! ベジータ の 覚悟 ! ! ) October 22 , 2017 TBA Despite his exhaustion and low energy , Goku is determined to keep fighting . However , he is suddenly targeted by Koitsukai ( コイツカイ , Koitukai ) , Panchia ( パンチア , Panchia ) , and Bollarator ( ボラレータ , Borarēta ) of Universe 3 . Gohan and Piccolo want to help him , but they are distracted by their own battle with Saonel and Pilina . Caulifla and Kale are discussing the battle between Goku and Jiren , when they are confronted by Monna ( モンナ , Monna ) , a female warrior from Universe 4 . Caulifla faces off against Monna , but Cabba appears and takes her place . He instructs Caulifla and Kale to retreat for now . Cabba turns Super Saiyan and battles Monna , but he is initially overpowered . Monna almost knocks Cabba off the stage , but Vegeta intervenes and catches him before he can fall . Vegeta and Cabba both promise that , if either of them wins the tournament , the winner will use the Super Dragon Balls to restore the other 's erased universe and its inhabitants . Newly inspired , Cabba fights Monna again , but he is losing until he taps into his anger and unlocks Super Saiyan 2 . With his new power , Cabba easily defeats and eliminates Monna . However , Frieza appears , fights Cabba , and easily eliminates him as well . Frieza reveals that he plans to win the tournament in order to use the Super Dragon Balls to control the gods . Meanwhile , Vegeta decides to challenge Jiren , but he is intercepted by Toppo . The two battle each other . Vegeta ends up meeting up with Goku , who is still having difficulty with his three opponents . However , Caulifla intervenes and knocks Koitsukai , Borareta , and Pancea away before powering up to Super Saiyan 2 and challenging Goku herself . 113 37 `` With Great Joy ! The Repeat Battle - Crazy Saiyan Fight ! ! '' `` Kiki to Shite ! Sentō - kyō Saiya - jin Batoru Futatabi ! ! '' ( 嬉々 として ! 戦闘 狂 サイヤ 人 バトル 再び ! ! ) October 29 , 2017 TBA Caulifla demands that Goku fight her and teach her how to unlock Super Saiyan 3 so that she can become strong enough to win the tournament . She begins fighting Goku , who does not initially power up beyond his base form . However , Goku 's superior martial arts skills allow him to keep up with her even in her Super Saiyan 2 form . Eventually , she is able to adapt to his moves , which forces Goku to power up to Super Saiyan 2 himself . The two of them fight evenly for some time . Goku later calls in Kale to join the battle . His superior power and skill enables him to fight them both at once , but they are able to match him by working together . They land a massive combined attack on him , but Goku powers up to Super Saiyan 3 and easily deflects their attacks . However , Goku lacks the stamina to maintain that form and reverts to Super Saiyan 2 . Kale 's desire to become stronger inadvertently causes her to transform into her Berserker Super Saiyan form again . 114 38 `` Intimidating Passion ! The Birth of a New Super Warrior ! ! '' `` Kiki semaru ! Aratana chō sen - shi no bakutan ! ! '' ( 鬼気 せまる ! 新た な 超 戦士 の 爆誕 ! ! ) November 5 , 2017 TBA Vegeta continues his battle with Toppo , while Caulifla is able to help Kale regain control of her Berserker form . Caulifla and Kale battle Goku together and are able to hold him off . Meanwhile , Frieza is confronted by Katopesla , but they are interrupted by Goku 's battle with Caulifla and Kale . Frieza wants to fight Caulifla and Kale , but Goku insists that he will fight them himself . Frieza backs down and watches the fight . The three Saiyans resume their battle . After unsuccessfully attempting to use Instant Transmission as a strategy , Goku powers up to his Super Saiyan God form and easily overpowers the two of them . As Goku prepares to eliminate Caulifla and Kale with a powerful Kamehameha , it is revealed that the girls were given a pair of Potara earrings by Fuwa , Universe 6 's Supreme Kai . They use the earrings and fuse to become a single being with immense power , who takes the name Kefla ( ケフラ , Kefura ) . 115 39 `` Goku VS Kefla ! Super Saiyan Blue Defeated ? ! '' `` Gokū vāsasu Kefura ! Sūpāsaiya - jin Burū Yabureru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS ケフラ ! 超 サイヤ 人 ブルー 敗れる ! ? ) November 12 , 2017 TBA As Vegeta continues to fight Toppo , Gohan and Piccolo are engaged with Saonel and Pirina . No. 18 is attacked by Katopesla , but she is saved by No. 17 . Meanwhile , Goku continues his fight with Kefla . The Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō approve Kefla 's use of the Potara earrings . The other universes consider giving the Potara to their warriors as well . Pell ( ペル , Peru ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 2 , gives his Potara to Rabanra ( ラバンラ , Rabanra ) and Zarbuto ( ザーブト , Zābuto ) , but the earrings are destroyed by Kefla charging through them to continue fighting Goku . The battle becomes intense with Kefla gaining the upper hand . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue , but Kefla counters by powering up to Super Saiyan . However , Goku uses the Kaioken and regains the advantage . He appears to be winning , but Kefla lands a sneak attack that knocks him out of Super Saiyan Blue . She prepares to eliminate him , but Goku unexpectedly reawakens Ultra Instinct again and easily dodges her attacks . 116 40 `` The Sign of a Comeback ! Ultra Instinct 's Huge Explosion ! ! '' `` Gyakuten no kizashi ! Migatte no gokui ga dai bakuhatsu ! ! '' ( 逆転 の 兆し ! 身勝手 の 極意 が 大 爆発 ! ! ) November 19 , 2017 TBA To counter Goku 's increase in power , Kefla powers up to Super Saiyan 2 , and the two of them face off . Goku still easily dodges Kefla 's attacks , but his own attacks are not strong enough to take her down . Whis explains that when Goku launches his attacks , it interferes with his concentration and prevents him from using Ultra Instinct to its full potential . Jiren senses the energy from the battle , which prompts him to awaken from his meditation and rejoin Toppo and Dyspo . Vegeta realizes that Ultra Instinct is the level of skill that Whis was training him and Goku to attain , and decides that he must reach it too . Goku begins running low on stamina , so he declares that he will end the fight with his next attack . Kefla panics and unleashes a multitude of deadly energy beams . Her ultimate attack devastates the ring , but Goku easily dodges her blasts while charging a Kamehameha . Goku jumps into the air , so Kefla focuses all of her power into a single blast and launches it at him , taking advantage of his apparent inability to dodge . However , he backflips and uses the charged - up energy to slide over her attack , and launches his Kamehameha at point - blank range , blasting Kefla out of the ring and eliminating her . Her Potara earrings shatter , and she splits back into Kale and Caulifla . With both of them eliminated , Saonel and Pirina are the only remaining warriors from Team Universe 6 . NOTE : This episode was dedicated in memory of Hiromi Tsuru , who passed away on November 16 , 2017 . 117 41 `` Showdown of Love ! Androids VS Universe 2 ! ! '' `` Ai no daikessen ! Jinzōningen VS Dai ni uchū ! ! '' ( 愛 の 大 決戦 ! 人造 人間 VS 第 2 宇宙 ! ! ) November 26 , 2017 TBA Goku is left exhausted from his battle with Kefla . He is confronted by all five remaining warriors from Universe 2 . Gohan and Piccolo try to help him , but they are intercepted by Saonel and Pirina . Elsewhere , Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and tries to unlock Ultra Instinct - Sign - against him . However , he is unsuccessful , and resorts to his normal fighting style . Vegeta easily overpowers Katopesla . Rozie and Ribrianne launch a combined attack at Goku , but No. 17 and No. 18 arrive in time to deflect it . The androids battle Rozie and Ribrianne . No. 17 defeats and eliminates Rozie , while No. 18 knocks Ribrianne out of her powered - up transformation . This causes her to revert into Brianne . Brianne is able to catch No. 18 in an energy trap , while her comrades from Universe 2 send their love to her . This allows Brianne to transform into a giant manifestation version of her Super Ribrianne form . No. 18 almost gives up until her love for Krillin and Marron gives her the determination to break free of Ribrianne 's trap . With No. 17 's help , No. 18 blasts through Ribrianne 's giant form and eliminates her . Brianne realizes that she lost because of No. 18 's strong love for Krillin , while Goku faces off against Zirloin ( ザーロイン , Zāroin ) , Zarbuto , and Rabanra of Universe 2 . 118 42 `` Accelerated Tragedy Vanishing Universes ... '' `` Kasokusuru Higeki Kieyuku Uchū ... '' ( 加速 する 悲劇 消え ゆく 宇宙 ... ) December 3 , 2017 TBA Goku battles against Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra from Universe 2 , while Gohan and Piccolo are fighting against Saonel and Pirina . Saonel and Pirina 's power suddenly increases , and it is revealed that they had each fused with many Namekians from their universe before coming to the tournament , which greatly increased their own powers . No. 17 and No. 18 join Goku to help in the battle against the remaining Universe 2 warriors . It is revealed that Universe 2 's angel , Sour ( サワア , Sawaa ) , has been broadcasting the tournament to the populace of their universe . Universe 2 's inhabitants channel their love to Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , who are able to transform into forms similar to Ribrianne , Rozie , and Kakunsa 's transformed states . Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 battle Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , while Gohan and Piccolo continue fighting Saonel and Pirina . The Universe 2 trio unleash a legendary Universe 2 technique , the Pretty Black Hole , which traps and threatens to sink Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 through the fighting stage . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue and breaks through the Pretty Black Hole with a Kamehameha that eliminates Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , while Gohan and Piccolo blast Saonel and Pirina off the ring with a powerful combined attack that eliminates them as well . With all of their fighters eliminated , both Universe 2 and Universe 6 are erased . Brianne leads the Universe 2 team in a final happy moment before their erasure , while Cabba wishes Vegeta good luck . Champa taunts Beerus before being erased . Beerus remains impassive in the face of his brother 's erasure . Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and warns him that he is in a bad mood . 119 43 `` Unavoidable ? ! The Fierce Stealth Attack ! ! '' `` Kaihi funō ! ? Suterusu kōgeki no mōi ! ! '' ( 回避 不能 ! ? ステルス 攻撃 の 猛威 ! ! ) December 10 , 2017 TBA Vegeta overpowers Katopesla and drives him to the edge of the ring . Katopesla is able to catch himself , but he is pushed over the edge and eliminated by an unseen force . Vegeta and Gohan are attacked by the same force , but Vegeta is able to stop himself from going over the edge , while Piccolo catches Gohan . No. 18 is attacked by the invisible fighter , who is revealed to be one of the missing Universe 4 fighters , Gamisaras ( ガミサラス , Gamisarasu ) . Gohan creates a cloud of dust that coats Gamisaras , which allows Piccolo to see him and then easily eliminates Gamisaras . Undaunted , Quitela orders the remaining Universe 4 fighters to step up their game . Shantza ( シャンツァ , Shantsa ) generates a dome that envelops the Universe 7 team and manifests illusions of the defeated fighters from the erased universes . However , Piccolo spots Shantza and blasts him off the ring , which eliminates him and destroys the illusions . Universe 4 's last fighter , Damon ( ダモン , Damon ) , is also assumed to be invisible since no one can see him . Piccolo is able to sense Damon 's attacks , but he proves unable to hit Damon , who knocks him out of the ring and eliminates him . No. 17 discovers the truth and exposes Damon as a tiny bug - like creature rather than an invisible person , which explains why none of the fighters were able to hit him . To solve this problem , Goku repeatedly punches the ring and creates shock waves that launch Damon into the air , which cancels out his agility and allows No. 17 to hit him with energy blasts . No. 17 traps Damon in a miniature force field and kicks him out of the ring to eliminate him . With all of their fighters eliminated , Universe 4 is promptly erased . 120 44 `` The Perfect Survival Tactic ! Universe 3 's Menacing Assassin ! ! '' `` Kanpeki na Seizon Senryaku ! Dai san Uchū Kyōi no Shikaku ! ! '' ( 完璧 なる 生存 戦略 ! 第 3 宇宙 脅威 の 刺客 ! ! ) December 17 , 2017 TBA Following the elimination of Universe 4 , the remaining fighters from Universe 3 take the offensive against Universe 7 . While Viara is defeated and eliminated by No. 17 and No. 18 's combined efforts , Paparoni ( パパロニ , Paparoni ) sends Panchia , Koitsukai , and Bollarator to attack Goku , Gohan , and Vegeta . To help Goku and Vegeta save their energy to confront Universe 11 , Gohan decides to face the three robots alone . He gains the upper hand until Paparoni has them combine together into a much stronger robot called Koichiarator ( コイチアレータ , Koichiarēta ) . Koichiarator overpowers Gohan until Goku and Vegeta step in . The two distract the enemy , while Gohan charges and strikes with an attack powerful enough to defeat it . With his robots defeated , Paparoni refuses to surrender and declares that he will unleash his trump card on Universe 7 . 121 45 `` All - Out War ! The Ultimate Quadruple Merge vs Universe 7 's Full - Scale Attack ! ! '' `` Sōryokusen ! Kyūkoku no Yontai Gattai VS Dai nana Uchū Sōkōgeki ! ! '' ( 総力 戦 ! 究極 の 4 体 合体 VS 第 7 宇宙 総 攻撃 ! ! ) December 24 , 2017 TBA Paparoni and Koichiarator merge to form Anilaza ( アニラーザ , Anirāza ) , the most powerful warrior from Universe 3 . Anilaza begins to overwhelm the Saiyans , which forces No. 17 and No. 18 to reinforce them . The five attempt to coordinate their attacks to catch Anilaza off - guard , but he deflects them all . It is revealed that Anilaza can use echolocation to detect his opponents ' movements . Anilaza begins teleporting his punches , and he nearly knocks Goku off the stage until Frieza steps in and knocks him back onto the fighting stage . Realizing that the Universe 7 warriors will rescue each other from defeat , Anilaza attempts to eat No. 18 , who is rescued by Goku . Anilaza corners No. 17 and overwhelms him . He knocks him off the fighting stage , but No. 18 sacrifices herself to kick No. 17 back onto the fighting stage . She is eliminated from the tournament . With no other options , the Universe 7 warriors power up to their maximum levels and engage in a ki clash with Anilaza . They buy time for No. 17 to pierce through Anilaza 's attack and damage his energy reactor . This enables the others to overwhelm and eliminate Anilaza . With all of their warriors eliminated , Universe 3 is erased . As the Universe 7 warriors begin to celebrate , the remaining Universe 11 warriors step forward to challenge them . 122 46 `` For One 's Own Pride ! Vegeta 's Challenge to Be The Strongest ! ! '' `` Onore no Hokori wo Kakete ! Bejīta Saikyō he no Chōsen ! ! '' ( 己 の 誇り を かけ て ! ベジータ 最強 へ の 挑戦 ! ! ) January 7 , 2018 TBA With only two universes remaining , the Grand Minister compresses the bleachers so that the remaining spectators are all close together . The final warriors begin their battle : Gohan and No. 17 battle Toppo , Frieza fights Dyspo , and Goku and Vegeta battle Jiren . Jiren overwhelms Goku with a flurry of punches , but Vegeta is able to analyze Jiren 's attack patterns and dodges his attacks . He lands a solid blow to Jiren 's midsection , but Jiren counters with a powerful blast that nearly rings Vegeta out . Meanwhile , Frieza blocks one of Dyspo 's attacks with his tail , but Dyspo uses it as leverage to injure him . Jiren disparages Vegeta for his self - righteousness , but Vegeta declares that it is the source of his strength . He powers up a Final Flash and goads Jiren into taking it head - on . However , the attack fails to damage Jiren , who acknowledges the power of Vegeta 's attack before incapacitating him . 123 47 `` Body and Soul , Full Power Release ! Goku and Vegeta ! ! '' `` Zenshin Zenrei Zenryoku Kaihō ! Gokū to Bejīta ! ! '' ( 全身 全霊 全力 解放 ! 悟空 と ベジータ ! ! ) January 14 , 2018 TBA With Vegeta down , Goku faces off against Jiren . Meanwhile , the other battles continue . Frieza decides to start fighting Dyspo seriously , while Gohan and No. 17 are outmatched against Toppo . Outmatched in power , Goku instead uses ki blasts to create a minefield around Jiren , but it has no effect . Goku then lures Jiren onto a large rock that extends out over the edge of the fighting stage and cuts through the rock with a Destructo Disc . This causes Jiren to fall , but Jiren is able to push off the falling debris and jumps back onto the fighting stage . Angered by his near - elimination , Jiren finally shows his real power and easily overwhelms Goku with a volley of punches . Goku and Vegeta both get back up and power up to Super Saiyan Blue . Goku uses his maximum Kaioken beyond his previous limitations , while Vegeta is able to surpass his limits by tapping into more ki in his body , and attains a transformation similar to the Ascended Super Saiyan form , the Super Saiyan Blue Evolution form . Fully powered up , Goku and Vegeta attack Jiren as a team , and they are able to catch him off guard with their un-coordinated attacks . 124 48 `` The Fiercely Overwhelming Assault ! Gohan 's Last Stand ! ! '' `` Shippū - Dotō no Mōshū ! Gohan Haisui no Jin ! ! '' ( 疾風 怒涛 の 猛襲 ! 悟 飯 背水 の 陣 ! ! ) January 21 , 2018 TBA As Goku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren , the battle between Dyspo and Frieza intensifies . The two seem evenly matched , until Frieza breaks off the fight and offers to help Universe 11 win the tournament if they promise to resurrect him with the Super Dragon Balls . Dyspo refuses the offer , so Frieza powers up to his Golden form and gains the advantage in the fight . Dyspo reveals his own ultimate technique , the Super Maximum Light Speed Mode , which increases his power and speed even further , and overwhelms Frieza . Gohan and No. 17 realize that Frieza is in danger of being knocked off the fighting stage , so No. 17 distracts Toppo , while Gohan goes to Frieza 's aid . Gohan and Frieza take on Dyspo as a team , but they have little success . Gohan develops a strategy that has Frieza use his energy to form a cage around Dyspo , which prevents him from using his high - speed attacks and allows Gohan to gain the upper hand . Unfortunately , Frieza runs out of energy , and the cage dissolves before Gohan can land the finishing blow . However , Gohan is able to grab Dyspo and hold him in place , while Frieza launches a blast that knocks them off the fighting stage and eliminates them both from the tournament . 125 49 `` With Imposing Presence ! God of Destruction Toppo Descends ! ! '' `` Ifu - Dōdō ! Hakaishin Toppo Kōrin ! '' ( 威風 堂々 ! 破壊 神 トッポ 降臨 ! ! ) January 28 , 2018 TBA Goku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren , while No. 17 and Toppo fight . No. 17 and Toppo engage in a beam clash , which Toppo is winning . Frieza intervenes and strikes Toppo repeatedly from behind , which allows No. 17 to overpower Toppo 's blast . In the wake of the explosion , Toppo appears to have been defeated . However , he gets back up and powers up to using the same type of energy as a God of Destruction . Belmod explains that Toppo is a candidate to be Universe 11 's next God of Destruction , so he can wield the same kind of power . Toppo unleashes his new power , which damages the fighting stage and breaks a large portion of it . No. 17 and Frieza attack Toppo repeatedly , but his power is now far superior to theirs . Toppo easily defeats them both . Fortunately , they are able to stay on the fighting stage , but Toppo knocks Frieza unconscious and engages in another beam clash with No. 17 . 126 50 `` Surpass Even a God ! Vegeta 's Desperate Blow ! ! '' `` Kami wo mo Koero ! Bejīta Sutemi no Ichigeki ! ! '' ( 神 を も 超えろ ! ベジータ 捨て身 の 一撃 ! ! ) February 4 , 2018 TBA Toppo easily overpowers No. 17 's blast . No. 17 is able to evade him for a while by using the broken fighting stage to his advantage , but Toppo effortlessly withstands No. 17 's attacks . Toppo prepares to eliminate No. 17 with a giant energy blast . Frieza rejoins the battle and deflects Toppo 's attack . Frieza uses his own energy attack to immobilize Toppo , which allows him and No. 17 to land numerous attacks , but none of them have any effect . Toppo is about to eliminate them both , when he is interrupted by Goku and Vegeta , who are still fighting Jiren . Frieza and No. 17 are hit by one of Jiren 's attacks , which gives Toppo the opportunity to attack Vegeta instead . Toppo overwhelms Vegeta with his new power . Toppo states that he has cast aside everything else in order to become strong enough to win the tournament . However , Vegeta is inspired by his family , his promise to Cabba , and his Saiyan pride . He refuses to cast anything aside . Vegeta unleashes his full power and overwhelms Toppo . Vegeta and Toppo both use their ultimate attacks . Toppo unleashes his Energy of Destruction , while Vegeta uses the Final Explosion technique that he used against Majin Buu . Vegeta 's attack overwhelms Toppo 's attack , blasts Toppo out of the fighting stage , and knocks him out of his God of Destruction state . Vegeta eliminates Toppo from the tournament . This also causes even more damage to the fighting stage . Due to Vegeta being much stronger than the last time he used the Final Explosion technique , he survives the blast , but his energy is almost completely drained . No. 17 also reappears , but he has been injured by Jiren 's attack . Goku , Vegeta , and No. 17 all face off against Jiren , who begins to unleash his full power . 127 51 `` The Approaching Wall ! The Final Barrier of Hope ! ! '' `` Semari - kuru Shōheki ! Kibō wo Takushita Saigo no Baria ! ! '' ( 迫り くる 障壁 ! 希望 を 託 した 最後 の バリア ! ! ) February 11 , 2018 TBA Jiren powers up to his maximum . Goku , Vegeta , and No. 17 all attack him simultaneously , but he easily overpowers them . However , No. 17 manages to land a sneak attack and injures Jiren . Jiren defeats Goku and Vegeta , while Frieza rejoins the fight and tries to kill Jiren in his golden form . However , Frieza is easily defeated as well . No. 17 asks Jiren what his wish on the Super Dragon Balls would be , and Belmod explains that Jiren 's endless pursuit of strength was inspired when his parents , most of his comrades , and mentor were killed by a powerful villain . However , his abandonment by his surviving friends turned Jiren into a loner who distrusted friendship , and he solely focused on increasing his strength since then . No. 17 admires Jiren 's human qualities , but he accuses Jiren of using the rest of his universe 's team for his own ends . Jiren rebuffs him and fires a powerful energy blast down at No. 17 , Goku , and Vegeta . No. 17 uses a barrier to hold back Jiren 's blast and forms force fields around Goku and Vegeta to protect them before self - destructing to destroy Jiren 's blast . Despite his exhausted state , Vegeta faces off against Jiren and declares that he will defeat him . 128 52 `` Noble Pride to the End ! Vegeta Falls ! ! '' `` Kedakai Hokori Saigo Made ! Bejīta Chiru ! ! '' ( 気高い 誇り 最後 まで ! ベジータ 散る ! ! ) February 18 , 2018 TBA Vegeta prepares for a final stand against Jiren . Although Vegeta is too exhausted to turn into even a Super Saiyan , he still decides to take on Jiren . Jiren easily dodges his attacks and continues to pummel Vegeta . Jiren injures Vegeta 's left eye in the process . Vegeta is knocked to the brink of elimination , and he begins to think about the people in his life he cares about the most . He gets back up and continues to fight Jiren , who is impressed by Vegeta 's pride . Vegeta nearly rings out again . His boot catches onto a floating piece of rubble , which narrowly allows him to stay in the fight because the pieces of rubble still count as part of the fighting stage . Vegeta hears Bulma 's voice urging him to fight on , and he returns to fight Jiren once again . Jiren is unable to understand why Vegeta continues to fight him . Vegeta fires off a Final Flash , but Jiren is unfazed . Jiren knocks Vegeta out of the fighting stage and eliminates him from the tournament . Although Vegeta is upset at being unable to last until the end , he gives Goku his remaining energy at the last second before falling out of bounds . Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and begins to fight Jiren with his remaining power . However , even with Vegeta 's energy , Goku is still overwhelmed by Jiren . Goku is knocked back into his base form . When Goku is pushed back to the edge of the fighting stage and only one punch away from defeat , Vegeta shouts at Goku . Goku thinks about how the others have all put their faith in him . As Jiren delivers the final blow , Goku suddenly reactivates Ultra Instinct and dodges the attack . With his new power , Goku is able to effortlessly dodge Jiren 's attacks . Goku lands a heavy blow on Jiren , which hurts him . Both fighters prepare to face each other for their final battle . 129 53 `` Limits Super Surpassed ! Ultra Instinct Mastered ! ! '' `` Genkai Chōzetsu Toppa ! Migatte no Gokui Kiwamaru ! ! '' ( 限界 超絶 突破 ! 身勝手 の 極意 極まる ! ! ) March 4 , 2018 TBA Whis points out that , since Goku has no allies to help him and no time to recover from the strain caused by Ultra Instinct , this will be his last chance to end the battle . Goku and Jiren resume their battle , but Goku has the same problem he experienced with Kefla , and he is unable to attack at his full potential . Goku tries the same trick he used on Kefla by powering up a Kamehameha and firing it at Jiren , but Jiren is able to punch through the blast . Belmod is confident that Goku 's incomplete Ultra Instinct will not be enough to win , but Vegeta points out that , throughout the tournament , all of the Saiyans have been able to surpass their limits and achieve higher levels of power . Jiren is able to trap Goku on a single floating rock and fires a barrage of attacks down at him in an attempt to knock him out , but Goku begins blocking Jiren 's attacks with his own punches . Jiren launches a final blast down at Goku , but Goku suddenly powers up immensely . He easily blocks Jiren 's blast and jumps back up to the fighting stage . Jiren attacks again , but this time Goku easily overpowers him with a flurry of punches . Whis reveals that Goku has completed his ascension of Ultra Instinct . Goku 's hair and eyes have turned silver , and he now has full mastery over Ultra Instinct . 130 54 `` The Greatest Showdown of All Time ! The Ultimate Survival Battle ! ! '' `` Kūzenzetsugo no Chō Kessen ! Kyūkyoku no Sabaibaru Batoru ! ! '' ( 空前 絶後 の 超 決戦 ! 究極 の サバイバル バトル ! ! ) March 18 , 2018 TBA Having mastered Ultra Instinct , Goku overpowers and corners Jiren , which forces him to unleash the true extent of his powers . The two exchange attacks continuously . Despite almost being defeated twice , Goku stands up and recovers . When Jiren asks why Goku refuses to surrender , his friends claim that the source of Goku 's strength comes from the trust between him and his companions . Refusing to accept it , an enraged Jiren launches an attack on the bleachers that is repelled by a furious Goku , who finally defeats him . However , just as Goku is about to knock Jiren out , his body collapses from the burden of using Ultra Instinct for too long . Jiren takes the opportunity to knock Goku off the fighting stage , but Goku is saved by Frieza and No. 17 . Universe Seven is surprised to see No. 17 still alive . As Frieza and No. 17 prepare themselves to face Jiren , Goku writhes in pain . 131 55 `` The Miraculous Conclusion ! Farewell , Goku ! Until We Meet Again ! '' `` Kiseki no ketchaku ! Saraba Goku ! Mataauhimade ! ! '' ( 奇跡 の 決着 ! さらば 悟空 ! また 会う 日 まで ! ! ) March 25 , 2018 TBA With Goku down , Frieza and No. 17 face off against Jiren . No. 17 manages to injure Jiren , who collapses from exhaustion . Frieza is about to eliminate Jiren , who accepts his impending defeat , but Toppo calls out to Jiren and inspires him to keep fighting despite his injuries . Jiren powers up and fires a massive blast at Frieza and No. 17 . They form a barrier to shield themselves , but Frieza is running low on energy and loses his Golden form . Before Jiren can overpower them , Goku manages to get back up and rejoins the others . Goku adds his strength to the barrier and enables them to block Jiren 's blast . Goku and Frieza take on Jiren together , while No. 17 provides cover fire . Working together , Goku and Frieza overpower Jiren and tackle him out of the ring . All three of them are eliminated from the tournament . With all of their fighters gone , Universe 11 is erased . As the only fighter remaining on the fighting stage , No. 17 is declared the winner of the Tournament of Power . No. 17 is given the privilege of getting his wish granted from the Super Dragon Balls . After some consideration , No. 17 wishes to restore all of the universes that had been erased , which brings all their inhabitants back to life . As the erased universes are restored , the Grand Priest reveals that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō had foresaw the outcome of a virtuous being winning the Tournament of Power who would make a selfless wish on the Super Dragon Balls . He also stated that they would have otherwise erased the entire multiverse if the winner had wished for selfish reasons as this would have shown that the winning universe was no better than the erased universes and that universes excluded from the tournament were not equally worthy of existing . As a reward for doing well in the tournament , Lord Beerus asks Whis to restore Frieza to life as a present . In Universe 11 , Jiren establishes a real friendship with Toppo and looks forward to having a rematch with Goku someday . The group from Universe 7 return home . Frieza leaves Earth and resumes leadership of his empire . Goku vows to defeat Frieza if he starts causing trouble again . Goku and Vegeta meet for a sparring match in the place where they first fought . Goku reveals that he can not use Ultra Instinct anymore . Goku believes that he obtained it by accident during the tournament . Goku and Vegeta declare that they will keep finding new levels of strength as they race towards each other to fight . Blu - ray and DVD release ( edit ) Region 1 ( North America ) ( edit ) Name Date Discs Episodes Part One July 25 , 2017 1 -- 13 Part Two October 3 , 2017 14 -- 26 Part Three February 20 , 2018 27 -- 39 Part Four June 19 , 2018 40 -- 52 Region 2 ( Japan ) ( edit ) Name Date Discs Episodes Box 1 December 2 , 2015 1 -- 12 Box 2 March 2 , 2016 13 -- 24 Box 3 July 2 , 2016 25 -- 36 Box 4 October 4 , 2016 37 -- 48 Box 5 January 6 , 2017 49 -- 60 Box 6 April 4 , 2017 61 -- 72 Box 7 August 2 , 2017 73 -- 84 Box 8 October 3 , 2017 85 -- 96 Box 9 January 6 , 2018 97 -- 108 Box 10 April 3 , 2018 109 -- 120 Box 11 July 3 , 2018 121 -- 131 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Episodes 109 and 110 aired together as a 1 - hour television special . ^ Jump up to : English titles per Crunchyroll . ^ Jump up to : English dub titles per Funimation . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super TV Anime Debuts on July 5 '' . Anime News Network . June 4 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kazuya Yoshii , Good Morning America to Perform Theme Songs For Dragon Ball Super '' . Anime News Network . May 19 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gods And Heroes Of `` Dragon Ball Super - Universal Survival Arc '' Gathered For New Opening Preview Shots `` . Crunchyroll . February 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super 's New Opening Sequence Previewed in Screenshots '' . Anime News Network . February 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : KEYTALK Performs New ED Song for `` Dragon Ball Super '' `` . Crunchyroll . October 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super To Introduce A New Theme This April '' . attackofthefanboy . March 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batten Showjo Tai Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . June 19 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Band Arukara Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . September 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE COLLECTORS Perform New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending Theme `` . Crunchyroll . December 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spring 's `` Dragon Ball Super '' End Theme Revealed `` . Crunchyroll . March 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miyu Inoue Sings New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme Song '' . Anime News Network . March 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lacco Tower Returns For New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending `` . Crunchyroll . June 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dragon Ball Super ' To Get New Ending '' . Comicbook . September 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RottenGraffty To Perform New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending `` . Crunchyroll . September 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Announces New Ending Theme '' . Comicbook . December 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blu - ray ・ DVD 情報 ドラゴンボール 超 東映 アニメーション ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami Snaps up ' Dragon Ball Super ' '' . Animation World Network . November 10 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DRAGON BALL SUPER , READY FOR EMEA TAKEOVER WITH TURNER '' . www.toei-animation.com . Toei Animation Europe . October 10 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barder , Ollie ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dragon Ball Super ' Will Start Airing In Europe This Fall , Still No Word On A US Release '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Dragon Ball Super English Sub Announced '' . IGN . Ziff Davis , LLC . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super to Simulcast on Crunchyroll , Daisuki , AnimeLab ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network . October 19 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' DRAGON BALL SUPER '' SUBTITLED EPISODES BEGIN STREAMING TODAY ON FUNIMATIONNOW WITH NEW SIMULCAST EPISODES STARTING NOVEMBER 5 , 2016 . Funimation to Produce English Dub of New Series `` . Funimation . Funimation . November 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Licenses Dragon Ball Super , Plans English Dub '' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network . November 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami : Hope you 're sitting down for this ... '' Facebook . December 7 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super -- Universe Survival Saga -- Official PV 1 ( SUB ) '' . Funimation . Archived from the original on 4 February 2017 . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dragon Ball Super Universe Survival arc jump festa 17 promo video '' . kanzenshuu . December 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : あらすじ ドラゴンボール 超 ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Listings Grid , TV Guide and TV Schedule , Where to Watch TV Shows - Screener '' . Archived from the original on 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Julia Alexander ( April 3 , 2017 ) , Samurai Jack gets left behind for Rick and Morty , and no one 's happy about it , archived from the original on April 3 , 2017 , retrieved April 3 , 2017 Jump up ^ Rick and Morty Twitter account ( April 1 , 2017 ) , New Episode of RICK AND MORTY airing NOW thru MIDNIGHT ( ET / PT ) and ONLINE at http://www.adultswim.com/streams , archived from the original on May 7 , 2017 , retrieved May 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . January 15 , 2018 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 1 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 2 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 3 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 4 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 2 '' ( in Urdu ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 3 '' ( in e ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 4 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 5 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 6 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 7 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 8 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 9 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 10 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 11 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . ( hide ) Dragon Ball by Akira Toriyama Media Manga chapters Dragon Ball Z Dragon Ball episodes Z episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 9 GT episodes Kai episodes Super episodes Films and TV specials Video games Soundtracks Characters Goku Bulma Master Roshi Yamcha Krillin Tien Shinhan Piccolo Gohan Vegeta Frieza Trunks Android 17 Android 18 Cell Majin Buu Beerus Zamasu Related Dr. Slump Arale Norimaki Neko Majin Episode of Bardock Jaco the Galactic Patrolman Portal Anime and manga portal Dragon Ball portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dragon_Ball_Super_episodes&oldid=833217407 '' Categories : Dragon Ball episode lists Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Urdu - language sources ( ur ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Galego Italiano Magyar Norsk Português ไทย Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 08 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does season 2 of dragon ball super come out | [
"\n\nSaga[25]\nEpisodes\nJapanese Airdates\nEnglish Airdates\n\n\n\n1\nGod of Destruction Beerus[26]\n14 (1–14)\nJuly 5, 2015 – October 11, 2015\nJanuary 7, 2017 – April 15, 2017\n\n\n\n2\nGolden Frieza[26]\n13 (15–27)\nOctober 18, 2015 – January 17, 2016\nApril 22, 2017 – July 29, 2017\n\n\n\n3\nUniverse 6\n19 (28–46)\nJanuary 24, 2016 – June 5, 2016\nAugust 5, 2017 – January 13, 2018\n\n\n\n4\n\"Future\" Trunks\n30 (47–76)\nJune 12, 2016 – January 29, 2017\nJanuary 20, 2018 – TBA\n\n\n\n5\nUniverse Survival\n55 (77–131)\nFebruary 5, 2017 – March 25, 2018\nTBA\n\n"
