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4364662890725984581 | 1918 flu pandemic | 1918 flu pandemic - wikipedia 1918 flu pandemic Jump to : navigation , search Soldiers from Fort Riley , Kansas , ill with Spanish influenza at a hospital ward at Camp Funston Influenza ( Flu ) Types Avian A / H5N1 subtype Canine Equine Swine A / H1N1 subtype Vaccines 2009 pandemic Pandemrix Fluzone Influvac Fluvax / Flucelvax / Fluad / Fluverin Live attenuated Optaflu Treatment Amantadine Laninamivir Oseltamivir Peramivir Rimantadine Umifenovir Vitamin D Zanamivir Pandemics 2009 swine 1968 -- 1969 Hong Kong 1957 Asian flu 1918 Outbreaks 2015 United States H5N2 outbreak 2008 West Bengal 2007 Bernard Matthews H5N1 2007 Australian equine 2006 H5N1 India 1976 swine flu See also Flu season Influenza evolution Influenza research Influenza - like illness Vaccine reformulations The 1918 flu pandemic ( January 1918 -- December 1920 ) was an unusually deadly influenza pandemic , the first of the two pandemics involving H1N1 influenza virus . It infected 500 million people around the world , including people on remote Pacific islands and in the Arctic , and resulted in the deaths of 50 to 100 million ( three to five percent of the world 's population ) , making it one of the deadliest natural disasters in human history . Disease had already greatly limited life expectancy in the early 20th century . In the first year of the pandemic , life expectancy in the United States dropped by about 12 years . Most influenza outbreaks disproportionately kill juvenile , elderly , or already weakened patients ; in contrast , the 1918 pandemic predominantly killed previously healthy young adults . There are several possible explanations for the high mortality rate of the 1918 influenza pandemic . Some research suggests that the specific variant of the virus had an unusually aggressive nature . One group of researchers recovered the virus from the bodies of frozen victims , and found that transfection in animals caused a rapid progressive respiratory failure and death through a cytokine storm ( overreaction of the body 's immune system ) . It was then postulated that the strong immune reactions of young adults ravaged the body , whereas the weaker immune systems of children and middle - aged adults resulted in fewer deaths among those groups . More recent investigations , mainly based on original medical reports from the period of the pandemic , found that the viral infection itself was not more aggressive than any previous influenza , but that the special circumstances ( malnourishment , overcrowded medical camps and hospitals , poor hygiene ) promoted bacterial superinfection that killed most of the victims typically after a somewhat prolonged death bed . Historical and epidemiological data are inadequate to identify the pandemic 's geographic origin . It was implicated in the outbreak of encephalitis lethargica in the 1920s . To maintain morale , wartime censors minimized early reports of illness and mortality in Germany , the United Kingdom , France , and the United States . Papers were free to report the epidemic 's effects in neutral Spain ( such as the grave illness of King Alfonso XIII ) . This created a false impression of Spain as especially hard hit , thereby giving rise to the pandemic 's nickname , Spanish Flu . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Hypotheses about source 1.2 Spread 2 Mortality 2.1 Around the globe 2.2 Patterns of fatality 2.3 Deadly second wave 2.4 Devastated communities 2.5 Less - affected areas 2.6 Aspirin poisoning 2.7 End of the pandemic 2.8 Long - term impact 3 Legacy 4 Spanish flu research 5 In popular culture 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Notes 8.2 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External links History Hypotheses about source Historian Alfred W. Crosby recorded that the flu originated in the U.S. state of Kansas , and popular writer John Barry echoed Crosby in describing Haskell County , as the point of origin although already in late 1917 there had been a first wave in at least 14 US military camps . Investigative work in 1999 by a British team led by virologist John Oxford of St Bartholomew 's Hospital and the Royal London Hospital identified the major troop staging and hospital camp in Étaples , France , as being the center of the 1918 flu pandemic . In late 1917 , military pathologists reported the onset of a new disease with high mortality that they later recognized as the flu . The overcrowded camp and hospital -- which treated thousands of victims of chemical attacks and other casualties of war -- was an ideal site for the spreading of a respiratory virus ; 100,000 soldiers were in transit every day . It also was home to a live piggery , and poultry was regularly brought in from surrounding villages . Oxford and his team postulated that a significant precursor virus , harbored in birds , mutated so it could migrate to pigs that were kept near the front . Earlier hypotheses of the epidemic 's origin have varied . Some hypothesized the flu originated in East Asia . Claude Hannoun , the leading expert on the 1918 flu for the Pasteur Institute , asserted the former virus was likely to have come from China , mutating in the United States near Boston and spreading to Brest , France , Europe 's battlefields , Europe , and the world using Allied soldiers and sailors as main spreaders . He considered several other hypotheses of origin , such as Spain , Kansas , and Brest , as being possible , but not likely . Political scientist Andrew Price - Smith published data from the Austrian archives suggesting the influenza had earlier origins , beginning in Austria in early 1917 . In 2014 , historian Mark Humphries of the Memorial University of Newfoundland in St. John 's stated that newly unearthed records confirmed that one of the side stories of the war , the mobilization of 96,000 Chinese laborers to work behind the British and French lines on World War I 's western front , might have been the source of the pandemic . In the report , Humphries found archival evidence that a respiratory illness that struck northern China in November 1917 was identified a year later by Chinese health officials as identical to the `` Spanish '' flu . A report published in 2016 in the Journal of the Chinese Medical Association found no evidence that the 1918 virus was imported to Europe via Chinese and Southeast Asian soldiers and workers . It found evidence that the virus had been circulating in the European armies for months and possibly years before the 1918 pandemic . Spread When an infected person sneezes or coughs , more than half a million virus particles can be spread to those close by . The close quarters and massive troop movements of World War I hastened the pandemic , and probably both increased transmission and augmented mutation ; the war may also have increased the lethality of the virus . Some speculate the soldiers ' immune systems were weakened by malnourishment , as well as the stresses of combat and chemical attacks , increasing their susceptibility . A large factor in the worldwide occurrence of this flu was increased travel . Modern transportation systems made it easier for soldiers , sailors , and civilian travelers to spread the disease . In the United States , the disease was first observed in Haskell County , Kansas , in January 1918 , prompting local doctor Loring Miner to warn the U.S. Public Health Service 's academic journal . On 4 March 1918 , company cook Albert Gitchell reported sick at Fort Riley , an American military facility that at the time was training American troops during World War I , making him the first recorded victim of the flu . Within days , 522 men at the camp had reported sick . By 11 March 1918 , the virus had reached Queens , New York . Failure to take preventive measures in March / April was later criticised . In August 1918 , a more virulent strain appeared simultaneously in Brest , France ; in Freetown , Sierra Leone ; and in the U.S. in Boston , Massachusetts . The Spanish flu also spread through Ireland , carried there by returning Irish soldiers . The Allies of World War I came to call it the Spanish flu , primarily because the pandemic received greater press attention after it moved from France to Spain in November 1918 . Spain was not involved in the war and had not imposed wartime censorship . Mortality Around the globe The difference between the influenza mortality age - distributions of the 1918 epidemic and normal epidemics -- deaths per 100,000 persons in each age group , United States , for the interpandemic years 1911 -- 1917 ( dashed line ) and the pandemic year 1918 ( solid line ) Three pandemic waves : weekly combined influenza and pneumonia mortality , United Kingdom , 1918 -- 1919 The global mortality rate from the 1918 / 1919 pandemic is not known , but an estimated 10 % to 20 % of those who were infected died . With about a third of the world population infected , this case - fatality ratio means 3 % to 6 % of the entire global population died . Influenza may have killed as many as 25 million people in its first 25 weeks . Older estimates say it killed 40 -- 50 million people , while current estimates say 50 -- 100 million people worldwide were killed . This pandemic has been described as `` the greatest medical holocaust in history '' and may have killed more people than the Black Death . It is said that this flu killed more people in 24 weeks than AIDS killed in 24 years , and more in a year than the Black Death killed in a century . However , a 2016 article in The Atlantic states that the Black Death , over the course of the decade of the 1340s , killed more than 10 % of the world population whereas the 1918 flu pandemic killed less than half this percentage . The disease killed in every corner of the globe . As many as 17 million died in India , about 5 % of the population . The death toll in India 's British - ruled districts alone was 13.88 million . In Japan , of the 23 million people who were affected , 390,000 died . In the Dutch East Indies ( now Indonesia ) , 1.5 million were assumed to have died among 30 million inhabitants . In Tahiti 13 % of the population died during only a month . Similarly , in Samoa 22 % of the population of 38,000 died within two months . In Iran , the impact was enormous and according to an estimate , between 902,400 and 2,431,000 or 8.0 % and 21.7 % of the total population died . In the U.S. , about 28 % of the population became infected , and 500,000 to 675,000 died . Native American tribes were particularly hard hit . In the Four Corners area alone , 3,293 deaths were registered among Native Americans . Entire village communities perished in Alaska . In Canada 50,000 died . In Brazil 300,000 died , including president Rodrigues Alves . In Britain , as many as 250,000 died ; in France , more than 400,000 . In West Africa an influenza epidemic killed at least 100,000 people in Ghana . Tafari Makonnen ( the future Haile Selassie , Emperor of Ethiopia ) was one of the first Ethiopians who contracted influenza but survived , although many of his family 's subjects did not ; estimates for the fatalities in the capital city , Addis Ababa , range from 5,000 to 10,000 , or higher . In British Somaliland one official estimated that 7 % of the native population died . This huge death toll was caused by an extremely high infection rate of up to 50 % and the extreme severity of the symptoms , suspected to be caused by cytokine storms . Symptoms in 1918 were so unusual that initially influenza was misdiagnosed as dengue , cholera , or typhoid . One observer wrote , `` One of the most striking of the complications was hemorrhage from mucous membranes , especially from the nose , stomach , and intestine . Bleeding from the ears and petechial hemorrhages in the skin also occurred '' . The majority of deaths were from bacterial pneumonia , a common secondary infection associated with influenza , but the virus also killed people directly , by causing massive hemorrhages and edema in the lung . The unusually severe disease killed up to 20 % of those infected , as opposed to the usual flu epidemic mortality rate of 0.1 % . Patterns of fatality The pandemic mostly killed young adults . In 1918 -- 1919 , 99 % of pandemic influenza deaths in the U.S. occurred in people under 65 , and nearly half in young adults 20 to 40 years old . In 1920 , the mortality rate among people under 65 had decreased sixfold to half the mortality rate of people over 65 , but still 92 % of deaths occurred in people under 65 . This is unusual , since influenza is normally most deadly to weak individuals , such as infants ( under age two ) , the very old ( over age 70 ) , and the immunocompromised . In 1918 , older adults may have had partial protection caused by exposure to the 1889 -- 1890 flu pandemic , known as the Russian flu . According to historian John M. Barry , the most vulnerable of all -- `` those most likely , of the most likely '' , to die -- were pregnant women . He reported that in thirteen studies of hospitalized women in the pandemic , the death rate ranged from 23 % to 71 % . Of the pregnant women who survived childbirth , over one - quarter ( 26 % ) lost the child . Another oddity was that the outbreak was widespread in the summer and autumn ( in the Northern Hemisphere ) ; influenza is usually worse in winter . Modern analysis has shown the virus to be particularly deadly because it triggers a cytokine storm , which ravages the stronger immune system of young adults . In fast - progressing cases , mortality was primarily from pneumonia , by virus - induced pulmonary consolidation . Slower - progressing cases featured secondary bacterial pneumonias , and there may have been neural involvement that led to mental disorders in some cases . Some deaths resulted from malnourishment . A study -- conducted by He et al. -- used a mechanistic modelling approach to study the three waves of the 1918 influenza pandemic . They tried to study the factors that underlie variability in temporal patterns , and the patterns of mortality and morbidity . Their analysis suggests that temporal variations in transmission rate provide the best explanation and the variation in transmission required to generate these three waves is within biologically plausible values . Another study by He et al. used a simple epidemic model , to incorporate three factors including school opening and closing , temperature changes over the course of the outbreak , and human behavioral changes in response to the outbreak to infer the cause of the three waves of the 1918 influenza pandemic . Their modelling results showed that all three factors are important but human behavioral responses showed the largest effects . Deadly second wave American Expeditionary Force victims of the flu pandemic at U.S. Army Camp Hospital no . 45 in Aix - les - Bains , France , in 1918 The second wave of the 1918 pandemic was much deadlier than the first . The first wave had resembled typical flu epidemics ; those most at risk were the sick and elderly , while younger , healthier people recovered easily . But in August , when the second wave began in France , Sierra Leone and the United States , the virus had mutated to a much deadlier form . As the American Experience Influenza 1918 episode says , October 1918 was the deadliest month of the whole pandemic . This increased severity has been attributed to the circumstances of the First World War . In civilian life , natural selection favors a mild strain . Those who get very ill stay home , and those mildly ill continue with their lives , preferentially spreading the mild strain . In the trenches , natural selection was reversed . Soldiers with a mild strain stayed where they were , while the severely ill were sent on crowded trains to crowded field hospitals , spreading the deadlier virus . The second wave began and the flu quickly spread around the world again . Consequently , during modern pandemics health officials pay attention when the virus reaches places with social upheaval ( looking for deadlier strains of the virus ) . The fact that most of those who recovered from first - wave infections were now immune showed that it must have been the same strain of flu . This was most dramatically illustrated in Copenhagen , which escaped with a combined mortality rate of just 0.29 % ( 0.02 % in the first wave and 0.27 % in the second wave ) because of exposure to the less - lethal first wave . On the rest of the population it was far more deadly now ; the most vulnerable people were those like the soldiers in the trenches -- young previously healthy adults . Devastated communities A chart of deaths in major cities , showing a peak in October and November 1918 Even in areas where mortality was low , so many were incapacitated that much of everyday life was hampered . Some communities closed all stores or required customers to leave orders outside . There were reports that health - care workers could not tend the sick nor the gravediggers bury the dead because they too were ill . Mass graves were dug by steam shovel and bodies buried without coffins in many places . Several Pacific island territories were particularly hard - hit . The pandemic reached them from New Zealand , which was too slow to implement measures to prevent ships carrying the flu from leaving its ports . From New Zealand , the flu reached Tonga ( killing 8 % of the population ) , Nauru ( 16 % ) and Fiji ( 5 % , 9,000 people ) . Worst affected was German Samoa , today the independent state of Samoa , which had been occupied by New Zealand in 1914 . 90 % of the population was infected ; 30 % of adult men , 22 % of adult women and 10 % of children died . By contrast , the flu was kept away from American Samoa when Governor John Martin Poyer imposed a blockade . In New Zealand itself , 8,573 deaths were attributed to the 1918 pandemic influenza , resulting in a total population fatality rate of 0.74 % . In Ireland , the Spanish Flu accounted for 10 % of the total deaths in 1918 . Data analysis revealed 6,520 recorded deaths in Savannah - Chatham County , Georgia ( population = 83,252 ) for the three - year period from January 1 , 1917 , to December 31 , 1919 . Of these deaths , influenza was specifically listed as the cause of death in 316 cases , representing 4.85 percent of all causes of death for the total time period . Less - affected areas In Japan , 257,363 deaths were attributed to influenza by July 1919 , giving an estimated 0.425 % mortality rate , much lower than nearly all other Asian countries for which data are available . The Japanese government severely restricted maritime travel to and from the home islands when the pandemic struck . In the Pacific , American Samoa and the French colony of New Caledonia also succeeded in preventing even a single death from influenza through effective quarantines . In Australia , nearly 12,000 perished . By the end of the pandemic , the isolated island of Marajó , in Brazil 's Amazon River Delta had not reported an outbreak . Saint Helena also reported no deaths . Aspirin poisoning In a 2009 paper published in the journal Clinical Infectious Diseases , Karen Starko proposed that aspirin poisoning contributed substantially to the fatalities . She based this on the reported symptoms in those dying from the flu , as reported in the post mortem reports still available , and also the timing of the big `` death spike '' in October 1918 which happened right after the Surgeon General of the United States Army , and the Journal of the American Medical Association both recommended very large doses of 8 to 31 grams of aspirin per day . These levels will produce hyperventilation in 33 % of patients , as well as lung edema in 3 % of patients . Starko also points out that many early deaths showed `` wet , '' sometimes hemorrhagic lungs , whereas late deaths showed bacterial pneumonia . She suggests that the wave of aspirin poisonings was due to a `` perfect storm '' of events : Bayer 's patent on aspirin expired , so that many companies rushed in to make a profit and greatly increased the supply ; this coincided with the flu pandemic ; and the symptoms of aspirin poisoning were not known at the time . As an explanation for the universally high mortality rate , this hypothesis was questioned in a letter to the journal published in April 2010 by Andrew Noymer and Daisy Carreon of the University of California , Irvine , and Niall Johnson of the Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care . They questioned this universal applicability given the high mortality rate in countries such as India , where there was little or no access to aspirin at the time compared to the rate where aspirin was plentiful . They concluded that `` the salicylate ( aspirin ) poisoning hypothesis ( was ) difficult to sustain as the primary explanation for the unusual virulence of the 1918 -- 1919 influenza pandemic '' . In response , Starko pointed to anecdotal evidence of aspirin use in India and argued that even if aspirin over-prescription had not contributed to the high Indian mortality rate , it could still have been a factor for other high rates in areas where other exacerbating factors present in India played less of a role . End of the pandemic After the lethal second wave struck in late 1918 , new cases dropped abruptly -- almost to nothing after the peak in the second wave . In Philadelphia , for example , 4,597 people died in the week ending 16 October , but by 11 November , influenza had almost disappeared from the city . One explanation for the rapid decline of the lethality of the disease is that doctors got better at preventing and treating the pneumonia that developed after the victims had contracted the virus , although John Barry stated in his book that researchers have found no evidence to support this . Another theory holds that the 1918 virus mutated extremely rapidly to a less lethal strain . This is a common occurrence with influenza viruses : there is a tendency for pathogenic viruses to become less lethal with time , as the hosts of more dangerous strains tend to die out ( see also `` Deadly Second Wave '' , above ) . Long - Term impact A 2006 study in the Journal of Political Economy found that `` cohorts in utero during the pandemic displayed reduced educational attainment , increased rates of physical disability , lower income , lower socioeconomic status , and higher transfer payments compared with other birth cohorts . '' Legacy See also : List of 1918 flu pandemic cases American Red Cross nurses tend to flu patients in temporary wards set up inside Oakland Municipal Auditorium , 1918 . Academic Andrew Price - Smith has made the argument that the virus helped tip the balance of power in the later days of the war towards the Allied cause . He provides data that the viral waves hit the Central Powers before they hit the Allied powers , and that both morbidity and mortality in Germany and Austria were considerably higher than in Britain and France . In the United States , Britain and other countries , despite the relatively high morbidity and mortality rates that resulted from the epidemic in 1918 -- 1919 , the Spanish flu began to fade from public awareness over the decades until the arrival of news about bird flu and other pandemics in the 1990s and 2000s . This has led some historians to label the Spanish flu a `` forgotten pandemic '' . Various theories of why the Spanish flu was `` forgotten '' include the rapid pace of the pandemic , which killed most of its victims in the United States , for example , within a period of less than nine months , resulting in limited media coverage . The general population was familiar with patterns of pandemic disease in the late 19th and early 20th centuries : typhoid , yellow fever , diphtheria , and cholera all occurred near the same time . These outbreaks probably lessened the significance of the influenza pandemic for the public . In some areas , the flu was not reported on , the only mention being that of advertisements for medicines claiming to cure it . In addition , the outbreak coincided with the deaths and media focus on the First World War . Another explanation involves the age group affected by the disease . The majority of fatalities , from both the war and the epidemic , were among young adults . The deaths caused by the flu may have been overlooked due to the large numbers of deaths of young men in the war or as a result of injuries . When people read the obituaries , they saw the war or postwar deaths and the deaths from the influenza side by side . Particularly in Europe , where the war 's toll was extremely high , the flu may not have had a great , separate , psychological impact , or may have seemed a mere extension of the war 's tragedies . The duration of the pandemic and the war could have also played a role . The disease would usually only affect a certain area for a month before leaving , while the war , which most had initially expected to end quickly , had lasted for four years by the time the pandemic struck . This left little time for the disease to have a significant impact on the economy . Regarding global economic effects , many businesses in the entertainment and service industries suffered losses in revenue , while the health care industry reported profit gains . February 1918 drawing by Marguerite Martyn of a visiting nurse in St. Louis , Missouri , with medicine and babies Historian Nancy Bristow has argued that the pandemic , when combined with the increasing number of women attending college , contributed to the success of women in the field of nursing . This was due in part to the failure of medical doctors , who were predominantly men , to contain and prevent the illness . Nursing staff , who were predominantly women , felt more inclined to celebrate the success of their patient care and less inclined to identify the spread of the disease with their own work . In Spain , sources from the period explicitly linked the Spanish flu to the cultural figure of Don Juan . The nickname for the flu , the `` Naples Soldier '' , was adopted from Federico Romero and Guillermo Fernández Shaw 's operetta , The Song of Forgetting ( La canción del olvido ) , the protagonist of which is a stock Don Juan type . Federico Romero , one of the librettists , quipped that the play 's most popular musical number , Naples Soldier , was as catchy as the flu . Davis has argued the Spanish flu -- Don Juan connection served a cognitive function , allowing Spaniards to make sense of their epidemic experience by interpreting it through a familiar template , namely the Don Juan story . Spanish flu Research Main article : Spanish flu research An electron micrograph showing recreated 1918 influenza virions Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as Dr. Terrence Tumpey examines a reconstructed version of the 1918 flu . The origin of the Spanish flu pandemic , and the relationship between the near - simultaneous outbreaks in humans and swine , have been controversial . One hypothesis is that the virus strain originated at Fort Riley , Kansas , in viruses in poultry and swine which the fort bred for food ; the soldiers were then sent from Fort Riley around the world , where they spread the disease . Similarities between a reconstruction of the virus and avian viruses , combined with the human pandemic preceding the first reports of influenza in swine , led researchers to conclude the influenza virus jumped directly from birds to humans , and swine caught the disease from humans . Others have disagreed , and more recent research has suggested the strain may have originated in a nonhuman , mammalian species . An estimated date for its appearance in mammalian hosts has been put at the period 1882 -- 1913 . This ancestor virus diverged about 1913 -- 1915 into two clades ( or biological groups ) , which gave rise to the classical swine and human H1N1 influenza lineages . The last common ancestor of human strains dates to between February 1917 and April 1918 . Because pigs are more readily infected with avian influenza viruses than are humans , they were suggested as the original recipients of the virus , passing the virus to humans sometime between 1913 and 1918 . An effort to recreate the 1918 flu strain ( a subtype of avian strain H1N1 ) was a collaboration among the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology , the USDA ARS Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory and Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City . The effort resulted in the announcement ( on 5 October 2005 ) that the group had successfully determined the virus 's genetic sequence , using historic tissue samples recovered by pathologist Johan Hultin from a female flu victim buried in the Alaskan permafrost and samples preserved from American soldiers . On 18 January 2007 , Kobasa et al. ( 2007 ) reported that monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis ) infected with the recreated flu strain exhibited classic symptoms of the 1918 pandemic , and died from a cytokine storm -- an overreaction of the immune system . This may explain why the 1918 flu had its surprising effect on younger , healthier people , as a person with a stronger immune system would potentially have a stronger overreaction . On 16 September 2008 , the body of British politician and diplomat Sir Mark Sykes was exhumed to study the RNA of the flu virus in efforts to understand the genetic structure of modern H5N1 bird flu . Sykes had been buried in 1919 in a lead coffin which scientists hoped had helped preserve the virus . The coffin was found to be split because of the weight of soil over it , and the cadaver was badly decomposed . Nonetheless , samples of lung and brain tissue were taken through the split , with the coffin remaining in situ in the grave during this process . In December 2008 , research by Yoshihiro Kawaoka of the University of Wisconsin linked the presence of three specific genes ( termed PA , PB1 , and PB2 ) and a nucleoprotein derived from 1918 flu samples to the ability of the flu virus to invade the lungs and cause pneumonia . The combination triggered similar symptoms in animal testing . In June 2010 , a team at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine reported the 2009 flu pandemic vaccine provided some cross-protection against the 1918 flu pandemic strain . One of the few things known for certain about the influenza in 1918 and for some years after was that it was , out of the laboratory , exclusively a disease of human beings . In 2013 , the AIR Worldwide Research and Modeling Group `` characterized the historic 1918 pandemic and estimated the effects of a similar pandemic occurring today using the AIR Pandemic Flu Model '' . In the model , `` a modern day `` Spanish flu '' event would result in additional life insurance losses of between USD 15.3 -- 27.8 billion in the United States alone '' with 188,000 -- 337,000 deaths in the United States . In popular culture The 1995 film Outbreak , the 2011 film Contagion and the 2013 film World War Z make reference to the pandemic . Twentieth - century fiction includes at least three novels with the flu pandemic as a major theme : Katherine Anne Porter 's Pale Horse , Pale Rider , Thomas Mullen 's The Last Town on Earth , and Thomas Wolfe 's Look Homeward , Angel . In the one - act play 1918 by Horton Foote ( part of his Orphans ' Home Cycle ( 1979 ) ) , the presence and threat of the flu ( and the tragedy it ultimately causes ) is a major element of the plot . The play was made into a film of the same title , released in 1985 , which was subsequently edited for broadcast by PBS as the last part of the miniseries `` The Story of A Marriage '' . Gallery Two American Red Cross nurses demonstrating treatment practices during the influenza pandemic of 1918 . Albertan farmers wearing masks to protect themselves from the flu . Policemen wearing masks provided by the American Red Cross in Seattle , 1918 A street car conductor in Seattle in 1918 refusing to allow passengers aboard who are not wearing masks Red Cross workers remove a flu victim in St. Louis , Missouri ( 1918 ) Influenza ward at Walter Reed Hospital during the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918 -- 1919 Burying flu victims , North River , Newfoundland and Labrador ( 1918 ) 1919 Tokyo , Japan Japanese poster in 1919 Demonstration at the Red Cross Emergency Ambulance Station in Washington , D.C. , during the influenza pandemic of 1918 Cavalry memorial on the hill Lueg , memory of the Bernese cavalrymen victims of the 1918 flu pandemic ; Emmental , Bern , Switzerland The Spanish flu as the Naples Soldier ( Spain , 1918 ) Spanish biologists and the flu microbe ( Spain , 1918 ) See also Medicine portal Viruses portal Death portal References Notes Jump up ^ `` La Grippe Espagnole de 1918 '' ( in French ) . Institut Pasteur . Archived from the original ( Powerpoint ) on 17 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Taubenberger & Morens 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Estimates of World Population '' . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Patterson & Pyle 1991 . ^ Jump up to : Billings 1997 . Jump up ^ Johnson & Mueller 2002 . Jump up ^ `` The Nation 's Health '' . www.flu.gov . U.S. Department of Health & Human Services . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Life Expectancy '' . Our World in Data . Archived from the original on 31 March 2016 . Retrieved 31 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Life expectancy in the USA , 1900 -- 98 '' . demog.berkeley.edu . Archived from the original on 2003 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Influenza Epidemic of 1918 '' . Archives.gov . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Barry 2004 . Jump up ^ MacCallum , W.G. ( 1919 ) . `` Pathology of the pneumonia following influenza '' . JAMA : The Journal of the American Medical Association . 72 ( 10 ) : 720 -- 723 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 1919.02610100028012 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , Edwin F. ; McKinney , Marion ( 1919 ) . `` An epidemic of pneumococcus broncho - pneumonia '' . Journal of Infectious Diseases . 24 ( 6 ) : 594 -- 617 . doi : 10.1093 / infdis / 24.6. 594 . Jump up ^ Brundage , John F. ; Shanks , G. Dennis ( 2007 ) . `` What Really Happened during the 1918 Influenza Pandemic ? The Importance of Bacterial Secondary Infections '' . Journal of Infectious Diseases . 196 ( 11 ) : 1717 -- 1718 . doi : 10.1086 / 522355 . Jump up ^ Morens , David M ; Fauci , Anthony S. ( 2007 ) . `` The 1918 influenza pandemic : insights for the 21st century '' . Journal of Infectious Diseases . 195 ( 7 ) : 1018 -- 1028 . doi : 10.1086 / 511989 . Jump up ^ Vilensky , Foley & Gilman 2007 . Jump up ^ Valentine 2006 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Susan ( 29 August 2006 ) . `` Analysis of Spanish flu cases in 1918 -- 1920 suggests transfusions might help in bird flu pandemic '' . American College of Physicians . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Porras - Gallo & Davis 2014 . Jump up ^ Barry 2004 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Galvin 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Crosby 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Barry 2004b . Jump up ^ `` How the US Army infected the World with Spanish Flu '' . Limpia por dentro . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EU Research Profile on Dr. John Oxford '' . Archived from the original on 12 May 2009 . Retrieved 9 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Connor , Steve , `` Flu epidemic traced to Great War transit camp '' , The Guardian ( UK ) , Saturday , 8 January 2000 . Accessed 2009 - 05 - 09 . Archived 11 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Oxford , J.S. ; Lambkin , R. ; Sefton , A. ; Daniels , R. ; Elliot , A. ; Brown , R. ; Gill , D. ( 2005 ) . `` A hypothesis : the conjunction of soldiers , gas , pigs , ducks , geese and horses in Northern France during the Great War provided the conditions for the emergence of the `` Spanish '' influenza pandemic of 1918 -- 1919 `` . Vaccine. 23 ( 7 ) : 940 -- 945 . doi : 10.1016 / j. vaccine. 2004.06. 035 . Jump up ^ 1918 killer flu secrets revealed . BBC News . 5 February 2004 . Jump up ^ Hannoun , Claude , `` La Grippe '' , Ed Techniques EMC ( Encyclopédie Médico - Chirurgicale ) , Maladies infectieuses , 8 - 069 - A-10 , 1993 . Documents de la Conférence de l'Institut Pasteur : La Grippe Espagnole de 1918 . ^ Jump up to : Price - Smith 2008 . Jump up ^ Humphries 2014 . Jump up ^ Vergano , Dan ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` 1918 Flu Pandemic That Killed 50 Million Originated in China , Historians Say '' . National Geographic . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shanks , G. Dennis ( 2016 ) . `` No evidence of 1918 influenza pandemic origin in Chinese laborers / soldiers in France '' . Journal of the Chinese Medical Association . 79 ( 1 ) : 46 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jcma. 2015.08. 009 . PMID 26542935 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Irwin W. ( 2007 ) . Twelve diseases that changed our world . Washington , DC : ASM Press . p. 161 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55581 - 466 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ewald 1994 . Jump up ^ Film : We Heard the Bells : The Influenza of 1918 ( 2010 ) . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services . 2010 . Retrieved 20 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Barry , John M ( 20 January 2004 ) . `` The site of origin of the 1918 influenza pandemic and its public health implications '' . Journal of Translational Medicine . 2 : 3 . doi : 10.1186 / 1479 - 5876 - 2 - 3 . PMC 340389 . PMID 14733617 . Jump up ^ Bynum , Bill ( March 14 , 2009 ) . `` Stories of an influenza pandemic '' ( PDF ) . The Lancet . 373 : 885 -- 886 . doi : 10.1016 / s0140 - 6736 ( 09 ) 60530 - 4 . Jump up ^ Avian Bird Flu. 1918 Flu ( Spanish flu epidemic ) . Jump up ^ Spanish flu strikes during World War I , Timelines of great Epidemics , xtimeline.com Archived 14 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Channel 4 -- News -- Spanish flu facts . Jump up ^ Taubenberger & Morens 2006 , pp. 15 -- 22 . Jump up ^ CDC 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Knobler 2005 . Jump up ^ Potter 2006 . Jump up ^ Human Extinction Is n't That Unlikely , The Atlantic , Robinson Meyer , April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flu experts warn of need for pandemic plans British Medical Journal . Jump up ^ Chandra , Kuljanin & Wray 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish Influenza in Japanese Armed Forces , 1918 -- 1920 '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) . Jump up ^ Historical research report from University of Indonesia , School of History , as reported in Emmy Fitri . Looking Through Indonesia 's History For Answers to Swine Flu Archived 2 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... The Jakarta Globe . 28 October 2009 edition . Jump up ^ Kohn 2007 . Jump up ^ Afkhami 2003 ; Afkhami 2012 . Jump up ^ The Great Pandemic : The United States in 1918 -- 1919 , U.S. Department of Health & Human Services . Jump up ^ `` Flu Epidemic Hit Utah Hard in 1918 , 1919 '' . 28 March 1995 . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Pandemic of 1918 : State by State '' . Archived from the original on 6 May 2009 . Retrieved 4 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A deadly virus rages throughout Canada at the end of the First World War '' . CBC History . Jump up ^ `` A gripe espanhola no Brasil -- Elísio Augusto de Medeiros e Silva , empresário , escritor e membro da AEILIJ '' ( in Portuguese ) . Jornal de Hoje . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ The `` bird flu '' that killed 40 million . BBC News . 19 October 2005 . Jump up ^ Hays 1998 . Jump up ^ Harold Marcus , Haile Sellassie I : The formative years , 1892 -- 1936 ( Trenton : Red Sea Press , 1996 ) , pp. 36f Jump up ^ Pankhurst 1991 , pp. 48f . Jump up ^ Pankhurst 1991 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Pankhurst 1991 , pp. 51ff . Jump up ^ `` Bacterial Pneumonia Caused Most Deaths in 1918 Influenza Pandemic '' . National Institutes of Health . ^ Jump up to : Taubenberger et al. 2001 , pp. 1829 -- 1839 . ^ Jump up to : Simonsen et al. 1998 . Jump up ^ Hanssen , Olav . Undersøkelser over influenzaens optræden specielt i Bergen 1918 -- 1922 . Bg. 1923 . 66 s . ill . ( Haukeland sykehus . Med. avd. Arb. 2 ) ( Klaus Hanssens fond . Skr. 3 ) Jump up ^ Payne , Matthew S. ; Bayatibojakhi , Sara ( 2014 ) . `` Exploring Preterm Birth as a Polymicrobial Disease : An Overview of the Uterine Microbiome '' . Frontiers in Immunology. 5 : 595 . doi : 10.3389 / fimmu. 2014.00595 . ISSN 1664 - 3224 . PMC 4245917 . PMID 25505898 . Jump up ^ Barry 2004 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Key Facts about Swine Influenza ( 1 ) accessed 22 : 45 GMT - 6 30 April 2009 . Archived 4 May 2009 . Jump up ^ He et al. 2011 . Jump up ^ He et al. 2013 . Jump up ^ UK Parliament -- http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.com/pa/ld200506/ldselect/ldsctech/88/88.pdf . Accessed 2009 - 05 - 06 . Archived 8 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Gladwell 1997 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Gladwell 1997 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Fogarty International Center . `` Summer Flu Outbreak of 1918 May Have Provided Partial Protection Against Lethal Fall Pandemic '' . Fic.nih.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Gladwell 1997 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Fortune article `` Viruses of Mass Destruction '' written 1 November 2004 . accessed 01 : 12 GMT + 1 30 April 2009 ^ Jump up to : Denoon 2004 . Jump up ^ Rice 2005 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Plaspohl , Sata S. ; Dixon , Betty T. ; Owen , Nyssa ( 2016 ) . `` '' The Effect of the 1918 Spanish Influenza Pandemic on Mortality Rates in Savannah , Georgia `` . Georgia Historical Quarterly . 100 ( 3 ) : 332 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Influenza of 1918 ( Spanish Flu ) and the US Navy '' . history.navy.mil . Archived from the original on 11 January 2015 . Retrieved 14 May 2009 . Jump up ^ World Health Organization Writing Group ( 2006 ) . `` Nonpharmaceutical interventions for pandemic influenza , international measures '' ( PDF ) . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) Emerging Infectious Diseases ( EID ) Journal . 12 ( 1 ) : 189 . Jump up ^ Anne Grant , History House , Portland . Influenza Pandemic 1919 . Portland Victoria Jump up ^ Ryan , Jeffrey , ed . Pandemic influenza : emergency planning and community preparedness . Boca Raton : CRC Press , 2009 . P. 24 Jump up ^ `` Colonial Annual Report '' , 1919 ^ Jump up to : Starko 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Noymer , Carreon & Johnson 2010 . Jump up ^ Starko 2010 . Jump up ^ Almond , Douglas ( 2006 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Is the 1918 Influenza Pandemic Over ? Long ‐ Term Effects of In Utero Influenza Exposure in the Post ‐ 1940 U.S. Population '' . Journal of Political Economy. 114 ( 4 ) : 672 -- 712 . doi : 10.1086 / 507154 . ISSN 0022 - 3808 . Jump up ^ Honigsbaum 2008 . Jump up ^ Morrissey 1986 . Jump up ^ Benedict & Braithwaite 2000 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Crosby 2003 , pp. 320 -- 322 . Jump up ^ Garrett 2007 . Jump up ^ Lindley , Robin , The Forgotten American Pandemic : Historian Dr. Nancy K. Bristow on the Influenza Epidemic of 1918 Jump up ^ Davis 2013 , pp. 103 -- 136 . Jump up ^ `` Open Collections Program : Contagion , Spanish Influenza in North America , 1918 -- 191 '' . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Sometimes a virus contains both avian - adapted genes and human - adapted genes . Both the H2N2 and H3N2 pandemic strains contained avian flu virus RNA segments . `` While the pandemic human influenza viruses of 1957 ( H2N2 ) and 1968 ( H3N2 ) clearly arose through reassortment between human and avian viruses , the influenza virus causing the ' Spanish flu ' in 1918 appears to be entirely derived from an avian source ( Belshe 2005 ) . '' ( from Chapter Two : Avian Influenza by Timm C. Harder and Ortrud Werner , a free on - line book called Influenza Report 2006 ) Jump up ^ Taubenberger et al. 2005 . Jump up ^ Antonovics , Hood & Baker 2006 . Jump up ^ Vana & Westover 2008 . Jump up ^ dos Reis , Hay & Goldstein 2009 . Jump up ^ Center for Disease Control : Researchers Reconstruct 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus ; Effort Designed to Advance Preparedness Retrieved on 2 September 2009 Jump up ^ Kobasa & et al. 2007 . Jump up ^ USA Today : Research on monkeys finds resurrected 1918 flu killed by turning the body against itself Retrieved on 14 August 2008 . Jump up ^ BBC News : Body exhumed in fight against flu Retrieved on 16 September 2008 . Jump up ^ BBC Four documentary . In Search of Spanish Flu Jump up ^ Fox 2008 . Jump up ^ Fox 2010 . Jump up ^ Crosby 1976 , p. 295 . Jump up ^ Madhav 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Outbreak -- Daily Script '' ( PDF ) . p. 94 . Jump up ^ `` World War Z Quotes -- ' Every human being we save is one less zombie to fight . ' '' . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Bibliography Antonovics , J. ; Hood , M.E. ; Baker , C.H. ( 2006 ) . `` Molecular virology : was the 1918 flu avian in origin ? '' . Nature . 440 ( 7088 ) : E9 , E10 . Bibcode : 2006Natur. 440E ... 9A . doi : 10.1038 / nature04824 . PMID 16641950 . Afkhami , Amir ( 2003 ) . `` Compromised Constitutions : The Iranian Experience with the 1918 Influenza Pandemic '' . Bulletin of the History of Medicine . The Johns Hopkins University Press . 77 ( 2 ) : 367 -- 392 . doi : 10.1353 / bhm. 2003.0049 . -- Open access material by the Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Health Sciences Research Commons . Afkhami , Amir ( 29 March 2012 ) ( 15 December 2004 ) . `` Influenza '' . In Yarshater , Ehsan . Encyclopædia Iranica . Fasc. 2 . XIII ( Online ed . ) . New York City : Bibliotheca Persica Press . pp. 140 -- 143 . Barry , John M. ( 2004 ) . The Great Influenza : The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History . Viking Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 89473 - 4 . Barry , John M. ( 2004b ) . `` The site of origin of the 1918 influenza pandemic and its public health implications '' . Journal of Translational Medicine . 2 ( 3 ) : 3 . doi : 10.1186 / 1479 - 5876 - 2 - 3 . PMC 340389 . PMID 14733617 . Archived from the original on 4 May 2009 . Benedict , Michael Les ; Braithwaite , Max ( 2000 ) . `` The Year of the Killer Flu '' . In the Face of Disaster : True Stories of Canadian Heroes from the Archives of Maclean 's . New York , N.Y : Viking . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 88883 - 2 . Billings , Molly ( 1997 ) . `` The 1918 Influenza Pandemic '' . Virology at Stanford University . Archived from the original on 4 May 2009 . Retrieved 1 May 2009 . Bristow , Nancy K. American Pandemic : The Lost Worlds of the 1918 Influenza Epidemic ( OUP , 2012 ) `` 1918 Influenza : the Mother of All Pandemics '' . Archived from the original on 1 October 2009 . Retrieved 2 September 2009 . Chandra , S. ; Kuljanin , G. ; Wray , J. ( 2012 ) . `` Mortality From the Influenza Pandemic of 1918 -- 1919 : The Case of India '' . Demography. 49 ( 3 ) : 857 -- 865 . doi : 10.1007 / s13524 - 012 - 0116 - x . PMID 22661303 . Collier , Richard ( 1974 ) . The Plague of the Spanish Lady -- The Influenza Pandemic of 1918 -- 19 . Atheneum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 689 - 10592 - 0 . Crosby , Alfred W. ( 1976 ) . Epidemic and Peace , 1918 . Westport , Ct : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8371 - 8376 - 3 . Crosby , Alfred W. ( 2003 ) . America 's Forgotten Pandemic : The Influenza of 1918 ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 54175 - 6 . Davis , Ryan A. ( 2013 ) . The Spanish Flu : Narrative and Cultural Identity in Spain , 1918 . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 33921 - 8 . Denoon , Donald ( 2004 ) . `` New Economic Orders : Land , Labour and Dependency '' . In Denoon , Donald . The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders . CUP . p. 247 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00354 - 4 . dos Reis , M. ; Hay , A.J. ; Goldstein , R.A. ( 2009 ) , `` Using Non-Homogeneous Models of Nucleotide Substitution to Identify Host Shift Events : Application to the Origin of the 1918 ' Spanish ' Influenza Pandemic Virus '' , Journal of Molecular Evolution , 69 ( 4 ) : 333 -- 345 , Bibcode : 2009JMolE ... 69 ... 333D , doi : 10.1007 / s00239 - 009 - 9282 - x , PMC 2772961 , PMID 19787384 Ewald , Paul W. ( 1994 ) . Evolution of infectious disease . OUP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 506058 - 4 . Fox , Maggie ( 29 December 2008 ) . `` Researchers unlock secrets of 1918 flu pandemic '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2 September 2009 . Fox , Maggie ( 16 June 2010 ) . `` Swine flu shot protects against 1918 flu : study '' . Reuters . Galvin , John ( 31 July 2007 ) . `` Spanish Flu Pandemic : 1918 '' . Popular Mechanics . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Garrett , T.A. ( 2007 ) . Economic Effects of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic : Implications for a Modern - day Pandemic ( PDF ) . Gladwell , Malcolm ( 29 September 1997 ) . `` The Dead Zone '' . New Yorker . Hays , J.N. ( 1998 ) . The Burdens of Disease : Epidemics and Human Response in Western History . p. 274 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 2528 - 0 . He , Dai Hai ; Dushoff , Jonathan ; Day , Troy ; Ma , Junling ; Earn , David J.D. ( 2011 ) . `` Mechanistic modelling of the three waves of the 1918 influenza pandemic '' . Theoretical Ecology. 4 ( 2 ) : 283 -- 288 . doi : 10.1007 / s12080 - 011 - 0123 - 3 . ISSN 1874 - 1738 . He , Dai Hai ; Dushoff , Jonathan ; Day , Troy ; Ma , Junling ; Earn , David J.D. ( 2013 ) . `` Inferring the causes of the three waves of the 1918 influenza pandemic in England and Wales '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B : Biological Sciences . 280 ( 1766 ) : 20131345 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2013.1345 . ISSN 0962 - 8452 . PMC 3730600 . PMID 23843396 . Honigsbaum , Mark ( 2008 ) . Living with Enza : The Forgotten Story of Britain and the Great Flu Pandemic of 1918 . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 21774 - 4 . Humphries , Mark Osborne ( 2014 ) . `` Paths of Infection : The First World War and the Origins of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic '' ( PDF ) . War in History . 21 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 81 . doi : 10.1177 / 0968344513504525 . Johnson , Niall P. ; Mueller , J. ( 2002 ) . `` Updating the accounts : global mortality of the 1918 -- 1920 `` Spanish '' influenza pandemic `` . Bull Hist Med. 76 ( 1 ) : 105 -- 115 . doi : 10.1353 / bhm. 2002.0022 . PMID 11875246 . Knobler , S. ; Mack , A. ; Mahmoud , A. ; et al. ( eds . ) . `` 1 : The Story of Influenza '' . The Threat of Pandemic Influenza : Are We Ready ? Workshop Summary ( 2005 ) . Washington , D.C. : The National Academies Press . pp. 60 -- 61 . Kobasa , Darwyn ; Jones , Steven M. ; Shinya , Kyoko ; Kash , John C. ; Copps , John ; Ebihara , Hideki ; Hatta , Yasuko ; Kim , Jin Hyun ; Halfmann , Peter ; Hatta , Masato ; Feldmann , Friederike ; Alimonti , Judie B. ; Fernando , Lisa ; Li , Yan ; Katze , Michael G. ; Feldmann , Heinz ; Kawaoka , Yoshihiro ( 2007 ) . `` Aberrant innate immune response in lethal infection of macaques with the 1918 influenza virus '' . Nature . 445 ( 7125 ) : 319 -- 323 . Bibcode : 2007Natur. 445 ... 319K . doi : 10.1038 / nature05495 . PMID 17230189 . Kohn , George C. ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of plague and pestilence : from ancient times to the present ( 3rd ed . ) . Infobase Publishing . p. 363 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 6935 - 4 . Madhav , Nita ( 21 February 2013 ) . Markey , Molly J. , ed . `` Modeling a Modern - Day Spanish Flu Pandemic '' . AIR 's Research and Modeling Group . Retrieved 5 August 2014 . Morrisey , Carla R. ( 1986 ) . `` The Influenza Epidemic of 1918 '' . Navy Medicine . 77 ( 3 ) : 11 -- 17 . Noymer , Andrew ; Carreon , Daisy ; Johnson , Niall ( 2010 ) . `` Questioning the salicylates and influenza pandemic mortality hypothesis in 1918 -- 1919 '' . Clinical Infectious Diseases . 50 ( 8 ) : 1203 . doi : 10.1086 / 651472 . PMID 20233050 . Pankhurst , Richard ( 1991 ) . An Introduction to the Medical History of Ethiopia . Trenton : Red Sea Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 932415 - 45 - 5 . Patterson , K.D. ; Pyle , G.F. ( 1991 ) . `` The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic '' . Bull Hist Med. 65 ( 1 ) : 4 -- 21 . PMID 2021692 . Phillips , Howard ( 2010 ) . `` The re-appearing shadow of 1918 : trends in the historiography of the 1918 -- 19 influenza pandemic '' . Can Bull Med Hist. 21 ( 1 ) : 121 -- 134 . PMID 15202430 . Porras - Gallo , Maria ; Davis , Ryan A. , eds. ( 2014 ) . `` The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918 -- 1919 : Perspectives from the Iberian Peninsula and the Americas '' . Rochester Studies in Medical History . 30 . University of Rochester Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58046 - 496 - 3 . Potter , C.W. ( October 2006 ) . `` A History of Influenza '' . J Appl Microbiol. 91 ( 4 ) : 572 -- 579 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2672.2001. 01492. x . PMID 11576290 . Price - Smith , Andrew T. ( 2008 ) . Contagion and Chaos . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 66203 - 1 . Rice , Geoffrey W. ( 2005 ) . Black November ; the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in New Zealand ( 2nd ed . ) . University of Canterbury Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 877257 - 35 - 3 . Simonsen , L. ; Clarke , M. ; Schonberger , L. ; Arden , N. ; Cox , N. ; Fukuda , K. ( 1998 ) . `` Pandemic versus Epidemic Influenza Mortality : A Pattern of Changing Age Distribution '' . The Journal of Infectious Diseases . 178 ( 1 ) : 53 -- 60 . doi : 10.1086 / 515616 . JSTOR 30114117 . PMID 9652423 . Starko , Karen M. ( 2009 ) . `` Salicylates and Pandemic Influenza Mortality , 1918 -- 1919 , Pharmacology , Pathology , and Historic Evidence '' . Clinical Infectious Diseases . 49 ( 9 ) : 1405 -- 1410 . doi : 10.1086 / 606060 . PMID 19788357 . ( summary by Infectious Diseases Society of America and ScienceDaily , October 3 , 2009 ) Starko , Karen M. ( 2010 ) . `` Reply to Noymer et al '' . Clinical Infectious Diseases . 50 ( 8 ) : 1203 -- 1204 . doi : 10.1086 / 651473 . Taubenberger , J. ; Reid , A. ; Janczewski , T. ; Fanning , T. ( 2001 ) . `` Integrating historical , clinical and molecular genetic data in order to explain the origin and virulence of the 1918 Spanish influenza virus '' . Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 356 ( 1416 ) : 1829 -- 1839 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2001.1020 . PMC 1088558 . PMID 11779381 . Taubenberger , J. ; Reid , A. ; Lourens , R.M. ; Wang , R. ; Jin , G. ; Fanning , T.G. ( 2005 ) . `` Characterization of the 1918 influenza virus polymerase genes '' . Nature . 437 ( 7060 ) : 889 -- 893 . Bibcode : 2005Natur. 437 ... 889T . doi : 10.1038 / nature04230 . PMID 16208372 . Taubenberger , Jeffery K. ; Morens , David M. ( 2006 ) . `` 1918 Influenza : the mother of all pandemics '' . Emerging Infectious Diseases . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 12 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 22 . doi : 10.3201 / eid1201. 050979 . PMC 3291398 . PMID 16494711 . Archived from the original on 1 October 2009 . Retrieved 28 September 2009 . Valentine , Vikki ( 20 February 2006 ) . `` Origins of the 1918 Pandemic : The Case for France '' . NPR . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Vana , G. ; Westover , K.M. ( 2008 ) . `` Origin of the 1918 Spanish influenza virus : a comparative genomic analysis '' . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 47 ( 3 ) : 1100 -- 1110 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2008.02. 003 . PMID 18353690 . Vilensky , J.A. ; Foley , P. ; Gilman , S. ( 2007 ) . `` Children and encephalitis lethargica : a historical '' . Pediatr Neurol. 37 ( 2 ) : 79 -- 84 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pediatrneurol. 2007.04. 012 . PMID 17675021 . Further reading Beiner , Guy ( 2006 ) . `` Out in the Cold and Back : New - Found Interest in the Great Flu '' . Cultural and Social History . 3 ( 4 ) : 496 -- 505 . Duncan , Kirsty ( 2003 ) . Hunting the 1918 flu : one scientist 's search for a killer virus ( illustrated ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8748 - 5 . Humphries , Mark Osborne . The Last Plague : Spanish Influenza and the Politics of Public Health in Canada ( University of Toronto Press ; 29013 ) examines the public - policy impact of the 1918 epidemic , which killed 50,000 Canadians . Johnson , Niall ( 2006 ) . Britain and the 1918 -- 19 Influenza Pandemic : A Dark Epilogue . London and New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 36560 - 0 . Johnson , Niall ( 2003 ) . `` Measuring a pandemic : Mortality , demography and geography '' . Popolazione e Storia : 31 -- 52 . Johnson , Niall ( 2003 ) . `` Scottish ' flu -- The Scottish mortality experience of the `` Spanish flu '' . Scottish Historical Review . 83 ( 2 ) : 216 -- 226 . doi : 10.3366 / shr. 2004.83. 2.216 . Kolata , Gina ( 1999 ) . Flu : The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and the Search for the Virus That Caused It . New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 0 - 374 - 15706 - 5 . Little , Jean ( 2007 ) . If I Die Before I Wake : The Flu Epidemic Diary of Fiona Macgregor , Toronto , Ontario , 1918 . Dear Canada . Markham , Ont. : Scholastic Canada . ISBN 978 - 0 - 439 - 98837 - 7 . Noymer , Andrew ; Michel Garenne ( 2000 ) . `` The 1918 Influenza Epidemic 's Effects on Sex Differentials in Mortality in the United States '' . Population and Development Review . 26 ( 3 ) : 565 -- 581 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1728 - 4457.2000. 00565. x . PMC 2740912 . PMID 19530360 . Oxford JS , Sefton A , Jackson R , Innes W , Daniels RS , Johnson NP ( 2002 ) . `` World War I may have allowed the emergence of `` Spanish '' influenza `` . The Lancet Infectious Diseases . 2 ( 2 ) : 111 -- 4 . doi : 10.1016 / S1473 - 3099 ( 02 ) 00185 - 8 . PMID 11901642 . Oxford JS , Sefton A , Jackson R , Johnson NP , Daniels RS ( 1999 ) . `` Who 's that lady ? '' . Nat . Med. 5 ( 12 ) : 1351 -- 2 . doi : 10.1038 / 70913 . PMID 10581070 . Pettit , Dorothy ; Janice Bailie ( 2008 ) . A Cruel Wind : Pandemic Flu in America , 1918 -- 1920 . Murfreesboro , TN : Timberlane Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9715428 - 2 - 2 . Phillips , Howard ; Killingray , David , eds. ( 2003 ) . The Spanish Flu Pandemic of 1918 : New Perspectives . London and New York : Routledge . Rice , Geoffrey W. ; Edwina Palmer ( 1993 ) . `` Pandemic Influenza in Japan , 1918 -- 1919 : Mortality Patterns and Official Responses '' . Journal of Japanese Studies . 19 ( 2 ) : 389 -- 420 . doi : 10.2307 / 132645 . JSTOR 132645 . Tumpey TM , García - Sastre A , Mikulasova A , et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Existing antivirals are effective against influenza viruses with genes from the 1918 pandemic virus '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 ( 21 ) : 13849 -- 54 . Bibcode : 2002PNAS ... 9913849T . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 212519699 . PMC 129786 . PMID 12368467 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spanish flu . We Heard the Bells : The Influenza of 1918 on YouTube Nature `` Web Focus '' on 1918 flu , including new research Influenza Pandemic on stanford.edu The Great Pandemic : The U.S. in 1918 -- 1919 . US Dept. of HHS The American Influenza Epidemic of 1918 -- 1919 : A Digital Encyclopedia Largest digital collection of newspapers , archival manuscripts and interpretive essays exploring the impact of the epidemic on 50 U.S. cities ( Univ. of Michigan ) . Little evidence for New York City quarantine in 1918 pandemic. 27 Nov 2007 ( CIDRAP News ) Flu by Eileen A. Lynch . The devastating effect of the Spanish flu in the city of Philadelphia , PA , USA Dialog : An Interview with Dr. Jeffery Taubenberger on Reconstructing the Spanish Flu The Deadly Virus -- The Influenza Epidemic of 1918 US National Archives and Records Administration -- pictures and records of the time The 1918 Influenza Pandemic in New Zealand -- includes recorded recollections of people who lived through it Influenza 1918 `` American Experience '' PBS . An Avian Connection as a Catalyst to the 1918 -- 1919 Influenza Pandemic Fluwiki.com Annotated links to articles , books and scientific research on the 1918 influenza pandemic Alaska Science Forum -- Permafrost Preserves Clues to Deadly 1918 Flu Pathology of Influenza in France , 1920 Report Yesterday 's News blog 1918 newspaper account on impact of flu on Minneapolis `` Study uncovers a lethal secret of 1918 influenza virus '' University of Wisconsin -- Madison , 17 January 2007 Spanish Influenza in North America , 1918 -- 1919 1918 Influenza Virus and memory B - cells -- Exposure to virus generates lifelong immune response . Influenza Research Database -- Database of influenza genomic sequences and related information . Spanish Flu with rare pictures from Otis Historical Archives `` No Ordinary Flu '' a comic book of the 1918 flu pandemic published by Seattle & King County Public Health `` Closing in on a Killer : Scientists Unlock Clues to the Spanish Influenza Virus '' An online exhibit from the National Museum of Health and Medicine . Sources for the study of the 1918 influenza pandemic in Sheffield , UK Produced by Sheffield City Council 's Libraries and Archives Booknotes interview with Gina Kolata on Flu : The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and the Search for the Virus That Caused It , 27 February 2000 . Influenza General topics Research Vaccine Treatment Genome sequencing Reassortment Superinfection Flu season Viruses Orthomyxoviridae Influenza A Influenza B Influenza C Influenza A virus subtypes H1N1 H1N2 H2N2 H2N3 H3N1 H3N2 H3N8 H5N1 H5N2 H5N3 H5N6 H5N8 H5N9 H6N1 H7N1 H7N2 H7N3 H7N4 H7N7 H7N9 H9N2 H10N7 H1N1 Pandemics 1918 ( `` Spanish flu '' ) 2009 ( `` swine flu '' ) Science 2009 A / H1N1 H5N1 Outbreaks Croatia ( 2005 ) India ( 2006 ) UK ( 2007 ) West Bengal ( 2008 ) Science Genetic structure Transmission and infection Global spread Vaccine clinical trials Human mortality Social impact Pandemic preparation Treatments Antiviral drugs Adamantane derivatives Amantadine Rimantadine Neuraminidase inhibitor Oseltamivir Laninamivir Peramivir Zanamivir Peramivir ( experimental ) Umifenovir Vaccines Live attenuated influenza vaccine Fluzone Pandemrix Pandemics and epidemics Pandemics `` Russian flu '' ( 1889 -- 1890 ) `` Spanish flu '' ( 1918 ) `` Asian flu '' `` Hong Kong flu '' ( 1968 ) `` Swine flu '' ( 2009 ) Epidemics `` Russian flu '' ( 1977 -- 1978 ) `` Fujian flu '' ( H3N2 ) Central Luzon H5N6 ( 2017 ) Non-human Mammals Canine Feline Equine 2007 Australian outbreak Swine Non-mammals Avian Fujian ( H5N1 ) Complications Acute bronchitis Bronchiolitis Croup Otitis media Pharyngitis Pneumonia Sinusitis Strep throat Related topics Influenza - like illness 2017 -- 18 United States flu season GND : 4278432 - 3 SUDOC : 035290692 BNF : cb131794532 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1918_flu_pandemic&oldid=833964879 '' Categories : 1918 flu pandemic Global health Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from January 2013 Good articles All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lingála Magyar Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 52 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 06 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | flu that spread over a large area in 1918 | [
"The 1918 flu pandemic (January 1918 – December 1920) was an unusually deadly influenza pandemic, the first of the two pandemics involving H1N1 influenza virus.[1] It infected 500 million people around the world,[2] including people on remote Pacific islands and in the Arctic, and resulted in the deaths of 50 to 100 million (three to five percent of the world's population),[3] making it one of the deadliest natural disasters in human history.[4][5][6]"
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"H1N1 influenza virus"
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1458945406335269565 | Natives Land Act, 1913 | Natives land Act , 1913 - wikipedia Natives land Act , 1913 Natives Land Act , 1913 Act to make further provision as to the purchase and leasing of Land by Natives and other Persons in the several parts of the Union and for other purposes in connection with the ownership and occupation of Land by Natives and other Persons.It was discrimatory and aimed at white control of land . Citation Act No. 27 of 1913 Enacted by Parliament of South Africa Date of Royal Assent 16 June 1913 Date commenced 19 June 1913 Date repealed 30 June 1991 Administered by Minister of Native Affairs Repealing legislation Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act , 1991 Related legislation Native Trust and Land Act , 1936 Status : Repealed The Natives Land Act , 1913 ( subsequently renamed Bantu Land Act , 1913 and Black Land Act , 1913 ; Act No. 27 of 1913 ) was an Act of the Parliament of South Africa that was aimed at regulating the acquisition of land . Contents 1 Overview 2 Impact 3 Political ironies 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links Overview ( edit ) The Natives Land Act of 1913 was the first major piece of segregation legislation passed by the Union Parliament . It was replaced by the current policy of land restitution . The act decreed that whites were not allowed to buy land from natives and vice versa . That stopped white farmers from buying more native land . Exceptions had to be approved by the Governor - General . The native areas left initially totaled less than 10 % of the entire land mass of the Union , which was later expanded to 13 % . The Act further prohibited the practice of serfdom or sharecropping . It also protected existing agreements or arrangement of land hired or leased by both parties . This land was in `` native reserve '' areas , which meant it was under `` communal '' tenure vested in African chiefs : it could not be bought , sold or used as surety . Outside such areas , perhaps of even greater significance for black farming was that the Act forbade black tenant farming on white - owned land . Since so many black farmers were sharecroppers or labor tenants , that had a devastating effect , but its full implementation was not immediate . The Act strengthened the chiefs , who were part of the state administration , but it forced many blacks into the `` white '' areas into wage labour . Impact ( edit ) The Act created a system of land tenure that deprived most South Africans of the right to own land . That had major socio - economic repercussions . Had the Supreme Court of South Africa not rendered the Act 's application void for a few years , it also would have disenfranchised all `` natives '' in the Cape Colony , where blacks and people of mixed race ( Cape Coloureds ) had greater political rights than in the other provinces as a legacy of British rule . It had a property ( and education ) - based franchise . The Act continued in force 40 years . The opposition was modest but vocal . John Dube used his newspaper to create an issue . As president of what would become the African National Congress , he supported whites like William Cullen Wilcox , who had created the Zululand Industrial Improvement Company . That had led to them supplying land to thousands of black people in Natal . Dube was one of five people who were sent to Britain to try and overturn the law once it came into force in South Africa . Sol Plaatje traveled to Britain with the SANNC ( later the African National Congress ) to protest the Natives Land Act but to no avail . He collected transcripts of court deliberations on the Natives Land Act and testimonies from those directly subject to the act in the 1916 book Native Life in South Africa . Political ironies ( edit ) Much political irony surrounded the Act : The minister at the time of its introduction , J.W. Sauer , was a Cape Liberal who opposed disenfranchisement of blacks . He , however , advocated for `` separate residential areas for Whites and Natives '' in the Parliamentary debate on the bill . John Tengo Jabavu , a prominent `` educated African '' welcomed the Act , but Merriman and Schreiner opposed the Act on principle . See also ( edit ) History of South Africa ( 1910 -- 1948 ) South Africa under apartheid References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 19 June 1913 Native Land Act '' , This day in history , publish date unknown ( accessed 20 December 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Collins , Robert O. and James M. Burns : A History of Sub-Saharan Africa , page 346 . Cambridge University Press , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Zuma : Address by the President of South Africa , at the 100 year celebration conference of the women 's organisation of the united congregational church of Southern African KZN region ( 31 / 03 / 2012 ) '' . polity.org.za . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Natives Land Act , SAHistory.org.za , accessed 1 August 2013 Jump up ^ Plaatje , Sol ( 1916 ) . Native life in South Africa before and since the European War and the Boer rebellion . London : PS King . ISBN 0582785898 . Jump up ^ see C.F.J Muller ( ed ) , 500 Years , History of South Africa as well as references therein Bibliography ( edit ) L.M. Thompson , A History of South Africa External links ( edit ) Text : Natives ' Land Act 1913 Land Act ( Google Cultural Institute ) Apartheid legislation in South Africa Precursors ( before 1948 ) Hut tax ( 1884 ) Franchise and Ballot Act ( 1892 ) Glen Grey Act ( 1894 ) Natal Legislative Assembly Bill ( 1894 ) Transvaal Asiatic Registration Act ( 1906 ) South Africa Act ( 1909 ) Mines and Works Act ( 1911 ) Natives Land Act ( 1913 ) Natives ( Urban Areas ) Act ( 1923 ) Immorality Act ( 1927 ) Native Administration Act ( 1927 ) Representation of Natives Act ( 1936 ) Native Trust and Land Act ( 1936 ) Native ( Urban Areas ) Consolidation Act ( 1945 ) Asiatic Land Tenure Act ( 1946 ) Malan to Verwoerd ( 1948 -- 1966 ) Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act ( 1949 ) Immorality Amendment Act ( 1950 ) Population Registration Act ( 1950 ) Group Areas Act ( 1950 ) Suppression of Communism Act ( 1950 ) Native Building Workers Act ( 1951 ) Separate Representation of Voters Act ( 1951 ) Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act ( 1951 ) Bantu Authorities Act ( 1951 ) Native Laws Amendment Act ( 1952 ) Pass Laws Act ( 1952 ) Public Safety Act ( 1953 ) Native Labour ( Settlement of Disputes ) Act ( 1953 ) Bantu Education Act ( 1953 ) Reservation of Separate Amenities Act ( 1953 ) Natives Resettlement Act ( 1954 ) Group Areas Development Act ( 1955 ) Riotous Assemblies Act ( 1956 ) Industrial Conciliation Act ( 1956 ) Natives ( Prohibition of Interdicts ) Act ( 1956 ) Immorality Act ( 1957 ) Bantu Investment Corporation Act ( 1959 ) Extension of University Education Act ( 1959 ) Promotion of Bantu Self - government Act ( 1959 ) Unlawful Organizations Act ( 1960 ) Indemnity Act ( 1961 ) Coloured Persons Communal Reserves Act ( 1961 ) Republic of South Africa Constitution Act ( 1961 ) Urban Bantu Councils Act ( 1961 ) General Law Amendment Act ( 1963 ) Coloured Persons Representative Council Act ( 1964 ) Post-Verwoerd ( 1966 -- 1994 ) Terrorism Act ( 1967 ) Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act ( 1968 ) Prohibition of Political Interference Act ( 1968 ) Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act ( 1970 ) Bantu Homelands Constitution Act ( 1971 ) Aliens Control Act ( 1973 ) Indemnity Act ( 1977 ) National Key Points Act ( 1980 ) - List of National Key Points Internal Security Act ( 1982 ) Black Local Authorities Act ( 1982 ) Republic of South Africa Constitution Act ( 1983 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natives_Land_Act,_1913&oldid=842598426 '' Categories : Apartheid laws in South Africa 1913 in South African law Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Deutsch Français Nederlands Norsk Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 13 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the 1913 natives land act repealed | [
"Natives Land Act, 1913\n\nAct to make further provision as to the purchase and leasing of Land by Natives and other Persons in the several parts of the Union and for other purposes in connection with the ownership and occupation of Land by Natives and other Persons.It was discrimatory and aimed at white control of land.Citation\nAct No. 27 of 1913Enacted by\nParliament of South AfricaDate of Royal Assent\n16 June 1913Date commenced\n19 June 1913Date repealed\n30 June 1991Administered by\nMinister of Native AffairsRepealing legislation\nAbolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act, 1991Related legislation\nNative Trust and Land Act, 1936\nStatus: Repealed"
] | [
"30 June 1991"
] |
-1807695684149135611 | Measurement of land in Punjab | Measurement of land in Punjab - Wikipedia Measurement of land in Punjab Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is an orphan , as no other articles link to it . Please introduce links to this page from related articles ; try the Find link tool for suggestions . ( March 2012 ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's general notability guideline . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Measurement of land in Punjab '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following are the basic ' measurements of land used in Pakistan Punjab , Indian Punjab and Haryana ' in ascending order . one ' karam ' is 5.5 ft one ' marla ' is 9 square karams ( 3x3 ) ( 272.25 sq ft ) ( 30.25 gaz ) one ' kanaal ' is 20 marlas ( 5,445 sq ft ) one ' bigha ' is of 4 knaals ( 21780 sq. ft ) one ' killa ' is of 8 kanaals one ' murabba ' is 25 killas ( 1,089,000 sq ft = 25 acres ) A killa or Acre is measured rectangularly , reckoned as an area 36 karams ( 198 ft ) x 40 karams ( 220 ft ) ( 43,560 square ft ) . 5 / 8th of a Killa or Acre is known as Bigha Homes ( Kothis ) are measured in marlas and kanaals . Most are two to four kanaals but the big ones can be anything from four to six kanaals . A couple of older measures : one biswa = 15 Sq karams ; 12 biswas = 1 kanaal ( 605 gaz ) one bigha = 60 biswas - 3025 square yards - 2530 sq m i ) In all areas consolidated on the basis of the standard measure of 66 inches i.e. Karam or Gatha : - 1 . 1 Sq . Karam or Sarsahi 3.3611111 Sq. yds . 2 . 9 Sarsahies or 1 Marla 30.249999 Sq. yds say 30.25 Sq. yds . 3 . 20 Marlas or 1 Kanal 604.99996 Sq. yds say 605 Sq. yds . 4 . 160 Marlas or 8 Kanals 4839.99998 Sq. yds. say 4840 Sq. yds. ( 1 acre or 1 killa ) ( ii ) In the areas consolidated on the basis of the local meas ure and the non - consolidated areas of Amritsar , Gurdaspur , ( except Shahpur Hill Circle and Chak Andar in Pathankot tehsil ) , Ferozepur ( except Fazilka ) and the erstwhile pr incelyState of Faridkot . Also applicable for Lahore ( Pakistan ) : 1 . 1 Karam 60 inches 2 . 1 Sq . Karam or Sarsahi 2.777777 Sq . yds . 3 . 9 Sarsahies or 1 Marla 24.999999 Sq . yards say 25 Sq. yards . 4 . 20 Marlas or 1 Kanal 499.9999 Sq . yards say 500 Sq. yards 5 . 193.60 Marlas ( 9 Kanals1 Acre or 4840 Sq. yds 13 Marlas 5 Sarsahis ) ( iii ) In the areas consolidated on the basis of the local measure and the non - consolidated areas of Hoshiarpur , Jalandhar , Anandpur Sahib ( Ropar ) and the Shahpur hill Circle in Gurdaspur District : 1.1 Karam 57.5 inches 2 . 1 Sq . Karam or Sarsahi 2.5511188 Sq. yds . 3 . 9 Sarsahies or 1 Marla 22.960069 Sq. yards say 22.96 Sq. yds 4 . 20 Marlas or 1 Kanal 459.20138 Sq. yards say 459 Sq. yards . 5 . 160 Marlas ( 8 Kanals I Acre or 4840 Sq. yds . ( iv ) In the area consolidated on the basis of the local measure and the non-consolidated areas of the erstwhile princely State of Kapurthala : 1 . 1 Karam 54 inches 2 . 1 Sq . Karam or Sarsahi 2.25 Sq. yds . 3 . 9 Sarsahies or 1 Marla 30.25 Sq. yards 4 . 20 Marlas or 1 Kanal 405 Sq. yards . 5 . 239 Marlas ( 11 Kanals1 Acre or 4840 Sq. yds. 19 Marlas ) 1 Karam or Gat ha x 1 Karam or Gatha 1 Sq . Karam or Biswansi 20 Biswansis 1 Biswa20 Biswa 1 Satty2 Sq Feet Sq Gaz Sq Meter Karams Marla Kanaal Killa Begha Muraba 272.25 30.25 25.293 9 1 0.05 0.00625 0.0005 0.00025 1361.25 151.25 126.465 45 5 0.25 0.03125 0.0025 0.00125 2722.5 302.5 252.93 90 10 0.5 0.0625 0.005 0.0025 5445 605 505.86 180 20 1 0.125 0.01 0.005 43560 4840 4046.88 1440 160 8 1 0.08 0.04 27225 3025 2529.3 900 100 5 0.625 0.05 0.025 1089000 121000 101172 36000 4000 200 25 2 1 Good work Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Measurement_of_land_in_Punjab&oldid=808892235 '' Categories : Units of measurement Punjab Economic history of India Economic history of Pakistan Metrication Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from February 2010 All articles lacking sources Orphaned articles from March 2012 All orphaned articles Articles with topics of unclear notability from February 2010 All articles with topics of unclear notability Talk About Wikipedia پنجابی اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 21 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many kanals in one acre in pakistan | [
"4. 160 Marlas or 8 Kanals 4839.99998 Sq.yds.say 4840 Sq.yds. (1 acre or 1 killa)"
] | [
"8"
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715661457000143426 | Aerial silk | Aerial silk - wikipedia Aerial silk Jump to : navigation , search Aerial silk performer Aerial silks ( also known as aerial contortion , aerial ribbons , aerial tissues , fabric , ribbon , or tissu , depending on personal preference ) is a type of performance in which one or more artists perform aerial acrobatics while hanging from a fabric . The fabric may be hung as two pieces , or a single piece , folded to make a loop , classified as hammock silks . Performers climb the suspended fabric without the use of safety lines and rely only on their training and skill to ensure safety . They use the fabric to wrap , suspend , fall , swing , and spiral their bodies into and out of various positions . Aerial silks may be used to fly through the air , striking poses and figures while flying . Some performers use dried or spray rosin on their hands and feet to increase the friction and grip on the fabric . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tricks 2 Fabrics 3 History 4 Rigging 5 Kilo Newtons 6 See also 7 References Tricks ( edit ) The three main categories of tricks are climbs , wraps , and drops . Climbs employed by aerialists range from purely practical and efficient , such as the Russian climb , to athletic and elegant tricks of their own , such as the straddle climb . Wraps are static poses where aerialists wrap the silks around one or more parts of their body . In general , the more complicated the wrap , the stronger the force of friction and the less effort required to hold oneself up . Some wraps , such as the straddle - back - balance , actually allow performers to completely release their hands . Foot locks are a sub-category of wraps where the silks are wrapped around one or both feet , for instance , an ankle hang . In a drop , performers wrap themselves up high on the silks before falling to a lower position . Drops can combine aspects of free fall , rolling or otherwise rotating oneself before landing in a new pose . Preparation for a drop can make for a pretty wrap , but the ultimate goal is the fall rather than the pose . Of the three trick types , drops require the most strength and are also the most potentially dangerous . Rosin ( dry or mixed with rubbing alcohol ) is employed to help performers maintain their grip . Aerial silks are a demanding art and require a high degree of strength , power , flexibility , courage , stamina , and grace to practice . Fabrics ( edit ) Christianne `` Flip '' Sainz of Aerial Angels performing aerial silk at King Richard 's Faire , a renaissance faire in Massachusetts . The fabrics used as silks are very strong with some give and flexibility . The fabric is 2 - way stretch polyester lycra or Tricot Nylon . The width varies depending on the routine and the acrobat . The fabric is usually quite long , as it is doubled for rigging , giving the acrobat two strips of fabric to work with as they perform . Stretch Low stretch fabrics . Low stretch fabrics are primarily used by beginners who have not yet developed proper climbing technique . Medium stretch fabrics . Medium stretch fabrics are the principal choice of professional aerialists and graduates of professional training programs . Width . Fabric width is mostly a personal choice . The thickness of the fabric when gathered is also influenced by the `` denier '' , or technical thickness of the fabric 's weave. 40 denier is a common choice . The following applies to 40 denier nylon fabric : 60 '' - Narrow when open , thin when gathered . Fairly common simply because the fabric is widely available . 72 - 84 '' - Average for adult performers 96 '' - Wide when open , thick when gathered . Best for adults with large hands . 108 '' - Very wide and thick . For adults with very large hands , or specialty acts . Length Length is a function of the height of the space available . For beginners , it is beneficial if the fabric comes down past the ground , allowing them to practice wraps at a lower level where they can be spotted . For intermediate users and above , it is sufficient if the fabrics come down to the ground . For all users , the space required is usually between 20 feet ( 6 m ) and 30 feet ( 9 m ) . There are a great many tricks that can be done on a 12 - to - 15 - foot ( 3.7 to 4.6 m ) aerial fabric and a few drops require more than 30 feet , but for the most part 20 to 30 feet ( 6 to 9 m ) is best . History ( edit ) Aerial silks were invented in 1995 by André Simard , the journey began when he was hired by Cirque du Soleil to develop and research acrobatics in 1987 , his job was to discover original and imaginative ways to attract the audience to the shows . ( `` The beautiful yet dangerous art of aerial silk '' , 2010 ) . Now silks have been incorporated into circus arts as well as a form of aerial fitness . Rigging ( edit ) Aerial rigging applies to the hanging of aerial silks and hammocks . Aerial silk rigging equipment commonly includes : a figure - eight descender , rescue eight , ring , or another piece of hardware for holding the silk a ball - bearing swivel to keep the silk from twisting and to allow for spinning , which is sometimes not used but makes spinning more manageable carabiners for connecting the silk hardware to the swivel , and for connecting the swivel to a mounting point , so depending on the setup , there can be multiple carabiners in use at one time . Carabiners are the most used rigging piece for all aerial arts , but only two or three styles are safe for aerial use , these are the auto lock gate and screw gate carabiner . rated two different ways , one for the spine and one for the gate , though distributing weight on the gate is not recommended for it is about 1 / 3 of the spine kN rating . When using a carabiner for aerial arts , it is important to hook , then rotate and screw downwards , so there is little or no risk that the carabiner will accidentally open or that the screw gate will become unscrewed , also the top part of a carabiner is stronger . A span set or daisy chain can be used to add length to the silks if needed , they can also be used to wrap around a beam . A span set is a polyester loop that can hold up to 44kN ( 10,000 lbs . ) , depending on the quality . A daisy chain is made of nylon webbing with loops sewn on , to offer more length variation , but it is less strong then a span set and may not be able to withstand the downward force of drops and other aerial tricks . A basic daisy chain tops out at around 4kN ( 1,000 lbs . ) on each loop , and end to end is around 22kN ( 5,000 lbs . ) . ( Providing Hardware For Flight ) Kilo newtons ( edit ) A KiloNewton or ( kN ) is a measurement of weight in motion . Knowing the weight that your rigging and hang point can withstand is important for your safety and the maintenance of your equipment . Example : A 100 - pound aerialist dropping 5 feet on silks , with half a foot of stopping distance and the stretch of the silks , calculates to 1,100 pounds of force exerted on rigging , silks , and person . ( Types of Carabiners and What KN Ratings Mean . ) Equation : W x ( 1 + D falling / D stopping ) Example with the equation : ( weight 120 x ( 1 + distance falling ( 3 ft . ) / distance stopping ( 1 / 2 ft . ) ) The weight exerted from this drop would be 840 pounds or 3kN . See also ( edit ) Rope climbing Aerial hoop References ( edit ) Basic Circus Arts Instruction Manual : Chapter 2 - `` Static Trapeze , Rope and Silks . '' ( PDF , 6.2 MB ) and Chapter 8 - `` Manual for Safety and Rigging . '' ( PDF , 3.3 MB ) European Federation of Professional Circus Schools ( FEDEC ) , 2008 . FM 5 - 125 : Rigging Techniques , Procedures , and Applications . ( PDF , 3.6 MB ) US Army , 1995 . Sharon McCutcheon , Geoff Perrem . Circus in Schools Handbook . Tarook Publishing , 2004 . ( ISBN 0975687409 ) Hovey Burgess , Judy Finelli . Circus Techniques . Brian Dube , 1989 . ( ISBN 0917643003 ) Carrie Heller . Aerial Circus Training and Safety Manual . National Writers Press , 2004 . ( ISBN 0881001368 ) Jayne C. Bernasconi and Nancy E. Smith . Aerial Dance . United States : Human Kinetics , 2008 . ( ISBN 0736073965 ) View at Google Books Elena Zanzu , M.A. Il Trapezio Oscillante : Storie di Circo nell'Aria . ( The Swinging Trapeze : Histories of the Circus in the Air . ) Bologna University , Italy , 2004 - 2005 . Language : Italian . `` Types of Carabiners and What KN Ratings Mean . '' ITS Tactical , 27 May 2016 , www.itstactical.com/skillcom/climbing/types-of-carabiners-and-what-kn-ratings-mean/ . The beautiful yet dangerous art of aerial silk . ( 2010 , April 29 ) . Retrieved from aerialists.org website : http://www.aerialists.org/==External links = = Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aerial silk . `` Providing Hardware For Flight . '' Aerial Essentials - Buy the Best Aerial Equipment Today ! , aerialessentials.com/index.php ? route = product / category&path = 74 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aerial_silk&oldid=841784505 '' Categories : Performing arts Circus skills Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español עברית Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 01 : 29 . About Wikipedia | what do you call a person who does acrobatics | [