] | [
"April 22, 2017"
] |
192988216286354989 | I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australian TV series) | I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australian TV series ) - Wikipedia I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australian TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the most recent season , see I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 4 ) . I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Genre Reality television Created by Granada Television ( now part of ITV Studios ) Based on I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Presented by Chris Brown Julia Morris Country of origin Australia Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 125 ( as of 12 March 2018 ) Production Location ( s ) Kruger National Park , in South Africa Camera setup Multiple - camera setup Production company ( s ) ITV Studios Australia Release Original network Network Ten Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Stereo Original release 1 February 2015 -- present External links Website Production website I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( occasionally shortened to I 'm a Celebrity ) is an Australian reality television series on Network Ten which is based on the British television show of the same name . The series sees celebrities living in the jungle with few creature comforts and compete in various challenges to earn meals and other luxuries . The celebrities compete for $100,000 to be donated to their chosen charity . The series is set in Kruger National Park , South Africa , and is hosted by Julia Morris and Chris Brown . On 16 July 2015 the series was renewed for a second season , which premiered on 31 January 2016 . The second season was accompanied by the companion series ' ' I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Now ! ' ' . It aired on Eleven following each episode of the main series , hosted by comedian and former season one contestant Joel Creasey and The Bachelor Australia 3 contestant Heather Maltman . ' ' I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Now ! ' ' did not air after the main show in later seasons due to low viewing rates . On 1 August 2016 the series was renewed for a third season with Morris and Brown returning as hosts , which premiered on 29 January 2017 . A fourth season commenced on 28 January 2018 and concluded 12 March 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Tucker trials 1.2 Celebrity chest challenges 1.3 Secret mission 1.4 Mystery box 2 Production 2.1 Broadcast 2.2 The fallout zone 2.3 Public voting 3 Series overview 4 Series results 4.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 4.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 4.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 4.4 Season 4 ( 2018 ) 4.5 Season 5 ( 2019 ) 5 Ratings 6 Awards and nominations 7 Lawsuit 8 See also 9 References Format ( edit ) The premise of the show is that there is a group of well known personalities living together in a specially constructed camp site in a jungle . During their time in the jungle they are isolated from the outside world and are not commonly aware of outside events . The contestants compete for $100,000 to be donated to a charity of their choosing , in addition to being personally reimbursed for their participation . While in the jungle , some of the contestants ( generally voted by the viewing public ) compete in challenges for food and luxuries for the camp . These challenges often involve local wildlife and are meant to take the contestants out of their comfort zone . Each week one or more of the contestants are evicted from the jungle , based on viewer votes . In addition , if the contestants become overwhelmed by their situation they can leave the series by speaking the phrase `` I 'm a celebrity get me out of here ! '' . However , it is reported that if contestants do quit they will have their income for participating in the series markedly reduced . Throughout the show , additional contestants ( called `` intruders '' ) enter the competition ; and beginning with season two , some contestants are only included temporarily ( i.e. having a guest appearance ) . In the end , a final viewer vote occurs to determine the winner of the series , who is given the title of `` King and / or Queen of the Jungle '' . Tucker trials ( edit ) The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food . These trials aim to test both physical and mental abilities . The winner is usually determined by the number of stars collected during the trial , with each star representing a meal earned by the winning contestant for their camp mates . Celebrity chest challenges ( edit ) Two or more celebrities are chosen to take part in the celebrity chest challenge to win luxuries for camp . Each challenge involves completing a task to win a chest to take back to camp . However , to win the luxury item in the chest , the campmates must correctly answer a question . If they fail to answer correctly , the luxury item is forfeited and a joke prize is won . The luxury item is `` donated '' by a celebrity from the outside . Secret mission ( edit ) This is a challenge where some celebrities have to take part without alerting the other celebrities - if they are successful in their ' missions ' , they are rewarded . Mystery box ( edit ) A mystery box sees a box delivered to the campsite , each time containing a different gift for the contestants . Production ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The show is broadcast Sunday to Thursday at 7.30 pm , with a weekly eviction show on Sunday ( except for the first week , where the celebrities arrive in the ' jungle ' ) . All shows are presented by Julia Morris & Chris Brown from a nearby studio . The program is live to AEDT States ( New South Wales , Victoria , Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory ) , in other states the program is delayed to accommodate local time zones . The Fallout Zone ( edit ) In addition to the television broadcast , for the first season a live feed from the camp site aired for an hour after the AEDT airing of the show on Ten 's website and mobile app , titled The Fallout Zone but more commonly referred to as FOZ . The content of feed was available on the website after the fact so viewers in other states could watch the show after their airing of the main show . The feed was hosted by comedian Sam Mac and producer Ciaran `` The Butcher '' Flannery , also known as `` The C - Word '' . On 8 and 12 March 2015 , producer Dominic `` The Domin8or '' Sullivan filled in during Flannery 's absence . The duo interact with viewers through Twitter , using the hashtag # FOZ . Mac and Flannery have no control over the shots used in the stream which has resulted in one episode featuring a 20 - minute shot of a waterfall and , on 16 February 2015 , a 15 - minute conversation featuring a sound technician looking for Bob being picked up . On 5 March 2015 the show famously featured audio problems during which Mac and Flannery 's voices fluctuated between chipmunk and Darth Vader filters for the first thirty minutes . The show 's theme song is Highway to the Fallout Zone sung by Sam Mac . The show did not return for the second season . Public voting ( edit ) Throughout the show the public votes on who competes in the following tucker trial and who to evict from the campsite . Viewers can either vote via SMS ( by texting the name of the celebrity to 1995 1010 ) or vote via Social Media ( namely Facebook or Twitter ) by using the celebrity 's hashtag ( # celeb ( name ) ) . Voting via social media is limited to 20 votes per account . For tucker trial voting , viewers vote for celebrity they wish to compete . For eviction voting , viewers vote for a celebrity to stay . Voting closes at approximately 7 : 30pm AEDT for Sunday 's eviction vote and at approximately 8pm AEDT for voting on other days . Prior to the premiere of the second season , it was announced that the voting process would change slightly compared to the inaugural season . SMS voting wil be used for both trial and eviction voting while Twitter voting will be used exclusively for trial voting . This change was implemented to even the playing field between celebrities with a larger international fan base ( who are more likely to receive Twitter votes from said fan base ) and celebrities with a smaller fan base who are only known in Australia . However , this decision was later reversed , allowing Twitter and Facebook votes for the finals . Series overview ( edit ) Winners crowned King or Queen of their respective year . Key : King of the Jungle Queen of the Jungle Season Presenters Start date End date Days in camp Campmates Honour places Winner Second place Third place Chris Brown and Julia Morris 1 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 01 ) 15 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) 45 14 Freddie Flintoff Barry Hall Chrissie Swan 31 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 31 ) 13 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 13 ) 45 12 Brendan Fevola Paul Harragon Laurina Fleure 29 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 29 ) 13 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 13 ) 46 14 Casey Donovan Dane Swan Natalie Bassingthwaighte 28 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) 12 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 12 ) 45 15 Fiona O'Loughlin Shannon Noll Danny Green 5 2019 2019 Series results ( edit ) Key Winner -- King or Queen of the Jungle Runner - up Third place Late arrival Evicted Withdrew Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 1 ) Celebrity Known for Day Entered Day Exited Result Freddie Flintoff England and Wales cricketer 17 45 Winner Barry Hall Former AFL forward 45 Runner - up Chrissie Swan Television & radio broadcaster 45 Third Place Maureen McCormick The Brady Bunch actress 42 Evicted 11th Joel Creasey Comedian 41 Evicted 10th Anna Heinrich The Bachelor Australia star 10 41 Evicted 9th Julie Goodwin Chef & cookbook author 17 40 Evicted 8th Merv Hughes Former test match cricketer 39 Evicted 7th Tyson Mayr Model 38 Evicted 6th Andrew Daddo Television & radio presenter 31 Evicted 5th Lauren Brant Hi - 5 singer 24 Evicted 4th Laura Dundovic Miss Universe Australia 2008 17 Evicted 3rd Tim Robards The Bachelor Australia star 10 17 Evicted 2nd Leisel Jones Olympic swimmer 10 Evicted 1st Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 2 ) Celebrity Known for Day Entered Day Exited Result Brendan Fevola AFL full - forward 45 Winner Paul Harragon Former NRL prop forward 45 Runner - up Laurina Fleure The Bachelor Australia 2 star 45 Third Place Anthony Callea Singer - songwriter 42 Evicted 9th Shane Warne Retired international cricketer 41 Evicted 8th Havana Brown DJ 40 Evicted 7th Jo Beth Taylor Television presenter 39 Evicted 6th Val Lehman Prisoner actress 38 Evicted 5th Dean Geyer Glee actor 31 Evicted 4th Bonnie Lythgoe So You Think You Can Dance Australia judge 24 Evicted 3rd Akmal Saleh Comedian 17 Evicted 2nd Courtney Hancock Ironwoman 10 Evicted 1st Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 3 ) Celebrity Known for Day Entered Day Exited Result Casey Donovan Singer - songwriter ( Australian Idol Winner ) 46 Winner Dane Swan AFL Legend 46 Runner - Up Natalie Bassingthwaighte Singer & Actress 46 Third Place Nazeem Hussain Comedian 45 Evicted 11th Steve Price Radio Shock Jock 42 Evicted 10th Lisa Curry Olympic Swimmer 41 Evicted 9th Ash Pollard My Kitchen Rules contestant 40 Evicted 8th Carson Kressley TV Personality 25 39 Evicted 7th Tegan Martin Beauty Queen 38 Evicted 6th Keira Maguire The Bachelor Australia 4 star 19 35 Evicted 5th Kris Smith TV Personality & Model 35 Evicted 4th Tziporah Malkah Former Model 31 Evicted 3rd Jay Laga'aia Actor & Singer 24 Evicted 2nd Tom Arnold Hollywood Actor 17 Evicted 1st Season 4 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 4 ) Celebrity Known for Day Entered Day Exited Result Fiona O'Loughlin Comedian 45 Winner Shannon Noll Singer 45 Runner - up Danny Green Boxer 7 45 Third place Vicky Pattison Reality TV Star ( I 'm a Celeb UK , Winner ) 17 44 Evicted 10th Simone Holtznagel Model 41 Evicted 9th Peter Rowsthorn Actor & Comedian 40 Evicted 8th Jackie Gillies Psychic & Reality TV Star 39 Evicted 7th Josh Gibson AFL Player 38 Evicted 6th Paul Burrell Former Royal Butler ( I 'm a Celeb UK , Runner Up ) 17 37 Evicted 5th Lisa Oldfield Reality TV Star 24 34 Evicted 4th David Oldfield Former Politician 24 30 Evicted 3rd Kerry Armstrong Actress 23 Evicted 2nd Tiffany Darwish Singer 16 Evicted 1st Anthony Mundine Boxer 12 Withdrew Bernard Tomic Tennis Player Withdrew Season 5 ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 5 ) Celebrity Known for Day Entered Day Exited Result Ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes Premiere Finale Source Premiere date Premiere viewers ( Opening Night ) Rank Premiere viewers ( Welcome to the Jungle ) Rank Finale date Finale viewers ( Grand final ) Rank Finale viewers ( Winner announced ) Rank 31 1 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 01 ) 1.199 1.136 5 15 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) 0.999 8 1.144 31 31 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 31 ) 1.324 1.081 5 13 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 13 ) 0.719 8 0.858 6 32 29 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 29 ) 1.103 7 0.963 8 13 March 2017 0.989 6 1.056 31 28 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) 1.274 1.108 5 12 March 2018 0.684 11 0.804 8 5 2019 2019 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Recipients and nominees Result Refs . 2016 Logie Awards of 2016 Best Reality Program I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Nominated 2017 Logie Awards of 2017 I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Nominated 2018 Logie Awards of 2018 I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! N / A Lawsuit ( edit ) In June 2017 , Tom Arnold filed a lawsuit against Network Ten and A List Entertainment for defrauding him for being on I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! . Arnold claims that he was promised a payment of $425,000 and a comedy tour in Australia , however he was missing $140,000 in payment and that Network Ten backed out of the comedy tour . See also ( edit ) Television in Australia portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` I 'm a Celebrity heads to Oz '' . C21 Media . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Gusmaroli , Danielle ( 8 February 2015 ) . `` I 'm A Celebrity I 'm out Of Here ! Olympian Liesel Jones is first star voted out of the south African jungle after opening up about her weight issues '' . Daily Mail Australia . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Kruger Welcomes I 'm A Celebrity '' . CallSheet. 28 January 2016 . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV jungle gets real for Channel 10 but are celebs in or out ? '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 16 July 2015 ) . `` Renewed : I 'm A Celebrity Get Me Out of Here '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 10 January 2016 ) . `` Returning : I 'm a Celebrity Get Me Out of Here ! '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 19 November 2015 ) . `` TEN Upfronts 2016 : Survivor , Jessica Marais , Anh Do - and Nigella ! '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 'm A Celebrity ... Get Me Out Of Here ! Is Back In 2017 '' . Ten Play . Channel Ten . August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reines , Ros ( 2 February 2015 ) . `` I 'm SO glad I turned down I 'm A Celebrity ... even though it paid ' $30 k per week ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` Contract clause ' penalty ' for Celebrities who quit TEN 's jungle '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 28 December 2015 ) . `` Mark Waugh into TEN 's jungle ? '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 28 January 2016 ) . `` I 'm a Celebrity to switch - up viewer voting this year '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 10 March 2016 ) . `` TEN U-turn on voting promise for I 'm A Celebrity '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 2 February 2015 ) . `` Sunday 1 February 2015 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 16 March 2015 ) . `` Sunday 15 March 2015 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 1 February 2016 ) . `` Sunday 31 January 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 14 March 2016 ) . `` Sunday 13 March 2016 '' . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 30 January 2017 ) . `` Sunday 29 January 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 14 March 2017 ) . `` Monday 13 March 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 29 January 2018 ) . `` Sunday 28 January 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 13 March 2018 ) . `` Monday 12 March 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 3 April 2016 ) . `` Logie Awards 2016 : nominations '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 22 April 2017 ) . `` Logie Awards 2017 : nominees '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Cullins , Ashley ( 2017 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Tom Arnold Sues Australian Reality TV Network for Fraud '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 16 . I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia ) Seasons Winners Freddie Flintoff Brendan Fevola Casey Donovan Fiona O'Loughlin Related articles I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! International versions of I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Australia France Germany Hungary India Romania Sweden United Kingdom ( original ) United States Current Australian reality television series Seven Network First Dates Hell 's Kitchen Australia House Rules My Kitchen Rules Seven Year Switch Nine Network Australian Ninja Warrior Family Food Fight Married at First Sight The Block The Voice 9Go ! Love Island Australia Meet the Hockers Network Ten Australian Survivor Bachelor in Paradise Australia The Bachelor The Bachelorette MasterChef Australia I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Shark Tank Eleven Bondi Ink Tattoo Arena The Real Housewives of Melbourne The Real Housewives of Sydney Fox8 Australia 's Next Top Model The Recruit A&E Aussie Pickers Demolition Man Pawn Stars Australia Lifestyle Food The Great Australian Bake Off All Australian reality series Network Ten local programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime All Star Family Feud ( since 2016 ) Australian Survivor ( since 2016 ) The Bachelor Australia ( since 2013 ) The Bachelorette Australia ( since 2015 ) Bachelor in Paradise ( since 2018 ) Todd Sampson 's Body Hack ( since 2016 ) Bondi Vet ( since 2009 ) Bondi Rescue ( since 2006 ) CRAM ! ( since 2017 ) Family Feud ( since 2014 ) Gogglebox Australia ( since 2015 ) Have You Been Paying Attention ? ( since 2013 ) Hughesy , We Have a Problem ( since 2018 ) I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( since 2015 ) The Living Room ( since 2012 ) MasterChef Australia ( since 2009 ) Offspring ( 2010 -- 2014 , since 2016 ) Shark Tank ( since 2015 ) Show Me the Movie ! ( since 2018 ) Sisters ( since 2017 ) The Wrong Girl ( since 2016 ) Daytime Ben 's Menu ( since 2014 ) Everyday Gourmet with Justine Schofield ( since 2011 ) Good Chef Bad Chef ( since 2011 ) My Market Kitchen ( since 2016 ) News Ten Eyewitness News ( since 1965 ) The Project ( since 2009 ) Studio 10 ( since 2013 ) Sport RPM ( 1997 -- 2008 , 2011 , since 2015 ) Weekends Cruise Mode ( since 2016 ) Healthy Homes TV ( since 2015 ) ifish ( since 2009 ) Mass For You At Home ( since 1971 ) What 's Up Downunder Upcoming All Aussie Adventures ( 2018 ) Blind Date ( 2018 ) How to Stay Married ( 2018 ) Playing For Keeps ( 2018 ) Street Smart ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_a_Celebrity...Get_Me_Out_of_Here!_(Australian_TV_series)&oldid=838342428 '' Categories : Network Ten shows 2010s Australian television series 2015 Australian television series debuts Australian reality television series I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! English - language television programs Television series by ITV Studios Television shows set in South Africa Hidden categories : Use Australian English from February 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 12 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won i am a celebrity 2018 australia | [
"\n\nSeason\nPresenters\nStart date\nEnd date\nDays in camp\nCampmates\nHonour places\n\n\nWinner\nSecond place\nThird place\n\n\n1\nChris Brown and Julia Morris\n1 February 2015 (2015-02-01)\n15 March 2015 (2015-03-15)\n45\n14\nFreddie Flintoff\nBarry Hall\nChrissie Swan\n\n\n2\n31 January 2016 (2016-01-31)\n13 March 2016 (2016-03-13)\n45\n12\nBrendan Fevola\nPaul Harragon\nLaurina Fleure\n\n\n3\n29 January 2017 (2017-01-29)\n13 March 2017 (2017-03-13)\n46\n14\nCasey Donovan\nDane Swan\nNatalie Bassingthwaighte\n\n\n4\n28 January 2018 (2018-01-28)\n12 March 2018 (2018-03-12)\n45\n15\nFiona O'Loughlin\nShannon Noll\nDanny Green\n\n\n5\n\n2019\n2019\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Fiona O'Loughlin"
] |
-4418776701316631911 | 11 foot 8 Bridge | 11 foot 8 bridge - wikipedia 11 foot 8 bridge Jump to : navigation , search 11 foot 8 Bridge Warning signs and flashing lights at the Gregson Street Railroad Bridge ; photograph taken prior to installation of traffic signals on this side of bridge Coordinates 35 ° 59 ′ 57 '' N 78 ° 54 ′ 37 '' W / 35.9990744 ° N 78.910231 ° W / 35.9990744 ; - 78.910231 Coordinates : 35 ° 59 ′ 57 '' N 78 ° 54 ′ 37 '' W / 35.9990744 ° N 78.910231 ° W / 35.9990744 ; - 78.910231 Carries Amtrak Norfolk Southern Railway Crosses South Gregson Street Locale Durham , North Carolina , U.S. Official name Norfolk Southern -- Gregson Street Overpass Other name ( s ) Canopener Bridge Owner North Carolina Railroad Structure Number 000000000630068 Website http://11foot8.com Characteristics Design Stringer / Multi-beam or Girder Material Steel Total length 28.00 meters ( 91.86 ft ) No. of spans Clearance below 11 ft 8 in ( 3.56 m ) History Construction end 1940 Statistics Daily traffic 11,000 ( 2003 ) with 6 % of truck traffic The 11 foot 8 Bridge ( formally known as the Norfolk Southern -- Gregson Street Overpass and nicknamed The Can - Opener ) is a railroad bridge in Durham , North Carolina , United States , that has attracted media coverage and popular attention because tall vehicles such as trucks and RVs frequently collide with the unusually low overpass , resulting in damage ranging from RV roof air conditioners being scraped off to entire truck roofs being removed . The 78 - year - old bridge along South Gregson Street provides only 11 feet 8 inches ( 3.56 m ) of vertical clearance . It can not be raised , because nearby railroad crossings would also have to be raised with it . The street also can not be lowered , because a major sewer line runs only four feet ( 1.2 m ) under Gregson Street . Despite numerous signs and warning devices , a truck crashes into the bridge on average at least once a month . Most crashes involve rental trucks , even though rental agencies warn renters about the under - height bridges in the area . Jürgen Henn , who works in a nearby office , mounted a video camera to record the crashes . Since April 2008 , he has recorded over 100 crashes , and posted them on YouTube . The videos gradually attracted the attention of a local TV station , and eventually progressed to international media attention . The bridge is only one of several under - height bridges in the area that trucks frequently crash into ; however , the videos became viral , and brought this particular bridge to international media attention , including front - page coverage in The Wall Street Journal , and on an episode of the Comedy Central show Tosh. 0 . As of January 2018 , there have been no deaths and only three minor injuries at the bridge , leading officials to concentrate on more urgent safety issues . Contents ( hide ) 1 Official actions 1.1 New traffic light 1.2 Priorities 2 References 3 External links Official actions ( edit ) A view from under the bridge , facing traffic . Just below the bridge , is a wide - flange steel H - beam to protect it from over-height trucks . The beam 's web is horizontal to better absorb the shear force of truck collisions . The vertical flanges spread the impact . Screenshot of a truck damaged after attempting to go under the bridge , one of many vehicle collisions recorded by Jürgen Henn The state of North Carolina owns the North Carolina Railroad Company , which owns the land and the bridge . ( North Carolina Railroad owns no rolling stock , but leases tracks to Amtrak and Norfolk Southern Railway . ) A heavy steel crash beam protects the bridge from over-height trucks , but does nothing to prevent crashes or protect the trucks . The crash beam has been hit so often that it had to be replaced at least once . The Transportation Department of the City of Durham maintains Gregson Street , which runs under the bridge . The city installed height detectors on Gregson a block before the bridge . When an over-height truck passes by the detector , yellow warning lights flashed to alert the drivers of trucks that will not clear the low underpass . Unfortunately , many drivers fail to heed the warnings , and crash into the bridge . The problem is complicated by the location of Peabody Street , which runs parallel to the tracks , and intersects Gregson , just before the bridge . Not all trucks traveling on Gregson will continue under the bridge . Some large trucks must turn right onto Peabody to make their deliveries . Over-height trucks are allowed on Gregson , as long as they turn just before the bridge . New traffic light ( edit ) In May 2016 , the city attempted to solve the problem by installing a traffic signal at the intersection , removing the yellow warning lights in return . When an over-height truck approaches , the light turns yellow , then red , and a screen displays the message `` OVERHEIGHT MUST TURN '' . The light will eventually turn green again , even if a truck driver chooses not to turn . The city hoped the long delay would give drivers time to realize their trucks will not fit under the bridge . However , trucks have continued to hit the bridge despite this . Priorities ( edit ) In 2014 , the North Carolina Department of Transportation ( NCDOT ) Rail Division and the City of Durham began a `` Traffic Separation Study '' of 18 rail crossings over a 12 - mile ( 19 km ) section of the railroad . Gregson Street is in the middle of that section of track , but was not mentioned in the study . The study focused on eliminating at - grade crossings , not on fixing grade - separated crossings such as the one at Gregson . There have been four deaths and two other injuries in the study area since 1991 , compared to only three minor injuries at Gregson . The study did recommend replacing the bridge at Roxboro Street , because it has a vertical clearance of only 11 feet 4 inches ( 3.45 m ) , and `` Many trucks have gotten stuck under the Roxboro Street railroad bridge . '' Local news has reported crashes at the Roxboro Street bridge . As of January 2016 , recommendations made in the study have not been implemented . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gutierrez , Gabe ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` This Bridge Continues Wreaking Havoc on Unsuspecting Truck Drivers '' . NBC Nightly News . NBC News . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Tamara ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` Trucks Hit Same Durham Bridge Hours Apart '' . Eyewitness News . Durham , NC : WTVD - TV . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , David ( April 12 , 2013 ) . `` Video : Trucks Smash into Bridge Time After Time After Time '' . Denver : KDVR - TV . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Ben ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` The Joys of Watching a Bridge Shave the Tops off Trucks '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Erin Hartness ( March 18 , 2009 ) . `` Man 's videos span year of trucks hitting Durham bridge '' . WRAL - TV . Capitol Broadcasting Company . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hooley , Danny ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` A Little off the Top : Durham 's ' Canopener Bridge ' Makes the Front Page of the Wall Street Journal , '' . Indy Week . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Another Truck Slams Into Durham Bridge , Gets Stuck '' . Eyewitness News . Durham , NC : WTVD - TV . August 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gary D. Robertson ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` NC lawmakers seeking more from railroad company '' . The Daily Herald , Roanoke Rapids , NC . Associated Press . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chris Williams ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Truck Slams Into Durham 's ' Can Opener ' Bridge Despite New Warning System '' . Spectrum News . Time Warner Cable . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthew West ( March 27 , 2014 ) . Traffic Separation Study ( TSS ) ( Report ) . City of Durham , North Carolina . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tractor - trailer hits Roxboro Street bridge in Durham '' . WRAL - TV . Capitol Broadcasting Company . December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Norfolk Southern -- Gregson Street Overpass at Wikimedia Commons 11foot8.com Bridge - related articles Structural types Arch bridge Bascule bridge Beam bridge Box girder bridge Bridge -- tunnel Burr truss Cable - stayed bridge Canopy bridge Cantilever bridge Cantilever spar cable - stayed bridge Covered bridge Crib bridge Extradosed bridge Log bridge Moon bridge Moveable bridge Navigable aqueduct Pile bridge Pontoon bridge ( Vlotbrug ) Suspension bridge ( types ) Tilt bridge Timber bridge Through arch bridge Transporter bridge Truss bridge Tubular bridge Viaduct Visual index to various types Lists of bridges by type List of bridges List of road -- rail bridges List of bridge -- tunnels List of bascule bridges List of multi-level bridges List of toll bridges List of cantilever bridges Lists of bridges by size By length Suspension bridges Cable - stayed bridges Cantilever bridges Continuous truss bridges Arch bridges Masonry arch bridges Highest Tallest Additional lists Bridge failures Bridge to nowhere Commons WikiProject Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=11_foot_8_Bridge&oldid=833429975 '' Categories : Buildings and structures in Durham , North Carolina Railroad bridges in North Carolina Beam bridges Viral videos Traffic collisions Transportation in Durham , North Carolina Steel bridges in the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Polski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 14 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the 11 foot 8 inch bridge | [
"The 11 foot 8 Bridge (formally known as the Norfolk Southern–Gregson Street Overpass and nicknamed The Can-Opener) is a railroad bridge in Durham, North Carolina, United States, that has attracted media coverage and popular attention because tall vehicles such as trucks and RVs frequently collide with the unusually low overpass, resulting in damage ranging from RV roof air conditioners being scraped off to entire truck roofs being removed.[1] The 78-year-old bridge along South Gregson Street provides only 11 feet 8 inches (3.56 m) of vertical clearance.[2] It cannot be raised, because nearby railroad crossings would also have to be raised with it. The street also cannot be lowered, because a major sewer line runs only four feet (1.2 m) under Gregson Street.[3]"
] | [
"Durham, North Carolina"
] |
7253154454157919903 | An Essay on Criticism | An Essay on criticism - wikipedia An Essay on criticism Jump to : navigation , search Frontispiece An Essay on Criticism is one of the first major poems written by the English writer Alexander Pope ( 1688 -- 1744 ) . It is the source of the famous quotations `` To err is human , to forgive divine '' and `` A little learning is a dang'rous thing , '' frequently misquoted as `` A little knowledge is a dang'rous thing . '' It first appeared in 1711 after having been written in 1709 , and it is clear from Pope 's correspondence that many of the poem 's ideas had existed in prose form since at least 1706 . Composed in heroic couplets ( pairs of adjacent rhyming lines of iambic pentameter ) and written in the Horatian mode of satire , it is a verse essay primarily concerned with how writers and critics behave in the new literary commerce of Pope 's contemporary age . The poem covers a range of good criticism and advice , and represents many of the chief literary ideals of Pope 's age . Pope contends in the poem 's opening couplets that bad criticism does greater harm than bad writing : ' Tis hard to say , if greater Want of Skill Appear in Writing or in Judging ill , But , of the two , less dang'rous is th ' Offence , To tire our Patience , than mis - lead our Sense Some few in that , but Numbers err in this , Ten Censure wrong for one who Writes amiss ; A Fool might once himself alone expose , Now One in Verse makes many more in Prose ... ( 1 -- 8 ) Despite the harmful effects of bad criticism , literature requires worthy criticism . Pope delineates common faults of poets , e.g. , settling for easy and cliché rhymes : And ten low words oft creep in one dull line : While they ring round the same unvaried chimes , With sure returns of still expected rhymes ; Wher'er you find `` the cooling western breeze '' , In the next line , it `` whispers through the trees '' ; If crystal streams `` with pleasing murmurs creep '' , The reader 's threatened ( not in vain ) with `` sleep '' ... ( 347 -- 353 ) Throughout the poem , Pope refers to ancient writers such as Virgil , Homer , Aristotle , Horace and Longinus . This is a testament to his belief that the `` Imitation of the ancients '' is the ultimate standard for taste . Pope also says , `` True ease in writing comes from art , not chance , / As those move easiest who have learned to dance '' ( 362 -- 363 ) , meaning poets are made , not born . As is usual in Pope 's poems , the Essay concludes with a reference to Pope himself . Walsh , the last of the critics mentioned , was a mentor and friend of Pope who had died in 1710 . An Essay on Criticism was famously and fiercely attacked by John Dennis , who is mentioned mockingly in the work . Consequently , Dennis also appears in Pope 's later satire , The Dunciad . Part II of An Essay on Criticism includes a famous couplet : A little learning is a dangerous thing ; Drink deep , or taste not the Pierian spring . This is in reference to the spring in the Pierian Mountains in Macedonia , sacred to the Muses . The first line of this couplet is often misquoted as `` a little knowledge is a dangerous thing '' . The Essay also gives this famous line ( towards the end of Part II ) : To err is human , to forgive divine . The phrase `` fools rush in where angels fear to tread '' from Part III has become part of the popular lexicon , and has been used for and in various works . See also ( edit ) Dunning -- Kruger effect , the empirically observed pattern that individuals possessing a nonzero but low degree of competence in a field tend to overestimate their competence whereas individuals possessing high competence in that field tend to accurately assess or even underestimate their competence relative to others ' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ An Essay on Criticism ( 1 ed . ) . London : Printed for W. Lewis in Russel Street , Covent Garden ; and Sold by W. Taylor at the Ship in Pater - Noster Row , T. Osborn near the Walks , and J. Graves in St. James Street . 1711 . Retrieved 21 May 2015 . via Google books Jump up ^ 22 October 1706 : Correspondence , i. 23 -- 24 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : An Essay on Criticism Wikisource has original text related to this article : An Essay on Criticism An Essay on Criticism at the Eighteenth - Century Poetry Archive ( ECPA ) Full text of the Essay An Essay on Criticism at Project Gutenberg ( much punctuation is missing ) A Study Guide for the Essay , by Walter Jackson Bate An Essay on Criticism public domain audiobook at LibriVox Alexander Pope Plays Three Hours After Marriage ( 1717 ) Essays `` Peri Bathous , Or the Art of Sinking in Poetry '' ( 1727 ) Poetry `` Ode on Solitude '' ( 1700 ) An Essay on Criticism ( 1711 ) Messiah ( Latin poem ) ( 1712 ) The Rape of the Lock ( 1712 ) The Temple of Fame ( 1715 ) Eloisa to Abelard ( 1717 ) `` Elegy to the Memory of an Unfortunate Lady '' ( 1717 ) The Dunciad ( 1728 -- 9 , 1742 -- 3 ) An Essay on Man ( 1734 ) Moral Essays ( 1731 - 35 ) Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot ( 1735 ) Related Popeswood Binfield Scriblerus Club Memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus `` Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel ? '' Heroic couplet People Martha Blount John Caryll Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=An_Essay_on_Criticism&oldid=781814832 '' Categories : British poems Works by Alexander Pope 1711 poems Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2011 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Talk About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2017 , at 11 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who said to error is human to forgive divine | [
"An Essay on Criticism is one of the first major poems written by the English writer Alexander Pope (1688–1744). It is the source of the famous quotations \"To err is human, to forgive divine\" and \"A little learning is a dang'rous thing,\" frequently misquoted as \"A little knowledge is a dang'rous thing.\" It first appeared in 1711[1] after having been written in 1709, and it is clear from Pope's correspondence[2] that many of the poem's ideas had existed in prose form since at least 1706. Composed in heroic couplets (pairs of adjacent rhyming lines of iambic pentameter) and written in the Horatian mode of satire, it is a verse essay primarily concerned with how writers and critics behave in the new literary commerce of Pope's contemporary age. The poem covers a range of good criticism and advice, and represents many of the chief literary ideals of Pope's age."