"The fabrics used as silks are very strong with some give and flexibility. The fabric is 2-way stretch polyester lycra or Tricot Nylon. The width varies depending on the routine and the acrobat. The fabric is usually quite long, as it is doubled for rigging, giving the acrobat two strips of fabric to work with as they perform.[citation needed]"
] | [
"acrobat"
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8084492397239189469 | List of Tom and Jerry characters | List of Tom and Jerry characters - wikipedia List of Tom and Jerry characters hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of characters in the Tom and Jerry cartoon short series . Most of these characters did not appear in all of the movies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Tom Cat and Jerry Mouse 2 Hanna - Barbera era 2.1 Spike and Tyke 2.2 Butch 2.3 Toodles Galore 2.4 Mammy Two Shoes 2.5 Nibbles 2.6 Quacker 2.7 Cuckoo 2.8 Lightning 2.9 Topsy 2.10 Meathead 2.11 George and Joan 2.12 Jeannie and the Baby 2.13 The Ants 2.14 Guardian devils 2.15 Goldfish 2.16 Muscles 2.17 George ( cat ) 2.18 Fluff , Muff and Puff 2.19 Chérie 2.20 Toots 2.21 King of France 2.22 Mechano cat and Robot - Mouse 2.23 The St. Bernard 2.24 Eagle 2.25 Lion 2.26 Baby Woodpecker 2.27 Uncle Pecos 2.28 Radio 2.29 Jackass 3 Gene Deitch era 3.1 DeWitt Clinton ' Clint ' Clobber 3.2 Mad Scientist 3.3 Thin Lady 4 Chuck Jones era 4.1 Tiny Bulldog 4.2 Porpoise 5 The Tom and Jerry Show 5.1 Boo - Boo 5.2 Broke 5.3 Robin Ho Ho and his merry men 5.4 Sheriff of Nottingham 5.5 Yvonne Jockalong 5.6 Sergeant Farce 5.7 Alley Cat Gang 6 The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show 6.1 Droopy 6.2 Barney Bear 6.3 McWolf 7 Tom & Jerry Kids 7.1 Dripple 7.2 Miss Vavoom 7.3 Calaboose Cal 7.4 Urfo 7.5 Clyde 7.6 Kyle the Cat 7.7 Bernie the Swallow 7.8 Wild Mouse 7.9 Moncy 7.10 Sheriff Potgut 7.11 Gator Brothers 7.12 Stinky Jr . McWolf 7.13 Screwball Squirrel 7.14 Lightning Bolt the Super Squirrel 8 Tom and Jerry Tales 8.1 Morizzio 8.2 Princess 8.3 Sniffles 8.4 Geraldine Mouse 8.5 Thomasina Cat 8.6 Baby Booties 9 The Tom and Jerry Show 9.1 Rick and Ginger 9.2 Napoleon 9.3 Hamster 9.4 Newt 9.5 Bot 9.6 Beatie and Hildie 9.7 The Detective 9.8 Dr. Bigby 9.9 Skid 10 Tom and Jerry movies 10.1 Biff Buzzard and Buzz Blister 10.2 Tin , Pan and Alley 10.3 Butch ( dog ) 11 References Main characters ( edit ) Tom cat and Jerry Mouse ( edit ) Main articles : Tom Cat and Jerry Mouse Tom ( named `` Jasper '' in his debut appearance ) is a grey and white domestic shorthair cat . `` Tom '' is a generic name for a male cat . He is usually but not always , portrayed as living a comfortable , or even pampered life , while Jerry ( named `` Jinx '' in his debut appearance ) is a small , brown , house mouse who always lives in close proximity to Tom . Despite being very energetic , determined and much larger , Tom is no match for Jerry 's wits . Jerry also possesses surprising strength for his size , approximately the equivalent of Tom 's , lifting items such as anvils with relative ease and withstanding considerable impacts . Although cats typically chase mice to consume them , it is quite rare for Tom to actually try to consume Jerry . Most of his attempts are just to torment or humiliate Jerry , sometimes in revenge , and sometimes to obtain a reward from a human for catching Jerry . By the final `` fade - out '' of each cartoon , Jerry usually emerges triumphant , while Tom is shown as the loser . However , other results may be reached . On rare occasions , Tom triumphs , usually when Jerry becomes the aggressor or when he pushes Tom a little too far . In The Million Dollar Cat Jerry learns that Tom will lose his newly acquired wealth if he harms any animal , `` including a mouse ; '' he then torments Tom a little too much until he retaliates . In Timid Tabby Tom 's look - alike cousin pushes Jerry over the edge . Occasionally and usually ironically , they both lose , usually when Jerry 's final trap or attack on Tom backfires or Jerry overlooks something . In Chuck Jones ' Filet Meow , Jerry orders a shark from the pet store to scare Tom away from eating a goldfish , but finds himself entirely intimidated as well . Finally , they occasionally end up being friends , although within this set of stories , there is often a last minute event that ruins the truce . One story that has friendly ending is Snowbody Loves Me . Both characters display sadistic tendencies , in that they are equally likely to take pleasure in tormenting each other , although it is often in response to a triggering event . However , when one character appears to truly be in mortal danger from an unplanned situation or due to actions by a third party , the other will develop a conscience and save him . Occasionally , they bond over a mutual sentiment towards an unpleasant experience and their attacking each other is more play than serious attacks . Multiple shorts show the two getting along with minimal difficulty , and they are more than capable of working together when the situation calls for it , usually against a third party who manages to torture and humiliate them both . Sometimes this partnership is forgotten quickly when an unexpected event happens , or when one character feels that the other is no longer necessary . This is the case in Posse Cat , when they agree that Jerry will allow himself to be caught if Tom agrees to share his reward dinner , but Tom then reneges . Other times however , Tom does keep his promise to Jerry and the partnerships are not quickly dissolved after the problem is solved . Tom changes his love interest many times . The first love interest is Toots who appears in Puss n ' Toots , and calls him `` Tommy '' in The Mouse Comes to Dinner . He is also interested in a cat called Toots in The Zoot Cat although she has a different appearance to the original Toots . The most frequent love interest of Tom 's is Toodles Galore , who never has any dialogue in the cartoons . Despite six shorts ending with a depiction of Tom 's apparent death , his demise is never permanent ; he even reads about his own death in a flashback in Jerry 's Diary . He appears to die in explosions in Mouse Trouble ( after which he is seen in heaven ) , Yankee Doodle Mouse and in Safety Second , `` Heavenly Puss '' while in The Two Mouseketeers he is guillotined offscreen. ( except Heavenly Puss , Tom is just having a dream ) Hanna - Barbera era ( edit ) The following characters were introduced in the theatrical shorts that were directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera . Spike and Tyke ( edit ) Main article : Spike and Tyke ( characters ) Spike , occasionally referred to as Butch or Killer , is a stern but occasionally dumb American bulldog who is particularly disapproving of cats , but a softie when it comes to mice ( though in his debut appearance , Dog Trouble , Spike goes after both Tom and Jerry ) , and later , his son Tyke . In the shorts Jerry would often try to get Tom in trouble with Spike making him a shoo - in for a beating from the bulldog . Spike has a few weaknesses that Tom tries to capitalize upon : his possessiveness about his bone and his ticklishness . He made his first appearance in the 1942 Tom and Jerry cartoon Dog Trouble , and his first speaking role was in 1944 's The Bodyguard , where he was voiced by Billy Bletcher up until 1949 , from which point he was voiced by Daws Butler . Unlike his father Spike , Tyke does not speak . He only communicates by yapping , whimpering , growling , facial expressions and wagging his tail . In Tom and Jerry Kids , Tyke does have a speaking role in the program and is the first time that viewers were able to hear Tyke speak . Spike is very protective towards his son and gets very angry at Tom if Tyke is bothered or harmed . Although Tyke has spoken in Tom and Jerry Kids , he has laughed in one Tom and Jerry short . After Daws Butler , Maurice LaMarche , Frank Welker , John DiMaggio , Michael Donovan , Phil LaMarr and currently Rick Zieff would all perform Spike 's voice . Tyke 's vocal effects are provided by Frank Welker and speaking roles by Patric Zimmerman . Butch ( edit ) Main article : Butch Cat ( Tom and Jerry ) Butch ( voiced by Frank Graham , later Daws Butler due to Graham 's death ) is a black alley cat who made his first appearance in the Tom and Jerry series in the 1943 short Baby Puss , alongside Topsy and the already - established Meathead . His character , however ( along with the character of Toodles Galore ) , first appeared in the 1941 MGM short The Alley Cat , directed by Hugh Harman , Butch 's only solo cartoon . Butch is the leader of the alley cat bullies who are usually friends with Tom and help him catch Jerry . In his first appearance , however , Butch was an antagonist , tormenting Tom after Tom 's young girl owner treated him like a baby -- to the point of dressing Tom up in a diaper , a bonnet , and pink paw mittens . Thus costumed , Tom could n't help but be a figure of fun -- both for Butch and his gang , and for Jerry . Butch also battles with Tom over Toodles Galore and her affections in a couple of shorts including the 1946 short , Springtime for Thomas and the 1951 short Casanova Cat . In some cartoons , such as A Mouse in the House , Butch battles with Tom to catch Jerry . He is voiced by Maurice LaMarche in Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring , Tony Cervone in The Karate Guard , Colin Murdock in Tom and Jerry Tales , Billy West in Tom and Jerry in War of the Whiskers , and Joey D'Auria in The Tom and Jerry Show . Butch is usually decipted as a homeless alley / street cat although in the 1956 short , Blue Cat Blues , Butch is apparently a millionaire who wins the attention of Tom 's love interest due to his immense wealth much to Tom 's dismay . Butch also appears in the Spike and Tyke cartoon Scat Cats as a house cat owned by George and Joan who in the original series own Tom . Toodles Galore ( edit ) Toodles Galore is an attractive white female cat , and is supposedly Tom 's usual love interest , although Tom is a reputed playboy , and had other love interests before and after Toodles . Toodles is the only love interest who appeared more than twice , and is probably the most favored . During the classic era , Tom had to compete twice against Butch and even once against Spike for Toodles 's affection , and he lost them all . In Casanova Cat , Toodles fell in love with Jerry . However , in her final short Love Me , Love My Mouse , she remained with Tom . Toodles is one of the most anthropomorphic animals in the series , with the only cat features being her tail , nose and ears . She never speaks and she rarely moves around . However , in The Tom and Jerry Show , her appearance and attitude is shown differently and she is heard speaking for the first time . Mammy two Shoes ( edit ) Mammy Two Shoes in a scene from the Tom & Jerry short Saturday Evening Puss , in which her full face was shown for the first time . Main article : Mammy Two Shoes From the beginning , Tom also has to deal with Mammy Two Shoes ( voiced by Lillian Randolph ) , an African - American domestic housemaid based on Hattie McDaniel . In the earliest shorts , Mammy is depicted as the maid taking care of the often opulent home in which Tom and Jerry reside . Later Tom and Jerry shorts are set in what appears to be Mammy 's own house . Her face is never seen ( with the exception of 1950s Saturday Evening Puss , in which her face is very briefly seen as she runs towards the camera ) , and she usually wallops the cat ( whom she usually addresses as `` Thomas '' ) with a broom when he misbehaves . When Mammy was not present , other humans would sometimes be seen , usually from the neck down as well . Mammy would appear in many cartoons until 1952 's Push - Button Kitty ; Mammy 's character was retired after that year following McDaniel 's death . Later cartoons would instead show Tom and Jerry living with a 1950s suburban couple . Soon after , virtually all humans in the series had visible faces. e.g. : Jeanie , Joan , the baby and George . Nibbles ( edit ) Main article : Nibbles ( Tom and Jerry ) Nibbles in the 1949 theatrical short The Little Orphan Nibbles ( also known as Tuffy ) is the little , blue / gray , diaper - wearing orphan mouse who is close to Jerry and appears frequently with him , especially in the comics . His cartoon debut came in the 1946 short The Milky Waif . Nibbles was later featured in the 1949 Academy Award - winning short The Little Orphan. Tom 's and Jerry 's devil appeared in three cartoons Sufferin ' Cats ! , Springtime for Thomas and Smitten Kitten . In the first of these cartoons , he served as evil coscience for Tom and in the other two for Jerry when the other fell in love . He is sometimes seen as Jerry 's nephew , but occasionally referred to as an orphan . In many cartoons , Nibbles is seen eating a lot ( he is always hungry ) . In his first animated appearance , he was left on Jerry 's doorstep , abandoned by his parents . Tom enjoys chasing Nibbles much as he does with Jerry . Though the character was created under the name Tuffy for the comics in 1942 , his early animated appearances ( from 1945 ) gave him the name Nibbles . From the 1950s , the mouse was called Tuffy on - screen as well . In Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring , the name Nibbles was used again -- and the character was depicted as a pet - store mouse whom Jerry does n't know . In the Mouseketeer shorts , Nibbles speaks in French and English . He also is not Jerry 's nephew ; rather , he is the son of François Mouse -- who does not make an appearance , but his name was given in two letters in the short Touché , Pussy Cat ! Nibbles is often mistaken for a girl due to the extaordinarily high pitched voice . He was voiced by Tara Strong in Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring , Kath Soucie from 2010 , onwards , and Nancy Cartwright in War of the Whiskers . Quacker ( edit ) Quacker at the end of That 's My Mommy Another recurring character in the series was Little Quacker the duckling , who was later adapted into the Hanna - Barbera character Yakky Doodle . He appears in Little Quacker , The Duck Doctor , Just Ducky , Downhearted Duckling , Southbound Duckling , That 's My Mommy , Happy Go Ducky , and The Vanishing Duck . Quacker talks a lot compared to Tom and Jerry . His voice is a ' duck voice ' similar to Disney 's Donald Duck . In many shorts , he is the only one who speaks . He 's very trusting , even trusting Tom in many situations in which Tom wishes to eat him . He 's a friend of Jerry , but unlike Jerry harbors no hard feelings towards Tom . He appeared in The Tom and Jerry Show episode `` The Lost Duckling . '' He also got his own series of shorts on The Yogi Bear Show ( renamed Yakky Doodle ) after guesting in several Hanna - Barbera TV shows . Quacker was then used as a template for the ' Hard Luck Duck ' character starring in the titular character 's short from the What a Cartoon ! series . His What a Cartoon ! counterpart Hard Luck Duck was voiced by Russi Taylor . Quacker was voiced by Red Coffey in the classic shorts , and Charlie Adler in Tom and Jerry in War of the Whiskers , along with Jerry . He was named `` Duckling '' in that game . In Tom and Jerry Show , Quacker 's `` duck voice '' is provided by Sam Kwasman . In three cartoons Quacker gets separated from his mother at birth , only to reunite with her later in two of them ( Little Quacker and Just Ducky ) . In That 's My Mommy however , he is adopted by Tom . In Little Quacker , Quacker 's father , Henry makes an appearance . Because his birth is shown differently in different cartoons , he may have siblings as seen in Just Ducky and Happy Go Ducky . Quacker gets a girlfriend in Downhearted Duckling . Cuckoo ( edit ) Cuckoo is a canary that first appeared in Kitty Foiled . He also appeared in Puss n ' Toots , The Flying Cat , Life with Tom , Hic - cup Pup , Two Little Indians ( where he is red in color ) and Matinee Mouse . He is Jerry 's good friend . Despite being a little bird , he can actually carry heavy objects which is seen in only Kitty Foiled and The Flying Cat. e.g. : a bowling ball , a 2000 kilogram object . Lightning ( edit ) Lightning is a ginger orange cat who first appeared in the 1948 short Old Rockin ' Chair Tom as Tom 's rival . Lightning is named as such because in his first short , he practically moved at the speed of lightning . In later cartoons , Lightning often appeared as one of Tom 's alley cat buddies / rivals . Lightning has the same character design as Butch Cat , but with an orange color ( although his coloring occasionally varies from film - to - film ) . In Mucho Mouse , he speaks Spanish and is a house cat . He also appears in the Gene Deitch short Switchin ' Kitten . In the Chuck Jones short Catty - Cornered ( his final appearance ) , Lightning is portrayed with more of an orange - yellow color than before , with the additional changes of a black tail and ears . Lightning also makes several appearances in Tom and Jerry Tales , often with a red nose and , in two episodes , a bushy tail . Fans have occasionally confused Lightning with Meathead , though the two are not the same and have appeared side - by - side in two cartoons . Topsy ( edit ) Topsy is a grey / brown Scottish Fold kitten . He is one of Tom 's alley cat friends / foes , although in Professor Tom he befriends Jerry . He first appeared in Baby Puss ; his final appearance in the original theatrical shorts was in Scat Cats . He also appears in Tom and Jerry Tales with a more yellowish color ( similar to Life with Tom ) . In Professor Tom , Topsy is explicitly a house cat ; more often ( as in Saturday Evening Puss and elsewhere ) , he is depicted as an alley cat or a cat of unknown origin . Meathead ( edit ) Meathead is a brown , mangy alley ( or feral ) cat who wears a red toupee ( which is occasionally seen the same color as the rest of his fur ) . He is generally portrayed as dull - witted and first appeared in the 1943 short , Sufferin ' Cats ! , as Tom 's rival . He also appears in Baby Puss and additional shorts as one of Tom 's alley cat buddies / foes . He is known as Frankie in Heavenly Puss . In Scat Cats , his final appearance in the original theatrical shorts , he is portrayed with an all - gray color . Fans have occasionally confused Meathead with Lightning , though the two are not the same and have appeared side - by - side in two cartoons . After over nearly six decades of absence , Meathead re-appeared in The Tom and Jerry Show episode Cruisin ' for a Bruisin ' as a lead antagonist , while a drag version of the character named Meathelda appeared in the episode Hop to It ! Meathead also makes multiple appearances in later seasons , usually alongside Butch and other alley cats . George and Joan ( edit ) George and Joan are an average middle class white couple , who debuted in the 1954 short Pet Peeve . They are the new owners of Tom and Spike , but Tom likes to keep Joan company and Spike likes to keep George company . Joan is often seen either cooking or sitting on her armchair knitting or sewing a dress with Tom keeping her company . George , on the other hand , hates the monthly bills and complains that they 're too expensive . But when he 's not complaining about the bills , he is sitting in his armchair or on the sofa reading the newspaper wearing his smart purple or grey suit and Spike is keeping him company . Both George and Joan are very kind and polite towards each other and Tom and Spike . In Pet Peeve , George and Joan decided that they keep Jerry as a pet because he is easy to look after and does n't eat too much ( George and Joan do not know Jerry 's secret : He eats a lot more than Tom and Spike combined , which explains the amount of food he has in his mouse hole shown later , which mean they lost even more food compared to Tom and Spike . ) and tell Tom and Spike to leave . However , in later shorts with George and Joan , Tom and Spike still happily live with them and Jerry is not known by the couple and he is not a pet anymore . In some shorts , Joan appears without George , such as Mouse for Sale , The Flying Sorceress and Mucho Mouse . It could be presumed that George would be working at his office during the settings of these cartoons . George and Joan also appeared in four other Tom & Jerry shorts , Tom 's Photo Finish , Busy Buddies , The Vanishing Duck ( Quacker 's last short ) and Tot Watchers . Jeannie and the baby ( edit ) Jeannie , the babysitter of George and Joan 's baby , is an average teenager who spends much of her time talking on the phone . She is often called on to look after the baby if they 're going out . Jeannie proceeds to leap straight onto the phone just as George and Joan shut the front door , which tells us that she is very negligent about her job . Despite this , Jeannie is very kind , friendly , cheerful and rarely loses a smile -- except to scold Tom for `` bothering the baby '' , which she thinks he is doing on purpose to annoy her . Jeannie was seen in only two cartoons : Busy Buddies ( 1956 ) and Tot Watchers ( 1958 ) . Jeannie is voiced by Janet Waldo in the original shorts . The baby also appears in Tom & Jerry Kids where the babysitter is slightly younger and a redhead instead . The ants ( edit ) The Ants are an army of red ants who steal food as they see them . They appeared in four cartoons Cat Napping , Pup on a Picnic , Barbecue Brawl and Carmen Get It ! . They also appeared in Tom & Jerry Kids . They 're unusually heavy for their size , and their combined weight often causes many items , such as Tom 's hammock , to break . It 's unclear how or why the ants are so heavy , as they are even capable of making tables and diving boards shake as they march onto them . Guardian devils ( edit ) Each guardian devil for Tom and Jerry appeared in three cartoons Sufferin ' Cats ! , Springtime for Thomas and Smitten Kitten . In the first of these cartoons , one served as evil conscience for Tom and in the other one for Jerry . Goldfish ( edit ) A tiny goldfish who is friends with Jerry and lives in the same house as Tom and Jerry . She appeared in major roles in Jerry and the Goldfish and Filet Meow . Tom 's attempts to eat her lead to Jerry earning her affections . She also appeared in cameo roles in other cartoons namely Puss n ' Toots , The Million Dollar Cat , Casanova Cat and The Missing Mouse . Muscles ( edit ) Muscles is Jerry 's cousin and a mouse with incredible strength . In Jerry 's Cousin , Muscles appears to hate cats , including Tom . In Haunted Mouse , another mouse named Merlin , who is also a cousin of Jerry 's , appears as a wizard with magical abilities . Muscles ' final appearance was in Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring , however his name was changed to Freddie and he was hostile towards Jerry . He was voiced by Paul Frees in Jerry 's Cousin and by Billy West in Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring . George ( cat ) ( edit ) George is the cat counterpart of Muscles but with a personality that is in stark contrast to him . Like Muscles , George is identical to Tom ( although he is shorter ) and is his cousin . Unlike Muscles , however , George is a coward and is scared of mice . He first appeared at the beginning of Jerry 's Cousin where he gets thrashed by Muscles ( possibly the reason for his fear of mice ) . His bigger role was in Timid Tabby where he finally overcomes his fear . He also appeared in Tom and Jerry Kids where his fear seems to have re-instated even though he pretended it has not ( his name was changed to Tim in that short ) . Fluff , Muff and Puff ( edit ) Fluff , Muff and Puff are a trio of brown , black and orange kittens that first appeared in Heavenly Puss as adorable kittens - who were murdered by drowning - in a cameo role ( that happened in Tom 's dream ) . They also appeared in Triplet Trouble as cute but extremely mischievous kittens . They also appeared in The Tom and Jerry Show . Chérie ( edit ) Chérie is a brown / grey female mouse who serves as Jerry 's love interest . She first appeared at the end of Springtime for Thomas , and then later in Smitten Kitten , Touché , Pussy Cat ! ( only cartoon where she has an identical twin ) , Tom and Chérie ( the first cartoon where she is named ) and The Mouse from H.U.N.G.E.R. ( as a ticking time bomb set by Tom ) . Toots ( edit ) Toots is the name given to three different characters that have appeared infrequently . The first of these is a fluffy beige cat who appears in Puss n ' Toots and The Mouse Comes to Dinner , the latter being her only speaking role . She also has a cameo in Smitten Kitten . This version of Toots also appeared in some 1940s Tom and Jerry comics . Toots is also a different cat by the same name who appears in The Zoot Cat and in the Tom and Jerry Tales episode `` Kitty Cat Blues . '' She has occasionally and erroneously been referred to as `` Sheikie , '' but this is actually Tom 's nickname , as seen on a gift card in the cartoon . Finally Toots is the name of a mouse who serves as Jerry 's love interest in Blue Cat Blues . Toots also appeared in Love Me , Love My Mouse . King of France ( edit ) In some of the mouseketeer series of cartoons , Tom serves the king of France . This is an obvious reference to Louis XVI of France , who is shown as an extremely short - tempered and cruel monarch . In The Two Mouseketeers , the king guillotines Tom while in Royal Cat Nap , he orders for Tom 's decapitation . Mechano cat and Robot - Mouse ( edit ) Mechano cat first appeared in Push Button Kitty as Tom 's rival . Later , Mechano and Robot - Mouse are seen as a cat - like - robot and mouse - like - robot who serve Tom and Jerry ( except at the end of Advance and Be Mechanized , when they get revenge and switch roles with Tom and Jerry , as they control their minds and make them do the work ) in the three Chuck Jones outer space cartoons O - Solar Meow , Guided Mouse - ille and Advance and Be Mechanized . Mechano 's efforts to catch or trap Jerry or Robot - Mouse always backfire for Tom , except in Advance and Be Mechanized , when he succeeds to catch Robot - Mouse in the beginning . In Guided Mouse - ille , he can stand up right and have hands to use a gun with to try and blast Jerry in his mobile tank . This backfired and left Mechano with a black face , while crying in frustration . He sneaks back and promptly shoots Tom , who attempts to shoot Mechano back for his insubordination . However , the shot came out on the wrong end and Tom faints leaving Mechano laughing himself silly . He also appeared in the Tom and Jerry Tales episode `` Tin Cat of Tomorrow '' where he is named Verminator 7000 . Mechano ( called `` Robot Cat '' ) also appeared as a fighter in the video game , War of the Whiskers , and was voiced by Dee Bradley Baker . The St. Bernard ( edit ) The St. Bernard is a dog who first appeared in Puttin ' on the Dog and then again in The A-Tom - Inable Snowman . Unlike other dogs in the series , he is not hostile to cats and even attends Tom medically . Eagle ( edit ) Eagle is an Eagle that tries to steal Jerry for food from Tom . He first appeared in Flirty Birdy , then in The Tom and Jerry Show episode `` The Egg and Tom and Jerry '' ( where he is female instead of male ) and then again in Tom and Jerry Tales episode `` Bend it like Thomas . '' Eagle also appeared as a playable character in Tom and Jerry in War of the Whiskers , voiced by Rob Paulsen . Lion ( edit ) Lion is a lion that has switched from a tame one in Jerry and the Lion , to a nervous one in The Tom and Jerry Show episode `` The Hypochondriac Lion '' to a monster in the Tom and Jerry Tales episode `` You 're Lion . '' He is also a playable character in Tom and Jerry in War of the Whiskers where he is voiced by Jim Cummings . Baby woodpecker ( edit ) A baby woodpecker that first appeared in Hatch Up Your Troubles and it 's remake The Egg and Jerry where it could peck into virtually anything including Tom 's stomach , Tom 's golf club in Tee for Two or a water pipe as in Landing Stripling . Baby Woodpecker and his Mama would re-appear by making cameo appearances in The Tom and Jerry Show ( 2014 TV Series ) . Uncle Pecos ( edit ) Uncle Pecos is Jerry 's Cowboyish uncle who appears in Pecos Pest . He was voiced by Shug Fisher . He is known to always play with a guitar and wears a black cowboy hat that covers his eyes . He plucks one of Tom 's whiskers off to replace broken strings on the guitar . Being from Texas , he is shown to be super strong . Uncle Pecos returned in the Tom and Jerry Tales episode `` Cry Uncle '' , voiced by Scott McNeil . In the episode , he arrives at Tom and Jerry 's house and annoys Tom and Jerry with his music . He later leaves with Auntie Spinner in the end of the episode . Uncle Pecos made his second return in The Tom and Jerry Show , voiced by Stephen Stanton . He appears in the Season 2 episodes , `` I Quit '' , `` Uncle Pecos Rides Again '' and `` Cat - A-Tonic Mouse '' . Radio ( edit ) A radio with a male human voice that broadcasts music , cookery show and warnings on escaped animals , bomb threats etc . In Jerry 's Diary , the radio is shown to be anthropomorphic ( with the announcer 's name as ' Uncle Dudley ' ) but this is not the case with other cartoons . The radio 's announcements often cause troubles for Tom ( The Missing Mouse , Jerry and the Lion , Little Runaway and Down Beat Bear ) , fear ( Fraidy Cat ) , embarrassment ( Jerry 's Diary and Life with Tom ) or may be the cause of evil intentions ( Jerry and the Goldfish ) . Radio has been voiced by Martha Wentworth in Fraidy Cat , by Paul Frees in The Missing Mouse and Jerry and the Lion and by Joseph Forte in Jerry 's Diary . Other voice actors such as Daws Butler in Jerry and the Goldfish have been uncredited . Jackass ( edit ) Unlike other Tom and Jerry characters , this one is not a character per se , but rather an avatar of a popular character such as Spike . Usually , a character turns into a jackass when it is fooled such as Spike in Solid Serenade , The Framed Cat and Pet Peeve or Tom in Polka Dot Puss . In Pup on a Picnic , the word ' Sucker ' is used instead of ' Jackass ' . Gene Deitch era ( edit ) The following characters were introduced in the theatrical shorts that were directed by Gene Deitch in the 1960s . Dewitt clinton ' Clint ' Clobber ( edit ) An overweight , average height , middle - aged , bald white man became Tom 's owner in three of the thirteen cartoons in Down and Outing , High Steaks and Sorry Safari . Just like Spike the Bulldog , he has very severe anger issues and is repeatedly violent towards Tom for his actions . There is some debate as to whether this is the genuine Clint Clobber as the real Clint would never be an animal abuser , he was just a put - upon grouch . Mad scientist ( edit ) He is a mad scientist reminiscent of Frankenstein . He first appeared in Switchin ' Kitten and subsequently was the subject of a number of television episodes ( for e.g. ' Trojan Dog ' in Tom and Jerry Comedy Show ) and movies thereafter . In his first appearance , the mad scientist is the owner of Jerry ( who is also his assistant ) and has numerous cats trapped in a prison . When Jerry picks an orange cat named Lightning , the other cats flee in terror as the scientist pulls him out for his latest experiment . He switches the mind of the orange cat with that of a bulldog and presents him as his present to Jerry . Thin lady ( edit ) An unnamed thin white lady became Tom 's owner in Buddies Thicker Than Water . Gene Deitch opted not to use Mammy 's character in his shorts , as he felt a `` stereotypical black housekeep '' character `` did n't work in a modern context . '' Chuck Jones would also use her in The Unshrinkable Jerry Mouse and in the re-animated version of Saturday Evening Puss . She also appeared in the movie Tom and Jerry : The Fast and the Furry . Like many other early human characters , her face was never shown . Chuck Jones era ( edit ) The following characters were introduced in the theatrical shorts that were produced by Chuck Jones in the 1960s . Tiny bulldog ( edit ) This nameless mouse - sized bulldog , designed similarly to Spike the Bulldog , is Jerry 's pet dog companion in only two shorts : The Cat 's Me - Ouch and Purr - Chance to Dream . His role is similar to Spike in cartoons such as The Bodyguard , Fit To Be Tied , and Much Ado About Mousing , which is to defend Jerry against Tom . He is presumably the oldest son of Spike before Tyke , and this could be identified by his looks and personality that is similar to his father Spike . Unlike Spike and Tyke he has a big bite ( similar to those of Looney Tunes ' Tasmanian Devil ) . Porpoise ( edit ) A shark who tries to eat Tom and Jerry . He appears in Cannery Rodent , Puss ' n ' Boats , Filet Meow and Surf - Bored Cat . The creature 's color and species varies , in Cannery Rodent and Surf - Bored Cat it is a blue shark , while in Filet Meow and Puss ' n ' Boats it is a great white shark . Porpoise also appeared in the Tom and Jerry Comedy Show episode A Connecticut mouse in King Arthur 's court . The Tom and Jerry Show ( edit ) The following characters were introduced in the 1975 television series The Tom and Jerry Show . Boo - Boo ( edit ) Boo - Boo is the English sheep dog puppy of a rich lady who hires Tom and Jerry as dog walkers . He only appears in Towering Fiasco . Note that Boo - Boo chases a cat during their walk , but he accepts Tom , who is also a cat . The title Towering Fiasco is derived from Irwin Allen 's 1974 20th Century - Fox / Warner Bros. disaster movie The Towering Inferno , starring Steve McQueen and Paul Newman . The idea for the cartoon itself is based on the Tom - and - Jerry cartoon Tot Watchers . Towering Fiasco originally ended with the lady inviting Tom and Jerry to come again the next day , but after a walk during which Boo - Boo kept running into trouble they react in horror and flee . In the new version , she asks them to walk him again right now , Boo - Boo runs off , chasing a small gnat , dragging Tom and Jerry behind him . Broke ( edit ) A gopher that devours vegetables in Gopher Broke . He appeared in the cartoon 's sequel The Son of Gopher Broke . He also appeared in Tom and Jerry Comedy Show . Robin Ho Ho and his Merry men ( edit ) A parody of Robin Hood and his merry men , they appeared in Robin Ho Ho . They also appeared in Tom and Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse . Sheriff of nottingham ( edit ) The primary antagonist in Robin Ho Ho and also in Tom and Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse . He is based on the character from Robin Hood tales . Yvonne jockalong ( edit ) Love interest to both Tom and Jerry , she appears in Sky Bunny and The Tennis Menace . Sergeant farce ( edit ) A police officer who appears in See Dr. Jackal and Hide and in The Police Kitten where he is the superior officer to both Tom and Jerry . Alley Cat Gang ( edit ) The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show ( edit ) The following characters were introduced in the television series The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show . Droopy ( edit ) Main article : Droopy Dog A Basset Hound often with a miserable look on his face , originally introduced in the Tex Avery shorts of the 1940s . He first made a poster cameo in Matinee Mouse . He also appeared in the Droopy and Dripple segments of Tom and Jerry Kids . He is sometimes an adversary of Spike . He would also appear in Tom and Jerry Tales and would appear in the direct - to - video films . Barney Bear ( edit ) Main article : Barney Bear An anthropomorphic cartoon character , a sluggish , sleepy bear who often is in pursuit of nothing but peace and quiet , originally introduced in the Harman - Ising shorts of the 1930s . He would also appear in the direct - to - video films . McWolf ( edit ) McWolf , initially named ' Slick Wolf ' is the villain of the `` Droopy and Dripple '' segments . A bad and cruel wolf whose only mission is to ruin the life of Droopy ( and Dripple and sometimes to remain with Miss Vavoom in Tom & Jerry Kids ) . Sometimes for of crazy scientist whom it loves to dominate the world , of space villain , a criminal fat person ( known as `` The Chubby Man '' ) , etc . His character is based on the wolf in Red Hot Riding Hood . He is voiced by Frank Welker . Tom & Jerry Kids ( edit ) The following characters were introduced in the television series Tom & Jerry Kids . Dripple ( edit ) The son of Droopy , essentially an older version of the infant pup from Homesteader Droopy . He is always with his father and they always do the same ( although sometimes Dripple thinks `` better '' than his father ) . The identity of his mother is never mentioned or even addressed , although , due to Droopy 's frequent relationships with Miss Vavoom , it can be assumed that his mother is either dead or is divorced from Droopy with no visitation rights prior to the events of the series . He is voiced by Charlie Adler . Miss Vavoom ( edit ) The contiguous woman of the show . She is very seductive and she always takes different hairdos . She always is conquered by Droopy and most of times is the greater target of McWolf . Sometimes she is called Bubbles Vavoom , Ultra Vavoom , Sugar Vavoom , etc . Her character is based on Red from Red Hot Riding Hood . She is voiced by Teresa Ganzel . Calaboose Cal ( edit ) A gold cat owner of a show of demonstration and participation . He is arrogant ( sometimes ) , has a rancher accent , and is sometimes presented as an enemy to Tom . Purportedly inspired by legendary Southern California car dealer Cal Worthington . He is voiced by Phil Hartman . Urfo ( edit ) Urfo is a six - legged alien dog that arrives on Earth many times and helps Jerry fend off Tom . His owners often send people to retrieve him . Clyde ( edit ) A fat cat that often one puts in problems , and when Tom and Jerry save him , he promises to be their better friend ( Although for Tom and Jerry he is like a punishment ) . Voiced by Brian Cummings . Kyle the cat ( edit ) A mangy orange cat that first appeared as the antagonist of Spike and / or Tyke . Voiced by Pat Fraley . Bernie the Swallow ( edit ) A medically challenged yellow swallow that is friends with Jerry in `` Hard to Swallow '' . He had a color change to blue in `` Swallow the Swallow '' and `` Grab that Bird '' as he is chased mostly by Clyde and Kyle . Voiced by David L. Lander . Wild Mouse ( edit ) A grayish - green , shaggy fanged mouse who occasionally replaces Jerry and outwits his foes . Like Tom and Jerry , Wildmouse is voiced by Frank Welker . He first appears in the episode `` Wildmouse '' and is last seen in the episode `` King Windmouse . '' Moncy ( edit ) A cougar who loves tormenting Spike and Tyke . He wants to eat Tyke 's lunch ( and Spike prevents him ) . He was voiced by Frank Welker . Sheriff Potgut ( edit ) The elderly sheriff of Hokey Finokey Swamp . He is arrogant , rude , and self - centered . He threatened to send Swampy back to the circus ( which Swampy is aware of the fact that it promotes animal cruelty ) , throwing Swampy into tears . He also envies the map Swampy made out to search for the hidden treasure . He appears in the episode `` Cajun Gumbo '' as the episode 's main antagonist . Aside from the lone episode where he battled Swampy , the Sheriff and the Gator Brothers were also used as antagonists in an episode featuring Wild Mouse . Gator Brothers ( edit ) Sheriff Potgut 's henchmen . They appear in the episode `` Cajun Gumbo '' as antagonists and in another episode featuring Wild Mouse . Stinky Jr. . McWolf ( edit ) Stinky Jr. is the son of McWolf who has the same personality as him . Screwball Squirrel ( edit ) Main article : Screwy Squirrel Screwball Squirrel is based on the original Screwball `` Screwy '' Squirrel in 1944 , but now his adventures take place in a public city park , as he messes with hot - headed park attendant Dweeble and his dumb guard dog , Rumpley . He was voiced by Charlie Adler . He would also appear in one direct - to - video film , Tom and Jerry 's Giant Adventure , voiced by Paul Reubens . He would also make a cameo appearance in the Season 3 episode of The Tom and Jerry Show , `` Kid Stuff '' . Lightning bolt the super Squirrel ( edit ) A squirrel superhero . He is a rather campy and flamboyant superhero who throws lightning bolts . He also speaks with a slight Minnesotan accent and appeared in the spin - off series Droopy , Master Detective . He was voiced by Charlie Adler . Tom and Jerry Tales ( edit ) The following characters were introduced in the television series Tom and Jerry Tales . Morizzio ( edit ) Morizzio is a very amorous octopus gentleman who first appeared in the 1953 musical film Dangerous When Wet . In Octo Sauve , Tom encounters him , who mistakes Tom for a mermaid . Morizzio wants to date Tom , and they end up getting lost in the sea . Princess ( edit ) Nicole Bouma voiced the princess in Tom and Jerry Tales . The princess appears in Medieval Menace where she kisses Tom - who has turned into a frog - thinking he is a prince transformed by a spell . Sniffles ( edit ) Geraldine Mouse ( edit ) Thomasina Cat ( edit ) Baby Booties ( edit ) The Tom and Jerry Show ( edit ) The following characters were introduced in the 2014 television series Tom and Jerry Show . Rick and ginger ( edit ) Tom 's new owners are Rick and Ginger , a middle - class couple similar to George and Joan . Much like the original couple , the husband is more sympathetic towards Spike while the wife favors Tom . Rick is stouter in appearance when compared to George . Unlike Joan and George , their faces are never seen . Napoleon ( edit ) Napoleon is a small rat with grey fur . He has light pink ears , light pink hands , feet and tail and has black eyes . Hamster ( edit ) The Hamster is a small `` anti-social , overachieving '' hamster with light brown fur . He wears glasses and is the smartest hamster in the lab . Newt ( edit ) Newt is a newt with orange skin . He has yellow spots and long feet . He wears a black eye - patch over his right eye and has green eyes with a black pupil . Bot ( edit ) Bot is a robot that cleans the lab with its vacuum cleaner and control arm . It has a red screen that spots trash all over the lab and most often mistakes Tom as such out of its programming . Beatie and Hildie ( edit ) Beatie and Hildie are witch sisters who act as Tom and Jerry 's medieval owners . The detective ( edit ) The detective is a detective who is the owner of Tom ( and presumably Jerry too ) . In his absence , Tom and Jerry work as sleuths themselves , in the process using his name and fame . He appeared in `` Feline Fatale '' , `` One of a Kind '' , `` Haunted Mouse '' , `` Sleuth or Consequences '' , `` Poof ! '' , `` Bone Dry '' , `` Cat Napped '' , and `` Curse Case Scenario '' . Dr. Bigby ( edit ) Dr. Bigby is an eccentric scientist whose experiments do n't always often go according to plan ( with Jerry and Napoleon usually being the only ones to see the results ) . Skid ( edit ) Skid is an orange cat that was always the great leader and also always makes the election of the Top cat . Both Tom and Butch compete for the Golden Fez in the United Mouse Catchers when they both attempt to capture Jerry . Tom and Jerry movies ( edit ) The following recurring characters were introduced in the various Tom and Jerry movies . Biff Buzzard and Buzz Blister ( edit ) Biff Buzzard and Buzz Blister are characters in Tom and Jerry : The Fast and the Furry and Tom and Jerry : Blast Off to Mars . In Tom and Jerry : The Fast and the Furry , they were news reporters . In Tom and Jerry : Blast Off to Mars , they were astronauts . Biff is voiced by Billy West and Buzz by Jess Harnell . Tin , Pan and alley ( edit ) Tin , Pan and Alley are a trio of male Siamese cats created especially for the new direct - to - video films , they are secondary antagonists in Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes , Tom and Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse , Tom and Jerry 's Giant Adventure , Tom and Jerry : The Lost Dragon and Tom and Jerry : Spy Quest , acting as henchmen for the main antagonists . In their first appearance in Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes , they are local gravediggers who work for Professor Moriarty . In Tom and Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse , they work for Prince John . In Tom and Jerry : The Lost Dragon , they are the Hench - cats of Drizelda . In Tom and Jerry : Spy Quest , they are seen working for Doctor Zin . They also make an appearance in Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory . They were named after the Warner Bros. 1943 short Tin Pan Alley Cats . Tin is voiced by Greg Ellis , Pan by Jess Harnell and Alley by Richard McGonagle . Butch ( dog ) ( edit ) Main article : Butch Dog ( Tex Avery ) Butch ( Originally known as Spike , until renamed as Butch to avoid confusion with Spike from the Tom and Jerry cartoons ) is the name of another bulldog from Tex Avery 's shorts in the 1940s and 1950s . He was one of the main antagonists in Droopy shorts ( although he was replaced by Hanna - Barbera 's Spike in the 1980s ) and also had a series of his own . He appears in a number of movies e.g. Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz and Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Deitch , Gene ( 2015 ) . Tom and Jerry ... and Gene in Tom and Jerry : The Gene Deitch Collection ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . hide Tom and Jerry Characters Tom Cat Jerry Mouse Butch Nibbles Spike and Tyke Mammy Two Shoes Theatrical releases Tom and Jerry ( shorts ) Spike and Tyke ( shorts ) The Movie Cameos Anchors Aweigh Dangerous When Wet DVD releases of shorts Spotlight Collection Golden Collection Chuck Jones Collection Classic Collection Deluxe Anniversary Collection Gene Deitch Collection Television series Show ( 1975 ) Comedy Show Kids Show episodes Tales Show ( 2014 ) episodes Television specials Hanna - Barbera 's 50th : A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration The Mansion Cat Santa 's Little Helpers Direct - to - video films The Magic Ring Blast Off to Mars The Fast and the Furry Shiver Me Whiskers A Nutcracker Tale Meet Sherlock Holmes The Wizard of Oz Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse Giant Adventure The Lost Dragon Spy Quest Back to Oz Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Other formats Video games Soundtrack Related William Hanna Joseph Barbera Scott Bradley hide Hanna - Barbera Founders William Hanna Joseph Barbera Original productions The Atom Ant / Secret Squirrel Show Birdman Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels CB Bears The Flintstones The Funky Phantom Grape Ape Hong Kong Phooey Huckleberry Hound Jabberjaw The Jetsons Jonny Quest Loopy De Loop Magilla Gorilla The Hanna - Barbera New Cartoon Series Peter Potamus Quick Draw McGraw The Ruff and Reddy Show Scooby - Doo Smurfs Snorks Space Ghost Tom and Jerry Top Cat Yogi Bear Wacky Races Amusement attractions Hanna -- Barbera Land The Funtastic World of Hanna - Barbera Comics Hanna - Barbera Beyond Other media Films Video games See also Characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Tom_and_Jerry_characters&oldid=846316748 '' Categories : Tom and Jerry characters Lists of fictional animals in animation Lists of characters in American television animation Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from May 2013 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Magyar Português Română Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 23 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the name of the cat in tom and jerry | [
"Tom (named \"Jasper\" in his debut appearance) is a grey and white domestic shorthair cat. \"Tom\" is a generic name for a male cat. He is usually but not always, portrayed as living a comfortable, or even pampered life, while Jerry (named \"Jinx\" in his debut appearance) is a small, brown, house mouse who always lives in close proximity to Tom. Despite being very energetic, determined and much larger, Tom is no match for Jerry's wits. Jerry also possesses surprising strength for his size, approximately the equivalent of Tom's, lifting items such as anvils with relative ease and withstanding considerable impacts. Although cats typically chase mice to consume them, it is quite rare for Tom to actually try to consume Jerry. Most of his attempts are just to torment or humiliate Jerry, sometimes in revenge, and sometimes to obtain a reward from a human for catching Jerry. By the final \"fade-out\" of each cartoon, Jerry usually emerges triumphant, while Tom is shown as the loser."
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"Tom"
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6667668702111206245 | I Can Only Imagine (film) | I Can Only Imagine ( film ) - wikipedia I Can Only Imagine ( film ) I Can Only Imagine Theatrical release poster Directed by Erwin Brothers Produced by Cindy Bond Kevin Downes Daryl Lefever Mickey Liddell Pete Shilaimon Raymond Harris Joe Knopp Screenplay by Jon Erwin Brent McCorkle Story by Alex Cramer Jon Erwin Brent McCorkle Based on The life story of Bart Millard Starring J. Michael Finley Madeline Carroll Trace Adkins Priscilla Shirer Cloris Leachman Dennis Quaid Tanya Clarke Music by Brent McCorkle Cinematography Kristopher Kimlin Edited by Andrew Erwin Brent McCorkle Production companies Kevin Downes Productions Mission Pictures International Distributed by Lionsgate Roadside Attractions Release date March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $7 million Box office $85.4 million I Can Only Imagine is a 2018 American Christian drama film directed by the Erwin Brothers and written by Alex Cramer , Jon Erwin , and Brent McCorkle , based on the story behind the MercyMe song of the same name , the best - selling Christian single of all time . The film stars J. Michael Finley as Bart Millard , the lead singer who wrote the song about his relationship with his father ( Dennis Quaid ) . Madeline Carroll , Priscilla Shirer , Cloris Leachman , and Trace Adkins also star . I Can Only Imagine won `` Inspirational Film of the Year '' at the 49th Annual GMA Dove Awards on 17 October 2018 . The award ceremonies were held in Nashville , Tennessee . I Can Only Imagine was released in the United States on March 16 , 2018 . It grossed $85 million worldwide against a production budget of $7 million , and is the third highest - grossing music biopic of all - time in the United States . Some critics praised it as inspiring and noted it as an improvement compared to other faith - based films , while others called it flat and by - the - numbers . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Home media 5 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) 10 - year - old Bart Millard lives with his mother and abusive father Arthur in Texas . One day his mother drops him off at a Christian camp where he meets Shannon . Upon his return from camp , Bart finds his mother has left and movers are removing her belongings . He angrily confronts his father , who denies that his abusiveness was the reason she left . Years later , in high school , Bart and Shannon are dating . Bart plays football to please his father , but is injured , breaking both ankles and ending his career . The only elective with openings is music class , so he reluctantly signs up . Initially , Bart is assigned to be a sound technician , but after overhearing him singing , the director casts him in the lead role in the school production of Oklahoma . Bart overcomes his reluctance and gives an impressive performance , but does not tell his father , who finds out the night of the show when he happens to see a flyer for the show in a diner . Arthur suddenly collapses in pain , and finds out he has cancer , which he hides from Bart . The following morning , Bart antagonizes his father , who smashes a plate over his head . At church , Shannon sees the blood and presses Bart to open up , but he responds by breaking up with her , and leaves town to seek his fortune in the city . He joins a band in need of a singer , and convinces Christian music producer Scott Brickell to manage the band and secure a showcase in Nashville . Bart surprises Shannon and invites her to tour with the band , and is confused when she flatly refuses . In Nashville , Brickell introduces Bart to established artists Amy Grant and Michael W. Smith , but is unable to convince several record execs to sign the band , who do not believe the band , now performing as `` MercyMe '' , is good enough . Devastated , Bart quits the band , but Brickell perceives that Bart needs to resolve issues in his personal life , so Bart reconciles with the band and asks them to wait for him , and leaves to return home . Bart returns home late at night and is confused to find that his father has prepared breakfast for him the next morning . His father claims to have become a Christian , but Bart is skeptical and refuses to forgive him , and leaves . In anger and despair , Arthur smashes his old Jeep , which he had asked Bart to help him restore . Bart attempts to drive away in his father 's pickup , but discovers the terminal cancer diagnosis , and returns to his father . He finally forgives his father , and the two form a deep bond , but Arthur soon dies of his illness . After Arthur 's funeral , Bart rejoins the band and writes `` I Can Only Imagine '' , and also calls Shannon and apologizes for the first time since their breakup . Brickell sends the demo tape to several artists , including Grant , who , deeply moved by the song , asks to record it herself as her next single , and Bart , who just wants the song to be heard , accepts . Grant begins the song , but ca n't bring herself to sing it , and calls Bart on stage from the audience to sing it himself . Bart 's performance earns an enthusiastic ovation , and he reunites with Shannon , who was also in attendance . The band releases the song as their first single , achieving success on both Christian and mainstream radio . Cast ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . J. Michael Finley as Bart Millard Brody Rose as Young Bart Dennis Quaid as Arthur Millard , Bart 's father Tanya Clarke as Adele Cloris Leachman as Meemaw , Bart 's grandmother Madeline Carroll as Shannon , Bart 's girlfriend Taegen Burns as Young Shannon Trace Adkins as Scott Brickell , MercyMe 's manager Priscilla Shirer as Mrs. Fincher , Bart 's teacher Nicole DuPort as Amy Grant Jake B. Miller as Michael W. Smith Mark Furze as Nathan Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2018 ) The film was announced in December 2016 . Dennis Quaid joined the cast in January 2017 . Broadway actor J. Michael Finley , who sang all the songs in the movie , makes his film debut as Bart Millard . The same month , it was announced that the film was slated for release in the spring of 2018 . In August 2017 , Lionsgate and Roadside Attractions signed on as distributors for the film for a nationwide release in the United States . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of June 24 , 2018 , I Can Only Imagine has grossed $83.4 million in the United States , and Canada and $1.8 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $85.2 million , against a production budget of $7 million . It is the third - highest grossing music biopic of all - time in the United States , behind Straight Outta Compton and Walk the Line . It is also the highest - grossing independent film of 2018 . I Can Only Imagine was released on March 16 , 2018 , alongside Tomb Raider and Love , Simon , and was originally projected to gross $2 -- 4 million from 1,620 theaters in its opening weekend . However , after making $6.2 million on its first day ( including $1.3 million from Thursday night previews ) , weekend estimates were increased to $14 million . It ended up grossing $17.1 million , exceeding expectations and finishing third at the box office behind Black Panther and Tomb Raider. 67 % of the opening weekend audience was female while 80 % was over the age of 35 . It was the fourth best - ever opening for a faith - based film , following The Passion of the Christ ( $83.8 million ) , Son of God ( $25.6 million ) and Heaven Is for Real ( $22.5 million ) . In its second weekend the film was added to 624 additional theaters and dropped just 19 % to $13.8 million , again finishing third . It was added to another 395 venues and finished fourth in its third weekend , making $10.4 million ( including $3 million on Easter Sunday ) . Critical response ( edit ) Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale , one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to earn such a score . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a 91 % audience score with an average rating of 4.6 out of 5.0 but holds an approval rating of 63 % based on 27 reviews by movie critics with an average rating of 5.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` I Can Only Imagine 's message will have the most impact among Christian audiences , but overall , its performances and storytelling represent a notable evolution in faith - based cinema . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 30 out of 100 , based on 8 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . The Arizona Republic 's James Ward gave the film 4 / 5 stars and wrote , `` Too often faith - based films -- say anything with Kirk Cameron or the terrible God 's Not Dead series -- tend to preach to the choir or hector their audience . The Erwins ' films -- I Can Only Imagine definitely among them -- are more inclusive , charitable of spirit and hopeful , all qualities that are always appreciated , be they rooted in Christian faith or otherwise . '' David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a `` C -- '' saying : `` There 's a reason why all of these movies are so amateurishly made ; why they all end with links to religious websites ; why they all look like they were shot on an iPhone by a Walmart - brand Janusz Kaminski who lit each interior like the white light of heaven was streaming through every window ... Art can be affirmation , but affirmation can not be art . '' Home Media ( edit ) The film was released on iTunes and Google Play on June 5 , 2018 , and on DVD and Blu - ray on June 12 , 2018 . I Can Only Imagine was the no . 1 film in DVD sales and rentals for the week ending June 16 , 2018 . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . K - LOVE Fan Awards May 27 , 2018 Film Impact I Can Only Imagine Won GMA Dove Awards October 17 , 2018 Inspirational Film of the Year I Can Only Imagine Won People 's Choice Awards November 11 , 2018 The Family Movie of 2018 I Can Only Imagine Pending References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Anita , Busch ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Faith - Based ' I Can Only Imagine ' Picked Up By Lionsgate & Roadside Attractions '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Can Only Imagine ( 2018 ) '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Patrick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` How did ' I Can Only Imagine ' become the biggest Christian hit ever ( and inspire a movie ) ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://doveawards.com/49th-annual-gma-dove-awards-winners-revealed-tuesday-night-in-nashville/ Jump up ^ Staff Reports ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` MercyMe hit song turning into Okie production '' . NewsOK . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Faith - Based Film ' I Can Only Imagine ' With Dennis Quaid , Cloris Leachman And Trace Adkins Eyes Spring 2018 Release '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Lionsgate , Roadside Acquire Faith - Based Drama ' I Can Only Imagine ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Biopic - Music Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Erbland , Kate . `` The 20 Highest Grossing Indies of 2018 ( A Running List ) -- IndieWire '' . IndieWire . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Will ' Tomb Raider ' Be the Movie to Finally Knock ' Black Panther ' From Box Office Perch ? '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Poised For $460 M+ In Profit ; ' I Can Only Imagine ' Surprises -- Box Office Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Keeps B.O. Treasure From ' Tomb Raider ' ; How ' I Can Only Imagine ' Hit A $17 M High Note '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' I Can Only Imagine ' Revives Faith - Based Genre '' . The Hollywood Reporter . March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Does ' Pacific Rim : Uprising ' Break Even At The Global B.O. ? ; ' Black Panther ' Sets Marvel Record -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` How Warner Bros. Sold ' Ready Player One ' On The Spielberg Spirit & Beat Tracking With $53 M+ 4 - Day -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` I Can Only Imagine ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved September 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` I Can Only Imagine Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ward , James ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Faith - based drama ' I Can Only Imagine ' does n't just preach to the choir '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , David ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' I Can Only Imagine ' Review : A Christian Rock Biopic Shows Why Faith - Based Films Struggle to Convert Secular Audiences '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ June 5 Blu - ray , DVD , and Digital Releases Comingsoon.net , Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ I Can Only Imagine Blu - ray Blu-ray.com , June 22 , 2018 Jump up ^ ( https://www.thechristianmail.com/i-can-only-imagine-soars-to-no-1-on-dvd-sales-chart/ Jump up ^ ( https://www.mediaplaynews.com/research/top-20-sellers-for-week-ended-06-16-18/ Jump up ^ https://www.klovefanawards.com/vote/ Jump up ^ https://doveawards.com/49th-annual-gma-dove-awards-winners-revealed-tuesday-night-in-nashville/ Jump up ^ USA TODAY Life staff ( 2018 - 09 - 24 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2018 : The nominees '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 26 . External links ( edit ) 2010s portal film in the United States portal Official website I Can Only Imagine on IMDb I Can Only Imagine at the TCM Movie Database I Can Only Imagine at AllMovie I Can Only Imagine at Box Office Mojo I Can Only Imagine at History vs. Hollywood Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can_Only_Imagine_(film)&oldid=866290899 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films American films American drama films 2010s drama films Drama films based on actual events Films based on actual events Roadside Attractions films Films shot in Oklahoma Films about Christianity Hidden categories : Incomplete lists from March 2018 Articles to be expanded from March 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 13 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the movie i can only imagine come out | [
"I Can Only Imagine\nTheatrical release posterDirected by\nErwin BrothersProduced by\n\nCindy Bond\nKevin Downes\nDaryl Lefever\nMickey Liddell\nPete Shilaimon\nRaymond Harris\nJoe Knopp\nScreenplay by\n\nJon Erwin\nBrent McCorkle\nStory by\n\nAlex Cramer\nJon Erwin\nBrent McCorkle\nBased on\nThe life story ofBart MillardStarring\n\nJ. Michael Finley\nMadeline Carroll\nTrace Adkins\nPriscilla Shirer\nCloris Leachman\nDennis Quaid\nTanya Clarke\nMusic by\nBrent McCorkleCinematography\nKristopher KimlinEdited by\n\nAndrew Erwin\nBrent McCorkle\nProductioncompanies \n\nKevin Downes Productions\nMission Pictures International\nDistributed by\nLionsgateRoadside Attractions[1]Release date\nMarch 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n110 minutesCountry\nUnited StatesLanguage\nEnglishBudget\n$7 million[2]Box office\n$85.4 million[2]"
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1949407827706903528 | Mystic River (film) | Mystic River ( film ) - wikipedia Mystic River ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Mystic River Theatrical release poster by Bill Gold Directed by Clint Eastwood Produced by Clint Eastwood Robert Lorenz Judie G. Hoyt Screenplay by Brian Helgeland Based on Mystic River by Dennis Lehane Starring Sean Penn Tim Robbins Kevin Bacon Laurence Fishburne Marcia Gay Harden Laura Linney Music by Clint Eastwood Cinematography Tom Stern Edited by Joel Cox Production companies Village Roadshow Pictures Malpaso Productions NPV Entertainment Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date October 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 15 ) Running time 137 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $30 million Box office $156.8 million Mystic River is a 2003 American mystery crime drama film directed and scored by Clint Eastwood . It stars Sean Penn , Tim Robbins , Kevin Bacon , Laurence Fishburne , Marcia Gay Harden , and Laura Linney . The screenplay by Brian Helgeland was based on the novel of the same name by Dennis Lehane . The film was produced by Robert Lorenz , Judie G. Hoyt and Eastwood . It is the first film on which Eastwood was credited as composer of the score . The film opened to widespread critical acclaim . It was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Supporting Actress , and Best Supporting Actor . Sean Penn won Best Actor and Tim Robbins won Best Supporting Actor , making Mystic River the first film to win both awards since Ben - Hur in 1959 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Reception 4.2 Box office 5 Accolades 6 Home media 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Three boys , Jimmy Markum , Sean Devine , and Dave Boyle , play hockey in a Boston street in 1975 . Spotting wet concrete , they start writing their names into it when a car pulls up and two men , pretending to be police officers , get out , berate the boys for their actions , and tell Dave to get into the car . The men hold Dave captive and sexually abuse him for four days , until he escapes . Twenty - five years later , the boys are grown and , while they still live in Boston , have drifted apart . Jimmy is an ex-con running a neighborhood store , while Dave is a blue - collar worker , still haunted by his abduction . The two are still neighbors and related by marriage . Jimmy 's 19 - year - old daughter Katie is secretly dating Brendan Harris , a boy Jimmy despises . She and Brendan are planning to run away together to Las Vegas . Katie goes out for the night with her girlfriends and Dave sees her at a local bar . That night , Katie is murdered , and Dave comes home with an injured hand and blood on his clothes , which his wife Celeste helps him clean up . Dave claims he fought off a mugger , `` bashed his head into the concrete '' , and possibly killed him . Sean , now a detective with the Massachusetts State Police , investigates Katie 's murder . His pregnant wife , Lauren , has recently left him . Over the course of the film , Sean and his partner , Sergeant Whitey Powers , track down leads while Jimmy conducts his own investigation using his neighborhood connections . Sean discovers that the gun used to kill Katie was also used in a liquor store robbery during the 1980s by `` Just Ray '' Harris , the father of Katie 's boyfriend . Harris has been missing since 1989 , but Brendan claims he still sends his family $500 every month . Brendan also feigns ignorance about Ray 's gun but Sean believes it was still in the house . Sergeant Powers suspects Dave as a possible perpetrator because he was one of the last people to see Katie alive . He also has a wounded hand and , although he continues to tell his wife he got it while being mugged , he tells the police a different story -- soon Jimmy becomes suspicious of it . Dave continues to behave strangely , which upsets his wife to the point she is afraid he will hurt her . While Jimmy and his associates conduct their investigation , Dave 's wife eventually tells Jimmy about Dave 's behavior , the bloody clothing , and her suspicions . Jimmy and his friends get Dave drunk at a local bar . When Dave leaves the bar , the men follow him out . Jimmy tells Dave that he shot `` Just Ray '' Harris at that same location for ratting him out and sending him to jail . Jimmy informs Dave that his wife thinks he murdered Katie and tells Dave he will let him live if he confesses . Dave repeatedly tells Jimmy that he did kill someone but it was not Katie : he beat a child molester to death after finding him having sex with a child prostitute in a car . Jimmy does not believe Dave 's claim and threatens him with a knife . When Dave finally admits to killing Katie thinking he can escape with his life , Jimmy kills him and disposes of his body in the adjacent Mystic River . While Dave is being killed , Brendan ( having found out about his father 's gun during questioning ) confronts his younger brother Ray Jr. and his brother 's friend John about Katie 's murder . He beats the two boys and threatens to kill them if they do not admit their guilt , but when John takes the gun and is about to shoot him , Sean and Powers arrive just in time to stop it . The next morning , Sean tells Jimmy the police have Katie 's murderers -- who have confessed . She was killed by Brendan 's brother , `` Silent Ray '' Harris , and his friend John O'Shea in a violent prank gone wrong : The kids got hold of Just Ray 's gun and saw a car coming which happened to be Katie 's . John aimed the gun just to scare her but the gun went off by accident . The car veered onto the curb and Katie got out and ran into the park . Silent Ray and John pursued her so she would n't tell anyone . The beating Katie received was from Silent Ray , who had a hockey stick . Once she was beaten , John shot her again , killing her . Sean asks Jimmy if he has seen Dave , because he is wanted for questioning in another case , the murder of a known child molester . A distraught Jimmy thanks Sean for finding his daughter 's killers , but says , `` if only you had been a little faster . '' Sean asks Jimmy if he 's going to `` send Celeste Boyle $500 a month too ? '' Sean reunites with his wife and his daughter Nora , after apologizing for `` pushing her away '' . Jimmy goes to his wife , Annabeth and confesses . She comforts him and tells him he is a king and kings always make the right decision . At a town parade , Sean sees Jimmy , and mimics shooting him , to let Jimmy know he is watching . Cast ( edit ) Sean Penn as James `` Jimmy '' Markum Jason Kelly as young Jimmy Markum Tim Robbins as Dave Boyle Cameron Bowen as young Dave Boyle Kevin Bacon as Detective Sean Devine Connor Paolo as young Sean Devine Laurence Fishburne as Detective Sergeant Whitey Powers Marcia Gay Harden as Celeste Samarco Boyle Laura Linney as Annabeth Markum Tom Guiry as Brendan Harris Spencer Treat Clark as `` Silent Ray '' Harris , Jr . Andrew Mackin as John O'Shea Emmy Rossum as Katie Markum Jenny O'Hara as Esther Harris Kevin Chapman as Val Savage Adam Nelson as Nick Savage Robert Wahlberg as Kevin Savage Cayden Boyd as Michael Boyle John Doman as Driver Tori Davis as Lauren Devine Jonathan Togo as Pete Will Lyman as FBI Special Agent Birden Ari Graynor as Eve Pigeon Ken Cheeseman as Dave 's Friend in Bar Michael McGovern as 1975 reporter Kevin Conway ( uncredited ) as Theo Eli Wallach ( uncredited ) as Mr. Loonie Production ( edit ) Principal photography took place on location in Boston . Eastwood claimed that the three lead actors were his first choices for the roles . Release ( edit ) Reception ( edit ) Mystic River was well received by critics , with the performances and direction receiving widespread acclaim . The film has an 87 % approval rating based on 195 reviews from critics at the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes . At the website Metacritic , which utilizes a normalized rating system , the film earned a rating of 84 / 100 ( `` universal acclaim '' ) based on 42 reviews . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote `` Clint Eastwood pours everything he knows about directing into Mystic River . His film sneaks up , messes with your head , and then floors you . You ca n't shake it . It 's that haunting , that hypnotic . '' The Sun wrote that the film was `` a haunting masterpiece and probably ( Eastwood 's ) best film to date '' . Box office ( edit ) The film earned $156,822,020 worldwide with $90,135,191 in the United States and $66,686,829 in the international box office , which is significantly higher than the film 's $30 million budget . Accolades ( edit ) Awards 76th Academy Awards : Best Actor in a Leading Role ( Sean Penn ) Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( Tim Robbins ) Art Directors Guild : Feature Film -- Contemporary Film ( Henry Bumstead ( production designer ) and Jack G. Taylor Jr. ( art director ) ) Blue Ribbon Awards : Best Foreign Language Film 24th Boston Society of Film Critics Awards : Best Picture , Best Ensemble Cast 9th BFCA Critics ' Choice Awards : Best Actor ( Sean Penn ) , Best Supporting Actor ( Tim Robbins ) Cannes Film Festival : Golden Coach ( Clint Eastwood ) Casting Society of America : Best Casting for Feature Film -- Drama Central Ohio Film Critics : Best Actor ( Sean Penn ) , Best Supporting Actor ( Tim Robbins ) , Best Supporting Actress ( Marcia Gay Harden ) Chicago Film Critics Association : Best Supporting Actor ( Tim Robbins ) César Awards ( France ) : Best Foreign Language Film Dallas - Fort Worth Film Critics Association : Best Actor ( Sean Penn ) Florida Film Critics Circle : Best Actor ( Sean Penn ) , Best Supporting Actor ( Tim Robbins ) Fotogramas de Plata ( Spain ) : Best Foreign Language Film 61st Golden Globe Awards : Best Actor in a Motion Picture -- Drama ( Sean Penn ) Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture ( Tim Robbins ) Kansas City Film Critics Circle : Best Actor ( Sean Penn ) Kinema Junpo Awards ( Japan ) : Best Foreign Language Film Las Vegas Film Critics Society : Best Actor ( Sean Penn ) London Film Critics Circle : Actor of the Year ( Sean Penn ) , Director of the Year ( Clint Eastwood ) Mainichi Film Concours ( Japan ) : Best Foreign Language Film National Board of Review : Best Picture , Best Actor ( Sean Penn ) National Society of Film Critics : Best Director ( Clint Eastwood ) PEN Center USA West Literary Awards : Best Screenplay ( Brian Helgelan ) Sant Jordi Awards ( Spain ) : Best Foreign Language Film Satellite Awards : Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture -- Drama ( Sean Penn ) , Best Screenplay -- Adapted ( Brian Helgeland ) Screen Actors Guild : Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role ( Tim Robbins ) Seattle Film Critics : Best Supporting Actress ( Marcia Gay Harden ) Southeastern Film Critics Association : Best Supporting Actor ( Tim Robbins ) , Best Screenplay -- Adapted ( Brian Helgeland ) USC Scripter Award : Brian Helgeland ( screenwriter ) and Dennis Lehane ( author ) Uruguayan Film Critics Association ( Uruguay ) : Best Film Vancouver Film Critics Circle : Best Actor ( Sean Penn ) Nominations 76th Academy Awards : Best Picture Best Director ( Clint Eastwood ) Best Actress in a Supporting Role ( Marcia Gay Harden ) Best Adapted Screenplay ( Brian Helgeland ) American Cinema Editors : Best Edited Feature Film -- Dramatic ( Joel Cox ) American Screenwriters Association : Discover Screenwriting Award ( Brian Helgeland ) Argentine Film Critics Association : Best Foreign Film ( Clint Eastwood ) Australian Film Institute : Best Foreign Film Japan Academy Prize : Best Foreign Film 57th BAFTA Film Awards : Best Actor in a Leading Role ( Sean Penn ) Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( Tim Robbins ) Best Actress in a Supporting Role ( Laura Linney ) Best Screenplay -- Adapted ( Brian Helgeland ) Broadcast Film Critics Association : Best Acting Ensemble , Best Supporting Actress ( Mary Gay Harden ) , Best Director ( Clint Eastwood ) , Best Writer ( Brian Helgeland ) , Best Composer ( Clint Eastwood ) Cannes Film Festival : Golden Palm ( Clint Eastwood ) Cinema Writers Circle ( Spain ) : Best Foreign Film European Film Awards : Screen International Award ( Clint Eastwood ) 61st Golden Globe Awards : Best Motion Picture -- Drama Best Director -- Motion Picture ( Clint Eastwood ) Best Screenplay -- Motion Picture ( Brian Helgeland ) IFTA Awards : Best International Film , Best International Actor ( Sean Penn ) International Horror Guild Award : Best Movie Motion Picture Sound Editors : Best Sound Editing in Domestic Features -- Dialogue & ADR Online Film Critics Society : Best Picture , Best Actor ( Sean Penn ) , Best Supporting Actor ( Tim Robbins ) , Best Director ( Clint Eastwood ) , Best Screenplay -- Adapted ( Brian Helgeland ) PGA Golden Laurel Awards : Motion Picture Producer of the Year Award Robert Festival ( Denmark ) : Best American Film Satellite Awards : Best Motion Picture -- Drama , Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role -- Drama ( Marcia Gay Harden ) , Best Director ( Clint Eastwood ) , Best Cinematography , Best Film Editing ( Joel Cox ) , Best Sound ( Alan Robert Murray , Bub Asman , Michael Semanick , Christopher Boyes and Gary Summers ) Screen Actors Guild : Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture ( Kevin Bacon , Laurence Fishburne , Marcia Gay Harden , Laura Linney , Sean Penn and Tim Robbins ) , Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role ( Sean Penn ) Writers Guild of America : Best Adapted Screenplay ( Brian Helgeland ) Home media ( edit ) The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The DVD was released on June 8 , 2004 and three editions have been released : Full Screen Edition Widescreen Edition 3 - Disc Deluxe Edition including CD Soundtrack The film has also been released on Blu - ray Disc , both sold separately and as a part of the `` Clint Eastwood Collection '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` MYSTIC RIVER ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . September 10 , 2003 . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mystic River '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes , p. 153 Jump up ^ `` Mystic River : Top Critics '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mystic River ( 2003 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Eliot ( 2009 ) , p. 307 ^ Jump up to : Hughes , p. 155 Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : Mystic River '' . festival-cannes.com . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 07 . Eliot , Marc ( 2009 ) . American Rebel : The Life of Clint Eastwood . Harmony Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 33688 - 0 . Hughes , Howard ( 2009 ) . Aim for the Heart . London : I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 902 - 7 . Ostermann , Eberhard . Mystic River oder die Abwesenheit des Vaters . In : E.O. : Die Filmerzählung . Acht exemplarische Analysen . Munich ( Fink ) 2007 . pp. 29 -- 43 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7705 - 4562 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Mystic River on IMDb Mystic River at Box Office Mojo Mystic River at Rotten Tomatoes Mystic River at Metacritic César Award for Best Foreign Film 1976 -- 1999 Scent of a Woman ( 1976 ) We All Loved Each Other So Much ( 1977 ) A Special Day ( 1978 ) The Tree of Wooden Clogs ( 1979 ) Manhattan ( 1980 ) Kagemusha ( 1981 ) The Elephant Man ( 1982 ) Victor Victoria ( 1983 ) Fanny and Alexander ( 1984 ) Amadeus ( 1985 ) The Purple Rose of Cairo ( 1986 ) The Name of the Rose ( 1987 ) The Last Emperor ( 1988 ) Bagdad Café ( 1989 ) Dangerous Liaisons ( 1990 ) Dead Poets Society ( 1991 ) Toto the Hero ( 1992 ) High Heels ( 1993 ) The Piano ( 1994 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1995 ) Land and Freedom ( 1996 ) Breaking the Waves ( 1997 ) Brassed Off ( 1998 ) Life Is Beautiful ( 1999 ) 2000 -- 2019 All About My Mother ( 2000 ) In the Mood for Love ( 2001 ) Mulholland Drive ( 2002 ) Bowling for Columbine ( 2003 ) Mystic River ( 2004 ) Lost in Translation ( 2005 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2006 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2007 ) The Lives of Others ( 2008 ) Waltz with Bashir ( 2009 ) Gran Torino ( 2010 ) The Social Network ( 2011 ) A Separation ( 2012 ) Argo ( 2013 ) The Broken Circle Breakdown ( 2014 ) Mommy ( 2015 ) Birdman ( 2016 ) I , Daniel Blake ( 2017 ) Films directed by Clint Eastwood Play Misty for Me ( 1971 ) High Plains Drifter ( 1973 ) Breezy ( 1973 ) The Eiger Sanction ( 1975 ) The Outlaw Josey Wales ( 1976 ) The Gauntlet ( 1977 ) Bronco Billy ( 1980 ) Firefox ( 1982 ) Honkytonk Man ( 1982 ) Sudden Impact ( 1983 ) Pale Rider ( 1985 ) Heartbreak Ridge ( 1986 ) Bird ( 1988 ) White Hunter Black Heart ( 1990 ) The Rookie ( 1990 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) A Perfect World ( 1993 ) The Bridges of Madison County ( 1995 ) Absolute Power ( 1997 ) Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil ( 1997 ) True Crime ( 1999 ) Space Cowboys ( 2000 ) Blood Work ( 2002 ) Piano Blues ( 2003 ) Mystic River ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) Changeling ( 2008 ) Gran Torino ( 2008 ) Invictus ( 2009 ) Hereafter ( 2010 ) J. Edgar ( 2011 ) Trouble with the Curve ( 2012 ) Jersey Boys ( 2014 ) American Sniper ( 2014 ) Sully ( 2016 ) The 15 : 17 to Paris ( 2018 ) Dennis Lehane Bibliography Kenzie - Gennaro novels A Drink Before the War ( 1994 ) Darkness , Take My Hand ( 1996 ) Sacred ( 1997 ) Gone , Baby , Gone ( 1998 ) Prayers for Rain ( 1999 ) Moonlight Mile ( 2010 ) Coughlin novels The Given Day ( 2008 ) Live by Night ( 2012 ) World Gone By ( 2015 ) Other works Mystic River ( 2001 ) Shutter Island ( 2003 ) Coronado : Stories ( 2006 ) The Drop ( 2014 ) Since We Fell ( 2017 ) Filmography Adaptations Mystic River ( 2003 ) Gone Baby Gone ( 2007 ) Shutter Island ( 2010 ) The Drop ( 2014 ) Live by Night ( 2016 ) Other The Wire `` Dead Soldiers '' `` Refugees '' `` Clarifications '' Boardwalk Empire `` Resignation '' Mr. Mercedes `` Gods Who Fall '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mystic_River_(film)&oldid=800176149 '' Categories : 2003 films English - language films 2000s crime drama films 2000s crime thriller films 2000s mystery films 2000s psychological thriller films American films American crime drama films American crime thriller films American mystery films American thriller drama films Best Foreign Film César Award winners Detective films Films about death Films about families Films about pedophilia Films about revenge Films based on American novels Films based on crime novels Films directed by Clint Eastwood Films produced by Clint Eastwood Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Drama Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films set in 1975 Films set in 2000 Films set in Boston Films shot in Massachusetts Irish - American media Malpaso Productions films Village Roadshow Pictures films Warner Bros. films Film scores by Clint Eastwood Films based on works by Dennis Lehane Fictional portrayals of the Boston Police Department Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2015 Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Bosanski Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Limburgs Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 22 : 52 . About Wikipedia | who killed katie in the movie mystic river | [
"Jimmy and his friends get Dave drunk at a local bar. When Dave leaves the bar, the men follow him out. Jimmy tells Dave that he shot \"Just Ray\" Harris at that same location for ratting him out and sending him to jail. Jimmy informs Dave that his wife thinks he murdered Katie and tells Dave he will let him live if he confesses. Dave repeatedly tells Jimmy that he did kill someone but it was not Katie: he beat a child molester to death after finding him having sex with a child prostitute in a car. Jimmy does not believe Dave's claim and threatens him with a knife. When Dave finally admits to killing Katie thinking he can escape with his life, Jimmy kills him and disposes of his body in the adjacent Mystic River."
] | [
"Dave"
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-4034196281083985833 | The Trooper | The Trooper - wikipedia The Trooper Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song by Iron Maiden . For the EP by Sentenced , see The Trooper ( EP ) . For the professional wrestler , see The Patriot ( wrestler ) . For the regimental statue of the Rhodesian Light Infantry , see Rhodesian Light Infantry . For the 1934 American film , see Fighting Trooper . `` The Trooper '' Single by Iron Maiden from the album Piece of Mind and Death on the Road B - side `` Cross-Eyed Mary '' ( Jethro Tull cover ) 2005 CD `` The Trooper '' ( Live ) `` Prowler '' ( Live ) 2005 7 '' Live `` Another Life '' ( Live ) 2005 12 '' `` The Trooper '' ( Live ) `` Murders in the Rue Morgue '' ( Live ) Released 20 June 1983 15 August 2005 Format Vinyl ( 7 `` ) Recorded 24 November 2003 Genre Heavy metal Length 4 : 11 Label EMI Songwriter ( s ) Steve Harris Producer ( s ) Martin Birch Iron Maiden singles chronology `` Flight of Icarus '' ( 1983 ) `` The Trooper '' ( 1983 ) `` 2 Minutes to Midnight '' ( 1984 ) `` Flight of Icarus '' ( 1983 ) `` The Trooper '' ( 1983 ) `` 2 Minutes to Midnight '' ( 1984 ) The Number of the Beast ( 2005 ) The Number of the Beast 2005 `` The Trooper ( live ) '' ( 2005 ) String Module Error : Match not found2005 The Reincarnation of Benjamin Breeg ( 2006 ) The Reincarnation of Benjamin Breeg 2006 `` The Trooper '' is a song by the English heavy metal band Iron Maiden . It was released as the second single on 20 June 1983 from the band 's fourth studio album , Piece of Mind ( 1983 ) . It was one of only a few songs to get much radio airplay in the US , thus peaking at No. 28 on the US Mainstream Rock charts . It also achieved success in the UK , peaking at No. 12 in the UK Singles Charts as well as gaining a much better reception than the band 's previous single , `` Flight of Icarus '' . A live version of the song , from Death on the Road , was issued in 2005 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 In popular culture 2.1 Northern Ireland 3 Track listings 3.1 1983 7 '' & 12 '' UK single 3.2 2005 Enhanced CD 3.3 2005 7 '' Blue Vinyl 3.4 2005 12 '' Picture Disc 4 Personnel 5 Charts 5.1 Notes 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) Bruce Dickinson performing the song live wearing a `` red coat '' styled military smock . Written by bassist and founder - member Steve Harris , the song is based on the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava 1854 , which took place during the Crimean War , and inspired by Lord Tennyson 's poem of the same name . The track has been the subject of much praise since its release , with AllMusic describing it as `` an all - time genre classic that boasts guitarists ( Dave Murray ) and ( Adrian Smith 's ) most memorable harmonized lead riff , plus that trademark galloping rhythm , '' while Mick Wall comments that it is the song `` which most Maiden fans from those days still recall first when you mention the Piece of Mind album . '' Despite the popularity of the song , it was the single 's B - Side , a cover of Jethro Tull 's `` Cross-Eyed Mary '' , which managed to gain a substantial amount of airplay on US radio , becoming one of the band 's few tracks , along with previous single `` Flight of Icarus '' , to do so . The single 's accompanying music video included clips of a cavalry battle from the 1936 film The Charge of the Light Brigade , starring Errol Flynn and Olivia de Havilland , which the BBC refused to play unedited , deeming the footage too violent . The band 's manager , Rod Smallwood , has since criticised the decision , stating , `` Anyone would think we 'd killed the horses ourselves instead of using an old Errol Flynn movie . '' A regular fixture in the band 's concerts , vocalist Bruce Dickinson has always waved a Union Flag during live performances and , more recently , has begun wearing an authentic red coat uniform which would have been worn during the battle on which the song was based . During a performance in Dublin in 2003 , Dickinson 's flag - waving reportedly received a large amount of booing from the Irish audience . While the band were receiving criticism from Sharon Osbourne in 2005 , at the time justifying her attack on the band at the 2005 Ozzfest , she accused Iron Maiden of disrespecting American troops , then fighting alongside the British in Iraq , for waving a Union Flag in the US , although Classic Rock magazine supported the band by pointing out that the song 's subject bore no relation to the military activity then taking place in the Middle East . On 15 August 2005 , a live version of the song was released from the then upcoming live album , Death on the Road . On 24 April 2016 , during Iron Maiden 's performance in Beijing ( their first in China ) , Dickinson did not bring out a flag while performing `` The Trooper '' . The flag was also omitted for a concert in Shanghai two days later . In popular culture ( edit ) The song has appeared in several Iron Maiden tribute albums , including A Call To Irons : A Tribute To Iron Maiden , Numbers from the Beast , A Tribute to the Beast and Maiden Heaven : A Tribute to Iron Maiden , as well as on records by tribute bands such as Maiden uniteD ( on 2010 's Mind the Acoustic Pieces ) and The Iron Maidens ( on their 2006 self - titled debut album ) . In addition , the song has been released by Sentenced on The Trooper EP ( 1994 ) , Hellsongs on Hymns in the Key of 666 ( 2008 ) , Thumper on the Metalliska compilation , Highland Glory as a bonus track on Forever Endeavour ( 2005 ) , Radio Cult on Grooves From The Grave ( 2008 ) , Stryper on The Covering , Iced Earth on the `` tour edition '' of their 2011 album , Dystopia , and 2Cellos on their 2015 album , Celloverse . On top of this , the track has also been included in the Guitar Hero 2 , Carmageddon 2 , Guitar Hero : Smash Hits and Rock Band video games , is mentioned in the novel World War Z by Max Brooks and is used as the opening theme for the documentary series Metal Evolution . Iron Maiden created a beer called `` Trooper '' , named after the song . Northern Ireland ( edit ) During the course of the Troubles in Northern Ireland the image of Eddie , as he appears on the sleeve of `` The Trooper '' , became an unofficial mascot of the Ulster Freedom Fighters loyalist paramilitary group and was the main figure on a number of the group 's murals . The loyalist representation frequently carried a tattered flag with the emblem of the Ulster Defence Association rather than the Union Flag as on the Iron Maiden sleeve . Track listings ( edit ) 1983 7 '' & 12 '' UK single ( edit ) Side one No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Trooper '' Steve Harris 4 : 10 Side two No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Cross-Eyed Mary '' ( Jethro Tull cover ) Ian Anderson 3 : 52 2005 Enhanced CD ( edit ) Compact Disc No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Trooper '' ( live at the Westfalenhalle Arena , Dortmund , Germany 24 November 2003 ) Harris 4 : 13 2 . `` The Trooper '' Harris 4 : 12 3 . `` Prowler '' ( live at Egilshöllin , Reykjavík , Iceland 7 June 2005 ) Harris 4 : 24 4 . `` The Trooper '' ( VIDEO - live at the Westfallenhalle Arena , Dortmund , Germany 24 November 2003 ) Harris 4 : 12 5 . `` The Trooper '' ( VIDEO - original video ) Harris 4 : 10 2005 7 '' Blue Vinyl ( edit ) Side one No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Trooper '' ( live at the Westfallenhalle Arena , Dortmund , Germany 24 November 2003 ) Harris 4 : 13 Side two No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Another Life '' ( live at Egilshollin , Reykjavík , Iceland 7 June 2005 ) Harris 3 : 43 2005 12 '' Picture Disc ( edit ) Side one No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Trooper '' ( live at the Westfallenhalle Arena , Dortmund , Germany 24 November 2003 ) Harris 4 : 13 Side two No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Trooper '' Harris 4 : 12 2 . `` Murders in the Rue Morgue '' ( live at Egilshollin , Reykjavík , Iceland 7 June 2005 ) Harris 3 : 33 Personnel ( edit ) Production credits are adapted from the 7 - inch vinyl cover . Iron Maiden Bruce Dickinson -- lead vocals Dave Murray -- guitar Adrian Smith -- guitar Steve Harris -- bass guitar Nicko McBrain -- drums Production Martin Birch -- producer , engineer Derek Riggs -- cover illustration Charts ( edit ) Single Chart ( 1983 ) Peak position Album `` The Trooper '' Irish Singles Chart 12 Piece of Mind UK Singles Chart 12 Single Chart ( 1990 ) Peak position Album `` Flight of Icarus / The Trooper '' UK Albums Chart 7 -- Single Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position Album `` The Trooper '' ( live ) Canadian Singles Chart 5 Death on the Road Danish Singles Chart 7 Finnish Singles Chart 5 French Singles Chart 100 Irish Singles Chart 16 Italian Singles Chart 8 Spanish Singles Chart Swedish Singles Chart 5 Swiss Singles Chart 61 UK Singles Chart 5 Single Chart ( 2006 ) Position Album `` The Trooper '' ( live ) Spanish Singles Chart 10 Death on the Road Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Re-release of both singles as part of The First Ten Years box set . Exceeded the length limit of the UK Singles chart . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Iron Maiden Billboard Charts '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bushell , Garry ; Halfin , Ross ( 1985 ) . Running Free , The Official Story of Iron Maiden ( 2nd ed . ) . Zomba Books . p. 114 . ISBN 0 - 946391 - 84 - X . Jump up ^ `` Iron Maiden Like You 've Never Heard Them Before ! '' . Blabbermouth.net . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Maiden - Piece of Mind '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wall , Mick ( 2004 ) . Iron Maiden : Run to the Hills , the Authorised Biography ( 3rd ed . ) . Sanctuary Publishing . p. 245 . ISBN 1 - 86074 - 542 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Maiden Vinyl Facts - Part 2 '' . ironmaiden.com . Iron Maiden. 29 October 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Childers , Chad ( 24 May 2013 ) . `` Iron Maiden , ' The Trooper ' -- Songs About Soldiers '' . Loudwire . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sabotage ! '' . Classic Rock ( 85 ) : 8 . 1 October 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Maiden Will Make ' At Least One More Album , ' Says Bruce Dickinson '' . Blabbermouth.net. 4 August 2011 . Retrieved 9 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Maiden : More ' The Trooper ' Single Details Revealed '' . Blabbermouth.net. 27 July 2005 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Various Artists - A Call to Irons : A Tribute to Iron Maiden , Vol. 1 '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Producer Bob Kulick Discusses Iron Maiden Tribute Album Numbers From The Beast '' . Blabbermouth.net . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Various Artists - A Tribute to the Beast '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Metallica , Machine Head , Avenged Sevenfold , Dream Theater featured on Maiden Heaven CD '' . Blabbermouth.net. 25 June 2008 . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Threshold , Within Temptation Members Record Acoustic Versions Of Iron Maiden Classics '' . Blabbermouth.net. 13 October 2010 . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Iron Maidens '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sentenced - The Trooper '' . Metal Storm . Retrieved 3 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hellsongs - Hymns in the Key of 666 '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Various Artists - Metalliska '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Highland Glory - Forever Endeavour '' . Discogs . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Cult Catalogue '' . Radio Cult . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stryper : The Covering Album Pushed Back To Early 2011 '' . Blabbermouth.net. 24 October 2010 . Retrieved 3 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Iced Earth - Dystopia Tour Edition To Be Available At Merch Stands On North American Tour '' . Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles. 14 June 2011 . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2Cellos Create A New Dimension With Celloverse Album '' . PR Newswire. 9 December 2014 . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Bozon , Mark ( 5 May 2009 ) . `` Guitar Hero Smash Hits : The Full Track List '' . IGN . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Maiden Rock Band Downloadable Content Due In June '' . Blabbermouth.net. 29 May 2009 . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Neil ( 10 April 2014 ) . Killers The Origins of Iron Maiden , 1975 - 1983 ( 1st ed . ) . Soundcheck Books . p. 139 . ISBN 0957570023 . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.ironmaidenbeer.com/ Jump up ^ Mural directory from Conflict Archive on the Internet Jump up ^ Union Jack Fury of Iron Maiden Fans ; Point Crowd Boo at Flag Waving Jump up ^ `` The Trooper '' 7 Inch Single ( Media notes ) . Iron Maiden . EMI. 20 June 1983 . ^ Jump up to : `` Search the Charts '' . IRMA . Irishcharts.ie . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2009 . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive 9 July 1983 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 3 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Official UK Albums Archive 24 March 1990 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 3 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Maiden Billboard Singles '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 3 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Maiden - ' The Trooper ' ( song ) '' . Tracklisten . Danishcharts.com . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Maiden - ' The Trooper ' ( song ) '' . The Official Finnish Charts . Finnishcharts.com . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Maiden - ' The Trooper ' ( chanson ) '' . SNEP ( in French ) . Lescharts.com . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Maiden Songs '' . FIMI . Italiancharts.com . Retrieved 3 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Iron Maiden - ' The Trooper ' ( Song ) '' . PROMUSICAE . Spanishcharts.com . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Discography Iron Maiden '' . Sverigetopplistan . Swedishcharts.com . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Maiden - ' The Trooper ' '' . Swiss Hitparade . Retrieved 3 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive 27 August 2005 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 3 October 2011 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Iron Maiden Steve Harris Dave Murray Adrian Smith Bruce Dickinson Nicko McBrain Janick Gers Doug Sampson Paul Di'Anno Dennis Stratton Clive Burr Blaze Bayley Studio albums Iron Maiden Killers The Number of the Beast Piece of Mind Powerslave Somewhere in Time Seventh Son of a Seventh Son No Prayer for the Dying Fear of the Dark The X Factor Virtual XI Brave New World Dance of Death A Matter of Life and Death The Final Frontier The Book of Souls Live albums Live After Death A Real Live One A Real Dead One Live at Donington Maiden England A Real Live Dead One Rock in Rio BBC Archives Beast over Hammersmith Death on the Road Flight 666 En Vivo ! The Book of Souls : Live Chapter Extended plays The Soundhouse Tapes Live ! ! + one Maiden Japan No More Lies Compilations Best of the Beast Ed Hunter Best of the ' B ' Sides Edward the Great The Essential Iron Maiden Somewhere Back in Time From Fear to Eternity Box sets The First Ten Years Eddie 's Head Eddie 's Archive Video albums Live at the Rainbow Video Pieces Behind the Iron Curtain Live After Death 12 Wasted Years Maiden England The First Ten Years ( From There to Eternity ) Donington Live 1992 Raising Hell Classic Albums : Iron Maiden -- The Number of the Beast Rock in Rio Visions of the Beast The History of Iron Maiden -- Part 1 : The Early Days Death on the Road Flight 666 En Vivo ! The Book of Souls : Live Chapter Singles `` Running Free '' `` Sanctuary '' `` Women in Uniform '' `` Twilight Zone '' `` Purgatory '' `` Run to the Hills '' `` The Number of the Beast '' `` Flight of Icarus '' `` The Trooper '' `` 2 Minutes to Midnight '' `` Aces High '' `` Wasted Years '' `` Stranger in a Strange Land '' `` Can I Play with Madness '' `` The Evil That Men Do '' `` The Clairvoyant ( live ) '' `` Infinite Dreams ( live ) '' `` Holy Smoke '' `` Bring Your Daughter ... to the Slaughter '' `` Be Quick or Be Dead '' `` From Here to Eternity '' `` Wasting Love '' `` Fear of the Dark ( live ) '' `` Hallowed Be Thy Name ( live ) '' `` Man on the Edge '' `` Lord of the Flies '' `` Virus '' `` The Angel and the Gambler '' `` Futureal '' `` The Wicker Man '' `` Out of the Silent Planet '' `` Wildest Dreams '' `` Rainmaker '' `` The Reincarnation of Benjamin Breeg '' `` Different World '' `` El Dorado '' `` Speed of Light '' `` Empire of the Clouds '' Other songs `` Satellite 15 ... The Final Frontier '' Tours `` Iron Maiden Tour '' `` Killer World Tour '' `` The Beast on the Road '' `` World Piece Tour '' `` World Slavery Tour '' `` Somewhere on Tour '' `` Seventh Tour of a Seventh Tour '' `` No Prayer on the Road '' `` Fear of the Dark Tour '' `` Real Live Tour '' `` The X Factour '' `` Virtual XI World Tour '' `` The Ed Hunter Tour '' `` Brave New World Tour '' `` Give Me Ed ... 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what iron maiden album is the trooper on | [
"\"The Trooper\" is a song by the English heavy metal band Iron Maiden. It was released as the second single on 20 June 1983 from the band's fourth studio album, Piece of Mind (1983). It was one of only a few songs to get much radio airplay in the US, thus peaking at No. 28 on the US Mainstream Rock charts.[1] It also achieved success in the UK, peaking at No. 12 in the UK Singles Charts as well as gaining a much better reception than the band's previous single, \"Flight of Icarus\".[2]"
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"Piece of Mind"
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3129423419355668193 | Knockin' on Heaven's Door | Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door - wikipedia Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door ( disambiguation ) . `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' Single by Bob Dylan from the album Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid B - side `` Turkey Chase '' Released July 13 , 1973 Recorded February 1973 Genre Folk rock , gospel Length 2 : 32 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Gordon Carroll Bob Dylan singles chronology `` George Jackson '' ( 1971 ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' ( 1973 ) `` A Fool Such as I '' ( 1973 ) `` George Jackson '' ( 1971 ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' ( 1973 ) `` A Fool Such as I '' ( 1973 ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' is a song written and sung by Bob Dylan , for the soundtrack of the 1973 film Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid . Released as a single , it reached No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart . Described by Dylan biographer Clinton Heylin as `` an exercise in splendid simplicity , '' the song , measured simply in terms of the number of other artists who have covered it , is one of Dylan 's most popular post-1960s compositions . Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cover versions 1.1 Eric Clapton version 1.2 Guns N ' Roses versions 1.2. 1 Charts 1.2. 2 Certifications 1.3 Dunblane tribute 1.4 Other cover versions 2 Sampled version 3 Soundtrack inclusions 4 In popular culture 5 References Cover versions ( edit ) Eric Clapton version ( edit ) In January 1975 Eric Clapton played on Jamaican singer Arthur Louis ' recording of `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' arranged in a reggae style . Subsequently , Clapton recorded his own reggae - style version of the song which was released in August 1975 , two weeks after Louis 's version was released as a single in July 1975 . Clapton 's single peaked at No. 38 in the UK Singles Chart . The single was less successful in the US , only reaching No. 109 in Cash Box . Clapton 's 1996 boxed set Crossroads 2 : Live in the Seventies features a performance recorded in London in April 1977 . The song was also performed during the Journeyman and One More Car , One More Rider world tours in 1990 and 2003 . Additionally , the song has been included on several Clapton compilation albums , such as Time Pieces : The Best of Eric Clapton , Backtrackin ' , The Cream of Clapton and Complete Clapton . Guns N ' Roses versions ( edit ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' 1992 UK picture sleeve Song by Guns N ' Roses from the album Days of Thunder ( soundtrack ) and Use Your Illusion II Released June 26 , 1990 Genre Hard rock , blues rock Length 5 : 36 Label Geffen Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Mike Clink Guns N ' Roses In 1987 , Guns N ' Roses started including the song in their live sets . A live version of the song was released on the maxi - single of `` Welcome to the Jungle '' the same year . They recorded a studio version in 1990 for the soundtrack of the film Days of Thunder which reached No. 18 on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart in 1990 . This version was later slightly modified for the 1991 album Use Your Illusion II ( basically discarding the responses in the second verse ) . Released as the fourth single from the album , it reached No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart as well as No. 12 in Australia and No. 1 in Ireland . Their performance of the song at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert in 1992 was used as the B - side for the single release and was also included on their Live Era : ' 87 -- ' 93 album , released in 1999 . The music video for this version of the song was directed by Andy Morahan . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 12 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Finland ( The Official Finnish Charts ) 7 France ( SNEP ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 18 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Australia ( ARIA ) Gold Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum Dunblane tribute ( edit ) In 1996 and with the consent of Bob Dylan , Scottish musician Ted Christopher wrote a new verse for `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' in memory of the schoolchildren and teacher killed in the Dunblane school massacre . This has been , according to some sources , one of the few times Dylan has officially authorized anybody to add or change the lyrics to one of his songs . This version of the song , including children from the village singing the chorus with guitarist and producer of Dylan 's album Infidels ( 1983 ) , Mark Knopfler , was released on December 9 in the UK and reached No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart . The proceeds went to charities for children . The song was featured on the compilation album Hits 97 , where all royalties from the song were given to three separate charities . Other cover versions ( edit ) Two different live versions by Fairport Convention recorded in February 1974 at the Troubadour in Los Angeles were released . One on the Sandy Denny box set Who Knows Where the Time Goes in 1985 , and the other on her anthology A Boxful of Treasures in 2004 . A live version by Cold Chisel appears on their 1981 live album Swingshift . Danny & Dusty released a version of the song on their 1985 album The Lost Weekend . Heaven released a version of the song on the group 's 1985 album , Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door . Randy Crawford released a version of this song on her album Rich and Poor in 1989 , featuring Eric Clapton and David Sanborn . Vlado Kreslin released his live version on his album Pikapolonica in 1996 . It was performed by Beltinška banda . The Brazilian singer Zé Ramalho released a Portuguese version of Dylan 's song called `` Batendo na Porta do Céu '' in his 1997 album Antologia Acústica ( Acoustic Anthology ) . Warren Zevon released a version of the song on his 2003 album The Wind , shortly before his death from cancer in September of that year . Avril Lavigne released a cover version on the bonus CD of her My World video release in 2003 , as one of the B - Sides from her single `` Nobody 's Home '' and afterwards as a Japanese bonus track for her 2011 album Goodbye Lullaby . Larry Norman released his cover on his 2004 album Sessions . With the exception of the chorus line , the song has completely original lyrics . Roger Waters released a cover version on his album Flickering Flame : The Solo Years Volume 1 . Wyclef Jean recorded a version of the song , which was used in the 2004 documentary Ghosts of Cité Soleil . Babyface released a version on his 2007 album Playlist . A version by Antony and the Johnsons was included on the Bob Dylan cover album I 'm Not There , which served as the soundtrack for the film of the same name . Mungo Jerry founder Ray Dorset released a Caribbean version of the song . Dolly Parton performed a version with Ladysmith Black Mombazo . Jerry Garcia Band often covered the song in their live sets , one recorded example being the live album Do n't Let Go Meir Ariel , an Israeli singer , covered the song with a Hebrew version in a 1998 concert later released as an album , Doors Are Opened By Themselves . The chorus is sung in both Hebrew and English . Bryan Ferry recorded a version of the song on his album Dylanesque . The City of Miami Police Department published a video of Miami Police Sergeant Ginzo performing the song as a tribute to the 144 law enforcement officers who died in the line of duty in 2016 . Sampled version ( edit ) Gabrielle 's single `` Rise '' ( 2000 ) sampled from this song . Soundtrack inclusions ( edit ) Film / TV show Year Performer Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid 1973 Bob Dylan Renaldo & Clara 1978 Bob Dylan & Roger McGuinn Lethal Weapon 2 1989 Randy Crawford , Eric Clapton & David Sanborn Days of Thunder 1990 Guns N ' Roses Shake Rattle & Roll 2 ( segment `` Aswang '' ) 1990 Guns N ' Roses Rush 1991 Bob Dylan Total Balalaika Show Leningrad Cowboys and Alexandrov Ensemble Lawn Dogs 1997 Bob Dylan The Dybbuk of the Holy Apple Field 1997 Roger Waters Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door 1997 Selig Treasure Planet 2002 Bob Dylan Windstruck Youme Be Cool 2005 Bob Dylan Las Vegas ( episode 45 , `` Letters , Lawyers and Loose Women '' ) 2005 Bob Dylan Six Feet Under ( episode 61 , `` All Alone '' ) 2005 Bob Dylan ER ( episode 260 , `` Darfur '' ) 2006 Scoob Serious Salvador ( Puig Antich ) 2006 Bob Dylan I 'm Not There 2007 Antony & the Johnsons Supernatural ( episode 35 , `` Houses of the Holy '' ) 2007 Bob Dylan Cold Case ( episode 84 , `` Blood on the Tracks '' ) 2007 Bob Dylan Big Love ( episode 2 - 08 , `` Kingdom Come '' ) 2007 Bob Dylan My Name is Earl 2008 Bob Dylan Come Dio Comanda 2008 Antony & the Johnsons Heaven 's Door 2009 Angela Aki Supernatural ( episode 98 , `` Dark Side of the Moon '' ) Bob Dylan Lifted 2011 Uriah Shelton Blue Bloods ( Season 4 , Episode 7 , `` Drawing Dead '' ) 2013 Rick Devin The 100 2015 RAIGN Sense8 ( episode 9 , `` Death Does n't Let You Say Goodbye '' ) 2015 Antony & the Johnsons Containment , episode 5 , `` Like a Sheep Among Wolves '' 2016 RAIGN In popular culture ( edit ) Nick Talevski used the title for his book , Knocking On Heaven 's Door : Rock Obituaries . A version of this song was performed by Raign for the TV show `` The 100 '' The title is used as a name of a Stand , `` Heaven 's Door '' , in the fourth part of the manga `` Jojo 's Bizarre Adventure '' , Diamond is Unbreakable . The title was used for the 11th episode of Angel Beats ! and Bob Dylan along with the song was mentioned in the episode by T.K. and Hinata Covered by The Jenerators , the song was used during a tribute to the death of cast member Miguel Ferrer of NCIS : Los Angeles at the end of the Season 8 Episode 16 `` New Tricks '' , broadcast on March 5 , 2017 . Ferrer was a member of The Jenerators . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Heylin , Clinton ( 2009 ) . Revolution in the Air : The Songs of Bob Dylan , 1957 - 1973 . Chicago Review Press . p. 434 . Jump up ^ Western Writers of America ( 2010 ) . `` The Top 100 Western Songs '' . American Cowboy . Archived from the original on 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Schumacher , Michael . Crossroads : The Life and Music of Eric Clapton . Hyperion Press . p. 373 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Clapton discography '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Gun N ' Roses discography '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Alex S. `` mvdbase.com - Guns ' n ' Roses - `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's door ( live ) '' `` . Music Video DataBase . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo . Sisältää hitin : levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 . Otava Publishing Company Ltd , 2003 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 21053 - X Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Guns N ' Roses '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . VG - lista . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses -- Chart history '' Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs for Guns N ' Roses . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dunblane Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' . bannockburnband.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Dunblane against Guns '' . 1997 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 601 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door CD '' . BBC . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Fairport Convention : Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' . Mainly Norfolk : English Folk and Other Good Music . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Adrian Zupp . `` Swingshift - Cold Chisel '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Heaven '' . Australian Music History . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` DONATIONS - The Solid Rock Shop '' . Solid Rock . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Bloods Music - S4E7 : `` Drawing Dead '' `` . TuneFind . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Televski , Nick , Knocking On Heaven 's Door : Rock Obituaries , Omnibus Press , London 2006 Jump up ^ http://www.tvguide.com/news/ncis-la-recap-granger-miguel-ferrer/ Bob Dylan singles discography 1960s 1962 `` Mixed - Up Confusion '' / `` Corrina , Corrina '' 1963 `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' / `` Do n't Think Twice , It 's All Right '' 1965 `` The Times They Are a-Changin ' '' / `` Honey , Just Allow Me One More Chance '' `` Maggie 's Farm '' / `` On the Road Again '' `` Subterranean Homesick Blues '' / `` She Belongs to Me '' `` Like a Rolling Stone '' / `` Gates of Eden `` Positively 4th Street '' / `` From a Buick 6 '' `` Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window ? '' / `` Highway 61 Revisited '' 1966 `` One of Us Must Know ( Sooner or Later ) '' / `` Queen Jane Approximately '' `` Rainy Day Women ♯ 12 & 35 '' / `` Pledging My Time '' `` I Want You '' / `` Just Like Tom Thumb 's Blues '' ( live with The Hawks ) `` Just Like a Woman '' / `` Obviously 5 Believers '' 1967 `` Leopard - Skin Pill - Box Hat '' / `` Most Likely You Go Your Way And I 'll Go Mine '' `` If You Gotta Go , Go Now '' / `` To Ramona '' ( only in Europe ) 1968 `` Drifter 's Escape '' / `` John Wesley Harding '' `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` I 'll Be Your Baby Tonight '' 1969 `` I Threw It All Away '' / `` Drifter 's Escape '' `` Lay Lady Lay '' / `` Peggy Day '' `` Tonight I 'll Be Staying Here with You '' / `` Country Pie '' 1970s 1970 `` If Not for You '' / `` New Morning '' `` Wigwam '' / `` Copper Kettle '' 1971 `` Watching the River Flow '' / `` Spanish is the Loving Tongue '' `` George Jackson '' ( band version ) / `` George Jackson '' ( acoustic version ) 1973 `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' / `` Turkey Chase '' ( instrumental from Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid ) `` A Fool Such as I '' / `` Lily of the West '' `` On a Night Like This '' / `` You Angel You '' `` Something There Is About You '' / `` Tough Mama '' `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( live with The Band ) `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` It Ai n't Me Babe '' `` Tangled Up in Blue '' / `` If You See Her , Say Hello '' `` Million Dollar Bash '' / `` Tears of Rage '' `` Hurricane '' ( Part 1 ) / `` Hurricane '' ( Part 2 ) 1976 `` Mozambique '' / `` Oh Sister '' `` Stuck Inside of Mobile With the Memphis Blues Again '' ( live ) / `` Rita May '' 1978 `` Baby , Stop Crying '' / `` We Better Talk This Over '' `` Changing of the Guards '' / `` Señor ( Tales of Yankee Power ) '' `` Is Your Love In Vain ? '' / `` We Better Talk This Over '' 1979 `` Maggie 's Farm ( live ) / `` All Along the Watchtower '' `` Forever Young '' ( live ) / `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` I Want You '' `` Man Gave Names to All the Animals '' / `` When You Gonna Wake Up ? '' `` Gotta Serve Somebody '' / `` Trouble in Mind '' `` Precious Angel '' / `` Trouble in Mind '' 1980s 1980 `` Slow Train '' / `` Do Right to Me Baby '' `` Solid Rock '' / `` Covenant Woman '' `` Saved '' / `` Are You Ready ? '' 1981 `` Heart of Mine '' / `` Let It Be Me '' `` Dead Man , Dead Man '' / `` Lenny Bruce '' `` Union Sundown '' / `` Angel Flying too Close to the Ground '' `` I and I '' / `` Angel Flying too Close to the Ground '' `` Sweetheart Like You '' / `` Union Sundown '' 1984 `` Jokerman '' / `` Isis '' 1985 `` Tight Connection to My Heart ( Has Anybody Seen My Love ) '' / `` We Better Talk this Over '' `` When the Night Comes Falling from the Sky '' / `` Emotionally Yours '' 1986 `` Band of the Hand '' / `` Joe 's Death '' ( Michael Rubini ) `` Got My Mind Made Up '' / `` The Usual '' `` Silvio '' / `` Driftin ' too Far from the Shore '' 1989 `` Everything Is Broken '' / `` Death is Not the End '' `` Slow Train '' ( live with The Grateful Dead ) 1990s 1990 `` Political World '' / `` Ring Them Bells '' ( only in the UK and Australia ) `` Most of the Time '' / `` Most of the Time ( edit piece ) `` Unbelievable '' / `` 10,000 Men '' 1991 `` Series of Dreams '' / `` Seven Curses '' `` Blind Willie McTell '' / `` It Takes a Lot to Laugh , It Takes a Train to Cry '' ( from The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 - 3 ) `` Step it Up and Go '' -- ( no b - side ) `` My Back Pages '' ( with Roger McGuinn , Tom Petty , Neil Young , Eric Clapton , George Harrison ) -- ( no b - side ) 1995 `` Dignity '' ( live on MTV Unplugged ) / `` A Hard Rain 's a-Gonna Fall '' ( live version ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' / `` John Brown '' ( both live on MTV Unplugged ) 1998 `` Not Dark Yet '' / `` Tombstone Blues '' ( live ) / `` Ballad of a Thin Man '' ( live ) / `` Boots of Spanish Leather '' ( live ) `` Love Sick '' / `` Tombstone Blues '' ( live ) 2000s 2000 `` Things Have Changed '' / `` Make You Feel My Love '' ( live ) / `` Hurricane '' / `` Song to Woody '' ( live ) 2006 `` Someday Baby '' / `` Someday Baby '' ( edit piece ) `` Rollin ' and Tumblin ' '' / `` Not Dark Yet '' / `` High Water ( for Charley Patton ) '' 2007 `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( Mark Ronson remix version ) / `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( album version ) 2008 `` Dreamin ' of You '' ( edit piece ) / `` Dreamin ' of You '' ( album version ) 2009 `` Beyond Here Lies Nothin ' '' / `` Down Along the Cove '' ( live ) `` I Feel a Change Comin ' On '' / `` I Feel a Change Comin ' On '' ( edit piece ) `` Must Be Santa '' / `` ' Twas the Night Before Christmas '' 2010s `` The Times They Are a-Changin ' '' ( demo version ) / `` Like a Rolling Stone '' 2012 `` Duquesne Whistle '' 2013 `` Wigwam '' ( demo version ) / `` Thirsty Boots '' Book : Bob Dylan Category : Bob Dylan Portal : Bob Dylan WikiProject : Bob Dylan Guns N ' Roses Axl Rose Slash Duff McKagan Dizzy Reed Richard Fortus Frank Ferrer Melissa Reese Izzy Stradlin Tracii Guns Ole Beich Rob Gardner Steven Adler Matt Sorum Gilby Clarke Paul Tobias Robin Finck Josh Freese Tommy Stinson Chris Pitman Buckethead Bryan `` Brain '' Mantia Ron `` Bumblefoot '' Thal DJ Ashba Studio albums Appetite for Destruction G N ' R Lies Use Your Illusion I Use Your Illusion II `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' Chinese Democracy Live albums Live Era ' 87 -- ' 93 Extended plays Live ? ! * @ Like a Suicide Guns N ' Roses The `` Civil War '' EP Compilation albums Use Your Illusion Greatest Hits Singles `` It 's So Easy '' `` Welcome to the Jungle '' `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' `` Paradise City '' `` Patience '' `` Nightrain '' `` You Could Be Mine '' `` Do n't Cry '' `` Live and Let Die '' `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' `` November Rain '' `` Yesterdays '' `` Civil War '' `` Ai n't It Fun '' `` Estranged '' `` Since I Do n't Have You '' `` Sympathy for the Devil '' `` Chinese Democracy '' Promo singles `` Mr. Brownstone '' `` My Michelle '' `` 14 Years '' `` Pretty Tied Up '' `` Dead Horse '' `` Hair of the Dog '' `` Oh My God '' `` Better '' `` Street of Dreams '' Other songs `` Think About You '' `` Rocket Queen '' `` Used to Love Her '' `` One in a Million '' `` Coma '' `` Get in the Ring '' `` The Garden '' `` Madagascar '' `` Prostitute '' Videos and DVDs Use Your Illusion I Use Your Illusion II Garden of Eden : Strictly Limited Edition Welcome to the Videos Appetite for Democracy 3D Tours The Early Days of Guns N ' Roses Appetite for Destruction Tour Use Your Illusion Tour Guns N ' Roses / Metallica Stadium Tour Chinese Democracy Tour Up Close and Personal Tour Appetite for Democracy Not in This Lifetime ... Tour Related Articles Discography Members Songs Awards and nominations Del James West Arkeen Guns N ' Roses Pinball Riverport Riot Watch You Bleed : The Saga of Guns N ' Roses The Roots of Guns N ' Roses Uzi Suicide Bands BulletBoys The Dead Daisies Hollywood Rose Johnny Crash Kings of Chaos L.A. Guns Love Spit Love Metallica Neurotic Outsiders Nine Inch Nails Praxis The Psychedelic Furs Road Crew Slash 's Snakepit Velvet Revolver Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knockin%27_on_Heaven%27s_Door&oldid=801272507 '' Categories : 1973 singles 1973 songs 1990s ballads 1992 singles The Alarm songs Bob Dylan songs Columbia Records singles Geffen Records singles Eric Clapton songs European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Grateful Dead songs Guns N ' Roses songs Music videos directed by Andy Morahan Rock ballads Roger Waters songs Songs about death Songs written for films Songs written by Bob Dylan UK Singles Chart number - one singles Warren Zevon songs Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Slovenčina Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 18 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the song knocking on heaven's door | [
"\"Knockin' on Heaven's Door\" is a song written and sung by Bob Dylan, for the soundtrack of the 1973 film Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid. Released as a single, it reached No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. Described by Dylan biographer Clinton Heylin as \"an exercise in splendid simplicity,\" [1] the song, measured simply in terms of the number of other artists who have covered it, is one of Dylan's most popular post-1960s compositions."
] | [
"Bob Dylan"
] |
-1134686319443655523 | The Star-Spangled Banner | The Star - Spangled Banner - wikipedia The Star - Spangled Banner Jump to : navigation , search `` Star - Spangled Banner '' redirects here . For the flag that flew over Fort McHenry , see Star - Spangled Banner ( flag ) . For the present flag , see Flag of the United States . The Star - Spangled Banner The earliest surviving sheet music of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , from 1814 . National anthem of the United States Lyrics Francis Scott Key , 1814 Music John Stafford Smith , c. 1773 Adopted March 4 , 1931 ; 86 years ago ( 1931 - 03 - 04 ) Audio sample `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' instrumental file help `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' is the national anthem of the United States of America . The lyrics come from `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , a poem written on September 14 , 1814 , by the 35 - year - old lawyer and amateur poet Francis Scott Key after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by British ships of the Royal Navy in Baltimore Harbor during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812 . Key was inspired by the large American flag , the Star - Spangled Banner , flying triumphantly above the fort during the American victory . The poem was set to the tune of a popular British song written by John Stafford Smith for the Anacreontic Society , a men 's social club in London . `` To Anacreon in Heaven '' ( or `` The Anacreontic Song '' ) , with various lyrics , was already popular in the United States . Set to Key 's poem and renamed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , it soon became a well - known American patriotic song . With a range of one octave and one fifth ( a semitone more than an octave and a half ) , it is known for being difficult to sing . Although the poem has four stanzas , only the first is commonly sung today . `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' was recognized for official use by the United States Navy in 1889 , and by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in 1916 , and was made the national anthem by a congressional resolution on March 3 , 1931 ( 46 Stat. 1508 , codified at 36 U.S.C. § 301 ) , which was signed by President Herbert Hoover . Before 1931 , other songs served as the hymns of American officialdom . `` Hail , Columbia '' served this purpose at official functions for most of the 19th century . `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' , whose melody is identical to `` God Save the Queen '' , the British national anthem , also served as a de facto anthem . Following the War of 1812 and subsequent American wars , other songs emerged to compete for popularity at public events , among them `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , as well as `` America the Beautiful '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 1.1 Francis Scott Key 's lyrics 1.2 John Stafford Smith 's music 1.3 National anthem 2 Lyrics 2.1 Additional Civil War period lyrics 2.2 Alternative lyrics 3 Modern history 3.1 Performances 3.2 200th anniversary celebrations 3.3 Adaptations 4 References in film , television , literature 5 Customs and federal law 6 Protests 6.1 1968 Olympics Black Power Salute 6.2 2016 protests 6.3 NAACP call remove the national anthem 7 Translations 8 Media 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links 12.1 Historical audio Early history Francis Scott Key 's lyrics Francis Scott Key 's original manuscript copy of his `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' poem . It is now on display at the Maryland Historical Society . On September 3 , 1814 , following the Burning of Washington and the Raid on Alexandria , Francis Scott Key and John Stuart Skinner set sail from Baltimore aboard the ship HMS Minden , flying a flag of truce on a mission approved by President James Madison . Their objective was to secure an exchange of prisoners , one of whom was Dr. William Beanes , the elderly and popular town physician of Upper Marlboro and a friend of Key 's who had been captured in his home . Beanes was accused of aiding the arrest of British soldiers . Key and Skinner boarded the British flagship HMS Tonnant on September 7 and spoke with Major General Robert Ross and Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane over dinner while the two officers discussed war plans . At first , Ross and Cochrane refused to release Beanes , but relented after Key and Skinner showed them letters written by wounded British prisoners praising Beanes and other Americans for their kind treatment . Because Key and Skinner had heard details of the plans for the attack on Baltimore , they were held captive until after the battle , first aboard HMS Surprise and later back on HMS Minden . After the bombardment , certain British gunboats attempted to slip past the fort and effect a landing in a cove to the west of it , but they were turned away by fire from nearby Fort Covington , the city 's last line of defense . An artist 's rendering of the battle at Fort McHenry During the rainy night , Key had witnessed the bombardment and observed that the fort 's smaller `` storm flag '' continued to fly , but once the shell and Congreve rocket barrage had stopped , he would not know how the battle had turned out until dawn . On the morning of September 14 , the storm flag had been lowered and the larger flag had been raised . During the bombardment , HMS Terror and HMS Meteor provided some of the `` bombs bursting in air '' . The 15 - star , 15 - stripe `` Star - Spangled Banner '' that inspired the poem Key was inspired by the American victory and the sight of the large American flag flying triumphantly above the fort . This flag , with fifteen stars and fifteen stripes , had been made by Mary Young Pickersgill together with other workers in her home on Baltimore 's Pratt Street . The flag later came to be known as the Star - Spangled Banner and is today on display in the National Museum of American History , a treasure of the Smithsonian Institution . It was restored in 1914 by Amelia Fowler , and again in 1998 as part of an ongoing conservation program . Aboard the ship the next day , Key wrote a poem on the back of a letter he had kept in his pocket . At twilight on September 16 , he and Skinner were released in Baltimore . He completed the poem at the Indian Queen Hotel , where he was staying , and titled it `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' . Much of the idea of the poem , including the flag imagery and some of the wording , is derived from an earlier song by Key , also set to the tune of `` The Anacreontic Song '' . The song , known as `` When the Warrior Returns '' , was written in honor of Stephen Decatur and Charles Stewart on their return from the First Barbary War . Absent elaboration by Francis Scott Key prior to his death in 1843 , some have speculated in modern times about the meaning of phrases or verses . According to British historian Robin Blackburn , the words `` the hireling and slave '' allude to the thousands of ex-slaves in the British ranks organised as the Corps of Colonial Marines , who had been liberated by the British and demanded to be placed in the battle line `` where they might expect to meet their former masters . '' Nevertheless , Professor Mark Clague , a professor of musicology at the University of Michigan , argues that the `` middle two verses of Key 's lyric vilify the British enemy in the War of 1812 '' and `` in no way glorifies or celebrates slavery . '' Clague writes that `` For Key ... the British mercenaries were scoundrels and the Colonial Marines were traitors who threatened to spark a national insurrection . '' This harshly anti-British nature of Verse 3 led to its omission in sheet music in World War I , when Britain and the U.S. were allies . Responding to the assertion of writer Jon Schwarz of The Intercept that the song is a `` celebration of slavery , '' Clague said that : `` The reference to slaves is about the use , and in some sense the manipulation , of black Americans to fight for the British , with the promise of freedom . The American forces included African - Americans as well as whites . The term ' freemen , ' whose heroism is celebrated in the fourth stanza , would have encompassed both . '' Others suggest that `` Key may have intended the phrase as a reference to the British Navy 's practice of impressment ( kidnapping sailors and forcing them to fight in defense of the crown ) , or as a semi-metaphorical slap at the British invading force as a whole ( which included a large number of mercenaries ) . '' John Stafford Smith 's music Sheet music version Play ( help info ) The memorial to John Stafford Smith in Gloucester Cathedral , Gloucester , England Key gave the poem to his brother - in - law Judge Joseph H. Nicholson who saw that the words fit the popular melody `` The Anacreontic Song '' , by English composer John Stafford Smith . This was the official song of the Anacreontic Society , an 18th - century gentlemen 's club of amateur musicians in London . Nicholson took the poem to a printer in Baltimore , who anonymously made the first known broadside printing on September 17 ; of these , two known copies survive . On September 20 , both the Baltimore Patriot and The American printed the song , with the note `` Tune : Anacreon in Heaven '' . The song quickly became popular , with seventeen newspapers from Georgia to New Hampshire printing it . Soon after , Thomas Carr of the Carr Music Store in Baltimore published the words and music together under the title `` The Star Spangled Banner '' , although it was originally called `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' . Thomas Carr 's arrangement introduced the raised fourth which became the standard deviation from `` The Anacreontic Song '' . The song 's popularity increased , and its first public performance took place in October , when Baltimore actor Ferdinand Durang sang it at Captain McCauley 's tavern . Washington Irving , then editor of the Analectic Magazine in Philadelphia , reprinted the song in November 1814 . By the early 20th century , there were various versions of the song in popular use . Seeking a singular , standard version , President Woodrow Wilson tasked the U.S. Bureau of Education with providing that official version . In response , the Bureau enlisted the help of five musicians to agree upon an arrangement . Those musicians were Walter Damrosch , Will Earhart , Arnold J. Gantvoort , Oscar Sonneck and John Philip Sousa . The standardized version that was voted upon by these five musicians premiered at Carnegie Hall on December 5 , 1917 , in a program that included Edward Elgar 's Carillon and Gabriel Pierné 's The Children 's Crusade . The concert was put on by the Oratorio Society of New York and conducted by Walter Damrosch . An official handwritten version of the final votes of these five men has been found and shows all five men 's votes tallied , measure by measure . The Italian opera composer Giacomo Puccini used an extract of the melody in writing the aria `` Dovunque al mondo ... '' in 1904 for his work Madama Butterfly . National anthem Commemorative plaque in Washington , D.C. marking the site at 601 Pennsylvania Avenue where `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' was first publicly sung One of two surviving copies of the 1814 broadside printing of the `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , a poem that later became the lyrics of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , the national anthem of the United States . The song gained popularity throughout the 19th century and bands played it during public events , such as July 4th celebrations . A plaque displayed at Fort Meade , South Dakota , claims that the idea of making `` The Star Spangled Banner '' the national anthem began on their parade ground in 1892 . Colonel Caleb Carlton , Post Commander , established the tradition that the song be played `` at retreat and at the close of parades and concerts . '' Carlton explained the custom to Governor Sheldon of South Dakota who `` promised me that he would try to have the custom established among the state militia . '' Carlton wrote that after a similar discussion , Secretary of War , Daniel E. Lamont issued an order that it `` be played at every Army post every evening at retreat . '' In 1899 , the US Navy officially adopted `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . In 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson ordered that `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' be played at military and other appropriate occasions . The playing of the song two years later during the seventh - inning stretch of Game One of the 1918 World Series , and thereafter during each game of the series is often cited as the first instance that the anthem was played at a baseball game , though evidence shows that the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' was performed as early as 1897 at opening day ceremonies in Philadelphia and then more regularly at the Polo Grounds in New York City beginning in 1898 . In any case , the tradition of performing the national anthem before every baseball game began in World War II . On April 10 , 1918 , John Charles Linthicum , U.S. Congressman from Maryland , introduced a bill to officially recognize `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the national anthem . The bill did not pass . On April 15 , 1929 , Linthicum introduced the bill again , his sixth time doing so . On November 3 , 1929 , Robert Ripley drew a panel in his syndicated cartoon , Ripley 's Believe it or Not ! , saying `` Believe It or Not , America has no national anthem '' . In 1930 , Veterans of Foreign Wars started a petition for the United States to officially recognize `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the national anthem . Five million people signed the petition . The petition was presented to the United States House Committee on the Judiciary on January 31 , 1930 . On the same day , Elsie Jorss - Reilley and Grace Evelyn Boudlin sang the song to the Committee to refute the perception that it was too high pitched for a typical person to sing . The Committee voted in favor of sending the bill to the House floor for a vote . The House of Representatives passed the bill later that year . The Senate passed the bill on March 3 , 1931 . President Herbert Hoover signed the bill on March 4 , 1931 , officially adopting `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the national anthem of the United States of America . As currently codified , the United States Code states that `` ( t ) he composition consisting of the words and music known as the Star - Spangled Banner is the national anthem . '' Lyrics O say can you see , by the dawn 's early light , What so proudly we hailed at the twilight 's last gleaming , Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight , O'er the ramparts we watched , were so gallantly streaming ? And the rockets ' red glare , the bombs bursting in air , Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there ; O say does that star - spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ? On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep , Where the foe 's haughty host in dread silence reposes , What is that which the breeze , o'er the towering steep , As it fitfully blows , half conceals , half discloses ? Now it catches the gleam of the morning 's first beam , In full glory reflected now shines in the stream : ' Tis the star - spangled banner , O long may it wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave . And where is that band who so vauntingly swore That the havoc of war and the battle 's confusion , A home and a country , should leave us no more ? Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps ' pollution . No refuge could save the hireling and slave From the terror of flight , or the gloom of the grave : And the star - spangled banner in triumph doth wave , O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave . O thus be it ever , when freemen shall stand Between their loved homes and the war 's desolation . Blest with vict'ry and peace , may the Heav'n rescued land Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation ! Then conquer we must , when our cause it is just , And this be our motto : ' In God is our trust . ' And the star - spangled banner in triumph shall wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ! Cover of sheet music for `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , transcribed for piano by Ch . Voss , Philadelphia : G. Andre & Co. , 1862 Additional Civil War period lyrics In indignation over the start of the American Civil War , Oliver Wendell Holmes , Sr. added a fifth stanza to the song in 1861 , which appeared in songbooks of the era . When our land is illumined with Liberty 's smile , If a foe from within strike a blow at her glory , Down , down with the traitor that dares to defile The flag of her stars and the page of her story ! By the millions unchained who our birthright have gained , We will keep her bright blazon forever unstained ! And the Star - Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave While the land of the free is the home of the brave . Alternative lyrics In a version hand - written by Francis Scott Key in 1840 , the third line reads `` Whose bright stars and broad stripes , through the clouds of the fight '' . Modern history Main article : Performances and adaptations of The Star - Spangled Banner Performances This section may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( November 2012 ) Crowd performing the U.S. national anthem before a baseball game at Coors Field The song is notoriously difficult for nonprofessionals to sing because of its wide range -- a 12th . Humorist Richard Armour referred to the song 's difficulty in his book It All Started With Columbus . In an attempt to take Baltimore , the British attacked Fort McHenry , which protected the harbor . Bombs were soon bursting in air , rockets were glaring , and all in all it was a moment of great historical interest . During the bombardment , a young lawyer named Francis Off Key ( sic ) wrote `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , and when , by the dawn 's early light , the British heard it sung , they fled in terror . -- Richard Armour Professional and amateur singers have been known to forget the words , which is one reason the song is sometimes pre-recorded and lip - synced . Other times the issue is avoided by having the performer ( s ) play the anthem instrumentally instead of singing it . The pre-recording of the anthem has become standard practice at some ballparks , such as Boston 's Fenway Park , according to the SABR publication The Fenway Project . `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' is traditionally played at the beginning of public sports events and orchestral concerts in the United States , as well as other public gatherings . The National Hockey League and Major League Soccer both require venues in both the U.S. and Canada to perform both the Canadian and American national anthems at games that involve teams from both countries ( with the `` away '' anthem being performed first ) . It is also usual for both American and Canadian anthems ( done in the same way as the NHL and MLS ) to be played at Major League Baseball and National Basketball Association games involving the Toronto Blue Jays and the Toronto Raptors ( respectively ) , the only Canadian teams in those two major U.S. sports leagues , and in All Star Games on the MLB , NBA , and NHL . The Buffalo Sabres of the NHL , which play in a city on the Canada -- US border and have a substantial Canadian fan base , play both anthems before all home games regardless of where the visiting team is based . Two especially unusual performances of the song took place in the immediate aftermath of the United States September 11 attacks . On September 12 , 2001 , the Queen broke with tradition and allowed the Band of the Coldstream Guards to perform the anthem at Buckingham Palace , London , at the ceremonial Changing of the Guard , as a gesture of support for Britain 's ally . The following day at a St. Paul 's Cathedral memorial service , the Queen joined in the singing of the anthem , an unprecedented occurrence . 200th anniversary celebrations The 200th anniversary of the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' occurred in 2014 with various special events occurring throughout the United States . A particularly significant celebration occurred during the week of September 10 -- 16 in and around Baltimore , Maryland . Highlights included playing of a new arrangement of the anthem arranged by John Williams and participation of President Obama on Defender 's Day , September 12 , 2014 , at Fort McHenry . In addition , the anthem bicentennial included a youth music celebration including the presentation of the National Anthem Bicentennial Youth Challenge winning composition written by Noah Altshuler . Adaptations See also : The Star Spangled Banner ( Whitney Houston recording ) O'er the ramparts we watch in a 1945 United States Army Air Forces poster The first popular music performance of the anthem heard by the mainstream U.S. was by Puerto Rican singer and guitarist José Feliciano . He created a nationwide uproar when he strummed a slow , blues - style rendition of the song at Tiger Stadium in Detroit before game five of the 1968 World Series , between Detroit and St. Louis . This rendition started contemporary `` Star - Spangled Banner '' controversies . The response from many in the Vietnam War - era U.S. was generally negative . Despite the controversy , Feliciano 's performance opened the door for the countless interpretations of the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' heard in the years since . One week after Feliciano 's performance , the anthem was in the news again when American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos lifted controversial raised fists at the 1968 Olympics while the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' played at a medal ceremony . Marvin Gaye gave a soul - influenced performance at the 1983 NBA All - Star Game and Whitney Houston gave a soulful rendition before Super Bowl XXV in 1991 , which was released as a single that charted at number 20 in 1991 and number 6 in 2001 ( along with José Feliciano , the only times the anthem has been on the Billboard Hot 100 ) . In 1993 , Kiss did an instrumental rock version as the closing track on their album , Alive III . Another famous instrumental interpretation is Jimi Hendrix 's version , which was a set - list staple from autumn 1968 until his death in September 1970 , including a famous rendition at the Woodstock music festival in 1969 . Incorporating sonic effects to emphasize the `` rockets ' red glare '' , and `` bombs bursting in air '' , it became a late - 1960s emblem . Roseanne Barr gave a controversial performance of the anthem at a San Diego Padres baseball game at Jack Murphy Stadium on July 25 , 1990 . The comedian belted out a screechy rendition of the song , and afterward she attempted a gesture of ball players by spitting and grabbing her crotch as if adjusting a protective cup . The performance offended some , including the sitting U.S. President , George H.W. Bush . Sufjan Stevens has frequently performed the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' in live sets , replacing the optimism in the end of the first verse with a new coda that alludes to the divisive state of the nation today . David Lee Roth both referenced parts of the anthem and played part of a hard rock rendition of the anthem on his song , `` Yankee Rose '' on his 1986 solo album , Eat ' Em and Smile . Steven Tyler also caused some controversy in 2001 ( at the Indianapolis 500 , to which he later issued a public apology ) and again in 2012 ( at the AFC Championship Game ) with a cappella renditions of the song with changed lyrics . A version of Aerosmith 's Joe Perry and Brad Whitford playing part of the song can be heard at the end of their version of `` Train Kept A-Rollin ' '' on the Rockin ' the Joint album . The band Boston gave an instrumental rock rendition of the anthem on their Greatest Hits album . The band Crush 40 made a version of the song as opening track from the album Thrill of the Feel ( 2000 ) . In March 2005 , a government - sponsored program , the National Anthem Project , was launched after a Harris Interactive poll showed many adults knew neither the lyrics nor the history of the anthem . References in film , television , literature Several films have their titles taken from the song 's lyrics . These include two films titled Dawn 's Early Light ( 2000 and 2005 ) ; two made - for - TV features titled By Dawn 's Early Light ( 1990 and 2000 ) ; two films titled So Proudly We Hail ( 1943 and 1990 ) ; a feature ( 1977 ) and a short ( 2005 ) titled Twilight 's Last Gleaming ; and four films titled Home of the Brave ( 1949 , 1986 , 2004 , and 2006 ) . A 1936 short titled `` The Song of a Nation '' from Warner Brothers shows a version of the origin of the song . Customs and federal law Plaque detailing how the custom of standing during the Anthem came about in Tacoma , Washington , on October 18 , 1893 , in the Bostwick building When the National Anthem was first recognized by law in 1932 , there was no prescription as to behavior during its playing . On June 22 , 1942 , the law was revised indicating that those in uniform should salute during its playing , while others should simply stand at attention , men removing their hats . ( The same code also required that women should place their hands over their hearts when the flag is displayed during the playing of the Anthem , but not if the flag was not present . ) On December 23 , 1942 the law was again revised instructing men and women to stand at attention and face in the direction of the music when it was played . That revision also directed men and women to place their hands over their hearts only if the flag was displayed . Those in uniform were required to salute . On July 7 , 1976 , the law was simplified . Men and women were instructed to stand with their hands over their hearts , men removing their hats , irrespective of whether or not the flag was displayed and those in uniform saluting . On August 12 , 1998 , the law was rewritten keeping the same instructions , but differentiating between `` those in uniform '' and `` members of the Armed Forces and veterans '' who were both instructed to salute during the playing whether or not the flag was displayed . Because of the changes in law over the years and confusion between instructions for the Pledge of Allegence versus the National Anthem , throughout most of the 20th century many people simply stood at attention or with their hands folded in front of them during the playing of the Anthem , and when reciting the Pledge they would hold their hand ( or hat ) over their heart . After 9 / 11 , the custom of placing the hand over the heart during the playing of the Anthem became nearly universal . Since 1998 , federal law ( viz. , the United States Code 36 U.S.C. § 301 ) states that during a rendition of the national anthem , when the flag is displayed , all present including those in uniform should stand at attention ; Non-military service individuals should face the flag with the right hand over the heart ; Members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are present and not in uniform may render the military salute ; Military service persons not in uniform should remove their headdress with their right hand and hold the headdress at the left shoulder , the hand being over the heart ; and Members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are in uniform should give the military salute at the first note of the anthem and maintain that position until the last note . The law further provides that when the flag is not displayed , all present should face toward the music and act in the same manner they would if the flag were displayed . Military law requires all vehicles on the installation to stop when the song is played and all individuals outside to stand at attention and face the direction of the music and either salute , in uniform , or place the right hand over the heart , if out of uniform . The law was amended in 2008 , and since allows military veterans to salute out of uniform , as well . The text of 36 U.S.C. § 301 is suggestive and not regulatory in nature . Failure to follow the suggestions is not a violation of law . This behavioral requirement for the national anthem is subject to the same First Amendment controversies that surround the Pledge of Allegiance . For example , Jehovah 's Witnesses do not sing the national anthem , though they are taught that standing is an `` ethical decision '' that individual believers must make based on their `` conscience . '' Protests Main article : U.S. national anthem protests 1968 Olympics Black Power salute Main article : 1968 Olympics Black Power Salute The 1968 Olympics Black Power salute was a political demonstration conducted by African - American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos during their medal ceremony at the 1968 Summer Olympics in the Olympic Stadium in Mexico City . After having won gold and bronze medals respectively in the 200 meter running event , they turned on the podium to face their flags , and to hear the American national anthem , `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . Each athlete raised a black - gloved fist , and kept them raised until the anthem had finished . In addition , Smith , Carlos , and Australian silver medalist Peter Norman all wore human rights badges on their jackets . In his autobiography , Silent Gesture , Smith stated that the gesture was not a `` Black Power '' salute , but a `` human rights salute '' . The event is regarded as one of the most overtly political statements in the history of the modern Olympic Games . 2016 protests Main article : U.S. national anthem protests ( 2016 -- present ) Politically motivated protests of the national anthem began in the National Football League ( NFL ) after San Francisco 49ers quarterback ( QB ) Colin Kaepernick sat during the anthem , as opposed to the tradition of standing , before his team 's third preseason game of 2016 . Kaepernick also sat during the first two preseason games , but he went unnoticed . NAACP call remove the National anthem In November 2017 , the California NAACP called on Congress to remove The Star - Spangled Banner as the national anthem . Alice Huffman , California NCAAP president said `` it 's racist ; it does n't represent our community , it 's anti-black . '' The third stansa of the anthem , which is rarely sung , contain the words , `` No refuge could save the hireling and slave , From the terror of flight , or the gloom of the grave : '' , which some interpret as racist . The organization was still seeking a representative to sponsor the legislation in Congress at the time of their announcement . Translations As a result of immigration to the United States and the incorporation of non-English speaking people into the country , the lyrics of the song have been translated into other languages . In 1861 , it was translated into German . The Library of Congress also has record of a Spanish - language version from 1919 . It has since been translated into Hebrew and Yiddish by Jewish immigrants , Latin American Spanish ( with one version popularized during immigration reform protests in 2006 ) , French by Acadians of Louisiana , Samoan , and Irish . The third verse of the anthem has also been translated into Latin . With regard to the indigenous languages of North America , there are versions in Navajo and Cherokee . Media The Star - Spangled Banner ( 1915 ) A 1915 recording of the Star - Spangled Banner as sung by Margaret Woodrow Wilson , daughter of Woodrow Wilson The Star - Spangled Banner ( 1942 ) Fred Waring and His Pennsylvanians sing The Star - Spangled Banner in 1942 The Star - Spangled Banner ( 1953 ) A 1953 instrumental recording by the United States Marine Corps band The Star Spangled Banner ( circa 2000 ) An instrumental recording by the United States Navy Band . Problems playing these files ? See media help . Play media ( 1944 ) Play media ( 1940 ) See also In God We Trust Sign - on and sign - off Music portal United States portal References ^ Jump up to : `` '' Star - Spangled Banner '' Is Now Official Anthem `` . The Washington Post . March 5 , 1931 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Defence of Fort M'Henry Library of Congress '' . Loc.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . 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Beyond the Debate Over Colin Kaepernick '' . The New York Times . 3 September 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Star - Spangled Banner ' and Slavery '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Clague , Mark , and Jamie Vander Broek . `` Banner moments : the national anthem in American life '' . University of Michigan , 2014 . 4 . Jump up ^ `` Oratorio Society of New York - Star Spangled Banner '' . Oratoriosocietyofny.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Standardization Manuscript for `` The Star Spangled Banner '' Antiques Roadshow `` . PBS . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Plaque , Fort Meade , erected 1976 by the Fort Meade V.A. Hospital and the South Dakota State Historical Society ^ Jump up to : Cavanaugh , Ray ( July 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Star - Spangled Banner : an American anthem with a very British beginning '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs vs Red Sox 1918 World Series : A Tradition is Born '' . Baseballisms.com. 2011 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Anthem Hearing Is Set For January 31 '' . The Baltimore Sun . January 23 , 1930 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Company News - Ripley Entertainment Inc '' . Ripleysnewsroom.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` 5,000,000 Sign for Anthem : Fifty - Mile Petition Supports `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Bill `` . The New York Times . January 19 , 1930 . p. 31 . Jump up ^ `` 5,000,000 Plea For U.S. Anthem : Giant Petition to Be Given Judiciary Committee of Senate Today '' . The Washington Post . January 31 , 1930 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Committee Hears Star - Spangled Banner Sung : Studies Bill to Make It the National Anthem '' . The New York Times . February 1 , 1930 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star - Spangled Banner ' Favored As Anthem in Report to House '' . The New York Times . February 5 , 1930 . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Star Spangled Banner ' Is Voted National Anthem by Congress '' . The New York Times . March 4 , 1931 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ 36 U.S.C. § 301 . Jump up ^ Francis Scott Key , The Star Spangled Banner ( lyrics ) , 1814 , MENC : The National Association for Music Education National Anthem Project ( archived from the original Archived January 26 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . on 2013 - 01 - 26 ) . Jump up ^ Butterworth , Hezekiah ; Brown , Theron ( 1906 ) . `` The Story of the Hymns and Tunes '' . George H. Doran Co. : 335 . Jump up ^ The soldier 's companion : dedicated ... -- Google Books . Books.google.com. 1865 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Library of Congress image '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Fenway Project -- Part One '' . Red Sox Connection . May 2004 . Jump up ^ Allen , Kevin ( 2003 - 03 - 23 ) . `` NHL Seeks to Stop Booing For a Song '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Fanzone , A-Z Guide : National Anthems '' . Buffalo Sabres . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . If you are interested in singing the National Anthems at a sporting event at First Niagara Center , you must submit a DVD or CD of your performance of both the Canadian & American National Anthems ... Jump up ^ Graves , David ( September 14 , 2001 ) `` Palace breaks with tradition in musical tribute '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 Jump up ^ Steyn , Mark ( September 17 , 2001 ) . `` The Queen 's Tears / And global resolve against terrorism '' . National Review . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Michael E. Ruane ( September 11 , 2014 ) . `` Francis Scott Key 's anthem keeps asking : Have we survived as a nation ? '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 2014 - 11 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 52 -- The Soul Reformation : Phase three , soul music at the summit . ( Part 8 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Track 5 . Jump up ^ Paul White , USA TODAY Sports ( October 14 , 2012 ) . `` Jose Feliciano 's once - controversial anthem kicks off NLCS '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jose Feliciano Personal account about the anthem performance Archived 2015 - 10 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Letofsky , Irv ( July 28 , 1990 ) . `` Roseanne Is Sorry -- but Not That Sorry '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AOL Radio -- Listen to Free Online Radio -- Free Internet Radio Stations and Music Playlists '' . Spinner.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harris Interactive poll on `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` . Tnap.org . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light ( 2000 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light ( 2005 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light TV ( 1990 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light TV ( 2000 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ So Proudly We Hail ( 1943 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ So Proudly We Hail ( 1990 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Twilight 's Last Gleaming ( 1977 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Twilight 's Last Gleaming ( 2005 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 1949 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 1986 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 2004 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 2006 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , Jump up ^ `` Public Laws , June 22 , 1942 '' . June 22 , 1942 . Jump up ^ `` 77th Congress , 2nd session '' . uscode.house.gov . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Public law , July 7 , 1976 '' . uscode.house.gov . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duane Streufert . `` A website dedicated to the Flag of the United States of America -- United States Code '' . USFlag.org . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Code '' . Uscode.house.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ The Circle School v. Phillips , 270 F. Supp . 2d 616 , 622 ( E.D. Pa. 2003 ) . Jump up ^ `` Highlights of the Beliefs of Jehovah 's Witnesses '' . Towerwatch.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Botting , Gary Norman Arthur ( 1993 ) . Fundamental freedoms and Jehovah 's Witnesses . University of Calgary Press . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 895176 - 06 - 3 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Chryssides , George D. ( 2008 ) . Historical Dictionary of Jehovah 's Witnesses . Scarecrow Press . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6074 - 2 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Richard ( 8 October 2006 ) . `` Caught in Time : Black Power salute , Mexico , 1968 '' . The Sunday Times . London . Retrieved 9 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Sandritter , Mark . `` A timeline of Colin Kaepernick 's national anthem protest and the NFL players who joined him '' . SB Nation . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National anthem lyrics prompt California NAACP to call for replacing song '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Das Star - Spangled Banner , US Library of Congress . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ La Bandera de las Estrellas , US Library of Congress . Retrieved May 31 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Hebrew Version Jump up ^ Abraham Asen , The Star Spangled Banner in pool , 1745 , Joe Fishstein Collection of Yiddish Poetry , McGill University Digital Collections Programme . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Day to Day . `` A Spanish Version of ' The Star - Spangled Banner ' '' . NPR . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ David Émile Marcantel , La Bannière Étoilée Archived 2013 - 05 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . on Musique Acadienne . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Zimmer , Benjamin ( 2006 - 04 - 29 ) . `` The ' ' Samoa News ' ' reporting of a Samoan version '' . Itre.cis.upenn.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' An Bhratach Gheal - Réaltach ' ' -- Irish version '' . Daltai.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Christopher M. Brunelle , Third Verse in Latin , 1999 Jump up ^ `` Gallup Independent , 25 March 2005 '' . Gallupindependent.com. 2005 - 03 - 25 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Schedule for the Presidential Inauguration 2007 , Navajo Nation Government '' . Navajo.org. 2007 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Cherokee Phoenix , Accessed 2009 - 08 - 15 '' . Cherokeephoenix.org . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Further reading Ferris , Marc . Star - Spangled Banner : the Unlikely Story of America 's National Anthem . Johns Hopkins University Press , 2014 . ISBN 9781421415185 OCLC 879370575 Leepson , Marc . What So Proudly We Hailed : Francis Scott Key , a Life . Palgrave Macmillan , 2014 . ISBN 9781137278289 OCLC 860395373 External links `` New book reveals dark history behind the Star Spangled Banner , '' CBS This Morning , September 13 , 2014 . `` Star - Spangled History : 5 Facts About the Making of the National Anthem , '' Biography.com . `` ' Star - Spangled Banner ' writer had complex record on race , '' Mary Carole McCauley , ' ' Baltimore Sun , July 26 , 2014 . `` The Man Behind The National Anthem Paid Little Attention To It . '' NPR 's `` Hear and Now , '' July 4 , 2017 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Star - Spangled Banner . Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Star - Spangled Banner Look up haughty or rampart in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Star - Spangled Banner ( Memory ) : American Treasures of the Library of Congress `` How the National Anthem Has Unfurled ; ' The Star - Spangled Banner ' Has Changed a Lot in 200 Years . '' By WILLIAM ROBIN JUNE 27 , 2014 The New York Times C - SPAN American History TV tour of the Smithsonian National Museum of American History Star - Spangled Banner exhibit Historical audio The Star Spangled Banner , The Diamond Four , 1898 The Star Spangled Banner , Margaret Woodrow Wilson , 1915 National anthems of North America Independent countries Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies American West Indies Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands British West Indies Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands Dutch Caribbean Aruba Bonaire Curaçao Saba Sint Eustatius ( Statia ) Sint Maarten French West Indies Guadeloupe Martinique Saint - Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Kingdom of Denmark Greenland Complete list Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania and the Pacific Islands South America National anthems of Oceania and the Pacific Islands National anthems Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Regional anthems American Samoa ( USA ) Cook Islands ( NZ ) Easter Island ( Chile ) French Polynesia ( France ) Guam ( USA ) Hawaii ( USA ) New Caledonia ( France ) Niue ( NZ ) Northern Mariana Islands ( USA ) Pitcairn Islands ( UK ) Tokelau ( NZ ) United States Minor Outlying Islands ( USA ) Wallis and Futuna ( France ) Former anthems Marshall Islands ( 1977 -- 91 ) Federated States of Micronesia ( 1979 -- 91 ) Complete list Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania and the Pacific Islands South America War of 1812 Battles Campaigns Origins Chronology Results People Isaac Brock Andrew Jackson Francis Scott Key James Madison Laura Secord Tecumseh Places Fort Detroit / Shelby Illinois Indiana Kentucky Battles Baltimore Beaver Dams Chateauguay Crysler 's Farm Frenchtown Lundy 's Lane New Orleans Queenston Heights Spur 's Defeat Thames Washington Songs `` The Bold Canadian '' `` The Hunters of Kentucky '' `` The Star - 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5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Star-Spangled_Banner&oldid=809377032 '' Categories : 1814 compositions 1814 in the United States American patriotic songs History of Baltimore Maryland in the War of 1812 National anthems National symbols of the United States Songs based on actual events Jimi Hendrix songs José Feliciano songs Marvin Gaye songs North American anthems Oceanian anthems 1814 poems The Star - Spangled Banner Songs based on American history Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with too many examples All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - 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"\"The Star-Spangled Banner\" is the national anthem of the United States of America. The lyrics come from \"Defence of Fort M'Henry\",[2] a poem written on September 14, 1814, by the 35-year-old lawyer and amateur poet Francis Scott Key after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by British ships of the Royal Navy in Baltimore Harbor during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812. Key was inspired by the large American flag, the Star-Spangled Banner, flying triumphantly above the fort during the American victory."