] | [
"Alexander Pope"
] |
5998309088403687119 | Make 'Em Laugh | Make ' Em Laugh - Wikipedia Make ' Em Laugh Jump to : navigation , search `` Make ' Em Laugh '' is a song first featured in the 1952 film Singin ' in the Rain , frenetically performed by Donald O'Connor . Written by Nacio Herb Brown and Arthur Freed , the song is closely based on Cole Porter 's `` Be a Clown '' . It finished at # 49 in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema . O'Connor's song - and - dance routine in Singin ' in the Rain is noted for its extreme physical difficulty , featuring dozens of jumps , pratfalls , and two backflips . Hollywood legend states that O'Connor , a chain - smoker , was bedridden for several days after filming the sequence . This high degree of difficulty has made the original routine a tour de force in physical comedy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Notable Performances 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Notable performances ( edit ) `` Make ' Em Laugh '' was later performed by Tim Curry , Kathy Najimy , and Mara Wilson at the 67th Annual Academy Awards in 1995 . A parody of this song was featured on an episode of the TV series Family Guy titled `` Peterotica '' . It was sung by Glenn Quagmire while visiting a sex shop with Peter , Cleveland , and Joe . The song title was used for a six - hour documentary , Make ' Em Laugh : The Funny Business of America , which aired on PBS in January , 2009 . The song was performed by Joseph Gordon - Levitt on Saturday Night Live on November 21 , 2009 . It was also performed by Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) on the Glee episode `` The Substitute '' on November 16 , 2010 . It also had a new original rendition in the 2015 movie Minions , in Minionese . See also ( edit ) Be a Clown Paul Krassner References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Adams , Cecil . `` Are n't the show tunes `` Be a Clown '' and `` Make ' Em Laugh '' suspiciously similar ? `` . The Straight Dope . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Make ' Em Laugh '' . PBS . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Glee - `` The Substitute '' `` . Cultural Learnings. 2010 - 11 - 16 . External links ( edit ) Article on similarities between `` Be a Clown '' and `` Make ' em Laugh '' This show tune - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Make_%27Em_Laugh&oldid=798872190 '' Categories : Songs from musicals Laughter 1952 songs Songs with music by Nacio Herb Brown Songs with lyrics by Arthur Freed Show tune stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 08 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang make em laugh in singin in the rain | [
"\"Make 'Em Laugh\" is a song first featured in the 1952 film Singin' in the Rain, frenetically performed by Donald O'Connor. Written by Nacio Herb Brown and Arthur Freed, the song is closely based on Cole Porter's \"Be a Clown\".[1] It finished at #49 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema."
] | [
"Donald O'Connor"
] |
-5573391368468921428 | Color mixing | Color mixing - wikipedia Color mixing Jump to : navigation , search White light split by a prism . The additive primary colors are clearly visible . There are two types of color mixing : Additive and Subtractive . In both cases , there are three primary colors , three secondary colors ( colors made from 2 of the three primary colors in equal amounts ) , and one tertiary color made from all three primary colors . This point is a common source of confusion , as there are different sets of primary colors depending on whether you are working with additive or subtractive mixing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Additive mixing 2 Subtractive mixing 3 See also 4 External links 5 References Additive mixing ( edit ) A simulated example of additive color mixing . Additive primaries act as sources of light . The standard red , green , and blue combine pairwise to produce the additive secondaries cyan , magenta , and yellow ( which are also the subtractive primaries in theory , although actual pigments are likely not as intense ) . Combining all three primaries ( center ) produces white . The additive mixing of colors is unintuitive as it does not correspond to the mixing of physical substances ( such as paint ) which would correspond to subtractive mixing . For instance , one can additively mix yellow and blue by shining yellow light together with blue light , which will result in not green but a white light . As in this example , one should always have the mixture of light in mind when considering additive color mixing as it is the only situation where it occurs . Despite being unintuitive , it is conceptually simpler than subtractive mixing . Two beams of light that are superimposed correspond to additive mixing . By convention , the three primary colors in additive mixing are red , green , and blue . In the absence of color , when no colors are showing , the result is black . If all three primary colors are showing , the result is white . When red and green combine , the result is yellow . When red and blue combine , the result is magenta . When blue and green combine , the result is cyan . Additive mixing is used in television and computer monitors to produce a wide range of colors using only three primary colors . A pixel is a juxtaposition of these three primary colors . Projection televisions typically have three projectors , one for each primary color . Subtractive mixing ( edit ) Main article : Subtractive color A simulated example of ( idealized ) subtractive color mixing . An external source of illumination is assumed , and each primary attenuates ( absorbs ) some of that light . The standard subtractive primaries cyan , magenta , and yellow combine pairwise to make subtractive secondaries red , green , and blue ( which themselves are additive primaries , or in practice somewhat darker and less - saturated versions of typical additive primaries ) . Combining all three primaries ( center ) absorbs all the light , resulting in black . For real pigments , the results would be somewhat complicated by opacity and mixing behavior , and in practice adding a fourth pigment such as black may be helpful . The mixing of colored physical substances corresponds to subtractive color mixing , hence it corresponds to our intuition about mixing colors . To explain the mechanism , let us consider mixing red paint with yellow paint . The red paint is red because when the ambient light strikes it , the composition of the material is such that it absorbs all other colors in the visible spectrum except for red . The red light , not being absorbed , reflects off the paint and is what we see . This same mechanism describes the color of all material objects -- note that light is not a material object -- and so applies to the yellow paint as well . Making recourse to the figure above demonstrating additive color mixing , one sees that yellow light is composed of an ( additive ) mixture of red and green light . When we mix the two paints , the resulting substance has red paint and yellow paint . The yellow paint absorbs all colors except for red and green . However , the red paint will absorb the green reflected by the yellow paint . The red paint can be said to subtract the green from the yellow paint . The resulting paint reflects only red light and so appears red to our eyes . Note however that this description is theoretical and that the mixing of pigments does not correspond to ideal subtractive color mixing because some light from the subtracted color is still being reflected by one component of the original paint . This results in a darker and desaturated color compared to the color that would be achieved with ideal filters . The three primary colors in subtractive mixing that produce the largest gamut are yellow , magenta and cyan , leading to the CMYK color model widely used in color printing . Historically , painters have used yellow , red and blue in place of these , resulting in reduced gamut . In subtractive mixing of color , the absence of color is white and the presence of all three primary colors is black . The secondary colors are the same as the primary colors from additive mixing , and vice versa . This is not an accident . By mixing additive secondary colors subtractively one can reachieve the primary additive colors . Subtractive mixing is used to create a variety of colors when printing on paper by combining a small number of ink colors , and also when painting . Red is created by mixing magenta and yellow ( removing green and blue ) . Green is created by mixing cyan and yellow ( removing red and blue respectively ) . Blue is created by mixing cyan and magenta ( removing red and green ) . Black can be approximated by mixing cyan , magenta , and yellow , although real pigments are not ideal and so pure black is nearly impossible to achieve . See also ( edit ) Color theory Subtractive color Additive color Impossible colors External links ( edit ) Interactive Java applet on the additive mixing of RGB colors by Wolfgang Bauer Interactive Java applet on the subtractive mixing of CYM colors by Wolfgang Bauer References ( edit ) Macaulay , David and Neil Ardley ( 1988 ) . The New Way Things Work . London : Dorling Kindersley Ltd . ISBN 0 - 395 - 93847 - 3 . ( hide ) Color topics Red Orange Yellow Green Cyan Blue Indigo Violet Purple Magenta Pink Brown White Gray Black Color science Color physics Electromagnetic spectrum Light Rainbow Visible Spectral colors Chromophore Structural coloration Animal coloration On Vision and Colors Metamerism Spectral power distribution Color perception Color vision Color blindness Achromatopsia test Tetrachromacy Color constancy Color term Color depth Color photography Spot color Color printing Web colors Color mapping Color code Color management Chrominance False color Chroma key Color balance Color cast Color temperature Eigengrau Color psychology Color symbolism Color preferences Lüscher color test Kruithof curve Political color National colors Chromophobia Chromotherapy Color philosophy Color space Color model additive subtractive Color mixing Primary color Secondary color Tertiary color ( intermediate ) Quaternary color Quinary color Aggressive color ( warm ) Receding color ( cool ) Pastel colors Color gradient Color scheme Color tool Monochromatic colors Complementary colors Analogous colors Achromatic colors ( Neutral ) Polychromatic colors Impossible colors Light - on - dark Tinctures in heraldry Color theory Chromaticity diagram Color solid Color wheel Color triangle Color analysis ( art ) Color realism ( art style ) Color terms Basic terms Blue Green Red Yellow Pink Purple Orange Black Gray White Brown Cultural differences Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate Blue -- green distinction in language Color history Color in Chinese culture Traditional colors of Japan Human skin color Color dimensions Hue Dichromatism Colorfulness ( chroma and saturation ) Tints and shades Lightness ( tone and value ) Grayscale Color organizations Pantone Color Marketing Group The Color Association of the United States International Colour Authority International Commission on Illumination ( CIE ) International Color Consortium International Colour Association Lists List of colors : A -- F List of colors : G -- M List of colors : N -- Z List of colors ( compact ) List of colors by shade List of color palettes List of color spaces List of Crayola crayon colors history pencil colors marker colors Color chart List of fictional colors List of RAL colors List of web colors Related Vision Image processing Multi-primary color display Quattron Qualia Lighting Local color ( visual art ) Portal Index of color - related articles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_mixing&oldid=836825914 '' Categories : Color Light Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Hrvatski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 02 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | mix red and green to make this colour | [
"By convention, the three primary colors in additive mixing are red, green, and blue. In the absence of color, when no colors are showing, the result is black. If all three primary colors are showing, the result is white. When red and green combine, the result is yellow. When red and blue combine, the result is magenta. When blue and green combine, the result is cyan."
] | [
"yellow"
] |
-4779295319060613821 | State Bank of India | State Bank of India - Wikipedia State Bank of India Jump to : navigation , search State Bank of India State Bank Bhavan at Nariman Point in Mumbai Type Public Traded as NSE : SBIN BSE : 500112 LSE : SBID BSE SENSEX Constituent CNX Nifty Constituent Industry Banking , financial services Founded 2 June 1806 , Bank of Calcutta 27 January 1921 , Imperial Bank of India 1 July 1955 , State Bank of India 2 June 1956 , nationalization Headquarters Mumbai , Maharashtra , India Area served Worldwide Key people Rajnish Kumar ( Chairman ) Products Consumer banking , corporate banking , finance and insurance , investment banking , mortgage loans , private banking , private equity , savings , securities , asset management , wealth management , credit cards Revenue ₹ 298,640.45 crore ( US $46 billion ) ( 2017 ) Operating income ₹ 50,847.90 crore ( US $7.8 billion ) ( 2017 ) Net income ₹ 10,484.10 crore ( US $1.6 billion ) ( 2017 ) Total assets ₹ 2,705,966.30 crore ( US $410 billion ) ( 2017 ) Total equity ₹ 144,274.65 crore ( US $22 billion ) ( 2016 ) Owner Government of India ( 61.23 % ) Number of employees 209,567 ( 2017 ) Capital ratio 13.12 % ( 2016 ) Website sbi.co.in Footnotes / references State Bank of India ( SBI ) is an Indian multinational , public sector banking and financial services company . It is a government - owned corporation with its headquarters in Mumbai , Maharashtra . On April 1 , 2017 , the State Bank of India , which was India 's largest bank , merged with five of its associate banks ( State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur , State Bank of Hyderabad , State Bank of Mysore , State Bank of Patiala and State Bank of Travancore ) , and with the Bharatiya Mahila Bank . This was the first ever large scale consolidation in the Indian banking industry . With the merger , SBI became one of the 50 largest banks in the world ( balance sheet size of ₹ 33 trillion , 278,000 employees , 420 million customers , and more than 24,000 branches and 59,000 ATMs ) . SBI 's market share was projected to increase to 22 percent from 17 per cent . It has 198 offices in 37 countries ; 301 correspondents in 72 countries . The company is ranked 232nd on the Fortune Global 500 list of the world 's biggest corporations as of 2016 . The bank descends from the Bank of Calcutta , founded in 1806 , via the Imperial Bank of India , making it the oldest commercial bank in the Indian subcontinent . The Bank of Madras merged into the other two `` presidency banks '' in British India , the Bank of Calcutta and the Bank of Bombay , to form the Imperial Bank of India , which in turn became the State Bank of India in 1955 . The Government of India took control of the Imperial Bank of India in 1955 , with Reserve Bank of India ( India 's central bank ) taking a 60 % stake , renaming it the State Bank of India . In 2008 , the government took over the stake held by the Reserve Bank of India . The State Bank of India has 20 % market share in deposits and loans among Indian commercial banks . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Operations 2.1 Domestic presence 2.2 International presence 2.3 Former Associate Banks 2.4 Non-banking subsidiaries 2.5 Other SBI service points 3 Listings and shareholding 4 Employees 5 Recent awards and recognition 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Share of the Bank of Bengal , issued 13 May 1876 Seal of Imperial Bank of India The roots of the State Bank of India lie in the first decade of the 19th century , when the Bank of Calcutta later renamed the Bank of Bengal , was established on 2 June 1806 . The Bank of Bengal was one of three Presidency banks , the other two being the Bank of Bombay ( incorporated on 15 April 1840 ) and the Bank of Madras ( incorporated on 1 July 1843 ) . All three Presidency banks were incorporated as joint stock companies and were the result of royal charters . These three banks received the exclusive right to issue paper currency till 1861 when , with the Paper Currency Act , the right was taken over by the Government of India . The Presidency banks amalgamated on 27 January 1921 , and the re-organised banking entity took as its name Imperial Bank of India . The Imperial Bank of India remained a joint stock company but without Government participation . Pursuant to the provisions of the State Bank of India Act of 1955 , the Reserve Bank of India , which is India 's central bank , acquired a controlling interest in the Imperial Bank of India . On 1 July 1955 , the imperial Bank of India became the State Bank of India . In 2008 , the Government of India acquired the Reserve Bank of India 's stake in SBI so as to remove any conflict of interest because the RBI is the country 's banking regulatory authority . In 1959 , the government passed the State Bank of India ( Subsidiary Banks ) Act . This made SBI subsidiaries of eight that had belonged to princely states prior to their nationalization and operational takeover between September 1959 and October 1960 , which made eight state banks associates of SBI . This une with the first Five Year Plan , which prioritised the development of rural India . The government integrated these banks into the State Bank of India system to expand its rural outreach . In 1963 SBI merged State Bank of Jaipur ( est. 1943 ) and State Bank of Bikaner ( est. 1944 ) . SBI has acquired local banks in rescues . The first was the Bank of Bihar ( est. 1911 ) , which SBI acquired in 1969 , together with its 28 branches . The next year SBI acquired National Bank of Lahore ( est. 1942 ) , which had 24 branches . Five years later , in 1975 , SBI acquired Krishnaram Baldeo Bank , which had been established in 1916 in Gwalior State , under the patronage of Maharaja Madho Rao Scindia . The bank had been the Dukan Pichadi , a small moneylender , owned by the Maharaja . The new bank 's first manager was Jall N. Broacha , a Parsi . In 1985 , SBI acquired the Bank of Cochin in Kerala , which had 120 branches . SBI was the acquirer as its affiliate , the State Bank of Travancore , already had an extensive network in Kerala . There has been a proposal to merge all the associate banks into SBI to create a `` mega bank '' and streamline the group 's operations . The first step towards unification occurred on 13 August 2008 when State Bank of Saurashtra merged with SBI , reducing the number of associate state banks from seven to six . On 19 June 2009 , the SBI board approved the absorption of State Bank of Indore . SBI holds 98.3 % in State Bank of Indore . ( Individuals who held the shares prior to its takeover by the government hold the balance of 1.7 % . ) The acquisition of State Bank of Indore added 470 branches to SBI 's existing network of branches . Also , following the acquisition , SBI 's total assets will approach ₹ 10 trillion . The total assets of SBI and the State Bank of Indore were ₹ 9,981,190 million as of March 2009 . The process of merging of State Bank of Indore was completed by April 2010 , and the SBI Indore branches started functioning as SBI branches on 26 August 2010 . On 7 October 2013 , Arundhati Bhattacharya became the first woman to be appointed Chairperson of the bank . Mrs. Bhattacharya received an extension of two years of service to merge into SBI the five remaining associated banks . Operations ( edit ) SBI provides a range of banking products through its network of branches in India and overseas , including products aimed at non-resident Indians ( NRIs ) . SBI has 14 regional hubs and 57 Zonal Offices that are located at important cities throughout India . Domestic presence ( edit ) SBI has 18,354 branches in India . In the financial year 2012 -- 13 , its revenue was ₹ 2.005 trillion ( US $31 billion ) , out of which domestic operations contributed to 95.35 % of revenue . Similarly , domestic operations contributed to 88.37 % of total profits for the same financial year . Under the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana of financial inclusion launched by Government in August 2014 , SBI held 11,300 camps and opened over 3 million accounts by September , which included 2.1 million accounts in rural areas and 1.57 million accounts in urban areas . International presence ( edit ) The Israeli branch of the State Bank of India located in Ramat Gan As of 2014 -- 15 , the bank had 191 overseas offices spread over 36 countries having the largest presence in foreign markets among Indian banks . SBI operates several foreign subsidiaries or affiliates . In 1989 , SBI established an offshore bank : State Bank of India International ( Mauritius ) Ltd in Mauritius . SBI International ( Mauritius ) Ltd amalgamated with The Indian Ocean International Bank , which has been doing retail banking business in Mauritius since 1979 with the new name , SBI ( Mauritius ) Ltd . Today , SBI ( Mauritius ) Ltd is having fully integrated 14 branches - 13 Retail Branches covering major cities and town of Mauritius , including Rodrigues , and 1 Global Business Branch at Ebene in Mauritius . Apart from Branch Banking , customers also have the convenience of 24x7 ATM Banking at 18 ATMs across the country . Bank also has a 24x7 robust Internet Banking Channel enabling customers to work from their homes and offices . State Bank of India Branch at Jaffna , Sri Lanka SBI Sri Lanka now has three branches located in Colombo , Kandy and Jaffna . The Jaffna branch was opened on 9 September 2013 . SBI Sri Lanka , the oldest bank in Sri Lanka , celebrated its 150th year in Sri Lanka on 1 July 2014 . State Bank of India ( S.B.I. ) Branch at Tsim Sha Tsui , Hong Kong In 1982 , the bank established a subsidiary , State Bank of India , which now has ten branches -- nine branches in the state of California and one in Washington , D.C. The 10th branch was opened in Fremont , California on 28 March 2011 . The other eight branches in California are located in Los Angeles , Artesia , San Jose , Canoga Park , Fresno , San Diego , Tustin and Bakersfield . In Nigeria , SBI operates as INMB Bank . This bank began in 1981 as the Indo -- Nigerian Merchant Bank and received permission in 2002 to commence retail banking . It now has five branches in Nigeria . In Nepal , SBI owns 49 % of SBI Nepal ( State Bank in Nepal ) share with Nepal Government owing the rest and SBI NEPAL has branches throughout the country in each and every city as banking has become the major part of daily life for Nepalese people . In Moscow , SBI owns 60 % of Commercial Bank of India , with Canara Bank owning the rest . In Indonesia , it owns 76 % of PT Bank Indo Monex . The State Bank of India already has a branch in Shanghai and plans to open one in Tianjin . In Kenya , State Bank of India owns 76 % of Giro Commercial Bank , which it acquired for US $ 8 million in October 2005 . In January 2016 , SBI opened its first branch in Seoul , South Korea following the continuous and significant increase in trade due to the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement signed between New Delhi and Seoul in 2009 . Former associate banks ( edit ) Main Branch of SBI in Mumbai SBI acquired the control of seven banks in 1960 . They were the seven regional banks of former Indian princely states . They were renamed , prefixing them with ' State Bank of ' . These seven banks were State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur ( SBBJ ) , State Bank of Hyderabad ( SBH ) , State Bank of Indore ( SBN ) , State Bank of Mysore ( SBM ) , State Bank of Patiala ( SBP ) , State Bank of Saurashtra ( SBS ) and State Bank of Travancore ( SBT ) . All these banks were given the same logo as the parent bank , SBI . The plans for making SBI a mega bank with trillion dollar business by merging the associate banks started in 2008 , and in September the same year , SBS merged with SBI . The very next year , State Bank of Indore ( SBN ) also merged . In the same year , a subsidiary named Bharatiya Mahila Bank was formed . The negotiations for merging of the 6 associate banks ( State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur , State Bank of Hyderabad , State Bank of Mysore , State Bank of Patiala , State Bank of Travancore and Bharatiya Mahila Bank ) by acquiring their businesses including assets and liabilities with SBI started in 2016 . The merger was approved by the Union Cabinet on 15 June 2016 . The State Bank of India and all its associate banks used the same blue Keyhole logo . The State Bank of India wordmark usually had one standard typeface , but also utilized other typefaces . On 15 February 2017 , the Union Cabinet approved the merger of five associate banks with SBI. What was overlooked , however , were different pension liability provisions and accounting policies for bad loans , based on regional risks . State Bank of India Mumbai LHO The State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur , State Bank of Hyderabad , State Bank of Mysore , State Bank of Patiala and State Bank of Travancore , and Bharatiya Mahila Bank were merged with State Bank of India with effect from 1 April 2017 . Non-banking subsidiaries ( edit ) Apart from its five associate banks ( merged with SBI since April 1 , 2017 ) , SBI also has the following non-banking subsidiaries : SBI Capital Markets Ltd SBI Funds Management Pvt Ltd SBI Factors & Commercial Services Pvt Ltd SBI Cards & Payments Services Pvt. Ltd . ( SBICPSL ) SBI DFHI Ltd SBI Life Insurance Company Limited SBI General Insurance In March 2001 , SBI ( with 74 % of the total capital ) , joined with BNP Paribas ( with 26 % of the remaining capital ) , to form a joint venture life insurance company named SBI Life Insurance company Ltd . In 2004 , SBI DFHI ( Discount and Finance House of India ) was founded with its headquarters in Mumbai . Other SBI service points ( edit ) As of 31 March 2017 , SBI group ( including associate banks ) has 59,291 ATMs . Since November 2017 , SBI also offers an integrated digital banking platform named YONO . Listings and shareholding ( edit ) As on 31 March 2017 , Government of India held around 61.23 % equity shares in SBI . The Life Insurance Corporation of India , itself state - owned , is the largest non-promoter shareholder in the company with 8.82 % shareholding . Shareholders Shareholding Promoters : Government of India 61.23 % FIIs / GDRs / OCBs / NRIs 11.17 % Banks & Insurance Companies 10.00 % Mutual Funds & UTI 8.29 % Others 9.31 % Total 100.0 % The equity shares of SBI are listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange , where it is a constituent of the BSE SENSEX index , and the National Stock Exchange of India , where it is a constituent of the CNX Nifty . Its Global Depository Receipts ( GDRs ) are listed on the London Stock Exchange . Employees ( edit ) State Bank Learning Centre in Machilipatnam SBI is one of the largest employers in the country with 209,567 employees as on 31 March 2017 , out of which there were 23 % female employees and 3,179 ( 1.5 % ) employees with disabilities . On the same date , SBI had 37,875 Scheduled Castes ( 18 % ) , 17,069 Scheduled Tribes ( 8.1 % ) and 39,709 Other Backward Classes ( 18.9 % ) employees . The percentage of Officers , Associates and Sub-staff was 38.6 % , 44.3 % and 16.9 % respectively on the same date . Around 13,000 employees have joined the Bank in FY 2016 - 17 . Each employee contributed a net profit of ₹ 511,000 ( US $7,800 ) during FY 2016 - 17 . Recent awards and recognition ( edit ) SBI was ranked as the top bank in India based on tier 1 capital by The Banker magazine in a 2014 ranking . SBI was ranked 232nd in the Fortune Global 500 rankings of the world 's biggest corporations for the year 2016 . SBI was named the 29th most reputed company in the world according to Forbes 2009 rankings SBI was 50th Most Trusted brand in India as per the Brand Trust Report 2013 , an annual study conducted by Trust Research Advisory , a brand analytics company and subsequently , in the Brand Trust Report 2014 , SBI finished as India 's 19th Most Trusted Brand in India . See also ( edit ) List of largest banks John Mathai YONO , an online banking platform run by SBI References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Report ( 2016 - 17 ) of State Bank of India '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` State Bank of India Consolidated Yearly Results , State Bank of India Financial Statement & Accounts '' . www.moneycontrol.