] | [
"Fort McHenry"
] |
2489064672419533408 | Japanese pagoda | Japanese pagoda - wikipedia Japanese pagoda Multi-storied pagodas in wood and stone , and a gorintō Pagodas in Japan are called tō ( 塔 , lit . pagoda ) , sometimes buttō ( 仏塔 , lit . Buddhist pagoda ) or tōba ( 塔婆 , lit . pagoda ) and historically derive from the Chinese pagoda , itself an interpretation of the Indian stupa . Like the stupa , pagodas were originally used as reliquaries but in many cases they ended up losing this function . Pagodas are quintessentially Buddhist and an important component of Japanese Buddhist temple compounds but , because until the Kami and Buddhas Separation Act of 1868 , a Shinto shrine was normally also a Buddhist temple and vice versa , they are not rare at shrines either . The famous Itsukushima Shrine , for example , has one . After the Meiji Restoration the word tō , once used exclusively in a religious context , came to mean also `` tower '' in the western sense , as for example in Eiffel tower ( エッフェル 塔 , Efferu - tō ) . Of the Japanese pagoda 's many forms , some are built in wood and are collectively known as mokutō ( 木 塔 , lit . wood pagoda ) , but most are carved out of stone ( sekitō ( 石塔 , lit . stone pagoda ) . Wood pagodas are large buildings with either two stories ( like the tahōtō ( 多宝塔 , lit . Tahō pagoda ) , see photo below ) or an odd number of stories . Extant wood pagodas with more than two storeys have almost always either three storeys ( and are therefore called sanjū - no - tō ( 三重 塔 , lit . three - storeyed pagoda ) ) or five ( and are called gojū - no - tō ( 五重塔 , lit . five - storeyed pagoda ) . Stone pagodas are nearly always small , usually well below 3 metres , and as a rule offer no usable space . If they have more than one story , pagodas are called tasōtō ( 多層 塔 , lit . multi-storied pagoda ) or tajūtō ( 多重 塔 , lit . multi-storied pagoda ) . A pagoda 's size is measured in ken , where a ken is the interval between two pillars of a traditional - style building . A tahōtō for example can be either 5x5 ken or 3x3 ken . The word is usually translated in English as `` bay '' and is better understood as an indication of proportions than as a unit of measurement . Contents 1 History 1.1 Design and structure evolution 1.2 Loss of importance of the pagoda within the garan 2 Stone pagodas 2.1 Tasōtō or tajūtō 2.2 Hōtō 2.3 Gorintō 2.4 Hōkyōintō 2.5 Muhōtō or rantō 2.6 Kasatōba 2.7 Sōrintō 3 Wooden pagodas 3.1 Tasōtō 3.2 Hōtō 3.3 Tahōtō 3.3. 1 Daitō 3.4 Sotōba 4 Gallery of pagodas in Japan 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Bibliography History ( edit ) Japan 's oldest three - storeyed pagoda at Hokki - ji , Ikaruga , Nara Pref . It was built in 706 . The stupa was originally a simple mound containing the Buddha 's ashes which in time became more elaborate , while its finial grew proportionally larger . After reaching China , the stupa met the Chinese watchtower and evolved into the pagoda , a tower with an odd number of storeys . Its use then spread to Korea and , from there , to Japan . Following its arrival in Japan together with Buddhism in the 6th century , the pagoda became one of the focal points of the early Japanese garan . In Japan it evolved in shape , size and function , finally losing its original role as a reliquary . It also became extremely common , while on the Asian continent it is rare . With the birth of new sects in later centuries , the pagoda lost importance and was consequently relegated to the margins of the garan . Temples of the Jōdo sects rarely have a pagoda . During the Kamakura period the Zen sect arrived in Japan and their temples do not normally include a pagoda . Pagodas originally were reliquaries and did not contain sacred images , but in Japan many , for example Hōryū - ji 's five - storied pagoda , enshrine statues of various deities . To allow the opening of a room at the ground floor and therefore create some usable space , the pagoda 's central shaft , which originally reached the ground , was shortened to the upper stories , where it rested on supporting beams . In that room are enshrined statues of the temple 's main objects of worship . Inside Shingon pagodas there can be paintings of deities called Shingon Hasso ( 真言 八 祖 ) ; on the ceiling and on the central shaft there can be decorations and paintings . Design and structure evolution ( edit ) The edge of a pagoda 's eaves forms a straight line , with each following edge being shorter than the other . The more difference in length ( a parameter called teigen ( 逓減 , gradual diminution ) in Japanese ) between stories , the more solid and secure the pagoda seems to be . Both teigen and the finial are greater in older pagodas , giving them a sense of solidity . Vice versa , recent pagodas tend to be steeper and have shorter finials , creating svelter silhouettes . From the structural point of view , old pagodas had a stone base ( 心 礎 , shinso ) over which stood the main pillar ( 心 柱 , shinbashira ) . Around it would be erected the first story 's supporting pillars , then the beams supporting the eaves and so on . The other stories would be built over the completed one , and on top of the main pillar would at last be inserted the finial . In later eras , all of the supporting structures would be erected at once , and later to them were fixed parts of more cosmetic function . Early pagodas had a central pillar that penetrated deep into the ground . With the evolution of architectural techniques , it was first put to rest on a base stone at ground level , then it was shortened and put to rest on beams at the second story to allow the opening of a room . Their role within the temple declined gradually while they were being functionally replaced by main halls ( kondō ) . Originally the centerpiece of the Shingon and Tendai garan , they were moved later to its edges and finally abandoned , in particular by the Zen sects , the last to appear in Japan . Loss of importance of the pagoda within the garan ( edit ) A reconstruction of Asuka - dera 's original layout with a pagoda at its center Because of the relics they contained , wooden pagodas used to be the centerpiece of the garan , the seven edifices considered indispensable for a temple . They gradually lost importance and were replaced by the kondō ( golden hall ) , because of the magic powers believed to lie within the images the building housed . This loss of status was so complete that Zen schools , which arrived late in Japan from China , normally do not have any pagoda in their garan . The layout of four early temples clearly illustrates this trend : they are in chronological order Asuka - dera , Shitennō - ji , Hōryū - ji , and Yakushi - ji . In the first , the pagoda was at the very center of the garan surrounded by three small kondō ( see the reconstruction of the temple 's original layout ) . In the second , a single kondō is at the center of the temple and the pagoda lies in front of it . At Hōryū - ji , they are one next to the other . Yakushi - ji has a single , large kondō at the center with two pagodas on the sides . The same evolution can be observed in Buddhist temples in China . Stone pagodas ( edit ) A rare 16 - story stone pagoda at Chōshō - ji in Kamakura Stone pagodas ( sekitō ) are usually made of materials like apatite or granite , are much smaller than wooden ones and are finely carved . Often they bear sanskrit inscriptions , Buddhist figurines and Japanese lunar calendar dates nengō . Like wooden ones , they are mostly classifiable on the basis of the number of stories as tasōtō or hōtō , but there are however some styles hardly ever seen in wood , namely the gorintō , the muhōtō , the hōkyōintō and the kasatōba . Tasōtō or tajūtō ( edit ) With a few very rare exceptions , tasōtō ( also called tajūtō ) have an odd number of stories , normally comprised between three and thirteen . They are usually less than three meters tall , but they can occasionally be much taller . The tallest still extant is a 13 - story pagoda at Hannya - ji in Nara , which is 14.12 m . They are often dedicated to Buddha and offer no usable room , but some have a small space inside which holds a sacred image . In the oldest extant specimen , while the edge of each story are parallel to the ground , each successive story is smaller than the next , resulting in a strongly slanted curve . More modern tasōtō tend to have a less pronounced curve . Media related to tasōtō at Wikimedia Commons Hōtō ( edit ) A hōtō at Ankokuron - ji A hōtō ( 宝塔 , lit . jewel stupa ) is a pagoda consisting of four parts : a low foundation stone , a cylindrical body with a rounded top , a four - sided roof and a finial . Unlike the similar tahōtō ( see section below ) it has no enclosed pent roof ( mokoshi ) around its circular core . Like the tahōtō it takes its name from Buddhist deity Tahō Nyorai . The hōtō was born during the early Heian period , when the Tendai and Shingon sects first arrived in Japan . Indeed , because it does not exist on the Asian continent , it is believed to have been invented in Japan . There used to exist full - size hōtō , but almost only miniature ones survive , normally made of stone and / or metal . Media related to hōtō at Wikimedia Commons Gorintō ( edit ) Main article : Gorintō A gorintō The gorintō ( 五輪塔 , lit . five ring tower ) is a pagoda found almost only in Japan and believed to have been first adopted by the Shingon and Tendai sects during the mid Heian period . It is used as a tomb marker or as a cenotaph , and is therefore a common sight in Buddhist temples and cemeteries . It is also called gorinsotōba ( 五輪 卒塔婆 ) ( `` five - ringed stupa '' ) or goringedatsu ( 五輪 解脱 ) , where the term sotoba is a transliteration of the Sanskrit word stupa . In all its variations , the gorintō is made of five blocks ( although that number can sometimes be difficult to detect ) , each having one of the five shapes which symbolize of the Five Elements believed to be the basic building blocks of reality : earth ( cube ) , water ( sphere ) , fire ( pyramid ) , air ( crescent ) , and ether , energy , or void ( lotus ) . The last two rings ( air and ether ) are visually and conceptually united into a single subgroup . Media related to gorintō at Wikimedia Commons Hōkyōintō ( edit ) Main article : Hōkyōintō A hōkyōintō The hōkyōintō ( 宝 篋 印 塔 ) is a large stone pagoda so called because it originally contained the Hōkyōin ( 宝 篋 印 ) dharani ( 陀羅尼 ) sūtra . It was originally used as a cenotaph for the King of Wuyue - Qian Liu in China . The hōkyōintō tradition in Japan is believed to have begun during the Asuka period ( 550 -- 710 CE ) . They used to be made of wood and started to be made in stone only during the Kamakura period . It is also during this period that they started to be used as tombstones and cenotaphs . The hōkyōintō started to be made in its present form during the Kamakura period . Like a gorintō , it is divided in five main sections representing the five elements of Japanese cosmology . The sūtra it sometimes hides contain all the pious deeds of a Tathagata Buddha , and the faithful believe that , by praying in front of the hōkyōintō , their sins will be canceled , during their lives they will be protected from disasters and after death they will go to heaven . Media related to hōkyōintō at Wikimedia Commons Muhōtō or rantō ( edit ) A muhōtō The muhōtō ( 無 縫 塔 , lit . no stitch tower ) or rantō ( 卵 塔 , lit . egg tower ) is a pagoda which usually marks the gravesite of a Buddhist priest . It was originally used by just the Zen schools , but it was later adopted by the others too . Its characteristic egg - shaped upper portion is supposed to be a phallic symbol . Media related to muhōtō at Wikimedia Commons Kasatōba ( edit ) A kasatōba ( 笠 塔婆 , umbrella stupa ) ( see photo in the gallery below ) is simply a square stone post placed over a square base and covered by a pyramidal roof . Over the roof stand a bowl - shaped stone and a lotus - shaped stone . The shaft can be carved with Sanskrit words or low - relief images of Buddhist gods . Within the shaft there can be stone wheels which allow the faithful to turn the stupa around while praying as with a prayer wheel . Media related to kasatōba at Wikimedia Commons Sōrintō ( edit ) The sōrintō ( 相輪 橖 ) is a type of small pagoda consisting just of a pole and a sōrin . Wooden pagodas ( edit ) Tasōtō ( edit ) Yakushi - ji 's Eastern Pagoda Wooden tasōtō are pagodas with an odd number of stories . Some may appear to have an even number because of the presence between stories of purely decorative enclosed pent roofs called mokoshi A famous example is Yakushi - ji 's eastern pagoda ( see photo to the left ) , which seems to have six stories but has in fact only three . Another is the tahōtō ( see below ) , which has a single story , plus a mokoshi under its roof , and seems therefore to have two stories . There existed specimen with seven or nine stories , but all extant ones have either three ( and are therefore called sanjū - no - tō ( 三重 塔 , lit . three - storied pagoda ) ) or five ( and are called gojū - no - tō ( 五重塔 , lit . five - storied pagoda ). ( Tanzan Jinja in Sakurai , Nara , has a pagoda having thirteen , which however for structural reasons is classified separately , and is not considered a tasōtō . ) The oldest three - storied pagoda stands at Nara 's Hokki - ji and was built between 685 and 706 . The oldest extant five - storied pagoda belongs to Hōryū - ji and was built some time during the Asuka period ( 538 - 710 ) . The tallest wooden tasōtō belongs to Tō - ji , Kyoto . It has five stories and is 54 m tall . Media related to tasōtō at Wikimedia Commons Hōtō ( edit ) A hōtō at Yakuō - ji , Tokushima prefecture A wooden hōtō is a rare type of pagoda consisting of four parts : a low foundation stone , a cylindrical body with a rounded top , a pyramidal roof and a finial . Unlike the similar tahōtō ( see section below ) it has no square enclosed pent roof ( mokoshi ) around its cylindrical core . Like the tahōtō it takes its name from Buddhist deity Tahō Nyorai . The hōtō was born during the early Heian period , when the Tendai and Shingon Buddhist sects first arrived in Japan . There used to be many full - size hōtō , but almost only miniature ones survive , normally made of stone and / or metal . A good example of full - size hōtō can be seen at Ikegami Honmon - ji in Nishi - magome , Tokyo . The pagoda is 17.4 meter tall and 5.7 meter wide . Media related to hōtō at Wikimedia Commons Tahōtō ( edit ) Main article : Tahōtō Negoro - ji 's daitō The tahōtō is a type of wooden pagoda unique for having an even number of stories ( two ) , the first square with a rounded core , the second circular . This style of tō was created surrounding the cylindrical base of a hōtō ( see above ) with a square , roofed corridor called mokoshi . The core of the pagoda has just one story with its ceiling below the circular second story , which is inaccessible . Like the tasōtō and the rōmon , in spite of its appearance it therefore offers usable space only at the ground floor . Because its kind does not exist either in Korea or in China , it is believed to have been invented in Japan during the Heian period ( 794 - 1185 ) . The tahōtō was important enough to be considered one of the seven indispensable buildings ( the so - called shichidō garan ) of a Shingon temple . Kūkai himself is responsible for the construction of the tahōto at Mount Kōya 's Kongōbu - ji . Daitō ( edit ) The floorplan of Negoro - ji 's daitō Usually the base of a tahōtō is 3 - ken across with four main , supporting pillars called shitenbashira ( 四 天 柱 ) at the corners ( see drawing ) . The room the shitenbashira form houses a sanctuary where the main objects of worship ( the gohonzon ) are enshrined . Larger , 5x5 ken tahōtō however exist and are called daitō ( 大塔 , lit . large pagoda ) because of their dimensions . This is the only type of tahōtō to retain the original structure with a wall separating the corridor ( mokoshi ) from the core of the structure . This type of pagoda used to be common but , of all daitō ever built , only three are still extant . One is at Wakayama prefecture 's Negoro - ji , another at Kongōbu - ji , again in Wakayama , and the last at Kirihata - dera , Tokushima prefecture . The daitō at Kongōbu - ji was founded by Shingon sect 's Kūkai . The specimen found at Negoro - ji ( see photo above ) is 30.85 meters tall and a National Treasure . Media related to daitō at Wikimedia Commons Media related to tahōtō at Wikimedia Commons Sotōba ( edit ) Often offertory strips of wood with five subdivisions and covered with elaborate inscriptions called sotōba ( 卒塔婆 ) can be found at tombs in Japanese cemeteries ( see photo in the gallery below ) . The inscriptions contain sūtra and the posthumous name of the dead person . Their name derives from the Sanskrit stūpa , and they can be also considered pagodas . Media related to Sotōba at Wikimedia Commons Gallery of pagodas in Japan ( edit ) A gorintō A hōkyōintō A hōtō A stone tasōtō Two kasatōba at Hannya - ji , Nara Ichijō - ji 's sanjū - no - tō ( three storied pagoda ) . It was built in 1171 . Murō - ji 's gojū - no - tō ( five storied pagoda ) . It was built in 800 . A pagoda at a Shinto shrine , Itsukushima Shrine A sotōba . Clearly visible is the division in five sections A sorintō See also ( edit ) Shinbashira , the suspended wooden column inside . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Odd numbers are strongly favoured by Chinese numerology and Buddhism . They are supposed to represent yang , that is , the male and positive principle , and are therefore considered lucky . Jump up ^ Temple compound , ideally composed of seven buildings . Jump up ^ Besides being decorative in themselves , they are also used also to hide structural components which would otherwise mar the pagoda 's feel . Jump up ^ On the subject , see also the articles Hisashi , Mokoshi and Moya . Jump up ^ For reasons of space , however , the wall separating the mokoshi from the core of the pagoda is present only in large tahōtō called daitō ( see the next section ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Iwanami Kōjien Japanese dictionary ^ Jump up to : Jaanus , Tou Jump up ^ Hamashima , Masashi ( 1999 ) . Jisha Kenchiku no Kanshō Kiso Chishiki ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo : Shibundō . p. 88 . Jump up ^ Fujita Masaya , Koga Shūsaku , ed. ( April 10 , 1990 ) . Nihon Kenchiku - shi ( in Japanese ) ( September 30 , 2008 ed . ) . Shōwa - dō . p. 79 . ISBN 4 - 8122 - 9805 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Fujita & Koga 2008 , pp. 79 -- 81 Jump up ^ Scheid , Japanische Pagoden ^ Jump up to : * Tamura , Yoshiro ( 2000 ) . Japanese Buddhism - A Cultural History ( First ed . ) . Tokyo : Kosei Publishing Company . pp. 40 -- 41 pages . ISBN 4 - 333 - 01684 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : JAANUS , Sekitou Jump up ^ JAANUS , Tasoutou ^ Jump up to : JAANUS , Houtou ^ Jump up to : JAANUS - Gorintou ^ Jump up to : Yatsushiro Municipal Museum Jump up ^ JAANUS - Muhoutou Jump up ^ JAANUS - Kasatouba ^ Jump up to : JAANUS , Daitou Bibliography ( edit ) Iwanami Kōjien ( 広辞苑 ) Japanese dictionary , 6th Edition ( 2008 ) , DVD version `` JAANUS '' . Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System . Retrieved 19 August 2010 . Fujita Masaya , Koga Shūsaku , ed. ( April 10 , 1990 ) . Nihon Kenchiku - shi ( in Japanese ) ( September 30 , 2008 ed . ) . Shōwa - dō . ISBN 4 - 8122 - 9805 - 9 . Scheid , Bernhard . `` Japanische Pagoden '' ( in German ) . University of Vienna . Retrieved 19 August 2010 . Shinkō no Katachi - Hōkyōintō , Yatsushiro Municipal Museum , accessed on September 18 , 2008 ( in Japanese ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pagodas in Japan . Elements of Japanese architecture Styles Buddhist Buke Daibutsuyō Gassho Giyōfū Hachiman Hirairi Hiyoshi ( Hie ) Imperial Crown style ( Teikanyōshiki ) Irimoya Ishi - no - ma Kasuga Kibitsu Nagare Ōbaku Zen Setchūyō Shinden Shinmei Shinto Shoin Sukiya Sumiyoshi Taisha Wayō Zenshūyō Model of Himeji Castle Types of building Butsuden Castle Chashitsu Dō Haiden Heiden Hokora Hōkyōintō Kura Kyōzō Machiya Main Hall Minka Setsumatsusha Shōrō Tahōtō Japanese pagoda Yagura Roof styles Hidden Irimoya Karahafu Structural Burdock piling Chigi Disordered piling Engawa Fusuma Hisashi Irimoya - zukuri Irori Jinmaku Katōmado Katsuogi Kuruwa Mokoshi Moya Nakazonae Namako wall Nightingale floor Onigawara Ranma Shōji ( washi ) Sōrin Tamagaki Tatami Tokonoma Tokyō Tsumairi Shibi Gates Approaches Genkan Kairō Karamon Mon Nijūmon Niōmon Rōmon Sandō Sanmon Sōmon Torii ( Mihashira ) Rooms Chashitsu Daidokoro Mizuya Shoin Toilets Washitsu Furnishings Butsudan Byōbu Chabudai Emakimono Furo Futon Getabako Kaidan dansu Kamado Kamidana Kichō Kotatsu Misu Noren Sudare Tamaya Tansu Zabuton Zafu Outdoor objects Chōzuya ( Temizuya ) Ishigantō Komainu Tōrō Measurements Ken Koku Ri Shaku Sun Organizations Architectural Institute of Japan Japan Institute of Architects Metabolist Movement Related topics Groups of Traditional Buildings Iki Japanese garden ( rock ( Zen ) ) Ryokan Sentō Wabi - sabi Yabo National Treasures Castles Residences Shrines Temples Other structures Buddhist temples in Japan Japanese Buddhist architecture Architectonic elements hidden roof hisashi irimoya kaerumata : see nakazonae kairō karahafu karesansui kentozuka : see nakazonae komainu katōmado mokoshi moya nakazonae Niō or Kongōrikishi sandō shichidō garan shōrō sōrin tokyō tōrō onigawara Mon ( gates ) karamon nijūmon niōmon rōmon sanmon sōmon torii Buildings Chinjusha chōzuya / temizuya - dō main hall ( kon - dō , hon - dō , butsuden ) kuri kyōzō or kyō - dō shoin Japanese pagodas gorintō hōkyōintō hōtō kasatōba sotōba muhōtō tahōtō Styles Daibutsuyō Wayō Setchūyō Shoin - zukuri Shin - Wayō Zenshūyō Ōbaku Zen architecture Others A-un ken Schools and objects of worship Major schools Jōdo Nichiren Shingon Tendai Zen schools Sōtō Ōbaku Rinzai Nanto rokushū Jōjitsu Hossō Kusha Kegon Ritsu Sanron Objects of worship Amida Nyōrai Benzaiten Dainichi Nyorai Jizō Kannon Marishi - ten Shaka Nyorai Shitennō ( Four Kings ) Twelve Heavenly Generals ( Jūni Shinshō ) Yakushi Nyorai Other elements Implements kei ( ritual gong ) mokugyō Others bussokuseki butsudan Glossary of Japanese Buddhism Japanese Buddhist pantheon jingū - ji miyadera saisenbako Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_pagoda&oldid=848254482 '' Categories : Japanese pagodas Shinto shrines Japanese architectural history Buddhist buildings Buddhism in Japan Buddhist architecture Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Edit links This page was last edited on 30 June 2018 , at 19 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the reason japanese pagoda roofs decline in size is | [
"The edge of a pagoda's eaves forms a straight line, with each following edge being shorter than the other. The more difference in length (a parameter called teigen (逓減, gradual diminution) in Japanese) between stories, the more solid and secure the pagoda seems to be. Both teigen and the finial are greater in older pagodas, giving them a sense of solidity.[5] Vice versa, recent pagodas tend to be steeper and have shorter finials, creating svelter silhouettes.\n"
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"the more solid and secure the pagoda seems to be"
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-8447395283539876599 | Midnight sun | Midnight sun - wikipedia Midnight sun For other uses , see Midnight sun ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Altafjord in Alta , Norway , bathed in the midnight sun . Midnight sun at the North Cape on the island of Magerøya in Norway The midnight sun is a natural phenomenon that occurs in the summer months in places north of the Arctic Circle or south of the Antarctic Circle , when the sun remains visible at the local midnight . Contents 1 Details 2 Time zones and daylight saving time 3 White nights 4 Duration 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Details ( edit ) Around the summer solstice ( approximately 21 June in the Northern Hemisphere and 22 December in the Southern Hemisphere ) , the sun is visible for the full 24 hours , given fair weather . The number of days per year with potential midnight sun increases the closer towards either pole one goes . Although approximately defined by the polar circles , in practice the midnight sun can be seen as much as 55 miles ( 90 km ) outside the polar circle , as described below , and the exact latitudes of the farthest reaches of midnight sun depend on topography and vary slightly year - to - year . Midnight Sun seen from airplane while passing Greenland Because there are no permanent human settlements south of the Antarctic Circle , apart from research stations , the countries and territories whose populations experience the midnight sun are limited to those crossed by the Arctic Circle : the Canadian Yukon , Nunavut , and Northwest Territories ; the nations of Iceland , Finland , Norway , Sweden , Denmark ( Greenland ) , Russia ; and the State of Alaska in the United States . A quarter of Finland 's territory lies north of the Arctic Circle , and at the country 's northernmost point the sun does not set at all for 60 days during summer . In Svalbard , Norway , the northernmost inhabited region of Europe , there is no sunset from approximately 19 April to 23 August . The extreme sites are the poles , where the sun can be continuously visible for half the year . The North Pole has midnight sun for 6 months from late March to late September . The opposite phenomenon , polar night , occurs in winter , when the sun stays below the horizon throughout the day . Since the axial tilt of the Earth is considerable ( approximately 23 degrees 27 minutes ) , the sun does not set at high latitudes in local summer . The sun remains continuously visible for one day during the summer solstice at the polar circle , for several weeks only 100 km ( 62 mi ) closer to the pole , and for six months at the pole . At extreme latitudes , the midnight sun is usually referred to as polar day . At the poles themselves , the sun rises and sets only once each year on the equinox . During the six months that the sun is above the horizon , it spends the days continuously moving in circles around the observer , gradually spiralling higher and reaching its highest circuit of the sky at the summer solstice . Because of atmospheric refraction , and also because the sun is a disc rather than a point , the midnight sun may be experienced at latitudes slightly below the polar circle , though not exceeding one degree ( depending on local conditions ) . For example , Iceland is known for its midnight sun , even though most of it ( Grímsey is the exception ) is slightly south of the Arctic Circle . For the same reasons , the period of sunlight at the poles is slightly longer than six months . Even the northern extremities of Scotland ( and places at similar latitudes , such as St. Petersburg ) experience twilight throughout the night in the northern sky at around the summer solstice . Observers at heights appreciably above sea level can experience extended periods of midnight sun as a result of the `` dip '' of the horizon viewed from altitude . Time zones and daylight saving time ( edit ) The term `` midnight sun '' refers to the consecutive 24 - hour periods of sunlight experienced north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle . Other phenomena are sometimes referred to as `` midnight sun '' , but they are caused by time zones and the observance of daylight saving time . For instance , in Fairbanks , Alaska , which is south of the Arctic Circle , the sun sets at 12 : 47 am at the summer solstice . This is because Fairbanks is 51 minutes ahead of its idealized time zone ( as most of the state is in one time zone ) and Alaska observes daylight saving time . ( Fairbanks is at about 147.72 degrees west , corresponding to UTC − 9 hours 51 minutes , and is on UTC − 9 in winter . ) This means that solar culmination occurs at about 12 : 51 pm instead of at 12 noon . If a precise moment for the genuine `` midnight sun '' is required , the observer 's longitude , the local civil time and the equation of time must be taken into account . The moment of the sun 's closest approach to the horizon coincides with its passing due north at the observer 's position , which occurs only approximately at midnight in general . Each degree of longitude east of the Greenwich meridian makes the vital moment exactly 4 minutes earlier than midnight as shown on the clock , while each hour that the local civil time is ahead of coordinated universal time ( UTC , also known as GMT ) makes the moment an hour later . These two effects must be added . Furthermore , the equation of time ( which depends on the date ) must be added : a positive value on a given date means that the sun is running slightly ahead of its average position , so the value must be subtracted . As an example , at the North Cape of Norway at midnight on June 21 / 22 , the longitude of 25.9 degrees east makes the moment 103.2 minutes earlier by clock time ; but the local time , 2 hours ahead of GMT in the summer , makes it 120 minutes later by clock time . The equation of time at that date is - 2.0 minutes . Therefore , the sun 's lowest elevation occurs 120 - 103.2 + 2.0 minutes after midnight : at 00.19 Central European Summer time . On other nearby dates the only thing different is the equation of time , so this remains a reasonable estimate for a considerable period . The sun 's altitude remains within half a degree of the minimum of about 5 degrees for about 45 minutes either side of this time . White Nights ( edit ) Main article : White Night festivals Locations where the sun remains less than 6 ( or 7 ) degrees below the horizon -- above 60 ° 34 ' ( or 59 ° 34 ' ) latitude south of the Arctic Circle or north of the Antarctic Circle -- experience midnight twilight instead of midnight sun , so that daytime activities , such as reading , are still possible without artificial light on a clear night . White Nights have become a common symbol of Saint Petersburg , Russia , where they occur from about 11 June to 2 July , and the last 10 days of June are celebrated with cultural events known as the White Nights Festival . Duration ( edit ) Map showing the dates of midnight sun at various latitudes ( left ) and the total number of nights . Even though at the Arctic Circle the center of the sun is , per definition , only visible during one summer night , some part of the midnight sun is visible at the Arctic Circle from approximately 12 June until 1 July . This period extends as one travels north : At Cape Nordkinn , Norway , the northernmost point of Continental Europe , the midnight sun lasts approximately from 14 May to 29 July . On the Svalbard archipelago farther north , it lasts from 20 April to 22 August . See also ( edit ) Environment portal Pytheas , ancient Greek geographer from Massalia and first person to describe the midnight sun Eagle Summit , which , because of its altitude , experiences the midnight sun despite being south of the Arctic Circle Polar night , the opposite phenomenon experienced in winter : a day without sunrise . Midnight Sun Solar Race Team : With the midnight sun phenomenon , a solar - powered vehicle can continue driving 24 hours a day . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What is the Midnight Sun Phenomenon ? Earth Phenomena Planetary Science '' . Scribd . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ H. Spencer Jones , General Astronomy ( Edward Arnold , London , 1922 ) , Chapters I - III ^ Jump up to : Great Soviet Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Trygve B. Haugan , ed . Det Nordlige Norge Fra Trondheim Til Midnattssolens Land ( Trondheim : Reisetrafikkforeningen for Trondheim og Trøndelag. 1940 ) Further reading ( edit ) Lutgens F.K. , Tarbuck E.J. ( 2007 ) The Atmosphere , Tenth Edition , page 39 , PEARSON , Prentice Hall , NJ . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Midnight sun . Midnight sun seen from Fjellheisen Tromsø - 360 panorama Parts of a day Dawn -- Twilight -- Sunrise Morning Daytime Evening Sunset -- Twilight -- Dusk Night Related articles : Belt of Venus Blue hour Golden hour Terminator Daylight Forenoon Noon Afternoon Midnight Midnight sun Polar night Zodiacal light Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Midnight_sun&oldid=854635938 '' Categories : Earth phenomena Arctic geography terminology Sun Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 43 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 19 : 44 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when does the arctic circle get 24 hours of daylight | [
"The midnight sun is a natural phenomenon that occurs in the summer months in places north of the Arctic Circle or south of the Antarctic Circle, when the sun remains visible at the local midnight. \n"
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7946466993611256706 | Acrosome reaction | Acrosome reaction - wikipedia Acrosome reaction Jump to : navigation , search Acrosome reaction on a Sea Urchin cell During fertilization , a sperm must first fuse with the plasma membrane and then penetrate the female egg in order to fertilize it . Fusing to the egg usually causes little problem , whereas penetrating through the egg 's hard shell or extracellular matrix can present more of a problem to the sperm . Therefore , sperm cells go through a process known as the acrosome reaction which is the reaction that occurs in the acrosome of the sperm as it approaches the egg . The acrosome is a cap - like structure over the anterior half of the sperm 's head . As the sperm approaches the zona pellucida of the egg , which is necessary for initiating the acrosome reaction , the membrane surrounding the acrosome fuses with the plasma membrane of the sperm 's head , exposing the contents of the acrosome . The contents include surface antigens necessary for binding to the egg 's cell membrane , and numerous enzymes which are responsible for breaking through the egg 's tough coating and allowing fertilization to occur . Contents ( hide ) 1 Variations among species 1.1 Echinoderms 1.2 Mammals 2 The process 3 In in vitro fertilization 3.1 Assessment 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Variations among species ( edit ) There are considerable species variations in the morphology and consequences of the acrosome reaction . In several species the trigger for the acrosome reaction has been identified in a layer that surrounds the egg . Echinoderms ( edit ) In some lower animal species a protuberance ( the acrosomal process ) forms at the apex of the sperm head , supported by a core of actin microfilaments . The membrane at the tip of the acrosomal process fuses with the egg 's plasma membrane . In some echinoderms , including starfish and sea urchins , a major portion of the exposed acrosomal content contains a protein that temporarily holds the sperm on the egg 's surface . Mammals ( edit ) In mammals the acrosome reaction releases hyaluronidase and acrosin ; their role in fertilization is not yet clear . The acrosomal reaction does not begin until the sperm comes into contact with the oocyte 's zona pellucida . Upon coming into contact with the zona pellucida , the acrosomal enzymes begin to dissolve and the actin filament comes into contact with the zona pellucida . Once the two meet , a calcium influx occurs , causing a signaling cascade . The cortical granules inside the oocyte then fuse to the outer membrane and a transient fast block reaction occurs . It also alters a patch of pre-existing sperm plasma membrane so that it can fuse with the egg plasma membrane . A sperm penetration assay includes an acrosome reaction test that assesses how well a sperm is able to perform during the fertilization process . Sperm that are unable to properly go through the acrosome reaction will not be able to fertilize an egg . However , this problem only occurs in about 5 % of men that have the test done . This test is rather expensive and provides limited information on a man 's fertility . In other cases , such as in the wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus , premature acrosome reactions have been found to cause increased motility in aggregates of spermatozoa promoting fertilization The process ( edit ) The acrosomal reaction normally takes place in the ampulla of the fallopian tube ( site of fertilization ) when the sperm penetrates the secondary oocyte . A few events precede the actual acrosome reaction . The sperm cell acquires a `` hyperactive motility pattern '' by which its flagellum produces vigorous whip - like movements that propel the sperm through the cervical canal and uterine cavity , until it reaches the isthmus of the fallopian tube . The sperm approaches the ovum in the ampulla of the fallopian tube with the help of various mechanisms , including chemotaxis . Glycoproteins on the outer surface of the sperm then bind with glycoproteins on the zona pellucida of the ovum . The first stage is the penetration of corona radiata , by releasing hyaluronidase from the acrosome to digest cumulus cells surrounding the oocyte and exposing acrosin attached to the inner membrane of the sperm . The cumulus cells are embedded in a gel - like substance made primarily of hyaluronic acid , and developed in the ovary with the egg and support it as it grows . After reaching the zona pellucida the actual acrosome reaction begins . Acrosin digests the zona pellucida and membrane of the oocyte . Part of the sperm 's cell membrane then fuses with the egg cell 's membrane , and the contents of the head sink into the egg . In the mouse it has been demonstrated that ZP3 , one of the proteins that make up the zona pellucida , binds to a partner molecule ( to the β1 , 4 - galactosyl transferase receptors ) on the sperm . This lock - and - key type mechanism is species - specific and prevents the sperm and egg of different species from fusing . The zona pellucida also releases Ca granules to prevent additional sperm from binding . There is some evidence that this binding is what triggers the acrosome to release the enzymes that allow the sperm to fuse with the egg . It is likely that a similar mechanism occurs in other mammals , but the diversity of zona proteins across species means that the relevant protein and receptor may differ . Upon penetration , if all is occurring normally , the process of egg - activation occurs and the oocyte is said to have become activated . This is thought to be induced by a specific protein phospholipase c zeta . It undergoes its secondary meiotic division , and the two haploid nuclei ( paternal and maternal ) fuse to form a zygote . In order to prevent polyspermy and minimise the possibility of producing a triploid zygote , several changes to the egg 's cell membranes renders them impenetrable shortly after the first sperm enters the egg . The aforementioned process describes the physiologically relevant events . One should however bear in mind that a certain percentage of sperm cells will undergo a spontaneous acrosome reaction without the presence of the ovum . Those cells are not able to fertilise the egg , even if they do reach it later . Other cells will spontaneously shed their acrosome during the process of apoptosis / necrosis . In in vitro fertilization ( edit ) When using intracytoplasmic sperm injection ( ICSI ) for IVF , the implantation rate is higher in oocytes injected with spermatozoa that have undergone acrosome reaction ( ~ 40 % ) vs. those injected with nonreacted spermatozoa ( ~ 10 % ) . The implantation rate is ~ 25 % in when injected with both reacted and nonreacted spermatozoa . The delivery rate per cycle follows the same trend . The acrosome reaction can be stimulated in vitro by substances a sperm cell may encounter naturally such as progesterone or follicular fluid , as well as the more commonly used calcium ionophore A23187 . Assessment ( edit ) Birefringence microscopy , flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy can be used for assessing the shedding of the acrosome or `` acrosome reaction '' of a sperm sample . Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy are usually done after staining with a fluoresceinated lectin such as FITC - PNA , FITC - PSA , FITC - ConA , or fluoresceinated antibody such as FITC - CD46 . The antibodies / lectins have a high specificity for different parts of the acrosomal region , and will only bind to a specific site ( acrosomal content / inner / outer membrane ) . If bound to a fluorescent molecule , regions where these probes have bound can be visualised . Sperm cells with artificially induced acrosome reactions may serve as positive controls . For fluorescence microscopy a smear of washed sperm cells are made , airdried , permealized and then stained . Such a slide is then viewed under light of a wavelength that will cause the probe to fluoresce if it is bound to the acrosomal region . At least 200 cells are viewed in an arbitrary fashion and classified as either acrosome intact ( fluorescing bright green ) or acrosome reacted ( no probe present , or only on the equatorial region ) . It is then expressed as a percentage of the counted cells . For assessment with flow cytometry the washed cells are incubated with the chosen probe , ( possibly washed again ) and then sampled in a flow cytometer . After gating the cell population according to forward - and side - scatter the resulting data can be analysed ( E.g. mean fluorescences compared ) . With this technique a probe for viability , like propidium iodide ( PI ) could also be included in order to exclude dead cells from the acrosome assessment , since many sperm cells will spontaneously lose their acrosome when they die . See also ( edit ) Cortical reaction Hamster zona - free ovum test ZP3 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Swiss Virtual Campus . `` Chapter 4 , Fertilization '' . Human Embryology . universities of Fribourg , Lausanne and Bern . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Your path to fertility : Acrosome Reaction . 2007 . doi : http://www.sharedjourney.com/define/mcp.html Jump up ^ Moore , Harry et al. , Exceptional sperm cooperation in Wood Mouse . Nature 418 , 174 - 177 ( 2002 ) . ^ Jump up to : Gianaroli L , Magli MC , Ferraretti AP , et al. ( December 2008 ) . `` Birefringence characteristics in sperm heads allow for the selection of reacted spermatozoa for intracytoplasmic sperm injection '' . Fertil . Steril. 93 ( 3 ) : 807 -- 813 . PMID 19064263 . doi : 10.1016 / j. fertnstert. 2008.10. 024 . Jump up ^ Miyazaki et al. Archives of Andrology 25 : 243 - 251 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Carver - Ward et al. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics , Vol. 14 , no . 2 , 1997 External links ( edit ) Acrosome reaction at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Physiology : 5 / 5ch8 / s5ch8_21 - Essentials of Human Physiology Animation at stanford.edu Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acrosome_reaction&oldid=766222829 '' Categories : Andrology Animal reproductive system Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Қазақша 日本 語 Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2017 , at 23 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does the acrosome do in a sperm cell | [
"In mammals the acrosome reaction releases hyaluronidase and acrosin; their role in fertilization is not yet clear. The acrosomal reaction does not begin until the sperm comes into contact with the oocyte's zona pellucida. Upon coming into contact with the zona pellucida, the acrosomal enzymes begin to dissolve and the actin filament comes into contact with the zona pellucida. Once the two meet, a calcium influx occurs, causing a signaling cascade. The cortical granules inside the oocyte then fuse to the outer membrane and a transient fast block reaction occurs."
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"releases hyaluronidase and acrosin"
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6187371616223609870 | The Joker (The Dark Knight) | The Joker ( the Dark Knight ) - wikipedia The Joker ( the Dark Knight ) This is the current revision of this page , as edited by 2601 : 583 : c002 : 618a : edb9 : 1b9e : 6520 : 2b8e ( talk ) at 22 : 31 , 16 August 2017 . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 22 : 31 , 16 August 2017 by 2601 : 583 : c002 : 618a : edb9 : 1b9e : 6520 : 2b8e ( talk ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search The Joker The Dark Knight Trilogy character Heath Ledger as the Joker First appearance The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Last appearance The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Created by Christopher Nolan David S. Goyer Portrayed by Heath Ledger The Joker is a fictional supervillain from American comic book publisher DC Comics and the main antagonist in Christopher Nolan 's 2008 superhero film The Dark Knight . He was portrayed by late Australian actor Heath Ledger . Ledger 's interpretation of the character is specifically influenced by the graphic novels Batman : The Killing Joke and Arkham Asylum : A Serious House on Serious Earth . In the film , he wears the character 's traditional color palette , while his facial appearance includes clown makeup that covers facial scars of a Glasgow smile . The film 's interpretation of the Joker embodies themes of chaos , anarchy and obsession : Throughout the film , the character expresses a desire to upset social order through crime , and defines himself by his conflict with Batman . The character also explores techniques found in Ledger 's previous performances , including his clown act in Terry Gilliam 's fantasy film The Brothers Grimm . Further , it references paintings by artist Francis Bacon , Anthony Burgess ' novel A Clockwork Orange and various punk rock musicians . The Joker is considered Ledger 's finest performance ; he himself regarded it as his most enjoyable . When the film was released in July 2008 , six months after the actor had died from an accidental prescription drug overdose , the performance caused a sensation and received universal acclaim and numerous posthumous accolades , including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fictional character biography 1.1 The Dark Knight 2 Background 3 Performance 3.1 Description 3.2 Development 3.3 Execution 3.3. 1 Effects of Heath Ledger 's death 4 Reception and legacy 4.1 Announcement and early response 4.2 Critical reception 5 See also 6 References Fictional character biography ( edit ) The Dark Knight ( edit ) Main article : The Dark Knight ( film ) The Joker appears in The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) . In the film 's first scene , he and five accomplices , all wearing clown masks , rob a mob - owned bank . He tricks four of them into killing each other , then kills the last one himself and escapes with the money . Interrupting a videoconference between mob leaders Sal Maroni ( Eric Roberts ) , the Chechen ( Ritchie Coster ) and Gambol ( Michael Jai White ) with their accountant Lau ( Chin Han ) , he offers to kill Batman for half of the mob 's money . Gambol refuses the offer and puts a bounty on the `` clown '' . Later , the Joker kills Gambol and takes over his gang . After learning that Batman ( Christian Bale ) has retrieved Lau , Maroni and the Chechen accept the Joker 's offer . The Joker announces that people will die each day until Batman reveals his true identity , and makes good on his threat by murdering Gotham Police Commissioner Gillian B. Loeb ( Colin McFarlane ) and mob trial Judge Janet Surillo ( Nydia Rodriguez Terracina ) . When Gotham 's district attorney , Harvey Dent ( Aaron Eckhart ) , attempts to draw him out by identifying himself as Batman , the Joker tries to kidnap him , only to be arrested . Batman interrogates him after Dent goes missing . The Joker also reveals that Dent 's girlfriend ( and Bruce Wayne 's childhood sweetheart ) Rachel Dawes ( Maggie Gyllenhaal ) has also gone missing and reveals their separate locations , both rigged up to time bombs . Switching their whereabouts , the Joker tricks Batman into saving Dent , who is disfigured in the explosion , while Rachel is killed . The Joker then escapes the police station with Lau , who had previously fled to Hong Kong only to be captured by Batman . The Joker kills Lau and the Chechen , burns his half of the mob 's money , and takes over the Chechen 's gang . Then , to prevent Wayne Enterprises M&A law accountant Coleman Reese ( Joshua Harto ) from revealing Batman 's alter ego on TV , he announces that he will blow up a hospital if Reese is not dead within 60 minutes . During the panic , the Joker sneaks into Gotham General Hospital disguised as a nurse to meet with Dent , and persuades him to take revenge on the people he holds responsible for Rachel 's death . He then blows up the hospital and takes a busload of hostages . He rigs explosives on two of the ferries separately containing citizens and criminals and tells the passengers that he will destroy both boats unless one blows up the other . Ultimately , however , the hostages choose not to blow each other up . Batman subsequently apprehends the Joker , who states that neither will kill each other and believes that they are meant to fight each other forever . The Joker gloats that he has won `` the battle for Gotham 's soul '' , as the city 's inhabitants will lose hope once Dent 's rampage as the murderous vigilante `` Two - Face '' become known . The Joker is then taken into custody as he laughs hysterically . Batman ultimately foils the Joker 's plan by taking the blame for Dent 's crimes . Background ( edit ) `` ... I feel like this is an opportunity for me to not take myself too seriously , and for some reason I just gravitated towards ( The Joker ) and I knew I had something to give to him . And I just instantly had an idea of how to do it . '' -- Heath Ledger on why he preferred playing the super-villain . As a starting actor , Heath Ledger did not attach himself seriously to the roles he was playing . This changed , however , when at age 22 he started to watch some of his films . Realizing that they were movies he himself might not actually have wanted to see , it made him more cautious and respectful towards his professional choices . The 2005 fantasy film The Brothers Grimm marked a turning point for the actor as director Terry Gilliam gave Ledger ( and his co-star , Matt Damon ) opportunities to create characters they had not been given before . Gilliam helped Ledger put on a clown act for that film , an experience the actor later acknowledged as an influence for his performance as the Joker . Director Christopher Nolan had met with Ledger over the years for different roles . While meeting for the part of Batman in Batman Begins , Ledger explained that he was not interested in working on such a film . The actor reflected on his problems with portraying superheroes , saying ; `` I would just feel stupid and silly . I could n't pull it off and there are other people who can perfectly , but I just could n't take myself seriously . '' However , later impressed with Batman Begins , Ledger sought the part of the Joker from Nolan . Impressed with Ledger 's determination , Nolan cast him in the part . `` Heath was just ready to do it , he was ready to do something that big . '' Casting director John Papsidera reflected on the casting choice , saying the filmmakers knew they needed somebody courageous to play the part . Heath Ledger was cast before there was a script . Performance ( edit ) Heath Ledger described the Joker as a `` psychopathic , mass murdering , schizophrenic clown with zero empathy . '' Highlighting the opportunity for freshness , the actor aimed for a new and different interpretation of the character , separate from previous film incarnations . Ledger and Christopher Nolan both explained seeing eye - to - eye on the Joker 's appearance in the film , sharing common reference points for who the character was going to be . Based on philosophical ideas of anarchy and chaos , they looked at art by Francis Bacon for visual reference and they talked about Malcolm McDowell 's performance as Alex in Stanley Kubrick 's film A Clockwork Orange , and who Alex is in Anthony Burgess 's novel of the same name . Ledger was given Alan Moore 's graphic novel Batman : The Killing Joke for preparation for the role , as well as Grant Morrison 's graphic novel Arkham Asylum : A Serious House on Serious Earth , which the actor `` really tried to read and put it down '' . In an interview with MTV , Ledger said he regarded the experience playing the Joker as the most fun he ever had , `` and probably will ever have '' . Description ( edit ) `` Everything about what he does from every gesture , every little facial tick , everything he 's doing with his voice -- it all speaks to the heart of this character . It all speaks to this idea of a character who 's devoted to a concept of pure anarchy and chaos . It 's hard to get a handle on how those elements combine . The physicality reminds me of the great silent comedians . It has a bit of ( Buster ) Keaton and ( Charlie ) Chaplin about it . '' -- Christopher Nolan on Ledger 's performance . Wearing the character 's traditional color palette , the Joker is dressed with a thin tie and a green waistcoat , topped by a purple overcoat . relating to a feel to New Romanticism . His shoes have an upward swoop at the toe , reminiscent to clown shoes . He carries no identification of any kind and offers no clear details about his true name or background ; when he is arrested by the Gotham City police , they find only knives and lint in his pockets . The Joker 's hair is stringy , unkempt , and dyed green . His face is covered in a cracked and runny layer of white clown makeup , with his eyes thickly rimmed in black . A sloppy red grin is painted on the Glasgow smile beneath the makeup , extending from the mouth to the cheeks . Film critic Peter Travers wrote about the Joker as having `` grungy hair and yellow teeth of a hound fresh out of hell '' . The character 's mannerisms carry a quality of unpredictability . His voice frequently shifts in pitch , so that he speaks his dialogue hitting higher notes , followed by an immediate lower voice capable of landing two octaves below . Nolan acknowledges this unpredictability to be part of the character 's slinky physical movements as well , saying that Ledger 's performance `` ( is ) always a surprise '' . About the Joker 's physical appearance , Geoff Boucher wrote for the Los Angeles Times that the character probes the facial scars with his tongue and `` walks with shoulders bowed and his chin out and down , like a hyena '' . Development ( edit ) Steve Alexander , Heath Ledger 's agent , said the actor had a `` pay - or - play '' deal on The Dark Knight , `` so he felt free to do whatever he wanted to do as the Joker , no matter how crazy . '' According to The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus cinematographer Nicola Pecorini , Ledger had talked with him about Johnny Depp 's off - kilter portrayal in Pirates of the Caribbean in relation to The Dark Knight , aiming to make a performance that would be `` so far out he 'd be fired . '' As Ledger was cast early in pre-production , Nolan explained that the actor had `` months and months '' to prepare for the role . `` Inside . He 's laughing red and black and red and black till there 's nothing left to laugh . Until , almost tenderly , he turns inside out through his mouth . '' -- Scrawlings from Heath Ledger 's Joker diary During a span of six weeks , Ledger `` locked '' himself away in a hotel room , forming a character diary and experimenting with voices . `` It 's a combination of reading all the comic books I could that were relevant to the script and then just closing my eyes and meditating on it , '' he said about his process . The diary contains scrawling and cuttings inside . Christopher Hooton , writing for The Independent , said that the ' Joker journal ' had several stills from Stanley Kubrick 's film A Clockwork Orange , joker cards , photos of hyenas , unhinged clown makeup and the word `` chaos '' highlighted in green . Furthermore , it contains a list of things the Joker would find funny , such as AIDS , landmines , and geniuses suffering brain damage . It was revealed that Ledger had read Grant Morrison 's writing of The Clown at Midnight ( Batman # 663 ) and based the list upon the Batman writer 's prose . Ledger highlighted the importance of finding an iconic voice and laugh for the character , relating the voice as `` the key to the demented killer . '' Nolan explained Ledger 's early and `` peculiar '' ambition for the voice of the character , saying that the actor had studied the way ventriloquist dummies talk . The filmmaker also acknowledged that the voice performance was based on the Alexander technique . Ledger developed the Joker 's voice and mannerism slowly over time and during camera tests . `` Do n't act , just read it '' , Nolan had told Ledger for test screening . In hair and makeup tests , Ledger would start exploring the movements of the character . While test recording without sound , he shared his take on the Joker 's voice and moves , and `` in that way he sort of sneaked up on it . '' The actor developed the physical appearance of the character , being `` very involved '' with the painting of his face , says prosthetic supervisor Conor O'Sullivan . O'Sullivan acknowledged how Ledger , Nolan and makeup artist John Caglione all gravitated towards a Francis Bacon painting Nolan was referring to . Ledger also got to choose the Joker 's weapon among different rubber knives , and he worked closely with costume designer Lindy Hemming on deciding the look for the character . Nolan noted , `` We gave a Francis Bacon spin to ( his face ) . This corruption , this decay in the texture of the look itself . It 's grubby . You can almost imagine what he smells like . '' With costume designer Lindy Hemming picking inspiration for the `` chaotic '' look from such countercultural pop culture artists as Iggy Pop , Johnny Rotten , and Sid Vicious . She gave the image for the Joker of someone who is `` very sweaty '' and who `` probably does n't have a proper home . '' She tried to present a backstory for the character `` that he really does n't look after himself . '' Execution ( edit ) Application of Heath Ledger 's makeup was done with the actor scrunching special facial expressions . Caglione called the application work `` a dance '' . This technique created facial textures for the white paint . As Ledger closed his eyes tight , Caglione put on the black makeup . Then , water was sprayed over the eyes and the actor would squeeze his eyes and shake his head and `` all that black drippy , smudgy stuff would happen '' . To get in character for filming , Ledger used his Joker diary which he carried with him on set . Between takes , Heath Ledger stayed out of character even as he wore the character costume , just being himself . The actor would goof around , skateboarding while in his Joker costume on set , and smoking cigarettes . John Caglione described Ledger as helping others around to relax , never letting `` the intense nature of the roles overwhelm him . '' The first sequence shot was the films IMAX opening , the `` prologue '' . As the Joker wears a mask through the scene with minimal dialogue , Nolan set the prologue first in schedule because he wanted to put off performance worries , allowing Ledger to enjoy that relief . The interrogation scene between Batman and the Joker was the first scene shot with Ledger really showing the full performance all together . The director and his leading actors all liked the idea of shooting the key scene early on . During rehearsals , the actors kept things loose and improvisational , saving for the actual shoot . Bale confirmed that Ledger did not perform the Joker 's voice during rehearsals , waiting to get in character when the cameras rolled . Nolan later acknowledged the scene to be his favorite in the film , saying `` I had never seen anybody sell a punch the way Heath was able to do with Christian . '' Ledger was allowed to shoot and direct the threat videos the Joker sends out as warnings . Each take Ledger made was different from the last . Nolan was impressed enough with the first video shoot that he chose to not be present when Ledger shot the video with a kidnapped reporter ( Anthony Michael Hall ) . Heath Ledger always showed up early on set . The first thing he would do , according to Caglione , was to give bear hugs to cast and crew members around the set . `` And no matter how banged - up or bruised Heath was after a long day , after we 'd take off the last drop of makeup , he 'd just hug everybody in the trailer before he left '' . At the end of shooting , on his Joker diary 's final page , Ledger wrote `` BYE BYE '' . Effects of Heath Ledger 's death ( edit ) On January 22 , 2008 , after he had completed filming The Dark Knight , Ledger died , aged only 28 , of an accidental prescription drug overdose , leading to intense press attention and memorial tributes . `` It was tremendously emotional , right when he passed , having to go back in and look at him every day ( during editing ) , '' Nolan recalled . `` But the truth is , I feel very lucky to have something productive to do , to have a performance that he was very , very proud of , and that he had entrusted to me to finish . '' All of Ledger 's scenes appear as he completed them in the filming ; in editing the film , Nolan added no `` digital effects '' to alter Ledger 's actual performance posthumously . Nolan has dedicated the film in part to Ledger 's memory . Ledger 's death affected the marketing campaign for The Dark Knight and also both the production and marketing of Terry Gilliam 's film The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus ; both Nolan and Gilliam celebrated and paid tribute to Ledger 's work in these films . Reception and legacy ( edit ) Announcement and early response ( edit ) On July 31 , 2006 , The Dark Knight was officially announced by Warner Bros with the casting of Heath Ledger as the Joker . The casting decision surprised others , and was seen as a controversial move at the time , receiving notable negative reactions on the internet . Nolan remembered the cynicism he endured surrounding Ledger 's casting , saying that `` the whole world turned around and said ' What are you doing ? ' You know , Heath Ledger , Joker , did n't make any sense to people at all . '' However , with the first trailer released in 2007 , the film and its portrayal of the Joker received very positive response from audiences and entertainment industry professionals alike . Mexican filmmaker Guillermo del Toro gushed of his impression for Ledger 's performance , finding it `` really , really edgy and scary . '' American Batman writers Paul Dini and Jeph Loeb both chimed with the positive reactions . Loeb , otherwise critical of Nicholson 's portrayal of the character , expressed his excitement for Ledger 's interpretation , saying the casting felt `` just about right . I eagerly anticipate more ! '' Critical reception ( edit ) `` Heath Ledger is magnificent . The Joker , incarnated with chilling authority by the actor , is simply one of the most twisted and mesmerizing creeps in movie history . '' -- Richard Corliss , Time Heath Ledger 's portrayal of the Joker received critical acclaim , winning numerous posthumous awards for his performance , including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor , a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture , the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role , the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor , a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role , and a Best Actor International Award at the 2008 Australian Film Institute Awards . `` I can only speak superlatives of Ledger , who is mad - crazy - brilliant as the Joker '' , wrote Peter Travers of Rolling Stone , stating that the film is deeper than its predecessor , with a `` deft '' script that refuses to scrutinize the Joker with popular psychology . Travers praised the cast , saying each brings his or her `` ' A ' game '' to the film . '' Travers said Ledger moves the Joker away from Jack Nicholson 's interpretation into darker territory , and expresses his support for any potential campaign to have Ledger nominated for an Academy Award , Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times stated that Heath Ledger 's portrayal is a `` key performance '' and pondered whether he would become the first posthumous Academy Award - winning actor since Peter Finch in 1976 . Mark Dinning from Empire magazine called Ledger 's performance `` monumental '' and wrote `` The Dark Knight is Ledger 's movie . It is a towering performance ... A force of f * cking nature '' . Kevin Smith commented on Ledger , calling his `` incredible '' performance `` the most frightening , smart and well - played villains ever . Ever . '' Mark Lee , writing for The Daily Telegraph , commented that Ledger accomplished `` a genuinely unsettling , brilliant nuanced portrait of evil '' . Tim Teeman commented for The Times that `` Ledger is so terrifying and unpredictable that his very presence on screen makes you nervous . '' Total Film reviewed that Ledger is `` burning brightly as he embodies an icon ... This is the definitive Joker '' , calling the performance `` a masterpiece '' . For The Hollywood Reporter , Kirk Honeycutt called Ledger 's performance `` a beauty . '' \ Entertainment Weekly put the film on its end - of - the - decade , `` best - of '' list , saying , `` Every great hero needs a great villain . And in 2008 , Christian Bale 's Batman found his in Heath Ledger 's demented dervish , the Joker . '' Emanuel Levy wrote Ledger `` throws himself completely '' into the role . David Denby of The New Yorker , otherwise critical of the film , praised Ledger 's `` sinister and frightening '' performance , which he says is the film 's one element of success . Denby called Ledger `` mesmerising '' and said , `` His performance is a heroic , unsettling final act : this young actor looked into the abyss . '' `` It 's just one of the most iconic movie performances of modern times , '' declared chief film critic of Variety Scott Foundas . Film critics , co-stars Maggie Gyllenhaal and Michael Caine , and many of Ledger 's colleagues in the film community joined Bale in calling for and predicting a nomination for the 2008 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in recognition of Ledger 's performance in The Dark Knight . See also ( edit ) 2000s portal Joker in other media Barack Obama `` Joker '' poster References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Collura , Scott . The Dark Knight : Heath Ledger Talks Joker 7 November 2006 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Neumaier , Joe A look at how Heath ledger viewed his career Daily News ( New York ) , 16 November 2006 . Updated on 27 August 2011 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Otto , Jeff . Interview : Matt Damon and Heath Ledger IGN , 22 August 2005 . Retrieved on 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ The Fire Rises : The Creation and Impact of the Dark Knight Trilogy , 2013 . Warner Bros. , Blu - Ray DVD . Time : 00 : 51 : 20 . Director Christopher Nolan talks about meeting and working with Heath Ledger . English , USA . ^ Jump up to : Christopher Nolan Reflects On His Batman Trilogy , Heath Ledger & More , 3 Dec 2012 . Retrieved on 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Jolin , Dan . The Making of The Joker Dec 2009 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 Jump up ^ The Fire Rises : The Creation and Impact of the Dark Knight Trilogy , 2013 . Warner Bros. , Blu - Ray DVD . Time : 00 : 51 : 20 . Director Christopher Nolan talks about Heath Ledger and his role of the Joker . English , USA . Jump up ^ The Fire Rises : The Creation and Impact of the Dark Knight Trilogy , 2013 . Warner Bros. , Blu - Ray DVD . Time : 00 : 50 : 50 . Casting director Papsidera talks about casting the Joker . English , USA . Jump up ^ Mattina , Eric ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Christopher Nolan Spends the ' Knight ' at Lincoln Center : 5 Things Learned About Batman and Beyond '' . Indiewire . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lyall , Sarah ( November 4 , 2007 ) . `` Movies : In Stetson or Wig , He 's Hard to Pin Down '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Fire Rises : The Creation and Impact of the Dark Knight Trilogy , 2013 . Warner Bros. , Blu - Ray DVD . Time : 00 : 51 : 20 . Director Christopher Nolan talks about his conversations with Heath Ledger about the Joker . English , USA . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( November 10 , 2007 ) . `` IESB Exclusive : Heath Ledger Talks the Joker ! '' . The Movie Reporter . IESB.net . Retrieved November 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Josh . Heath Ledger Discusses Delving Into Dylan For I 'm Not There and Channeling Sid Vicious For The Dark Knight , 12 November 2007 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : PuppetMaster . `` Redesigning the Bat Suit for The Dark Knight '' Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ The Dark Knight Set Visit : Lindy Hemming , 2008 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter . The Dark Knight , 18 July 2008 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ name = `` verbicidemagazine.com '' Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff . `` Christopher Nolan 's Knight Vision '' , Los Angeles Times , 6 July 2008 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Biskind , Peter . The Last of Heath , Hollywood , August 2009 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : ( 3 ) ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher . A look inside Heath Ledger 's sinister Joker journal , BST , 10 August 2015 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Richards , Olly . World Exclusive : The Joker Speaks EMPIRE. 28 November 2007 . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer . Arkham Asylum Scribe Grant Morrison Opens Up On Heath Ledger 's Joker Diary , 4 August 2008 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Murray , Rebecca . Writer / Director Christopher Nolan Talks About ' The Dark Knight ' And Heath Ledger 's Incredible Performance about entertainment . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ James , David ( January 14 , 2008 ) . `` Indy , Batman , Narnia All Return in 2008 '' . MSNBC . Retrieved January 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dressing the Joker '' . IGN . February 25 , 2008 . Retrieved February 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Van Luling , Todd . 5 Stories You 've Never Heard Before About Heath Ledger As The Joker , Posted 4 April 2015 . Updated 4 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Bowles , Scott . Giving voice to the villain presents quite the acting challenge , Posted on 15 July 2008 . Updated on 17 July 2008 . Retrieved on 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff . Christopher Nolan revisits his favorite scene in Dark Knight , 28 Oct 2008 . Retrieved on 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Merrick '' ( pseudonym ) ( December 5 , 2008 ) . `` Nolan Talks DARK KNIGHT Blu - Ray , a 100,000 Person Screening of the Film ( Featuring Live Q & A w / Nolan ) , TDK Sequel , and More ! ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved December 6 , 2008 ... WebCitation archive . Jump up ^ Oscar Nominated Make - Up Artist , time , at 53 : 00 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Heath Ledger 's Creepy Joker Diary Revealed , 31 May 2013 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Larry ( March 18 , 2008 ) . `` ' Dark Knight ' Stars , Director Want Film To ' Celebrate ' Heath Ledger 's Work '' . MTV . Retrieved April 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brown , Scott ( June 24 , 2008 ) . `` Dark Knight Director Shuns Digital Effects for the Real Thing '' . Wired . Retrieved June 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Knight Dedicated to Ledger '' . BBC News . June 27 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jolin , Dan ( July 2008 ) . `` The Dark Knight '' . Empire . 228 : 92 -- 100 . ^ Jump up to : Halbfinger , David M. ( March 9 , 2008 ) . `` Batman 's Burden : A Director Confronts Darkness and Death '' . The New York Times . pp. 1 , 16 . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kilpatrick , Christine ( January 24 , 2008 ) . `` Production Suspended on Heath Ledger 's Latest Movie '' . People . Retrieved January 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ledger 's Death Puts Last Films in a Bind '' . CNN . January 24 , 2008 . Retrieved January 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Batman sequel title announced 31 July 2006 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Jolin , Dan . The Making Of The Joker , December 2009 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Finamore , Brian . Robin Williams ' Batman Near Misses ! The Riddler ? The Joker ? Hugo Stange ? , 15 August 2014 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Rowles , Dustin . Christopher Nolan Foolishly Casts Heath Ledger Over Paul Bettany as The Joker in Batman Begins Sequel , Posted 3 August 2006 . Reloaded 1 April 2013 . Retrieved on 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Beall , Mark . Nolan Defends Heath Ledger Casting , 11 October 2006 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten . Everyone Was Also Furious With The Initial Casting Of Heath Ledger As The Joker , 23 Aug 2013 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ The Fire Rises : The Creation and Impact of the Dark Knight Trilogy , 2013 . Warner Bros. , Blu - Ray DVD . Time : 00 : 52 : 35 . Director Christopher Nolan talks about Heath Ledger and his casting as the Joker . English , USA . Jump up ^ Billington , Alex . Del Toro 's , Dini 's and Loeb 's Reaction to Heath Ledger 's Joker 21 Dec 2007 . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard . `` Batman Is Back '' , Time , 9 July 2008 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 Jump up ^ Neumaier , Joe . `` Slumdog Millionaire wins Oscar for Best Picture ; the late Heath Ledger is Best Supporting Actor '' , Daily News , 23 Feb 2009 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Elseworth , Catherine . `` Golden Globes 2009 : Heath Ledger wins best supporting actor for The Dark Knight '' , Telegraph , 12 Jan 2009 . Retrieved 28 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Winslet wins best actress Bafta '' , BBC News , 8 Feb 2009 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg `` Dark Knight tops Saturn Awards '' , Reuters , 24 June 2009 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Lane . `` PGA and SAG Bow to Peer Pressure , Name Slumdog Millionaire Best Picture '' , Vulture Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Heath Ledger honoured by Australian film industry '' , Telegraph , 8 Dec 2008 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Travers , Peter ( July 18 , 2008 ) . `` Dark Knight '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2008 . Retrieved July 9 , 2008 . ( Postdated ) Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( July 16 , 2008 ) . `` The Dark Knight '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved July 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dinning , Mark . The Dark Knight , Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kevin . Kevin 's Review : The Dark Knight , 6 July 2008 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Davies , Rebecca . `` The critics ' verdict on Heath Ledger in The Dark Knight '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ Geier , Thom ; Jensen , Jeff ; Jordan , Tina ; Lyons , Margaret ; Markovitz , Adam ; Nashawaty , Chris ; Pastorek , Whitney ; Rice , Lynette ; Rottenberg , Josh ; Schwartz , Missy ; Slezak , Michael ; Snierson , Dan ; Stack , Tim ; Stroup , Kate ; Tucker , Ken ; Vary , Adam B. ; Vozick - Levinson , Simon ; Ward , Kate ( December 11 , 2009 ) , `` THE 100 Greatest MOVIES , TV SHOWS , ALBUMS , BOOKS , CHARACTERS , SCENES , EPISODES , SONGS , DRESSES , MUSIC VIDEOS , AND TRENDS THAT ENTERTAINED US OVER THE PAST 10 YEARS . '' Entertainment Weekly . ( 1079 / 1080 ) : 74 - 84 Jump up ^ Levy , Emanuel ( n.d. ) . `` Movie Review : Dark Knight , The : A '' . emanuellevy.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Denby , David ( July 21 , 2008 ) . `` Past Shock '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved July 16 , 2008 . ( Postdated ) Jump up ^ The Fire Rises : The Creation and Impact of the Dark Knight Trilogy , 2013 . Warner Bros. , Blu - Ray DVD . Time : 00 : 54 : 45 . Scott Foundas on Heath Ledger 's acting . English , USA . Jump up ^ Smith , Nina Hämmerling ( July 28 , 2008 ) . `` Movie News : Ledger 's Knight Costars Call for Posthumous Oscar '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 11 , 2008 . ( hide ) Batman in film 1989 -- 1997 series Batman Score Soundtrack Batman Returns Soundtrack Batman Forever Score Soundtrack Batman & Robin Soundtrack The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins Soundtrack Video game Rachel Dawes The Dark Knight Soundtrack Cancelled video game The Joker The Dark Knight Rises Soundtrack Video games Batman home computer game Batman : The Video Game for the NES and Game Boy Batman : The Video Game for the Sega Genesis Batman arcade game Batman Returns Batman Forever video game Batman Forever pinball Batman Forever : The Arcade Game Batman and Robin Unofficial and fan films Features English Batman Dracula The Wild World of Batwoman Filipino Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight ! Alyas Batman en Robin Shorts Live action Batman : Dead End Grayson World 's Finest Robin 's Big Date City of Scars Seeds of Arkham Batman : Death Wish See also Batman franchise media Batman : Gotham Knight Batman OnStar commercials Catwoman Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Joker_(The_Dark_Knight)&oldid=795857323 '' Categories : Batman characters Batman in other media Fictional characters introduced in 2008 Fictional characters with disfigurements Fictional clowns Fictional crime bosses Fictional gangsters Fictional mass murderers Fictional mobsters Fictional serial killers Psychopathy in fiction Terrorism in fiction The Dark Knight Trilogy Superhero film characters The Joker Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2015 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2017 , at 22 : 31 . 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"The film's interpretation of the Joker embodies themes of chaos, anarchy and obsession: Throughout the film, the character expresses a desire to upset social order through crime, and defines himself by his conflict with Batman. The character also explores techniques found in Ledger's previous performances, including his clown act in Terry Gilliam's fantasy film The Brothers Grimm. Further, it references paintings by artist Francis Bacon, Anthony Burgess' novel A Clockwork Orange and various punk rock musicians."
] | [
"to upset social order through crime"
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2894679605690064492 | Ficus religiosa | Ficus religiosa - wikipedia Ficus religiosa Jump to : navigation , search Sacred fig Leaves and trunk of a sacred fig . Note the distinctive leaf shape like a heart . Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Eudicots Clade : Rosids Order : Rosales Family : Moraceae Genus : Ficus Species : F. religiosa Binomial name Ficus religiosa L. 1753 not Forssk. 1775 Synonyms Ficus caudata Stokes Ficus peepul Griff . Ficus religiosa var . cordata Miq . Ficus religiosa var . rhynchophylla Miq . Ficus rhynchophylla Steud . Ficus superstitiosa Link Urostigma affine Miq . Urostigma religiosum ( L . ) Gasp . Ficus religiosa or sacred fig is a species of fig native to the Indian subcontinent , and Indochina . It belongs to the Moraceae , the fig or mulberry family . It is also known as the bodhi tree , pippala tree , peepul tree , peepal tree or ashwattha tree ( in India and Nepal ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 In religion 2.1 Buddhism 2.2 Hinduism 3 Vernacular names 4 Cultivation 5 Uses 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Description ( edit ) Ficus religiosa is a large dry season - deciduous or semi-evergreen tree up to 30 metres ( 98 ft ) tall and with a trunk diameter of up to 3 metres ( 9.8 ft ) . The leaves are cordate in shape with a distinctive extended drip tip ; they are 10 -- 17 centimetres ( 3.9 -- 6.7 in ) long and 8 -- 12 centimetres ( 3.1 -- 4.7 in ) broad , with a 6 -- 10 centimetres ( 2.4 -- 3.9 in ) petiole . The fruits are small figs 1 -- 1.5 centimetres ( 0.39 -- 0.59 in ) in diameter , green ripening to purple . The leaves of this tree move continuously even when the air around is still and no perceptible wind is blowing . This phenomenon can be explained due to the long leaf stalk and the broad leaf structure . However , religious minded people in Hindu / Buddhist religion attribute this movement of the leaves to the fact that `` devas '' or `` gods '' reside on these leaves and make it move continuously . In religion ( edit ) The Ficus religiosa tree is considered sacred by the followers of Hinduism , Jainism and Buddhism . In the Bhagavad Gita , Krishna says , `` I am the Peepal tree among the trees , Narada among the sages , Chitraaratha among the Gandharvas , And sage Kapila among the Siddhas . '' Buddhism ( edit ) Main article : Bodhi tree The Bodhi Tree at the Mahabodhi Temple . Propagated from the Sri Maha Bodhi , which in turn is propagated from the original Bodhi Tree at this location . Gautama Buddha attained enlightenment ( bodhi ) while meditating underneath a Ficus religiosa . The site is in present - day Bodh Gaya in Bihar , India . The original tree was destroyed , and has been replaced several times . A branch of the original tree was rooted in Anuradhapura , Sri Lanka in 288 BCE and is known as Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi ; it is the oldest flowering plant ( angiosperm ) in the world . In Theravada Buddhist Southeast Asia , the tree 's massive trunk is often the site of Buddhist or animist shrines . Not all Ficus religiosa can be called a Bodhi Tree . A Bodhi Tree must be able to trace its parent to another Bodhi Tree and the line goes on until the first Bodhi Tree under which Gautama is said to have gained enlightenment . Hinduism ( edit ) Typical example of aerial roots Sadhus ( Hindu ascetics ) still meditate beneath sacred fig trees , and Hindus do pradakshina ( circumambulation , or meditative pacing ) around the sacred fig tree as a mark of worship . Usually seven pradakshinas are done around the tree in the morning time chanting `` vriksha rajaya namah '' , meaning `` salutation to the king of trees . '' It claimed that the 27 stars ( constellations ) constituting 12 houses ( rasis ) and 9 planets are specifically represented precisely by 27 trees -- one for each star . The Bodhi Tree is said to represent Pushya ( Western star name γ , δ and θ Cancri in the Cancer constellation ) . Plaksa is a possible Sanskrit term for Ficus religiosa . However , according to Macdonell and Keith ( 1912 ) , it denotes the wavy - leaved fig tree ( Ficus infectoria ) instead . In Hindu texts , the Plaksa tree is associated with the source of the Sarasvati River . The Skanda Purana states that the Sarasvati originates from the water pot of Brahma flows from Plaksa on the Himalayas . According to Vamana Purana 32.1 - 4 , the Sarasvati was rising from the Plaksa tree ( Pipal tree ) . Plaksa Pra - sravana denotes the place where the Sarasvati appears . In the Rigveda Sutras , Plaksa Pra - sravana refers to the source of the Sarasvati . Vernacular names ( edit ) Example of fruits Typical shape of the leaf of the Ficus religiosa The Ficus religiosa tree is known by a wide range of vernacular names , including : in Austroasiatic languages : Vietnamese -- bồ - đề in Dravidian languages : Kannada -- araLi mara ಅರಳಿ ಮರ Malayalam -- അരയാല് arayaal Tamil -- அரசு , அரச மரம் arasa maram ( Literally `` king '' or `` king 's tree '' ; arasu or arasan is Tamil for `` king '' ) Telugu -- రావి చెట్టు raavi chettu in Indic languages : Bengali language -- অশ্বথ , i.e. ashwath , পিপুল , i.e. pipul Bhojpuri -- pippar Gujarati -- પિપળો ( pipdo ) Hindi - Peepal - पीपल Konkani -- pimpalla rook / jhadd Mahal -- އަޝްވަތި ގަސް ( aśvati gas ) Maithili ( मैथिली ) -- पीपर ( peepar ) Marathi -- पिंपळ pimpaL ( where L is as in for example Nagold ) Nepali ( नेपाली ) -- पीपल ( peepal or pipal ) Odia -- ଅଶ୍ୱତ୍ଥ ( ashwatth ) Pali -- assattha ; rukkha Punjabi -- Pippal - ਪਿੱਪਲ / پپل Sanskrit -- अश्वत्थः aśvatthaḥ vṛksha , pippala vṛksha ( vṛksha means `` tree '' ) Sinhala -- ඇසතු esathu Urdu -- peepal پیپل in Japonic languages : Japanese -- 印度 菩提樹 ( Indo bodaiju ) in Koreanic languages : Korean -- 보리수 ( bolisu ) ; 菩提樹 in Italic languages : Cuban Spanish - alamo in Malayo - Polynesian languages : Tagalog - ballete in Sino - Tibetan languages : Burmese -- ဗောဓိညောင်ပင် ( Bodhi nyaung pin ) , ဗောဓိပင် ( Bodhi pin ) Chinese -- 菩提樹 ( pútíshù , bodhi tree ) in Tai -- Kadai languages Thai -- โพธิ์ ( pho ) Cultivation ( edit ) Ficus religiosa is grown by specialty tree plant nurseries for use as an ornamental tree , in gardens and parks in tropical and subtropical climates . Peepal trees are native to India and thrive in hot , humid weather . They prefer full sunlight and can grow in most soil types , though loam is the best . When planting , use soil with a pH of 7 or below . While it is possible for the plant to grow indoors in a pot , it grows best outside . Young peepal needs proper nourishment . It requires full sunlight and proper watering . Uses ( edit ) Ficus religiosa is used in traditional medicine for about 50 types of disorders including asthma , diabetes , diarrhea , epilepsy , gastric problems , inflammatory disorders , infectious and sexual disorders . See also ( edit ) Bodhi Tree Shitala Devi Sri Maha Bodhi Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Plant List , Ficus religiosa L . ^ Jump up to : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Peepul '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 45 . Jump up ^ `` Ficus religiosa '' . Germplasm Resources Information Network ( GRIN ) . Agricultural Research Service ( ARS ) , United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary , Oxford University Press , 1971 , p. 1014 Jump up ^ `` Ficus religiosa -- Peepal '' . Flowers of India . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2012 . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Bhagavad Gita - Chapter 10 - The Yoga of Manifestation '' . santosha.com . Jump up ^ `` Rocky Mountain Tree - Ring Research , OLDLIST '' . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Bo - Tree '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 4 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 305 . Jump up ^ D.S. Chauhan in Radhakrishna , B.P. and Merh , S.S. ( editors ) : Vedic Sarasvati , 1999 , p. 35 -- 44 Jump up ^ Pancavimsa Brahmana , Jaiminiya Upanisad Brahmana , Katyayana Srauta Sutra , Latyayana Srauta ; Macdonell and Keith 1912 Jump up ^ Asvalayana Srauta Sutra , Sankhayana Srauta Sutra ; Macdonell and Keith 1912 , II : 55 Jump up ^ Singh D , Singh B , Goel RK `` Traditional uses , phytochemistry and pharmacology of Ficus religiosa : a review . '' J Ethnopharmacol . February 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Damanpreet Singh ; Bikram Singh ; Rajesh Kumar Goela ( April 12 , 2011 ) . `` Journal of Ethnopharmacology : Traditional uses , phytochemistry and pharmacology of Ficus religiosa : A review '' . Journal of Ethnopharmacology . ScienceDirect. 134 ( 3 ) : 565 -- 583 . PMID 21296646 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jep. 2011.01. 046 . References ( edit ) Keith and Macdonell. 1912 . Vedic Index of Names and Subjects . Plaksa description External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Ficus religiosa ( category ) Wikispecies has information related to : Ficus religiosa Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Bo - Tree . Entry on Bodhi Tree in the Buddhist Dictionary of Pali Proper Names `` Peepul '' . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920 . Worship in Hinduism Main topics Aarti Bhajan Darśana Deities Festivals Homa ( Yajna ) Kirtan Mantra Murti Tilaka Utsava Vrata Yatra Rituals Puja Abhisheka Bhog Naivedhya Panchamakara Panchamrita Parikrama Pranāma Prasad Pushpanjali Homa Yajna Agnicayana Agnihotra Agnikaryam Aupasana Dhuni Kaamya karma Pravargya Purushamedha Putrakameshti Viraja Homa Other Achamana Archana Ashirvad Ashvamedha Darśana Karmkand Kumbhabhishekham Nitya karma Ngejot Panchayatana puja Prana pratishta Sandhyavandanam Shuddhi Shrauta Upakarma Prayer Meditation Ajapa japa Bhajan Brahmamuhurtha Jagran Jai Sri Ram Japa Kirtan Om Sandhyavandanam Shaktipat Stotra Third eye Yoga Mantras Om Hare Krishna Om Namah Shivaya Gayatri Mantra Objects Puja thali Altar Banalinga Banana leaf Biruda Coconut Dhunachi Dhuni Dhupa Diya Cāmara Garland Ghanta Joss stick Kalasha Kamandalu Khirapat Kindi Paduka Palki Panchamrita Pandal Pinda Prayer beads Rangoli Shankha Tilaka Upanayana Uthsavar Yagnopaveetham Materials Agarwood Alta Camphor Charu Ghee Incense Kumkuma Marigold Milk Panchagavya Rudraksha Sandalwood Sindoor Soma Tulsi Turmeric Vibhuti Instruments Dholak Harmonium Karatalas Khol Manjira Mridangam Tabla Iconography Lingam Murti Om Pindi Shaligram Swastika Yoni more ... Places Ashram Dwajasthambam Ghat Kalyani Matha Temple Pilgrimage sites Roles Guru Pandit Pujari Rishi Sadhu Sannyasa Swami Yogi more ... Sacred animals Nāga Nag Panchami Nagaradhane Sacred plants Trees Akshayavat Ashoka Banyan Kadamba Kalpavriksha Parijaat Peepal Sacred groves Fruits and other plants Bael Kusha grass Lotus Tulsi ( Tulasi chaura Tulsi Vivah ) See also Firewalking Sanskara Temple dance Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ficus_religiosa&oldid=803082962 '' Categories : Ficus Sacred trees Sacred trees in Hinduism Trees of the Indian Subcontinent Trees of Indo - China Plants described in 1753 National symbols of Nepal Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine Epiphytes Garden plants of Asia Ornamental trees Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing Korean - language text Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies Alemannisch অসমীয়া Asturianu বাংলা भोजपुरी Català Cebuano Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Español فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Lietuvių മലയാളം मराठी မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский Shqip සිංහල سنڌي Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย ತುಳು Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 10 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the name of arasamaram in english | [
"Ficus religiosa or sacred fig is a species of fig native to the Indian subcontinent,[2] and Indochina.[3] It belongs to the Moraceae, the fig or mulberry family. It is also known as the bodhi tree,[4] pippala tree, peepul tree,[2] peepal tree or ashwattha tree (in India and Nepal).[5]"
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"sacred fig"
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-3376993767846078954 | Laureus World Sports Awards | Laureus World Sports Awards - Wikipedia Laureus World Sports Awards Jump to : navigation , search Laureus World Sports Awards Cartier statuette presented to each winner Awarded for men and women from the world of sport along with their achievements from the previous calendar year Country Monaco ( 2017 ) Presented by Laureus Sport for Good Foundation Hosted by Hugh Grant ( 2017 ) Most awards Roger Federer , Usain Bolt , Kelly Slater ( all four ) Website www.laureus.com The Laureus World Sports Awards is an annual award ceremony honouring individuals from the world of sports along with sporting achievements throughout the year . It was established in 1999 by Laureus Sport for Good Foundation founding patrons Daimler and Richemont and supported by its global partners Mercedes - Benz and IWC Schaffhausen . The awards support the work of Laureus Sport for Good , which supports over 100 community projects in around 40 countries . These projects aim to use the power of sport to end violence , discrimination and disadvantage , and prove that sport has the power to change the world . The name `` Laureus '' is derived from the Greek word for laurel , considered a traditional symbol of victory in athletics . The first ceremony was held on 25 May 2000 in Monte Carlo at which Nelson Mandela gave the keynote speech . As of 2017 , awards are made annually in eight categories , with a number of discretionary categories irregularly recognised . The recipient of each award is presented with a Laureus statuette , created by Cartier , at an annual ceremony held in various locations around the world . As of 2017 , the ceremonies have been held in ten cities around the world , and are broadcast in at least 160 countries . Swiss tennis player Roger Federer , Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt , and American surfer Kelly Slater jointly hold the record for the most awards with four each . A number of awards have been rescinded , namely those presented to American cyclist Lance Armstrong , American sprinter Marion Jones and Canadian amputee sprinter Earle Connor , all of whom were subsequently found to have doped . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Categories 3 Ceremony 4 Winners by category 4.1 Regular awards 4.1. 1 Sportsman and Sportswoman of the Year 4.1. 2 Team of the Year 4.1. 3 Breakthrough of the Year 4.1. 4 Comeback of the Year 4.1. 5 Sportsperson with a Disability of the Year 4.1. 6 Action Sportsperson of the Year 4.1. 7 Best Sporting Moment 4.2 Discretionary awards 5 Winners by year 5.1 Regular awards 5.2 Discretionary awards 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Sport has the power to change the world . It has the power to inspire . It has the power to unite people in a way that little else does . It speaks to youth in a language they understand . Sport can create hope , where once there was only despair . Nelson Mandela , 2000 South African businessman Johann Rupert , chairman of Richemont , proposd that an organisation be created `` based on the principle that sport can bridge the gaps in society and change the way people look at the world . '' The organisation , established in 1998 by a partnership of Richemont and Daimler became known as `` Laureus '' , name being derived from the Greek word for laurel , considered a traditional symbol of victory in athletics . The first Laureus World Sports Awards ceremony was held two years later , at which the patron , Nelson Mandela , delivered a speech which Edwin Moses has described as `` iconic '' . Awards were made in seven regular categories and two discretionary categories at the inaugural ceremony , hosted by Jeff Bridges and Dylan McDermott . Two of those awards would later be rescinded : both Lance Armstrong and Marion Jones were found to have used performance - enhancing drugs and had their accolades removed . Earle Connor 's Laureus World Sportsperson of the Year with a Disability Award which he won in 2004 was also later rescinded . The awards are considered highly prestigious and are frequently referred to as the sporting equivalent of an `` Oscar '' . Despite this , the awards have come in for some criticism , particularly in the manner in which athletes are selected for inclusion . Categories ( edit ) In order to determine the winners of the Awards , the Laureus Nominations Panel , composed of professional sports editors , writers and broadcasters from more than 100 countries , vote to create a shortlist of six nominations in five categories : Laureus World Sportsman of the Year Laureus World Sportswoman of the Year Laureus World Team of the Year Laureus World Comeback of the Year Laureus World Breakthrough of the Year The nominees of two categories are chosen by specialist panels : Laureus Action Sportsperson of the Year Laureus World Sportsperson of the Year with a Disability The Laureus World Sports Academy is an association of 65 retired sportspeople who volunteer their time to support the work of the Laureus Sport for Good Foundation . They also vote each year to decide the winners of the Laureus World Sports Awards . As of 2017 , the chairman of the Academy is New Zealand former rugby player Sean Fitzpatrick . The members of the Academy select the winners by voting in a secret ballot . One category is voted for by the public : The Laureus Best Sporting Moment of the Year The Academy also makes discretionary awards , including : Lifetime Achievement Award Sport for Good Award Spirit of Sport Award Exceptional Achievement Award Sporting Inspiration Award Ceremony ( edit ) The Lareus World Sports Awards ceremony is held annually at various venues in various locations around the world . The inaugural ceremony took place at the Sporting Club in Monaco on 25 May 2000 . As of 2017 , the ceremonies have been held in ten cities around the world , and are broadcast in at least 160 countries . Each Laureus World Sports Award winner receives a gold Cartier Laureus statuette which features a `` representation of the striving human form '' . The award weighs approximately 2.5 kilograms ( 5.5 lb ) ( with 670 grams ( 24 oz ) of solid silver and a 650 - gram ( 23 oz ) gold - finish base ) and is 30 centimetres ( 12 in ) tall . The ceremony has been held at the Grimaldi Forum in Monaco on three occasions . The 2015 ceremony took place at the Shanghai Grand Theatre , China . Locations of Laureus World Sports Awards ceremonies Year Location Venue Notes Ref ( s ) 2000 Monaco Sporting Club Patron was Nelson Mandela 2001 Grimaldi Forum Patron was Prince Albert 2002 2003 Lisbon , Portugal Cultural Centre of Belém Patron was José Manuel Barroso 2005 Estoril , Portugal Casino Estoril 2006 Barcelona , Spain Parque del Fórum 2007 Palau Sant Jordi Patron was Juan Carlos I of Spain 2008 Saint Petersburg , Russia Mariinsky Theatre Attended by President Vladimir Putin 2009 Ceremony cancelled due to world economic crisis ; awards presented to winners individually at other events from May to June . Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates Emirates Palace 2011 2012 London , United Kingdom Central Hall Westminster 2013 Rio de Janeiro , Brazil Theatro Municipal 2014 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia Istana Budaya 2015 Shanghai , China Shanghai Grand Theatre 2016 Berlin , Germany Palais am Funkturm 2017 Monaco Sporting Club 2018 Winners by category ( edit ) Serena Williams ( three ) and Roger Federer ( four ) have the most Sportswoman and Sportsmen of the Year awards . Daniel Dias has won the Sportsperson with a Disability of the Year Award three times . Regular Awards ( edit ) Sportsman and Sportswoman of the Year ( edit ) Main articles : Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year and Laureus World Sports Award for Sportswoman of the Year Team of the Year ( edit ) Main article : Laureus World Sports Award for Team of the Year Breakthrough of the year ( edit ) Main article : Laureus World Sports Award for Breakthrough of the Year Prior to 2007 , this award was called Newcomer of the Year . Comeback of the Year ( edit ) Main article : Laureus World Sports Award for Comeback of the Year Sportsperson with a Disability of the Year ( edit ) Main article : Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsperson of the Year with a Disability Action Sportsperson of the year ( edit ) Main article : Laureus World Sports Award for Action Sportsperson of the Year Prior to 2007 , this award was called Alternative Sportsperson of the Year . Best Sporting Moment ( edit ) The Best Sporting Moment Award , inaugurated in 2017 , and voted for by the public , was won by the FC Barcelona under - 12 ( Infantil - B ) side for their sportsmanship in consoling a defeated opposition team . Discretionary Awards ( edit ) Main articles : Laureus Lifetime Achievement Award , Laureus Sport for Good Award , and Laureus Spirit of Sport Award Since 2000 , the Laureus World Sports Awards have included a number of accolades given by the Academy at their discretion . At the first ceremony in 2000 , Brazilian footballer Pelé became the first recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award , while American Eunice Kennedy Shriver , founder of the Special Olympics was presented with the inaugural Laureus Sport for Good Award . The first Spirit of Sport award was presented in 2005 to the Boston Red Sox who had won the World Series for the first time in 86 years . In 2013 , American swimmer Michael Phelps became the first recipient of the Exceptional Achievement Award . As of 2017 , Chinese tennis player Li Na ( 2015 ) is the only other person to be honoured with that award . In 2017 , the Refugee Olympic Team , comprising ten athletes from Syria , Congo , Ethiopia and South Sudan , awarded the first and only Sporting Inspiration Award . Winners by year ( edit ) Regular awards ( edit ) Key * Indicates individual whose award or nomination was later rescinded N / A Not awarded Year Sportsman Sportswoman Team Breakthrough Comeback Disability Action Moment Ref 2000 Woods , Tiger Tiger Woods Jones , Marion Marion Jones * Manchester United F.C. García , Sergio Sergio García Armstrong , Lance Lance Armstrong * Sauvage , Louise Louise Sauvage Palmer , Shaun Shaun Palmer N / A 2001 Woods , Tiger Tiger Woods Freeman , Cathy Cathy Freeman France national football team Safin , Marat Marat Safin Capriati , Jennifer Jennifer Capriati Lauwers , Vinny Vinny Lauwers Horn , Mike Mike Horn N / A 2002 Schumacher , Michael Michael Schumacher Capriati , Jennifer Jennifer Capriati Australia national cricket team Montoya , Juan Pablo Juan Pablo Montoya Ivanišević , Goran Goran Ivanišević Vergeer , Esther Esther Vergeer Burnquist , Bob Bob Burnquist N / A 2003 Armstrong , Lance Lance Armstrong * Williams , Serena Serena Williams Brazil national football team Ming , Yao Yao Ming Ronaldo Milton , Michael Michael Milton Potter , Dean Dean Potter N / A Schumacher , Michael Michael Schumacher Sörenstam , Annika Annika Sörenstam England national rugby union team Wie , Michelle Michelle Wie Maier , Hermann Hermann Maier Connor , Earle Earle Connor * Beachley , Layne Layne Beachley N / A 2005 Federer , Roger Roger Federer Holmes , Kelly Kelly Holmes Greece national football team Xiang , Liu Liu Xiang Zanardi , Alex Alex Zanardi Petitclerc , Chantal Chantal Petitclerc McArthur , Ellen Ellen McArthur N / A 2006 Federer , Roger Roger Federer Kostelić , Janica Janica Kostelić Renault F1 team Nadal , Rafael Rafael Nadal Hingis , Martina Martina Hingis van Dyk , Ernst Ernst van Dyk d'Arrigo , Angelo Angelo d'Arrigo N / A 2007 Federer , Roger Roger Federer Isinbayeva , Yelena Yelena Isinbayeva Italy national football team Williams , Serena Serena Williams Braxenthaler , Martin Martin Braxenthaler Mauresmo , Amélie Amélie Mauresmo Slater , Kelly Kelly Slater N / A 2008 Federer , Roger Roger Federer Henin , Justine Justine Henin South Africa national rugby union team Radcliffe , Paula Paula Radcliffe Vergeer , Esther Esther Vergeer Hamilton , Lewis Lewis Hamilton White , Shaun Shaun White N / A 2009 Bolt , Usain Usain Bolt Isinbayeva , Yelena Yelena Isinbayeva China Olympic team Klitschko , Vitali Vitali Klitschko Dias , Daniel Daniel Dias Adlington , Rebecca Rebecca Adlington Slater , Kelly Kelly Slater N / A Bolt , Usain Usain Bolt Williams , Serena Serena Williams Brawn F1 team Clijsters , Kim Kim Clijsters du Toit , Natalie Natalie du Toit Button , Jenson Jenson Button Gilmore , Stephanie Stephanie Gilmore N / A 2011 Nadal , Rafael Rafael Nadal Vonn , Lindsey Lindsey Vonn Spain national football team Rossi , Valentino Valentino Rossi Bentele , Verena Verena Bentele Kaymer , Martin Martin Kaymer Slater , Kelly Kelly Slater N / A 2012 Djokovic , Novak Novak Djokovic Cheruiyot , Vivian Vivian Cheruiyot Barcelona FC Barcelona Clarke , Darren Darren Clarke Pistorius , Oscar Oscar Pistorius McIlroy , Rory Rory McIlroy Slater , Kelly Kelly Slater N / A 2013 Bolt , Usain Usain Bolt Ennis , Jessica Jessica Ennis Ryder European Ryder Cup team Sánchez , Félix Félix Sánchez Dias , Daniel Daniel Dias Murray , Andy Andy Murray Baumgartner , Felix Felix Baumgartner N / A 2014 Vettel , Sebastian Sebastian Vettel Franklin , Missy Missy Franklin Bayern FC Bayern Munich Nadal , Rafael Rafael Nadal Bochet , Marie Marie Bochet Márquez , Marc Marc Márquez Bestwick , Jamie Jamie Bestwick N / A 2015 Djokovic , Novak Novak Djokovic Dibaba , Genzebe Genzebe Dibaba Germany national football team Burger , Schalk Schalk Burger McFadden , Tatyana Tatyana McFadden Ricciardo , Daniel Daniel Ricciardo Eustace , Alan Alan Eustace N / A 2016 Djokovic , Novak Novak Djokovic Williams , Serena Serena Williams New Zealand national rugby union team Carter , Dan Dan Carter Dias , Daniel Daniel Dias Spieth , Jordan Jordan Spieth Frodeno , Jan Jan Frodeno N / A 2017 Bolt , Usain Usain Bolt Biles , Simone Simone Biles Chicago Cubs Phelps , Michael Michael Phelps Vio , Beatrice Beatrice Vio Rosberg , Nico Nico Rosberg Atherton , Rachel Rachel Atherton Barca FC Barcelona under - 12s Discretionary awards ( edit ) Key Indicates posthumous award N / A Not awarded Year Lifetime Sport for Good Spirit of Sport Exceptional Achivement Sporting Inspiration Ref 2000 Pelé Shriver , Eunice Kennedy Eunice Kennedy Shriver N / A N / A N / A 2001 Redgrave , Steve Steve Redgrave Keino , Kip Kip Keino N / A N / A N / A 2002 Blake , Peter Peter Blake Blake , Peter Peter Blake N / A N / A N / A 20003 Player , Gary Gary Player Schwarzenegger , Arnold Arnold Schwarzenegger N / A N / A N / A Næss Jr. , Arne Arne Næss Jr . Mathare Youth Sports Association N / A N / A N / A India national cricket team Pakistan national cricket team 2005 N / A Storey , Gerry Gerry Storey Boston Red Sox N / A N / A 2006 Cruyff , Johan Johan Cruyff Griesbeck , Jürgen Jürgen Griesbeck Rossi , Valentino Valentino Rossi N / A N / A 2007 Beckenbauer , Franz Franz Beckenbauer Dowdney , Luke Luke Dowdney Bar FC Barcelona N / A N / A 2008 Bubka , Sergey Sergey Bubka Tuo Brendan and Sean Tuohy Pound , Dick Dick Pound N / A N / A 2009 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A El Moutawakel , Nawal Nawal El Moutawakel Mutombo , Dikembe Dikembe Mutombo N / A N / A N / A 2011 Zidane , Zinedine Zinedine Zidane El - Khalil , May May El - Khalil Ryder European Ryder Cup team N / A N / A 2012 Charlton , Bobby Bobby Charlton N / A Raí N / A N / A 2013 Coe , Sebastian Sebastian Coe N / A N / A Phelps , Michael Michael Phelps N / A 2014 N / A Afghanistan national cricket team Magic Bus N / A N / A 2015 N / A Skateistan Ming , Yao Yao Ming Na , Li Li Na N / A 2016 Lauda , Niki Niki Lauda Moving the Goalposts Cruyff , Johan Johan Cruyff N / A N / A 2017 N / A Waves for Change Leicester City F.C. N / A Refugee Olympic Team See also ( edit ) Taste of Tennis , another Laureus Sport for Good Foundation activity References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hugh Grant to host Laureus Awards '' . The Times of India . 27 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Mission '' . Laureus . Archived from the original on 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Our History '' . Laureus . Archived from the original on 21 July 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Swart , Sharon ( 15 May 2001 ) . `` Good sports '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Laureus World Sports Academy '' . International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education . 24 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 30 July 2016 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Laureus World Sports Awards ( 2000 ) '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The winners for the year 2000 were : '' . Laureus . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The winners for the year 2004 were : '' . Laureus . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Aimee ( 15 February 2017 ) . `` Usain Bolt and Simone Biles dominate at ' Sport 's Oscars ' '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 8 March 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nico Rosberg mit dem Sport - Oscar geehrt '' . Die Welt ( in German ) . 15 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 18 October 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Schumacher wins sporting ' Oscar ' '' . BBC Sport. 14 May 2002 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Jack ( 28 May 2004 ) . `` World Sports Awards a great but flawed concept '' . The Japan Times . Archived from the original on 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who will be # LaureusWorthy '' . Laureus . Archived from the original on 12 December 2015 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Laureus World Sports Academy Members '' . Laureus . Archived from the original on 10 September 2017 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Academy and Ambassadors '' . Laureus . Archived from the original on 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Awards '' . Laureus . Archived from the original on 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 15 years of Laureus : The anniversary of a very special speech '' . Laureus. 25 May 2014 . Archived from the original on 6 August 2017 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Did you know about the Laureus World Sports Awards ? '' . Laureus . Archived from the original on 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Thyagarajan , S. ( 25 May 2000 ) . `` All set for Laureus Sports Awards gala '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Baker , Andrew ( 23 May 2001 ) . `` Today in Sport : Laureus good in public relations exercise '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 28 February 2016 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hines to host Laureus Sports Awards '' . Variety . 15 May 2001 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eriq la Salle '' . Getty Images . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Swart , Sharon . `` Schumacher takes Laureus '' . Variety . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jones and Radcliffe are grand slammed by Williams at the World Sports Awards '' . International Association of Athletics Federations. 21 May 2003 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prestigious sports awards for Pakistan , India '' . Dawn. 20 May 2004 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Mohan , K.P. ( 10 May 2004 ) . `` Stars gather for Laureus extravaganza '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelner , Martin ( 13 June 2005 ) . `` And the award for silliest focus goes to ... '' The Guardian . Archived from the original on 19 September 2014 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Showbiz Laureus '' . Getty Images . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Laureus Sports Awards announces nominatee '' . China Daily . Reuters. 28 February 2007 . Archived from the original on 8 March 2007 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Speech given at the Ceremony for Awarding the Laureus World Sports Awards '' . Moscow Kremlin . 18 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 23 December 2016 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Laureus World Sports Awards gala falls victim to economic climate '' . The Guardian . 17 April 2009 . Archived from the original on 14 August 2016 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Laureus World Sports Awards in Abu Dhabi : You Just Gotta Get Here '' . Bleacher Report . 8 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 13 March 2010 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Xiaochen , Sun ( 7 February 2011 ) . `` Sports stars set to sparkle in Laureus awards ceremony '' . China Daily . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` London to host 2012 Laureus World Sports Awards '' . BBC Sport. 29 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Faratin , Pejman ( 12 March 2013 ) . `` Gallery : Laureus World Sports Awards 2013 '' . Metro . Archived from the original on 5 November 2015 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In this difficult time , draw strength from perseverence and endurance shown by sportsmen , says Najib '' . The Star . Petaling Jaya. 28 March 2014 . Archived from the original on 1 April 2014 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Great sporting legends to attend Laureus World Sports Awards '' . Laureus. 26 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IAAF President Coe attends Laureus Sport for Good Jam in Berlin '' . International Associaion of Athletics Federations. 17 April 2016 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Bose , Soumitra ( 15 February 2017 ) . `` Usain Bolt , Simone Biles , Michael Phelps lead Olympian sweep of Laureus Awards '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 28 July 2017 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Venue '' . Laureus . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bolt delighted to be alongside ' great ' Federer '' . beIN Sports . 15 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2017 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Swales , Andy ( 19 April 2016 ) . `` Novak Djokovic and Serena Williams win Laureus awards '' . Sky Sports . Archived from the original on 18 October 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Dias '' . International Paralympic Committee . Archived from the original on 21 March 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The winners for the year 2006 were : '' . Laureus . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The winners for the year 2007 were : '' . Laureus . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The FC Barcelona Infantil B side win Laureus Award ' Best Sporting Moment of the Year ' '' . FC Barcelona. 14 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federer is Laureus sportsman of the year '' . The Hindu . 18 May 2005 . Archived from the original on 24 October 2017 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` China 's Li Na was honored at the Laureus World Sports Awards in Shanghai for her inspirational career , receiving the Laureus Academy Exceptional Achievement Award '' . Women 's Tennis Association . Archived from the original on 11 July 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics : 2016 refugee team wins Laureus award '' . Reuters. 13 February 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The winners for the year 2001 were : '' . Laureus . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The winners for the year 2002 were : '' . Laureus . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The winners for the year 2003 were : '' . Laureus . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The winners for the year 2005 were : '' . Laureus . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The winners for the year 2008 were : '' . Laureus . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The winners for the year 2009 were : '' . Laureus . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The winners for the year 2010 were : '' . Laureus . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The winners for the year 2011 were : '' . Laureus . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The winners for the year 2012 were : '' . Laureus . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The winners for the year 2013 were : '' . Laureus . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The winners for the year 2014 were : '' . Laureus . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The winners for the year 2015 were : '' . Laureus . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The winners for the year 2016 were : '' . Laureus . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The winners for the year 2017 were : '' . Laureus . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Laureus World Sports Awards . Official website ( hide ) Laureus World Sports Awards Sportsman Sportswoman Team Breakthrough Comeback Sportsperson with a Disability Action Sportsperson Lifetime Achievement Sport for Good Spirit of Sport Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laureus_World_Sports_Awards&oldid=809499199 '' Categories : Laureus World Sports Awards Sports trophies and awards International awards Awards established in 2000 Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 14 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the sports person of the year award 2017 | [
"\n\nYear\nSportsman\nSportswoman\nTeam\nBreakthrough\nComeback\nDisability\nAction\nMoment\nRef\n\n\n2000\nWoods, TigerTiger Woods\nJones, MarionMarion Jones*\nManchester United F.C.\nGarcía, SergioSergio García\nArmstrong, LanceLance Armstrong*\nSauvage, LouiseLouise Sauvage\nPalmer, ShaunShaun Palmer\nN/A\n[7]\n\n\n2001\nWoods, TigerTiger Woods\nFreeman, CathyCathy Freeman\nFrance national football team\nSafin, MaratMarat Safin\nCapriati, JenniferJennifer Capriati\nLauwers, VinnyVinny Lauwers\nHorn, MikeMike Horn\nN/A\n[50]\n\n\n2002\nSchumacher, MichaelMichael Schumacher\nCapriati, JenniferJennifer Capriati\nAustralia national cricket team\nMontoya, Juan PabloJuan Pablo Montoya\nIvanišević, GoranGoran Ivanišević\nVergeer, EstherEsther Vergeer\nBurnquist, BobBob Burnquist\nN/A\n[51]\n\n\n2003\nArmstrong, LanceLance Armstrong*\nWilliams, SerenaSerena Williams\nBrazil national football team\nMing, YaoYao Ming\nRonaldo\nMilton, MichaelMichael Milton\nPotter, DeanDean Potter\nN/A\n[52]\n\n\n2004\nSchumacher, MichaelMichael Schumacher\nSörenstam, AnnikaAnnika Sörenstam\nEngland national rugby union team\nWie, MichelleMichelle Wie\nMaier, HermannHermann Maier\nConnor, EarleEarle Connor*\nBeachley, LayneLayne Beachley\nN/A\n[8]\n\n\n2005\nFederer, RogerRoger Federer\nHolmes, KellyKelly Holmes\nGreece national football team\nXiang, LiuLiu Xiang\nZanardi, AlexAlex Zanardi\nPetitclerc, ChantalChantal Petitclerc\nMcArthur, EllenEllen McArthur\nN/A\n[53]\n\n\n2006\nFederer, RogerRoger Federer\nKostelić, JanicaJanica Kostelić\nRenault F1 team\nNadal, RafaelRafael Nadal\nHingis, MartinaMartina Hingis\nvan Dyk, ErnstErnst van Dyk\nd'Arrigo, AngeloAngelo d'Arrigo\nN/A\n[44]\n\n\n2007\nFederer, RogerRoger Federer\nIsinbayeva, YelenaYelena Isinbayeva\nItaly national football team\nWilliams, SerenaSerena Williams\nBraxenthaler, MartinMartin Braxenthaler\nMauresmo, AmélieAmélie Mauresmo\nSlater, KellyKelly Slater\nN/A\n[45]\n\n\n2008\nFederer, RogerRoger Federer\nHenin, JustineJustine Henin\nSouth Africa national rugby union team\nRadcliffe, PaulaPaula Radcliffe\nVergeer, EstherEsther Vergeer\nHamilton, LewisLewis Hamilton\nWhite, ShaunShaun White\nN/A\n[54]\n\n\n2009\nBolt, UsainUsain Bolt\nIsinbayeva, YelenaYelena Isinbayeva\nChina Olympic team\nKlitschko, VitaliVitali Klitschko\nDias, DanielDaniel Dias\nAdlington, RebeccaRebecca Adlington\nSlater, KellyKelly Slater\nN/A\n[55]\n\n\n2010\nBolt, UsainUsain Bolt\nWilliams, SerenaSerena Williams\nBrawn F1 team\nClijsters, KimKim Clijsters\ndu Toit, NatalieNatalie du Toit\nButton, JensonJenson Button\nGilmore, StephanieStephanie Gilmore\nN/A\n[56]\n\n\n2011\nNadal, RafaelRafael Nadal\nVonn, LindseyLindsey Vonn\nSpain national football team\nRossi, ValentinoValentino Rossi\nBentele, VerenaVerena Bentele\nKaymer, MartinMartin Kaymer\nSlater, KellyKelly Slater\nN/A\n[57]\n\n\n2012\nDjokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic\nCheruiyot, VivianVivian Cheruiyot\nBarcelona FC Barcelona\nClarke, DarrenDarren Clarke\nPistorius, OscarOscar Pistorius\nMcIlroy, RoryRory McIlroy\nSlater, KellyKelly Slater\nN/A\n[58]\n\n\n2013\nBolt, UsainUsain Bolt\nEnnis, JessicaJessica Ennis\nRyderEuropean Ryder Cup team\nSánchez, FélixFélix Sánchez\nDias, DanielDaniel Dias\nMurray, AndyAndy Murray\nBaumgartner, FelixFelix Baumgartner\nN/A\n[59]\n\n\n2014\nVettel, SebastianSebastian Vettel\nFranklin, MissyMissy Franklin\nBayernFC Bayern Munich\nNadal, RafaelRafael Nadal\nBochet, MarieMarie Bochet\nMárquez, MarcMarc Márquez\nBestwick, JamieJamie Bestwick\nN/A\n[60]\n\n\n2015\nDjokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic\nDibaba, GenzebeGenzebe Dibaba\nGermany national football team\nBurger, SchalkSchalk Burger\nMcFadden, TatyanaTatyana McFadden\nRicciardo, DanielDaniel Ricciardo\nEustace, AlanAlan Eustace\nN/A\n[61]\n\n\n2016\nDjokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic\nWilliams, SerenaSerena Williams\nNew Zealand national rugby union team\nCarter, DanDan Carter\nDias, DanielDaniel Dias\nSpieth, JordanJordan Spieth\nFrodeno, JanJan Frodeno\nN/A\n[62]\n\n\n2017\nBolt, UsainUsain Bolt\nBiles, SimoneSimone Biles\nChicago Cubs\nPhelps, MichaelMichael Phelps\nVio, BeatriceBeatrice Vio\nRosberg, NicoNico Rosberg\nAtherton, RachelRachel Atherton\nBarcaFC Barcelona under-12s\n[63]\n\n",
"\n\nYear\nSportsman\nSportswoman\nTeam\nBreakthrough\nComeback\nDisability\nAction\nMoment\nRef\n\n\n2000\nWoods, TigerTiger Woods\nJones, MarionMarion Jones*\nManchester United F.C.\nGarcía, SergioSergio García\nArmstrong, LanceLance Armstrong*\nSauvage, LouiseLouise Sauvage\nPalmer, ShaunShaun Palmer\nN/A\n[7]\n\n\n2001\nWoods, TigerTiger Woods\nFreeman, CathyCathy Freeman\nFrance national football team\nSafin, MaratMarat Safin\nCapriati, JenniferJennifer Capriati\nLauwers, VinnyVinny Lauwers\nHorn, MikeMike Horn\nN/A\n[50]\n\n\n2002\nSchumacher, MichaelMichael Schumacher\nCapriati, JenniferJennifer Capriati\nAustralia national cricket team\nMontoya, Juan PabloJuan Pablo Montoya\nIvanišević, GoranGoran Ivanišević\nVergeer, EstherEsther Vergeer\nBurnquist, BobBob Burnquist\nN/A\n[51]\n\n\n2003\nArmstrong, LanceLance Armstrong*\nWilliams, SerenaSerena Williams\nBrazil national football team\nMing, YaoYao Ming\nRonaldo\nMilton, MichaelMichael Milton\nPotter, DeanDean Potter\nN/A\n[52]\n\n\n2004\nSchumacher, MichaelMichael Schumacher\nSörenstam, AnnikaAnnika Sörenstam\nEngland national rugby union team\nWie, MichelleMichelle Wie\nMaier, HermannHermann Maier\nConnor, EarleEarle Connor*\nBeachley, LayneLayne Beachley\nN/A\n[8]\n\n\n2005\nFederer, RogerRoger Federer\nHolmes, KellyKelly Holmes\nGreece national football team\nXiang, LiuLiu Xiang\nZanardi, AlexAlex Zanardi\nPetitclerc, ChantalChantal Petitclerc\nMcArthur, EllenEllen McArthur\nN/A\n[53]\n\n\n2006\nFederer, RogerRoger Federer\nKostelić, JanicaJanica Kostelić\nRenault F1 team\nNadal, RafaelRafael Nadal\nHingis, MartinaMartina Hingis\nvan Dyk, ErnstErnst van Dyk\nd'Arrigo, AngeloAngelo d'Arrigo\nN/A\n[44]\n\n\n2007\nFederer, RogerRoger Federer\nIsinbayeva, YelenaYelena Isinbayeva\nItaly national football team\nWilliams, SerenaSerena Williams\nBraxenthaler, MartinMartin Braxenthaler\nMauresmo, AmélieAmélie Mauresmo\nSlater, KellyKelly Slater\nN/A\n[45]\n\n\n2008\nFederer, RogerRoger Federer\nHenin, JustineJustine Henin\nSouth Africa national rugby union team\nRadcliffe, PaulaPaula Radcliffe\nVergeer, EstherEsther Vergeer\nHamilton, LewisLewis Hamilton\nWhite, ShaunShaun White\nN/A\n[54]\n\n\n2009\nBolt, UsainUsain Bolt\nIsinbayeva, YelenaYelena Isinbayeva\nChina Olympic team\nKlitschko, VitaliVitali Klitschko\nDias, DanielDaniel Dias\nAdlington, RebeccaRebecca Adlington\nSlater, KellyKelly Slater\nN/A\n[55]\n\n\n2010\nBolt, UsainUsain Bolt\nWilliams, SerenaSerena Williams\nBrawn F1 team\nClijsters, KimKim Clijsters\ndu Toit, NatalieNatalie du Toit\nButton, JensonJenson Button\nGilmore, StephanieStephanie Gilmore\nN/A\n[56]\n\n\n2011\nNadal, RafaelRafael Nadal\nVonn, LindseyLindsey Vonn\nSpain national football team\nRossi, ValentinoValentino Rossi\nBentele, VerenaVerena Bentele\nKaymer, MartinMartin Kaymer\nSlater, KellyKelly Slater\nN/A\n[57]\n\n\n2012\nDjokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic\nCheruiyot, VivianVivian Cheruiyot\nBarcelona FC Barcelona\nClarke, DarrenDarren Clarke\nPistorius, OscarOscar Pistorius\nMcIlroy, RoryRory McIlroy\nSlater, KellyKelly Slater\nN/A\n[58]\n\n\n2013\nBolt, UsainUsain Bolt\nEnnis, JessicaJessica Ennis\nRyderEuropean Ryder Cup team\nSánchez, FélixFélix Sánchez\nDias, DanielDaniel Dias\nMurray, AndyAndy Murray\nBaumgartner, FelixFelix Baumgartner\nN/A\n[59]\n\n\n2014\nVettel, SebastianSebastian Vettel\nFranklin, MissyMissy Franklin\nBayernFC Bayern Munich\nNadal, RafaelRafael Nadal\nBochet, MarieMarie Bochet\nMárquez, MarcMarc Márquez\nBestwick, JamieJamie Bestwick\nN/A\n[60]\n\n\n2015\nDjokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic\nDibaba, GenzebeGenzebe Dibaba\nGermany national football team\nBurger, SchalkSchalk Burger\nMcFadden, TatyanaTatyana McFadden\nRicciardo, DanielDaniel Ricciardo\nEustace, AlanAlan Eustace\nN/A\n[61]\n\n\n2016\nDjokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic\nWilliams, SerenaSerena Williams\nNew Zealand national rugby union team\nCarter, DanDan Carter\nDias, DanielDaniel Dias\nSpieth, JordanJordan Spieth\nFrodeno, JanJan Frodeno\nN/A\n[62]\n\n\n2017\nBolt, UsainUsain Bolt\nBiles, SimoneSimone Biles\nChicago Cubs\nPhelps, MichaelMichael Phelps\nVio, BeatriceBeatrice Vio\nRosberg, NicoNico Rosberg\nAtherton, RachelRachel Atherton\nBarcaFC Barcelona under-12s\n[63]\n\n"
] | [
"Usain Bolt",
"Simone Biles"
] |
-3867637515999441351 | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - wikipedia Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis `` ALS '' redirects here . For other uses , see ALS ( disambiguation ) . Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Synonyms Lou Gehrig 's disease , Charcot 's disease , motor neurone disease ( MND ) An MRI with increased signal in the posterior part of the internal capsule which can be tracked to the motor cortex , consistent with the diagnosis of ALS Specialty Neurology Symptoms Stiff muscles , muscle twitching , gradually worsening weakness Complications Difficulty in speaking , swallowing , breathing Usual onset 50s -- 60s Causes Unknown ( most ) , inherited ( few ) Diagnostic method Based on symptoms Treatment Non-invasive ventilation Medication Riluzole , edaravone Prognosis Life expectancy 2 -- 4 years Frequency ~ 2.5 per 100,000 per year Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ) , also known as motor neurone disease ( MND ) , and Lou Gehrig 's disease , is a specific disease which causes the death of neurons controlling voluntary muscles . Some also use the term motor neuron disease for a group of conditions of which ALS is the most common . ALS is characterized by stiff muscles , muscle twitching , and gradually worsening weakness due to muscles decreasing in size . This results in difficulty speaking , swallowing , and eventually breathing . The cause is not known in 90 % to 95 % of cases . The remaining 5 -- 10 % of cases are inherited from a person 's parents . About half of these genetic cases are due to one of two specific genes . The underlying mechanism involves damage to both upper and lower motor neurons . The diagnosis is based on a person 's signs and symptoms , with testing done to rule out other potential causes . No cure for ALS is known . A medication called riluzole may extend life by about two to three months . Non-invasive ventilation may result in both improved quality and length of life . The disease can affect people of any age , but usually starts around the age of 60 and in inherited cases around the age of 50 . The average survival from onset to death is two to four years . About 10 % survive longer than 10 years . Most die from respiratory failure . In much of the world , rates of ALS are unknown . In Europe and the United States the disease affects about two to three people per 100,000 per year . Descriptions of the disease date back to at least 1824 by Charles Bell . In 1869 , the connection between the symptoms and the underlying neurological problems was first described by Jean - Martin Charcot , who in 1874 began using the term amyotrophic lateral sclerosis . It became well known in the United States in the 20th century when in 1939 it affected the baseball player Lou Gehrig and later worldwide following the 1963 diagnosis of cosmologist Stephen Hawking . In 2014 , videos of the Ice Bucket Challenge went viral on the Internet and increased public awareness of the condition . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification 2 Signs and symptoms 2.1 Initial symptoms 2.2 Progression 2.3 Late stages 3 Cause 3.1 Genetics 3.2 Head injury 3.3 Other factors 4 Pathophysiology 5 Diagnosis 5.1 Differential diagnosis 6 Management 6.1 Medications 6.2 Breathing support 6.3 Therapy 6.4 Nutrition 6.5 End - of - life care 7 Epidemiology 8 History 8.1 Name 9 Society and culture 10 Research 10.1 Treatments 10.2 Cause 11 References 12 External links Classification ( edit ) ALS is a motor neuron disease , also spelled `` motor neurone disease '' , which is a group of neurological disorders that selectively affect motor neurons , the cells that control voluntary muscles of the body , including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ) , primary lateral sclerosis , progressive muscular atrophy , progressive bulbar palsy , pseudobulbar palsy , and spinal muscular atrophy . ALS itself can be classified a few different ways : by how fast the disease progresses ( slow vs fast progressors ) , by whether it is inherited or sporadic , and by where it starts . Most commonly ( ~ 70 % of the time ) the limbs are affected first . In this case , neurons in the brain ( upper motor neurons ) and in the spinal cord ( lower motor neurons ) are dying and this form is called `` limb onset '' . In about 25 % of cases , muscles in the face , mouth , and throat are affected first , because motor neurons in the part of the brain stem called the medulla oblongata ( formerly called the `` bulb '' ) start to die first along with lower motor neurons . This form is called `` bulbar onset '' . In about 5 % of cases muscles in the trunk of the body are affected first . In all cases the disease spreads and affects other regions . The symptoms may also be limited to one spinal region . Those with leg amyotrophic diplegia and brachial amyotrophic diplegia have a longer survival compared to classic onset ALS . Signs and symptoms ( edit ) The disorder causes muscle weakness , atrophy , and muscle spasms throughout the body due to the degeneration of the upper motor and lower motor neurons . Individuals affected by the disorder may ultimately lose the ability to initiate and control all voluntary movement , although bladder and bowel function and the muscles responsible for eye movement are usually spared until the final stages of the disorder . Cognitive or behavioral dysfunction is present in 30 -- 50 % of individuals with ALS . Around half of people with ALS will experience mild changes in cognition and behavior , and 10 -- 15 % will show signs of frontotemporal dementia . Repeating phrases or gestures , apathy , and loss of inhibition are frequently reported behavioral features of ALS . Language dysfunction , executive dysfunction , and troubles with social cognition and verbal memory are the most commonly reported cognitive symptoms in ALS ; a meta - analysis found no relationship between dysfunction and disease severity . However , cognitive and behavioral dysfunctions have been found to correlate with reduced survival in people with ALS and increased caregiver burden ; this may be due in part to deficits in social cognition . About half the people who have ALS experience emotional lability , in which they cry or laugh for no reason . Sensory nerves and the autonomic nervous system are generally unaffected , meaning the majority of people with ALS maintain hearing , sight , touch , smell , and taste . Initial symptoms ( edit ) The start of ALS may be so subtle that the symptoms are overlooked . The earliest symptoms of ALS are muscle weakness or muscle atrophy . Other presenting symptoms include trouble swallowing or breathing , cramping , or stiffness of affected muscles ; muscle weakness affecting an arm or a leg ; or slurred and nasal speech . The parts of the body affected by early symptoms of ALS depend on which motor neurons in the body are damaged first . In limb - onset ALS , people first experience awkwardness when walking or running or even tripping over or stumbling may be experienced and often this is marked by walking with a `` dropped foot '' which drags gently on the ground . Or if arm - onset , difficulty with tasks requiring manual dexterity such as buttoning a shirt , writing , or turning a key in a lock may be experienced . In bulbar - onset ALS , initial symptoms will mainly be of difficulty speaking clearly or swallowing . Speech may become slurred , nasal in character , or quieter . There may be difficulty in swallowing and loss of tongue mobility . A smaller proportion of people experience `` respiratory - onset '' ALS , where the intercostal muscles that support breathing are affected first . Over time , people experience increasing difficulty moving , swallowing ( dysphagia ) , and speaking or forming words ( dysarthria ) . Symptoms of upper motor neuron involvement include tight and stiff muscles ( spasticity ) and exaggerated reflexes ( hyperreflexia ) including an overactive gag reflex . An abnormal reflex commonly called Babinski 's sign also indicates upper motor neuron damage . Symptoms of lower motor neuron degeneration include muscle weakness and atrophy , muscle cramps , and fleeting twitches of muscles that can be seen under the skin ( fasciculations ) although twitching is not a diagnostic symptom and more of a side effect so twitching would either occur after or accompany weakness and atrophy . Progression ( edit ) Although the order and rate of symptoms vary from person to person , the disease eventually spreads to unaffected regions and the affected regions become more affected . Most people eventually are not able to walk or use their hands and arms , lose the ability to speak and swallow food and their own saliva , and begin to lose the ability to cough and to breathe on their own . The rate of progression can be measured using an outcome measure called the `` ALS Functional Rating Scale Revised ( ALSFRS - R ) '' , a 12 - item instrument administered as a clinical interview or self - reported questionnaire that produces a score between 48 ( normal function ) and 0 ( severe disability ) ; it is the most commonly used outcome measure in clinical trials and is used by doctors to track disease progression . Though the degree of variability is high and a small percentage of people have a much slower disorder , on average , people with ALS lose about 0.9 FRS points per month . A survey - based study among clinicians showed that they rated a 20 % change in the slope of the ALSFRS - R as being clinically meaningful . Disorder progression tends to be slower in people who are younger than 40 at onset , are mildly obese , have disorder restricted primarily to one limb , and those with primarily upper motor neuron symptoms . Conversely , progression is faster and prognosis poorer in people with bulbar - onset disorder , respiratory - onset disorder , and frontotemporal dementia . The CX3CR1 allelic variants have also been shown to have an effect on the disorder 's progression and life expectancy . Late stages ( edit ) Difficulty in chewing and swallowing makes eating very difficult and increases the risk of choking or of aspirating food into the lungs . In later stages of the disorder , aspiration pneumonia can develop , and maintaining a healthy weight can become a significant problem that may require the insertion of a feeding tube . As the diaphragm and intercostal muscles of the rib cage that support breathing weaken , measures of lung function such as vital capacity and inspiratory pressure diminish . In respiratory - onset ALS , this may occur before significant limb weakness is apparent . Most people with ALS die of respiratory failure or pneumonia . Although respiratory support can ease problems with breathing and prolong survival , it does not affect the progression of ALS . Most people with ALS die between two and four years after the diagnosis . Around half of people with ALS die within 30 months of their symptoms beginning , and about 20 % of people with ALS live between five and 10 years after symptoms begin . Guitarist Jason Becker has lived since 1989 with the disorder , while cosmologist Stephen Hawking lived for 55 more years following his diagnosis , but they are considered unusual cases . Most people with ALS die in their own home , with their breath stopping while they sleep . Cause ( edit ) Genetics ( edit ) Main article : Genetics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis About 5 -- 10 % of cases are directly inherited from a person 's parents . Overall , first - degree relatives of an individual with ALS have a 1 % risk of developing ALS . A defect on chromosome 21 , which codes for superoxide dismutase , is associated with about 20 % of familial cases of ALS , or about 2 % of ALS cases overall . This mutation is believed to be transmitted in an autosomal dominant manner , and has over a hundred different forms of mutation . The most common ALS - causing mutation is a mutant SOD1 gene , seen in North America ; this is characterized by an exceptionally rapid progression from onset to death . The most common mutation found in Scandinavian countries , D90A - SOD1 , is more slowly progressive than typical ALS , and people with this form of the disorder survive for an average of 11 years . Mutations in C9orf72 are reported to cause 25 - 40 % of familial cases of ALS , as well as a small percentage of sporadic cases . Mutations in TDP - 43 , FUS , C9orf72 and other genes can cause ALS as well as related forms of frontotemporal dementia ( FTD / ALS ) . Proteins made by these genes appear have prion - like activity and form inclusion bodies in some instances of ALS . Head injury ( edit ) While moderate to severe traumatic brain injury is a risk for ALS , if mild traumatic brain injury increases rates is unclear . In 1994 the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health reported an insignificant increase in nervous system disorders due to four cases of ALS among National Football League ( NFL ) players . Whether this was due to chance or not is unknown . Another study from 2012 also found a possible increase in ALS in NFL football players . An older study did not find an increased risk among high school football players . A 2007 review found an increased risk among soccer players . ALS may also occur more often among the US military veterans , but the reason is unknown . This may be due to head injury . After the 2012 report was released , some NFL players involved in the legal settlement with the NFL complained that the NFL , which initially agreed to pay $765 million , was not doing enough to help players . The judge in the case concurred , and the NFL then agreed to pay an unlimited amount of damages for players found to have ALS , Parkinson 's disease , Alzheimer 's disease , and dementia . Other factors ( edit ) Where no family history of the disease is present -- around 90 % of cases -- no cause is known . Possible associations for which evidence is inconclusive include military service and smoking . Although studies on military history and ALS frequency are inconsistent , there is weak evidence for a positive correlation . Various proposed factors include exposure to environmental toxins ( inferred from geographical deployment studies ) , as well as alcohol and tobacco use during military service . In a 2017 study by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention analyzing U.S. deaths from 1985 to 2011 , occupations correlated with ALS deaths were white collar , such as in management , financial , architectural , computing , legal , and education jobs . Other potential risk factors remain unconfirmed , including chemical exposure , electromagnetic field exposure , occupation , physical trauma , and electric shock . There is a tentative association with exposure to various pesticides , including the organochlorine insecticides aldrin , dieldrin , DDT , and toxaphene . Pathophysiology ( edit ) The defining feature of ALS is the death of both upper and lower motor neurons in the motor cortex of the brain , the brain stem , and the spinal cord . Prior to their destruction , motor neurons develop protein - rich inclusions in their cell bodies and axons . This may be partly due to defects in protein degradation . These inclusions often contain ubiquitin , and generally incorporate one of the ALS - associated proteins : SOD1 , TAR DNA binding protein ( TDP - 43 , or TARDBP ) , or FUS . The mutant SOD1 may also contribute to motor neuron cell death through generating free radicals . Excitotoxicity , or cell death caused by high levels of intracellular calcium caused by excessive activity of excitatory neurotransmitters , may be a mechanism of ALS . This concept has been supported by increased glutamate and dysfunctional glutamate transporter -- RNA in cerebrospinal fluid of those with ALS . This is further supported by the only effective treatment being an anti-glutaminergic drug ( Riluzole ) , as well as the poor ability to buffer calcium in motor neurons relative to other neurons . Neurofilament accumulation in axons has been observed in sporadic cases of ALS , as well as in SOD1 patients , possibly interfering with axonal transport , leading to cell death from SOD1 toxicity . Diagnosis ( edit ) MRI ( axial FLAIR ) demonstrates increased T signal within the posterior part of the internal capsule , consistent with the diagnosis of ALS . No test can provide a definite diagnosis of ALS , although the presence of upper and lower motor neuron signs in a single limb is strongly suggestive . Instead , the diagnosis of ALS is primarily based on the symptoms and signs the physician observes in the person and a series of tests to rule out other diseases . Physicians obtain the person 's full medical history and usually conduct a neurologic examination at regular intervals to assess whether symptoms such as muscle weakness , atrophy of muscles , hyperreflexia , and spasticity are worsening . A number of biomarkers are being studied for the condition , but so far are not in general medical use . Differential diagnosis ( edit ) Because symptoms of ALS can be similar to those of a wide variety of other , more treatable diseases or disorders , appropriate tests must be conducted to exclude the possibility of other conditions . One of these tests is electromyography ( EMG ) , a special recording technique that detects electrical activity in muscles . Certain EMG findings can support the diagnosis of ALS . Another common test measures nerve conduction velocity ( NCV ) . Specific abnormalities in the NCV results may suggest , for example , that the person has a form of peripheral neuropathy ( damage to peripheral nerves ) or myopathy ( muscle disease ) rather than ALS . While a magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) is often normal in people with early stage ALS , it can reveal evidence of other problems that may be causing the symptoms , such as a spinal cord tumor , multiple sclerosis , a herniated disk in the neck , syringomyelia , or cervical spondylosis . Based on the person 's symptoms and findings from the examination and from these tests , the physician may order tests on blood and urine samples to eliminate the possibility of other diseases , as well as routine laboratory tests . In some cases , for example , if a physician suspects the person may have a myopathy rather than ALS , a muscle biopsy may be performed . Viral infectious diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) , human T - lymphotropic virus ( HTLV ) , Lyme disease , syphilis and tick - borne encephalitis can in some cases cause ALS - like symptoms . Neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis , post-polio syndrome , multifocal motor neuropathy , CIDP , spinal muscular atrophy , and spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy can also mimic certain aspects of the disease and should be considered . ALS must be differentiated from the `` ALS mimic syndromes '' which are unrelated disorders that may have a similar presentation and clinical features to ALS or its variants . Because of the prognosis carried by this diagnosis and the variety of diseases or disorders that can resemble ALS in the early stages of the disease , people with ALS symptoms should always obtain a specialist neurological opinion in order to rule out alternative diagnoses . Myasthenic syndrome , also known as Lambert -- Eaton syndrome , can mimic ALS , and its initial presentation can be similar to that of myasthenia gravis ( MG ) , a treatable autoimmune disease sometimes mistaken for ALS . Benign fasciculation syndrome is another condition that mimics some of the early symptoms of ALS , but is accompanied by normal EMG readings and no major disablement . Most cases of ALS , however , are correctly diagnosed , with the error rate of diagnosis in large ALS clinics is less than 10 % . One study examined 190 people who met the MND / ALS diagnostic criteria , complemented with laboratory research in compliance with both research protocols and regular monitoring . Thirty of these people ( 16 % ) had their diagnosis completely changed during the clinical observation development period . In the same study , three people had a false negative diagnosis of MG , which can mimic ALS and other neurological disorders , leading to a delay in diagnosis and treatment . MG is eminently treatable ; ALS is not . Management ( edit ) Management of ALS attempts to relieve symptoms and extend life expectancy . This supportive care is best provided by multidisciplinary teams of healthcare professionals working with the person and their caregivers to keep them as mobile and comfortable as possible . Medications ( edit ) Riluzole has been found to modestly prolong survival by about 2 - 3 months . It may have a greater survival benefit for those with a bulbar onset . It is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration and recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence in England and Wales ) . Riluzole does not reverse damage already done to motor neurons , but affects neurons by reducing their activity through blocking Na+ entrance into the neurons , thus blocking the release of the chemicals that cause the activity of the motor neurons . The reduction in activity prevents the ruining of the neuronal muscle and so the drug can act as a protective chemical . The function of this drug is dependent on the amount taken at a given time . The higher the concentration , the better the drug will protect the neurons from ruin . The recommended dosage of riluzole is 50 mg , twice a day for people with known ALS for more than five years . A number of side effects are caused by the drug including the feeling of weakness in muscles , but this is normal due to the function of the drug . Studies have shown that people on the drug are not likely to stop responding to it or develop symptoms that might cause the activity of neurons to rise again , making it an effective drug for prolonging survival . In 2015 , edaravone was approved in Japan for treatment of ALS after studying how and whether it works on 137 people with ALS and has obtained orphan drug status in the European Union and United States . On May 5 , 2017 , the FDA approved edaravone to extend the survival period of people with ALS . It costs about US $145,000 per year in the United States and US $35,000 per year in Japan . Other medications may be used to help reduce fatigue , ease muscle cramps , control spasticity , and reduce excess saliva and phlegm . Drugs also are available to help people with pain , such as nonsteroidal and anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids , depression , sleep disturbances , dysphagia , and constipation . Baclofen and diazepam are often prescribed to control the spasticity caused by ALS , and trihexyphenidyl , amitriptyline or most commonly glycopyrrolate may be prescribed when people with ALS begin having trouble swallowing their saliva . There is no evidence that medications are effective at reducing muscle cramps experienced by people with ALS . Breathing support ( edit ) Respiratory failure is the most common cause of death in people with ALS and is the most prominent symptom , second to the destruction of motor neurons and weakening of muscle . When the muscles that assist in breathing weaken , several symptoms start to arise including shortness of breath when undergoing physical activity or talking , fatigue , morning headaches , poor concentration and depression . The use of ventilatory assistance ( intermittent positive pressure ventilation , bilevel positive airway pressure ( BiPAP ) , or biphasic cuirass ventilation ( BCV ) may be used to aid breathing . Such devices artificially inflate the person 's lungs from various external sources that are applied directly to the face or body . When muscles are no longer able to maintain oxygen and carbon dioxide levels , these devices may be used full - time . BCV has the added advantage of being able to assist in clearing secretions by using high - frequency oscillations followed by several positive expiratory breaths . People may eventually consider forms of mechanical ventilation ( respirators ) in which a machine inflates and deflates the lungs . To be effective , this may require a tube that passes from the nose or mouth to the windpipe ( trachea ) and for long - term use , an operation such as a tracheotomy , in which a plastic breathing tube is inserted directly in the person 's windpipe through an opening in the neck . Persons and their families should consider several factors when deciding whether and when to use one of these options . Ventilation devices differ in their effect on the person 's quality of life and in cost . Although ventilation support can ease problems with breathing and prolong survival , it does not affect the progression of ALS . People need to be fully informed about these considerations and the long - term effects of life without movement before they make decisions about ventilation support and have deep discussions on quality of life . Some persons under long - term tracheostomy intermittent positive pressure ventilation with deflated cuffs or cuffless tracheostomy tubes ( leak ventilation ) are able to speak , provided their bulbar muscles are strong enough , though in all cases speech will be lost as the disease progresses . This technique preserves speech in some persons with long - term mechanical ventilation . Other persons may be able to use a speaking valve such as a Passey - Muir speaking valve with the assistance and guidance of a speech - language pathologist . External ventilation machines that use the ventilation mode of BiPAP are frequently used to treat respiratory insufficiency at night , and later during the daytime . The use of BPAP ( more often referred to as noninvasive ventilation , NIV ) has shown to prolong survival and slow down the progression of forced vital capacity , but long before BPAP stops being effective , persons should decide whether to have a tracheotomy and long - term mechanical ventilation . At this point , some persons choose palliative hospice care . Therapy ( edit ) A man with ALS communicates by pointing to letters and words using a head mounted laser pointer . Physical therapy plays a large role in rehabilitation for individuals with ALS . Specifically , physical , occupational , and speech therapists can set goals and promote benefits for individuals with ALS by delaying loss of strength , maintaining endurance , limiting pain , improving speech and swallowing , preventing complications , and promoting functional independence . Occupational therapy and special equipment such as assistive technology can also enhance people 's independence and safety throughout the course of ALS . Gentle , low - impact aerobic exercise such as performing activities of daily living , walking , swimming , and stationary bicycling can strengthen unaffected muscles , improve cardiovascular health , and help people fight fatigue and depression . Range of motion and stretching exercises can help prevent painful spasticity and shortening ( contracture ) of muscles . Physical and occupational therapists can recommend exercises that provide these benefits without overworking muscles , because muscle exhaustion can lead to worsening of symptoms associated with ALS , rather than providing help to people with ALS . They can suggest devices such as ramps , braces , walkers , bathroom equipment ( shower chairs , toilet risers , etc . ) , and wheelchairs that help people remain mobile . Occupational therapists can provide or recommend equipment and adaptations to enable ALS people to retain as much safety and independence in activities of daily living as possible . People with ALS who have difficulty speaking may benefit from working with a speech - language pathologist . These health professionals can teach people adaptive strategies such as techniques to help them speak louder and more clearly . As ALS progresses , speech - language pathologists can recommend the use of augmentative and alternative communication such as voice amplifiers , speech - generating devices ( or voice output communication devices ) or low - tech communication techniques such as head mounted laser pointers , alphabet boards or yes / no signals . Nutrition ( edit ) People with ALS and caregivers can learn from dieticians how to plan and prepare numerous small meals throughout the day that provide enough calories , fiber and fluid , and how to avoid foods that are difficult to swallow . Providing meals with vitamin E and taking vitamin E supplements have shown to slow down the progression of ALS . People may begin using suction devices to remove excess fluids or saliva and prevent choking . Occupational therapists can assist with recommendations for adaptive equipment to ease the physical task of self - feeding . Speech - language pathologists make food choice recommendations that are more conducive to their unique deficits and abilities . When people with ALS can no longer get enough nourishment from eating , doctors may advise inserting a feeding tube into the stomach . End - of - life care ( edit ) Social workers and home care and hospice nurses help people with ALS , their families , and caregivers with the medical , emotional , and financial challenges of coping , particularly during the final stages of the disease . Social workers provide support such as assistance in obtaining financial aid , arranging durable power of attorney , preparing a living will , and finding support groups for patients and caregivers . Home nurses are available not only to provide medical care , but also to teach caregivers about tasks such as maintaining respirators , giving feedings , and moving people to avoid painful skin problems and contractures . Home hospice nurses work in consultation with physicians to ensure proper medication , pain control , and other care affecting the quality of life of people with ALS who wish to remain at home . The home hospice team can also counsel people with ALS and caregivers about end - of - life issues . Epidemiology. ( edit ) In much of the world , rates of ALS are unknown . In Europe , the disease affects about 2.6 people per 100,000 per year . In the United States , more than 5,600 are diagnosed every year ( over 1.5 per 100,000 per year ) , and up to 30,000 Americans are currently affected . ALS is responsible for two deaths per 100,000 Americans per year . ALS is classified as a rare disease designated by the FDA as an `` orphan '' disease ( affecting fewer than 200,000 people in the United States ) , but is the most common motor neuron disease . One or two of 100,000 people develop ALS each year . ALS cases are estimated at 1.2 -- 4.0 per 100,000 individuals in Caucasian populations with a lower rate in other ethnic populations . People of all races and ethnic backgrounds may be affected . Filipinos are second to Caucasians in terms of ALS prevalence , with 1.1 - 2.8 per 100,000 individuals . The disease can affect people at any age , but usually starts around the ages of 58 to 63 years for sporadic disease and 47 to 52 years for familial disease . History ( edit ) Descriptions of the disease date back to at least 1824 by Charles Bell . English scientist Augustus Waller described the appearance of shriveled nerve fibers in 1850 . In 1869 , the connection between the symptoms and the underlying neurological problems were first described by Jean - Martin Charcot , who initially introduced the term amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in his 1874 paper . In 1881 , the article was translated into English and published in a three - volume edition of Lectures on the Diseases of the Nervous System . ALS became a cause célèbre in the United States in 1939 when baseball legend Lou Gehrig 's career , and two years later , his life , were ended by the disease . In the 1950s , an epidemic occurred among the Chamorro people on Guam , which bore similarities to many conditions , including ALS . By 1991 , researchers had linked chromosome 21 to familial ALS ( FALS ) . In 1993 , the SOD1 gene on chromosome 21 was found to play a role in some cases of FALS . In 1996 , riluzole became the first FDA - approved drug for ALS . In 1998 , the El Escorial criteria were developed as the standard for classifying people with ALS in clinical research . The next year , the revised ALS Functional Rating Scale was published and soon becomes a gold standard for clinical research . Noncoding repeat expansions in C9ORF72 were found to be a major cause of ALS and frontotemporal dementia in 2011 . Name ( edit ) Amyotrophic comes from the Greek word amyotrophia : a - means `` no '' , myo refers to `` muscle '' , and trophia means `` nourishment '' ; amyotrophia therefore means `` no muscle nourishment , '' which describes the characteristic atrophy of the sufferer 's disused muscle tissue . Lateral identifies the areas in a person 's spinal cord where affected portions of the nerve cells are located . Degeneration in this area leads to scarring or hardening ( `` sclerosis '' ) . In Commonwealth countries , the term `` motor neurone disease '' ( MND ) is commonly used . Society and culture ( edit ) See also : List of people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Play media A student demonstrating the ice bucket challenge In August 2014 , a challenge went viral online , commonly known as the `` ALS Ice Bucket Challenge '' . Contestants fill a bucket full of ice and water , then state who nominated them to do the challenge , and nominate three other individuals of their choice to take part in it . The contestants then dump the buckets of ice and water onto themselves . However , it can be done in a different order . The contestants then donate at least US $ 10 ( or a similar amount in their local currency ) to ALS research at the ALS Association , the ALS Therapy Development Institute , ALS Society of Canada or Motor Neurone Disease Association in the UK . Any contestants who refuse to have the ice and water dumped on them are expected to donate at least US $100 to ALS research . As of July 2015 , the Ice Bucket Challenge had raised $115 million for the ALS Association . Many celebrities have taken part in the challenge . The Ice Bucket Challenge was credited with helping to raise funds that contributed to the discovery that the gene NEK1 may potentially contribute to the development for ALS . Research ( edit ) Main article : Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis research Treatments ( edit ) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation had been studied in ALS in small and poorly designed clinical trials ; as of 2013 , evidence was insufficient to know whether rTMS is safe or effective for ALS . One 2016 review of stem - cell therapy trials found tentative evidence that intraspinal stem cell implantation was relatively safe and possibly effective . A 2016 Cochrane review of cell based therapies found that there was insufficient evidence to speculate about efficacy . Stem cell therapy can provide additional proteins and enzymes that have shown to help prolong survival and control the symptoms associated with ALS . Those proteins include neurotrophic factors and insulin - like growth factor 1 . Both those proteins are still under clinical trials and need to be further studied to evaluate their efficiency and associated side effects . Masitinib has been approved as an orphan drug in Europe and the United States , with studies ongoing as of 2016 . Medications tested , but without evidence for efficacy include lamotrigine , dextromethorphan , gabapentin , BCAAs , Vitamin E , acetylcysteine , selegiline , amantadine , cyclophosphamide , various neurotrophic factors , which has shown promise in both in vitro and in vivo models of ALS , but is yet to be effective in human models of ALS and creatine . 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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Diseases of the nervous system , primarily CNS ( G04 -- G47 , 323 -- 349 ) Inflammation Brain Encephalitis Viral encephalitis Herpesviral encephalitis Limbic encephalitis Encephalitis lethargica Cavernous sinus thrombosis Brain abscess Amoebic Spinal cord Myelitis : Poliomyelitis Demyelinating disease Transverse myelitis Tropical spastic paraparesis Epidural abscess Both / either Encephalomyelitis Acute disseminated Myalgic Meningoencephalitis Brain / encephalopathy Degenerative Extrapyramidal and movement disorders Basal ganglia disease Parkinsonism PD Postencephalitic NMS PKAN Tauopathy PSP Striatonigral degeneration Hemiballismus HD OA Dyskinesia Dystonia Status dystonicus Spasmodic torticollis Meige 's Blepharospasm Athetosis Chorea Choreoathetosis Myoclonus Myoclonic epilepsy Akathisia Tremor Essential tremor Intention tremor Restless legs Stiff person Dementia Tauopathy Alzheimer 's Early - onset Primary progressive aphasia Frontotemporal dementia / Frontotemporal lobar degeneration Pick 's Dementia with Lewy bodies Posterior cortical atrophy Vascular dementia Mitochondrial disease Leigh disease Demyelinating autoimmune Multiple sclerosis Neuromyelitis optica Schilder 's disease hereditary Adrenoleukodystrophy Alexander Canavan Krabbe ML PMD VWM MFC CAMFAK syndrome Central pontine myelinolysis Marchiafava -- Bignami disease Alpers ' disease Episodic / paroxysmal Seizure / epilepsy Focal Generalised Status epilepticus Myoclonic epilepsy Headache Migraine Familial hemiplegic Cluster Tension Cerebrovascular TIA Amaurosis fugax Transient global amnesia Acute aphasia Stroke MCA ACA PCA Foville 's Millard -- Gubler Lateral medullary Medial medullary Weber 's Lacunar stroke Sleep disorders Insomnia Hypersomnia Sleep apnea Obstructive Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome Narcolepsy Cataplexy Kleine -- Levin Circadian rhythm sleep disorder Advanced sleep phase disorder Delayed sleep phase disorder Non-24 - hour sleep -- wake disorder Jet lag CSF Intracranial hypertension Hydrocephalus / NPH Choroid plexus papilloma Idiopathic intracranial hypertension Cerebral edema Intracranial hypotension Other Brain herniation Reye 's Hepatic encephalopathy Toxic encephalopathy Hashimoto 's encephalopathy Spinal cord / myelopathy Syringomyelia Syringobulbia Morvan 's syndrome Vascular myelopathy Foix -- Alajouanine syndrome Spinal cord compression Both / either Degenerative SA Friedreich 's ataxia Ataxia - telangiectasia MND UMN only : Primary lateral sclerosis Pseudobulbar palsy Hereditary spastic paraplegia LMN only : Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies Spinal muscular atrophies SMA SMAX1 SMAX2 DSMA1 Congenital DSMA SMA - PCH SMA - LED SMA - PME Progressive muscular atrophy Progressive bulbar palsy Fazio -- Londe Infantile progressive bulbar palsy both : Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis hide Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Organizations in the United States ALS Association ALS Therapy Development Institute Les Turner ALS Foundation Muscular Dystrophy Association Project ALS Prize4Life International organizations ALS Society of Canada Motor Neurone Disease Association Events ALS Awareness Month Ice Bucket Challenge Annual ALS Awareness Game People O.J. Brigance Paul Cellucci Dwight Clark Jay Fishman Pete Frates Lou Gehrig Richard Glatzer Steve Gleason Stephen Hawking Stephen Heywood Stephen Hillenburg Jacob Javits Jason Becker Augie Nieto Jon Stone Kevin Turner Henry Wallace Related List of people with ALS Lou Gehrig Memorial Award NDL : 01127913 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis&oldid=846324656 '' Categories : Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Motor neuron diseases Rare diseases Unsolved problems in neuroscience Systemic atrophies primarily affecting the central nervous system Cytoskeletal defects Neuromuscular disorders Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from October 2012 Infobox medical condition ( new ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers RTT RTTNEURO Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська ייִדיש 粵語 中文 49 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 00 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the full form of als disease | [
"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neurone disease (MND), and Lou Gehrig's disease, is a specific disease which causes the death of neurons controlling voluntary muscles.[3][5][11] Some also use the term motor neuron disease for a group of conditions of which ALS is the most common.[2] ALS is characterized by stiff muscles, muscle twitching, and gradually worsening weakness due to muscles decreasing in size.[2] This results in difficulty speaking, swallowing, and eventually breathing.[2][3]"
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"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"