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` State Bank of India Yearly Results , State Bank of India Financial Statement & Accounts '' . www.moneycontrol.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` From Imperial Bank to State Bank '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` One unified entity '' ( jpg ) . SBI . Jump up ^ SBI website : https://www.sbi.co.in/portal/web/international/international Jump up ^ `` Fortune Global 500 list '' . CNN Money . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Rajesh . Banking Theory Law N Practice . Tata McGraw - Hill Education . p. 8 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SBI accounts for one - fifth of country 's loans '' . Livemint.com. 25 January 2009 . Retrieved 20 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Banks ' Association '' . Iba.org.in. 23 April 2005 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Business Standard ( 21 June 2010 ) . `` Approvals for State Bank of Indore merger by July : SBI '' . Jump up ^ Economic Times ( 26 August 2010 ) . `` State Bank of Indore branches to become SBI units from Aug 26 : SBI '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Arundhati Bhattacharya , first woman to head SBI '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Fortune ' Global 500 ' 2016 : State Bank of India '' . CNN . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SBI takes lead in opening bank accounts under Jan Dhan Yojana '' . The Economic Times . 11 September 2014 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SBI Annual Report 2014 - 15 '' . State Bank of India . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.sbimauritius.com/new/files/about.php Jump up ^ `` State Bank of India set to open second branch in China '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` State Bank of India Acquired 76 % Shareholding in Giro Commercial Bank in 2005 '' . Accessmylibrary.com. 8 October 2005 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Five associate banks to merge with SBI '' . 18 May 2016 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 -- via The Hindu . Jump up ^ Iyer , Aparna ( 17 May 2016 ) . `` SBI merger : India may soon have a global Top 50 bank '' . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SBI merges with 5 associates : New entity set to enter world 's top 50 banks list '' . Mumbai : Financial Express . 16 June 2016 . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ahead of merger with SBI , associate SBT to raise up to Rs 600 crore '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Pension liability provisions and accounting policies for bad loans. ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Reserve Bank of India List of ATM 's and POS '' . Jump up ^ `` Stake in PSBs : LIC holding drops as stress mounts '' . The Indian Express . 2016 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` State Bank of India '' . BSEindia.com . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scripwise Weightages in S&P BSE SENSEX '' . BSE India . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` State Bank of India '' . NSE India . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Download List of CNX Nifty stocks (. csv ) '' . NSE India . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SBID State Bank of India GDR ( Each Rep 2 SHS INR10 ) '' . London Stock Exchange . 11 October 1996 . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The top five banks in India '' . thebanker.com. 10 April 2014 . Retrieved 11 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Kneale , Klaus ( 6 May 2009 ) . `` World 's Most Reputable Companies : The Rankings '' . Forbes . Retrieved 20 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brand Mahatma lags behind Sachin , Aamir : Study '' . India Today . 28 January 2011 . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Economic Times '' . Jump up ^ `` Brand Trust Report 2014 '' . Archived from the original on 24 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to State Bank of India . Official website Central public sector companies of India Air India Balmer Lawrie Bharat Electronics Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited Bharat Petroleum Bharat Sanchar Nigam BHAVINI Cement Corporation of India Coal India Limited Dredging Corporation of India Limited Electronics Corporation of India Limited Food Corporation of India GAIL Hindustan Aeronautics Limited India Trade Promotion Organisation Indian Oil Corporation Indian Rare Earths Limited Life Insurance Corporation of India Mazagon Dock Limited MECON Limited Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited NTPC Limited Nuclear Power Corporation of India Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Power Grid Corporation of India Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Rural Electrification Corporation Limited State Bank of India Steel Authority of India Uranium Corporation of India Banking in India Reserve bank Reserve Bank of India Public sector banks Allahabad Bank Andhra Bank Bank of Baroda Bank of India Bank of Maharashtra Canara Bank Central Bank of India Corporation Bank Dena Bank IDBI Bank Indian Bank Indian Overseas Bank Oriental Bank of Commerce Post Bank of India Punjab & Sind Bank Punjab National Bank State Bank of India Syndicate Bank UCO Bank Union Bank of India United Bank of India Vijaya Bank Private sector banks Axis Bank Bandhan Bank Catholic Syrian Bank City Union Bank DCB Bank Dhanlaxmi Bank Federal Bank HDFC Bank ICICI Bank IDFC Bank IndusInd Bank Jammu & Kashmir Bank Karnataka Bank Karur Vysya Bank Kotak Mahindra Bank Lakshmi Vilas Bank Nainital Bank RBL Bank ( Ratnakar Bank ) South Indian Bank Tamilnad Mercantile Bank Limited Yes Bank Small finance bank Ujjivan Small Finance Bank Equitas Small Finance Bank AU Small Finance Bank Cooperative banks Buldhana Urban Cosmos Bank Repco Bank Saraswat Bank Shamrao Vithal Co-operative Bank TNSC Bank Rajkot Nagrik Sahakari Bank Foreign banks ABN AMRO Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank Antwerp Diamond Bank Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Bank Maybank Indonesia Bank of America Bank of Bahrain and Kuwait Bank of Ceylon The Bank of Tokyo - Mitsubishi UFJ Barclays Citibank India Credit Suisse DBS Bank Deutsche Bank HSBC Rabobank Royal Bank of Scotland Scotiabank Standard Chartered Regional Rural Banks Other Andhra Pradesh Grameena Vikas Bank Andhra Pragathi Grameena Bank Assam Gramin Vikash Bank Bangiya Gramin Vikash Bank Gramin Bank of Aryavart Kerala Gramin Bank North Malabar Gramin Bank Pallavan Grama Bank Pandyan Grama Bank Paschim Banga Gramin Bank Sarva UP Gramin Bank South Malabar Gramin Bank Uttar Bihar Gramin Bank Vananchal Gramin Bank Uttar Pradesh Allahabad UP Gramin Bank Baroda UP Gramin Bank Gramin Bank of Aryavart Kashi Gomti Samyut Gramin Bank Prathama Bank Purvanchal Bank Sarva UP Gramin Bank Payment Bank Airtel Paytm Interbank networks Cirrus NFS PLUS Electronic funds transfers IMPS NEFT RTGS UPI ( VPA ) AEPS Cards MasterCard Debit MasterCard Maestro RuPay Visa Visa Debit Visa Electron Visa payWave Defunct banks Alliance Bank of Simla Arbuthnot & Co Bank of Bombay Bank of Calcutta Bank of Chettinad Bank of Cochin Bank of Hindostan Bank of Madras Bank of Madura Bank of Rajasthan Bank of Thanjavur Bareilley Corporation Bank Bengal Central Bank Bharat Overseas Bank Bharatiya Mahila Bank Centurion Bank of Punjab Chartered Bank of India , Australia and China Commercial Bank of India Dass Bank Exchange Bank of India & Africa Global Trust Bank Grindlays Bank Hindustan Commercial Bank Imperial Bank of India ING Vysya Bank Lakshmi Commercial Bank Lord Krishna Bank Madhavpura Mercantile Cooperative Bank Mercantile Bank of India , London and China Miraj State Bank Nath Bank Nedungadi Bank New Bank of India Oriental Bank Corporation Oudh Commercial Bank Palai Central Bank Pandyan Bank Sikkim Bank State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur State Bank of Hyderabad State Bank of Indore State Bank of Mysore State Bank of Patiala State Bank of Saurashtra State Bank of Travancore Times Bank United Industrial Bank United Western Bank Related topics ATM usage fees in India Banks Board Bureau Banking Codes and Standards Board of India Bharat Bill Payment System De-Materialisation ( DEMAT ) Foreign Exchange ( FOREX ) Indian Financial System Code ( IFSC ) List of banks in India National Payments Corporation of India Prepaid Payment Instruments in India Structured Financial Messaging System ( SFMS ) ATM networks BANCS Cashnet CashTree India 1 ATM ( White Label ATM ) Indicash ( White Label ATM ) MITR BSE SENSEX companies of India Airtel Axis Bank Bajaj Auto BHEL Cipla Coal India Dr. Reddy 's Laboratories GAIL HDFC HDFC Bank Hero MotoCorp Hindalco HUL ICICI Bank Infosys ITC L&T Mahindra & Mahindra Maruti Suzuki NTPC ONGC Reliance Industries SBI Sesa Sterlite Sun Pharma Tata Motors Tata Power Tata Steel TCS Wipro CNX Nifty companies of India ACC Ambuja Cements Asian Paints Ltd Axis Bank Bajaj Auto Bank of Baroda BHEL BPCL Bharti Airtel Cairn India Cipla Coal India DLF Dr. Reddy 's Laboratories GAIL Grasim Industries HCL Technologies HDFC HDFC Bank Hero MotoCorp Hindalco Industries HUL Infosys ICICI Bank IDFC IndusInd Bank Ltd . ITC Limited Jindal Steel and Power Kotak Mahindra Bank L&T Lupin Mahindra & Mahindra Maruti Udyog NMDC NTPC ONGC Power Grid Corporation PNB Reliance Industries Sesa Sterlite Limited SBI Sun Pharmaceutical TCS Tata Motors Tata Power Tata Steel Tech Mahindra Ultratech Cement Wipro Zee Entertainment Enterprises State Bank of India Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Bank_of_India&oldid=831566938 '' Categories : Government - owned banks of India Banks based in Mumbai State Bank of India Financial services companies established in 1955 Banks of India Companies nationalised by the Government of India Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange BSE SENSEX CNX Nifty Government - owned companies of India Multinational companies headquartered in India 1955 establishments in India Hidden categories : EngvarB from July 2016 Use dmy dates from September 2016 Pages using infobox company with unsupported parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Deutsch Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Simple English Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 06 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the old name of state bank of india | [
"The bank descends from the Bank of Calcutta, founded in 1806, via the Imperial Bank of India, making it the oldest commercial bank in the Indian subcontinent. The Bank of Madras merged into the other two \"presidency banks\" in British India, the Bank of Calcutta and the Bank of Bombay, to form the Imperial Bank of India, which in turn became the State Bank of India in 1955.[8] The Government of India took control of the Imperial Bank of India in 1955, with Reserve Bank of India (India's central bank) taking a 60% stake, renaming it the State Bank of India. In 2008, the government took over the stake held by the Reserve Bank of India.[citation needed]"
] | [
"Imperial Bank of India"
] |
530349075172330885 | New York's Village Halloween Parade | New York 's Village Halloween parade - wikipedia New York 's Village Halloween parade Jump to : navigation , search Tall rod puppets , a signature of the parade . Papier - mâché masks reflect the evening 's Mardi Gras atmosphere . A Tusken Raider rides a mammoth - sized Bantha puppet , designed by Oliver Dalzell . New York 's Village Halloween Parade is an annual holiday parade and street pageant presented on the night of every Halloween in New York City 's Greenwich Village . The Village Halloween Parade , initiated in 1973 by Greenwich Village puppeteer and mask maker Ralph Lee , that lays claim to being the world 's largest Halloween parade where in recent years it is reported to have 60,000 marchers and 2 million spectators. . It has been called `` New York 's Carnival . '' The parade is largely a spontaneous event as individual marchers can just show up in costume at the starting point without registering or paying anything . The parade 's most signature features are its large puppets which are animated by hundreds of volunteers . The official parade theme each year is applied to the puppets . In addition to the puppets the website reports that more than 50 bands participates each year . In addition there are some commercial Halloween floats . The official route on Sixth Avenue from Spring Street to 16th Street is 1.4 miles ( the distance from the gathering spot at Canal and Sixth to Spring adds another 0.2 miles ) . The parade has been studied by leading cultural anthropologists . According to The New York Times , `` the Halloween Parade is the best entertainment the people of this City ever give the people of this City . '' `` Absolutely anything goes , '' says USA Today . `` Be prepared to drop your jaw . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 History Timeline 2 Theme 3 References 4 Other sources 4.1 Videos 4.2 Photographs 5 External links History timeline ( edit ) 1973 - An informal parade of puppets for children was organized by Ralph Lee of the Mettawee River Theatre Company around his residence of artists in the Westbeth Artists Community . Parades from 1973 until 1984 would start at Westbeth . 1974 - The parade still aimed at children went from Jane Street at the Hudson River to Washington Square Park . About 200 adults and children participated . 1975 - The parade was produced by the Theatre for the New City ( which at the time was in Westbeth ) . Lee and the Theatre won Obie Award for the production . The 1975 parade grew to 1,500 participants . The new management introduced more adult elements into the event including a Halloween ball after the parade . . 1976 - Organization of the parade was formally handled by a non-profit organization . 1977 - Route was changed to 10th Street between Greenwich Avenue to Fifth Avenue and still ending in Washington Square . A devil sat at the top of the Washington Square arch where it released balloons and slid down a wire into the fountain . The year also saw the first appearance of giant spider on the Jefferson Market Library . 1985 - With crowds expanding to 250,000 , the route was moved from side streets to Sixth Avenue from Spring Street to 22nd Street ( although in practice the gathering point was further south at Canal Street and the northern point would be shortened to 16th Street . The change in route ended the connection to Washington Square Park . Jeanne Fleming took over managing the event . The change with its barricades also reduced the possibilities of people joining the parade at any point as had been the case . 1990 - New York University and Manhattan Community Board 2 begin hosting an unrelated Children 's Halloween Parade in Greenwich Village in the afternoons n Washington Square . 1998 - Sophia Michahelles and Alex Kahn become the official designers of the parade 's puppets . 1999 - Basil Twist designs the spider that currently appears on the Jefferson Market Library . 2001 - Less than seven weeks after the September 11 attacks the parade was broadcast worldwide and was an indication that New York was bouncing back . The parade was led by a giant puppet of a Phoenix rising out of the ashes . Noticeably missing from the parade was Bread and Puppet Theater which had been a political staple of the parade but was protesting the new War in Afghanistan . Earlier the Bread and Puppet contingent consisted of five blocks of its giant puppets . 2005 - Less than 8 weeks after Hurricane Katrina more than 8,000 storm evacuees attended a funeral procession tribute as part of the parade . 2010 - Haitian Carnival Artist Didier Civil created Haitian carnival figures as a tribute to victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake . 2012 - The parade was cancelled for its only time in the aftermath Hurricane Sandy which had heavily damaged coastal New York City and had left Greenwich without electricity during the parade time . 2013 - A Kickstarter campaign to cover costs of the 2012 closing saved the parade from permanently closing . The campaign raised $56,000 and had a goal of $50,000 . 2017 - Less than four hours after Sayfullo Saipov killed 8 people six blocks west of the parade route in the 2017 Lower Manhattan attack the parade proceded as sheduled . Both Mayor Bill de Blasio and Gov. Andrew Cuomo marched in the parade . Theme ( edit ) Parade participant ( 2004 ) Exotic masquerader in beads , feathers , headdress , and face paint ( 2004 ) A masquerader poses in front of a wrought iron fence in historic Greenwich Village . Celebration artist Jeanne Fleming , the parade 's artistic and producing director Twenty - foot illuminated caterpillars -- animated pageant sized puppets designed by Alex Kahn of Superior Concept Monsters -- transform Manhattan 's Greenwich Village in 1998 . An incandescent baby phoenix conceived and designed by Sophia Michahelles of Superior Concept Monsters rises from fiery ashes to new life in 2001 , after the September 11 attacks . Finishing touches are made to a giant dinosaur puppet in the staging area on parade day . In 2001 , the parade presented a work of puppetry that would become celebrated for its artistry , and remembered in the city 's history . After terrorists struck Lower Manhattan on September 11 , 2001 , events citywide and nationwide were being cancelled . Organizers believed the parade would give the city a much - needed emotional release , reform the community , and help it to begin the healing process . They felt that this was the most positive way they , as artists , could serve the city at such a desperate time . `` This is the meaning of the Dancing Skeletons that always lead the march : they know better than anyone what they have lost , and so they dance this one night of the year to celebrate life , '' Fleming told CNN in an interview . By September 15 , Fleming had scrapped the old theme and chosen a new one . Although no one was certain the parade would take place , designer Sophia Michahelles conceived of a new theme , Phoenix Rising , to galvanize the spirit of New York in the wake of the tragedy . A giant puppet of a phoenix , the mythical bird that rises up out of its own ashes , was created by Michahelles in the workshop of Official Parade Puppeteers Superior Concept Monsters . The animated creation was mechanically configured to spread its wings and rise out of fiery ashes , represented by flickering lanterns lifted on poles , encircling the parading figure . On October 25 the parade received final authorization to go ahead . In light of the widely established community relationships which Fleming had cultivated , and the parade 's long tradition , Mayor Rudy Giuliani insisted it go on . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Village Halloween Parade . `` History of the Parade '' . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Participate - NYC Village Halloween Parade '' . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Costume Contest - NYC Village Halloween Parade '' . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Artistry - NYC Village Halloween Parade '' . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The founder of NYC 's Halloween Parade fears he created a beast '' . 29 October 2016 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What Happened to the Halloween Parade ? '' . www.nytheatre-wire.com . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Theater for the New City - Production History , 1970 - 1979 '' . www.theaterforthenewcity.net . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` A history of the Village Halloween Parade : Puppets , performers , and NYC pride - 6sqft '' . 6sqft . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Skal , David J. ( 20 June 2016 ) . `` Halloween : The History of America 's Darkest Holiday '' . Courier Dover Publications . Retrieved 6 November 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Franks , Don ( 22 September 2004 ) . `` Entertainment Awards : A Music , Cinema , Theatre and Broadcasting Guide , 1928 through 2003 , 3d ed '' . McFarland . Retrieved 6 November 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Participate - NYC Village Halloween Parade '' . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2017/october/27th-annual-childrens-halloween-parade-in-greenwich-village--oct.html Jump up ^ `` Processional Arts Workshop : People '' . www.superiorconcept.org . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.basiltwist.com/halloween.html ^ Jump up to : `` About Us - NYC Village Halloween Parade '' . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Kalish , Jon . `` 50 Years Of Bread And Puppet Theater '' . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , John ( 30 April 2016 ) . `` American Puppet Modernism : Essays on the Material World in Performance '' . Springer . Retrieved 6 November 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/729950056/bring-halloween-back-to-nyc Jump up ^ `` Village Halloween Parade marches with message after terror attack '' . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Other sources ( edit ) Videos ( edit ) Karl Gober 1999 Halloween Parade on YouTube 2000 Halloween Parade `` Life Cycle of a Parade '' Note : Each chapter is about one minute long Note : Twin Towers in background on their last Halloween ( Chp 01 : Hibernation ) on YouTube ( Chp 02 : Sewing the seeds ) on YouTube ( Chp 03 : Fever Pitch ) on YouTube ( Chp 05 : First Run ) on YouTube ( Chp 06 : Incarnation ) on YouTube ( Chp 07 : First Flight ) on YouTube ( Chp 08 : Tower of Basil ) on YouTube ( Chp 10 : Offering ) on YouTube ( Chp 11 : Parade ) on YouTube 2004 Halloween Parade on YouTube 2006 Halloween Parade on YouTube Superior Concept Monsters -- Theme Performances 2006 : `` ' Jack ' '' on YouTube 2007 : `` Wings of Desire '' on YouTube 2008 : `` Ghost '' Superior on YouTube 2009 : `` Terra Incognita '' on YouTube 2010 : `` Memento Mori '' on YouTube 2010 Halloween on YouTube Street photo montage , Kenneth Akama Photographs ( edit ) `` Village Halloween Parade '' . NY Daily News . `` Photos : 39th Annual Village Halloween Parade '' . Time Out New York . Nov 2011 . NYCfoto -- 2014 , 2013 , 2011 , 2010 , 2009 , 2008 Skillings , Pamela . `` Halloween Dog Parade in Tompkins Square Park '' . About.com . External links ( edit ) Official website Superior Concept Monsters , `` Official '' Puppeteers for New York 's Village Halloween Parade `` Village Halloween Parade '' . NYC . 2013 . Sandy , Natalie ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` Behind the scenes of the Village Halloween Parade ) '' . Time Out New York . Skillings , Pamela ( 2012 ) . `` Village Halloween Parade ) '' . About.com . Gopinathan , Nishanth ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` Halloween Day Parade in Greenwich Village '' . New York Visit . Laperruque ( 2013 ) . Treaters : The Greenwich Village Halloween Parade -- 1982 -- 86 . Blurb . Self published photobook Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York 's Village Halloween Parade . ( hide ) Halloween events Community Halloween in the Castro Headless Horseman Hayride New York 's Village Halloween Parade Pumpkin Fest Rutland Halloween Parade Shocktoberfest State Street Halloween Party ( Madison ) Terror Behind the Walls At theme parks Fright Fest Fright Nights HalloWeekends Halloween Haunt California 's Great America Canada 's Wonderland Dorney Park Kings Dominion Kings Island Halloween Horror Nights Halloween Spooktacular Howl - O - Scream Busch Gardens Tampa Bay Busch Gardens Williamsburg SeaWorld San Antonio Knott 's Scary Farm Mickey 's Halloween Party Halloween Screams Mickey 's Not - So - Scary Halloween Party SCarowinds ValleyScare Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York%27s_Village_Halloween_Parade&oldid=809021767 '' Categories : Parades in New York City Halloween events Greenwich Village Sixth Avenue ( Manhattan ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 17 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the largest halloween parade take place every year | [
"New York's Village Halloween Parade is an annual holiday parade and street pageant presented on the night of every Halloween in New York City's Greenwich Village. The Village Halloween Parade, initiated in 1973 by Greenwich Village puppeteer and mask maker Ralph Lee, that lays claim to being the world's largest Halloween parade where in recent years it is reported to have 60,000 marchers and 2 million spectators.[1]."