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6313383988446833860 | The Chronicles of Narnia | The Chronicles of Narnia - wikipedia The Chronicles of Narnia `` Narnia '' redirects here . For other uses , see Narnia ( disambiguation ) . This article is about the book series . For the film series , see The Chronicles of Narnia ( film series ) . The Chronicles of Narnia The Chronicles of Narnia boxed set ( in publication order ) The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 1950 ) Prince Caspian ( 1951 ) The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 1952 ) The Silver Chair ( 1953 ) The Horse and His Boy ( 1954 ) The Magician 's Nephew ( 1955 ) The Last Battle ( 1956 ) Author C.S. Lewis Illustrator Pauline Baynes Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Fantasy Children 's literature Publisher HarperCollins Published 16 October 1950 -- 4 September 1956 Media type Print ( hardcover and paperback ) The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of seven fantasy novels by C.S. Lewis . It is considered a classic of children 's literature and is the author 's best - known work , having sold over 100 million copies in 47 languages . Written by Lewis , illustrated by Pauline Baynes , and originally published in London between 1950 and 1956 , The Chronicles of Narnia has been adapted several times , complete or in part , for radio , television , the stage , and film . Set in the fictional realm of Narnia , a fantasy world of magic , mythical beasts , and talking animals , the series narrates the adventures of various children who play central roles in the unfolding history of that world . Except in The Horse and His Boy , the protagonists are all children from the real world , magically transported to Narnia , where they are called upon by the lion Aslan to protect Narnia from evil and restore the throne to its rightful line . The books span the entire history of Narnia , from its creation in The Magician 's Nephew to its eventual destruction in The Last Battle . Inspiration for the series was taken from multiple sources ; in addition to adapting numerous traditional Christian themes , Lewis freely borrowed characters and ideas from Greek and Roman mythology as well as from traditional British and Irish fairy tales . The books have profoundly influenced adult and children 's fantasy literature since World War II . Lewis 's exploration of themes not usually present in children 's literature , such as religion , as well as the books ' perceived treatment of issues including race and gender , has caused some controversy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and conception 1.1 Name 2 Publication history 3 Books 3.1 The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 1950 ) 3.2 Prince Caspian : The Return to Narnia ( 1951 ) 3.3 The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 1952 ) 3.4 The Silver Chair ( 1953 ) 3.5 The Horse and His Boy ( 1954 ) 3.6 The Magician 's Nephew ( 1955 ) 3.7 The Last Battle ( 1956 ) 4 Reading order 5 Main characters 5.1 Aslan 5.2 Pevensie family 5.2. 1 Lucy Pevensie 5.2. 2 Edmund Pevensie 5.2. 3 Susan Pevensie 5.2. 4 Peter Pevensie 5.3 Eustace Scrubb 5.4 Jill Pole 5.5 Digory Kirke 5.6 Polly Plummer 5.7 ( Mr ) Tumnus 5.8 Prince Caspian / Caspian X 5.9 Trumpkin 5.10 Reepicheep 5.11 Puddleglum 5.12 Shasta / Cor 5.13 Aravis 5.14 Bree 5.15 King Tirian 5.16 Antagonists 5.16. 1 White Witch / Jadis 5.16. 2 King Miraz 5.16. 3 Lady of the Green Kirtle 5.16. 4 Prince Rabadash of Calormen 5.16. 5 Shift the Ape 5.17 Title characters 5.18 Appearances of main characters 6 Narnian universe 6.1 Inhabitants 6.2 Geography 6.3 Cosmology 6.4 History 7 Influences 7.1 Lewis 's life 7.2 Influences from mythology and cosmology 7.3 Influences from literature 8 Influences on other works 8.1 Influences on literature 8.2 Influences on popular culture 8.3 Influences on music 9 Christian themes 10 Criticism 10.1 Accusations of gender stereotyping 10.2 Accusations of racism 11 Adaptations of The Chronicles of Narnia 11.1 Television 11.2 Radio 11.3 Stage 11.4 Film 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Background and conception ( edit ) Although Lewis originally conceived what would become The Chronicles of Narnia in 1939 ( the picture of a Faun with parcels in a snowy wood has a history dating to 1914 ) , he did not finish writing the first book The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe until 1949 . The Magician 's Nephew , the penultimate book to be published , but the last to be written , was completed in 1954 . Lewis did not write the books in the order in which they were originally published , nor were they published in their current chronological order of presentation . The original illustrator , Pauline Baynes , created pen and ink drawings for the Narnia books that are still used in the editions published today . Lewis was awarded the 1956 Carnegie Medal for The Last Battle , the final book in the saga . Fellow children 's author Roger Lancelyn Green first referred to the series as The Chronicles of Narnia , in March 1951 , after he had read and discussed with Lewis his recently completed fourth book The Silver Chair , originally entitled Night under Narnia . Lewis described the origin of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe in an essay entitled `` It All Began with a Picture '' : The Lion all began with a picture of a Faun carrying an umbrella and parcels in a snowy wood . This picture had been in my mind since I was about sixteen . Then one day , when I was about forty , I said to myself : ' Let 's try to make a story about it . ' Shortly before the start of World War II , many children were evacuated to the English countryside in anticipation of attacks on London and other major urban areas by Nazi Germany . As a result , on 2 September 1939 , three school girls , Margaret , Mary and Katherine , came to live at The Kilns in Risinghurst , Lewis 's home three miles east of Oxford city centre . Lewis later suggested that the experience gave him a new appreciation of children and in late September he began a children 's story on an odd sheet of paper which has survived as part of another manuscript : This book is about four children whose names were Ann , Martin , Rose and Peter . But it is most about Peter who was the youngest . They all had to go away from London suddenly because of Air Raids , and because Father , who was in the Army , had gone off to the War and Mother was doing some kind of war work . They were sent to stay with a kind of relation of Mother 's who was a very old professor who lived all by himself in the country . In `` It All Began With a Picture '' C.S. Lewis continues : At first I had very little idea how the story would go . But then suddenly Aslan came bounding into it . I think I had been having a good many dreams of lions about that time . Apart from that , I do n't know where the Lion came from or why he came . But once he was there , he pulled the whole story together , and soon he pulled the six other Narnian stories in after him . The manuscript for The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe was complete by the end of March 1949 . Name ( edit ) The name Narnia is based on Narni , Italy , written in Latin as Narnia . Green wrote : When Walter Hooper asked ( C.S. Lewis ) where he found the word ' Narnia ' , Lewis showed him Murray 's Small Classical Atlas , ed . G.B. Grundy ( 1904 ) , which he acquired when he was reading the classics with Mr Kirkpatrick at Great Bookham ( 1914 -- 1917 ) . On plate 8 of the Atlas is a map of ancient Italy . Lewis had underscored the name of a little town called Narnia , simply because he liked the sound of it . Narnia -- or ' Narni ' in Italian -- is in Umbria , halfway between Rome and Assisi . Publication history ( edit ) The Chronicles of Narnia 's seven books have been in continuous publication since 1956 , selling over 100 million copies in 47 languages and with editions in Braille . The first five books were originally published in the United Kingdom by Geoffrey Bles . The first edition of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe was released in London on 16 October 1950 . Although three more books , Prince Caspian , The Voyage of the Dawn Treader and The Horse and His Boy , were already complete , they were not released immediately at that time , but appeared ( along with The Silver Chair ) one at a time in each of the subsequent years ( 1951 -- 1954 ) . The last two books ( The Magician 's Nephew and The Last Battle ) were published in the United Kingdom originally by The Bodley Head in 1955 and 1956 . In the United States , the publication rights were first owned by Macmillan Publishers , and later by HarperCollins . The two issued both hardcover and paperback editions of the series during their tenure as publishers , while at the same time Scholastic , Inc. produced paperback versions for sale primarily through direct mail order , book clubs , and book fairs. Harper Collins also published several one - volume collected editions containing the full text of the series . As noted below ( see reading order ) , the first American publisher , Macmillan , numbered the books in publication sequence , but when Harper Collins won the rights in 1994 , at the suggestion of Lewis 's stepson they used the series ' internal chronological order . Scholastic switched the numbering of its paperback editions in 1994 to mirror that of Harper Collins . Books ( edit ) The seven books that make up The Chronicles of Narnia are presented here in order of original publication date : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 1950 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , completed by the end of March 1949 and published by Geoffrey Bles in the United Kingdom on 16 October 1950 , tells the story of four ordinary children : Peter , Susan , Edmund , and Lucy Pevensie , who have been evacuated to the English countryside from London in 1940 following the outbreak of World War II . They discover a wardrobe in Professor Digory Kirke 's house that leads to the magical land of Narnia . The Pevensie children help Aslan , a talking lion , save Narnia from the evil White Witch , who has reigned over the land of Narnia for a century of perpetual winter with no Christmas . The children become kings and queens of this new - found land and establish the Golden Age of Narnia , leaving a legacy to be rediscovered in later books . Prince Caspian : the return to Narnia ( 1951 ) ( edit ) Main article : Prince Caspian Completed after Christmas 1949 and published on 15 October 1951 , Prince Caspian : The Return to Narnia tells the story of the Pevensie children 's second trip to Narnia . They are drawn back by the power of Susan 's horn , blown by Prince Caspian to summon help in his hour of need . Narnia , as they knew it , is no more , as 1,300 years have passed and their castle is in ruins , while all Narnians have retreated so far within themselves that only Aslan 's magic can wake them . Caspian has fled into the woods to escape his uncle , Miraz , who has usurped the throne . The children set out once again to save Narnia . The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 1952 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Written between January and February 1950 and published on 15 September 1952 , The Voyage of the Dawn Treader sees Edmund and Lucy Pevensie , along with their priggish cousin , Eustace Scrubb , return to Narnia . Once there , they join Caspian 's voyage on the ship Dawn Treader to find the seven lords who were banished when Miraz took over the throne . This perilous journey brings them face to face with many wonders and dangers as they sail toward Aslan 's country at the edge of the world . The Silver Chair ( 1953 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Silver Chair Completed at the beginning of March 1951 and published 7 September 1953 , The Silver Chair is the first Narnia book not involving the Pevensie children , focusing instead on Eustace . Several months after The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Aslan calls Eustace back to Narnia along with his classmate Jill Pole . They are given four signs to aid them in the search for Prince Caspian 's son Rilian , who disappeared ten years earlier on a quest to avenge his mother 's death . Fifty years have passed in Narnia ; Eustace is still a child , but Caspian , barely an adult in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , is now an old man . Eustace and Jill , with the help of Puddleglum the Marsh - wiggle , face danger and betrayal on their quest to find Rilian . The Horse and his Boy ( 1954 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Horse and His Boy Begun in March and completed at the end of July 1950 , The Horse and His Boy was published on 6 September 1954 . The story takes place during the reign of the Pevensies in Narnia , an era which begins and ends in the last chapter of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . A young boy named Shasta and a talking horse named Bree , both of whom are in bondage in the country of Calormen , are the protagonists . By `` chance '' , they meet and plan their return to Narnia and freedom . Along the way they meet Aravis and her talking horse Hwin who are also fleeing to Narnia . The Magician 's Nephew ( 1955 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Magician 's Nephew Completed in February 1954 and published by Bodley Head in London on 2 May 1955 , the prequel The Magician 's Nephew brings the reader back to the origins of Narnia where we learn how Aslan created the world and how evil first entered it . Digory Kirke and his friend Polly Plummer stumble into different worlds by experimenting with magic rings made by Digory 's uncle . In the dying world of Charn they awaken Queen Jadis , and they witness the creation of Narnian world ( where Jadis later becomes the White Witch ) . Many long - standing questions about the world are answered as a result . The story is set in 1900 , when Digory was a 12 - year - old boy . He is a middle - aged professor by the time he hosts the Pevensie children in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe 40 years later . The Last Battle ( 1956 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Last Battle Completed in March 1953 and published 4 September 1956 , The Last Battle chronicles the end of the world of Narnia . Jill and Eustace return to save Narnia from Shift , an ape , who tricks Puzzle , a donkey , into impersonating the lion Aslan , precipitating a showdown between the Calormenes and King Tirian . This leads to the end of Narnia , revealing the true Narnia to which Aslan brings them . Reading order ( edit ) Fans of the series often have strong opinions over the order in which the books should be read . The issue revolves around the placement of The Magician 's Nephew and The Horse and His Boy in the series . Both are set significantly earlier in the story of Narnia than their publication order and fall somewhat outside the main story arc connecting the others . The reading order of the other five books is not disputed . A 1970 Collier - Macmillan edition paperback boxed set ( cover art by Roger Hane ) , where the books are presented in order of original publication Original publication order Harper Collins order ( internally chronological ) The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe The Magician 's Nephew Prince Caspian The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe The Voyage of the Dawn Treader The Horse and His Boy The Silver Chair Prince Caspian The Horse and His Boy The Voyage of the Dawn Treader The Magician 's Nephew The Silver Chair The Last Battle The Last Battle When first published , the books were not numbered . The first American publisher , Macmillan , enumerated them according to their original publication order , while some early British editions specified the internal chronological order . When Harper Collins took over the series rights in 1994 , they adopted the internal chronological order . To make the case for the internal chronological order , Lewis 's stepson , Douglas Gresham , quoted Lewis 's 1957 reply to a letter from an American fan who was having an argument with his mother about the order : I think I agree with your ( chronological ) order for reading the books more than with your mother 's . The series was not planned beforehand as she thinks . When I wrote The Lion I did not know I was going to write any more . Then I wrote P. Caspian as a sequel and still did n't think there would be any more , and when I had done The Voyage I felt quite sure it would be the last , but I found I was wrong . So perhaps it does not matter very much in which order anyone read them . I 'm not even sure that all the others were written in the same order in which they were published . In the 2005 Harper Collins adult editions of the books , the publisher cites this letter to assert Lewis 's preference for the numbering they adopted by including this notice on the copyright page : Although The Magician 's Nephew was written several years after C.S. Lewis first began The Chronicles of Narnia , he wanted it to be read as the first book in the series . Harper Collins is happy to present these books in the order in which Professor Lewis preferred . Paul Ford cites several scholars who have weighed in against this view , and continues , `` most scholars disagree with this decision and find it the least faithful to Lewis 's deepest intentions '' . Scholars and readers who appreciate the original order believe that Lewis was simply being gracious to his youthful correspondent and that he could have changed the books ' order in his lifetime had he so desired . They maintain that much of the magic of Narnia comes from the way the world is gradually presented in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe -- that the mysterious wardrobe , as a narrative device , is a much better introduction to Narnia than The Magician 's Nephew , where the word `` Narnia '' appears in the first paragraph as something already familiar to the reader . Moreover , they say , it is clear from the texts themselves that The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe was intended to be read first . When Aslan is first mentioned in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , for example , the narrator says that `` None of the children knew who Aslan was , any more than you do '' -- which is nonsensical if one has already read The Magician 's Nephew . Other similar textual examples are also cited . Doris Meyer , author of C.S. Lewis in Context and Bareface : A guide to C.S. Lewis , writes that rearranging the stories chronologically `` lessens the impact of the individual stories '' and `` obscures the literary structures as a whole '' . Peter Schakel devotes an entire chapter to this topic in his book Imagination and the Arts in C.S. Lewis : Journeying to Narnia and Other Worlds , and in Reading with the Heart : The Way into Narnia he writes : The only reason to read The Magician 's Nephew first ( ... ) is for the chronological order of events , and that , as every story teller knows , is quite unimportant as a reason . Often the early events in a sequence have a greater impact or effect as a flashback , told after later events which provide background and establish perspective . So it is ( ... ) with the Chronicles . The artistry , the archetypes , and the pattern of Christian thought all make it preferable to read the books in the order of their publication . Main characters ( edit ) Further information : List of The Chronicles of Narnia characters Aslan ( edit ) Main article : Aslan Aslan , the Great Lion , is the eponymous lion of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , and his role in Narnia is developed throughout the remaining books . He is also the only character to appear in all seven books . Aslan is a talking lion , the King of Beasts , son of the Emperor - Over-the - Sea . He is a wise , compassionate , magical authority ( both temporal and spiritual ) who serves as mysterious and benevolent guide to the human children who visit , as well as being the guardian and saviour of Narnia . C.S. Lewis described Aslan as an alternative version of Jesus as the form in which Christ might have appeared in an alternative reality . Pevensie family ( edit ) The four Pevensie siblings are the main human protagonists of The Chronicles of Narnia . Varying combinations of some or all of them appear in five of the seven novels . They are introduced in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( although we do not learn their surname until The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ) , and eventually become Kings and Queens of Narnia reigning as a tetrarchy . Although introduced in the series as children , the siblings grow up into adults while reigning in Narnia . They go back to being children once they get back to their own world , but feature as adults in The Horse and His Boy during their Narnian reign . All four appear in The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe and Prince Caspian ; in the latter , however , Aslan tells Peter and Susan that they will not return , as they are getting too old . Susan , Lucy , and Edmund appear in The Horse and His Boy -- Peter is said to be away fighting giants on the other side of Narnia . Lucy and Edmund appear in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , where Aslan tells them , too , that they are getting too old . Peter , Edmund , and Lucy appear as Kings and Queens in Aslan 's Country in The Last Battle ; Susan does not . Asked by a child in 1958 if he would please write another book entitled `` Susan of Narnia '' so that the entire Pevensie family would be reunited , C.S. Lewis replied : `` I am so glad you like the Narnian books and it was nice of you to write and tell me . There 's no use just asking me to write more . When stories come into my mind I have to write them , and when they do n't I ca n't ! ... '' Lucy Pevensie ( edit ) Main article : Lucy Pevensie Lucy is the youngest of the four Pevensie siblings . Of all the Pevensie children , Lucy is the closest to Aslan , and of all the human characters who visit Narnia , Lucy is perhaps the one who believes in Narnia the most . In The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe she initiates the story by entering Narnia through the wardrobe , and ( with Susan ) witnesses Aslan 's execution and resurrection . She is named Queen Lucy the Valiant . In Prince Caspian she is the first to see Aslan when he comes to guide them . In The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , it is Lucy who breaks the spell of invisibility on the Dufflepuds . As an adult in The Horse and His Boy she helps fight the Calormenes at Anvard . Although a minor character in The Last Battle , much of the closing chapter is seen from her point of view . Edmund Pevensie ( edit ) Main article : Edmund Pevensie Edmund is the second child to enter Narnia in The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe , where he falls under the White Witch 's spell . Instantiating that book 's Christian theme of betrayal , repentance , and subsequent redemption via blood sacrifice , he betrays his siblings to her , but quickly realizes her true nature and her evil intentions , and is redeemed by the sacrifice of Aslan 's life . He is named King Edmund the Just . In Prince Caspian and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader he supports Lucy ; in The Horse and His Boy he leads the Narnian delegation to Calormen and , later , the Narnian army breaking the siege at Anvard . Susan Pevensie ( edit ) Main article : Susan Pevensie In The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe Susan accompanies Lucy to see Aslan die and rise again . She is named Queen Susan the Gentle . In Prince Caspian , however , she is the last of the four to believe and follow Lucy when the latter is called by Aslan to guide them . As an adult queen in The Horse and His Boy she is courted by Prince Rabadash of Calormen but refuses his marriage proposal , and his angry response leads the story to its climax . In The Last Battle , we are told that she has stopped believing in Narnia and remembers it only as a childhood game . Peter Pevensie ( edit ) Main article : Peter Pevensie Peter is the eldest of the Pevensies . In The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe he kills a Talking Wolf to save Susan , and leads the Narnian army against the White Witch . Aslan names him High King , and he is known as Peter the Magnificent . In Prince Caspian he duels the usurper King Miraz to restore Caspian 's throne . In The Last Battle it is Peter whom Aslan entrusts with the duty of closing the door on Narnia for the final time . Eustace Scrubb ( edit ) Main article : Eustace Scrubb Eustace Clarence Scrubb is a cousin of the Pevensies , and a classmate of Jill Pole at their school Experiment House . He is portrayed at first as a brat and a bully , but comes to improve his nasty behaviour when his greed turns him into a dragon for a while . His distress at having to live as a dragon causes him to reflect upon how horrible he has been , and he soon becomes a better person so Aslan changes him back into a boy . In the later books , Eustace comes across as a much nicer person , although he is still rather grumpy and argumentative . Nonetheless , he becomes a hero along with Jill Pole when the pair succeed in freeing the lost Prince Rilian from the clutches of an evil witch . He appears in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , The Silver Chair , and The Last Battle . Jill Pole ( edit ) Main article : Jill Pole Jill Pole is not related to any of the other children who enter Narnia . She is a classmate and neighbour of Eustace Scrubb . She appears in The Silver Chair , where she is the viewpoint character for most of the action , and returns in The Last Battle . In The Silver Chair Eustace introduces her to the Narnian world , where Aslan gives her the task of memorising a series of signs that will help her and Eustace on their quest to find Caspian 's lost son . In The Last Battle she and Eustace accompany King Tirian in his ill - fated defence of Narnia against the Calormenes . Digory Kirke ( edit ) Main article : Digory Kirke Digory Kirke is the character referred to in the title of The Magician 's Nephew . He first appears as a minor character in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , known only as `` The Professor '' , who hosts the Pevensie children when they are evacuated from London and defends Lucy 's story of having found a country in the back of the wardrobe . In The Magician 's Nephew the young Digory , thanks to his uncle 's magical experimentation , inadvertently brings Jadis from her dying homeworld of Charn to the newly - created world of Narnia ; to fix his mistake Aslan sends him to fetch a magical apple which will protect Narnia and heal his dying mother . He returns in The Last Battle . Polly Plummer ( edit ) Main article : Polly Plummer Polly Plummer appears in The Magician 's Nephew and The Last Battle . She is the next - door neighbour of the young Digory Kirke . She is tricked by a wicked magician ( who is Digory 's uncle ) into touching a magic ring which transports her to the Wood between the Worlds and leaves her there stranded . The wicked uncle persuades Digory to follow her with a second magic ring that has the power to bring her back . This sets up the pair 's adventures into other worlds , and they witness the creation of Narnia as described in The Magician 's Nephew . ( Mr ) Tumnus ( edit ) Main article : Mr. Tumnus Tumnus , called `` Mr Tumnus '' by Lucy , is a faun who is featured prominently in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe and also appears in The Horse and His Boy and The Last Battle . He is the first creature Lucy meets in Narnia , as well as the first Narnian to be introduced in the series ; he invites her to his home with the intention of betraying her to Jadis , but quickly repents and befriends her . In The Horse and His Boy he devises the Narnian delegation 's plan of escape from Calormen . He returns for a brief dialogue at the end of The Last Battle . Tumnus is the faun in the snowy wood the mental image of which , according to Lewis , was the initial inspiration for the entire Narnia series . Prince Caspian / Caspian X ( edit ) Main article : Caspian X Prince Caspian , later to become King Caspian X of Narnia , Lord of Cair Paravel and Emperor of The Lone Islands -- also called `` Caspian the Seafarer '' and `` Caspian the Navigator '' -- is the title character of the second book in the series , first introduced as the young nephew and heir of King Miraz of Narnia . Prince Caspian : The Return to Narnia is set 1300 years after the rule of High King Peter and his siblings , when Old Narnians have been driven into hiding by Caspian 's ancestors the Telmarines . Caspian is also a central character in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , and appears briefly at the beginning and end of The Silver Chair . Trumpkin ( edit ) Main article : Trumpkin Trumpkin the Dwarf is the narrator of several chapters of Prince Caspian ; he is one of Caspian 's rescuers and a leading figure in the `` Old Narnian '' rebellion , and accompanies the Pevensie children from the ruins of Cair Paravel to the Old Narnian camp . In The Voyage of the Dawn Treader we learn that Caspian has made him his Regent in Narnia while he is away at sea , and he appears briefly in this role ( now elderly and very deaf ) in The Silver Chair . Reepicheep ( edit ) Main article : Reepicheep Reepicheep the Mouse is the leader of the Talking Mice of Narnia in Prince Caspian . Utterly fearless , infallibly courteous , obsessed with honour , he is badly wounded in the final battle but healed by Lucy and Aslan . In The Voyage of the Dawn Treader his role is greatly expanded ; he becomes a visionary as well as a warrior , and ultimately his willing self - exile to Aslan 's Country breaks the enchantment on the last three of the Lost Lords , thus achieving the final goal of the quest . Lewis identified Reepicheep as `` specially '' exemplifying the latter book 's theme of `` the spiritual life '' . Puddleglum ( edit ) Main article : Puddleglum Puddleglum the Marsh - wiggle guides Eustace and Jill on their quest in The Silver Chair . Though always comically pessimistic , he provides the voice of reason and as such intervenes critically in the climactic enchantment scene . Shasta / Cor ( edit ) Main article : Shasta ( Narnia ) Shasta , later known as Cor of Archenland , is the principal character in The Horse and His Boy . Born the eldest son and heir of King Lune of Archenland , and elder twin of Prince Corin , Cor was kidnapped as an infant and raised as a fisherman 's son in the country of Calormen . Learning that he is about to be sold into slavery at the beginning of The Horse and His Boy , Shasta escapes to freedom , saves Archenland and Narnia from invasion , learns of his true identity , and is restored to his heritage . Shasta grows up to become King of Archenland , marries the Calormene Tarkheena Aravis , and fathers the next ( and most famous ) king of Archenland , Ram the Great . Aravis ( edit ) Main article : Aravis Aravis , daughter of Kidrash Tarkaan , is a character in The Horse and His Boy . Escaping a forced betrothal to the loathsome Ahoshta , she joins Shasta on his journey and inadvertently overhears a plot by Rabadash , crown prince of Calormen , to invade Archenland . She later marries Shasta , now known as Prince Cor , and becomes queen of Archenland at his side . Bree ( edit ) Main article : Bree ( Narnia ) Bree ( Breehy - hinny - brinny - hoohy - hah ) is Shasta 's mount and mentor in The Horse and His Boy . A Talking Horse of Narnia , he wandered into Calormen as a foal and was captured . He first appears as a Calormene nobleman 's war - horse ; when the nobleman buys Shasta as a slave , Bree organises and carries out their joint escape . Though friendly , he is also vain and a braggart until his encounter with Aslan late in the story . King Tirian ( edit ) Main article : Tirian The last King of Narnia is the viewpoint character for much of The Last Battle . Having rashly killed a Calormene for mistreating a Narnian Talking Horse , he is imprisoned by the villainous ape Shift but released by Eustace and Jill . Together they fight faithfully to the last and are welcomed into Aslan 's Kingdom . Antagonists ( edit ) White Witch / Jadis ( edit ) Main article : White Witch Jadis , commonly known during her rule of Narnia as the White Witch , is the main villain of The Lion , The Witch and the Wardrobe and The Magician 's Nephew -- the only antagonist to appear in more than one Narnia book . In The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe , she is the witch responsible for the freezing of Narnia resulting in the Hundred Year Winter ; she turns her enemies into statues and kills Aslan on the Stone Table , but is killed by him in battle after his resurrection . In The Magician 's Nephew she is wakened from a magical sleep by Digory in the dead world of Charn and inadvertently brought to Victorian London before being transported to Narnia , where she steals an apple to grant her the gift of immortality . King Miraz ( edit ) Main article : Miraz King Miraz is the lead villain of Prince Caspian . Prior to the book 's opening he has killed King Caspian IX , father of the titular Prince Caspian , and usurped his throne as king of the Telmarine colonizers in Narnia . He raises Caspian as his heir , but seeks to kill him after his own son is born . As the story progresses he leads the Telmarine war against the Old Narnian rebellion ; he is defeated in single combat by Peter and then murdered by one of his own lords . Lady of the Green Kirtle ( edit ) Main article : Lady of the Green Kirtle The Lady of the Green Kirtle is the lead villain of The Silver Chair , and is also referred to in that book as `` the Queen of Underland '' or simply as `` the Witch '' . She rules an underground kingdom through magical mind - control . Prior to the events of The Silver Chair she has murdered Caspian 's Queen and then seduced and abducted his son Prince Rilian . She encounters the protagonists on their quest and sends them astray . Confronted by them later , she attempts to enslave them magically ; when that fails , she attacks them in the form of a serpent and is killed . Prince Rabadash of Calormen ( edit ) Main article : Rabadash Prince Rabadash , heir to the throne of Calormen , is the primary antagonist of The Horse and His Boy . Hot - headed , arrogant , and entitled , he brings Susan Pevensie , with a small retinue including Edmund Pevensie , to Calormen in the hope of marrying her . When the Narnians escape his clutches , he attacks Archenland with the intention of establishing a base from which to raid Narnia and take Susan back , but his plan is foiled by Shasta and Aravis warning the Archenlanders . He is captured by Edmund and transformed into a donkey by Aslan as a punishment . Shift the ape ( edit ) Main article : Shift ( Narnia ) Shift is the most prominent villain of The Last Battle . He is an elderly Talking Ape -- Lewis does not specify what kind of ape , but Pauline Baynes ' illustrations depict him as a chimpanzee . He persuades the naïve donkey Puzzle to pretend to be Aslan ( wearing a lion - skin ) in order to seize control of Narnia , and proceeds to cut down the forests , enslave the other Talking Beasts , and invite the Calormenes to invade . He loses control of the situation due to over-indulging in alcohol , and is eventually swallowed up by the evil Calormene god Tash . Title characters ( edit ) The Magician 's Nephew -- Digory Kirke The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe -- Aslan , Jadis The Horse and His Boy -- Bree , Shasta Prince Caspian -- Prince Caspian Appearances of main characters ( edit ) Character Book The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 1950 ) Prince Caspian : The Return to Narnia ( 1951 ) The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 1952 ) The Silver Chair ( 1953 ) The Horse and His Boy ( 1954 ) The Magician 's Nephew ( 1955 ) The Last Battle ( 1956 ) Total Appearances Aslan Major 7 Peter Pevensie Major Minor Susan Pevensie Major Minor Edmund Pevensie Major Minor Minor 5 Lucy Pevensie Major Minor Minor 5 Eustace Scrubb Major Major Jill Pole Major Major Digory Kirke Minor Major Minor Polly Plummer Major Minor ( Mr ) Tumnus Major Minor Minor Prince / King Caspian Major Minor Cameo Trumpkin the Dwarf Major Minor Cameo Reepicheep the Mouse Minor Major Minor Puddleglum Major Cameo Shasta ( Prince / King Cor ) Major Cameo Aravis Tarkheena Major Cameo Bree Major Cameo King Tirian Major Jadis ( The White Witch ) Major Major King Miraz Major The Lady of the Green Kirtle Major Prince Rabadash Major Shift the Ape Major Narnian universe ( edit ) Main article : Narnia ( world ) A map by David Bedell of the fictional universe of the Narnian world . The main setting of The Chronicles of Narnia is the world of Narnia constructed by Lewis and , in The Magician 's Nephew , the world containing the city of Charn . The Narnian and Charnian worlds are themselves posited as just two in a multiverse of countless worlds that includes our own universe , the main protagonists ' world of origin . Passage between these worlds is possible , though rare , and may be accomplished by various means . Narnia itself is described as populated by a wide variety of creatures , most of which would be recognisable to those familiar with European mythologies and British and Irish fairy tales . Inhabitants ( edit ) See also : Narnia creatures and List of The Chronicles of Narnia characters Lewis 's stories are populated with two distinct types of character : Humans originating from the reader 's world of Earth , and Narnian creatures and their descendants created by Aslan . This is typical of works that involve parallel universes . The majority of characters from the reader 's world serve as the protagonists of the various books , although some are only mentioned in passing depending on chronology . Lewis does not limit himself to a single source of inspiration ; instead , he borrows from many sources , including ancient Greek and German mythology , as well as Celtic literature . Geography ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Narnian places The Chronicles of Narnia describes the world in which Narnia exists as one major landmass encircled by an ocean . Narnia 's capital sits on the eastern edge of the landmass on the shores of the Great Eastern Ocean . This ocean contains the islands explored in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader . On the main landmass Lewis places the countries of Narnia , Archenland , Calormen , and Telmar , along with a variety of other areas that are not described as countries . The author also provides glimpses of more fantastic locations that exist in and around the main world of Narnia , including an edge and an underworld . There are several maps of the Narnian universe available , including what many consider the `` official '' one , a full - colour version published in 1972 by the books ' illustrator , Pauline Baynes . This is currently out of print , although smaller copies can be found in the most recent HarperCollins 2006 hardcover edition of The Chronicles of Narnia . Two other maps were produced as a result of the popularity of the 2005 film The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . One , the `` Rose Map of Narnia '' , is based loosely on Baynes ' map and has Narnian trivia printed on the reverse . The other , made in a monochromatic , archaic style reminiscent of maps of Tolkien 's Middle - earth , is available in print and in an interactive version on the DVD of the movie . The latter map depicts only the country Narnia and not the rest of Lewis 's world . Cosmology ( edit ) A recurring plot device in The Chronicles is the interaction between the various worlds that make up the Narnian multiverse . A variety of methods are used to initiate these cross-overs which generally serve to introduce characters to the land of Narnia . The Cosmology of Narnia is not as internally consistent as that of Lewis 's contemporary Tolkien 's Middle - earth , but suffices given the more fairy tale atmosphere of the work . During the course of the series we learn in passing , that the world of Narnia is flat and geocentric and has different stars from those of Earth , and that the passage of time does not correspond directly to the passage of time in our world . History ( edit ) See also : Narnian timeline and History of Narnia The Chronicles cover the entire history of the world of Narnia , describing the process by which it was created , offering snapshots of life in Narnia as its history unfolds , and how it is ultimately destroyed . As is often the case in a children 's series , children themselves , usually from our world , play a prominent role in all of these events . The history of Narnia is generally divided into the following periods : creation and the period shortly afterwards , the rule of the White Witch , the Golden Age , the invasion and rule of the Telmarines , their subsequent defeat by Caspian X , the rule of King Caspian and his descendants , and the destruction of Narnia . Like many stories , the narrative is not necessarily always presented in chronological order . Influences ( edit ) Lewis 's life ( edit ) Lewis 's early life has parallels with The Chronicles of Narnia . At the age of seven , he moved with his family to a large house on the edge of Belfast . Its long hallways and empty rooms inspired Lewis and his brother to invent make - believe worlds whilst exploring their home , an activity reflected in Lucy 's discovery of Narnia in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . Like Caspian and Rilian , Lewis lost his mother at an early age , spending much of his youth in English boarding schools similar to those attended by the Pevensie children , Eustace Scrubb , and Jill Pole . During World War II many children were evacuated from London and other urban areas because of German air raids . Some of these children , including one named Lucy ( Lewis 's goddaughter ) stayed with him at his home The Kilns near Oxford , just as the Pevensies stayed with The Professor in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . Influences from mythology and cosmology ( edit ) Drew Trotter , president of the Center for Christian Study , noted that the producers of the film The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe felt that the books ' plots adhere to the archetypal `` monomyth '' pattern as detailed in Joseph Campbell 's The Hero with a Thousand Faces . Lewis was widely read in medieval Celtic literature , an influence reflected throughout the books , and most strongly in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader . The entire book imitates one of the immrama , a type of traditional Old Irish tale that combines elements of Christianity and Irish mythology to tell the story of a hero 's sea journey to the Otherworld . Medieval Ireland also had a tradition of High Kings ruling over lesser kings and queens or princes , as in Narnia . Lewis 's term `` Cair , '' as in Cair Paravel , also mirrors `` Caer '' , or `` fortress '' in the Welsh language . Reepicheep 's small boat is a coracle , a type of vessel traditionally used in the Celtic regions of the British Isles . Some creatures in the book such as the one - footed Dufflepuds reflect elements of Greek , Roman and Medieval mythology while other Narnian creatures are borrowed from Greek and Germanic mythology : for example , centaurs from the former and dwarfs from the latter . Michael Ward 's 2008 book Planet Narnia proposes that each of the seven books related to one of the seven moving heavenly bodies or `` planets '' known in the Middle Ages according to the Ptolemaic geocentric model of cosmology ( a theme to which Lewis returned habitually throughout his work ) . At that time , each of these heavenly bodies was believed to have certain attributes , and Ward contends that these attributes were deliberately but subtly used by Lewis to furnish elements of the stories of each book : In The Lion ( the child protagonists ) become monarchs under sovereign Jove ; in Prince Caspian they harden under strong Mars ; in The `` Dawn Treader '' they drink light under searching Sol ; in The Silver Chair they learn obedience under subordinate Luna ; in The Horse and His Boy they come to love poetry under eloquent Mercury ; in The Magician 's Nephew they gain life - giving fruit under fertile Venus ; and in The Last Battle they suffer and die under chilling Saturn . Lewis 's interest in the literary symbolism of medieval and Renaissance astrology is more overtly referenced in other works such as his study of medieval cosmology The Discarded Image , and in his early poetry as well as in Space Trilogy . Narnia scholar Paul F. Ford finds Ward 's assertion that Lewis intended The Chronicles to be an embodiment of medieval astrology implausible , though Ford addresses an earlier ( 2003 ) version of Ward 's thesis ( also called Planet Narnia , published in the Times Literary Supplement ) . Ford argues that Lewis did not start with a coherent plan for the books , but Ward 's book answers this by arguing that the astrological associations grew in the writing : Jupiter was ... ( Lewis 's ) favourite planet , part of the `` habitual furniture '' of his mind ... The Lion was thus the first example of that `` idea that he wanted to try out '' . Prince Caspian and The `` Dawn Treader '' naturally followed because Mars and Sol were both already connected in his mind with the merits of the Alexander technique ... at some point after commencing The Horse and His Boy he resolved to treat all seven planets , for seven such treatments of his idea would mean that he had `` worked it out to the full '' . A quantitative analysis on the imagery in the different books of The Chronicles gives mixed support to Ward 's thesis : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , The Silver Chair , The Horse and His Boy , and The Magician 's Nephew do indeed employ concepts associated with , respectively , Sol , Luna , Mercury , and Venus , far more often than chance would predict , but The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe , Prince Caspian , and The Last Battle fall short of statistical correlation with their proposed planets . Influences from literature ( edit ) George MacDonald 's `` Phantastes '' ( 1858 ) influenced the structure and setting of `` The Chronicles '' . It was a work that was `` a great balm to the soul '' . The White Witch in The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe shares many features , both of appearance and character , with the villainous Duessa of Edmund Spenser 's Faerie Queene , a work Lewis studied in detail . Like Duessa , she falsely styles herself Queen ; she leads astray the erring Edmund with false temptations ; she turns people into stone as Duessa turns them into trees . Both villains wear opulent robes and deck their conveyances out with bells . In The Magician 's Nephew Jadis takes on echoes of Satan from John Milton 's Paradise Lost : she climbs over the wall of the paradisal garden in contempt of the command to enter only by the gate , and proceeds to tempt Digory as Satan tempted Eve , with lies and half - truths . Similarly , the Lady of the Green Kirtle in The Silver Chair recalls both the snake - woman Errour in The Faerie Queene and Satan 's transformation into a snake in Paradise Lost . Lewis read Edith Nesbit 's children 's books as a child and was greatly fond of them . He described The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe around the time of its completion as `` a children 's book in the tradition of E. Nesbit '' . The Magician 's Nephew in particular bears strong resemblances to Nesbit 's The Story of the Amulet ( 1906 ) . This novel focuses on four children living in London who discover a magic amulet . Their father is away and their mother is ill , as is the case with Digory . They manage to transport the queen of ancient Babylon to London and she is the cause of a riot ; likewise , Polly and Digory transport Queen Jadis to London , sparking a very similar incident . Influences on other works ( edit ) Influences on literature ( edit ) The Chronicles of Narnia has been a significant influence on both adult and children 's fantasy literature in the post-World War II era . In 1976 , the scholar Susan Cornell Poskanzer praised Lewis for his `` strangely powerful fantasies '' . Poskanzer argued that children could relate to Narnia books because the heroes and heroines were realistic characters , each with their own distinctive voice and personality . Furthermore , the protagonists become powerful kings and queens who decide the fate of kingdoms , while the adults in the Narnia books tended to be buffoons , which by inverting the normal order of things was pleasing to many youngsters . However , Poskanzer criticized Lewis for what she regarded as scenes of gratuitous violence , which she felt were upsetting to children . Poskanzer also noted Lewis presented his Christian message subtly enough as to avoid boring children with overt sermonizing . Examples include : Philip Pullman 's fantasy series , His Dark Materials , is seen as a response to The Chronicles . Pullman is a self - described atheist who wholly rejects the spiritual themes that permeate The Chronicles , yet his series nonetheless addresses many of the same issues and introduces some similar character types , including talking animals . In another parallel , the first books in each series -- Pullman 's Northern Lights and The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe -- both open with a young girl hiding in a wardrobe . Neil Gaiman 's young - adult horror novella Coraline has been compared to The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe , as both books involve young girls travelling to magical worlds through doors in their new houses and fighting evil with the help of talking animals . His Sandman comic book series also features a Narnia - like `` dream island '' in its story arc entitled A Game of You . When the island is unmade by its creator Morpheus , the inhabitants march into the shadow of his cloak in a scene visually similar to Aslan 's judgement of the inhabitants of Narnia in The Last Battle . Bill Willingham 's comic book series Fables makes reference at least twice to a king called `` The Great Lion '' , a thinly veiled reference to Aslan . The series avoids explicitly referring to any characters or works that are not in the public domain . The novel Bridge to Terabithia by Katherine Paterson has Leslie , one of the main characters , reveal to Jesse her love of Lewis 's books , subsequently lending him The Chronicles of Narnia so that he can learn how to behave like a king . Her book also features the island name `` Terabithia '' , which sounds similar to Terebinthia , a Narnian island that appears in Prince Caspian and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader . Katherine Paterson herself acknowledges that Terabithia is likely to be derived from Terebinthia : I thought I had made it up . Then , rereading The Voyage of the Dawn Treader by C.S. Lewis , I realized that I had probably gotten it from the island of Terebinthia in that book . However , Lewis probably got that name from the Terebinth tree in the Bible , so both of us pinched from somewhere else , probably unconsciously . '' Science - fiction author Greg Egan 's short story `` Oracle '' depicts a parallel universe in which an author nicknamed Jack ( Lewis 's nickname ) has written novels about the fictional `` Kingdom of Nesica '' , and whose wife is dying of cancer , paralleling the death of Lewis 's wife Joy Davidman . Several Narnian allegories are also used to explore issues of religion and faith versus science and knowledge . Lev Grossman 's New York Times best - seller The Magicians is a contemporary dark fantasy about an unusually gifted young man obsessed with Fillory , the magical land of his favourite childhood books . Fillory is a thinly veiled substitute for Narnia , and clearly the author expects it to be experienced as such . Not only is the land home to many similar talking animals and mythical creatures , it is also accessed through a grandfather clock in the home of an uncle to whom five English children are sent during World War II . Moreover , the land is ruled by two Aslan - like rams named Ember and Umber , and terrorised by The Watcherwoman . She , like the White Witch , freezes the land in time . The book 's plot revolves heavily around a place very like the `` wood between the worlds '' from The Magician 's Nephew , an interworld waystation in which pools of water lead to other lands . This reference to The Magician 's Nephew is echoed in the title of the book . J.K. Rowling , author of the Harry Potter series , has said that she was a fan of the works of Lewis as a child , and cites the influence of The Chronicles on her work : `` I found myself thinking about the wardrobe route to Narnia when Harry is told he has to hurl himself at a barrier in King 's Cross Station -- it dissolves and he 's on platform Nine and Three - Quarters , and there 's the train for Hogwarts . '' Nevertheless , she is at pains to stress the differences between Narnia and her world : `` Narnia is literally a different world '' , she says , `` whereas in the Harry books you go into a world within a world that you can see if you happen to belong . A lot of the humour comes from collisions between the magic and the everyday worlds . Generally there is n't much humour in the Narnia books , although I adored them when I was a child . I got so caught up I did n't think CS Lewis was especially preachy . Reading them now I find that his subliminal message is n't very subliminal . '' New York Times writer Charles McGrath notes the similarity between Dudley Dursley , the obnoxious son of Harry 's neglectful guardians , and Eustace Scrubb , the spoiled brat who torments the main characters until he is redeemed by Aslan . Influences on popular culture ( edit ) As with any popular long - lived work , contemporary culture abounds with references to the lion Aslan , travelling via wardrobe and direct mentions of The Chronicles . Examples include : Charlotte Staples Lewis , a character first seen early in the fourth season of the TV series Lost , is named in reference to C.S. Lewis . Lost producer Damon Lindelof said that this was a clue to the direction the show would take during the season . The book Ultimate Lost and Philosophy , edited by William Irwin and Sharon Kaye , contains a comprehensive essay on Lost plot motifs based on The Chronicles . The second SNL Digital Short by Andy Samberg and Chris Parnell features a humorous nerdcore hip hop song titled Chronicles of Narnia ( Lazy Sunday ) , which focuses on the performers ' plan to see The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe at a cinema . It was described by Slate magazine as one of the most culturally significant Saturday Night Live skits in many years , and an important commentary on the state of rap . Swedish Christian power metal band Narnia , whose songs are mainly about the Chronicles of Narnia or the Bible , feature Aslan on all their album covers . In anticipation of the 9 December 2005 premiere of the film The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , various Christian artists released a collection of songs based on The Chronicles of Narnia . During interviews , the primary creator of the Japanese anime and gaming series Digimon has said that he was inspired and influenced by The Chronicles of Narnia . Influences on music ( edit ) The Roar of Love is a 1980 concept album by Christian band 2nd Chapter of Acts based on The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . The song `` Further Up , Further In '' from the album Room to Roam by The Waterboys is heavily influenced by The Chronicles of Narnia , with the title coming from a passage in The Last Battle . C.S. Lewis is acknowledged in the liner notes as an influence . Christian themes ( edit ) Main article : Religion in The Chronicles of Narnia A convert to Christianity in later life , Lewis had authored a number of works on Christian apologetics and other literature with Christian - based themes before writing the Narnia books . The character Aslan is widely accepted by literary academia as being based on Jesus Christ . Lewis did not initially plan to incorporate Christian theological concepts into his Narnia stories . Lewis maintained that the Narnia books were not allegorical , preferring to term their Christian aspects a `` supposition '' . The Chronicles have , consequently , a large Christian following , and are widely used to promote Christian ideas . However , some Christians object that The Chronicles promote `` soft - sell paganism and occultism '' due to recurring pagan imagery and themes . Criticism ( edit ) Accusations of gender stereotyping ( edit ) In later years , both Lewis and the Chronicles have been criticised ( often by other authors of fantasy fiction ) for gender role stereotyping , though other authors have defended Lewis in this area . For example , Lucy gets a healing potion and a dagger , while Peter gets a sword . Most allegations of sexism centre on the description of Susan Pevensie in The Last Battle when Lewis writes that Susan is `` no longer a friend of Narnia '' and interested `` in nothing nowadays except nylons and lipstick and invitations '' . Philip Pullman , inimical to Lewis on many fronts , calls the Narnia stories `` monumentally disparaging of women '' . His interpretation of the Susan passages reflects this view : Susan , like Cinderella , is undergoing a transition from one phase of her life to another . Lewis did n't approve of that . He did n't like women in general , or sexuality at all , at least at the stage in his life when he wrote the Narnia books . He was frightened and appalled at the notion of wanting to grow up . In fantasy author Neil Gaiman 's short story `` The Problem of Susan '' ( 2004 ) , an elderly woman , Professor Hastings , deals with the grief and trauma of her entire family 's death in a train crash . Although the woman 's maiden name is not revealed , details throughout the story strongly imply that this character is the elderly Susan Pevensie . The story is written for an adult audience and deals with issues of sexuality and violence and through it Gaiman presents a critique of Lewis 's treatment of Susan . Other writers , including fan - magazine editor Andrew Rilstone , oppose this view , arguing that the `` lipsticks , nylons and invitations '' quote is taken out of context . They maintain that in The Last Battle , Susan is excluded from Narnia explicitly because she no longer believes in it . At the end of The Last Battle Susan is still alive with her ultimate fate unspecified . Moreover , in The Horse and His Boy , Susan 's adulthood and sexual maturity are portrayed in a positive light , and therefore argued to be unlikely reasons for her exclusion from Narnia . Lewis supporters also cite the positive roles of women in the series , including Jill Pole in The Silver Chair , Aravis Tarkheena in The Horse and His Boy , Polly Plummer in The Magician 's Nephew , and particularly Lucy Pevensie in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . Alan Jacobs , an English professor at Wheaton College , asserts that Lucy is the most admirable of the human characters and that generally the girls come off better than the boys throughout the series ( Jacobs , 2008 : 259 ) . In her contribution to The Chronicles of Narnia and Philosophy , Karin Fry , an Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of Wisconsin , Stevens Point , notes that `` the most sympathetic female characters in The Chronicles are consistently the ones who question the traditional roles of women and prove their worth to Aslan through actively engaging in the adventures just like the boys . '' Fry goes on to say : The characters have positive and negative things to say about both male and female characters , suggesting an equality between sexes . However , the problem is that many of the positive qualities of the female characters seem to be those by which they can rise above their femininity ... The superficial nature of stereotypical female interests is condemned . Accusations of racism ( edit ) In addition to sexism , Pullman and others have also accused the Narnia series of fostering racism . Over the alleged racism in The Horse and His Boy , newspaper editor Kyrie O'Connor wrote : It 's just too dreadful . While the book 's storytelling virtues are enormous , you do n't have to be a bluestocking of political correctness to find some of this fantasy anti-Arab , or anti-Eastern , or anti-Ottoman . With all its stereotypes , mostly played for belly laughs , there are moments you 'd like to stuff this story back into its closet . Gregg Easterbrook , writing in The Atlantic , calls the Calormenes `` standins for Muslims '' , while novelist Philip Hensher raises specific concerns that a reader might gain the impression Islam is a `` Satanic cult '' . In rebuttal to this charge , at an address to a C.S. Lewis conference , Dr. Devin Brown argued that there are too many dissimilarities between the Calormene religion and Islam , particularly in the areas of polytheism and human sacrifice , for Lewis 's writing to be regarded as critical of Islam . Nicholas Wanberg has argued , echoing claims by Mervyn Nicholson , that accusations of racism in the books are `` an oversimplification '' , but he asserts that the stories employ beliefs about human aesthetics , including equating dark skin with ugliness , that have been traditionally associated with racist thought . Critics also argue whether Lewis 's work presents a positive or negative view of colonialism . Nicole DuPlessis favors the anticolonial view , claiming `` the negative effects of colonial exploitations and the themes of animals ' rights and responsibility to the environment are emphasized in Lewis ' construction of a community of living things . Through the negative examples of illegitimate rulers , Lewis constructs the ' correct ' relationship between humans and nature , providing examples of rulers like Caspian who fulfill their responsibilities to the environment . '' Clare Etcherling counters with her claim that `` those ' illegitimate ' rulers are often very dark - skinned '' and that the only `` legitimate rulers are those sons and daughters of Adam and Eve who adhere to Christian conceptions of morality and stewardship -- either white English children ( such as Peter ) or Narnians who possess characteristics valued and cultivated by the British ( such as Caspian ) . '' Adaptations of the Chronicles of Narnia ( edit ) Main article : Adaptations of The Chronicles of Narnia Television ( edit ) Various books from The Chronicles of Narnia have been adapted for television over the years , including : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe was first adapted in 1967 . Comprising ten episodes of thirty minutes each , the screenplay was written by Trevor Preston , and directed by Helen Standage . Unlike subsequent adaptations , it is currently unavailable to purchase for home viewing . The book was adapted again in 1979 , this time as an animated cartoon co-produced by Bill Meléndez and the Children 's Television Workshop , with a screenplay by David D. Connell . Winner of the 1979 Emmy award for Outstanding Animated Program , it was one of the first major made - for - television feature - length animated films . Many of the characters ' voices in the British TV release were re-recorded by British actors and actresses with the exception of the characters Aslan , Peter , Susan , and Lucy . Between 1988 and 1990 , the first four books ( as published ) were adapted by the BBC as four television serials . They were also aired in America on the PBS / Disney show WonderWorks . They were nominated for a total of 14 Emmy awards , including `` Outstanding Children 's Program '' , and a number of BAFTA awards including Best Children 's Programme ( Entertainment / Drama ) in 1988 , 1989 and 1990 . The serials were later edited into three feature - length films ( the second of which combined Prince Caspian and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader into one ) and released on VHS and DVD . Radio ( edit ) A critically acclaimed BBC Radio 4 dramatisation was produced in the 1980s , starring Maurice Denham as Professor Kirke . Collectively titled Tales of Narnia , the programs covered the entire series with a running time of approximately 15 hours . In Great Britain , BBC Audiobooks release both audio cassette and compact disc versions of the series . Between 1998 and 2002 Focus on the Family produced radio dramatisations of the entire series through its Radio Theatre program . Over one hundred performers took part including Paul Scofield as the storyteller and David Suchet as Aslan . Accompanied by an original orchestral score and cinema - quality digital sound design , the series was hosted by Lewis 's stepson Douglas Gresham and ran for just over 22 hours . Recordings of the entire adaptation were released on compact disc between 1999 -- 2003 . Stage ( edit ) Many stage adaptations of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe have been produced over the years . In 1984 , Vanessa Ford Productions presented The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe at London 's Westminster Theatre . Adapted by Glyn Robbins , the play was directed by Richard Williams and designed by Marty Flood . The production was later revived at Westminster and The Royalty Theatre and went on tour until 1997 . Productions of other tales from The Chronicles were also staged , including The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 1986 ) , The Magician 's Nephew ( 1988 ) and The Horse and His Boy ( 1990 ) . In 1997 , Trumpets Inc. , a Filipino Christian theatre and musical production company , produced a musical rendition of `` The Lion , The Witch and The Wardrobe '' that Douglas Gresham , Lewis 's stepson ( and co-producer of the Walden Media film adaptations ) , has openly declared that he feels is the closest to Lewis 's intent . The book and lyrics were written by Jaime del Mundo and Luna Inocian , while the music was composed by Lito Villareal . The Royal Shakespeare Company premiered The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe in Stratford - upon - Avon in 1998 . The novel was adapted as a musical production by Adrian Mitchell , with music by Shaun Davey . The show was originally directed by Adrian Noble and designed by Anthony Ward , with the revival directed by Lucy Pitman - Wallace . Well received by audiences , the production was periodically re-staged by the RSC for several years afterwards . Limited engagements were subsequently undertaken at the Barbican Theatre in London and at Sadler 's Wells . This adaptation also toured the United States in the early 2000s . Film ( edit ) Main article : The Chronicles of Narnia ( film series ) The premiere of The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian in 2008 Sceptical that any cinematic adaptation could render the more fantastical elements and characters of the story realistically , Lewis never sold the film rights to the Narnia series . In answering a letter with a question posed by a child in 1957 , asking if the Narnia series could please be on television , C.S. Lewis wrote back : `` They 'd be no good on TV . Humanized beasts ca n't be presented to the eye without at once becoming either hideous or ridiculous . I wish the idiots who run the film world ( would ) realize that there are stories ( which ) are for the ear alone . '' Only after seeing a demo reel of CGI animals did Douglas Gresham , Lewis 's stepson and literary executor , and the films ' co-producer , give approval for a film adaptation . The first novel adapted was The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe as The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe released in December 2005 . Produced by Walden Media and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures , the film was directed by Andrew Adamson , with a screenplay by Ann Peacock , Stephen McFeely and Christopher Markus . The movie was a critical and box - office success , grossing over $745 million worldwide . Disney and Walden Media then co-produced a sequel The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian , released in May 2008 , which grossed over $419 million worldwide . In December 2008 Disney pulled out of financing the remainder of the Chronicles of Narnia film series . Already in pre-production at the time , 20th Century Fox and Walden Media eventually co-produced The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , which was released in December 2010 going on to gross over $415 million worldwide . In May 2012 , producer Douglas Gresham confirmed that Walden Media 's contract with the C.S. Lewis Estate had expired , and that there was a moratorium on producing any Narnia films outside of Walden Media . On 1 October 2013 , it was announced that the C.S. Lewis Company had entered into an agreement with the Mark Gordon Company to jointly develop and produce The Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair . On 26 April 2017 , Joe Johnston was hired to direct the film . In October Johnston said filming is expected to begin in late 2018 . See also ( edit ) Narnia portal Children 's literature portal Outline of Narnia Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CS Lewis , Chronicles of Narnia author , honoured in Poets ' corner '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 24 February 2013 Jump up ^ `` CS Lewis to be honoured in Poets ' Corner '' . BBC News . Retrieved 23 November 2012 Jump up ^ Roger Lancelyn Green & Walter Hooper , C.S. Lewis : A Biography : fully revised & expanded edition . ( 2002 ) , pp. 302 -- 307 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 715714 - 2 ^ Jump up to : C.S. Lewis . On Stories : And Other Essays on Literature. 1982 , p. 53 . ISBN 0 - 15 - 668788 - 7 ^ Jump up to : Ford , Paul ( 2005 ) . Companion to Narnia : A Complete Guide to the Magical World of C.S. Lewis 's The Chronicles of Narnia ( Revised ed . ) . San Francisco : Harper . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 079127 - 8 . Jump up ^ Green & Hooper , 2002 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Ford , 2005 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Owen Dudley Edwards . British Children 's Fiction in the Second World War . 2007 , p. 129 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 1650 - 3 Jump up ^ Green & Hooper , 2002 , p. 303 . Jump up ^ C.S. Lewis . On Stories : And Other Essays on Literature. 1982 , p. xix & 53 . ISBN 0 - 15 - 668788 - 7 . `` It All Began with a Picture '' is reprinted there from the Radio Times , 15 July 1960 . Jump up ^ Green & Hooper , 2002 , p. 306 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Clint ( 2006 ) . `` Dear Mr. Lewis '' . Response. 29 ( 1 ) . Retrieved 22 September 2008 . The seven books of Narnia have sold more than 100 million copies in 30 languages , nearly 20 million in the last 10 years alone Jump up ^ Edward , Guthmann ( 11 December 2005 ) . `` ' Narnia ' tries to cash in on dual audience '' . SFGate . Archived from the original on 15 May 2012 . Retrieved 22 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Glen H. GoodKnight. ( 2010 ) . Narnia Editions & Translations . Last updated 3 August 2010 . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Peter J. Schakel , The Way Into Narnia , William B. Eerdmans , 2005 , p 13 . Jump up ^ Ford , 2005 , p 464 . Jump up ^ Green & Hooper , 2002 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Green & Hooper , 2002 , p. 309 . ^ Jump up to : Green & Hooper , 2002 , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Green & Hooper , 2002 , p. 313 . Jump up ^ Green & Hooper , 2002 , p. 314 . Jump up ^ Dorsett , Lyle ( 1995 ) . Marjorie Lamp Mead , ed . C.S. Lewis : Letters to Children . Touchstone . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 82372 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ford , 2005 , p xxiii -- xxiv . Jump up ^ Brady , Erik ( 1 December 2005 ) . `` A closer look at the world of Narnia '' . USA Today . Retrieved 21 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Schakel , Peter ( 1979 ) . Reading with the Heart : The Way into Narnia . Grand Rapids : Erdmans . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 1814 - 0 . Jump up ^ Rilstone , Andrew . `` What Order Should I Read the Narnia Books in ( And Does It Matter ? ) '' . The Life and Opinions of Andrew Rilstone , Gentleman . Archived from the original on 30 November 2005 . Jump up ^ See Walter Hooper 's C.S. Lewis : A Companion and Guide Jump up ^ Private collection , Patricia Baird Jump up ^ Letter to Anne Jenkins , 5 March 1961 , in Hooper , Walter ( 2007 ) . The Collected Letters of C.S. Lewis , Volume III . HarperSanFrancisco . p. 1245 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 081922 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ford , 2005 , p. 490 Jump up ^ Ford , 2005 , p. 491 Jump up ^ Lewis , C.S. ( 1990 ) . Surprised by Joy . Fount Paperbacks . p. 14 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 623815 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Tracy V. ( 7 December 2005 ) . `` How Narnia Works '' . HowStuffWorks . Retrieved 28 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Trotter , Drew ( 11 November 2005 ) . `` What Did C.S. Lewis Mean , and Does It Matter ? '' . Leadership U. Retrieved 28 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Huttar , Charles A. ( 22 September 2007 ) . `` '' Deep lies the sea - longing `` : inklings of home ( 1 ) '' . Mythlore / The Free Library . Retrieved 28 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Duriez , Colin ( 2004 ) . A Field Guide to Narnia . InterVarsity Press . p. 80 , 95 . Jump up ^ Ward , Michael ( 2008 ) . Planet Narnia : The Seven Heavens in the Imagination of C.S. Lewis . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 531387 - 1 . Jump up ^ Ward , 2008 , p237 Jump up ^ Ward , 2008 , p222 Jump up ^ Barrett , Justin L. ( 2010 ) . `` Some Planets In Narnia : a quantitative investigation of the Planet Narnia thesis '' ( PDF ) . Seven : an Anglo - American literary review ( Wheaton College ) . Retrieved 28 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Into The Wardrobe : C.S. Lewis and the Narnia Chronicles , Downing , David C. 2005 pp12 -- 13 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7879 - 7890 - 7 Jump up ^ Hardy , Elizabeth Baird ( 2007 ) . Milton , Spenser and The Chronicles of Narnia : literary sources for the C.S. Lewis novels . McFarland & Company , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2876 - 2 . pp20 -- 25 Jump up ^ Hardy , 2007 , pp30 -- 34 Jump up ^ Hardy , 2007 , pp38 -- 41 Jump up ^ Lindskoog , Kathryn Ann ( 1997 ) . Journey into Narnia : C.S. Lewis 's Tales Explored . Hope Publishing House . p. 87 . ISBN 0 - 932727 - 89 - 1 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Chad ( 1974 ) . C.S. Lewis : Apostle to the Skeptics . Norwood Editions . p. 10 . ISBN 0 - 88305 - 779 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lindskoog , 1997 ^ Jump up to : Poskanzer , Susan Cornell `` Thoughts on C.S. Lewis and the Chronicles of Narnia '' pages 523 - 526 from Language Arts , Volume 53 , Issue # 5 , May 1976 . Jump up ^ Miller , `` Far From Narnia The New Yorker , 26 December 2005 Jump up ^ Cathy Young , `` A Secular Fantasy -- The flawed but fascinating fiction of Philip Pullman '' , Reason Magazine ( March 2008 ) Jump up ^ Peter Hitchens , `` This is the most dangerous author in Britain '' , The Mail on Sunday ( 27 January 2002 ) , p. 63 Jump up ^ Chattaway , Peter T . `` The Chronicles of Atheism , Christianity Today Jump up ^ Bridge to Terabithia , 2005 Harper Trophy edition , section `` Questions for Katherine Paterson . '' Jump up ^ Egan , Greg . `` Oracle '' , 12 November 2000 . Jump up ^ Publishers Weekly blog Decatur Book Festival : Fantasy and its practice `` PWxyz ^ Jump up to : Renton , Jennie . `` The story behind the Potter legend '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 10 October 2006 . Jump up ^ McGrath , Charles ( 13 November 2005 ) . `` The Narnia Skirmishes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff , ( 20 February 2008 ) `` ' Lost ' : Mind - Blowing Scoop From Its Producers '' , Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Irwin , William ( 2010 ) . Ultimate Lost and Philosophy Volume 35 of The Blackwell Philosophy and Pop Culture Series . John Wiley and Sons . p. 368 . ISBN 9780470632291 . Jump up ^ Josh Levin ( 23 December 2005 ) . `` The Chronicles of Narnia Rap '' . Slate . Retrieved 19 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Herbie ( 2010 ) . Through the Wardrobe : Your Favorite Authors on C.S. Lewis 's Chronicles of Narnia . BenBella Books . p. 6 . ISBN 9781935251682 . Jump up ^ `` Narnia '' . Encyclopedia Metallum . Retrieved 15 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Digimon RPG '' . Gamers Hell . Retrieved 26 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , The Inklings , p. 42 - 45 . See also Lewis 's own autobiography Surprised by Joy Jump up ^ Jerry Root ; Wayne Martindale ( 12 March 2012 ) . The Quotable Lewis . Tyndale House Publishers , Inc . pp. 59 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4143 - 5674 - 7 . Jump up ^ Paul Friskney ( 2005 ) . Sharing the Narnia Experience : A Family Guide to C.S. Lewis 's the Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe . Standard Publishing . pp. 12 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7847 - 1773 - 8 . Jump up ^ Chattaway , Peter T `` Narnia ' baptizes ' -- and defends -- pagan mythology '' Canadian Christianity Jump up ^ Kjos Narnia : Blending Truth and Myth Crossroad , December 2005 Jump up ^ Hurst , Josh ( 5 December 2005 ) . `` Nine Minutes of Narnia Nine Minutes of Narnia '' . Christianity Today Movies . Archived from the original on 12 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Lewis , the Sneaky Pagan ChristianityToday , 1 June 2004 Jump up ^ `` The paganism of Narnia '' . Canadian Christianity . Jump up ^ See essay `` Is Theism Important ? '' in C.S. Lewis ( 15 September 2014 ) . God in the Dock . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . pp. 186 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 7183 - 1 . , edited by Walter Hooper ^ Jump up to : Ezard , John ( 3 June 2002 ) . `` Narnia books attacked as racist and sexist '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 8 February 2015 . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Pullman `` The Darkside of Narnia '' The Cumberland River Lamppost , 2 September 2001 ^ Jump up to : Hank Wagner ; Christopher Golden ; Stephen R. Bissette ( 28 October 2008 ) . Prince of Stories : The Many Worlds of Neil Gaiman . St. Martin 's Press . pp. 395 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4299 - 6178 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The Problem of Susan '' can be found in : Neil Gaiman ( 9 February 2010 ) . Fragile Things : Short Fictions and Wonders . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 051523 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Problem of Susan '' RJ Anderson , 30 August 2005 Jump up ^ Lipstick on My Scholar '' Andrew Rilstone , 30 November 2005 ^ Jump up to : Chapter 13 : No Longer a Friend of Narnia : Gender in Narnia The Chronicles of Narnia and Philosophy : The Lion , the Witch and the Worldview Edited by Gregory Bassham and Jerry L. Walls ; Open Court , Chicago and La Salle , Illinois , 2005 Jump up ^ `` Pullman attacks Narnia film plans '' BBC News , 16 October 2005 Jump up ^ Kyrie O'Connor , `` 5th Narnia book may not see big screen '' IndyStar.com , 1 December 2005 Jump up ^ October 2001 of The Atlantic Jump up ^ Philip Hensher , `` Do n't let your children go to Narnia : C.S. Lewis 's books are racist and misogynist '' Discovery Institute , 1 March 1999 Jump up ^ Keynote Address at The 12th Annual Conference of The C.S. Lewis and Inklings Society Calvin College , 28 March 2009 Are The Chronicles of Narnia Sexist and Racist ? NarniaWeb Jump up ^ Wanberg , Nicholas ( 2013 ) . `` Noble and Beautiful : Race and Human Aesthetics in C.S. Lewis 's The Chronicles of Narnia '' . Fafnir : Nordic Journal of Science Fiction and Fantasy Research . 1 ( 3 ) . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ DuPlessis , Nicole . `` EcoLewis : Conversationism and Anticolonialism in the Chronicles of Narnia . '' Wild Things : Children 's Culture and Ecocriticism . Ed . Sidney I. Dobrin and Kenneth B. Kidd . Detroit : Wayne State University Press , 2004 . pp. 125 Jump up ^ Echterling , Clare . `` Postcolonial Ecocriticism , Classic Children 's Literature , and the Imperial - Environmental Imagination in The Chronicles of Narnia . '' The Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association , vol. 49 , no . 1 , 2016 , pp. 102 Jump up ^ `` Wonderworks Family Movie Series '' . movieretriever.com . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Nominations 1988 '' . BAFTA . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Nominations 1989 '' . BAFTA . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Nominations 1990 '' . BAFTA . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Wright , Greg . `` Reviews by Greg Wright -- Narnia Radio Broadcast '' . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Garceau , Scott ; Garceau , Therese ( 14 October 2012 ) . `` The Stepson of Narnia '' . Philstar . The Philippine Star . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Paul ( 2013 ) . A Brief Guide to C.S. Lewis : From Mere Christianity to Narnia. Little , Brown Book Group . ISBN 978 - 0762450763 . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Cavendish , Dominic ( 21 November 1998 ) . `` Theatre : The Lion , The Witch And The Wardrobe '' . The Independent . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Melia , Liz ( 9 December 2002 ) . `` Engaging fairytale is sure to enchant all '' . BBC . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . Jump up ^ A general dislike of cinema can be seen in Collected Letters , Vol. 2 , a letter to his brother Warren on 3 March 1940 , p. 361 ; see also All My Road Before Me , 1 June 1926 , p. 405 Jump up ^ Patricia Baird , private collection Jump up ^ Sanford , James ( 24 December 2008 ) . `` Disney No Longer Under Spell of Narnia '' . Jump up ^ `` Disney opts out of 3rd ' Narnia ' film '' . Orlando Business Journal . 29 December 2008 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gresham Shares Plans for Next Narnia Film '' . NarniaWeb . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 1 October 2013 ) . `` Mark Gordon Producing Fourth ' Narnia ' Movie '' . Variety . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 26 April 2017 ) . `` ' Captain America ' Director Joe Johnston Boards ' Narnia ' Revival ' The Silver Chair ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Silver Chair to Begin Filming 2018 , Johnston Says '' . NarniaWeb . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . References ( edit ) Anderson , R.J. `` The Problem of Susan '' , Parabolic Reflections 30 August 2005 Chattaway , Peter T. `` Narnia ' baptises ' -- and defends -- pagan mythology '' , Canadian Christianity , 2005 Ezard , John . `` Narnia books attacked as racist and sexist '' , The Guardian , 3 June 2002 Gaiman , Neil , `` The Problem of Susan '' , Flights : Extreme Visions of Fantasy Volume II ( ed. by Al Sarrantonio ) , New American Library , New York , 2004 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 451 - 46099 - 8 GoodKnight , Glen H. ( 2010 ) . Narnia Editions & Translations . Last updated 3 August 2010 . Retrieved 9 -- 6 -- 10 Gopnik , Adam ( 2005 ) . `` Prisoner of Narnia '' . The New Yorker . Green , Jonathon `` The recycled image '' , Times and Reasons , 2007 Green , Roger Lancelyn & Hooper , Walter . C.S. Lewis : A Biography . Fully revised & expanded edition . HarperCollins , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 715714 - 2 Grossman , Lev J.K. Rowling Hogwarts And All , Time Vol. 166 -- Issue = 4 ( 25 July 2005 ) Goldthwaite , John , The Natural History of Make - believe : A Guide to the Principal Works of Britain , Europe and America : OUP 1996 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 503806 - 4 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 503806 - 4 Hensher , Philip `` Do n't let your children go to Narnia : C.S. Lewis 's books are racist and misogynist '' , The Independent , 4 December 1998 Holbrook , David , The Skeleton in the Wardrobe : C.S. Lewis 's Fantasies -- A Phenomenological Study : Bucknell University Press , 1991 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8387 - 5183 - 1 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8387 - 5183 - 1 Drama : ' Narnia ' A Children 's Musical , Stephen Holden , New York Times , 5 October 1986 Hurst , Josh `` Nine Minutes of Narnia '' , Christianity Today , 2005 Jacobs , Tom ( 2004 ) . Remembering a Master Mythologist and His Connection to Santa Barbara . Santa Barbara : Santa Barbara News - Press . ISBN . Archived from the original on 2004 - 06 - 17 . Kjos , Berit Narnia : Blending Truth and Myth , Kjos Ministries , 2005 Moynihan , Martin ( ed . ) The Latin Letters of C.S. Lewis : C.S. Lewis and Don Giovanni Calabria , St. Augustine 's Press , 1009 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 890318 - 34 - 5 Martindale , Wayne ; Root , Jerry The Quotable Lewis , Tyndale House , 1990 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8423 - 5115 - 7 Miller , Laura `` Far From Narnia , The New Yorker O'Connor , Kyrie `` 5th Narnia book may not see big screen '' Houston Chronicle , 1 December 2005 Meghan O'Rourke The Lion King : C.S. Lewis 's Narnia is n't simply a Christian allegory , Meghan O'Rourke , Slate magazine , 9 December 2005 Paterson , Katherine Katherine Paterson : On Her Own Words , Walden Media , 2006 Pearce , Joseph Literary Giants , Literary Catholics , Ignatius Press , 2004 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58617 - 077 - 6 Pullman , Philip `` The Darkside of Narnia '' , The Guardian , 1 October 1998 Ward , Michael Planet Narnia : The Seven Heavens in the Imagination of C.S. Lewis , Oxford University Press , 2008 Further reading ( edit ) Bruner , Kurt & Ware , Jim Finding God in the Land of Narnia , Tyndale House Publishers , 2005 Bustard , Ned The Chronicles of Narnia Comprehension Guide , Veritas Press , 2004 Duriez , Colin A Field Guide to Narnia . InterVarsity Press , 2004 Downing , David Into the Wardrobe : C.S. Lewis and the Narnia Chronicles , Jossey - Bass , 2005 Gormley , Beatrice ( 2005 ) . C.S. Lewis : The Man behind Narnia . Grand Rapids , MI : Eerdmans Books for young readers . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 5301 - 3 . Hein , Rolland Christian Mythmakers : C.S. Lewis , Madeleine L'Engle , J.R.R. Tolkien , George MacDonald , G.K. Chesterton , & Others Second Edition , Cornerstone Press Chicago , 2002 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 940895 - 48 - 5 Jacobs , Alan The Narnian : The Life and Imagination of C.S. Lewis , HarperSanFrancisco , 2005 McIntosh , Kenneth Following Aslan : A Book of Devotions for Children , Anamchara Books , 2006 Ward , Michael Planet Narnia : The Seven Heavens in the Imagination of C.S. Lewis , Oxford University Press , 2008 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Chronicles of Narnia Bibliowiki has original media or text related to this article : The Chronicles of Narnia ( in the public domain in Canada ) C.S. Lewis entry at BBC Religions The secret of the wardrobe BBC News , 18 November 2005 The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Film Soundtrack Game Prince Caspian Film Soundtrack Game The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Film Soundtrack Game The Silver Chair Film The Horse and His Boy The Magician 's Nephew The Last Battle Characters and creatures Aravis Aslan Mr. and Mrs. Beaver Bree Caspian Centaurs Coriakin Digory Drinian Edmund Emeth Eustace The Cabby and Nellie Hwin Jill Lady of the Green Kirtle Lucy Maugrim Miraz Peter Polly Puddleglum Rabadash Ramandu Ramandu 's daughter Reepicheep Rilian Seven Great Lords of Narnia Shasta / Cor Shift Susan Tash Telmarines Tirian Trumpkin Mr. Tumnus White Witch Universe Narnia ( world ) Anvard Archenland Aslan 's Country Aslan 's How Cair Paravel Calormen Charn Lantern Waste Miraz 's Castle Narnia ( country ) Underland Wood between the Worlds Adaptations ITV TV serial Animated TV film BBC TV serial ( Season 1 3 ) Film series Cast list Music Accolades List of actors General Battles First Battle of Beruna Second Battle of Beruna Dawn Treader Deplorable Word Hundred - Year Winter Religion Tisroc Category Outline Portal Works by C.S. Lewis Poetry Spirits in Bondage ( 1919 ) Dymer ( 1926 ) Fiction The Pilgrim 's Regress ( 1933 ) The Screwtape Letters ( 1942 ) The Great Divorce ( 1945 ) Till We Have Faces ( 1956 ) Screwtape Proposes a Toast ( 1959 ) Letters to Malcolm : Chiefly on Prayer ( 1964 ) Boxen ( 1985 ) The Space Trilogy Out of the Silent Planet ( 1938 ) Perelandra ( 1943 ) That Hideous Strength ( 1945 ) The Dark Tower ( manuscript ) ( 1977 ) The Chronicles of Narnia The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 1950 ) Prince Caspian ( 1951 ) The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 1952 ) The Silver Chair ( 1953 ) The Horse and His Boy ( 1954 ) The Magician 's Nephew ( 1955 ) The Last Battle ( 1956 ) Non-fiction The Allegory of Love ( 1936 ) The Personal Heresy ( 1939 ) The Problem of Pain ( 1940 ) A Preface to Paradise Lost ( 1942 ) The Abolition of Man ( 1943 ) Miracles ( 1947 ) Mere Christianity ( 1952 ) Surprised by Joy ( 1955 ) The Four Loves ( 1960 ) Studies in Words ( 1960 ) The World 's Last Night and Other Essays ( 1960 ) An Experiment in Criticism ( 1961 ) A Grief Observed ( 1961 ) They Asked for a Paper : Papers and Addresses ( 1962 ) Selections from Layamon 's Brut ( 1963 ) The Discarded Image ( 1964 ) The Weight of Glory and Other Addresses ( 1965 ) Of Other Worlds ( 1966 ) God in the Dock ( 1970 - 1971 ) Fantasy fiction History Literature Outline Sources Subgenres Bangsian Comic Contemporary Dark Dying Earth Fairytale Fantastique Fantasy of manners Folklore Mythology ( based ) Gaslamp Gothic Hard Heroic High list Historical Juvenile Lost World Low Magical girl Medieval Mythic Romantic Shenmo Sword and sorcery Urban Weird fiction Media Film and television Anime Films Television programs Literature Authors Ballantine Adult Fantasy series Comics list The Encyclopedia of Fantasy Fantasy Masterworks Internet Speculative Fiction Database List of novels ( A -- H ) ( I -- R ) ( S -- Z ) Newcastle Forgotten Fantasy Library Publishers Magazines Fantastic Locus The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction Science Fantasy Unknown Weird Tales Fandom Art Filk music Harry Potter fandom Inklings Mythopoeic Society Religion Tolkien fandom Works inspired by J.R.R. Tolkien World Fantasy Convention World Fantasy Award Tropes Creatures Angels Demons Dragons Elementals Familiars Faeries Jinns Lycanthropes Old Ones Sirens Spirits Undead Unicorns Yōkai Characters Barbarian Caveman Damsel in distress Dark Lord Heroes Fairy godmother Magicians Occult detective list Witches Magic ( dark / light ) Animism Demonology Evocation Incantation Necromancy Shapeshifting Technomancy Witchcraft Fantasy races Dwarves Elves Treants Giants Gnomes Goblins Gremlins Halflings Hobgoblins Kobolds Ogres Oni Orcs Trolls Places and events Quests Worlds list Lost city Hollow Earth Astral plane Enchanted forest Related Allegory Dungeons & Dragons Epic poetry Fable Fairy tale Fantastic Horror fiction Ghost stories Human -- animal hybrid LGBT themes in speculative fiction Magic realism Mecha Mythology Science fantasy Science fiction Superhero fiction Supernatural fiction Category Portal BNF : cb119466970 ( data ) GND : 4131302 - 1 SUDOC : 090864794 VIAF : 306402015 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Chronicles_of_Narnia&oldid=844160794 '' Categories : The Chronicles of Narnia books Literature featuring anthropomorphic characters Fantasy books by series Parallel universes in fiction High fantasy novels Hidden categories : EngvarB from July 2015 Use dmy dates from November 2017 Articles needing additional references from March 2011 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with Bibliowiki links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Alemannisch Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 June 2018 , at 01 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many books are in the narnia series | [
"The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of seven fantasy novels by C. S. Lewis. It is considered a classic of children's literature and is the author's best-known work, having sold over 100 million copies in 47 languages.[1][2] Written by Lewis, illustrated by Pauline Baynes, and originally published in London between 1950 and 1956, The Chronicles of Narnia has been adapted several times, complete or in part, for radio, television, the stage, and film."
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"seven"
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3447450621139754274 | Marcus Álvarez | Marcus Alvarez - wikipedia Marcus Alvarez Marcus Álvarez Sons of Anarchy / Mayans M.C. character First appearance Sons of Anarchy : `` Pilot '' ( 2008 ) Mayans M.C. : `` Perro / Oc '' ( 2018 ) Last appearance Sons of Anarchy : `` Papa 's Goods '' ( 2014 ) Created by Kurt Sutter Portrayed by Emilio Rivera Information Gender Male Occupation Outlaw motorcyclist Gun runner Drug trafficker Title El Padrino ( The Godfather ) Family Esai Álvarez ( son ) Tessa Álvarez ( daughter ) Obispo `` Bishop '' Losa ( cousin ) Nationality Mexican - American Marcus Álvarez is a fictional character on the FX television series Sons of Anarchy and its spinoff Mayans MC , played by Emilio Rivera . He initially serves as an antagonist on the show but gradually comes to a less hostile relation with the Sons of Anarchy . He is the leader of the Mayans , a Mexican - American outlaw motorcycle club . Contents 1 Biography 2 Sons of Anarchy 2.1 Season 1 2.2 Season 2 2.3 Season 3 2.4 Season 4 2.5 Season 5 2.6 Season 6 2.7 Season 7 3 Mayans M.C. 3.1 Season 1 4 External links 5 References Biography ( edit ) Álvarez , who is of Mexican descent , is the President of the Mayans Motorcycle Club 's Oakland , California chapter and seems to be their national president . His son , Esai , was also a member of the club but had a hit placed on him by Marcus in 2008 as punishment for failing his mission . Most of his , and his gang 's , income is made through dealing heroin and methamphetamine , and prostitution . For some time , he was a prisoner in Chino , but was released some time before the beginning of Season One . On his colours , he wears patches reading `` Los Asesinos de Dios '' ( Spanish for `` God 's Assassins '' ) and `` Mayans Oakland '' . However , his `` President '' patch is later changed to `` El Padrino '' . He also has the Mayan Calendar tattooed on his chest . Sons of Anarchy ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) See also : Sons of Anarchy ( season 1 ) At the beginning of the first series , Marcus Álvarez and his gang broke into the Sons of Anarchy 's warehouse where they store their weapons . They stole the guns then burned the building down . The Sons of Anarchy eventually got revenge , however , by stealing the guns back and destroying a Mayans heroin factory . Ernest Darby , the leader of the Nordics , called a meeting with him to discuss taking out the Sons of Anarchy . He proposed that they team because ; the Nords want to sell meth in Charming but are unable to because of the SOA , and the SOA sell weapons to the Mayans ' rivals . Álvarez refused the offer but did give his backing by offering Mayan security . After Josh Kohn , a rogue ATF agent , sent Darby information on IRA and SOA weapon deals , he called another meeting with Álvarez . Darby told him to kill Clay Morrow and afterward , the Nords could take Charming and the Mayans could take over the gun business . Marcus then told his son , Esai , to kill both Morrow and Darby . Later , when Clay was making a deal with the IRA at a bar , the Mayans attacked but were killed before they could get to him . They simultaneously assaulted Darby 's home , but also failed to kill him . They broke in and shot a Nord footsoldier and two women , but Darby hid and escaped death . When Clay Morrow was arrested for questioning about the shootings , he asked his associate and corrupt cop Wayne Unser to bring Álvarez in so that they could hold a meeting a halt any further violence . Clay told him that he would begin selling weapons to the Mayans if all SOA - Mayan disputes ended in the SOA 's favour , to which he agreed . Later , one of Clay 's men was ordered to kill Esai at a Mayan gathering for retaliation for his failed assassination attempt . When the Mayans eventually set up a deal with the Sons in Oakland , it was attacked by the One - Niners . A shoot - out ensued , and gang members from the One - Niners and Mayans were killed , but the Sons of Anarchy escaped . Álvarez was also shot in the leg and wounded . The deal was , in fact , a set - up organized by the Niners and SOA . The Niners were supposed to attack the Mayans after the Sons had left and would keep the weapons as payment . However , they tried to take out the SOA as well . Season 2 ( edit ) See also : Sons of Anarchy ( season 2 ) At the beginning of Season 2 , Clay had Opie murder a member of the Mayans , who Clay had framed as the guy who murdered Donna . After Opie murdered the Mayan , he carved the Anarchy symbol in his chest as a message to the Mayans . Jax Teller dropped off the body in Mayan Territory in Oakland after shooting the gang member multiple times in the body to destroy the symbol . He then arranged the Mayan 's hands to hold up 9 fingers to implicate the One - Niners as the culprits . Alvarez later found the body and gave Clay a call asking to buy weapons . Clay turned Alvarez down on the weapons transaction , telling him that the club was still under suspicion of the ATF ; Clay then told Tig to call Laroy of the One - Niners to arrange a meeting to supply Niners with weapons so that they could defend themselves when the Mayans attacked . During the weapons transaction between SAMCRO and the Niners , the Mayans ambushed the deal and stole all the Niner 's AKs , and Bobby Elvis was shot in the shoulder during the ambush . After the ambush , Alvarez was seen making a phone call to Ethan Zobelle of LOAN telling him his intel was correct and that he owed him . Zobelle responded , `` Yes , you do , '' and then told AJ Weston that it was his friend from church on the phone . Clay blamed the whole ambush and Bobby getting shot in the shoulder on Jax , as Jax changed the plan and set the Niners up for the hit instead of leaving Anarchy symbol on the dead Mayan 's chest . In the episode `` Service '' , Zobelle met with Marcus Alvarez offering the Mayans the exclusive business of having their heroin distributed to all the local prisons . Alvarez is hesitant about the deal because Zobelle wants to keep 50 % of the profits , but has no choice when Zobelle tells him that he wo n't supply the Mayans with any more weapons if they do n't go along with the new arrangement . In the second - season finale , Marcus and the Mayans provided protection to Ethan Zobelle and Zobelle 's daughter who were attempting to flee Charming . Marcus was eventually able to convince Zobelle to leave his cigar shop , but the Mayan convoy they attempted to escape in was ambushed by SAMCRO . Marcus survived the attack uninjured and Clay spared his life . Season 3 ( edit ) See also : Sons of Anarchy ( season 3 ) During the season Alvarez hired a low ranked MC , the Calaveras , to help guard his shipment of heroin , with the promise to patch them over , but after SAMCRO stole them he decided not to patch them over and then returned Juice 's kutte . At the advice of Clay , Alvarez decided to drop the war between them and in return the Grim Bastards MC , a friendly club to SAMCRO , would protect Alvarez 's drug shipments . As a favor to the Mayans , Tig and Kozik killed the Calaveras member who was caught during the drive - by at Half - Sack 's wake . When a member of the Grim Bastards MC is found murdered and evidence points to the Calaveras , SAMCRO and the Bastards ' President T.O. Cross go to Marcus Alvarez for help . The Mayans and SAMCRO confront the Calaveras members in a park restroom and give the president of the Calaveras , Hector Salazar , the option of telling them which of his lieutenants killed the Bastards member or to die himself . He gives up his Sgt - At - Arms , who is then promptly shot in the head by the enraged T.O. A disgusted Alvarez strips Salazar of his position and kutte and then kicks him out of the Calaveras . He then appoints Salazar 's V.P as president and advises him to keep a tighter hold on his men then Salazar did . When Tara Knowles and Margaret Murphy are taken hostage by Hector Salazar , Salazar demands that SAMCRO kill Alvarez and retrieve $250,000 worth of Mayans MC money . Tig , Kozik , and Piney are able to convince Alvarez to play dead for 24 hours so that they can come up with a plan to get the women back . Marcus tells the Sons that the $250,000 does not exist . Season 4 ( edit ) See also : Sons of Anarchy ( season 4 ) He is seen at Opie 's wedding talking with Clay and thanking him for protection during their sentence . He says he was just `` looking out for my investments . '' Unlike previous seasons Álvarez now has a President 's patch on his cut . He is also seen throughout the season forming an alliance between SOA and the Mayans in light of the Galindo Cartel who has connections to the Mayans . Alvarez helped set up a deal between the SOA and Galindo to mule their cocaine while the Mayans distribute and sell . He is also shown giving Mayans to help guard the cocaine in the Son 's warehouse . When one of the bricks is stolen , he assures Jax and Clay his man was not responsible . He is later injured in a shootout with rival cartel Lobos Sonoras . He is brought to the clubhouse and treated by Tara . Season 5 ( edit ) See also : Sons of Anarchy ( season 5 ) Alvarez was last seen in a street meeting with Jax , Henry Lin , and the Oakland One - Niner 's leader Tyler to discuss allowing the Galindo Cartel 's cocaine to move through their territory . Alvarez agrees as long as they `` keep black ( the Niners ) in line '' . It is later stated the Mayans will take over the muling as well , as SAMCRO wants out of the de al ardilla preciosa Season 6 ( edit ) See also : Sons of Anarchy ( season 6 ) Alvarez and the Mayans only appear at the end of the sixth season ( `` You Are My Sunshine '' and `` A Mother 's Work '' ) , expressing their unhappiness with SAMCRO 's decision to hand over the IRA gun business to August Marks . He also informs Jax of the Mayans ' intention of setting up a charter in Stockton . Alvarez is also shown to be a friend of Nero Padilla ; having served time in Chino together . Alvarez tells Nero that soon it might end up being `` brown and yellow against black and white '' . When he arrives at the gun deal with the Sons , Nero , and the Niners . Alvarez is disappointed that August Marks was n't present during the transaction . When SAMCRO and Tyler departs , Alvarez and his men gun down the Niners and steal the guns . Season 7 ( edit ) See also : Sons of Anarchy ( season 7 ) At the beginning of the seventh season , the Mayans have set up their Stockton charter with Oscar El Oso Ramos as president . Alvarez and the Mayans seem to be on the same side as Henry Lin and the Lin Triad against SAMCRO and the Niners . However , Alvarez joins SAMCRO 's side when they believe the Triads are to blame for Tara 's death and they help both SAMCRO and the One - Niners deal with both the Triads and August Marks . Alvarez is shown to be fully on SAMCRO 's side when Juice approaches him offering information on SAMCRO in exchange for passage to Mexico . Alvarez hands Juice over to SAMCRO , saying he would never make a deal with a rat . When it is revealed that it was Gemma who killed Tara and not the Triads , Alvarez sympathizes with Jax and helps him clean up the mess with the Chinese . Later , the Mayans , One - Niners , SAMCRO and the Byz Lats discuss territories and business . One of Jax 's final acts as president of SAMCRO is to set the Mayans up with Connor Malone as their new gun source , finally giving Alvarez the gun business he wanted . Mayans MC ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Alvarez now wearing an `` El Padrino '' patch which in English translates to `` Godfather '' . Goes down to Santo Padre Charter with members of the Mayans Motorcycle Club 's Oakland , California chapter to help the Santo Padre charter deal with the Galindo Cartel . It is revealed that he and José Galindo ; the founder of the Galindo Cartel , had a mutual respect for one another . Alvarez later suspects that a mule in the Santo Padre charter is working with Los Olividados ( `` The Forgotten Ones '' ) . External links ( edit ) Emilio Rivera Official at Facebook.com Emilio Rivera at Twitter.com References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sons of Anarchy at IMDb Jump up ^ Hunnam , Glenn and Sagal in FX 's Anarchy Jump up ^ Pilot - Recap Jump up ^ Seeds - Recap Jump up ^ Hell Followed - Recap Jump up ^ The Sleep of Babies - Recap Sons of Anarchy Created by : Kurt Sutter Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Seeds '' `` Fun Town '' `` Patch Over '' Giving Back AK - 51 Old Bones The Pull Hell Followed Better Half Capybara The Sleep of Babies The Revelator Season 2 Albification Small Tears Fix Eureka Smite Falx Cerebri Gilead Potlatch Fa Guan Balm Service The Culling Na Trioblóidí Season 3 SO Oiled Caregiver Turning and Turning Home The Push Widening Gyre Lochán Mór Turas Fírinne Bainne June Wedding NS Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Characters Clay Morrow Jax Teller Gemma Teller Morrow Tara Knowles Bobby Munson Tig Trager Chibs Telford Piney Winston Juice Ortiz Half - Sack Epps Happy Wayne Unser David Hale June Stahl Josh Kohn Ernest Darby Marcus Álvarez Ethan Zobelle Universe Sons of Anarchy MC Charming , CA List of gangs Mayans M.C. Music `` This Life '' Songs of Anarchy Songs of Anarchy Volume 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Marcus_Álvarez&oldid = 863336118 '' Categories : Sons of Anarchy characters Fictional bikers Fictional businesspeople Fictional crime bosses Fictional drug dealers Fictional gang members Fictional gangsters Fictional American people of Mexican descent Fictional murderers Fictional pimps Fictional characters introduced in 2008 Hidden categories : Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 October 2018 , at 04 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays sons of anarchy president in mayans | [
"Marcus Álvarez is a fictional character on the FX television series Sons of Anarchy and its spinoff Mayans MC, played by Emilio Rivera.[1][2] He initially serves as an antagonist on the show but gradually comes to a less hostile relation with the Sons of Anarchy. He is the leader of the Mayans, a Mexican-American outlaw motorcycle club.\n"
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"Marcus Álvarez"
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5347248030751220374 | List of Michigan sport championships | List of Michigan sport championships - wikipedia List of Michigan sport championships Jump to : navigation , search This article is an orphan , as no other articles link to it . Please introduce links to this page from related articles ; try the Find link tool for suggestions . ( November 2009 ) The following are Michigan 's professional sports league champions , NCAA Division I basketball and hockey champions , and NCAA Division II football champions : 1887 The Detroit Wolverines win the National League baseball pennant and defeat the American Association 's St. Louis Browns in the World Series . 1895 The Page Fence Giants , based in Adrian , are the Western Negro baseball league champions . 1896 The Page Fence Giants , based in Adrian , win the Negro World Series . 1897 The Page Fence Giants , based in Adrian , are the Western Negro baseball league champions . 1898 The Page Fence Giants , based in Adrian , claim the Western Negro baseball league championship . 1932 The Detroit Wolves are the Negro East - West League champions . 1935 The Detroit Tigers win their first World Series . 1935 The Detroit Lions win their first National Football League championship . 1936 The Detroit Red Wings win their first Stanley Cup . 1937 The Detroit Red Wings win their second Stanley Cup . 1941 The Detroit Eagles basketball team wins the World Professional Tournament in Chicago . 1943 The Detroit Red Wings win their third Stanley Cup . 1945 The Detroit Tigers win their second World Series . 1946 The Detroit Auto Club of the International Hockey League win the first Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL championship . 1947 The Grand Rapids Chicks are the All - American Girls Professional Baseball League Play - Off Champions . 1948 The University of Michigan Wolverines win their first NCAA Division I hockey title . 1950 The Detroit Red Wings win their fourth Stanley Cup . 1951 The University of Michigan Wolverines win their second NCAA hockey title . 1952 The Detroit Red Wings win their fifth Stanley Cup . 1952 The Detroit Lions win their second National Football League championship . 1952 The University of Michigan Wolverines win their third NCAA hockey title . 1953 The Grand Rapids Chicks are the All - American Girls Professional Baseball League Play - Off Champions for the second time . 1953 The Detroit Lions win their third National Football League championship . 1953 The University of Michigan Wolverines win their fourth NCAA hockey title . 1954 The Detroit Red Wings win their sixth Stanley Cup . 1954 The Kalamazoo Lassies are the last All - American Girls Professional Baseball League Play - Off Champions . 1955 The Detroit Red Wings win their seventh Stanley Cup . ( They would not win another for 42 years . ) 1955 The University of Michigan Wolverines win their fifth NCAA hockey title . 1956 The Detroit Stars win the Negro American League pennant . 1956 The University of Michigan Wolverines win their sixth NCAA hockey title in nine years . 1957 The Detroit Lions win their fourth National Football League championship . 1962 The Muskegon Zephyrs of the International Hockey League win Muskegon 's first Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL championship . 1962 The Michigan Technological University Huskies win their first NCAA hockey title . 1964 The Grand Rapids Tackers win the Mid-West Professional Basketball League championship . 1964 The University of Michigan Wolverines win their seventh NCAA hockey title ( their last for 32 years ) . 1965 The Grand Rapids Tackers win their first North American Basketball League championship . 1965 The Michigan Tech Huskies win their second NCAA hockey title . 1966 The Port Huron Flags of the International Hockey League win Port Huron 's first Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL championship . 1966 The Michigan State University Spartans win their first NCAA hockey title . 1968 The Grand Rapids Tackers win their second North American Basketball League championship . 1968 The Muskegon Mohawks of the International Hockey League win Muskegon 's second Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL championship . 1968 The Detroit Tigers win the World Series for the third time . 1971 The Port Huron Flags of the International Hockey League win Port Huron 's second Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL championship . 1972 The Port Huron Wings of the International Hockey League win Port Huron 's third and final Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL championship . 1974 The Central Michigan University Chippewas win the NCAA Division II Football Championship . 1975 The Northern Michigan University Wildcats win their first NCAA Division II Football Championship . 1975 The Michigan Tech Huskies win their third NCAA hockey title . 1977 The Grand Rapids Blades win the United States Hockey League championship in their only season of play . 1977 The Saginaw Gears of the International Hockey League win their first Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL championship . 1977 The Detroit Caesars win their first American Professional Slow Pitch League world series . 1978 The Detroit Caesars win their second and last American Professional Slow Pitch League world series . 1979 The Michigan State University Spartans become the first college in the state to win the NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship . 1979 The Kalamazoo Wings win their first Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL Championship . 1980 The Kalamazoo Wings win their second and final Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL Championship . 1981 The Saginaw Gears of the International Hockey League win their second and final Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL championship . 1983 The Detroit Spirits win the Continental Basketball Association championship series . 1983 The Michigan Panthers win the first United States Football League championship . 1984 The Flint Generals win their only Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL Championship . 1984 The Detroit Tigers win the World Series for the fourth time . 1986 The Muskegon Lumberjacks of the International Hockey League win Muskegon 's third Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL championship . 1986 The Michigan State University Spartans win their second NCAA hockey title . 1987 The Grand Rapids Pacers win the National Wheelchair Basketball Association championship . 1988 The Arena Football League Detroit Drive win ArenaBowl II and their first ArenaBowl championship . 1988 The Lake Superior State University Lakers win their first NCAA hockey title . 1989 The University of Michigan Wolverines win their first NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship . 1989 The Muskegon Lumberjacks of the International Hockey League win Muskegon 's fourth and final Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL championship . 1989 The Detroit Pistons win their first NBA Championship . 1989 The Arena Football League Detroit Drive win ArenaBowl III and their second ArenaBowl championship . 1990 The Detroit Pistons win their second NBA Championship . 1990 The Arena Football League Detroit Drive win ArenaBowl IV and their third ArenaBowl championship . 1991 The Detroit Turbos win the National Lacrosse League championship ( indoor lacrosse ) . 1991 The Northern Michigan University Wildcats win their first NCAA hockey title . 1992 The Detroit Rockers win the National Professional Soccer League championship ( indoor soccer ) . 1992 The Arena Football League Detroit Drive win ArenaBowl VI and their fourth and final ArenaBowl championship . 1992 The Lake Superior State University Lakers win their second NCAA hockey title . 1994 The Lake Superior State University Lakers win their third NCAA hockey title . 1995 The Detroit Junior Red Wings win the Ontario Hockey League Championship Series and receive the J. Ross Robertson Cup . 1996 The Class A Minor League West Michigan Whitecaps ( Grand Rapids ) win their first Midwest League Championship Series . 1996 The Flint Generals of the Colonial Hockey League win their first Colonial Cup . 1996 The University of Michigan Wolverines win their eighth NCAA hockey title . 1997 The Detroit Red Wings bring home the Stanley Cup after a 42 - year drought dating back to 1955 . 1997 The Detroit Vipers of the International Hockey League win their only Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL championship . It marked the first time two professional hockey teams from the same metropolitan area won championships in the same year . 1997 The Class A Minor League Lansing Lugnuts win their first Midwest League Championship Series . 1998 The Detroit Red Wings claim their ninth Stanley Cup . 1998 The Class A Minor League West Michigan Whitecaps ( Grand Rapids ) win their second Midwest League Championship Series . 1998 The University of Michigan Wolverines win their ninth NCAA hockey title . 1999 The Muskegon Fury of the United Hockey League with their first Colonial Cup . 2000 The Michigan State University Spartans win their second NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship . 2000 The Flint Generals of the United Hockey League win their second Colonial Cup . 2000 The Class A Minor League Michigan Battle Cats ( Battle Creek ) win their first Midwest League Championship Series . 2001 The Detroit Dogs are the American Basketball Association ( ABA 2000 ) champions . 2001 The Arena Football League Grand Rapids Rampage win ArenaBowl XV and their first ArenaBowl championship . 2002 The Muskegon Fury of the United Hockey League with their second Colonial Cup . 2002 The Detroit Red Wings win their tenth Stanley Cup . 2002 The Detroit Demolition ( known as the Detroit Danger at the time ) win their first National Women 's Football Association ( NWFA ) championship . 2002 The Grand Valley State University Lakers win their first NCAA Division II Football Championship . 2003 The Detroit Shock win their first WNBA Championship in the WNBA Finals . 2003 The Class A Minor League Lansing Lugnuts win their second Midwest League Championship Series . 2003 The Detroit Demolition win their second NWFA Championship . 2003 The Grand Valley State University Lakers win their second NCAA Division II Football Championship . 2004 The Muskegon Fury of the United Hockey League skate to their third Colonial Cup league championship . 2004 The Detroit Pistons win their third NBA Championship . 2004 The Class A Minor League West Michigan Whitecaps ( Grand Rapids ) win their third Midwest League Championship Series . 2004 The Detroit Demolition win their third NWFA Championship . 2005 The Muskegon Fury of the United Hockey League win their fourth Colonial Cup . 2005 The Kalamazoo Kings achieve their first League Championship in the independent professional baseball Frontier League . 2005 The Detroit Demolition win their fourth NWFA Championship . 2005 The Grand Valley State University Lakers win their third NCAA Division II Football Championship . 2006 The Kalamazoo Wings of the United Hockey League earn their first Colonial Cup . 2006 The Port Huron Pirates win their first Great Lakes Indoor Football League championship . 2006 The Detroit Shock win their second WNBA Championship in the WNBA Finals . 2006 The West Michigan Whitecaps from Grand Rapids prevail in the Midwest League Championship Series for the fourth time . 2006 The Grand Valley State University Lakers claim their fourth NCAA Division II Football Championship in five years . 2007 The West Michigan Whitecaps from Grand Rapids win their fifth Midwest League Championship Series in twelve seasons . 2007 The Michigan State University Spartans win their third NCAA hockey title . 2008 The Detroit Red Wings win the Stanley Cup -- their eleventh National Hockey League championship and fourth in twelve seasons . 2008 The Detroit Shock earn their third WNBA Championship in the WNBA Finals . It is the team 's third title in six seasons . The following are other Michigan sports team champions : 1902 The University of Michigan Wolverines win the first Rose Bowl ( game ) . 1983 The Livonia United premier soccer team wins MSYSA premier championship . 1996 Michigan Madness win USISL Midwest division regular season championship . 1997 The Michigan Wolverines won a share of the NCAA Division I-A National Football Championship ; Shared with Nebraska 2006 The Michigan Bucks win their first USL Premier Development League championship . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Michigan_sport_championships&oldid=726111652 '' Categories : Sports in Michigan Michigan sports - related lists Hidden categories : Orphaned articles from November 2009 All orphaned articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 June 2016 , at 03 : 14 . About Wikipedia | when was the last time a detroit sports team won a championship | [
"2008 The Detroit Shock earn their third WNBA Championship in the WNBA Finals. It is the team's third title in six seasons."
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"2008"
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7885248884780969841 | List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals | List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals - wikipedia List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 8 June 2018 . See also : List of footballers in England and Scotland by number of league goals Alan Shearer was the first player to score 200 Premier League goals , and only player to score 100 goals for two clubs . Wayne Rooney is the second Premier League player to score 200 goals or more , behind only Shearer and the only active player as of 2018 to do so . Frank Lampard is the Premier League 's highest scoring midfielder of all time . Thierry Henry scored 175 Premier League goals , the most by a foreign player . He has also scored the most goals for a single club . Ryan Giggs is the only player to have scored in each of the first 21 Premier League seasons . Didier Drogba is the only African player to score 100 Premier League goals . Since the Premier League 's formation at the start of the 1992 -- 93 season , 28 players have managed to accrue 100 or more goals in the competition . During the 1995 -- 96 season , Alan Shearer became the first player to score 100 Premier League goals , and holds the record for the fewest games taken to reach 100 , doing so in 124 appearances . He also holds the record for most goals scored in the Premier League . After Shearer , Harry Kane is the second - fastest to 100 goals , doing so in 141 games . Players ( edit ) As of 13 May 2018 . Sources : List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals Rank Player Premier League club ( s ) Goals Played Ratio Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer Blackburn Rovers , Newcastle United 260 441 0.59 Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney Everton , Manchester United 208 491 0.42 Cole , Andy Andy Cole Newcastle United , Manchester United , Blackburn Rovers , Fulham , Manchester City , Portsmouth 187 414 0.45 Lampard , Frank Frank Lampard West Ham United , Chelsea , Manchester City 177 609 0.29 Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry Arsenal 175 258 0.68 6 Fowler , Robbie Robbie Fowler Liverpool , Leeds United , Manchester City 163 379 0.43 7 Defoe , Jermain Jermain Defoe West Ham United , Portsmouth , Tottenham Hotspur , Sunderland , Bournemouth 162 491 0.33 8 Owen , Michael Michael Owen Liverpool , Newcastle United , Manchester United , Stoke City 150 326 0.46 9 Ferdinand , Les Les Ferdinand Queens Park Rangers , Newcastle United , Tottenham Hotspur , West Ham United , Leicester City , Bolton Wanderers 149 351 0.42 10 Sheringham , Teddy Teddy Sheringham Nottingham Forest , Tottenham Hotspur , Manchester United , Portsmouth , West Ham United 146 418 0.35 11 van Persie , Robin Robin van Persie Arsenal , Manchester United 144 280 0.51 12 Agüero , Sergio Sergio Agüero Manchester City 143 206 0.69 13 Hasselbaink , Jimmy Floyd Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink Leeds United , Chelsea , Middlesbrough , Charlton Athletic 127 288 0.44 14 Keane , Robbie Robbie Keane Coventry City , Leeds United , Tottenham Hotspur , Liverpool , West Ham United , Aston Villa 126 349 0.36 15 Anelka , Nicolas Nicolas Anelka Arsenal , Liverpool , Manchester City , Bolton Wanderers , Chelsea , West Bromwich Albion 125 364 0.34 16 Yorke , Dwight Dwight Yorke Aston Villa , Manchester United , Blackburn Rovers , Birmingham City , Sunderland 123 375 0.33 17 Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard Liverpool 120 504 0.24 18 Wright , Ian Ian Wright Arsenal , West Ham United 113 213 0.53 19 Dublin , Dion Dion Dublin Manchester United , Coventry City , Aston Villa 111 312 0.36 20 Heskey , Emile Emile Heskey Leicester City , Liverpool , Birmingham City , Wigan Athletic , Aston Villa 110 516 0.21 21 Giggs , Ryan Ryan Giggs Manchester United 109 632 0.17 22 Kane , Harry Harry Kane Tottenham Hotspur 108 153 0.71 23 Crouch , Peter Peter Crouch Aston Villa , Southampton , Liverpool , Portsmouth , Tottenham Hotspur , Stoke City 108 462 0.23 23 Scholes , Paul Paul Scholes Manchester United 107 499 0.21 25 Bent , Darren Darren Bent Ipswich Town , Charlton Athletic , Tottenham Hotspur , Sunderland , Aston Villa , Fulham 106 276 0.38 26 Drogba , Didier Didier Drogba Chelsea 104 254 0.41 27 Lukaku , Romelu Romelu Lukaku West Bromwich Albion , Everton , Manchester United 101 220 0.46 28 Le Tissier , Matt Matt Le Tissier Southampton 100 270 0.37 Italics show players still playing professional football ; Bold shows players still playing in the Premier League . See also ( edit ) English football first tier top scorers List of top Premier League goal scorers by season List of Premier League players with 500 or more appearances References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bent poised to join 100 club '' . PremierLeague.com . Premier League . 30 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bent delighted to join 100 goals club '' . PremierLeague.com . Premier League . 2 February 2012 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Dan Kilpatrick ( 4 February 2018 ) . `` Tottenham striker Harry Kane scores 100th Premier League goal '' . ESPN . ^ Jump up to : `` Premier League Player Stats : Goals '' . PremierLeague.com . Premier League . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League Players -- Overview and Stats '' . PremierLeague.com . Premier League . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Premier League Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Clubs 2018 -- 19 Arsenal Brighton & Hove Albion Bournemouth Burnley Cardiff City Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Fulham Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Ham United Wolverhampton Wanderers Former Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Charlton Athletic Coventry City Derby County Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Norwich City Nottingham Forest Oldham Athletic Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Stoke City Sunderland Swansea City Swindon Town West Bromwich Albion Wigan Athletic Wimbledon ( defunct ) Competition Teams winners Players foreign foreign scorers winners Managers Stadia Founding Broadcasting foundation Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table Hat - tricks Highest scores Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Season Player of the Season Goal of the Season Playmaker of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Players with 500 + appearances Players with 100 + goals Top scorers by season Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Transfer records Game 39 Premier League -- Football League gulf Associated competitions Asia Trophy FA Community Shield FA Cup EFL Cup UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Premier League 2 U18 Premier League Premier League International Cup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Premier_League_players_with_100_or_more_goals&oldid=845016149 '' Categories : Lists of Premier League players Association football records and statistics Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use dmy dates from March 2012 Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Bosanski Dansk Español Italiano Shqip Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 8 June 2018 , at 18 : 57 . About Wikipedia | who has scored the most goals in the english premier league | [
"\nList of Premier League players with 100 or more goals\n\nRank\nPlayer\nPremier League club(s)\nGoals\nPlayed\nRatio\n\n\n1\n Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer\nBlackburn Rovers, Newcastle United\n260\n441\n0.59\n\n\n2\n Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney\nEverton, Manchester United\n208\n491\n0.42\n\n\n3\n Cole, AndyAndy Cole\nNewcastle United, Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Fulham, Manchester City, Portsmouth\n187\n414\n0.45\n\n\n4\n Lampard, FrankFrank Lampard\nWest Ham United, Chelsea, Manchester City\n177\n609\n0.29\n\n\n5\n Henry, ThierryThierry Henry\nArsenal\n175\n258\n0.68\n\n\n6\n Fowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler\nLiverpool, Leeds United, Manchester City\n163\n379\n0.43\n\n\n7\n Defoe, JermainJermain Defoe\nWest Ham United, Portsmouth, Tottenham Hotspur, Sunderland, Bournemouth\n162\n491\n0.33\n\n\n8\n Owen, MichaelMichael Owen\nLiverpool, Newcastle United, Manchester United, Stoke City\n150\n326\n0.46\n\n\n9\n Ferdinand, LesLes Ferdinand\nQueens Park Rangers, Newcastle United, Tottenham Hotspur, West Ham United, Leicester City, Bolton Wanderers\n149\n351\n0.42\n\n\n10\n Sheringham, TeddyTeddy Sheringham\nNottingham Forest, Tottenham Hotspur, Manchester United, Portsmouth, West Ham United\n146\n418\n0.35\n\n\n11\n van Persie, RobinRobin van Persie\nArsenal, Manchester United\n144\n280\n0.51\n\n\n12\n Agüero, SergioSergio Agüero\nManchester City\n143\n206\n0.69\n\n\n13\n Hasselbaink, Jimmy FloydJimmy Floyd Hasselbaink\nLeeds United, Chelsea, Middlesbrough, Charlton Athletic\n127\n288\n0.44\n\n\n14\n Keane, RobbieRobbie Keane\nCoventry City, Leeds United, Tottenham Hotspur, Liverpool, West Ham United, Aston Villa\n126\n349\n0.36\n\n\n15\n Anelka, NicolasNicolas Anelka\nArsenal, Liverpool, Manchester City, Bolton Wanderers, Chelsea, West Bromwich Albion\n125\n364\n0.34\n\n\n16\n Yorke, DwightDwight Yorke\nAston Villa, Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Birmingham City, Sunderland\n123\n375\n0.33\n\n\n17\n Gerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard\nLiverpool\n120\n504\n0.24\n\n\n18\n Wright, IanIan Wright\nArsenal, West Ham United\n113\n213\n0.53\n\n\n19\n Dublin, DionDion Dublin\nManchester United, Coventry City, Aston Villa\n111\n312\n0.36\n\n\n20\n Heskey, EmileEmile Heskey\nLeicester City, Liverpool, Birmingham City, Wigan Athletic, Aston Villa\n110\n516\n0.21\n\n\n21\n Giggs, RyanRyan Giggs\nManchester United\n109\n632\n0.17\n\n\n22\n Kane, HarryHarry Kane\nTottenham Hotspur\n108\n153\n0.71\n\n\n23\n Crouch, PeterPeter Crouch\nAston Villa, Southampton, Liverpool, Portsmouth, Tottenham Hotspur, Stoke City\n108\n462\n0.23\n\n\n23\n Scholes, PaulPaul Scholes\nManchester United\n107\n499\n0.21\n\n\n25\n Bent, DarrenDarren Bent\nIpswich Town, Charlton Athletic, Tottenham Hotspur, Sunderland, Aston Villa, Fulham\n106\n276\n0.38\n\n\n26\n Drogba, DidierDidier Drogba\nChelsea\n104\n254\n0.41\n\n\n27\n Lukaku, RomeluRomelu Lukaku\nWest Bromwich Albion, Everton, Manchester United\n101\n220\n0.46\n\n\n28\n Le Tissier, MattMatt Le Tissier\nSouthampton\n100\n270\n0.37\n\n\nItalics show players still playing professional football; Bold shows players still playing in the Premier League.[4]\n\n"
] | [
"Alan Shearer"
] |
-1537434664141834448 | Uluru | Uluru - Wikipedia Uluru Jump to : navigation , search `` Ayers Rock '' redirects here . For the band , see Ayers Rock ( band ) . For the site in California , see Archeological Site CA - INY - 134 . Uluru ( Uluṟu ) Ayers Rock Aerial view of Uluru Country Australia State Northern Territory Elevation 863 m ( 2,831 ft ) Prominence 348 m ( 1,142 ft ) Coordinates 25 ° 20 ′ 42 '' S 131 ° 02 ′ 10 '' E / 25.34500 ° S 131.03611 ° E / - 25.34500 ; 131.03611 Coordinates : 25 ° 20 ′ 42 '' S 131 ° 02 ′ 10 '' E / 25.34500 ° S 131.03611 ° E / - 25.34500 ; 131.03611 Geology arkose Orogeny Petermann UNESCO World Heritage Site Name Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park Year 1987 ( # 11 ) Number 447 Criteria v , vi , vii , ix Location in Australia Wikimedia Commons : Uluru Website : www.environment.gov.au/ Uluru / ˌuːləˈruː / ( Pitjantjatjara : Uluṟu ) , also known as Ayers Rock / ˌɛərz ˈrɒk / and officially gazetted as `` Uluru / Ayers Rock '' , is a large sandstone rock formation in the southern part of the Northern Territory in central Australia . It lies 335 km ( 208 mi ) south west of the nearest large town , Alice Springs , 450 km ( 280 mi ) by road . Uluru is sacred to the Pitjantjatjara Anangu , the Aboriginal people of the area . The area around the formation is home to an abundance of springs , waterholes , rock caves and ancient paintings . Uluru is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Uluru and Kata Tjuta , also known as the Olgas , are the two major features of the Uluṟu - Kata Tjuṯa National Park . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Description 3 Geology 3.1 Composition 3.2 Age and origin 4 Fauna and flora 5 Climate and five seasons 6 Aboriginal myths , legends and traditions 7 History 8 Tourism 8.1 Admission 8.2 Climbing 8.3 Photography 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Name The local Anangu , the Pitjantjatjara people , call the landmark Uluṟu ( Pitjantjatjara ( uluɻu ) ) . This word is a proper noun , with no further particular meaning in the Pitjantjatjara dialect , although it is used as a local family name by the senior Traditional Owners of Uluru . On 19 July 1873 , the surveyor William Gosse sighted the landmark and named it Ayers Rock in honour of the then Chief Secretary of South Australia , Sir Henry Ayers . Since then , both names have been used . In 1993 , a dual naming policy was adopted that allowed official names that consist of both the traditional Aboriginal name and the English name . On 15 December 1993 , it was renamed `` Ayers Rock / Uluru '' and became the first official dual - named feature in the Northern Territory . The order of the dual names was officially reversed to `` Uluru / Ayers Rock '' on 6 November 2002 following a request from the Regional Tourism Association in Alice Springs . Description Uluru is one of Australia 's most recognisable natural landmarks . The sandstone formation stands 348 m ( 1,142 ft ) high , rising 863 m ( 2,831 ft ) above sea level with most of its bulk lying underground , and has a total circumference of 9.4 km ( 5.8 mi ) . Both Uluru and the nearby Kata Tjuta formation have great cultural significance for the Aṉangu people , the traditional inhabitants of the area , who lead walking tours to inform visitors about the local flora and fauna , bush food and the Aboriginal dreamtime stories of the area . Uluru is notable for appearing to change colour at different times of the day and year , most notably when it glows red at dawn and sunset . Kata Tjuta , also called Mount Olga or the Olgas , lies 25 km ( 16 mi ) west of Uluru . Special viewing areas with road access and parking have been constructed to give tourists the best views of both sites at dawn and dusk . Panorama of Uluru around sunset , showing its distinctive red colouration at dusk . Geology Uluru rock formations Panorama from the top of Uluru , showing a typical gully Close - up view of Uluru 's surface , composed of arkose Uluru is an inselberg , literally `` island mountain '' . An inselberg is a prominent isolated residual knob or hill that rises abruptly from and is surrounded by extensive and relatively flat erosion lowlands in a hot , dry region . Uluru is also often referred to as a monolith , although this is a somewhat ambiguous term that is generally avoided by geologists . The remarkable feature of Uluru is its homogeneity and lack of jointing and parting at bedding surfaces , leading to the lack of development of scree slopes and soil . These characteristics led to its survival , while the surrounding rocks were eroded . For the purpose of mapping and describing the geological history of the area , geologists refer to the rock strata making up Uluru as the Mutitjulu Arkose , and it is one of many sedimentary formations filling the Amadeus Basin . Composition Uluru is dominantly composed of coarse - grained arkose ( a type of sandstone characterized by an abundance of feldspar ) and some conglomerate . Average composition is 50 % feldspar , 25 -- 35 % quartz and up to 25 % rock fragments ; most feldspar is K - feldspar with only minor plagioclase as subrounded grains and highly altered inclusions within K - feldspar . The grains are typically 2 -- 4 millimetres ( 0.079 -- 0.157 in ) in diameter , and are angular to subangular ; the finer sandstone is well sorted , with sorting decreasing with increasing grain size . The rock fragments include subrounded basalt , invariably replaced to various degrees by chlorite and epidote . The minerals present suggest derivation from a predominantly granite source , similar to the Musgrave Block exposed to the south . When relatively fresh , the rock has a grey colour , but weathering of iron - bearing minerals by the process of oxidation gives the outer surface layer of rock a red - brown rusty colour . Features related to deposition of the sediment include cross-bedding and ripples , analysis of which indicated deposition from broad shallow high energy fluvial channels and sheet flooding , typical of alluvial fans . Age and origin Rain water flows off Uluru along channels marked by dark algae , forming small ponds at the base The Mutitjulu Arkose is believed to be of about the same age as the conglomerate at Kata Tjuta , and to have a similar origin despite the rock type being different , but it is younger than the rocks exposed to the east at Mount Conner , and unrelated to them . The strata at Uluru are nearly vertical , dipping to the south west at 85 ° , and have an exposed thickness of at least 2,400 m ( 7,900 ft ) . The strata dip below the surrounding plain and no doubt extend well beyond Uluru in the subsurface , but the extent is not known . The rock was originally sand , deposited as part of an extensive alluvial fan that extended out from the ancestors of the Musgrave , Mann and Petermann Ranges to the south and west , but separate from a nearby fan that deposited the sand , pebbles and cobbles that now make up Kata Tjuta . The similar mineral composition of the Mutitjulu Arkose and the granite ranges to the south is now explained . The ancestors of the ranges to the south were once much larger than the eroded remnants we see today . They were thrust up during a mountain building episode referred to as the Petermann Orogeny that took place in late Neoproterozoic to early Cambrian times ( 550 -- 530 Ma ) , and thus the Mutitjulu Arkose is believed to have been deposited at about the same time . The arkose sandstone which makes up the formation is composed of grains that show little sorting based on grain size , exhibit very little rounding and the feldspars in the rock are relatively fresh in appearance . This lack of sorting and grain rounding is typical of arkosic sandstones and is indicative of relatively rapid erosion from the granites of the growing mountains to the south . The layers of sand were nearly horizontal when deposited , but were tilted to their near vertical position during a later episode of mountain building , possibly the Alice Springs Orogeny of Palaeozoic age ( 400 -- 300 Ma ) . Fauna and flora Black - flanked rock - wallaby ( Petrogale lateralis ) Historically , 46 species of native mammals are known to have been living near Uluru ; according to recent surveys there are currently 21 . Aṉangu acknowledge that a decrease in the number has implications for the condition and health of the landscape . Moves are supported for the reintroduction of locally extinct animals such as malleefowl , common brushtail possum , rufous hare - wallaby or mala , bilby , burrowing bettong , and the black - flanked rock - wallaby . The mulgara , the only mammal listed as vulnerable , is mostly restricted to the transitional sand plain area , a narrow band of country that stretches from the vicinity of Uluru to the northern boundary of the park and into Ayers Rock Resort . This area also contains the marsupial mole , woma python , and great desert skink . Trees at the base of Uluru The bat population of the park comprises at least seven species that depend on day roosting sites within caves and crevices of Uluru and Kata Tjuta . Most of the bats forage for aerial prey within 100 m ( 330 ft ) or so from the rock face . The park has a very rich reptile fauna of high conservation significance , with 73 species having been reliably recorded . Four species of frogs are abundant at the base of Uluru and Kata Tjuta following summer rains . The great desert skink is listed as vulnerable . Aṉangu continue to hunt and gather animal species in remote areas of the park and on Aṉangu land elsewhere . Hunting is largely confined to the red kangaroo , bush turkey , emu , and lizards such as the sand goanna and perentie . Of the 27 mammal species found in the park , six are introduced : the house mouse , camel , fox , cat , dog , and rabbit . These species are distributed throughout the park , but their densities are greatest near the rich water run - off areas of Uluru and Kata Tjuta . Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park flora represents a large portion of plants found in Central Australia . A number of these species are considered rare and restricted in the park or the immediate region . Many rare and endemic plants are found in the park . The growth and reproduction of plant communities rely on irregular rainfall . Some plants are able to survive fire and some are dependent on it to reproduce . Plants are an important part of Tjukurpa , and ceremonies are held for each of the major plant foods . Many plants are associated with ancestral beings . Flora in Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park can be broken into these categories : Punu -- trees Puti -- shrubs Tjulpun - tjulpunpa -- flowers Ukiri -- grasses Trees such as the mulga and centralian bloodwood are used to make tools such as spearheads , boomerangs , and bowls . The red sap of the bloodwood is used as a disinfectant and an inhalant for coughs and colds . Several rare and endangered species are found in the park . Most of them , like adder 's tongue ferns , are restricted to the moist areas at the base of the formation , which are areas of high visitor use and subject to erosion . Since the first Europeans arrived , 34 exotic plant species have been recorded in the park , representing about 6.4 % of the total park flora . Some , such as perennial buffel grass ( Cenchrus ciliaris ) , were introduced to rehabilitate areas damaged by erosion . It is the most threatening weed in the park and has spread to invade water - and nutrient - rich drainage lines . A few others , such as burrgrass , were brought in accidentally , carried on cars and people . Climate and five seasons The park has a hot desert climate and receives an average rainfall of 284.6 mm ( 11.2 in ) per year . The average high temperature in summer ( December -- January ) is 37.8 ° C ( 100.0 ° F ) , and the average low temperature in winter ( June -- July ) is 4.7 ° C ( 40.5 ° F ) . Temperature extremes in the park have been recorded at 46 ° C ( 115 ° F ) during the summer and − 5 ° C ( 23 ° F ) during winter . UV levels are extreme between October and March , averaging between 11 and 15 on the UV index . Local Aboriginal people recognise five seasons : Wanitjunkupai ( April / May ) -- Cooler weather Wari ( June / July ) -- Cold season bringing morning frosts Piriyakutu ( August / September / October ) -- Animals breed and food plants flower Mai Wiyaringkupai ( November / December ) -- The hot season when food becomes scarce Itjanu ( January / February / March ) -- Sporadic storms can roll in suddenly ( hide ) Climate data for Yulara Aero Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 46.4 ( 115.5 ) 45.8 ( 114.4 ) 42.9 ( 109.2 ) 39.6 ( 103.3 ) 35.7 ( 96.3 ) 36.4 ( 97.5 ) 31.1 ( 88 ) 35.0 ( 95 ) 38.7 ( 101.7 ) 42.3 ( 108.1 ) 45.0 ( 113 ) 47.0 ( 116.6 ) 47.0 ( 116.6 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 38.4 ( 101.1 ) 36.9 ( 98.4 ) 34.4 ( 93.9 ) 29.8 ( 85.6 ) 24.2 ( 75.6 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 23.7 ( 74.7 ) 28.8 ( 83.8 ) 32.4 ( 90.3 ) 35.1 ( 95.2 ) 36.5 ( 97.7 ) 30.1 ( 86.2 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 22.7 ( 72.9 ) 22.1 ( 71.8 ) 19.3 ( 66.7 ) 14.4 ( 57.9 ) 9.3 ( 48.7 ) 5.6 ( 42.1 ) 4.4 ( 39.9 ) 5.9 ( 42.6 ) 10.7 ( 51.3 ) 15.0 ( 59 ) 18.4 ( 65.1 ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 14.1 ( 57.4 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 12.7 ( 54.9 ) 12.1 ( 53.8 ) 8.0 ( 46.4 ) 1.3 ( 34.3 ) ( 34 ) − 1.8 ( 28.8 ) − 3.6 ( 25.5 ) − 2.2 ( 28 ) − 1.0 ( 30.2 ) 4.5 ( 40.1 ) 6.5 ( 43.7 ) 9.9 ( 49.8 ) − 3.6 ( 25.5 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 25.8 ( 1.016 ) 39.6 ( 1.559 ) 35.1 ( 1.382 ) 14.7 ( 0.579 ) 13.0 ( 0.512 ) 17.4 ( 0.685 ) 18.4 ( 0.724 ) 4.3 ( 0.169 ) 7.4 ( 0.291 ) 20.7 ( 0.815 ) 34.2 ( 1.346 ) 40.2 ( 1.583 ) 274.6 ( 10.811 ) Average rainy days ( ≥ 1 mm ) 3.2 2.9 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.9 1.0 1.4 2.7 3.9 4.7 28.8 Source : Bureau of Meteorology Aboriginal myths , legends and traditions According to the Aṉangu , traditional landowners of Uluru : The world was once a featureless place . None of the places we know existed until creator beings , in the forms of people , plants and animals , traveled widely across the land . Then , in a process of creation and destruction , they formed the landscape as we know it today . Aṉangu land is still inhabited by the spirits of dozens of these ancestral creator beings which are referred to as Tjukuritja or Waparitja . There are a number of differing accounts given , by outsiders , of Aboriginal ancestral stories for the origins of Uluru and its many cracks and fissures . One such account , taken from Robert Layton 's ( 1989 ) Uluru : An Aboriginal history of Ayers Rock , reads as follows : Uluru was built up during the creation period by two boys who played in the mud after rain . When they had finished their game they travelled south to Wiputa ... Fighting together , the two boys made their way to the table topped Mount Conner , on top of which their bodies are preserved as boulders . ( Page 5 ) Two other accounts are given in Norbert Brockman 's ( 1997 ) Encyclopedia of Sacred Places . The first tells of serpent beings who waged many wars around Uluru , scarring the rock . The second tells of two tribes of ancestral spirits who were invited to a feast , but were distracted by the beautiful Sleepy Lizard Women and did not show up . In response , the angry hosts sang evil into a mud sculpture that came to life as the dingo . There followed a great battle , which ended in the deaths of the leaders of both tribes . The earth itself rose up in grief at the bloodshed , becoming Uluru . The Commonwealth Department of Environment 's webpage advises : Many ... Tjukurpa such as Kalaya ( Emu ) , Liru ( poisonous snake ) , Lungkata ( blue tongue lizard ) , Luunpa ( kingfisher ) and Tjintir - tjintirpa ( willie wagtail ) travel through Uluṟu - Kata Tjuṯa National Park . Other Tjukurpa affect only one specific area . Kuniya , the woma python , lived in the rocks at Uluru where she fought the Liru , the poisonous snake . It is sometimes reported that those who take rocks from the formation will be cursed and suffer misfortune . There have been many instances where people who removed such rocks attempted to mail them back to various agencies in an attempt to remove the perceived curse . History Petroglyphs on Uluru Aerial view of Uluru Archaeological findings to the east and west indicate that humans settled in the area more than 10,000 years ago . Europeans arrived in the Australian Western Desert in the 1870s . Uluru and Kata Tjuta were first mapped by Europeans in 1872 during the expeditionary period made possible by the construction of the Australian Overland Telegraph Line . In separate expeditions , Ernest Giles and William Gosse were the first European explorers to this area . While exploring the area in 1872 , Giles sighted Kata Tjuta from a location near Kings Canyon and called it Mount Olga , while the following year Gosse observed Uluru and named it Ayers Rock , in honour of the Chief Secretary of South Australia , Sir Henry Ayers . Further explorations followed with the aim of establishing the possibilities of the area for pastoralism . In the late 19th century , pastoralists attempted to establish themselves in areas adjoining the Southwestern / Petermann Reserve and interaction between Aṉangu and white people became more frequent and more violent . Due to the effects of grazing and drought , bush food stores became depleted . Competition for these resources created conflict between the two groups , resulting in more frequent police patrols . Later , during the depression in the 1930s , Aṉangu became involved in dingo scalping with ' doggers ' who introduced Aṉangu to European foods and ways . Between 1918 and 1921 , large adjoining areas of South Australia , Western Australia , and the Northern Territory were declared as Aboriginal reserves , sanctuaries for nomadic people who had virtually no contact with European settlers . In 1920 , part of Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park was declared an Aboriginal Reserve ( commonly known as the South - Western or Petermann Reserve ) by the Australian government under the Aboriginals Ordinance . The first tourists arrived in the Uluru area in 1936 . Beginning in the 1940s , permanent European settlement of the area for reasons of the Aboriginal welfare policy and to help promote tourism of Uluru . This increased tourism prompted the formation of the first vehicular tracks in 1948 and tour bus services began early in the 1950s . In 1958 , the area that would become the Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park was excised from the Petermann Reserve ; it was placed under the management of the Northern Territory Reserves Board and named the Ayers Rock -- Mount Olga National Park . The first ranger was Bill Harney , a well - recognised central Australian figure . By 1959 , the first motel leases had been granted and Eddie Connellan had constructed an airstrip close to the northern side of Uluru . On 26 October 1985 , the Australian government returned ownership of Uluru to the local Pitjantjatjara Aborigines , with one of the conditions being that the Aṉangu would lease it back to the National Parks and Wildlife agency for 99 years and that it would be jointly managed . An agreement originally made between the community and Prime Minister Bob Hawke that the climb to the top by tourists would be stopped was later broken . The Aboriginal community of Mutitjulu , with a population of approximately 300 , is located near the eastern end of Uluru . From Uluru it is 17 km ( 11 mi ) by road to the tourist town of Yulara , population 3,000 , which is situated just outside the national park . On 8 October 2009 , the Talinguru Nyakuntjaku viewing area opened to public visitation . The A $ 21 million project about 3 kilometres ( 1.9 mi ) on the east side of Uluru involved design and construction supervision by the Aṉangu traditional owners , with 11 kilometres ( 6.8 mi ) of roads and 1.6 kilometres ( 1 mi ) of walking trails being built for the area . Tourism Driving on Lasseter Highway from Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park , April 2007 The development of tourism infrastructure adjacent to the base of Uluru that began in the 1950s soon produced adverse environmental impacts . It was decided in the early 1970s to remove all accommodation - related tourist facilities and re-establish them outside the park . In 1975 , a reservation of 104 square kilometres ( 40 sq mi ) of land beyond the park 's northern boundary , 15 kilometres ( 9 mi ) from Uluru , was approved for the development of a tourist facility and an associated airport , to be known as Yulara . The camp ground within the park was closed in 1983 and the motels closed in late 1984 , coinciding with the opening of the Yulara resort . In 1992 , the majority interest in the Yulara resort held by the Northern Territory Government was sold and the resort was renamed Ayers Rock Resort . Since the park was listed as a World Heritage Site , annual visitor numbers rose to over 400,000 visitors by the year 2000 . Increased tourism provides regional and national economic benefits . It also presents an ongoing challenge to balance conservation of cultural values and visitor needs . Admission Admission to the park costs A $25 per person and provides a three - day pass . Passes are non-transferable and all passes are checked by park rangers . Climbing Climbers and a warning sign The local Aṉangu do not climb Uluru because of its great spiritual significance . They request that visitors do not climb the rock , partly due to the path crossing a sacred traditional Dreamtime track , and also due to a sense of responsibility for the safety of visitors . The visitors guide says `` the climb is not prohibited , but we prefer that , as a guest on Aṉangu land , you will choose to respect our law and culture by not climbing . '' Despite being discouraged by its traditional owners , over one third of visitors climb Uluru . A chain handhold added in 1964 and extended in 1976 makes the hour - long climb easier , but it is still a steep , 800 m ( 0.5 mi ) hike to the top , where it can be quite windy . It is recommended individuals drink plenty of water while climbing , and those who are unfit , suffer from vertigo or medical conditions restricting exercise , do not attempt it . Climbing Uluru is generally closed to the public when high winds are present at the top . There have been at least 35 deaths relating to recreational climbing since such incidents began being recorded . On 11 December 1983 , the Prime Minister of Australia , Bob Hawke , promised to hand back the land title to the Aṉangu traditional custodians and caretakers and agreed to the community 's 10 - point plan which included forbidding the climbing of Uluru . The government , however , set access to climb Uluru and a 99 - year lease , instead of the previously agreed upon 50 - year lease , as conditions before the title was officially given back to the Aṉangu on 26 October 1985 . The Aboriginal traditional owners of Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park ( Nguraritja ) and the Federal Government 's National Parks share decision - making on the management of Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park . Under their joint Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park Management Plan 2010 -- 20 , issued by the Director of National Parks under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 , clause 6.3. 3 provides that the Director and the Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa Board of Management work towards closure of the climb and , additionally , provides that it will close upon any of three conditions being met : there are `` adequate new visitor experiences '' , less than 20 per cent of visitors make the climb or the `` critical factors '' in decisions to visit are `` cultural and natural experiences '' . Despite cogent evidence the second condition was met by July 2013 , the climb remains open . Several controversial incidents on top of Uluru in 2010 , including a striptease , golfing and nudity , led to renewed calls for banning the climb . Prince Charles and Diana , The Princess of Wales returning from photo session on Uluru , March 1983 Sign informing tourists that the climb is closed due to strong winds Photography The Aṉangu also request that visitors do not photograph certain sections of Uluru , for reasons related to traditional Tjukurpa beliefs . These areas are the sites of gender - linked rituals and are forbidden ground for Aṉangu of the opposite sex to those participating in the rituals in question . The photographic restriction is intended to prevent Aṉangu from inadvertently violating this taboo by encountering photographs of the forbidden sites in the outside world . See also Northern Territory portal Mountains portal List of mountains of the Northern Territory Mount Augustus National Park Indigenous Australian art Pitjantjatjara § Recognition of sacred sites Protected areas of the Northern Territory References Notes Jump up ^ `` Place Names Register Extract : Uluru / Ayers Rock '' . Northern Territory Place Names Register . Northern Territory Government . 6 November 2002 . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Issacs , Jennifer ( 1980 ) . Australian Dreaming : 40,000 Years of Aboriginal History . Sydney : Lansdowne Press . pp. 40 -- 41 . ISBN 0 - 7018 - 1330 - X . OCLC 6578832 . ^ Jump up to : `` Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park -- Early European history '' . Australian Department of the Environment and Water Resources . Retrieved 7 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dual Naming of Features '' . NT.gov.au . Retrieved 7 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Welcome to Aboriginal land : Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park -- Visitor guide and maps ( PDF ) . Canberra : Australian Department of the Environment and Water Resources . October 2005 . OCLC 754614279 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 October 2008 . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Young , David N. ; Duncan , N. ; Camacho , A. ; Ferenczi , P.A. ; Madigan , T.L.A. ( 2002 ) . Ayers Rock , Northern Territory , Map Sheet GS52 - 8 ( 2nd edition ) ( Map ) . 1 : 250 000 . Northern Territory Geological Survey . Geological Map Series Explanatory Notes . Jump up ^ Twidale , C.R. ; Campbell , Elizabeth M. ( 2005 ) . Australian Landforms . Rosenberg . p. 141 . ISBN 1 - 877058 - 32 - 7 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Joyce Ann ; Woodward , Susan L. , eds. ( 2015 ) . Earth 's Landscape : An Encyclopedia of the World 's Geographic Features . ABC - CLIO . pp. 719 -- 720 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61069 - 446 - 9 . Jump up ^ Neuendorf , Klaus K.E. ; Mehl , Jr. , James P. ; Jackson , Julia A. , eds. ( 2005 ) . Glossary of Geology ( 5th ed . ) . Alexandria , VA : American Geological Institute . ISBN 0 - 922152 - 76 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Sweet , I.P. ; Crick , I.H. ( 1992 ) . Uluru & Kata Tjuta : A Geological History ( Monograph ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Canberra : Australian Geological Survey Organisation . ISBN 0 - 644 - 25681 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park -- Geology '' . Australian Department of the Environment and Water Resources . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa Board of Management ( 2000 ) . Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park Plan of Management ( PDF ) ( 4th ed . ) . Canberra : Environment Australia . ISBN 0 - 642 - 54673 - 8 . OCLC 57667136 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yulara Aero '' . Climate statistics for Australian locations . Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Yulara Ultraviolet ( UV ) Index Forecast Graph . Australian Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Climate Averages : Ultra violet index ( Climatology 1979 -- 2007 ) '' . Bureau of Meteorology , Australian Government . 21 March 2012 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Creation Period '' . Department of the Environment , Water , Heritage and the Arts . Archived from the original on 17 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Layton , Robert ( August 2001 ) . Uluru : An Aboriginal History of Ayers Rock ( 2001 revised ed . ) . Canberra : Aboriginal Studies Press . ISBN 0 - 85575 - 202 - 5 . Jump up ^ Brockman , Norbert C ( June 1997 ) . Encyclopedia of Sacred Places . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - Clio Inc . pp. 292 -- 93 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512739 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Rock theft brings bad luck '' . The Age . 7 March 2003 . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Marks , Kathy ( 12 May 2008 ) . `` Uluru tourists return ' cursed ' souvenirs '' . New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 14 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Tlozek , Eric ( 8 October 2009 ) . `` ' Spectacular ' sunrise platform at Uluru '' . ABC News . Retrieved 8 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Hall , Lex ( 8 October 2009 ) . `` New Uluru view spares desert songlines '' . The Australian . Retrieved 8 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Heritage and International Significance '' . Department of the Environment , Water , Heritage and the Arts . Retrieved 17 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park -- Management Plan 2010 -- 2020 . Canberra : Department of the Environment , Water , Heritage and the Arts . 2010 . p. 90 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9807460 - 1 - 3 . Jump up ^ Toyne , Phillip ; Vachon , Daniel ( 1984 ) . Growing Up the Country : the Pitjantjatjara Struggle for Their Land . Fitzroy , Victoria : McPhee Gribble . p. 137 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 007641 - 7 . OCLC 12611425 . Jump up ^ Swallow , Julian ( 26 October 2010 ) . `` On this day : Aboriginal Australians get Uluru back '' . Australian Geographic . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park -- Management Plan 2010 -- 2020 . Canberra : Department of the Environment , Water , Heritage and the Arts . 2010 . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9807460 - 1 - 3 . Jump up ^ Laughland , Oliver ( 8 July 2013 ) . `` People still climbing Uluru despite closure condition being met '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rock rage rolls on '' . Northern Territory News . 30 June 2010 . Retrieved 28 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Shears , Richard ( 28 June 2010 ) . `` Stripper sparks fury among Aboriginals after YouTube exotic dance on sacred Ayers Rock '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 1 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park -- Tjukurpa '' . Australian Department of the Environment and Water Resources . Archived from the original on 7 March 2007 . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . Bibliography Breeden , Stanley ( 1995 ) . Growing Up at Uluru , Australia . Fortitude Valley , Queensland : Steve Parish Publishing . ISBN 0 - 947263 - 89 - 6 . OCLC 34351662 . Breeden , Stanley ( 2000 ) ( 1994 ) . Uluru : Looking After Uluru -- Kata Tjuta , the Anangu Way . Roseville Chase , NSW : Simon & Schuster Australia . ISBN 0 - 7318 - 0359 - 0 . OCLC 32470148 . Hill , Barry ( 1 November 1994 ) . The Rock : Travelling to Uluru . St Leonards , NSW : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 1 - 86373 - 778 - 2 . OCLC 33146858 . Mountford , Charles P. ( 1977 ) ( 1965 ) . Ayers Rock : Its People , Their Beliefs and Their Art . Adelaide : Rigby Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7270 - 0215 - 5 . OCLC 6844898 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Uluru . Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park -- Australian Department of the Environment and Water Resources Northern Territory official tourism site Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uluru&oldid=797525538 '' Categories : Australian Aboriginal culture Inselbergs Monoliths of Australia Mountains of the Northern Territory Sacred mountains Sacred rocks Tourist attractions in the Northern Territory Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use Australian English from August 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from December 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for other type Articles containing Pitjantjatjara - language text Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2017 , at 16 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the elevation of uluru-kata (in meters) in australia | [
"\n\nUluru (Uluṟu)\n\n\nAyers Rock\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAerial view of Uluru\n\n\n\nCountry\nAustralia\n\n\nState\nNorthern Territory\n\n\n\n\n\nElevation\n863 m (2,831 ft)\n\n\nProminence\n348 m (1,142 ft)\n\n\nCoordinates\n25°20′42″S 131°02′10″E / 25.34500°S 131.03611°E / -25.34500; 131.03611Coordinates: 25°20′42″S 131°02′10″E / 25.34500°S 131.03611°E / -25.34500; 131.03611\n\n\n\n\n\nGeology\narkose\n\n\nOrogeny\nPetermann\n\n\n\n\n\nUNESCO World Heritage Site\n\n\nName\nUluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa National Park\n\n\nYear\n1987 (#11)\n\n\nNumber\n447\n\n\nCriteria\nv,vi,vii,ix\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLocation in Australia\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWikimedia Commons: Uluru\n\n\nWebsite: www.environment.gov.au/\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"863 m"
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5220371475052460108 | Knight Rider (franchise) | Knight Rider ( franchise ) - wikipedia Knight Rider ( franchise ) Jump to : navigation , search It has been requested that the title of this article be changed to Knight Rider . Please see the relevant discussion on the discussion page . Do not move the page until the discussion has reached consensus for the change and is closed . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : empty sections Please help improve this article if you can . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Knight Rider Franchise logo Created by Glen A. Larson Original work Original series ( 1982 ) Films and television Film ( s ) Knight Rider 2000 ( 1991 ) Knight Rider 2010 ( 1994 ) Knight Rider ( 2008 ) Television series Knight Rider ( 1982 -- 1986 ) Team Knight Rider ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Knight Rider ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Code of Vengeance ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Knight Rider is an American entertainment franchise created by Glen A. Larson . The core of Knight Rider is its three television series : Knight Rider ( 1982 -- 1986 ) ; Team Knight Rider ( 1997 -- 1998 ) ; and Knight Rider ( 2008 -- 2009 ) . The franchise also includes three television films , computer and video games , and novels , as well as KnightCon , a Knight Rider convention . Beginning with the original television series and continuing with the subsequent films and series , the franchise has developed a cult following and spawned many pop culture references . The original Knight Rider series followed the adventures of Michael Knight , a modern - day crime fighter who uses a technologically advanced , artificially intelligent automobile . This car is virtually indestructible , due to a high - tech coating applied to it . This series debuted in 1982 and ran for four seasons on NBC . These adventures were continued with the television films Knight Rider 2000 and Knight Rider 2010 and the short - lived Team Knight Rider . One other television movie , Knight Rider , served as a pilot for the 2008 television series Knight Rider . In 1985 , a spin - off series , Code of Vengeance , also premiered . Contents ( hide ) 1 Conception and setting 2 Television series 2.1 Main series 2.1. 1 Knight Rider ( 1982 -- 1986 ) 2.1. 2 Team Knight Rider ( 1997 -- 1998 ) 2.1. 3 Knight Rider ( 2008 -- 2009 ) 2.1. 4 Knight Rider ( 2017 ) 2.2 Spin - off series 2.2. 1 Code of Vengeance ( 1985 -- 1986 ) 3 Television films 4 Spin - off media 5 References Conception and setting ( edit ) Knight Rider stories usually depict either average citizens , or ethical heads of corporations , being bullied into subservience to an overbearing or ruthless criminal organization . The protagonist ( s ) of each particular series is instructed by the Foundation for Law and Government ( FLAG ) to assist in some manner . The protagonist ( s ) has the assistance of a high - tech , self - aware , and nearly indestructible vehicle . Television series ( edit ) Three television series make up the bulk of the Knight Rider mythos : Knight Rider ( 1982 -- 1986 ) , Team Knight Rider ( 1997 -- 1998 ) , and Knight Rider ( 2008 -- 2009 ) . There also was a spin - off series , Code of Vengeance , that ran for one season ( 1985 -- 1986 ) . In total , 133 Knight Rider episodes have been produced across the 7 seasons of the four various TV series . Main series ( edit ) Knight Rider ( 1982 -- 1986 ) ( edit ) Main article : Knight Rider ( 1982 TV series ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2012 ) The original Knight Rider series saw Michael Knight , a crime fighter who uses a high tech , artificially intelligent automobile , the Knight Industries Two Thousand ( KITT ) . This car is a virtually indestructible weapon that fights for justice . Team Knight Rider ( 1997 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) Main article : Team Knight Rider This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2012 ) This series , set ten years after the original series , sees that the Foundation of Law and Government ( FLAG ) has used a team of five `` highly skilled operatives '' to do the job that Michael Knight used to do . They each drive a high tech vehicle . Knight Rider ( 2008 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : Knight Rider ( 2008 TV series ) This series followed Michael Traceur , the estranged son of Michael Knight , as he takes up the mantle of the FLAG driver . This time , he is driving the Knight Industries Three Thousand , also known as `` KITT '' . The series stars Justin Bruening as Mike Traceur , the estranged son of Michael Knight , and Deanna Russo as Sarah Graiman , Traceur 's former girlfriend and love interest . Sarah is the daughter of Charles Graiman . Graiman , played by Bruce Davison , is the creator of a new generation of KITT ( Knight Industries Three Thousand ) , which is voiced by Val Kilmer . The series was in production for just one season . Knight Rider ( 2017 ) ( edit ) It was announced that Machinima , YOMYOMF and NBCUniversal Brand Development are developing a Knight Rider reboot with Justin Lin producing and directing the series . Spin - off series ( edit ) Code of Vengeance ( 1985 -- 1986 ) ( edit ) Main article : Code of Vengeance This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2012 ) The Knight Rider episode `` Mouth of the Snake '' , was a backdoor pilot for this series . In it , David Dalton , a Vietnam veteran - turned - drifter , travels across the United States in a camper van , with only his dog for company . Dalton involves himself in the personal lives of people he meets . In a similar fashion to Knight Rider , he uses his fighting skills to help them gain justice over their enemies . Television films ( edit ) Main articles : Knight Rider 2000 , Knight Rider 2010 , and Knight Rider ( 2008 film ) Number Title Original air date Knight Rider 2000 May 19 , 1991 Knight Rider 2010 February 13 , 1994 Knight Rider February 17 , 2008 Spin - off media ( edit ) The Knight Rider franchise has a number of novels , video games , and other materials that cover many aspects of the various series and films . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Knight Rider Reboot Coming from Justin Lin and Machinima '' . ComingSoon.net . Jump up ^ Terrace , Vincent ( November 1985 ) . Encyclopedia of Television Series , Pilots and Specials : 1974 -- 1984 . 2 . Baseline Books . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0918432612 . Retrieved March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` KNIGHT RIDER Rides Again In New Comic Series '' . Jump up ^ Dulin , Ron ( April 25 , 2003 ) . `` Knight Rider Review '' . ( hide ) Knight Rider TV series Knight Rider ( 1982 -- 1986 ) Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Team Knight Rider ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Knight Rider ( 2008 -- 2009 ) TV films Knight Rider 2000 ( 1991 ) Knight Rider 2010 ( 1994 ) Knight Rider ( 2008 ) Video games Knight Rider Knight Rider Special Knight Rider : The Game Spin - off Code of Vengeance ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Characters Michael Knight KITT KARR Guest stars Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knight_Rider_(franchise)&oldid=801305296 '' Categories : Knight Rider Television franchises Artificial intelligence in fiction Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Articles needing cleanup from March 2012 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from March 2012 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from March 2012 Articles needing additional references from March 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from March 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 22 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many seasons are there of knight rider | [
"The original Knight Rider series followed the adventures of Michael Knight, a modern-day crime fighter who uses a technologically advanced, artificially intelligent automobile. This car is virtually indestructible, due to a high-tech coating applied to it. This series debuted in 1982 and ran for four seasons on NBC. These adventures were continued with the television films Knight Rider 2000 and Knight Rider 2010 and the short-lived Team Knight Rider. One other television movie, Knight Rider, served as a pilot for the 2008 television series Knight Rider. In 1985, a spin-off series, Code of Vengeance, also premiered."