] | [
"New York"
] |
-226319609691726326 | I Ain't Mad at Cha | I Ai n't Mad at Cha - wikipedia I Ai n't Mad at Cha Jump to : navigation , search `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' Single by 2Pac featuring Danny Boy from the album All Eyez on Me Released September 15 , 1996 Format 12 '' single , CD single Recorded October 1995 ; Can - Am Studios ( Los Angeles ) Genre Hip hop , R&B Length 4 : 53 Label Death Row , Interscope Songwriter ( s ) T. Shakur D. Steward D. Arnaud E. Jordan Producer ( s ) Daz Dillinger 2Pac singles chronology `` Life Goes On '' ( 1996 ) Life Goes On1996 `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' ( 1996 ) I Ai n't Mad at Cha1996 `` Toss It Up '' ( 1996 ) Music video `` I Aint Mad At Cha ( Clean Version ) '' on YouTube Toss It Up 1996 `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' is a song by rapper 2Pac released shortly after his death as the sixth single from his album All Eyez on Me . It was also his last single using the stage name 2Pac . The song features contemporary soul singer Danny Boy who provided the vocals for the song 's hook . The song did well in the United Kingdom , reaching the number 13 on the UK Singles Chart and on the UK R&B Charts peaking at number 3 . It was not released as a single in the United States , thus making it ineligible to chart on the Billboard singles charts ( due to chart rules at the time ) , but reached numbers 18 and 58 in the R&B and Pop Airplay charts , respectively . It also reached number two on the New Zealand Singles Chart . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Lyrics and Message 3 Composition and recording 4 Music video 4.1 Personnel 5 Track listing 5.1 CD single 5.2 12 '' maxi single 5.3 Cassette single 6 Song credits 7 Charts 7.1 Certification 8 In popular culture 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) The track was produced by Dat Nigga Daz ( who now goes by Daz Dillinger ) and samples the song `` A Dream '' by DeBarge . The song was recorded the same day 2Pac was released from prison , and was the second song he recorded when he came out ( `` Ambitionz Az a Ridah '' being the first ) . The single was released two days after 2Pac 's death . As so , by the time this single was released , 2Pac had already finished recording his next album , The Don Killuminati : The 7 Day Theory . It has been labeled by many one of the best songs on `` All Eyez on Me '' and one of the greatest in 2Pac 's career . The song also appeared on 2Pac 's Greatest Hits album . Another song on the CD single proved to be popular among fans . `` Heartz of Men '' appeared on 4 of 2Pac 's albums , compared to 3 for `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' . These include : All Eyez on Me , 2Pac Live , 2Pac 's Greatest Hits , and a remixed version on Nu - Mixx Klazzics . A remix was made of Rihanna 's `` We Ride '' to include elements of `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' . R&B group BLACKstreet also used the identical keyboard tune in `` Do n't Leave Me '' off of their Another Level album . The track sampled Children of the Corn 's `` American Dream '' . On the clean version there is a new third verse that replaces the one on the album . Lyrics and message ( edit ) The song is a reminiscence of how time has changed from when he was younger to when he became famous . He speaks of losing touch with people and how many people turned on him after his success . Yet he still maintains that he 's got `` nothing but love '' for his old friends , with the hook repeating the line `` I ai n't mad at cha '' . The first verse speaks about how he lost touch with his friend , who converted to Islam , and the difference in lifestyles they chose to live . The second verse speaks about 2Pac being sentenced to prison . He mentions his old girlfriend and tries to comfort his mother . In the third verse ( album version ) , 2Pac raps about how his life has changed from being in the ghetto to being a celebrity . He talks about his connection to the hood and how his old associates think negatively of him now . In the censored version , the third verse of the song is completely replaced with new lyrics which talk about the struggles of living , a message to God , and life after death . Composition and recording ( edit ) `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' was the first song to interpolate the core melody of the song `` A Dream '' an album track by DeBarge , written and performed by Bunny , and taken from their 1983 album In a Special Way . This makes the instrumentals very identical . This is most apparent in the piano usage which is almost identical to the original song . The main difference is `` A Dream '' uses a keyboard for its notes , while `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' uses more of a classical piano . Daz 's main job as producer of the song was changing this piano instrument , as most other aspects of the song were the same . The tempo of the original song was also sped up , which matches with 2Pac 's pace of rapping . Another minor difference is the accompanying beat uses different sounds to project the same repetition ( sped up as previously noted ) . The day 2Pac was released from prison , he went to the studio and recorded `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' and `` Ambitionz Az a Ridah '' . When 2Pac entered the studio the beat was already complete , and 2Pac wrote the lyrics and recorded the song all in a few hours . Shortly thereafter , BLACKstreet released `` Do n't Leave Me '' to radio , which also interpolates the melody of `` A Dream '' . According to Dave Aron , 2Pac had a lot of energy going into the studio . Kurupt was in the studio at the time of recording and said when 2Pac heard the beat he `` flipped out '' from excitement . He wanted to finish the song quickly and was cursing at the engineers for moving too slow . Technical info MIDI format : 1 Ticks per quarter note : 384 Tempo : Andante ( Quarter Note = 84 ) Key : C minor / Eb Major Time signature : 4 / 4 Music video ( edit ) Music video screenshots For the video the whole song was re-recorded with a live band . Featuring horns and strings Kevyn Lewis commissioned a band featuring Cornelius Mims , Warryn Campbell , Priest , Ricky Rouse , and Darryl Crooks to replay the track . The new track was recorded at Can - am Studio by Conley Abrams , it was mixed at Larrabee North by Abrams . It was shot weeks before 2Pac 's death . The music video begins with 2Pac and a friend of his ( Bokeem Woodbine ) leaving a hotel party at night . While waiting for someone to arrive a hooded man comes up , pulls out a handgun , and starts shooting in their direction . As 2Pac pushes them out of the way , he gets hit by at least one bullet . In the ambulance his body gives in and he passes away . Upon entering Heaven , 2pac is told that they have been waiting for him to come for a long time , yet he still has to earn his way in . As a spirit , he then returns to Earth to watch over and guide his friend as he struggles through the next few days . While this is going on 2Pac is shown rapping to his friend , ( who ca n't see or hear him ) trying to offer guidance . Finally , the video concludes with 2pac 's friend gaining the courage to give condolences personally to 2pac 's widow and daughter . Look - alikes of many deceased entertainers are revealed to be playing the beat in the party , featuring ( among others ) , Redd Foxx , Jimi Hendrix , Bob Marley , Nat King Cole , Miles Davis , Sachmo , Marvin Gaye , Billie Holiday , Florence Ballard , Sammy Davis Jr. , and Louis Armstrong . Danny Boy is also present in Heaven as an angel . In the censored version , the third verse of the song is completely replaced with new lyrics which talk about the struggles of living , God , and life after death . The video ends with the words `` Dedicated to Mutulu Shakur and Geronimo Pratt '' appearing on the screen . These individuals are 2Pac 's stepfather and godfather , respectively . The music video was voted # 33 on the `` MTV Top 100 of 1996 '' ranking music videos . The concept of the video ( showing 2Pac 's death and him being on Earth as an angel ) was used as evidence by many who believed in the 7 Day Theory that Tupac is still alive . The music video is available on the edition of Tupac : Live at the House of Blues Personnel ( edit ) Filming crew First aired : September 18 , 1996 Filmed : May 1996 Production company : Been There Director ( s ) : Tupac Shakur & Kevin Swain Producer ( s ) : Taj Lewis Photography : Patrick Loungeway ( cinematographer ) Additional crew 1st assistant director : Joe Oz Track listing ( edit ) CD single ( edit ) DRWCD5 / 854 843 - 2 `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' - Edit `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' - LP Version `` Skandalouz '' `` Heartz of Men '' 12 '' maxi single ( edit ) 12 DRW5 / 854 843 - 1 `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' - Edit `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' - LP Version `` Skandalouz '' `` Heartz of Men '' Cassette single ( edit ) DRWMC5 / 854 842 - 4 `` I Ai n't Mad At Cha '' ( Edit ) `` Skandalouz '' Song credits ( edit ) 13 . I Ai n't Mad At Cha ( feat . Danny Boy ) Written by : T. Shakur , D. Arnaud , E. Jordan , Danny Boy Steward Produced by : Dat Nigga Daz Mixed by : DJ Quik & Carlos Warlick Engineered by : Dave Aron Engineered by : Rick Clifford Assistant Engineer : Alvin McGill Remix recorded by Conley Abrams Remix mixed by Conley Abrams Charts ( edit ) Charts ( 1996 - 97 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 47 Germany ( Media Control AG ) 26 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 15 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 35 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 13 US Billboard Hot 100 Airplay 58 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Airplay ( Billboard ) 18 Certification ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 5,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone In popular culture ( edit ) Rich Juzwiak of Gawker in an article expressed his disappointment in a 2014 musical about Shakur 's life , the article titled , `` We 're Kind of Mad at Cha : The 2Pac Musical Holler If Ya Hear Me '' . U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder referenced the song in December 2014 , when protestors interrupted him while he was giving a speech in Atlanta , Georgia at Ebenezer Baptist Church . In response , Holder stated to the protestors , `` I 'm not mad at cha '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` News Archives , HitEmUp.com - September 2004 '' . Hitemup.com. 2007 - 10 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved September 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Huey , Steve ( 1996 - 02 - 13 ) . `` All Eyez on Me review '' . Allmusic.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 2Pac - I Ai n't Mad At Cha ' MIDI - MP3 - Karaoke - Sheet Music - Video HamieNET.com '' . Hamienet.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Top 100 of 1996 -- Reviews # 40 - 31 '' . Emptyv.multimedia.cx . Retrieved September 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Mvdbase.com - 2 Pac - `` I ai n't mad at cha '' `` . Mvdbase.com. 1996 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved September 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- 2 Pac feat . Danny Boy -- I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Die ganze Musik im Internet : Charts , News , Neuerscheinungen , Tickets , Genres , Genresuche , Genrelexikon , Künstler - Suche , Musik - Suche , Track - Suche , Ticket - Suche '' . musicline.de . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- 2 Pac feat . Danny Boy -- I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- 2 Pac feat . Danny Boy -- I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- 2 Pac feat . Danny Boy -- I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/r-and-b-singles-chart/19961124/114/ Jump up ^ `` 2Pac Album & Song Chart History `` . Billboard Hot 100 Airplay . Prometheus Global Media . Jump up ^ `` 2Pac Album & Song Chart History `` . Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Airplay . Prometheus Global Media . Jump up ^ THE FIELD id ( chart number ) MUST BE PROVIDED for NEW ZEALAND CERTIFICATION . Jump up ^ http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=3767 Jump up ^ Juzwiak , Rich ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` We 're Kind of Mad at Cha : The 2Pac Musical Holler If Ya Hear Me '' . Gawker . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Holder Spits Tupac At Protester , ' I Ai n't Mad At Cha ' ( VIDEO ) '' . News One . December 2 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Music video at MTV.com ( hide ) Tupac Shakur Studio albums 2Pacalypse Now Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z. ... Thug Life : Volume 1 Me Against the World All Eyez on Me The Don Killuminati : The 7 Day Theory Posthumous albums RU Still Down ? ( Remember Me ) Still I Rise Until the End of Time Better Dayz Loyal to the Game Pac 's Life Live albums 2Pac Live Live at the House of Blues Compilation albums Greatest Hits The Rose That Grew from Concrete The Prophet : The Best of the Works Nu - Mixx Klazzics Tupac : Resurrection The Rose , Vol. 2 The Prophet Returns Beginnings : The Lost Tapes 1988 -- 1991 Nu - Mixx Klazzics Vol. 2 Best of 2Pac Related albums Nothing but Trouble ( soundtrack ) Sons of the P Juice ( soundtrack ) Poetic Justice ( soundtrack ) Above the Rim ( soundtrack ) Gridlock 'd ( soundtrack ) Gang Related ( soundtrack ) A 2Pac Tribute : Dare 2 Struggle Extended plays Makaveli & Dillinger Do n't Go 2 Sleep Singles `` Brenda 's Got a Baby '' `` If My Homie Calls '' `` Trapped '' `` Holler If Ya Hear Me '' `` I Get Around '' `` Keep Ya Head Up '' `` Papa'z Song '' `` Cradle to the Grave '' `` Dear Mama '' `` So Many Tears '' `` Temptations '' `` California Love '' `` 2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted '' `` How Do U Want It '' `` All Bout U '' `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' `` Life Goes On '' `` Toss It Up '' `` To Live & Die in LA '' `` Hail Mary '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' `` Made Niggaz '' Posthumous singles `` I Wonder If Heaven Got a Ghetto '' `` Do for Love '' `` Changes '' `` Unconditional Love '' `` Baby Do n't Cry ( Keep Ya Head Up II ) '' `` Who Do U Believe In '' `` Until the End of Time '' `` Letter 2 My Unborn '' `` Thugz Mansion '' `` Still Ballin ' '' `` Runnin ' ( Dying to Live ) '' `` One Day at a Time ( Em 's Version ) '' `` Thugs Get Lonely Too '' `` Ghetto Gospel '' `` Untouchable '' `` Pac 's Life '' `` Playa Cardz Right '' Other songs `` I Do n't Give a Fuck '' `` Runnin ' ( From tha Police ) '' `` Hit ' Em Up '' `` Are U Still Down '' `` Panther Power '' Featured singles `` Smile '' `` Playa Cardz Right '' Books The Rose That Grew from Concrete Stage Holler If Ya Hear Me Filmography Nothing but Trouble Juice Poetic Justice Above the Rim Bullet Gridlock 'd Gang Related Documentaries Biggie & Tupac Tupac : Resurrection Tupac : Assassination Outlawz Yaki Kadafi Kastro Napoleon E.D.I. Mean Hussein Fatal Mussolini Komani Young Noble Related articles Discography List of songs Outlawz Digital Underground Afeni Shakur Assata Shakur Mopreme Shakur Mutulu Shakur East Coast - West Coast hip hop rivalry Makaveli Branded Clothing Niccolò Machiavelli Orlando Anderson Tupac Amaru Shakur Center for the Arts Billy Garland Kadafi List of awards and nominations received by Tupac Shakur Murder of Tupac Shakur All Eyez on Me Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Ain%27t_Mad_at_Cha&oldid=800750551 '' Categories : 1996 singles Tupac Shakur songs Songs released posthumously Rhythm and blues ballads 1996 songs Songs written by Tupac Shakur Songs written by Daz Dillinger Death Row Records singles Interscope Records singles Hidden categories : Cite certification used with missing parameters Music infoboxes with malformed table placement Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Polski Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 12 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings on i ain't mad at cha | [
"\"I Ain't Mad at Cha\" is a song by rapper 2Pac released shortly after his death as the sixth single from his album All Eyez on Me. It was also his last single using the stage name 2Pac. The song features contemporary soul singer Danny Boy who provided the vocals for the song's hook. The song did well in the United Kingdom, reaching the number 13 on the UK Singles Chart and on the UK R&B Charts peaking at number 3. It was not released as a single in the United States, thus making it ineligible to chart on the Billboard singles charts (due to chart rules at the time), but reached numbers 18 and 58 in the R&B and Pop Airplay charts, respectively. It also reached number two on the New Zealand Singles Chart."
] | [
"Danny Boy"
] |
4796792221069941826 | India women's national cricket team | India Women 's national cricket team - Wikipedia India Women 's national cricket team India India cricket crest Nickname ( s ) Women in Blue Association Board of Control for Cricket in India Personnel Captain Mithali Raj ( Test and ODI ) T20I captain Harmanpreet Kaur Coach Anjum Chopra International Cricket Council ICC status Full member ( 1926 ) ICC region Asia ICC Rankings Current Best - ever Women 's 4th 2nd Women 's Tests First WTest v West Indies at the M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore ; 31 October -- 2 November 1976 Last WTest v South Africa at Srikantadatta Narasimha Raja Wadeyar Ground , Mysore ; 16 -- 19 November 2014 WTests Played Won / Lost Total 36 5 / 6 ( 25 draws ) Women 's One Day Internationals First WODI v England at Eden Gardens , Calcutta ; 1 January 1978 Last WODI v England at Nagpur ; 18 April 2018 WODIs Played Won / Lost Total 257 140 / 112 ( 1 ties , 4 no result ) This year 9 2 / 4 ( 0 ties , 0 no result ) Women 's World Cup Appearances 9 ( first in 1978 ) Best result Runner - Up ( 2005 , 2017 ) Women 's Twenty20 Internationals First WT20I v England at the County Cricket Ground , Derby ; 5 August 2006 Last WT20I v Bangladesh at Kuala Lumpur ; 10 June 2018 WT20Is Played Won / Lost Total 88 45 / 42 ( 0 ties , 1 no result ) This year 15 8 / 6 ( 0 ties , 1 no result ) Women 's World Twenty20 Appearances 5 ( first in 2009 ) Best result Semi-final ( 2009 , 2010 ) As of 1 April 2018 The India women 's national cricket team , nicknamed the Women in Blue , represents the country of India in international women 's cricket . One of eight teams competing in the ICC Women 's Championship , the highest level of international women 's cricket , the team is governed by the Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) . India made its Test debut in 1976 , against the West Indies , and its One Day International ( ODI ) debut at the 1978 World Cup , which it hosted . The team has made the World Cup final on two occasions , losing to Australia by 98 runs in 2005 , and losing to England by 9 runs in 2017 . India has made the semi-finals on three other occasions , in 1997 , 2000 , and 2009 . India has also made the semi-finals of the World Twenty20 on two occasions ( 2009 and 2010 ) , but is yet to progress any further in the tournament . Contents 1 History 2 Current international rankings Top 10 3 Governing body 4 Team colours 5 International grounds 6 Captains 7 Results and fixtures 8 Current squad 9 Support Staff 10 Tournament history 11 Individual records 12 Statistics 12.1 One - Day Internationals 12.2 Twenty20 Internationals 12.3 Test cricket 13 See also 14 References History ( edit ) Members of the Indian cricket team before a Women 's Cricket World Cup game in Sydney The British brought cricket to India in the early 1700s , with the first cricket match played in 1721 . The first Indian cricket club was established by the Parsi community in Bombay , in 1848 ; the club played their first match against the Europeans in 1877 . The first official Indian cricket team was formed in 1911 and toured England , where they played English county teams . The India team made their Test debut against England in 1932 . Around the same time ( 1934 ) , the first women 's Test was played between England and Australia . However , women 's cricket arrived in India much later ; the Women 's Cricket Association of India was formed in 1973 . The Indian women 's team played their first Test match in 1976 , against the West Indies . India recorded its first - ever Test win in November 1978 against West Indies under Shantha Rangaswamy 's captaincy at the Moin - ul - Haq Stadium in Patna . Indian Batswoman at Cricket Worlds Cup 2010 Mithali Raj , Captain of India Women 's cricket team As part of the International Cricket Council 's initiative to develop women 's cricket , the Women 's Cricket Association of India was merged with the Board of Control for Cricket in India in 2006 . Current international Rankings top 10 ( edit ) The ICC Women 's Rankings incorporates results from Tests , ODIs and T20Is into a single ranking system . ICC Women 's Rankings Rank Team Matches Points Rating Australia 54 7,157 133 England 45 5,715 127 New Zealand 57 6,900 121 India 59 6,672 113 5 West Indies 48 4,725 98 6 South Africa 62 5,775 93 7 Pakistan 52 3,920 75 8 Sri Lanka 52 3,256 63 9 Bangladesh 19 704 37 10 Ireland 17 504 30 Reference : icc-cricket.com , espncricinfo.com , 31 March 2018 Governing body ( edit ) Main article : Board of Control for Cricket in India The Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) is the governing body for the Indian cricket team and first - class cricket in India . The Board has been operating since 1929 and represents India at the International Cricket Council . It is amongst the richest sporting organisations in the world . It sold media rights for India 's matches from 2006 -- 2010 for US $612,000,000 . It manages the Indian team 's sponsorships , its future tours and team selection . The International Cricket Council determines India 's upcoming matches through its future tours program . Team colours ( edit ) Team colour is blue . International grounds ( edit ) Further information : List of women 's Test cricket grounds and List of women 's Twenty20 International cricket grounds See also : List of international cricket grounds in India Fourteen grounds in India have hosted women 's international Test cricket matches . The first women 's international test cricket match hosted in India was held at the M. Chinnaswamy Stadium in Bangalore on 31 October 1976 . Six grounds in India have hosted women 's T20I matches . The first women 's T20I match hosted in India was held at the Bandra Kurla Complex Ground in Mumbai on 4 March 2010 . Captains ( edit ) Main articles : List of India women Test cricketers § Test captains , and List of India women ODI cricketers § ODI captains Results and fixtures ( edit ) The recent results and forthcoming fixtures of India in international cricket : Bilateral series and tours Date Against H / A / N Results ( Matches ) Test WODI WT20I February 2018 South Africa Away -- 2 -- 1 ( 3 ) 3 -- 1 ( 5 ) March 2018 Australia Home -- 0 -- 3 ( 3 ) -- April 2018 England Home -- 2 -- 1 ( 3 ) -- Summer 2018 Sri Lanka Away -- ( 3 ) -- February -- March 2019 New Zealand Away -- ( 3 ) -- Multiteam series and tournaments Date Series Format Position Results ( Matches ) March 2018 2017 -- 18 India women 's Tri-Nation Series WT20I 3rd place 1 -- 3 ( 4 ) June 2018 2018 Women 's Twenty20 Asia Cup WT20I Runner 's up 4 -- 2 ( 6 ) Current squad ( edit ) This lists all the players who have played for India in the past 12 months and the forms in which they have played . Key C / G = Contract grade S / N = Shirt number Name Age Batting style Bowling style Domestic team Zone C / G Forms S / N Test and ODI Captain Mithali Raj 35 Right - handed Right - arm leg break Railways Rajasthan Central Test , ODI , T20I T20I Captain Harmanpreet Kaur 29 Right - handed Right - arm medium fast Railways Punjab North ODI , T20I 17 Batswomen Thirush Kamini 28 Left - handed Leg break Railways Central Tamil Nadu - T20I 16 Veda Krishnamurthy 25 Right - handed Right - arm leg break Karnataka South ODI , T20I 79 Smriti Mandhana 22 Left - handed Right - arm medium Maharashtra West ODI , T20I 18 Mona Meshram 26 Right - handed Right - arm medium ODI , T20I Poonam Raut 28 Right - handed Right - arm offbreak Railways Central ODI , T20I 14 Vellaswamy Vanitha 28 Right - handed Right - arm offbreak Karnataka South - ODI , T20I 14 Latika Kumari 26 Right - handed Right - arm offbreak Delhi North - T20I 15 Jemimah Rodrigues 17 Right - handed Right - arm offbreak Delhi North ODI , T20I Wicket - keeper Sushma Verma 25 Right - handed n / a Himachal Pradesh North ODI , T20I 5 Ravi Kalpana 22 Right - handed n / a Andhra South - ODI , T20I 11 Nuzhat Parveen 22 Right - handed n / a Railways Central ODI , T20I Taniya Bhatia 20 Right - handed n / a Punjab North ODI , T20I All - rounders Jhulan Goswami 35 Right - handed Right - arm medium fast Bengal East Test , ODI , T20I 25 Shikha Pandey 29 Right - handed Right - arm medium fast Goa South ODI , T20I 99 Deepti Sharma 20 Left - handed Right - arm off spin Uttar Pradesh North ODI , T20I 6 Anuja Patil 26 Right - handed Right - arm off spin Maharashtra West ODI , T20I 82 Bowlers Ekta Bisht 32 Right - handed Slow left - arm orthodox Railways Central ODI , T20I 8 Rajeshwari Gayakwad 27 Right - handed Slow left - arm orthodox Railways Central ODI , T20I Mansi Joshi 24 Right - handed Right - arm medium - fast ODI , T20I Sneh Rana 24 Right - handed Right - arm offbreak Punjab North - ODI , T20I 7 Pooja Vastrakar 18 Right - handed Right - arm medium Railways Central T20I Poonam Yadav 26 Right - handed Right - arm legbreak ODI , T20I Radha Yadav 18 Right - handed Right - arm leg break Railways North - T20I The BCCI awarded contracts to women cricketers for the first time in the 2015 - 16 fiscal year . Contracts are pay graded according to the importance of the player . Players ' salaries are as follows : Grade A -- ₹ 50 lakh ( US $73,000 ) per annum Grade B -- ₹ 30 lakh ( US $44,000 ) per annum Grade C -- ₹ 10 lakh ( US $15,000 ) per annum Support Staff ( edit ) Team Manager - Monica Sumra Director Of Cricket - Rajani Venugopal Head Coach - Anjum Chopra Assistant Head Coach - Neetu David Batting Coach - Pramila Bhatt Batting Consultant - Mithali Raj Fast Bowling Coach - Amita Sharma Spin Bowling Coach - Nooshin Al Khadeer Bowling Consultant - Jhulan Goswami Youth Development Coach - Mamatha Maben Fielding Coach - Rita Dey Wicket Keeping Coach - Anju Jain Physiotherapist - Tracy Fernandes Fitness Trainer - Neelima Batav Analyst - Aarti Nalge Tournament history ( edit ) World Cup record Year and Host Played Won Lost Tie NR Position 1973 DNP 1978 0 0 0 Fourth 1982 12 8 0 0 Fourth DNP 1993 7 0 0 Fourth 1997 5 0 Semi-Finalists 2000 8 5 0 0 Semi-Finalists 2005 8 5 0 Runners - Up 2009 7 5 0 0 3rd Place 2013 0 0 7th Place 2017 9 6 0 0 Runners - Up TOTAL 63 34 27 Runners - Up ( 2 Times ) Note - In the 1997 World Cup , a match was abandoned between India and Sri Lanka . In 2005 World Cup , a match was abandoned between India and Australia . Both these matches are not included in any categories . World Twenty20 record Year Played Won Lost Tie NR Position 2009 0 0 Semi-Finalists 0 0 Semi-Finalists 2012 0 0 0 Group Stage 2014 5 0 0 Group Stage 2016 5 0 0 Group Stage TOTAL 21 8 13 0 0 Semi-Finalists ( 2 Times ) Individual records ( edit ) Further information : List of women 's Test cricket records , List of women 's One Day International cricket records , and List of women 's Twenty20 International records Statistics ( edit ) Main article : India women 's national cricket team record by opponent One - Day Internationals ( edit ) Opponent Matches Won Lost Tied No Result % Won First Last Australia 46 9 37 0 0 19.56 1978 2018 Bangladesh 0 0 0 100.00 2013 2017 Denmark 0 0 0 100.00 1993 1993 England 66 28 36 0 43.75 1978 2018 International XI 0 0 0 100.00 2013 2013 Ireland 12 12 0 0 0 100.00 1993 2017 Netherlands 0 0 0 100.00 1993 2000 New Zealand 45 17 27 0 38.88 1978 2017 Pakistan 10 10 0 0 0 100.00 2005 2017 South Africa 19 11 7 0 61.11 1997 2018 Sri Lanka 26 24 0 96.00 2000 2017 Zimbabwe 0 0 100 2017 2017 West Indies 22 18 0 0 81.81 1993 2017 Total 258 141 112 55.83 1978 2018 Statistics are correct as of India v England at Nagpur , 3rd ODI , April 12 , 2018 . Most ODI runs for India Player Runs Average Mithali Raj 6,373 50.18 Anjum Chopra 2,856 31.38 Harmanpreet Kaur 2,196 35.41 Jaya Sharma 2,091 30.75 Anju Jain 1,729 29.81 Poonam Raut 1,670 32.11 Smriti Mandhana 1,464 37.53 Deepti Sharma 1,230 43.92 Hemlata Kala 1,023 20.87 Jhulan Goswami 1,011 13.66 Most ODI wickets for India Player Wickets Average Jhulan Goswami 203 21.77 Neetu David 141 16.34 Nooshin Al Khadeer 100 24.02 Amita Sharma 87 35.52 Ekta Bisht 79 21.39 Gouher Sultana 66 19.39 Rumeli Dhar 63 27.38 Deepa Marathe 60 20.83 Rajeshwari Gayakwad 59 16.64 Shikha Pandey 54 21.44 Highest team total : 358 / 3 v Ireland , 15 May 2017 at Senwes Park , South Africa Highest individual score : 188 Deepti Sharma v Ireland , 15 May 2017 at Senwes Park , South Africa Best innings bowling : 6 / 10 , Mamatha Maben v Sri Lanka , 25 April 2004 at Asgiriya Stadium , Sri Lanka Twenty20 Internationals ( edit ) Opponent Matches Won Lost Tied No Result % Won First Last Australia 14 11 0 0 21.42 2008 2018 Bangladesh 11 9 0 0 81.81 2013 2018 England 13 10 0 0 23.07 2006 2018 Malaysia 0 0 0 100.00 2018 2018 New Zealand 7 5 0 0 28.57 2009 2015 Pakistan 10 8 0 0 80.00 2009 2018 South Africa 6 0 80.00 2014 2018 Sri Lanka 12 9 0 0 75.00 2009 2018 Thailand 0 0 0 100.00 2018 2018 West Indies 13 5 8 0 0 38.46 2011 2016 Total 88 45 42 0 51.72 2006 2018 Statistics are correct as of India v Bangladesh at Kuala Lumpur , Women 's Twenty20 Asia Cup final , June 10 , 2018 . Most T20I runs for India Player Runs Average Mithali Raj 2,026 36.83 Harmanpreet Kaur 1,557 27.31 Smriti Mandhana 826 23.60 Poonam Raut 719 27.65 Veda Krishnamurthy 596 18.62 Jhulan Goswami 405 10.94 Sulakshana Naik 384 14.76 Amita Sharma 383 14.73 Anuja Patil 260 17.33 Anjum Chopra 241 17.21 Most T20I wickets for India Player Wickets Average Jhulan Goswami 56 21.94 Poonam Yadav 50 14.12 Ekta Bisht 50 14.30 Anuja Patil 31 23.48 Gouher Sultana 29 26.27 Priyanka Roy 21 12.47 Rajeshwari Gayakwad 20 19.80 Shikha Pandey 18 25.66 Harmanpreet Kaur 17 28.94 Diana David 16 14.18 Test cricket ( edit ) Test record versus other nations Opponent Matches Won Lost Draw W / L ratio % Won % Lost % Draw First Last Australia 9 0 5 0.00 0.00 44.44 55.55 1977 2006 England 13 10 2.00 15.38 7.69 76.92 1986 2014 New Zealand 6 0 0 6 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 1977 2003 South Africa 0 0 - 100.00 0.00 0.00 2002 2014 West Indies 6 1.00 16.66 16.66 66.66 1976 1976 Total 36 5 6 25 0.83 13.88 16.66 69.44 1976 2014 Statistics are correct as of India v South Africa at Mysore , Nov 16 - 19 , 2014 . Most Test runs for India Player Runs Average Sandhya Agarwal 1,110 50.45 Shanta Rangaswamy 750 32.60 Shubhangi Kulkarni 700 23.33 Mithali Raj 663 51.00 Gargi Banerji 614 27.90 Sudha Shah 601 18.78 Anjum Chopra 548 30.44 Hemlata Kala 503 50.30 Most Test wickets for India Player Wickets Average Diana Edulji 63 25.77 Shubhangi Kulkarni 60 27.45 Neetu David 41 18.90 Jhulan Goswami 40 16.62 Shashi Gupta 25 31.28 Shanta Rangaswamy 21 31.61 Sharmila Chakraborty 19 22.10 Purnima Rau 15 21.26 Highest team total : 467 v England , 14 August 2002 at County Ground , Taunton , England Highest individual score : 214 , Mithali Raj v England , 14 August 2002 at County Ground , Taunton , England Best innings bowling : 8 / 53 , Neetu David v England , 24 November 1995 at Jamshedpur , India Best match bowling : 10 / 78 , Jhulan Goswami v England , 29 August 2006 at County Ground , Taunton , England See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to India women 's national cricket team . Cricket portal List of India women Test cricketers List of India women ODI cricketers List of India women Twenty20 International cricketers Indian men 's cricket team References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` India women 's coach Tushar Arothe resigns '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Rankings '' . icc-cricket.com . Jump up ^ `` Women 's Test matches - Team records '' . ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Women 's Test matches - 2018 Team records '' . ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ `` WODI matches - Team records '' . ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ `` WODI matches - 2018 Team records '' . ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ `` WT20I matches - Team records '' . ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ `` WT20I matches - 2018 Team records '' . ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ `` The history of Indian women 's cricket '' . Jump up ^ Downing , Clement ( 1978 ) . A History of the Indian Wars . p. 189 . OCLC 5905776 . Jump up ^ `` Cricket and Politics in Colonial India '' . Ramachandra Guha. 1998 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` India in England , 1911 '' . Cricket Archive . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` England v India 1932 '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` List of women 's Test matches '' . Cricinfo . Archived from the original on 20 July 2012 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Stoddart , Brian ; Keith A.P. Sandiford ( 1998 ) . The imperial game : cricket , culture , and society . Manchester University Press . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 4978 - 1 . OCLC 40430869 . Jump up ^ `` India women Test matches '' . Cricinfo . Archived from the original on 15 July 2012 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` One more game , and it can change India 's fortunes : Mithali Raj '' . Jump up ^ `` 1978 Patna scorecard '' . Jump up ^ `` Better days for women 's cricket ? '' . Rediff. 14 November 2006 . Archived from the original on 4 June 2011 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nimbus Bags Cricket Rights for $612 m '' . The Hindu . India . Retrieved 11 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ajinkya Rahane gets Grade A contract '' . ESPNcricinfo. 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kohli , Rohit , Dhawan bag million - dollar BCCI contracts '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=start;series=922;team=1863;template=results;type=team Jump up ^ http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=start;series=924;team=1863;template=results;type=team Jump up ^ http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WWC93/WWC93_TABLE.html Jump up ^ http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=won;series=981;team=1863;template=results;type=team Jump up ^ http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=start;series=4321;team=1863;template=results;type=team Jump up ^ http://www.espncricinfo.com/wwc2009/engine/match/357978.html Jump up ^ `` ICC Women 's World Cup , 7th Place Play - off : India Women v Pakistan Women at Cuttack , Feb 7 , 2013 '' . espncricinfo.com. 7 February 2013 . Retrieved 7 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Women 's World Cup , Final : India Women v England Women at Lords , July 23 , 2017 '' . espncricinfo.com. 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=season;team=1863;template=results;trophy=68;type=team;view=season Jump up ^ `` ICC Women 's World Twenty20 , 2012 / 13 '' . espncricinfo.com. 10 April 2005 . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India Women / Records / Women 's One - Day Internationals / Result summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Women 's One - Day Internationals / Team records / Results summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India Women / Records / Women 's One - Day Internationals / Most runs '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India Women / Records / Women 's One - Day Internationals / Most wickets '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-womens-world-cup-2017/content/current/player/597811.html Jump up ^ http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-womens-world-cup-2017/content/current/player/597811.html Jump up ^ `` India Women / Records / Women 's Twenty20 Internationals / Result summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Women 's Twenty20 Internationals / Team records / Results summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India Women / Records / Women 's Twenty20 Internationals / Most runs '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India Women / Records / Women 's Twenty20 Internationals / Most wickets '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India Women / Records / Women 's Test matches / Result summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Women 's Test matches / Team records / Results summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India Women / Records / Women 's Test matches / Most runs '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India Women / Records / Women 's Test matches / Most wickets '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . India women 's national cricket team Players Test cricketers ODI cricketers Twenty20 International cricketers Tours Australia / New Zealand 1976 -- 77 England 1986 Australia 1990 -- 91 New Zealand 1994 -- 95 South Africa 2001 -- 02 Australia / New Zealand 2005 -- 06 England 2012 England 2014 Australia 2015 -- 16 South Africa 2017 -- 18 Sri Lanka 2018 New Zealand 2018 -- 19 West Indies in 2018 -- 19 Home series Bangladesh 2012 -- 13 South Africa 2014 -- 15 New Zealand 2015 Sri Lanka 2015 -- 16 West Indies 2016 -- 17 Australia 2017 -- 18 England 2017 -- 18 Competitions Asia Cup 2005 -- 06 2006 2008 2012 2016 2018 Tri-Nations 2017 -- 18 Quadrangular Series 2006 -- 07 2011 2017 Matches World Cup finals 2005 2017 See also Record by opponent Cricket in India Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) National teams India India A U-19 Women Blind Zonal teams Central East North South West State teams Andhra Assam Baroda Bengal Chhattisgarh Delhi Gujarat Goa Haryana Himachal Pradesh Hyderabad Jammu & Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Mumbai Odisha Punjab Railways Rajasthan Saurashtra Services ( M ) Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh Vidarbha Tournaments First - class Ranji Trophy Duleep Trophy Irani Cup Senior Women 's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game One Day Vijay Hazare Trophy Deodhar Trophy BCCI Corporate Trophy Senior Women 's Challenger Trophy Senior Women 's One Day League NKP Salve Challenger Trophy ( defunct ) Twenty20 Indian Premier League Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Senior Women 's T20 League Senior Women 's T20 Challenger Trophy Other Rohinton Baria Trophy Cooch Behar Trophy Celebrity Cricket League Indian Cricket League ( defunct ) BCCI Presidents Members Selectors Awards Mansur Ali Khan Pataudi Memorial Lecture National Cricket Academy Lists Captains Test wicket - keepers ODI wicket - keepers International grounds Test records ODI records T20I records Others History India -- Pakistan cricket rivalry Women 's national cricket teams Women 's Championship Australia England India New Zealand Pakistan South Africa Sri Lanka West Indies Other ODI teams Bangladesh Ireland Former ODI teams Denmark Japan Netherlands Scotland Other active teams Afghanistan Argentina Bermuda Bhutan Botswana Brazil Canada Cayman Islands China Cook Islands Fiji Hong Kong Iran Kenya Kuwait Malaysia Namibia Nepal Nigeria New Caledonia Oman Papua New Guinea Qatar Samoa Sierra Leone Singapore Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Uganda United Arab Emirates United States Vanuatu Wales Zimbabwe See also International XI Jamaica Trinidad & Tobago Young England National teams of India Major teams ( World level ) Badminton Cricket Ind A M U19 Blind Field hockey Kabaddi Motorsport ( A1 Team ) Rollball Softball Squash Tennis Continental level Basketball M U19 M U17 M 3x3 W U19 W U17 W 3x3 Football M U23 M U19 M U17 M U14 W U19 Volleyball Minor teams Baseball Beach soccer Handball Ice hockey M U20 M U18 Korfball Netball Racquetball Roller hockey Rugby league Rugby union Rugby 7 's Water polo Multi-sport event Asian Games Commonwealth Games Lusophony Games Olympics Youth Paralympics Universiade World Games Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_women%27s_national_cricket_team&oldid=853048012 '' Categories : India women 's national cricket team Women 's national cricket teams India in international cricket Women 's cricket teams in India Women 's national sports teams of India 1976 establishments in India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2018 Use Indian English from April 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português தமிழ் Türkçe डोटेली 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018 , at 02 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did women's cricket start in india | [
"\nThe British brought cricket to India in the early 1700s, with the first cricket match played in 1721.[10] The first Indian cricket club was established by the Parsi community in Bombay, in 1848; the club played their first match against the Europeans in 1877.[11] The first official Indian cricket team was formed in 1911 and toured England, where they played English county teams.[12] The India team made their Test debut against England in 1932.[13] Around the same time (1934), the first women's Test was played between England and Australia.[14] However, women's cricket arrived in India much later; the Women's Cricket Association of India was formed in 1973.[15] The Indian women's team played their first Test match in 1976, against the West Indies.[16] India recorded its first-ever Test win in November 1978 against West Indies under Shantha Rangaswamy's captaincy at the Moin-ul-Haq Stadium in Patna.[17][18]"
] | [
"1973"
] |
6621202335430657458 | Stamp Act 1765 | Stamp Act 1765 - wikipedia Stamp Act 1765 Duties in American Colonies Act Parliament of Great Britain Long title An act for granting and applying certain stamp duties , and other duties , in the British colonies and plantations in America , towards further defraying the expenses of defending , protecting , and securing the same ; and for amending such parts of the several acts of parliament relating to the trade and revenues of the said colonies and plantations , as direct the manner of determining and recovering the penalties and forfeitures therein mentioned . Citation 5 George III , c. 12 Introduced by The Right Honourable George Grenville , MP Prime Minister , Chancellor of the Exchequer , and Leader of the House of Commons Territorial extent British America and the British West Indies Dates Royal assent 22 March 1765 Commencement 1 November 1765 Repealed 18 March 1766 Other legislation Repealed by Act Repealing the Stamp Act 1766 Relates to Declaratory Act Status : Repealed This article is part of a series about the American Revolution 1765 -- 1783 Origins ( show ) Sugar Act Currency Act Quartering Acts Stamp Act 1765 Declaratory Act No taxation without representation Townshend Acts Tea Act Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts Revolutionary War ( show ) Continental Army Continental Navy Minutemen Battles Intelligence Treaty of Paris Costs Declaration of Independence ( show ) Continental Congress Committee of Five Lee Resolution Articles of Confederation United States Constitution ( show ) Philadelphia Convention Annapolis Convention The Federalist Papers Bill of Rights A New Republic ( show ) Republicanism American Enlightenment Liberalism First Great Awakening Role of Women Legacy ( show ) Atlantic Revolutions Bicentennial The Stamp Act of 1765 ( short title Duties in American Colonies Act 1765 ; 5 George III , c. 12 ) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain that imposed a direct tax on the Thirteen Colonies and required that many printed materials in the colonies be produced on stamped paper produced in London , carrying an embossed revenue stamp . Printed materials included legal documents , magazines , playing cards , newspapers , and many other types of paper used throughout the colonies . Like previous taxes , the stamp tax had to be paid in valid British currency , not in colonial paper money . The purpose of the tax was to pay for British military troops stationed in the American colonies after the French and Indian War , which was the North American theater of the Seven Years ' War . However , the colonists had never feared a French invasion to begin with , and they contended that they had already paid their share of the war expenses . They suggested that it was actually a matter of British patronage to surplus British officers and career soldiers who should be paid by London . The Stamp Act was very unpopular among colonists . A majority considered it a violation of their rights as Englishmen to be taxed without their consent -- consent that only the colonial legislatures could grant . Their slogan was `` No taxation without representation . '' Colonial assemblies sent petitions and protests , and the Stamp Act Congress held in New York City was the first significant joint colonial response to any British measure when it petitioned Parliament and the King . One member of the British Parliament argued that the colonials were no different from the 90 % residents of Great Britain who did not own property and thus could not vote , but who were nevertheless `` virtually '' represented by land - owning electors and representatives who had common interests with them . An American attorney refuted this by pointing out that the relations between the Americans and the English electors were `` a knot too infirm to be relied on '' for proper representation , `` virtual '' or otherwise . Local protest groups established Committees of Correspondence which created a loose coalition from New England to Maryland . Protests and demonstrations increased , often initiated by the Sons of Liberty and occasionally involving hanging of effigies . Very soon , all stamp tax distributors were intimidated into resigning their commissions , and the tax was never effectively collected . Opposition to the Stamp Act was not limited to the colonies . British merchants and manufacturers pressured Parliament because their exports to the colonies were threatened by boycotts . The Act was repealed on 18 March 1766 as a matter of expedience , but Parliament affirmed its power to legislate for the colonies `` in all cases whatsoever '' by also passing the Declaratory Act . A series of new taxes and regulations then ensued -- likewise opposed by the colonists . The episode played a major role in defining the grievances that were clearly stated within the text of the Indictment of George III section of the United States Declaration of Independence , enabling the organized colonial resistance that led to the American Revolution in 1775 . Contents 1 Background 2 British decision - making 2.1 Details of tax 3 Colonial reaction 3.1 Political responses 3.2 Protests in the streets 3.2. 1 Massachusetts 3.2. 2 Rhode Island 3.2. 3 New York 3.2. 4 Other Colonies 3.2. 5 Quebec , Nova Scotia , Newfoundland , and the Caribbean 3.2. 6 Sons of Liberty 3.2. 7 Colonial newspapers 3.3 Stamp Act Congress 4 Repeal 5 Consequences 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Bibliography 9 External links Background ( edit ) The British victory in the Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 1763 ) , known in America as the French and Indian War , had been won only at a great financial cost . During the war , the British national debt nearly doubled , rising from £ 72,289,673 in 1755 to almost £ 129,586,789 by 1764 . Post-war expenses were expected to remain high because the Bute ministry decided in early 1763 to keep ten thousand British regular soldiers in the American colonies , which would cost about £ 225,000 per year , equal to £ 30 million today . The primary reason for retaining such a large force was that demobilizing the army would put 1,500 officers out of work , many of whom were well - connected in Parliament . This made it politically prudent to retain a large peacetime establishment , but Britons were averse to maintaining a standing army at home so it was necessary to garrison most of the troops elsewhere . Stationing 10,000 troops to separate American Indians and frontiersmen was one role . The outbreak of Pontiac 's Rebellion in May 1763 apparently reinforced the logic of this decision , as it was an American Indian uprising against the British expansion . The main reason to send 10,000 troops deep into the wilderness was to provide billets for the officers who were part of the British patronage system . John Adams said , `` Revenue is still demanded from America , and appropriated to the maintenance of swarms of officers and pensioners in idleness and luxury . '' Prime Minister George Grenville George Grenville became prime minister in April 1763 after the failure of the short - lived Bute Ministry , and he had to find a way to pay for this large peacetime army . Raising taxes in Britain was out of the question , since there had been virulent protests in England against the Bute ministry 's 1763 cider tax , with Bute being hanged in effigy . The Grenville ministry therefore decided that Parliament would raise this revenue by taxing the American colonists without their consent . This was something new ; Parliament had previously passed measures to regulate trade in the colonies , but it had never before directly taxed the colonies to raise revenue . Politicians in London had always expected American colonists to contribute to the cost of their own defense . So long as a French threat existed , there was little trouble convincing colonial legislatures to provide assistance . Such help was normally provided through the raising of colonial militias , which were funded by taxes raised by colonial legislatures . Also , the legislatures were sometimes willing to help maintain regular British units defending the colonies . So long as this sort of help was forthcoming , there was little reason for the British Parliament to impose its own taxes on the colonists . But after the peace of 1763 , colonial militias were quickly stood down . Militia officers were tired of the disdain shown to them by regular British officers , and were frustrated by the near - impossibility of obtaining regular British commissions ; they were unwilling to remain in service once the war was over . In any case , they had no military role , as the Indian threat was minimal and there was no foreign threat . Colonial legislators saw no need for the British troops . The Sugar Act of 1764 was the first tax in Grenville 's program to raise a revenue in America , which was a modification of the Molasses Act of 1733 . The Molasses Act had imposed a tax of 6 pence per gallon ( equal to £ 3.81 today ) on foreign molasses imported into British colonies . The purpose of the Molasses Act was not actually to raise revenue , but instead to make foreign molasses so expensive that it effectively gave a monopoly to molasses imported from the British West Indies . It did not work ; colonial merchants avoided the tax by smuggling or , more often , bribing customs officials . The Sugar Act reduced the tax to 3 pence per gallon ( equal to £ 1.63 today ) in the hope that the lower rate would increase compliance and thus increase the amount of tax collected . The Act also taxed additional imports and included measures to make the customs service more effective . Printed copy of the Stamp Act of 1765 American colonists initially objected to the Sugar Act for economic reasons , but before long they recognized that there were constitutional issues involved . The British Constitution guaranteed that British subjects could not be taxed without their consent , which came in the form of representation in Parliament . The colonists elected no members of Parliament , and so it was seen as a violation of the British Constitution for Parliament to tax them . There was little time to raise this issue in response to the Sugar Act , but it came to be a major objection to the Stamp Act the following year . British decision - making ( edit ) Parliament announced in April 1764 when the Sugar Act was passed that they would also consider a stamp tax in the colonies . Opposition from the colonies was soon forthcoming to this possible tax , but neither members of Parliament nor American agents in Great Britain ( such as Benjamin Franklin ) anticipated the intensity of the protest that the tax generated . Stamp acts had been a very successful method of taxation within Great Britain ; they generated over £ 100,000 in tax revenue with very little in collection expenses . By requiring an official stamp on most legal documents , the system was almost self - regulating ; a document would be null and void under British law without the required stamp . Imposition of such a tax on the colonies had been considered twice before the Seven Years ' War and once again in 1761 . Grenville had actually been presented with drafts of colonial stamp acts in September and October 1763 , but the proposals lacked the specific knowledge of colonial affairs to adequately describe the documents subject to the stamp . At the time of the passage of the Sugar Act in April 1764 , Grenville made it clear that the right to tax the colonies was not in question , and that additional taxes might follow , including a stamp tax . The Glorious Revolution had established the principle of parliamentary supremacy . Control of colonial trade and manufactures extended this principle across the ocean . This belief had never been tested on the issue of colonial taxation , but the British assumed that the interests of the thirteen colonies were so disparate that a joint colonial action was unlikely to occur against such a tax -- an assumption that had its genesis in the failure of the Albany Conference in 1754 . By the end of December 1764 , the first warnings of serious colonial opposition were provided by pamphlets and petitions from the colonies protesting both the Sugar Act and the proposed stamp tax . Benjamin Franklin represented Pennsylvania in discussions about the act For Grenville , the first issue was the amount of the tax . Soon after his announcement of the possibility of a tax , he had told American agents that he was not opposed to the Americans suggesting an alternative way of raising the money themselves . However , the only other alternative would be to requisition each colony and allow them to determine how to raise their share . This had never worked before , even during the French and Indian War , and there was no political mechanism in place that would have ensured the success of such cooperation . On 2 February 1765 , Grenville met to discuss the tax with Benjamin Franklin , Jared Ingersoll from New Haven , Richard Jackson , agent for Connecticut , and Charles Garth , the agent for South Carolina ( Jackson and Garth were also members of Parliament ) . These colonial representatives had no specific alternative to present ; they simply suggested that the determination be left to the colonies . Grenville replied that he wanted to raise the money `` by means the most easy and least objectionable to the Colonies '' . Thomas Whately had drafted the Stamp Act , and he said that the delay in implementation had been `` out of Tenderness to the colonies '' , and that the tax was judged as `` the easiest , the most equal and the most certain . '' The debate in Parliament began soon after this meeting . Petitions submitted by the colonies were officially ignored by Parliament . In the debate , Charles Townshend said , `` and now will these Americans , children planted by our care , nourished up by our Indulgence until they are grown to a degree of strength and opulence , and protected by our arms , will they grudge to contribute their mite to relieve us from heavy weight of the burden which we lie under ? '' This led to Colonel Isaac Barré 's response : They planted by your care ? No ! Your oppression planted ' em in America . They fled from your tyranny to a then uncultivated and unhospitable country where they exposed themselves to almost all the hardships to which human nature is liable , and among others to the cruelties of a savage foe , the most subtle , and I take upon me to say , the most formidable of any people upon the face of God 's earth ... They nourished by your indulgence ? They grew by your neglect of ' em . As soon as you began to care about ' em , that care was exercised in sending persons to rule over ' em , in one department and another , who were perhaps the deputies of deputies to some member of this house , sent to spy out their liberty , to misrepresent their actions and to prey upon ' em ; men whose behaviour on many occasions has caused the blood of those sons of liberty to recoil within them ... They protected by your arms ? They have nobly taken up arms in your defence , have exerted a valour amidst their constant and laborious industry for the defence of a country whose frontier while drenched in blood , its interior parts have yielded all its little savings to your emolument ... The people I believe are as truly loyal as any subjects the king has , but a people jealous of their liberties and who will vindicate them if ever they should be violated ; but the subject is too delicate and I will say no more . '' Massachusetts Royal Governor William Shirley assured London in 1755 that American independence could easily be defeated by force . He argued : At all Events , they could not maintain such an Independency , without a Strong Naval Force , which it must forever be in the Power of Great Britain to hinder them from having : And whilst His Majesty hath 7000 Troops kept up within them , & in the Great Lakes upon the back of six of them , with the Indians at Command , it seems very easy , provided the Governors & principal Civil Officers are Independent of the Assemblies for their Subsistence , & commonly Vigilant , to prevent any Steps of that kind from being taken . Details of tax ( edit ) Proof sheet of one - penny stamps submitted for approval to Commissioners of Stamps by engraver , May 10 , 1765 The Stamp Act was passed by Parliament on 22 March 1765 with an effective date of 1 November 1765 . It passed 205 -- 49 in the House of Commons and unanimously in the House of Lords . Historians Edmund and Helen Morgan describe the specifics of the tax : The highest tax , £ 10 , was placed ... on attorney licenses . Other papers relating to court proceedings were taxed in amounts varying from 3d. to 10s . Land grants under a hundred acres were taxed 1s . 6d. , between 100 and 200 acres 2s. , and from 200 to 320 acres 2s . 6d. , with an additional 2s 6d . for every additional 320 acres ( 1.3 km ) . Cards were taxed a shilling a pack , dice ten shillings , and newspapers and pamphlets at the rate of a penny for a single sheet and a shilling for every sheet in pamphlets or papers totaling more than one sheet and fewer than six sheets in octavo , fewer than twelve in quarto , or fewer than twenty in folio ( in other words , the tax on pamphlets grew in proportion to their size but ceased altogether if they became large enough to qualify as a book ) . The high taxes on lawyers and college students were designed to limit the growth of a professional class in the colonies . The stamps had to be purchased with hard currency , which was scarce , rather than the more plentiful colonial paper currency . To avoid draining currency out of the colonies , the revenues were to be expended in America , especially for supplies and salaries of British Army units who were stationed there . Two features of the Stamp Act involving the courts attracted special attention . The tax on court documents specifically included courts `` exercising ecclesiastical jurisdiction . '' These type of courts did not currently exist in the colonies and no bishops were currently assigned to the colonies , who would preside over the courts . Many colonists or their ancestors had fled England specifically to escape the influence and power of such state - sanctioned religious institutions , and they feared that this was the first step to reinstating the old ways in the colonies . Some Anglicans in the northern colonies were already openly advocating the appointment of such bishops , but they were opposed by both southern Anglicans and the non-Anglicans who made up the majority in the northern colonies . The Stamp Act allowed admiralty courts to have jurisdiction for trying violators , following the example established by the Sugar Act . However , admiralty courts had traditionally been limited to cases involving the high seas . The Sugar Act seemed to fall within this precedent , but the Stamp Act did not , and the colonists saw this as a further attempt to replace their local courts with courts controlled by England . Colonial reaction ( edit ) Political responses ( edit ) Grenville started appointing Stamp Distributors almost immediately after the Act passed Parliament . Applicants were not hard to come by because of the anticipated income that the positions promised , and he appointed local colonists to the post . Benjamin Franklin even suggested the appointment of John Hughes as the agent for Pennsylvania , indicating that even Franklin was not aware of the turmoil and impact that the tax was going to generate on American - British relations or that these distributors would become the focus of colonial resistance . Debate in the colonies had actually begun in the spring of 1764 over the Stamp Act when Parliament passed a resolution that contained the assertion , `` That , towards further defraying the said Expences , it may be proper to charge certain Stamp Duties in the said Colonies and Plantations . '' Both the Sugar Act and the proposed Stamp Act were designed principally to raise revenue from the colonists . The Sugar Act , to a large extent , was a continuation of past legislation related primarily to the regulation of trade ( termed an external tax ) , but its stated purpose was entirely new : to collect revenue directly from the colonists for a specific purpose . The novelty of the Stamp Act was that it was the first internal tax ( a tax based entirely on activities within the colonies ) levied directly on the colonies by Parliament . It was judged by the colonists to be a more dangerous assault on their rights than the Sugar Act was , because of its potential wide application to the colonial economy . The theoretical issue that soon held center stage was the matter of taxation without representation . Benjamin Franklin had raised this as far back as 1754 at the Albany Congress when he wrote , `` That it is suppos 'd an undoubted Right of Englishmen not to be taxed but by their own Consent given thro ' their Representatives . That the Colonies have no Representatives in Parliament . '' The counter to this argument was the theory of virtual representation . Thomas Whately enunciated this theory in a pamphlet that readily acknowledged that there could be no taxation without consent , but the facts were that at least 75 % of British adult males were not represented in Parliament because of property qualifications or other factors . Members of Parliament were bound to represent the interests of all British citizens and subjects , so colonists were the recipients of virtual representation in Parliament , like those disenfranchised subjects in the British Isles . This theory , however , ignored a crucial difference between the unrepresented in Britain and the colonists . The colonists enjoyed actual representation in their own legislative assemblies , and the issue was whether these legislatures , rather than Parliament , were in fact the sole recipients of the colonists ' consent with regard to taxation . Samuel Adams opposed the act In May 1764 , Samuel Adams of Boston drafted the following that stated the common American position : For if our Trade may be taxed why not our Lands ? Why not the Produce of our Lands & every thing we possess or make use of ? This we apprehend annihilates our Charter Right to govern & tax ourselves -- It strikes our British Privileges , which as we have never forfeited them , we hold in common with our Fellow Subjects who are Natives of Britain : If Taxes are laid upon us in any shape without our having a legal Representation where they are laid , are we not reduced from the Character of free Subjects to the miserable State of tributary Slaves . Massachusetts appointed a five - member Committee of Correspondence in June 1764 to coordinate action and exchange information regarding the Sugar Act , and Rhode Island formed a similar committee in October 1764 . This attempt at unified action represented a significant step forward in colonial unity and cooperation . The Virginia House of Burgesses sent a protest of the taxes to London in December 1764 , arguing that they did not have the specie required to pay the tax . Massachusetts , New York , New Jersey , Rhode Island , and Connecticut also sent protest to England in 1764 . The content of the messages varied , but they all emphasized that taxation of the colonies without colonial assent was a violation of their rights . By the end of 1765 , all of the Thirteen Colonies except Georgia and North Carolina had sent some sort of protest passed by colonial legislative assemblies . The Virginia House of Burgesses reconvened in early May 1765 after news was received of the passage of the Act . By the end of May , it appeared that they would not consider the tax , and many legislators went home , including George Washington . Only 30 out of 116 Burgesses remained , but one of those remaining was Patrick Henry who was attending his first session . Henry led the opposition to the Stamp Act ; he proposed his resolutions on 30 May 1765 , and they were passed in the form of the Virginia Resolves . The Resolves stated : Resolved , That the first Adventurers and Settlers of this his majesty 's colony and Dominion of Virginia brought with them , and transmitted to their Posterity , and all other his Majesty 's subjects since inhabiting in this his Majesty 's said Colony , all the Liberties , privileges , Franchises , and Immunities that have at any Time been held , enjoyed , and possessed , by the People of Great Britain . Resolved , That by the two royal Charters , granted by King James the First , the Colonists aforesaid are declared entitled to all Liberties , Privileges , and Immunities of Denizens and natural Subjects , to all Intents and Purposes , as if they had been abiding and born within the Realm of England . Resolved , That the Taxation of the People by themselves , or by Persons chosen by themselves to represent them , who could only know what Taxes the People are able to bear , or the easiest method of raising them , and must themselves be affected by every Tax laid on the People , is the only Security against a burdensome Taxation , and the distinguishing characteristick of British Freedom , without which the ancient Constitution can not exist . Resolved , That his majesty 's liege people of this his most ancient and loyal Colony have without interruption enjoyed the inestimable Right of being governed by such Laws , respecting their internal Polity and Taxation , as are derived from their own Consent , with the Approbation of their Sovereign , or his Substitute ; and that the same hath never been forfeited or yielded up , but hath been constantly recognized by the King and People of Great Britain . On 6 June 1765 , the Massachusetts Lower House proposed a meeting for the 1st Tuesday of October in New York City : That it is highly expedient there should be a Meeting as soon as may be , of Committees from the Houses of Representatives or Burgesses in the several Colonies on this Continent to consult together on the present Circumstances of the Colonies , and the difficulties to which they are and must be reduced by the operation of the late Acts of Parliament for levying Duties and Taxes on the Colonies , and to consider of a general and humble Address to his Majesty and the Parliament to implore Relief . There was no attempt to keep this meeting a secret ; Massachusetts promptly notified Richard Jackson of the proposed meeting , their agent in England and a member of Parliament . Protests in the streets ( edit ) External video The Stamp Act : Troubling Their Neighbors , 58 : 01 , Benjamin L. Carp , WGBH Forum The Stamp Act : The Lowest Of The Mob , 49 : 35 , Molly Fitzgerald Perry , WGBH Forum While the colonial legislatures were acting , the ordinary citizens of the colonies were also voicing their concerns outside of this formal political process . Historian Gary B. Nash wrote : Whether stimulated externally or ignited internally , ferment during the years from 1761 to 1766 changed the dynamics of social and political relations in the colonies and set in motion currents of reformist sentiment with the force of a mountain wind . Critical to this half decade was the colonial response to England 's Stamp Act , more the reaction of common colonists than that of their presumed leaders . Both loyal supporters of English authority and well - established colonial protest leaders underestimated the self - activating capacity of ordinary colonists . By the end of 1765 ... people in the streets had astounded , dismayed , and frightened their social superiors . Massachusetts ( edit ) Early street protests were most notable in Boston . Andrew Oliver was a distributor of stamps for Massachusetts who was hanged in effigy on 14 August 1765 `` from a giant elm tree at the crossing of Essex and Orange Streets in the city 's South End . '' Also hung was a jackboot painted green on the bottom ( `` a Green - ville sole '' ) , a pun on both Grenville and the Earl of Bute , the two people most blamed by the colonists . Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson ordered sheriff Stephen Greenleaf to take down the effigy , but he was opposed by a large crowd . All day the crowd detoured merchants on Orange Street to have their goods symbolically stamped under the elm tree , which later became known as the `` Liberty Tree '' . Ebenezer MacIntosh was a veteran of the Seven Years ' War and a shoemaker . One night , he led a crowd which cut down the effigy of Andrew Oliver and took it in a funeral procession to the Town House where the legislature met . From there , they went to Oliver 's office -- which they tore down and symbolically stamped the timbers . Next , they took the effigy to Oliver 's home at the foot of Fort Hill , where they beheaded it and then burned it -- along with Oliver 's stable house and coach and chaise . Greenleaf and Hutchinson were stoned when they tried to stop the mob , which then looted and destroyed the contents of Oliver 's house . Oliver asked to be relieved of his duties the next day . This resignation , however , was not enough . Oliver was ultimately forced by MacIntosh to be paraded through the streets and to publicly resign under the Liberty Tree . A 1765 broadside regarding the resignation of Andrew Oliver under the Liberty Tree As news spread of the reasons for Andrew Oliver 's resignation , violence and threats of aggressive acts increased throughout the colonies , as did organized groups of resistance . Throughout the colonies , members of the middle and upper classes of society formed the foundation for these groups of resistance and soon called themselves the Sons of Liberty . These colonial groups of resistance burned effigies of royal officials , forced Stamp Act collectors to resign , and were able to get businessmen and judges to go about without using the proper stamps demanded by Parliament . On 16 August , a mob damaged the home and official papers of William Story , the deputy register of the Vice-Admiralty , who then moved to Marblehead , Massachusetts . Benjamin Hallowell , the comptroller of customs , suffered the almost total loss of his home . On 26 August , MacIntosh led an attack on Hutchinson 's mansion . The mob evicted the family , destroyed the furniture , tore down the interior walls , emptied the wine cellar , scattered Hutchinson 's collection of Massachusetts historical papers , and pulled down the building 's cupola . Hutchinson had been in public office for three decades ; he estimated his loss at £ 2,218 ( in today 's money , at nearly $250,000 ) . Nash concludes that this attack was more than just a reaction to the Stamp Act : But it is clear that the crowd was giving vent to years of resentment at the accumulation of wealth and power by the haughty prerogative faction led by Hutchinson . Behind every swing of the ax and every hurled stone , behind every shattered crystal goblet and splintered mahogany chair , lay the fury of a plain Bostonian who had read or heard the repeated references to impoverished people as `` rable '' and to Boston 's popular caucus , led by Samuel Adams , as a `` herd of fools , tools , and synchophants . '' Governor Francis Bernard offered a £ 300 reward for information on the leaders of the mob , but no information was forthcoming . MacIntosh and several others were arrested , but were either freed by pressure from the merchants or released by mob action . The street demonstrations originated from the efforts of respectable public leaders such as James Otis , who commanded the Boston Gazette , and Samuel Adams of the `` Loyal Nine '' of the Boston Caucus , an organization of Boston merchants . They made efforts to control the people below them on the economic and social scale , but they were often unsuccessful in maintaining a delicate balance between mass demonstrations and riots . These men needed the support of the working class , but also had to establish the legitimacy of their actions to have their protests to England taken seriously . At the time of these protests , the Loyal Nine was more of a social club with political interests but , by December 1765 , it began issuing statements as the Sons of Liberty . Rhode Island ( edit ) Rhode Island also experienced street violence . A crowd built a gallows near the Town House in Newport on 27 August , where they carried effigies of three officials appointed as stamp distributors : Augustus Johnson , Dr. Thomas Moffat , and lawyer Martin Howard . The crowd at first was led by merchants William Ellery , Samuel Vernon , and Robert Crook , but they soon lost control . That night , the crowd was led by a poor man named John Weber , and they attacked the houses of Moffat and Howard , where they destroyed walls , fences , art , furniture , and wine . The local Sons of Liberty were publicly opposed to violence , and they refused at first to support Weber when he was arrested . They were persuaded to come to his assistance , however , when retaliation was threatened against their own homes . Weber was released and faded into obscurity . Howard became the only prominent American to publicly support the Stamp Act in his pamphlet `` A Colonist 's Defence of Taxation '' ( 1765 ) . After the riots , Howard had to leave the colony , but he was rewarded by the Crown with an appointment as Chief Justice of North Carolina at a salary of ₤ 1,000 . New York ( edit ) Main article : Province of New York § Stamp Act In New York , James McEvers resigned his distributorship four days after the attack on Hutchinson 's house . The stamps arrived in New York Harbor on 24 October for several of the northern colonies . Placards appeared throughout the city warning that `` the first man that either distributes or makes use of stamped paper let him take care of his house , person , and effects . '' New York merchants met on 31 October and agreed not to sell any English goods until the Act was repealed . Crowds took to the streets for four days of demonstrations , uncontrolled by the local leaders , culminating in an attack by two thousand people on Governor Cadwallader Colden 's home and the burning of two sleighs and a coach . Unrest in New York City continued through the end of the year , and the local Sons of Liberty had difficulty in controlling crowd actions . Other colonies ( edit ) In Frederick , Maryland , a court of 12 magistrates ruled the Stamp Act invalid on 23 November 1765 , and directed that businesses and colonial officials proceed in all matters without use of the stamps . A week later , a crowd conducted a mock funeral procession for the act in the streets of Frederick . The magistrates have been dubbed the `` 12 Immortal Justices , '' and 23 November has been designated `` Repudiation Day '' by the Maryland state legislature . On 1 October 2015 , Senator Cardin ( D - MD ) read into the Congressional Record a statement noting 2015 as the 250th anniversary of the event . Among the 12 magistrates was William Luckett , who later served as lieutenant colonel in the Maryland Militia at the battle of Germantown . Other popular demonstrations occurred in Portsmouth , New Hampshire , Annapolis , Maryland , Wilmington and New Bern , North Carolina , and Charleston , South Carolina . In Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , demonstrations were subdued but even targeted Benjamin Franklin 's home , although it was not vandalized . By 16 November , twelve of the stamp distributors had resigned . The Georgia distributor did not arrive in America until January 1766 , but his first and only official action was to resign . The overall effect of these protests was to both anger and unite the American people like never before . Opposition to the Act inspired both political and constitutional forms of literature throughout the colonies , strengthened the colonial political perception and involvement , and created new forms of organized resistance . These organized groups quickly learned that they could force royal officials to resign by employing violent measures and threats . Quebec , Nova Scotia , Newfoundland , and the Caribbean ( edit ) The main issue was constitutional rights of Englishmen , so the French in Quebec did not react . Some English - speaking merchants were opposed , but were in a fairly small minority . The Quebec Gazette ceased publication until the act was repealed , apparently over the unwillingness to use stamped paper . In neighboring Nova Scotia a number of former New England residents objected , but recent British immigrants and London - oriented business interests based in Halifax , the provincial capital were more influential . The only major public protest was the hanging in effigy of the stamp distributor and Lord Bute . The act was implemented in both provinces , but Nova Scotia 's stamp distributor resigned in January 1766 , beset by ungrounded fears for his safety . Authorities there were ordered to allow ships bearing unstamped papers to enter its ports , and business continued unabated after the distributors ran out of stamps . The Act occasioned some protests in Newfoundland , and the drafting of petitions opposing not only the Stamp Act , but the existence of the customhouse at St. John 's , based on legislation dating back to the reign of Edward VI forbidding any sort of duties on the importation of goods related to its fisheries . Violent protests were few in the Caribbean colonies . Political opposition was expressed in a number of colonies , including Barbados and Antigua , and by absentee landowners living in Britain . The worst political violence took place on St. Kitts and Nevis . Riots took place on 31 October 1765 , and again on 5 November , targeting the homes and offices of stamp distributors ; the number of participants suggests that the percentage of St. Kitts ' white population involved matched that of Bostonian involvement in its riots . The delivery of stamps to St. Kitts was successfully blocked , and they were never used there . Montserrat and Antigua also succeeded in avoiding the use of stamps ; some correspondents thought that rioting was prevented in Antigua only by the large troop presence . Despite vocal political opposition , Barbados used the stamps , to the pleasure of King George . In Jamaica there was also vocal opposition , which included threats of violence . There was much evasion of the stamps , and ships arriving without stamped papers were allowed to enter port . Despite this , Jamaica produced more stamp revenue ( £ 2,000 ) than any other colony . Sons of Liberty ( edit ) Main article : Sons of Liberty It was during this time of street demonstrations that locally organized groups started to merge into an inter-colonial organization of a type not previously seen in the colonies . The term `` sons of liberty '' had been used in a generic fashion well before 1765 , but it was only around February 1766 that its influence extended throughout the colonies as an organized group using the formal name `` Sons of Liberty '' , leading to a pattern for future resistance to the British that carried the colonies towards 1776 . Historian John C. Miller noted that the name was adopted as a result of Barre 's use of the term in his February 1765 speech . The organization spread month by month after independent starts in several different colonies . By 6 November , a committee was set up in New York to correspond with other colonies , and in December an alliance was formed between groups in New York and Connecticut . In January , a correspondence link was established between Boston and Manhattan , and by March , Providence had initiated connections with New York , New Hampshire , and Newport . By March , Sons of Liberty organizations had been established in New Jersey , Maryland , and Norfolk , Virginia , and a local group established in North Carolina was attracting interest in South Carolina and Georgia . The officers and leaders of the Sons of Liberty `` were drawn almost entirely from the middle and upper ranks of colonial society , '' but they recognized the need to expand their power base to include `` the whole of political society , involving all of its social or economic subdivisions . '' To do this , the Sons of Liberty relied on large public demonstrations to expand their base . They learned early on that controlling such crowds was problematical , although they strived to control `` the possible violence of extra-legal gatherings . '' The organization professed its loyalty to both local and British established government , but possible military action as a defensive measure was always part of their considerations . Throughout the Stamp Act Crisis , the Sons of Liberty professed continued loyalty to the King because they maintained a `` fundamental confidence '' that Parliament would do the right thing and repeal the tax . Colonial newspapers ( edit ) Bradford 's Philadelphia paper gave a graphic warning . John Adams complained that the London ministry was intentionally trying `` to strip us in a great measure of the means of knowledge , by loading the Press , the colleges , and even an Almanack and a News - Paper , with restraints and duties . '' The press fought back . By 1760 the fledgling American newspaper industry comprised 24 weekly papers in major cities . Benjamin Franklin had created an informal network so that each one routinely reprinted news , editorials , letters and essays from the others , thus helping form a common American voice . All the editors were annoyed at the new stamp tax they would have to pay on each copy . By informing colonists what the other colonies were saying the press became a powerful opposition force to the Stamp Act . Many circumvented the and most equated taxation without representation with despotism and tyranny , thus providing a common vocabulary of protest for the Thirteen Colonies . The newspapers reported effigy hangings and stamp master resignation speeches . Some newspapers were on the royal payroll and supported the Act , but most of the press was free and vocal . Thus William Bradford , the foremost printer in Philadelphia , became a leader of the Sons of Liberty . He added a skull and crossbones with the words , `` the fatal Stamp , '' to the masthead of his Pennsylvania Journal and weekly Advertiser . Some of the earliest forms of American propaganda appeared in these printings in response to the law . The articles written in colonial newspapers were particularly critical of the act because of the Stamp Act 's disproportionate effect on printers . David Ramsay , a patriot and historian from South Carolina , wrote of this phenomenon shortly after the American Revolution : It was fortunate for the liberties of America , that newspapers were the subject of a heavy stamp duty . Printers , when influenced by government , have genereally arranged themselves on the side of liberty , nor are they less remarkable for attention to the profits of their profession . A stamp duty , which openly invaded the first , and threatened a great diminution of the last , provoked their united zealous opposition . Most printers were critical of the Stamp Act , although a few Loyalist voices did exist . Some of the more subtle Loyalist sentiments can be seen in publications such as The Boston Evening Post , which was run by British sympathizers John and Thomas Fleet . The article detailed a violent protest that occurred in New York in December , 1765 , then described the riot 's participants as `` imperfect '' and labeled the group 's ideas as `` contrary to the general sense of the people . '' These Loyalists beliefs can be seen in some of the early newspaper articles about the Stamp Act , but the anti-British writings were more prevalent and seem to have had a more powerful effect . Many papers assumed a relatively conservative tone before the act went into effect , implying that they might close if it was n't repealed . However , as time passed and violent demonstrations ensued , the authors became more vitriolic . Several newspaper editors were involved with the Sons of Liberty , such as William Bradford of The Pennsylvania Journal and Benjamin Edes of The Boston Gazette , and they echoed the group 's sentiments in their publications . The Stamp Act went into effect that November , and many newspapers ran editions with imagery of tombstones and skeletons , emphasizing that their papers were `` dead '' and would no longer be able to print because of the Stamp Act . However , most of them returned in the upcoming months , defiantly appearing without the stamp of approval that was deemed necessary by the Stamp Act . Printers were greatly relieved when the law was nullified in the following spring , and the repeal asserted their positions as a powerful voice ( and compass ) for public opinion . An English newspaper bewails the repeal of the Stamp Act . Stamp Act Congress ( edit ) Main article : Stamp Act Congress The Stamp Act Congress was held in New York in October 1765 . Twenty - seven delegates from nine colonies were the members of the Congress , and their responsibility was to draft a set of formal petitions stating why Parliament had no right to tax them . Among the delegates were many important men in the colonies . Historian John Miller observes , `` The composition of this Stamp Act Congress ought to have been convincing proof to the British government that resistance to parliamentary taxation was by no means confined to the riffraff of colonial seaports . '' The youngest delegate was 26 - year - old John Rutledge of South Carolina , and the oldest was 65 - year - old Hendrick Fisher of New Jersey . Ten of the delegates were lawyers , ten were merchants , and seven were planters or land - owning farmers ; all had served in some type of elective office , and all but three were born in the colonies . Four died before the colonies declared independence , and four signed the Declaration of Independence ; nine attended the first and second Continental Congresses , and three were Loyalists during the Revolution . New Hampshire declined to send delegates , and North Carolina , Georgia , and Virginia were not represented because their governors did not call their legislatures into session , thus preventing the selection of delegates . Despite the composition of the congress , each of the Thirteen Colonies eventually affirmed its decisions . Six of the nine colonies represented at the Congress agreed to sign the petitions to the King and Parliament produced by the Congress . The delegations from New York , Connecticut , and South Carolina were prohibited from signing any documents without first receiving approval from the colonial assemblies that had appointed them . Massachusetts governor Francis Bernard believed that his colony 's delegates to the Congress would be supportive of Parliament . Timothy Ruggles in particular was Bernard 's man , and was elected chairman of the Congress . Ruggles ' instructions from Bernard were to `` recommend submission to the Stamp Act until Parliament could be persuaded to repeal it . '' Many delegates felt that a final resolution of the Stamp Act would actually bring Britain and the colonies closer together . Robert Livingston of New York stressed the importance of removing the Stamp Act from the public debate , writing to his colony 's agent in England , `` If I really wished to see America in a state of independence I should desire as one of the most effectual means to that end that the stamp act should be enforced . '' Wikisource has original text related to this article : Declaration of Rights and Grievances The Congress met for 12 consecutive days , including Sundays . There was no audience at the meetings , and no information was released about the deliberations . The meeting 's final product was called `` The Declaration of Rights and Grievances '' , and was drawn up by delegate John Dickinson of Pennsylvania . This Declaration raised fourteen points of colonial protest . It asserted that colonists possessed all the rights of Englishmen in addition to protesting the Stamp Act issue , and that Parliament could not represent the colonists since they had no voting rights over Parliament . Only the colonial assemblies had a right to tax the colonies . They also asserted that the extension of authority of the admiralty courts to non-naval matters represented an abuse of power . In addition to simply arguing for their rights as Englishmen , the congress also asserted that they had certain natural rights solely because they were human beings . Resolution 3 stated , `` That it is inseparably essential to the freedom of a people , and the undoubted right of Englishmen , that no taxes be imposed on them , but with their own consent , given personally , or by their representatives . '' Both Massachusetts and Pennsylvania brought forth the issue in separate resolutions even more directly when they respectively referred to `` the Natural rights of Mankind '' and `` the common rights of mankind '' . Christopher Gadsden of South Carolina had proposed that the Congress ' petition should go only to the king , since the rights of the colonies did not originate with Parliament . This radical proposal went too far for most delegates and was rejected . The `` Declaration of Rights and Grievances '' was duly sent to the king , and petitions were also sent to both Houses of Parliament . Repeal ( edit ) Grenville was replaced by Lord Rockingham as Prime Minister on 10 July 1765 . News of the mob violence began to reach England in October . Conflicting sentiments were taking hold in Britain at the same time that resistance was building and accelerating in America . Some wanted to strictly enforce the Stamp Act over colonial resistance , wary of the precedent that would be set by backing down . Others felt the economic effects of reduced trade with America after the Sugar Act and an inability to collect debts while the colonial economy suffered , and they began to lobby for a repeal of the Stamp Act . The colonial protest had included various non-importation agreements among merchants who recognized that a significant portion of British industry and commerce was dependent on the colonial market . This movement had also spread through the colonies ; 200 merchants had met in New York City and agreed to import nothing from England until the Stamp Act was repealed . This cartoon depicts the repeal of the Stamp Act as a funeral , with Grenville carrying a child 's coffin marked `` born 1765 , died 1766 '' When Parliament met in December 1765 , it rejected a resolution offered by Grenville that would have condemned colonial resistance to the enforcement of the Act . Outside of Parliament , Rockingham and his secretary Edmund Burke , a member of Parliament himself , organized London merchants who started a committee of correspondence to support repeal of the Stamp Act by urging merchants throughout the country to contact their local representatives in Parliament . When Parliament reconvened on 14 January 1766 , the Rockingham ministry formally proposed repeal . Amendments were considered that would have lessened the financial impact on the colonies by allowing colonists to pay the tax in their own scrip , but this was viewed to be too little and too late . William Pitt stated in the Parliamentary debate that everything done by the Grenville ministry `` has been entirely wrong '' with respect to the colonies . He further stated , `` It is my opinion that this Kingdom has no right to lay a tax upon the colonies . '' Pitt still maintained `` the authority of this kingdom over the colonies , to be sovereign and supreme , in every circumstance of government and legislature whatsoever , '' but he made the distinction that taxes were not part of governing , but were `` a voluntary gift and grant of the Commons alone . '' He rejected the notion of virtual representation , as `` the most contemptible idea that ever entered into the head of man . '' Grenville responded to Pitt : Protection and obedience are reciprocal . Great Britain protects America ; America is bound to yield obedience . If , not , tell me when the Americans were emancipated ? When they want the protection of this kingdom , they are always ready to ask for it . That protection has always been afforded them in the most full and ample manner . The nation has run itself into an immense debt to give them their protection ; and now they are called upon to contribute a small share towards the public expence , and expence arising from themselves , they renounce your authority , insult your officers , and break out , I might also say , into open rebellion . Pitt 's response to Grenville included , `` I rejoice that America has resisted . Three millions of people , so dead to all the feelings of liberty as voluntarily to submit to be slaves , would have been fit instruments to make slaves of the rest . '' Between 17 and 27 January , Rockingham shifted the attention from constitutional arguments to economic by presenting petitions complaining of the economic repercussions felt throughout the country . On 7 February , the House of Commons rejected a resolution by 274 -- 134 , saying that it would back the King in enforcing the Act . Henry Seymour Conway , the government 's leader in the House of Commons , introduced the Declaratory Act in an attempt to address both the constitutional and the economic issues , which affirmed the right of Parliament to legislate for the colonies `` in all cases whatsoever '' , while admitting the inexpediency of attempting to enforce the Stamp Act . Only Pitt and three or four others voted against it . Other resolutions passed which condemned the riots and demanded compensation from the colonies for those who suffered losses because of the actions of the mobs . The House of Commons heard testimony between 11 and 13 February , the most important witness being Benjamin Franklin on the last day of the hearings . He responded to the question about how the colonists would react if the Act was not repealed : `` A total loss of the respect and affection the people of America bear to this country , and of all the commerce that depends on that respect and affection . '' A Scottish journalist observed Franklin 's answers to Parliament and his affect on the repeal ; he later wrote to Franklin , `` To this very Examination , more than to any thing else , you are indebted to the speedy and total Repeal of this odious Law . '' A resolution was introduced on 21 February to repeal the Stamp Act , and it passed by a vote of 276 -- 168 . The King gave royal assent on 18 March 1766 . Consequences ( edit ) Main article : American Revolution Some aspects of the resistance to the act provided a sort of rehearsal for similar acts of resistance to the 1767 Townshend Acts , particularly the activities of the Sons of Liberty and merchants in organizing opposition . The Stamp Act Congress was a predecessor to the later Continental Congresses , notably the Second Continental Congress which oversaw the establishment of American independence . The Committees of Correspondence used to coordinate activities were revived between 1772 and 1774 in response to a variety of controversial and unpopular affairs , and the colonies that met at the 1774 First Continental Congress established a non-importation agreement known as the Continental Association in response to Parliamentary passage of the Intolerable Acts . See also ( edit ) Board of Inland Revenue Stamping Department Archive British Library Philatelic Collections Revenue stamps of the United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 96 -- 97 Jump up ^ `` The Stamp Act of 1765 -- A Serendipitous Find '' by Hermann Ivester in The Revenue Journal , The Revenue Society , Vol. XX , No. 3 , December 2009 , pp. 87 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Wood , S.G. `` The American Revolution : A History . '' Modern Library . 2002 , page 24 . Jump up ^ Testimony of Doctor Benjamin Franklin , before an August Assembly of the British House of Commons , relating to the Repeal of the Stamp - Act , &c. , 1766 . Jump up ^ Soames Jennys , The Objections to the Taxation of Our American Colonies by the Legislature of Great Britain , Briefly Considered ( 1765 ) . Jump up ^ Daniel Dulaney , Considerations on the Propriety of Imposing Taxes in the British Colonies , for the Purpose of Raising a Revenue , by Act of Parliament ( 1765 ) ( reprinted in The American Revolution , Interpreting Primary Documents 47 - 51 ( Carey 2004 ) ) . Jump up ^ Draper pp. 216 -- 223 . Nash pp. 44 -- 56 . Maier pp. 76 -- 106 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 111 -- 120 . Miller pg. 149 -- 153 Jump up ^ Daniella Garran ( 2010 - 07 - 19 ) . `` Steps to the American Revolution '' . Lesson Planet . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan , Stamp Act Crisis , 21 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Crucible of War , 563 ; Thomas , British Politics , 38 ; Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 55 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Crucible of War , 561 ; Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 55 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Crucible of War , 563 . Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan , Stamp Act Crisis , 22 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Crucible of War , 560 . See also Charles S. Grant , `` Pontiac 's Rebellion and the British Troop Moves of 1763 '' , The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 40 , no . 1 ( June 1953 ) , 75 -- 88 . Jump up ^ George Bancroft ( 1888 ) . History of the United States of America , From the Discovery of the Continent . p. 292 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Crucible of War , 510 -- 11 ; Thomas , British Politics , 6 ; Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 62 . Jump up ^ Thomas , British Politics , 37 . Jump up ^ Thomas , British Politics , 32 . Jump up ^ Thomas , British Politics , 44 . Jump up ^ Thomas , British Politics , 47 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Crucible of War , 547 . Jump up ^ Reid , Authority to Tax , 206 . Jump up ^ Miller pg. 109 -- 113 . Morgan and Morgan pg. 75 -- 76 . Weslager pg. 50 Jump up ^ Draper 231 -- 233 . Middlekauff pg. 77 Jump up ^ Miller pg. 109 -- 113 . Morgan and Morgan pg. 75 -- 76 . Weslager pg. 50 . Jump up ^ Draper pg. 216 , 230 -- 233 Jump up ^ Draper 231 -- 233 . Middlekauff pg. 77 . Ingersoll accepted a position of stamp distributor for Connecticut despite his opposition . Middlekauff pg. 108 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 78 -- 80 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 79 Jump up ^ George Louis Beer ( 1907 ) . British Colonial Policy , 1754 - 1765 . p. 266 . Jump up ^ Weslager pg. 34 Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 96 -- 97 . Jump up ^ David Hackett Fischer , Albion 's Seed ( 1989 ) p 825 Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 96 -- 97 . Weslager ( pg. 42 ) also notes that the paper used had to be pre-stamped in England . Most paper came from there anyway , so there were `` approximately fifty colonial papermakers who operated their own mills '' who would suffer from decreased demand for their products . Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 97 -- 98 Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 98 Jump up ^ Draper pg. 223 . Weslager pg. 51 -- 52 . Separate appointments were made for the three Canadian colonies ( Quebec , Nova Scotia , and Newfoundland ) , one each for East and West Florida , and five for the islands of the West Indies . Jump up ^ Morgan pg. 311 -- 313 . Jump up ^ Draper pg. 216 Jump up ^ Morgan ( 1956 ) pg. 19 Jump up ^ Draper pg. 216 -- 217 Jump up ^ Draper pg. 219 Jump up ^ Weslager pg. 58 -- 59 . Ferling pg 33 . Jump up ^ Morgan pg. 314 -- 315 . Draper pg. 223 Jump up ^ Ferling pg. 32 -- 34 . Middlekauff pg. 83 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 84 . The Resolves were widely reprinted and many versions of them are still seen . Middlekauff used the wording from the journal of the House of Burgesses . Jump up ^ Weslager pg. 60 Jump up ^ Weslager pg. 65 Jump up ^ `` The Stamp Act : Troubling Their Neighbors '' . WGBH and Lowell Institute . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Lowest Of The Mob '' . WGBH and Lowell Institute . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Nash p. 44 Jump up ^ Nash p. 59 Jump up ^ Nash p. 48 Jump up ^ Nash pp. 45 -- 47 Jump up ^ Nash p. 53 Jump up ^ Wood , S.G. `` The American Revolution : A History . '' Modern Library . 2002 , pp. 29 - 30 Jump up ^ Douglass Adair & John A Schultz , eds. , Peter Oliver 's Origin and Progress of the American Rebellion : A Tory View ( The Huntington Library , 1961 ) , p. 52 Jump up ^ Hosmer pg. 91 -- 94 Jump up ^ Nash p. 48 Jump up ^ Nash pp. 49 -- 50 Jump up ^ Nash p. 49 Jump up ^ Maier p. 85 Jump up ^ Nash pp. 50 -- 51 Jump up ^ Wilkins Updike , History of the Episcopal church in Narragansett , Rhode Island ( 1847 ) p. 221 Jump up ^ Nash pp. 53 -- 55 Jump up ^ Nash pp. 55 -- 56 Jump up ^ Middlekauff p. 98 Jump up ^ Wood , S.G. `` The American Revolution : A History . '' Modern Library . 2002 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Kerr , W.B. ( October 1932 ) . `` The Stamp Act in Quebec '' . English Historical Review . 47 ( 188 ) : 648 -- 651 . JSTOR 553075 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Wilfred B. ( September 1933 ) . `` The Stamp Act in Nova Scotia '' . New England Quarterly . 6 ( 3 ) : 552 -- 566 . JSTOR 359557 . Jump up ^ Anspach , Lewis Amadeus ( 1819 ) . A History of the Island of Newfoundland . London : self - published . p. 192 . OCLC 1654202 . Jump up ^ O'Shaughnessy , Andrew J. ( Apr 1994 ) . `` The Stamp Act Crisis in the British Caribbean '' . William and Mary Quarterly . 51 ( 2 ) : 203 -- 26 . JSTOR 2946860 . Jump up ^ Maier pg. 76 -- 82 . Maier noted that the term `` sons of liberty '' , used in the generic sense , was used as early as the 1750s in some Connecticut documents . Jump up ^ Miller pg. 130 Jump up ^ Maiers pg. 78 -- 81 Jump up ^ Maier pg. 86 -- 88 Jump up ^ Maier pg. 101 -- 106 . Miller pg. 139 . Miller wrote , `` Had Great Britain attempted to enforce the Stamp Act , there can be little doubt that British troops and embattled Americans would have shed each other 's blood ten years before Lexington . As Benjamin Franklin remarked , a British army would not have found a rebellion in the American colonies in 1765 but it would have made one . '' Jump up ^ Richard D. Brown ( 1997 ) . The Strength of a People : The Idea of an Informed Citizenry in America , 1650 - 1870 . Uof North Carolina Press . p. 57 . Jump up ^ Roger P. Mellen , `` The Colonial Virginia Press and the Stamp Act . '' Journalism History 38.2 ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ David A. Copeland ( 2000 ) . Debating the Issues in Colonial Newspapers : Primary Documents on Events of the Period . p. 195 . Jump up ^ `` The Colonial Newspapers and the Stamp Act '' by Arthur M. Schlesinger in The New England Quarterly , Vol. 8 , No. 1 ( March 1935 ) , pp. 65 Jump up ^ Tillman 2013 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Arthur Schlesinger , `` The Colonial Newspapers and The Stamp Act '' New England Quarterly 8 # 1 ( 1935 63 - 83 online Jump up ^ Schlesinger pg. 74 Jump up ^ Schlesinger , `` The Colonial Newspapers and The Stamp Act '' p 69 . Jump up ^ Wood , S.G. `` The American Revolution : A History . '' Modern Library . 2002 , page 29 Jump up ^ Miller pg. 137 Jump up ^ Weslager pg. 108 -- 111 Jump up ^ Miller pg. 137 -- 139 . Morgan and Morgan pg. 139 Jump up ^ Weslager pg. 148 Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 140 -- 141 Jump up ^ Weslager pg. 109 Jump up ^ Weslager pg. 115 . Morgan and Morgan pg. 142 Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 145 -- 152 . Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 151 -- 152 . `` Thus by the fall of 1765 the colonists had clearly laid down the line where they believed that Parliament should stop , and they had drawn that line not merely as Englishmen but as men . '' Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 147 -- 148 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 111 -- 113 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 111 -- 113 . Miller pg. 149 -- 151 Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 49 -- 50 , pg. 331 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 113 -- 114 . Miller pg. 153 . Miller wrote of the Rockingham ministry , `` Of all the Whig factions , the Rockinghams were most benevolent toward the colonies . While they were as determined ... as ( other factions ) to maintain the sovereignty of great Britain , they insisted ( that ) the Americans must be treated as customers rather than as rebellious rogues who merited a sound whipping . '' Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 115 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 116 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 116 -- 117 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 117 -- 119 Jump up ^ `` Founders Online : Examination before the Committee of the Whole of the House of ... '' Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 121 Jump up ^ `` Glorious News , Boston , Friday 11 o'Clock , 16 May 1766 '' . London Gazette . Boston . 16 May 1776 . Bibliography ( edit ) Adair , Douglass . `` The Stamp Act in Contemporary English Cartoons . '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1953 ) : 538 - 542 . in JSTOR Alexander , John K. Samuel Adams : America 's Revolutionary Politician. ( 2002 ) ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2114 - 1 Clark , Ronald W. Benjamin Franklin . A Biography. ( 1983 ) ISBN 0 - 394 - 50222 - 1 Draper , Theodore . A Struggle For Power : The American Revolution . ( 1996 ) ISBN 0 - 8129 - 2575 - 0 Ferling , John . A Leap in the Dark : The Struggle to Create the American Republic . ( 2003 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517600 - 1 Findling , John E. and Frank W. Thackeray . Events That Changed America in the Eighteenth Century . ( 1998 ) Greenwood Press . Hutchins , Zachary McLeod , ed. , Community without Consent : New Perspectives on the Stamp Act ( University Press of New England , 2016 ) . 264 pp. , online review Hoffer , Peter Charles . Benjamin Franklin Explains the Stamp Act Protests to Parliament , 1766 ( 2015 ) , with documents Hosmer , John Kendall ( 1896 ) . The Life of Thomas Hutchinson . Boston : Houghton , Mifflin . OCLC 1527164 . Maier , Pauline . From Resistance to Revolution : Colonial radicals and the development of American opposition to Britain , 1765 -- 1776 . ( 1991 -- original 1972 ) ISBN 0 - 393 - 30825 - 1 Middlekauff , Robert . The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 . ( 2005 ) ISBN 978 0 - 19 - 516247 - 9 Miller , John C. Origins of the American Revolution . ( 1943 ) Morgan , Edmund S. Colonial Ideas of Parliamentary Power 1764 -- 1766 . William and Mary Quarterly , Vol. 5 , No. 3 ( Jul. , 1948 ) , pg. 311 -- 341 . JSTOR Morgan , Edmund S. and Morgan , Helen M. The Stamp Act Crisis : Prologue to Revolution . ( 1963 ) Nash , Gary B . The Unknown American Revolution : The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America . ( 2006 ) ISBN 9780143037200 Reid , John Phillip . Constitutional History of the American Revolution : The Authority to Tax . Madison : University of Wisconsin Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 299 - 11290 - X . Arthur M. Schlesinger . The Colonial Newspapers and the Stamp Act . The New England Quarterly , Vol. 8 , No. 1 ( Mar. , 1935 ) , pp. 63 -- 83 . Thomas , Peter D.G. British Politics and the Stamp Act Crisis : The First Phase of the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1767 . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1975 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 822431 - 1 . Weslager , C.A. The Stamp Act Congress . ( 1976 ) ISBN 0 - 87413 - 111 - 1 Douglass Adair & John A Schultz , eds. , Peter Oliver 's Origin and Progress of the American Rebellion : A Tory View ( The Huntington Library , 1961 ) , p. 52 . External links ( edit ) Works related to Stamp Act ( 1765 ) at Wikisource Text of the 1765 Stamp Act Resolves of the Pennsylvania Assembly on the Stamp Act , 21 September 1765 1766 Text of the Repeal of the Stamp Act Images of the type of stamps referred to in the Act . Profiles of the `` 12 Immortal Justices '' of Maryland who ruled the Stamp Act invalid and void on 23 November 1765 . British law and the American Revolution Royal Proclamations , Acts of Parliament , and other legal issues relating to the American Revolution Before 1763 Navigation Acts Wool Act ( 1699 ) Hat Act ( 1732 ) Molasses Act ( 1733 ) Iron Act ( 1750 ) Grenville ministry ( 1763 -- 1765 ) Royal Proclamation of 1763 Sugar Act ( 1764 ) Currency Act ( 1764 ) Quartering Act ( 1765 ) Stamp Act ( 1765 ) Rockingham ministry ( 1765 -- 1766 ) Repeal Act ( March 1766 ) Declaratory Act ( March 1766 ) Revenue Act ( June 1766 ) Chatham and Grafton ministries ( 1766 -- 1770 ) Townshend Acts ( 1767 ) North ministry ( 1770 -- 1782 ) Repeal Act ( 1770 ) Tea Act ( 1773 ) Coercive Acts ( 1774 ) Conciliatory Resolution ( February 1775 ) Restraining Acts ( March & April 1775 ) Proclamation of Rebellion ( August 1775 ) Prohibitory Act ( December 1775 ) Taxation of Colonies Act ( 1778 ) Other legal issues Rights of Englishmen Writ of assistance Admiralty courts Parson 's Cause ( 1763 ) Taxation without representation United Kingdom legislation Pre-Parliamentary legislation List of English statutes Charter of Liberties Magna Carta Acts of Parliament by states preceding the Kingdom of Great Britain Parliament of England to 1483 1485 -- 1601 1603 -- 1641 Interregnum ( 1642 -- 1660 ) 1660 -- 1699 1700 -- 1706 Parliament of Scotland to 1707 Acts of Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain 1707 -- 1719 1720 -- 1739 1740 -- 1759 1760 -- 1779 1780 -- 1800 Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700 1701 -- 1800 Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1801 -- 1819 1820 -- 1839 1840 -- 1859 1860 -- 1879 1880 -- 1899 1900 -- 1919 1920 -- 1939 1940 -- 1959 1960 -- 1979 1980 -- 1999 2000 to date Halsbury 's Statutes Legislation.gov.uk Short titles relating to the European Union ( formally European Communities ) 1972 to date Church of England measures List Church of England Assembly ( Powers ) Act 1919 Legislation of devolved institutions Acts of the Scottish Parliament List Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales List Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland Orders in Council 1994 to date for Northern Ireland 1972 -- 2009 Secondary legislation United Kingdom statutory instruments Scottish statutory instruments Acts of Sederunt Acts of Adjournal WorldCat Identities LCCN : n88126576 VIAF : 140826569 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stamp_Act_1765&oldid=865473885 '' Categories : Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1765 1765 in the Thirteen Colonies 18th - century economic history Laws leading to the American Revolution Repealed Great Britain Acts of Parliament History of taxation in the United States Tax legislation in the United Kingdom Abolished taxes Thirteen Colonies Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages EngvarB from March 2018 Use dmy dates from March 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 05 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | why did the stamp act of 1765 happen | [
"The purpose of the tax was to pay for British military troops stationed in the American colonies after the French and Indian War, which was the North American theater of the Seven Years' War. However, the colonists had never feared a French invasion to begin with, and they contended that they had already paid their share of the war expenses.[4] They suggested that it was actually a matter of British patronage to surplus British officers and career soldiers who should be paid by London.\n"
] | [
"to pay for British military troops stationed in the American colonies after the French and Indian War"
] |
-720183243148587030 | Christ the Redeemer (statue) | Christ the Redeemer ( statue ) - Wikipedia Christ the Redeemer ( statue ) Jump to : navigation , search For other statues with this name and for other uses , see Christ the Redeemer . Christ the Redeemer Coordinates 22 ° 57 ′ 7 '' S 43 ° 12 ′ 38 '' W / 22.95194 ° S 43.21056 ° W / - 22.95194 ; - 43.21056 Coordinates : 22 ° 57 ′ 7 '' S 43 ° 12 ′ 38 '' W / 22.95194 ° S 43.21056 ° W / - 22.95194 ; - 43.21056 Location Corcovado mountain , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil Designer Created by the French sculptor Paul Landowski and built by the engineer Heitor da Silva Costa Brazil in collab with the French engineer Albert Caquot . Romanian sculptor Gheorghe Leonida created the face of the statue Material Soapstone Height 30 metres ( 98 ft ) and 38 metres ( 125 ft ) tall with its pedestal Completion date Dedicated October 12 , 1931 Consecrated October 12 , 2006 New Seven Wonders of the World July 7 , 2007 National Historic Heritage of Brazil Designated Reference no . 1478 Christ the Redeemer ( Portuguese : Cristo Redentor , standard Brazilian Portuguese : ( ˈkɾistu ʁedẽˈtoʁ ) , local dialect : ( ˈkɾiɕtŭ̻ xe̞dẽ̞ˈtoɦ ) ) is an Art Deco statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , created by French sculptor Paul Landowski and built by the Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva Costa , in collaboration with the French engineer Albert Caquot . Romanian sculptor Gheorghe Leonida fashioned the face . Constructed between 1922 and 1931 , the statue is 30 metres ( 98 ft ) tall , excluding its 8 - metre ( 26 ft ) pedestal . The arms stretch 28 metres ( 92 ft ) wide . The statue weighs 635 metric tons ( 625 long , 700 short tons ) , and is located at the peak of the 700 - metre ( 2,300 ft ) Corcovado mountain in the Tijuca Forest National Park overlooking the city of Rio de Janeiro . A symbol of Christianity across the world , the statue has also become a cultural icon of both Rio de Janeiro and Brazil , and is listed as one of the New Seven Wonders of the World . It is made of reinforced concrete and soapstone . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Restoration 3 Similar structures 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) A view of the Corcovado before the construction , 19th century Aerial view of the statue . Vincentian priest , Pedro Maria Boss , first suggested placing a Christian monument on Mount Corcovado in the mid 1850s to honor Princess Isabel , princess regent of Brazil and the daughter of Emperor Pedro II , however the project died due to lack of support . In 1889 the country became a republic , and due to the separation of church and state , the idea of the statue was dismissed . The Catholic Circle of Rio made a second proposal for a landmark statue on the mountain in 1920 . The group organized an event called Semana do Monumento ( `` Monument Week '' ) to attract donations and collect signatures to support the building of the statue . What motivated the organization was what they perceived as ' Godlessness ' in the society at the time . The donations came mostly from Brazilian Catholics . The designs considered for the `` Statue of the Christ '' included a representation of the Christian cross , a statue of Jesus with a globe in his hands , and a pedestal symbolizing the world . The statue of Christ the Redeemer with open arms , a symbol of peace , was chosen . Local engineer Heitor da Silva Costa designed the statue . French sculptor Paul Landowski created the work . In 1922 , Landowski commissioned fellow Parisian Romanian sculptor Gheorghe Leonida , who studied sculpture at the Fine Arts Conservatory in Bucharest and in Italy . Leonida 's portrayal of Christ 's face made him famous . A group of engineers and technicians studied Landowski 's submissions and felt building the structure of reinforced concrete ( designed by Albert Caquot ) instead of steel was more suitable for the cross-shaped statue . The outer layers are soapstone , chosen for its enduring qualities and ease of use . Construction took nine years , from 1922 to 1931 and cost the equivalent of US $250,000 ( equivalent to $3,400,000 in 2016 ) and the monument opened on October 12 , 1931 . During the opening ceremony , the statue was to be lit by a battery of floodlights turned on remotely by Italian shortwave radio inventor Guglielmo Marconi , stationed 5,700 miles ( 9,200 km ) away in Rome but because of bad weather , the lights were activated on - site . In October 2006 , on the 75th anniversary of the statue 's completion , Archbishop of Rio , Cardinal Eusebio Oscar Scheid , consecrated a chapel , named after Brazil 's patron saint -- Our Lady of the Apparition , under the statue , allowing Catholics to hold baptisms and weddings there . Lightning struck the statue during a violent thunderstorm on February 10 , 2008 , causing some damage to the fingers , head and eyebrows . The Rio de Janeiro state government initiated a restoration effort to replace some of the outer soapstone layers and repair the lightning rods on the statue . Lightning damaged it again , on January 17 , 2014 , dislodging a finger on the right hand . In 2010 , a massive restoration of the statue began . Work included cleaning , replacing the mortar and soapstone on the exterior , restoring iron in the internal structure , and waterproofing the monument . Vandals attacked the statue during renovation , spraying paint along the arm . Mayor Eduardo Paes called the act `` a crime against the nation '' . The culprits later apologized and presented themselves to the police . In 2015 two Russian and Ukrainian urban explorers , Vadim Makhorov and Vitaly Raskalov from Ontheroofs , climbed the statue with captured video footage and photos . Restoration ( edit ) A panoramic view of the statue at the top of Corcovado Mountain with Sugarloaf Mountain ( centre ) and Guanabara Bay in the background . Christ the Redeemer at night as seen from Tijuca Forest Corcovado Rack Railway In 1990 , several organizations , including the Archdiocese of Rio de Janeiro , media company Grupo Globo , oil company Shell do Brasil , environmental regulator IBAMA , National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage , and the city government of Rio de Janeiro entered an agreement to conduct restoration work . More work on the statue and its environs was conducted in 2003 and early 2010 . In 2003 , a set of escalators , walkways , and elevators were installed to facilitate access to the platform surrounding the statue . The four - month restoration in 2010 focused on the statue itself . The statue 's internal structure was renovated and its soapstone mosaic covering was restored by removing a crust of fungi and other microorganisms and repairing small cracks . The lightning rods located in the statue 's head and arms were also repaired , and new lighting fixtures were installed at the foot of the statue . The restoration involved one hundred people and used more than 60,000 pieces of stone taken from the same quarry as the original statue . During the unveiling of the restored statue , it was illuminated with green - and - yellow lighting in support of the Brazil national football team playing in the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Maintenance work needs to be conducted periodically due to the strong winds and erosion to which the statue is exposed , as well as lightning strikes . The original pale stone is no longer available in sufficient quantities , and replacement stones are increasingly darker in hue . Similar structures ( edit ) Cristo del Otero in Palencia , Spain built in 1930 ( 21 m ) Cerro del Cubilete in Guanajuato , Mexico , inspired by Rio 's Christ the Redeemer ( 23 m ) Christ Blessing in Manado , North Sulawesi , Indonesia ( 30 m ) Christ of Havana in Havana , Cuba , inspired by Christ the Redeemer ( 20 m ) Christ of the Abyss in various underwater locations Christ of the Ozarks in Arkansas , United States , inspired by Rio 's Christ the Redeemer ( 20 m ) Christ of Vũng Tàu in Vietnam ( 32 m ) Christ the King in Świebodzin , Poland ( 33 m ) Christ the Redeemer of the Andes ( Argentina / Chile ) Christ the Sacred Heart of Jesus , Ibiza , Spain , inspired by Christ the Redeemer ( 23 m ) Cristo Blanco in Cusco , Peru Cristo de la Concordia in Cochabamba , Bolivia Cristo de las Noas in Torreón , Mexico ( 22 m ) Cristo del Pacífico in Lima , Peru , erected in 2011 ( 37 m ) Patung Yesus Kristus in Mansinam Island , West Papua , Indonesia ( 30 m ) Cristo Redentore ( Christ the Redeemer ) of Maratea , Italy ( 21 m ) Cristo Rei in Lisbon , Portugal ( 28 m ) Cristo Rei of Dili in Dili , Timor - Leste ( 27 m ) Cristo Rei , Madeira on Madeira island , completed in 1927 ( 15 m ) Cristo Rei in Lubango , Angola ( 14 m ) Statue of Jesus Christ on the top of Sagrat Cor , Barcelona , Spain Tas - Salvatur , Malta ( 12 m ) Statue of Jesus Christ , Monte Urgull , Donostia - San Sebastian , Spain - 12 m Jesus de Greatest in Imo , Nigeria , Africa 's tallest statue of Jesus and fifth tallest statue on the continent ( 8.53 m ) Cristo del Picacho in Tegucigalpa , Honduras Cristo Redentor , Puerto Plata , Dominican Republic Christ The King Lebanon Another imitation statue of Christ the Redeemer is at Nellore , Andhra Pradesh , India. ( Shrish Patil ) Gallery ( edit ) The statue Access escalators Christ the Redeemer after restoration The statue illuminated in yellow and green , the colors of Brazil , during the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Christ the Redeemer lit in the colours of the French flag after the November 2015 Paris attacks The Corcovado and Christ the Redeemer as seen from Sugarloaf Mountain . See also ( edit ) Sanctuary of Christ the Redeemer at Google Cultural Institute Approximate heights of various notable statues : 1 . Spring Temple Buddha 153 m ( incl. 25 m pedestal and 20 m throne ) 2 . Statue of Liberty 93 m ( incl. 47 m pedestal ) 3 . The Motherland Calls 91 m ( excl . pedestal ) 4 . Christ the Redeemer 38 m ( incl. 8 m pedestal ) 5 . Statue of David 5.17 m ( excl . 2.5 m pedestal ) List of statues by height References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Murray , Lorraine . `` Christ the Redeemer ( last updated 13 January 2014 ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giumbelli , Emerson ( 2014 ) . Símbolos Religiosos em Controvérsia ( in Portuguese ) . São Paulo . 244 . ISBN 978 - 85 - 7816 - 137 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The New Seven Wonders of the World '' . Hindustan Times . July 8 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christ the Redeemer '' . TIME . October 26 , 1931 . Retrieved July 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brazil : Crocovado mountain -- Statue of Christ '' . Travel Channel . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2007 . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sanctuary Status for Rio landmark '' . BBC News . October 13 , 2006 . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cristo Corcovado by Sergi Lla on Prezi '' . Prezi.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristo Redentor -- Histórico da Construção '' ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Victor , Duilo . `` Redentor , carioca até a alma '' ( in Portuguese ) . Jornal do Brasil . Retrieved July 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Phil , Damon ( June 29 , 1983 ) . `` Vote now for Phoneheng '' . The Sun . London . Jump up ^ `` Cristo Redentor : santuário carioca que virou símbolo da cidade no mundo '' . Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro . October 20 , 2014 . ( in Portuguese ) Jump up ^ Dima , Alina . `` Gheorghe Leonida -- Romanian contribution to `` Cristo Redentor '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Cristo Redentor vai passar por restauração até junho ( '' Christ the Redeemer under restoration ' til June `` ) '' . Estadão . Jump up ^ Moratelli , Valmir . `` Cristo Redentor , castigado por raios , passa por ampla reforma ( Christ the Redeemer , punished by lightnings , go by ample refit ) '' . Último Segundo . Jump up ^ `` Cristo Redentor renovado para 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Rio de Janeiro Government . December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lightning breaks finger off Rio 's Christ '' . The Age . January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vandals cover Rio 's Christ statue with graffiti '' . Reuters. April 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tabak , Bernardo . `` Estátua do Cristo Redentor é alvo de pichação '' . Globo . Jump up ^ Infosur hoy : Christ the Redeemer to get new outfit Archived July 14 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Climbing Christ the Redeemer youtube video '' . Ontheroofs . December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Climbing Christ the Redeemer ontheroofs story with photos and video '' . Ontheroofs . December 10 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Millward , David ( December 12 , 2015 ) . `` Watch the stunning footage taken by photographers who climbed Rio 's 125 - feet tall Christ the Redeemer Statue '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brazil 's Christ state returns after renovation '' . BBC News . July 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Christ the Redeemer se la come , YouTube video , accessed January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Reforma no cartão - postal '' . Veja Rio . May 18 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2010 . Retrieved May 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bowater , Donna ; Mulvey , Stephen ; Misra , Tanvi ( March 10 , 2014 ) . `` Arms wide open '' . BBC Online . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kompas Cyber Media . `` Presiden Resmikan Patung Yesus Kristus di Pulau Mansinam -- Kompas.com Regional '' . Regional.kompas.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Blanes , Ruy Llera ( 2014 ) . `` Review : Giumbelli , Emerson ( 2014 ) , Símbolos Religiosos em Controvérsia . São Paulo : Terceiro Nome '' . Vibrant : Virtual Brazilian Anthropology ( in Portuguese ) . 11 ( 2 ) : 470 -- 472 . doi : 10.1590 / S1809 - 43412014000200016 . ISSN 1809 - 4341 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2010 . Giumbelli , Emerson ( 2008 ) . `` A modernidade do Cristo Redentor '' . Dados ( in Portuguese ) . 51 ( 1 ) : 75 -- 105 . doi : 10.1590 / S0011 - 52582008000100003 . ISSN 0011 - 5258 . Giumbelli , Emerson & Bosisio , Izabella ( 2010 ) . `` A Política de um Monumento : as Muitas Imagens do Cristo Redentor '' . Debates do NER ( in Portuguese ) . 2 ( 18 ) : 173 -- 192 . ISSN 1982 - 8136 . Giumbelli , Emerson ( 2013 ) . `` O Cristo Pichado '' . Ponto Urbe . Revista do Núcleo de Antropologia Urbana da USP ( in Portuguese ) ( 12 ) . doi : 10.4000 / pontourbe. 586 . ISSN 1981 - 3341 . Ranquetat - Júnior , Cesar Alberto ( 2012 ) . Laicidade à brasileira : um estudo sobre a controvérsia em torno da presença de símbolos religiosos em espaços públicos ( Doutorado em Antropologia Social ) ( in Portuguese ) . UFRGS. 310 pp. Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Ranquetat - Júnior , Cesar Alberto ( 2015 ) . `` Giumbelli , Emerson . Símbolos Religiosos em Controvérsia . São Paulo : Terceiro Nome , 2014 '' . Debates do NER ( in Portuguese ) . 1 ( 27 ) : 429 -- 437 . ISSN 1982 - 8136 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cristo Redentor do Rio de Janeiro . Official website Corcovado Train Map ( in Portuguese ) Government bulletin about the statue 's restoration ( in Portuguese ) Poliakoff , Martyn . `` Soapstone @ Cristo Redentor '' . The Periodic Table of Videos . University of Nottingham . Map ( in Portuguese ) Catholic Church in Brazil National Conference of Bishops of Brazil Timeline Archdioceses Metropolitan Archdiocese of Aparecida Metropolitan Archdiocese of Aracaju Metropolitan Archdiocese of Belém do Pará Metropolitan Archdiocese of Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Archdiocese of Botucatu Metropolitan Archdiocese of Brasília Metropolitan Archdiocese of Campinas Metropolitan Archdiocese of Campo Grande Metropolitan Archdiocese of Cascavel Metropolitan Archdiocese of Cuiabá Metropolitan Archdiocese of Curitiba Metropolitan Archdiocese of Diamantina Metropolitan Archdiocese of Feira de Santana Metropolitan Archdiocese of Florianópolis Metropolitan Archdiocese of Fortaleza Metropolitan Archdiocese of Goiânia Metropolitan Archdiocese of Juiz de Fora Metropolitan Archdiocese of Londrina Metropolitan Archdiocese of Maceió Metropolitan Archdiocese of Manaus Metropolitan Archdiocese of Mariana Metropolitan Archdiocese of Maringá Metropolitan Archdiocese of Montes Claros Metropolitan Archdiocese of Natal Metropolitan Archdiocese of Niterói Metropolitan Archdiocese of Olinda e Recife Metropolitan Archdiocese of Palmas Metropolitan Archdiocese of Paraíba Metropolitan Archdiocese of Passo Fundo Metropolitan Archdiocese of Pelotas Metropolitan Archdiocese of Porto Alegre Metropolitan Archdiocese of Porto Velho Metropolitan Archdiocese of Pouso Alegre Metropolitan Archdiocese of Ribeirão Preto Metropolitan Archdiocese of Santa Maria Metropolitan Archdiocese of São Luís do Maranhão Metropolitan Archdiocese of São Paulo Metropolitan Archdiocese of São Salvador da Bahia Metropolitan Archdiocese of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Archdiocese of Sorocaba Metropolitan Archdiocese of Teresina Metropolitan Archdiocese of Uberaba Metropolitan Archdiocese of Vitória Metropolitan Archdiocese of Vitória da Conquista Dioceses Diocese of Caraguatatuba Diocese of Lorena Diocese of São José dos Campos Diocese of Taubaté Diocese of Estância Diocese of Propriá Diocese of Abaetetuba Diocese of Bragança do Pará Diocese of Cametá Diocese of Castanhal Diocese of Macapá Diocese of Marabá Diocese of Óbidos Diocese of Ponta de Pedras Diocese of Santarém Diocese of Santíssima Conceição do Araguaia Prelature of Itaituba Prelature of Marajó Prelature of Xingu Diocese of Divinópolis Diocese of Luz Diocese of Oliveira Diocese of Sete Lagoas Diocese of Araçatuba Diocese of Assis Diocese of Bauru Diocese of Lins Diocese of Marília Diocese of Ourinhos Diocese of Presidente Prudente Diocese of Formosa Diocese of Luziânia Diocese of Uruaçu Diocese of Amparo Diocese of Bragança Paulista Diocese of Limeira Diocese of Piracicaba Diocese of São Carlos Diocese of Corumbá Diocese of Coxim Diocese of Dourados Diocese of Naviraí Diocese of Jardim Diocese of Três Lagoas Diocese of Foz do Iguaçu Diocese of Palmas - Francisco Beltrão Diocese of Toledo Diocese of Barra do Garças Diocese of Diamantino Diocese of Guiratinga Diocese of Juína Diocese of Rondonópolis Diocese of São Luíz de Cáceres Prelature of Paranatinga Prelature of São Félix Diocese of Guarapuava Diocese of Paranaguá Diocese of Ponta Grossa Diocese of União da Vitória Diocese of São José dos Pinhais Diocese of Almenara Diocese of Araçuaí Diocese of Guanhães Diocese of Teófilo Otoni Diocese of Barra do Rio Grande Diocese of Barreiras Diocese of Bonfim Diocese of Irecê Diocese of Juazeiro Diocese of Paulo Afonso Diocese of Ruy Barbosa Diocese of Serrinha Diocese of Blumenau Diocese of Caçador Diocese of Chapecó Diocese of Criciúma Diocese of Joaçaba Diocese of Joinville Diocese of Lages Diocese of Rio do Sul Diocese of Tubarão Diocese of Crateús Diocese of Crato Diocese of Iguatú Diocese of Itapipoca Diocese of Limoeiro do Norte Diocese of Quixadá Diocese of Sobral Diocese of Tianguá Diocese of Anápolis diocese of Goiás Diocese of Ipameri Diocese of Itumbiara Diocese of Jataí Diocese of Rubiataba - Mozarlândia Diocese of São Luís de Montes Belos Diocese of Leopoldina Diocese of São João del Rei Diocese of Apucarana Diocese of Cornélio Procópio Diocese of Jacarezinho Diocese of Palmeira dos Índios Diocese of Penedo Diocese of Alto Solimões Diocese of Coari Diocese of Parintins Diocese of Roraima Diocese of São Gabriel da Cachoeira Prelature of Borba Prelature of Itacoatiara Prelature of Tefé Diocese of Caratinga Diocese of Governador Valadares Diocese of Itabira -- Fabriciano Diocese of Campo Mourão Diocese of Paranavaí Diocese of Umuarama Diocese of Janaúba Diocese of Januária Diocese of Paracatu Diocese of Caicó Diocese of Mossoró Diocese of Campos Diocese of Nova Friburgo Diocese of Petrópolis Diocese of Afogados da Ingazeira Diocese of Caruaru Diocese of Floresta Diocese of Garanhuns Diocese of Nazaré Diocese of Palmares Diocese of Pesqueira Diocese of Petrolina Diocese of Salgueiro Diocese of Miracema do Tocantins Diocese of Porto Nacional Diocese of Tocantinópolis Prelature of Cristalândia Diocese of Cajazieras Diocese of Campina Grande Diocese of Guarabira Diocese of Patos Diocese of Erexim Diocese of Frederico Westphalen Diocese of Vacaria Diocese of Bagé Diocese of Rio Grande Diocese of Caxias do Sul Diocese of Montenegro Diocese of Novo Hamburgo Diocese of Osório Diocese of Cruzeiro do Sul Diocese of Guajará - Mirim Diocese of Humaitá Diocese of Ji - Paraná Diocese of Rio Branco Prelature of Lábrea Diocese of Campanha Diocese of Guaxupé Diocese of Barretos Diocese of Catanduva Diocese of Franca Diocese of Jaboticabal Diocese of Jales Diocese of São João da Boa Vista Diocese of São José do Rio Preto Diocese of Cachoeira do Sul Diocese of Cruz Alta Diocese of Santa Cruz do Sul Diocese of Santo Ângelo Diocese of Uruguaiana Diocese of Bacabal Diocese of Balsas Diocese of Brejo Diocese of Carolina Diocese of Caxias do Maranhão Diocese of Coroatá Diocese of Grajaú Diocese of Imperatriz Diocese of Pinheiro Diocese of Viana Diocese of Zé - Doca Diocese of Campo Limpo Diocese of Guarulhos Diocese of Mogi das Cruzes Eparchy of Nossa Senhora do Líbano em São Paulo ( Maronite ) Eparchy of Nossa Senhora do Paraíso em São Paulo Diocese of Osasco Diocese of Santo Amaro Diocese of Santo André Diocese of Santos Diocese of São Miguel Paulista Diocese of Alagoinhas Diocese of Amargosa Diocese of Camaçari Diocese of Eunápolis Diocese of Ilhéus Diocese of Itabuna Diocese of Teixeira de Freitas - Caravelas Diocese of Barra do Piraí - Volta Redonda Diocese of Duque de Caxias Diocese of Itaguaí Diocese of Nova Iguaçu Diocese of Valença Diocese of Itapetininga Diocese of Itapeva Diocese of Jundiaí Diocese of Registro Diocese of Bom Jesus do Gurguéia Diocese of Campo Maior Diocese of Floriano Diocese of Oeiras Diocese of Parnaíba Diocese of Picos Diocese of São Raimundo Nonato Diocese of Ituiutaba Diocese of Patos de Minas Diocese of Uberlândia Diocese of Cachoeiro de Itapemirim Diocese of Colatina Diocese of São Mateus Diocese of Bom Jesus da Lapa Diocese of Caetité Diocese of Jequié Diocese of Livramento de Nossa Senhora Prelates Joaquim Arcoverde de Albuquerque Cavalcanti Paulo Evaristo Arns João Batista Becker Avelar Brandão Vilela João Braz de Aviz Luciano José Cabral Duarte Hélder Câmara Jaime de Barros Câmara Geraldo Majela de Castro Raymundo Damasceno Assis Serafim Fernandes de Araújo José Freire Falcão Bruno Gamberini Dadeus Grings Cláudio Hummes Dimas Lara Barbosa Aloysio José Leal Penna Joviano de Lima Júnior Paulo Lopes de Faria Aloísio Lorscheider José Martins da Silva Antônio Maria Mucciolo Walmor Oliveira de Azevedo Aloísio Roque Oppermann José Palmeira Lessa Paulo Eduardo Andrade Ponte Murilo Ramos Krieger Arnaldo Ribeiro Sérgio da Rocha Altamiro Rossato Agnelo Rossi Eugênio Sales Airton José dos Santos Eusébio Scheid Alfredo Scherer Odilo Scherer Geraldo de Proença Sigaud Sebastião da Silveira Cintra José Cardoso Sobrinho Alberto Taveira Corrêa Orani João Tempesta Benedito de Ulhôa Vieira Carlos Carmelo Vasconcellos Motta Moacyr José Vitti Vicente Joaquim Zico Saints St. Roque González de Santa Cruz St. Amabile Visintainer St. Frei Galvão St. José de Anchieta Religious Devotions Jesus Christ the Redeemer Marian Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida Culture Festivals Brazilian Carnival All Souls ' Day Holy Week Fasting and abstinence Media Radio Maria Education Centro Universitário da FEI ( FEI ) , São Bernardo do Campo Jesuit School of Philosophy and Theology ( FAJE ) , Minas Gerais Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro ( PUC - Rio ) , Rio de Janeiro Universidade Católica de Pernambuco ( UNICAP ) , Recife Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos ( UNISINOS ) , São Leopoldo Catholicism portal Brazil portal Rio de Janeiro Culture Blocos Cidade Maravilhosa Cidade do Samba Banda de Ipanema Geography Zona Central , Rio de Janeiro South Zone Corcovado Ilha das Cobras Ilhas Cagarras Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon Pedra da Gávea Sugarloaf Mountain Tijuca Forest Villegagnon Island Places Avenida Brasil Avenida Rio Branco Rua Farme de Amoedo Category : Buildings and structures in Rio de Janeiro ( city ) Arpoador Park Cinelândia Passeio Público Quinta da Boa Vista Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden Vista Chinesa History History of Rio de Janeiro Timeline Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil Vaccine Revolt Candelária massacre Infrastructure Category : Transport in Rio de Janeiro ( city ) Arco Metropolitano do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Metro Afonsos Air Force Base Bartolomeu de Gusmão Airport Christ the Redeemer Galeão Air Force Base Santa Cruz Air Force Base Santos Dumont Airport Rio de Janeiro - Galeão International Airport Jacarepaguá Airport Related Category : People from Rio de Janeiro ( city ) Carioca Demographics of Rio de Janeiro Municipal Chamber of Rio de Janeiro Project Morrinho Category : Sport in Rio de Janeiro ( city ) Brazil portal Latin America portal Religion portal Catholicism portal Christianity portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christ_the_Redeemer_(statue)&oldid=814035439 '' Categories : 1931 sculptures Christ the Redeemer ( statue ) Art Deco sculptures and memorials Buildings and structures completed in 1931 Colossal statues of Jesus Concrete sculptures in Brazil Monuments and memorials in Rio de Janeiro ( city ) Mountain monuments and memorials National heritage sites of Rio de Janeiro ( state ) Outdoor sculptures in Brazil Stone sculptures in Brazil Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with Portuguese - language external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles containing Portuguese - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Twi Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 15 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who built the statue in rio de janeiro | [
"\nDesigner\nCreated by the French sculptor Paul Landowski and built by the engineer Heitor da Silva Costa Brazil in collab with the French engineer Albert Caquot. Romanian sculptor Gheorghe Leonida created the face of the statue\n"
] | [
"Created by the French sculptor Paul Landowski and built by the engineer Heitor da Silva Costa Brazil in collab with the French engineer Albert Caquot. Romanian sculptor Gheorghe Leonida created the face of the statue"
] |
Subsets and Splits
No saved queries yet
Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.