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"four"
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1879379264703033610 | Somebody That I Used to Know | Somebody That I Used to Know - Wikipedia Somebody That I Used to Know For the 2000 song by Elliott Smith , see Figure 8 ( album ) . For the True Blood episode , see Somebody That I Used to Know ( True Blood ) . `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' Single by Gotye featuring Kimbra from the album Making Mirrors Released 5 July 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 05 ) Format CD single , digital download , 7 '' vinyl ( promotional only ) Recorded January -- May 2011 The Barn ( Merricks , Australia ) , Lucas Taranto 's lounge room ( Melbourne , Australia ) Genre Art pop Length 4 : 04 ( Album version ) 3 : 33 ( Radio mix ) Label Eleven Songwriter ( s ) Wally de Backer Producer ( s ) De Backer Gotye singles chronology `` Eyes Wide Open '' ( 2010 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( 2011 ) `` I Feel Better '' ( 2011 ) `` Eyes Wide Open '' ( 2010 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( 2011 ) `` I Feel Better '' ( 2011 ) Kimbra singles chronology `` Cameo Lover '' ( 2011 ) Cameo Lover 2011 `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( 2011 ) Somebody That I Used to Know2011 `` Good Intent '' ( 2011 ) Good Intent 2011 `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' is a song written by Belgian - Australian singer - songwriter Gotye , featuring New Zealand singer Kimbra . The song was released in Australia and New Zealand by Eleven Music on 5 July 2011 as the second single from Gotye 's third studio album , Making Mirrors ( 2011 ) . It was later released by Universal Music in December 2011 in the United Kingdom , and in January 2012 in the United States and Ireland . `` Somebody That I Used To Know '' was written and recorded by Gotye at his parents ' house on the Mornington Peninsula in Victoria and is lyrically related to the experiences he has had with relationships . `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' is a mid-tempo ballad . It samples Luiz Bonfá 's instrumental `` Seville '' from his 1967 album Luiz Bonfa Plays Great Songs . The song received a positive reception from critics , who noted the similarities between the song and works by Sting , Peter Gabriel , and American folk band Bon Iver . In Australia , the song won the Triple J Hottest 100 poll at the end of 2011 , as well as ARIA Awards for song of the year and best video , while Kimbra was voted best female artist and Gotye was named best male artist and producer of the year . The song came ninth in the Triple J Hottest 100 of the Past 20 Years , 2013 . In 2013 , the song won two Grammy Awards for Best Pop Duo / Group Performance and Record of the Year . Commercially , `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' is Gotye 's most successful and signature song . It has topped charts in the US , UK , and Australia , as well as 23 other national charts , and reached the top 10 in more than 30 countries around the world . The song has sold more than 13 million copies worldwide , becoming one of the best - selling digital singles of all time . It was also placed at the top of a number of year - end charts by Billboard Magazine ( including the Hot 100 , Adult Pop Songs , and Alternative Songs ) and other record chart companies around the world . `` Somebody That I Used To Know '' has been performed several times on major US TV shows such as The Voice , American Idol , and Saturday Night Live . It was covered by Canadian indie rock group Walk off the Earth using a single guitar played simultaneously by all five band members and by actors Darren Criss and Matt Bomer in the Glee episode `` Big Brother '' . The hit song 's accompanying music video was directed by Australian artist Natasha Pincus . The video , which has received over 1.1 billion views on YouTube as of August 2018 , premiered on 5 July 2011 . It shows Gotye and Kimbra naked against a white backdrop . While they sing , a pattern of paint gradually covers their skin and the backdrop via stop motion animation . Contents 1 Composition and recording 2 Critical reception 3 Commercial performance 4 Accolades 5 Music video 6 Cover versions and media appearances 7 Track listing 8 Credits and personnel 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 9.3 All - time charts 10 Certifications and sales 11 Release history 12 Walk Off the Earth version 12.1 Track listing 12.2 Charts 12.3 Certifications 13 Glee Cast version 13.1 Charts 14 Mayday Parade version 14.1 Charts 15 See also 16 References 17 External links Composition and Recording ( edit ) Gotye discussed writing `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' in an interview with Sound on Sound : `` Writing ' Somebody ' was a gradual and linear process . I started with the Luiz Bonfa sample , then I found the drums , and after that I started working on the lyric and the melody , and added the wobbly guitar - sample melody . After that , I took a break , and a few weeks later I came back to the session and decided on the chorus chord progression , wrote the chorus melody , and combined that with sounds like the Latin loop and some of the percussion and the flute sounds that further filled the space . At that point I hit a brick wall . I was thinking : ' This is pretty good , how can I get to the end really quickly ? ' and I was trying to take lazy decisions to finish the song . I considered repeating the chorus , an instrumental bridge , a change in tempo or key , I even considered finishing the song after the first chorus . But nothing felt like it was strong enough . So the third session was all about writing the female part and changing the perspective . The arrangement of ' Somebody ' is reflective of me moving towards using sounds that provide me with inspiration for a texture or a platform for an idea , and then through sonic manipulation and coming up with original melodies and harmonic ideas to make it my own . I guess the balance of sounds taken from records and samples I created myself is perhaps 50 - 50 . '' `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( 2011 ) A 23 - second sample of `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' , featuring the first chorus as sung by Gotye , showing the octave leap in respect to the previous verse . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' is an art pop song and has a length of four minutes and five seconds long . Gotye uses a sample of Brazilian jazz guitarist Luiz Bonfá 's 1967 instrumental song `` Seville '' , with additional instrumentations of beats and a xylophone . It was written and produced by Gotye himself , while in his parents ' barn on the Mornington Peninsula , Victoria . Gotye commented that he wrote the song `` in quite a linear way '' , explaining that `` I wrote the first verse , the second verse , and I 'd got to the end of the first chorus and for the first time ever I thought , ' There 's no interesting way to add to this guy 's story ' . It felt weak . '' The track was recorded between January and May 2011 with Gotye struggling to find a suitable female vocalist , as a `` ' high profile ' female vocalist '' cancelled the collaboration at the last minute , and Kimbra `` lucked out as the replacement '' . He tested his girlfriend , Tash Parker , but `` somehow their happiness meant that it did n't work out '' so he followed the recommendation of the song 's mixer and used Kimbra 's vocals . Martin Davies from Click Music considered the song `` instantly captivating '' , and named Kimbra 's voice `` clean and sugar - soaked '' , further commenting that it bears an `` uncanny resemblance '' to singer Katy Perry . Gotye stated that the song was `` definitely drawn from various experiences I 've had in relationships breaking up , and in the parts of the more reflective parts of the song , in the aftermath and the memory of those different relationships and what they were and how they broke up and what 's going on in everyone 's minds . Yeah , so it 's an amalgam of different feelings but not completely made up as such '' . In an interview with Rolling Stone ( Australia ) , he described the song as `` a curated reflection of multiple past relationships '' . Critical reception ( edit ) The song received generally positive reviews , winning the Grammy for Record of the Year . Take 40 Australia elaborated on the audience 's reception at the July 2011 Splendour in the Grass festival , `` Gotye 's latest song featuring Kimbra ' Somebody That I Used To Know ' had become somewhat of an unofficial anthem for the festival ... every car was cranking it over their speakers all day , every day ... and the question on everyone 's lips was whether or not Kimbra would join him on the track . Fortunately , dreams came true ... he smashed out an incredible set climaxing with a version of the song with Kimbra on co-lead vocals that people could n't stop talking about all weekend long '' . Allmusic 's Jon O'Brien felt the track was an `` unexpected chart - topper ... ( it ) is an oddball break - up song whose stuttering rhythms , reggae hooks , and hushed vocals sound like The Police as remixed by the XX '' . Writing for Digital Spy , Lewis Corner rated the song four stars out of five and described it as `` a Bon Iver - styled ballad for the music - buying masses '' . Martin Davies from Click Music gave the song five stars out of five and stated that the song is `` that rare example of a track that hits you squarely between the eyes '' . In November 2011 , music blog This Must Be Pop predicted the song as a post-Christmas UK hit . John Watson , who co-manages Gotye with Danny Rogers , said of the single 's success : `` We 've never seen any song make a deeper or more immediate connection with so many people . It 's a really special recording and video '' . Talking about the overwhelming reception and the amount of coverage received , Gotye commented that `` I do n't really feel like it ( the song ) belongs to me anymore . '' He further explained that `` sometimes I feel like I 'm a bit sick of it . My inbox , on any given day , has at least five covers or parodies or remixes of it and there 's only so many times you can listen to the one song . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) In the week commencing 18 July 2011 , `` Somebody That I Used To Know '' debuted at number 27 on the ARIA Singles Chart . It was released on 5 July 2011 in Australia and New Zealand by Eleven Music as the second single from his third studio album , Making Mirrors ( 2011 ) . Despite an initial lack of airplay on major radio stations , the song reached number 1 in the week ending 15 August , becoming the first single by either artist to do so and their most successful single . Until 2014 , the song was one of the two second - longest - running Australian number - one songs , with eight weeks at the top , tied with Savage Garden 's 1997 song `` Truly Madly Deeply '' , and behind Daddy Cool 's 1971 hit `` Eagle Rock '' , which stayed there for ten weeks . On August 2011 the song was released in Belgium and the Netherlands . After a few weeks in the charts , it reached number 1 in both countries , topping the Belgian Singles Chart for 12 weeks . Also in August , `` Somebody That I Used To Know '' debuted at number 4 in New Zealand on the RIANZ Singles Chart , reaching number 1 three weeks later , thus making Gotye the first Australian artist to reach number 1 since Guy Sebastian did so in February 2011 with `` Who 's That Girl '' . The song debuted on the Irish Singles Chart on 13 January 2012 at number 47 , later reaching number 1 position . In the United Kingdom , `` Somebody That I Used To Know '' spent five non-consecutive weeks at number 1 . In the United States , it debuted at number 91 on the Billboard Hot 100 on 14 January 2012 . In its fifteenth week on the chart -- after it was performed by Matt Bomer and Darren Criss on Glee on 10 April ; by Phillip Phillips and Elise Testone on the eleventh season of American Idol before more than 16 million viewers on 11 April ; and by Gotye and Kimbra on Saturday Night Live on 14 April -- the song rose to number 1 , where it stayed for eight consecutive weeks . thus becoming the longest - running number 1 by a solo male artist since Flo Rida 's `` Low '' led for ten weeks in 2008 . The song had the fourth highest - selling single week ever with 542,000 digital downloads sold , and was the first Australian single to top the Hot 100 since Savage Garden 's `` I Knew I Loved You '' in 2000 . The song also topped the Alternative Songs chart for twelve weeks tying with Fuel 's Hemorrhage ( In My Hands ) and Linkin Park 's Numb and New Divide , as well as topping the Radio Songs , Digital Songs , On - Demand Songs , Pop Songs , Adult Pop Songs , Adult Contemporary , and Hot Dance Club Songs charts in that country . On 2 May 2012 the song became the first to reach digital sales of at least 400,000 for three consecutive weeks , and the following week it became the first to simultaneously top the Alternative Songs , Hot Dance Club Songs , and Dance Mix Show Airplay charts . It also became the number 1 song of 2012 on the Alternative Songs , Adult Pop Songs , and Billboard Hot 100 charts . By 22 February 2013 , the song became the tenth longest - charting song in the history of the Billboard Hot 100 , at 59 weeks on the chart . As of October 2015 , the song has sold 7.9 million copies in the US , making it the country 's fourth all - time best - selling digital single . `` Somebody That I Used To Know '' reached number one in more than 23 national charts and charted inside the top ten in more than 30 countries around the world . By the end of 2012 , the song became the best - selling song of that year with 11.8 million copies sold , ranking among the best - selling digital singles of all time . As of April 2012 , it is the most downloaded song ever in Belgium , as well as being the third best - selling digital single in Germany with sales between 500,000 and 600,000 copies , and the most successful song in the history of the Dutch charts . As of January 2013 it has received eleven Platinum certifications in Australia , accounting for shipments exceeding 770,000 units . In New Zealand , it was certified four times Platinum . The song was the best - selling single of 2012 in the UK with 1,318,000 copies sold . Accolades ( edit ) On 15 July 2011 , the song finished third in the 2011 Vanda & Young Songwriting Competition , with the winning song , `` Cameo Lover '' , by Kimbra . Earlier that year , Gotye had first noticed Kimbra when both were short - listed as finalists for the competition . At the ARIA Music Awards of 2011 , `` Somebody That I Used To Know '' won Single of the Year , Best Pop Release , Best Video ( for Natasha Pincus ) , Engineer of the Year ( for François Tétaz ) and Producer of the Year ( for Gotye ) . Gotye also won Best Male Artist for the song while Kimbra won Best Female Artist for her previous single , `` Cameo Lover '' . At the APRA Music Awards of 2012 , `` Somebody That I Used To Know '' won Most Played Australian Work and Song of the Year and Gotye won Songwriter of the Year . It was also nominated at the 2012 Teen Choice Awards for `` Choice Rock Song '' and `` Choice Break - Up Song '' . The song was nominated at the 55th Grammy Awards for Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo / Group Performance , winning both awards . The Village Voice 's Pazz & Jop annual critics ' poll ranked `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' at number eight to find the best music of 2012 . Music video ( edit ) Gotye and Kimbra sing while painted to blend with the background . The music video for `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' was produced , directed and edited by Australian artist Natasha Pincus and filmed by Australian cinematographer Warwick Field . It shows Gotye and Kimbra naked throughout the clip , and as they sing , his skin is gradually painted into the backdrop via stop motion animation . In the director 's cut , it features concealed nudity . The director 's cut was never posted . The painting used in the video 's background , painted by Howard Clark , is based on a 1980s artwork created by Gotye 's father , Frank de Backer , who also designed the cover art for the related album , Making Mirrors . Emma Hack , an Australian artist and skin illustrator based in Adelaide , was hired by Pincus to work on the body paintings for Gotye and Kimbra . Melbourne Scenic Artist Howard Clark painted the backdrop . According to Hack , it took more than 23 hours to paint both Gotye and Kimbra to fit with Howard 's background . Their painting symbolises their combined relationship . Before its official premiere , the music video was leaked on Take 40 Australia 's website . According to Pincus , `` It was stolen out of our system . I guess it 's always wanted to get out there . Within five minutes it was everywhere '' . On 30 July 2011 it was officially premiered on YouTube and on the Australian music show Rage . The music video was well received for its artistic style , picking up 200,000 views in its first two weeks , as well as receiving promotion on Twitter by actor Ashton Kutcher and Katy Perry . `` What a video ! '' Snow Patrol 's Gary Lightbody enthused to Q. `` I have become obsessed with it and not just because I 'm in love with Kimbra . Gotye himself is an engaging character for sure ... his solemnly expressive eyes finish a journey his lyrics only begin . ' Told myself that you were right for me but felt so lonely in your company ' -- simple , pure , and devastating . None more than the title line when it speaks of the end of love with prosaic brutality : ' Now you 're just somebody that I used to know . ' Great video , powerful lyrics , and a stunning voice . Oh , and Kimbra ... my poor heart ... '' As of August 2018 , the video has been viewed over 1.1 billion times on YouTube . The video for `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' was voted number 1 in the annual Rage Fifty countdown . Andy Samberg and Taran Killam parodied the video in a Saturday Night Live `` digital short '' that coincided with Gotye 's 14 April 2012 performance on the show . The video was nominated for Video of the Year and Best Editing in a Video at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards . As of January 2015 , Billboard named the video as one of the 20 best of the 2010s ( so far ) . Cover versions and Media appearances ( edit ) `` Somebody That I Used To Know '' has been covered by several artists including a cappella group Pentatonix who created a viral YouTube video in February 2012 and released the track on their EP , `` PTX Volume 1 '' on 26 June 2012 In addition Ingrid Michaelson , The Fergies , and Sam Tsui have covered the song . In February 2012 , Rita Ora covered the song at BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge . A cover by Right the Stars featuring Karmina , which was also uploaded to YouTube , was recommended by Miley Cyrus . Dutch DJ Tiësto remixed the song for his album Club Life : Volume Two Miami . Phillip Phillips and Elise Testone covered the song on the eleventh season of American Idol on 11 April 2012 . In February 2012 , Gotye made his American television debut on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! where he performed the song . The song has since been featured on the TV series 90210 , Gossip Girl , and The Voice of Ireland by Andy Mac Unfraidh . The song was featured in the film Boyhood . On 16 May 2012 , fun . along with Paramore 's front vocalist Hayley Williams covered the song at BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge . On 23 May 2012 , Internet cartoon band Your Favorite Martian did a cover of the song . `` Somebody That I Used To Know '' was also first played live by Coheed and Cambria on 29 April 2012 , as a frequent feature on their 2012 headlining tour . In May 2012 , American duo Karmin made a cover of the song on Sirius XM Hits . The song was covered in the Glee episode `` Big Brother '' and performed by Darren Criss ( as Blaine Anderson ) and Matt Bomer ( as Cooper Anderson ) . It sold 152,000 digital downloads in its first week of release and debuted on the Digital Songs chart at number 10 and the Hot 100 at number 26 . Samples of the song were also used in ODESZA 's Without You . Gotye paid tribute to the overwhelming number of cover versions of the song by personally creating a video remix , released in August 2012 , using segments from hundreds of online covers to create a new , unique version of the track , titled `` Somebodies : A YouTube Orchestra '' . Gotye states the concept `` was directly inspired here by Kutiman 's Thru - You project '' , released in March 2009 , which edited numerous YouTube videos to create a new cohesive song . A similar mixing style is seen in the performance of `` Since U Been Gone '' in the September 2012 film release Pitch Perfect . `` Weird Al '' Yankovic recorded a cover as part of his polka medley `` NOW That 's What I Call Polka ! '' for his 2014 album Mandatory Fun . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( Gotye featuring Kimbra ) -- 4 : 04 `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( Radio Mix ) ( Gotye featuring Kimbra ) -- 3 : 33 `` Somebody That I Used To Know '' ( Instrumental ) ( Gotye ) -- 4 : 04 Digital download -- Remix `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( Gotye featuring Kimbra ) ( Tiësto Remix ) -- 4 : 33 7 '' Vinyl single `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( Gotye featuring Kimbra ) -- 4 : 04 `` Bronte '' -- 3 : 13 CD single `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( Gotye featuring Kimbra ) -- 4 : 04 `` Easy Way Out '' -- 1 : 57 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Wally de Backer -- songwriter , producer , assistant mixer , recording , lead and backing vocals , guitar , synthesizer , xylophone , flutes , percussion , samples François Tétaz -- mixer , engineer Lucas Taranto -- bass guitar Kimbra -- lead and backing vocals William Bowden -- mastering Frank de Backer -- artwork ( back and inside cover painting , handwriting ) Kat Kallady -- artwork ( front cover painting ) Credits adapted from `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' CD single liner notes . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 -- 13 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Bulgaria ( IFPI ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Germany ( Airplay Chart ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Honduras ( Honduras Top 50 ) 33 Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Billboard Japan Hot 100 ) 10 Mexico Top Inglés ( Monitor Latino ) Mexican Airplay Chart ( Billboard International ) 8 Portugal ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Romania ( Airplay 100 ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 17 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Venezuela Pop Rock General ( Record Report ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 73 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) 32 Netherlands ( Mega Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( RIANZ ) Chart ( 2012 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 40 Austrian Singles Chart Belgian ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 10 Belgian ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Mega Single Top 100 ) 13 New Zealand ( RIANZ ) 11 Poland ( ZPAV ) Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 6 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary 6 US Adult Pop Songs US Alternative Songs US Hot Dance Club Songs 6 US Mainstream Top 40 8 US Rock Songs Chart ( 2013 ) Position Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 100 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 33 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Position Australia ( ARIA ) 6 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 45 US Billboard Hot 100 32 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 11 × Platinum 770,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 4 × Platinum 120,000 Canada 653,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 3 × Platinum 90,000 Finland ( Musiikkituottajat ) Gold 6,774 Germany ( BVMI ) 3 × Platinum 900,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 5 × Platinum 75,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 40,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 3 × Platinum 90,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 3 × Platinum 1,800,000 United States ( RIAA ) 8 × Platinum 7,900,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Version Australia 5 July 2011 Digital download Samples ' n ' Seconds Records / Eleven Music Album Version New Zealand Belgium 29 July 2011 Samples ' n ' Seconds Records / V2 Benelux Netherlands Germany 11 November 2011 Samples ' n ' Seconds Records / Universal Music United Kingdom 30 December 2011 Samples ' n ' Seconds Records / Universal Island Records United States 20 January 2012 Samples ' n ' Seconds Records / Universal Music 12 March 2012 Contemporary hit radio Fairfax Records / Universal Republic Records 17 April 2012 Digital download Samples ' n ' Seconds Records / Universal Music Tiesto Remix United Kingdom 4 May 2012 Samples ' n ' Seconds Records / Universal Island Records Walk off the Earth version ( edit ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' Single by Walk Off the Earth from the album R.E.V.O. Released 6 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 06 ) Format CD single , digital download Recorded 2012 Genre Indie rock acoustic rock Length 4 : 08 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Wally de Backer Producer ( s ) Gianni Luminati Walk Off the Earth singles chronology `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( 2012 ) `` Red Hands '' ( 2012 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( 2012 ) `` Red Hands '' ( 2012 ) In January 2012 , Canadian indie rock group Walk Off the Earth uploaded a cover of `` Somebody That I Used To Know '' to YouTube . Their version uses a single guitar played simultaneously by all five band members . As of April 2012 , the song had sold 187,000 units in the United States . Track listing ( edit ) CD single `` Somebody That I Used To Know '' -- 4 : 08 `` Somebody That I Used To Know '' ( Music video ) -- 4 : 25 CD maxi - single `` Somebody That I Used To Know '' -- 4 : 08 `` Money Tree '' -- 3 : 13 `` Joan and Bobby '' -- 3 : 38 `` From Me to You '' -- 1 : 48 `` Somebody That I Used To Know '' ( Video ) -- 4 : 25 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 30 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 30 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 28 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 13 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 12 France ( SNEP ) 80 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 41 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 9 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 45 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 54 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 80 United States ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ) 9 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Glee cast version ( edit ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' Single by Glee Cast Released 10 April 2012 Format Digital download Recorded 2012 Genre Pop Length 4 : 06 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Wally de Backer The song was covered in the Glee episode `` Big Brother '' and performed by Darren Criss ( as Blaine Anderson ) and Matt Bomer ( as Cooper Anderson ) . It sold 152,000 digital downloads in its first week of release and debuted on the Digital Songs chart at number 10 and the Hot 100 at number 26 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 21 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 48 US Billboard Hot 100 26 Mayday Parade version ( edit ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' Single by Mayday Parade featuring Vic Fuentes from the album Punk Goes Pop 5 Released 16 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 16 ) Format digital download , radio airplay Recorded 2012 Genre Alternative rock pop punk Length 3 : 24 Label Fearless Songwriter ( s ) Wally de Backer Mayday Parade singles chronology `` When You See My Friends '' ( 2011 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( 2012 ) `` Ghosts '' ( 2013 ) `` When You See My Friends '' ( 2011 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( 2012 ) `` Ghosts '' ( 2013 ) The alternative rock band Mayday Parade released a cover of this song for fifth edition of the compilation album Punk Goes Pop , which features bands of the punk , alternative , and hardcore genres covering hit pop songs . Their cover became the first single from a Punk Goes ... compilation album to chart on a Billboard chart , reaching number 18 on US Rock Songs . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position US Rock Songs 18 US Heatseekers Songs 19 See also ( edit ) List of Airplay 100 number ones of the 2010s List of best - selling singles List of best - selling singles in Australia List of best - selling singles in the United States List of million - selling singles in the United Kingdom List of number - one singles of 2011 ( Australia ) List of Ultratop 50 number - one singles of 2011 List of number - one singles from the 2010s ( New Zealand ) List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 2011 List of number - one hits of 2011 ( Germany ) List of number - one hits of 2012 ( Austria ) List of number - one singles of 2012 ( Poland ) List of number - one singles of 2012 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles of 2012 ( UK ) List of number - one Billboard Alternative Songs of 2012 List of number - one dance singles of 2012 ( U.S. ) List of number - one dance airplay hits of 2012 ( U.S. ) List of number - one digital songs of 2012 ( U.S. ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 2012 ( U.S. ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 2012 ( Canada ) List of Danish number - one hits of 2012 List of number - one hits of 2012 ( Italy ) List of number - one hits of 2012 ( France ) List of number - one singles of 2012 ( Finland ) List of number - one singles of 2012 ( Sweden ) List of Mainstream Top 40 number - one hits of 2012 ( U.S. ) List of Adult Top 40 number - one singles of 2012 List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 2012 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tris McCall ( 2012 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Song of the Week : ' Somebody That I Used to Know , ' Gotye '' . 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Jump up ^ `` ' Somebody That I Used to Know ' ( Tiesto Remix ) ( Musical Freedom ) '' . Beatport . Retrieved 18 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Somebody That I Used to Know ( liner notes ) . Gotye . Samples ' n ' Seconds Records . 2012 . UNIR 22544 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Somebody That I Used to Know ( liner notes ) . Gotye . Vertigo Records . 2012 . 06025 2791493 0 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Gotye feat . Kimbra -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Gotye feat . Kimbra -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Gotye feat . Kimbra -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Gotye feat . Kimbra -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Top 5 '' Airplay Top 5 . Bulgarian Association of Music Producers . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Somebody That I Used to Know ' -- Gotye '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201218 into search . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Gotye feat . Kimbra -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gotye : Somebody That I Used To Know ( Feat . Kimbra ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Gotye feat . Kimbra -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` charts.de '' ( in German ) . charts.de. 16 December 2011 . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Charts Deutschland -- Woche 52 / 2011 '' . German Charts . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Singles Charts - Greece '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Dance Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 05 , 2012 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 '' . Fuzion ( in Spanish ) . El Tiempo. 4 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 5 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Media Forest : Airplay chart '' ( in Hebrew ) . mediaforest.biz. 24 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Gotye feat . Kimbra -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Billboard Hot 100 '' ( in Japanese ) . Billboard Japan . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Inglés '' ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 4 July 2012 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mexican Airplay '' . 21 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 13 July 2012 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Digital Songs - Peak '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Gotye feat . Kimbra '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Gotye feat . Kimbra -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 30 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Gotye feat . Kimbra -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Gotye feat . Kimbra -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 31 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay 100 -- Cristi Nitzu Kiss FM -- 17 June 2012 '' . Kiss FM . Archived from the original on 27 January 2018 . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Note : User may scroll down the ' Podcasturi ' menu to play or download the respective podcast . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 26 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201217 into search . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved 15 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Gotye feat . Kimbra -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Gotye feat . Kimbra -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Gotye feat . Kimbra -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gotye Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gotye Chart History ( Adult Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gotye Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gotye Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gotye Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gotye Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gotye Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gotye Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gotye Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Rock General '' . Record Report . 24 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 25 May 2012 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2011 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian 2011 Year End Charts '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 18 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian 2011 Year End Charts '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Single Jahrescharts 2011 charts '' ( Singles Annual Charts 2001 ) ( in German ) . Mtv.de. 31 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 9 January 2012 . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` Dutch charts portal -- 2011 Year End Chart '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Charts Portal . Retrieved 18 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2011 -- The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2012 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . Jump up ^ JAHRESHITPARADE SINGLES 2012 ( in German ) . austriancharts.at . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop Belgian Charts '' . ultratop.be. 2013 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 -- CanadianHot 100 Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Jahreschartes 2012 '' ( in German ) . VIVA . Archived from the original on 6 January 2013 . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 2012 '' ( in Hungarian ) . Mahasz . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` most played songs of 2012 -- By Medis Forest '' . mako.co.il. 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ferro è il re degli album più venduti nel 2012 '' . TGCOM ( in Italian ) . Mediaset. 14 January 2013 . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` Dutch charts portal -- 2012 Year End Chart '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Charts Portal . Retrieved 18 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2012 '' . NZTop40 . Recorded Music New Zealand Limited . Retrieved 6 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TOP digital utworów -- 2012 '' . ZPAV . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Romanian Top 100 Official Podcast '' . Kissfm.ro . Archived from the original on 2 March 2013 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Canciones Anual 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Promuiscae.es . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Lane , Dan ( 2 January 2013 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles of 2012 Revealed ! '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 -- Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 -- Adult Contemporary Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 -- Adult Pop Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 -- Alternative Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 -- Hot Dance Club Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 -- Pop Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 -- Rock Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 - radios 2013 '' ( in Hungarian ) . MAHASZ . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 Slovenian official year - end singles charts ( 2013 ) '' ( in Slovenian ) . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of All Time - Singles '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lane , Daniel ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Blurred Lines gives Pharrell his second million seller in a month '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Fred Bronson . `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - Time Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2013 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Gotye -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Gotye in the field Interpret . Enter Somebody That I Used to Know in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2012 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ MacNeil , Jason ( 14 January 2013 ) . `` Adele , Carly Rae Jepsen , Celine Dion Rule Nielsen / Billboard 2012 Canadian Music Industry Report '' . The Huffington Post Canada . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Gotye -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 08 . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website ^ Jump up to : `` Gotye '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Gotye feat . Kimbra ; ' Somebody That I Used to Know ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Gotye -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Gotye -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Gotye -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter 2012 in the field `` Year '' . Select ' ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Gotye ; ' Somebody That I Used to Know ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Type Gotye in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Somebody That I Used to Know and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Gotye Ft Kimbra -- Somebody That I Used To Know '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter Somebody That I Used To Know in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Gotye -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Somebody That I Used to Know -- Single by Gotye '' . iTunes Store ( Apple , Inc . ) . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Somebody That I Used to Know -- Single by Gotye '' . iTunes Store ( Apple , Inc . ) . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Somebody That I Used to Know -- Single by Gotye '' . iTunes Store ( Apple , Inc . ) . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Somebody That I Used to Know -- Single by Gotye '' . iTunes Store ( Apple , Inc . ) . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Somebody That I Used to Know -- Single by Gotye '' . iTunes Store ( Apple , Inc . ) . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Somebody That I Used to Know : Gotye '' . Amazon MP3 ( Amazon.com ) . Retrieved 25 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Somebody That I Used to Know ( Tiësto Remix ) -- Single by Gotye '' . iTunes Store ( Apple , Inc . ) . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` R&R : Going For Adds : CHR / Top 40 ( Week Of : March 12 , 2012 ) '' . Radio & Records . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Somebody That I Used to Know ( Tiësto Remix ) -- Single by Gotye '' . iTunes Store ( Apple , Inc . ) . Retrieved on 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Smirke , Richard ( 13 April 2012 ) . `` Gotye 's Smash Hit Almost Did n't Happen '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 14 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Walk Off The Earth -- ' Somebody That I Used to Know ' '' ( in German ) . Sony Music Entertainment Germany GmbH . Archived from the original on 17 February 2013 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Walk off the Earth -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Walk off the Earth -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Walk off the Earth -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Walk off the Earth Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Walk off the Earth -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Walk off the Earth -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Walk off the Earth Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Walk off the Earth -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Walk off the Earth -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Walk off the Earth -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Walk off the Earth -- ' Somebody That I Used to Know ' '' . The Official Charts Company . Chart Stats . Archived from the original on 23 July 2012 . Retrieved 13 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Walk off the Earth -- Somebody That I Used to Know '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Glee Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Glee : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Glee Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.billboard.com/artist/310218/mayday+parade/chart?f=902 Jump up ^ https://www.billboard.com/artist/310218/mayday+parade/chart?f=887 External links ( edit ) Video on YouTube Gotye Discography Studio albums Boardface Like Drawing Blood Making Mirrors Other albums Mixed Blood Singles `` Learnalilgivinanlovin '' `` Hearts a Mess '' `` Eyes Wide Open '' `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' `` I Feel Better '' `` Save Me '' Related articles The Basics Kimbra Kimbra Discography Studio albums Vows ( 2011 ) The Golden Echo ( 2014 ) Primal Heart ( 2018 ) Singles `` Settle Down '' `` Cameo Lover '' `` Good Intent '' `` Warrior '' `` Two Way Street '' `` Come into My Head '' `` 90s Music '' `` Miracle '' `` Goldmine '' Featured singles `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' ARIA Award for Single of the Year `` You 're the Voice '' by John Farnham ( 1987 ) `` Beds Are Burning '' by Midnight Oil ( 1988 ) `` Under the Milky Way '' by The Church ( 1989 ) `` Crying in the Chapel '' by Peter Blakeley ( 1990 ) `` I Do n't Wanna Be with Nobody But You '' by Absent Friends ( 1991 ) `` Treaty ( Filthy Lucre Remix ) '' by Yothu Yindi ( 1992 ) `` The Day You Went Away '' by Wendy Matthews ( 1993 ) `` The Honeymoon Is Over '' by The Cruel Sea ( 1994 ) `` Tomorrow '' by Silverchair ( 1995 ) `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds and Kylie Minogue ( 1996 ) `` Truly Madly Deeply '' by Savage Garden ( 1997 ) `` Torn '' by Natalie Imbruglia ( 1998 ) `` The Day You Come '' by Powderfinger ( 1999 ) `` Do n't Call Me Baby '' by Madison Avenue ( 2000 ) `` My Happiness '' by Powderfinger ( 2001 ) `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' by Kylie Minogue ( 2002 ) `` Born to Try '' by Delta Goodrem ( 2003 ) `` Are You Gonna Be My Girl '' by Jet ( 2004 ) `` Catch My Disease '' by Ben Lee ( 2005 ) `` Black Fingernails , Red Wine '' by Eskimo Joe ( 2006 ) `` Straight Lines '' by Silverchair ( 2007 ) `` Sweet About Me '' by Gabriella Cilmi ( 2008 ) `` Walking on a Dream '' by Empire of the Sun ( 2009 ) `` Big Jet Plane '' by Angus & Julia Stone ( 2010 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' by Gotye featuring Kimbra ( 2011 ) Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 2000 -- 2019 ) 2000 : `` Breathe '' -- Faith Hill 2001 : `` Hanging by a Moment '' -- Lifehouse 2002 : `` How You Remind Me '' -- Nickelback 2003 : `` In da Club '' -- 50 Cent 2004 : `` Yeah ! '' -- Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris 2005 : `` We Belong Together '' -- Mariah Carey 2006 : `` Bad Day '' -- Daniel Powter 2007 : `` Irreplaceable '' -- Beyoncé 2008 : `` Low '' -- Flo Rida featuring T - Pain 2009 : `` Boom Boom Pow '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2010 : `` Tik Tok '' -- Kesha 2011 : `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Thrift Shop '' -- Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` Love Yourself '' -- Justin Bieber 2017 : `` Shape of You '' -- Ed Sheeran Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) Grammy Award for Record of the Year 1959 − 1980 `` Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu ( Volare ) '' by Domenico Modugno ( 1959 ) `` Mack the Knife '' by Bobby Darin ( 1960 ) `` Theme from A Summer Place '' by Percy Faith ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' by Henry Mancini ( 1962 ) `` I Left My Heart in San Francisco '' by Tony Bennett ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' by Henry Mancini ( 1964 ) `` The Girl from Ipanema '' by Astrud Gilberto & Stan Getz ( 1965 ) `` A Taste of Honey '' by Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass ( 1966 ) `` Strangers in the Night '' by Frank Sinatra ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up and Away '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis Jr. , Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) ( 1968 ) `` Mrs. Robinson '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon ) ( 1969 ) `` Aquarius / Let the Sunshine In '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis Jr. , Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon ) ( 1971 ) `` It 's Too Late '' by Carole King ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' by Roberta Flack ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' by Roberta Flack ( 1974 ) `` I Honestly Love You '' by Olivia Newton - John ( 1975 ) `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' by Captain & Tennille ( Daryl Dragon , Toni Tennille ) ( 1976 ) `` This Masquerade '' by George Benson ( 1977 ) `` Hotel California '' by Eagles ( Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Randy Meisner , Joe Walsh ) ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' by Billy Joel ( 1979 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' by The Doobie Brothers ( Jeffrey Baxter , John Hartman , Keith Knudsen , Michael McDonald , Tiran Porter , Patrick Simmons ) ( 1980 ) 1981 − 2000 `` Sailing '' by Christopher Cross ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' by Kim Carnes ( 1982 ) `` Rosanna '' by Toto ( Bobby Kimball , Steve Lukather , David Paich , Jeff Porcaro , David Hungate , Steve Porcaro ) ( 1983 ) `` Beat It '' by Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' by Tina Turner ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' by USA for Africa ( 1986 ) `` Higher Love '' by Steve Winwood ( 1987 ) `` Graceland '' by Paul Simon ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' by Bobby McFerrin ( 1989 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' by Bette Midler ( 1990 ) `` Another Day in Paradise '' by Phil Collins ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' by Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' by Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston ( 1994 ) `` All I Wanna Do '' by Sheryl Crow ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' by Seal ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' by Eric Clapton ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' by Shawn Colvin ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' by Celine Dion ( 1999 ) `` Smooth '' by Santana ( Rodney Holmes , Tony Lindsay , Karl Perazzo , Raul Rekow , Benny Rietveld , Carlos Santana , Chester Thompson ) featuring Rob Thomas ( 2000 ) 2001 − present `` Beautiful Day '' by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) ( 2001 ) `` Walk On '' by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' by Norah Jones ( 2003 ) `` Clocks '' by Coldplay ( Guy Berryman , Jon Buckland , Will Champion , Phil Harvey , Chris Martin ) ( 2004 ) `` Here We Go Again '' by Ray Charles and Norah Jones ( 2005 ) `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' by Green Day ( Billie Joe Armstrong , Mike Dirnt , Frank Edwin Wright III ) ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' by Dixie Chicks ( Martie Maguire , Natalie Maines , Emily Robison ) ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' by Amy Winehouse ( 2008 ) `` Please Read the Letter '' by Alison Krauss and Robert Plant ( 2009 ) `` Use Somebody '' by Kings of Leon ( Caleb Followill , Jared Followill , Matthew Followill , Nathan Followill ) ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' by Lady Antebellum ( Hillary Scott , Charles Kelley , Dave Haywood ) ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' by Adele ( 2012 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' by Gotye featuring Kimbra ( 2013 ) `` Get Lucky '' by Daft Punk featuring Pharrell Williams & Nile Rodgers ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) by Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` Uptown Funk '' by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' by Adele ( 2017 ) `` 24K Magic '' by Bruno Mars ( 2018 ) Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Here in My Heart '' -- Al Martino 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- Royal Scots Dragoon Guards ( UK ) 1973 : `` I Love You Love Me Love '' -- Gary Glitter ( UK ) 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Tainted Love '' -- Soft Cell ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` ( Is This the Way to ) Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Just the Way You Are '' -- Bruno Mars 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) 2017 : `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran ( UK ) APRA Award for Song of the Year `` Treaty '' by Yothu Yindi ( 1992 ) `` Heaven Knows '' by Rick Price ( 1993 ) `` Distant Sun '' by Crowded House ( 1994 ) `` My Island Home '' by Christine Anu ( 1995 ) `` Was n't It Good '' by Tina Arena ( 1996 ) `` Even When I 'm Sleeping '' by Leonardo 's Bride ( 1998 ) `` Buses and Trains '' by Bachelor Girl ( 1999 ) `` Passenger '' by Powderfinger ( 2000 ) `` My Happiness '' by Powderfinger ( 2001 ) `` Amazing '' by Alex Lloyd ( 2002 ) `` Not Pretty Enough '' by Kasey Chambers ( 2003 ) `` Zebra '' by John Butler Trio ( 2004 ) `` Scar '' by Missy Higgins ( 2005 ) `` Catch My Disease '' by Ben Lee ( 2006 ) `` One Crowded Hour '' by Augie March ( 2007 ) `` Straight Lines '' by Silverchair ( 2008 ) `` White Noise '' by The Living End ( 2009 ) `` Sweet Disposition '' by The Temper Trap ( 2010 ) `` Big Jet Plane '' by Angus & Julia Stone ( 2011 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' by Gotye featuring Kimbra ( 2012 ) `` Feels Like We Only Go Backwards '' by Tame Impala ( 2013 ) `` Riptide '' by Vance Joy ( 2014 ) `` Chandelier '' by Sia ( 2015 ) `` Let It Happen '' by Tame Impala ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somebody_That_I_Used_to_Know&oldid=857051813 '' Categories : 2011 singles 2011 songs APRA Award winners ARIA Award - winning songs Gotye songs Kimbra songs Songs written by Gotye 2010s ballads Pop ballads Rock ballads Vocal duets Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Wallonia ) number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in Finland SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Israel Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in Hungary Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Poland Number - one singles in Romania Number - one singles in Scotland Number - one singles in Sweden UK Singles Chart number - one singles Billboard Alternative Songs number - one singles Billboard Rock Songs number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Monitor Latino Top Inglés number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Record Report Pop Rock General number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Grammy Award for Record of the Year Internet memes Viral videos Eleven : A Music Company singles Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Hebrew - language sources ( he ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Good articles Use Australian English from May 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from May 2013 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Bulgaria Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Hungarydance Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Finland Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Latviešu Nederlands Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 07 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who the girl in somebody that i used to know | [
"\"Somebody That I Used To Know\" has been performed several times on major US TV shows such as The Voice, American Idol, and Saturday Night Live. It was covered by Canadian indie rock group Walk off the Earth using a single guitar played simultaneously by all five band members and by actors Darren Criss and Matt Bomer in the Glee episode \"Big Brother\". The hit song's accompanying music video was directed by Australian artist Natasha Pincus. The video, which has received over 1.1 billion views on YouTube as of August 2018, premiered on 5 July 2011. It shows Gotye and Kimbra naked against a white backdrop. While they sing, a pattern of paint gradually covers their skin and the backdrop via stop motion animation.\n"
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-7678719629465919133 | Jaren Jackson | Jaren Jackson - wikipedia Jaren Jackson For his son , who is also a basketball player , see Jaren Jackson Jr . Jaren Jackson ( 1967 - 10 - 27 ) October 27 , 1967 ( age 50 ) New Orleans , Louisiana Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) Listed weight 190 lb ( 86 kg ) Career information High school Walter Cohen ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) College Georgetown ( 1985 -- 1989 ) NBA draft 1989 / Undrafted Playing career 1989 -- 2002 Position Shooting guard Number 14 , 11 , 8 , 21 , 12 , 32 , 2 Coaching career 2007 -- 2015 Career history As player : 1989 -- 1990 New Jersey Nets 1990 -- 1991 Wichita Falls Texans 1991 -- 1992 La Crosse Catbirds 1992 Golden State Warriors 1992 La Crosse Catbirds 1992 -- 1993 Los Angeles Clippers La Crosse Catbirds 1993 -- 1994 Portland Trail Blazers 1994 -- 1995 Philadelphia 76ers 1995 Pittsburgh Piranhas 1995 -- 1996 ASVEL Lyon - Villeurbanne Houston Rockets Fort Wayne Fury 1997 Washington Bullets 1997 -- 2001 San Antonio Spurs 2002 Orlando Magic As coach : 2007 -- 2009 Fort Wayne Mad Ants ( assistant ) 2011 -- 2012 Saint John Mill Rats 2013 -- 2014 Ottawa SkyHawks 2014 -- 2015 Fort Wayne Mad Ants ( assistant ) Career highlights and awards NBA champion ( 1999 ) Career NBA statistics Points 2,370 Rebounds 786 Assists 500 Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Jaren Jackson Sr. ( born October 27 , 1967 ) is an American professional basketball coach and former professional basketball player . A 6'4 '' ( 1.93 m ) shooting guard born in New Orleans , Louisiana , Jackson played at Georgetown University from 1985 to 1989 and graduated with a bachelor 's degree in finance . He was never drafted into the NBA but played 13 seasons for multiple teams . He is best known for his tenure with the San Antonio Spurs , who he helped win their first NBA championship in 1999 . Contents 1 NBA career 1.1 Traveling swingman ( 1989 -- 1997 ) 1.2 San Antonio Spurs ( 1997 -- 2001 ) 1.3 Retirement 2 Coaching career 3 Personal 4 References 5 External links NBA career ( edit ) Traveling swingman ( 1989 -- 1997 ) ( edit ) Upon graduating , Jackson was not drafted , but was first signed as a free agent by the New Jersey Nets in 1989 . That year he played in only 28 games , and the following season would play in the Continental Basketball Association and the World Basketball League . He had a very short stint with the Golden State Warriors before signing with the Los Angeles Clippers for whom he played just 34 games in the 1992 -- 93 season . The following year , he was signed and played just 29 games for the Portland Trail Blazers , but he was waived by Portland and picked up by the Philadelphia 76ers , where he started his first NBA game on December 17 , 1994 . Jackson would again be waived and would n't return to action until the following year for another very short stint with the Houston Rockets before being signed by the Washington Bullets prior to the 1996 -- 97 season . It was with the Bullets that Jackson played his longest NBA season , as he played in 75 games for the season as backup to Calbert Cheaney , with an average of 5 points a game and a career high 53 three - point field goals . San Antonio Spurs ( 1997 -- 2001 ) ( edit ) In the offseason , following a playoff loss to the eventual champion Chicago Bulls , Jackson signed with the San Antonio Spurs , who had suffered a lottery season the previous year but featured superstar David Robinson and the first pick in the 1997 draft , Tim Duncan . The 1997 -- 98 season would prove to be a personal best for Jackson , as he started in 45 of 82 games and averaged a career high 8.8 points a game and a new career high of 112 three pointers for the year . Jackson also saw his most significant playoff action , as the Spurs won in the first round of the playoffs before losing in the conference semifinals . Jackson started in 8 of 9 playoff games and increased his scoring average to 10.2 points for the postseason . The following year would be shortened to 50 games as a result of a league lockout , but the Spurs would continue to use Jackson as its main back up shooting guard behind veteran Mario Elie. Jackson would play in 47 games , starting in 13 and averaged 6.4 points a game . The Spurs would win the number one seed in the playoffs led by Robinson and Duncan , and open the playoffs with a 3 - 1 first round win over the Minnesota Timberwolves , before dominating and sweeping the Los Angeles Lakers in 4 games of the conference semifinals . Against the Lakers Jackson played well , scoring 22 points in game 3 followed by 20 points in game 4 to close the series in which he hit 6 three - point shots . The Spurs would next faced Portland in the conference finals , but were once again dominant , with teammate Sean Elliott hitting a crucial three - point shot to win game 2 and Jackson scoring 19 points in game 3 . The Spurs completed another sweep , and would face the New York Knicks in the NBA Finals. Jackson scored 17 points in his first Finals game , and the Spurs would win both games in San Antonio before heading to New York . Despite a win by the Knicks at home in game 3 , the Spurs proved simply too dominating , and would win the next two games in Madison Square Garden to win the series and the NBA Championship . Jackson scored 11 points in the title clinching 5th game , and averaged 8.2 points throughout the title run . Jackson would once again serve as the main backup at shooting guard for the defending champion Spurs the following season , playing in 81 games and starting in 12 . The Spurs would end up losing in the first round of the playoffs to the Phoenix Suns mostly due to a season - ending injury to Duncan , and Jackson only played two games in the series . In the 2000 -- 01 season , the Spurs won the best record in the league before losing in the conference finals , but Jackson only played in 16 games for the season and did not play in the postseason as the team had brought in younger guards such as Derek Anderson . Retirement ( edit ) Jackson was signed to play for the Orlando Magic for the latter portion of the 2001 -- 02 season , and played in 9 regular season games and 3 playoff games before retiring . Coaching career ( edit ) Since retiring as a player , Jackson has held several basketball coaching positions at both the college and minor league level . He has been the head coach of the Saint John Millrats of the National Basketball League of Canada . Jackson was named the head coach of the National Basketball League of Canada 's Ottawa SkyHawks on November 25 , 2013 . Personal ( edit ) Jackson married fellow Hoya Terri Carmichael Jackson , the director of operations at the Women 's National Basketball Players Association . They are the parents of Jaren Jackson Jr. , who played college basketball for Michigan State before moving to the Memphis Grizzlies of the NBA . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ottawa SkyHawks Announce New Head Coach '' . OttawaSkyHawks.com . November 25 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Strictly Business - By Jaren Jackson Jr '' . The Players ' Tribune . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaren Jackson Jr . Bio : : Michigan State : : Official Athletic Site '' . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) Career statistics Saint John Mill Rats / Riptide head coaches Jaren Jackson ( 2011 -- 2012 ) David Cooper ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Rob Spon ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Julian King ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Rob Spon ( 2015 -- ) Pound sign ( # ) denotes interim head coach . San Antonio Spurs 1998 -- 99 NBA champions 2 Jackson 4 Kerr 6 Johnson 10 Gaze 11 Williams 17 Elie 21 Duncan ( Finals MVP ) 25 Kersey 31 Rose 32 Elliott 33 Daniels 41 Perdue 50 Robinson 54 King Head coach Popovich Assistant coaches Budenholzer Egan Pressey Regular season Playoffs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaren_Jackson&oldid=850100927 '' Categories : 1967 births Living people African - American basketball coaches African - American basketball players American basketball coaches American expatriate basketball people in France American men 's basketball players ASVEL Basket players Basketball players from Louisiana Continental Basketball Association coaches Fort Wayne Fury players Fort Wayne Mad Ants coaches Georgetown Hoyas men 's basketball coaches Georgetown Hoyas men 's basketball players Golden State Warriors players Houston Rockets players La Crosse Catbirds players Los Angeles Clippers players New Jersey Nets players Orlando Magic players Philadelphia 76ers players Portland Trail Blazers players San Antonio Spurs players Sportspeople from New Orleans Undrafted National Basketball Association players Washington Bullets players Wichita Falls Texans players Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 16 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did jaren jackson senior play college basketball | [
"Jaren Jackson Sr. (born October 27, 1967) is an American professional basketball coach and former professional basketball player. A 6'4\" (1.93 m) shooting guard born in New Orleans, Louisiana, Jackson played at Georgetown University from 1985 to 1989 and graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance. He was never drafted into the NBA but played 13 seasons for multiple teams. He is best known for his tenure with the San Antonio Spurs, who he helped win their first NBA championship in 1999.\n"
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"Georgetown University"
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4760217324308407535 | History of time in the United States | History of time in the United States - wikipedia History of time in the United States Jump to : navigation , search 1913 Map of U.S. time zones between April 2 , 2006 , and March 11 , 2007 . The current situation is different only in that six Indiana counties have since been moved from the Central time zone to the Eastern time zone . The history of standard time in the United States began November 18 , 1883 , when United States and Canadian railroads instituted standard time in time zones . Before then , time of day was a local matter , and most cities and towns used some form of local solar time , maintained by some well - known clock ( for example , on a church steeple or in a jeweler 's window ) . The new standard time system was not immediately embraced by all . Use of standard time gradually increased because of its obvious practical advantages for communication and travel . Standard time in time zones was not established in U.S. law until the Standard Time Act of 1918 of March 19 , 1918 , also known as the Calder Act ( 15 USC 260 ) . The act also established daylight saving time , itself a contentious idea . Daylight saving time was repealed in 1919 , but standard time in time zones remained in law , with the Interstate Commerce Commission ( ICC ) having the authority over time zone boundaries . Daylight time became a local matter . It was re-established nationally early in World War II , and was continuously observed until the end of the war . After the war its use varied among states and localities . The Uniform Time Act of 1966 provided standardization in the dates of beginning and end of daylight time in the U.S. but allowed for local exemptions from its observance . The act also continued the authority of the ICC over time zone boundaries . In subsequent years , the United States Congress transferred the authority over time zones to the U.S. Department of Transportation ( DOT ) , modified ( several times ) the beginning date of daylight time , and renamed the three westernmost time zones . Time zone boundaries have changed greatly since their original introduction and changes still occasionally occur . DOT issues press releases when these changes are made . Generally , time zone boundaries have tended to shift westward . Places on the eastern edge of a time zone can effectively move sunset an hour later ( by the clock ) by shifting to the time zone immediately to their east . If they do so , the boundary of that zone is locally shifted to the west ; the accumulation of such changes results in the long - term westward trend . The process is not inexorable , however , since the late sunrises experienced by such places during the winter may be regarded as too undesirable . Furthermore , under the law , the principal standard for deciding on a time zone change is the `` convenience of commerce '' . Proposed time zone changes have been both approved and rejected based on this criterion , although most such proposals have been accepted . Contents ( hide ) 1 War Time 1918 and 1942 2 Daylight Saving Time 1945 to 1966 3 DST 1966 4 DST 2007 5 Start and end dates of United States Daylight Saving Time 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links War time 1918 and 1942 ( edit ) `` War Time '' redirects here . This usage refers to the changes of the US War Time Act , not a general period of war . Daylight saving time was established by the Standard Time Act of 1918 . The Act was intended to save electricity for seven months of the year , during World War I. DST was repealed in 1919 over a Presidential veto , but standard time in time zones remained in law , with the Interstate Commerce Commission ( ICC ) having the authority over time zone boundaries . Daylight time became a local matter . During World War II , Congress enacted the War Time Act ( 56 Stat. 9 ) on January 20 , 1942 . Year - round DST was reinstated in the United States on February 9 , 1942 , again as a wartime measure to conserve energy resources . This remained in effect until after the end of the war . The Amendment to the War Time Act ( 59 Stat. 537 ) , enacted September 25 , 1945 , ended DST as of September 30 , 1945 . During this period , the official designation War Time was used for year - round DST . For example , Eastern War Time ( EWT ) would be the equivalent of Eastern Daylight Time during this period . Daylight saving time 1945 to 1966 ( edit ) From 1945 to 1966 U.S. federal law did not address DST . States and cities were free to observe DST or not , and most places that did observe DST did so from the last Sunday in April to the last Sunday in September . In the mid-1950s many areas in the northeastern United States began extending DST to the last Sunday in October . The lack of standardization led to a patchwork where some areas observed DST while adjacent areas did not , and it was not unheard of to have to reset a clock several times during a short trip ( e.g. , bus drivers operating on West Virginia Route 2 between Moundsville , West Virginia , and Steubenville , Ohio had to reset their watches seven times over 35 miles ) . In summer 1960 April -- October Daylight Time was nearly universal in Pennsylvania , Maryland , Delaware and states east and north of there . In Minnesota , Iowa , Missouri , Kentucky and Virginia and states north and east of there , some areas had it and some did not . Except for California and Nevada , which had April - Sept Daylight Time , 99 % of the rest of the country used Standard Time year - round . ( The Official Guide says `` State law prohibits the observance of `` Daylight Saving '' time in Kentucky but Anchorage , Louisville and Shelbyville will advance their clocks one hour from Central Standard time for the period April 24 to October 29 , inclusive. `` ) In the middle 1960s the airline and other transportation industries lobbied for uniformity of Daylight dates in the United States . DST 1966 ( edit ) The U.S. federal Uniform Time Act became law on April 13 , 1966 and it mandated that DST begin nationwide on the last Sunday in April and end on the last Sunday in October , effective in 1967 . The act explicitly preempted all previously enacted state laws related to the beginning and ending of DST . Any state that wanted to be exempt from DST could do so by passing a state law , provided that it exempted the entire state , and Alaska , Arizona , Hawaii , Indiana , and Michigan chose to do so . However , Alaska , Indiana , and Michigan subsequently chose to observe DST . The law was amended in 1972 to permit states that straddle a time zone boundary to exempt the entire area of the state lying in one time zone . Indiana chose to exempt the portion of the state lying in the Eastern Time Zone ; however , that exemption was eliminated in 2006 and the entire state of Indiana now observes DST , leaving Arizona ( with the exception of the Navajo Indian Reservation ) and Hawaii as the only two states not to observe DST . On July 8 , 1986 , President Ronald Reagan signed the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1986 into law that contained a daylight saving rider authored by Senator Slade Gorton ( R - WA ) . The starting date of DST was amended to the first Sunday in April effective in 1987 . DST continued to end on the last Sunday in October . While the states retain the capability to exempt themselves from DST , they are forbidden by the 1966 federal law ( 15 USC 260a ( b ) ) from increasing a state 's time spent on DST , unless the United States Congress does this for the entire nation . In response to the 1973 energy crisis , DST in the United States began earlier in both 1974 and 1975 , commencing on the first Sunday in January ( January 6 ) in the former year and the last Sunday in February ( February 23 ) in the latter . The extension of daylight saving time was not continued due to public opposition to late sunrise times during the winter months . In 1976 , the United States reverted to the schedule set in the Uniform Time Act . DST 2007 ( edit ) Starting March 11 , 2007 , DST was extended another four to five weeks , from the second Sunday of March to the first Sunday of November . The change was introduced by Representatives Fred Upton ( R - MI ) and Edward Markey ( D - MA ) and added to the Energy Policy Act of 2005 ; the House had originally approved a motion that would have extended DST even farther from the first Sunday in March to the last Sunday in November , but Senators Jeff Bingaman ( D - NM ) and Pete Domenici ( R - NM ) agreed to scale back the proposal in conference committee due to complaints from farmers and the airline industry . Proponents claimed that the extension would save `` the equivalent of '' 10,000 barrels ( 1,600 m ) of oil per day , but this figure was based on U.S. Department of Energy information from the 1970s , the accuracy and relevance of which the DoE no longer stands by . Later studies by the U.S. Department of Energy and the California Energy Commission have predicted much smaller energy benefits . There is very little recent research on what the actual positive effects , if any , might be . Since DST moves sunrise one hour later by the clock , late sunrise times become a problem when DST is observed either too far before the vernal equinox or too far after the autumnal equinox . Because of this , the extension was greeted with criticism by those concerned for the safety of children who would have been forced to travel to school before sunrise , especially in the month of March . In addition , the airline industry was especially concerned if DST were to be extended through to the last Sunday in November , as this is very often ( 6 out of every 7 years ) the Sunday after Thanksgiving . This is one of the busiest travel days at American airports , and could have resulted in much havoc among travelers who forgot that the clocks were changing that day . If the original proposal to extend DST through the last Sunday in November had been adopted , the entire United States , with the exception of the states that exempted themselves , would have experienced the latest sunrises of the year during the month of November , which would have approached the extremely late sunrise times when DST went into effect on January 6 , 1974 due to the 1973 energy crisis creeping after 9 am in places like New Salem , North Dakota at the northwestern edges of time zones . Start and end dates of United States Daylight Saving Time ( edit ) Key to colors future date 2nd Sunday March 1st Sunday November 1st Sunday April last Sunday October last Sunday April last Sunday October Year Begins ( local ) Ends ( local ) Notes 2020 Sun March 8 02 : 00 Sun November 1 02 : 00 2019 Sun March 10 02 : 00 Sun November 3 02 : 00 2018 Sun March 11 02 : 00 Sun November 4 02 : 00 2017 Sun March 12 02 : 00 Sun November 5 02 : 00 2016 Sun March 13 02 : 00 Sun November 6 02 : 00 2015 Sun March 8 02 : 00 Sun November 1 02 : 00 2014 Sun March 9 02 : 00 Sun November 2 02 : 00 2013 Sun March 10 02 : 00 Sun November 3 02 : 00 2012 Sun March 11 02 : 00 Sun November 4 02 : 00 2011 Sun March 13 02 : 00 Sun November 6 02 : 00 Sun March 14 02 : 00 Sun November 7 02 : 00 2009 Sun March 8 02 : 00 Sun November 1 02 : 00 2008 Sun March 9 02 : 00 Sun November 2 02 : 00 2007 Sun March 11 02 : 00 Sun November 4 02 : 00 Energy Policy Act of 2005 2006 Sun April 2 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 All of Indiana now on DST 2005 Sun April 3 02 : 00 Sun October 30 02 : 00 Sun April 4 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 2003 Sun April 6 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 2002 Sun April 7 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 Sun April 1 02 : 00 Sun October 28 02 : 00 2000 Sun April 2 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 1999 Sun April 4 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 1998 Sun April 5 02 : 00 Sun October 25 02 : 00 Sun April 6 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 Sun April 7 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 1995 Sun April 2 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 Sun April 3 02 : 00 Sun October 30 02 : 00 Sun April 4 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 Sun April 5 02 : 00 Sun October 25 02 : 00 1991 Sun April 7 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 Sun April 1 02 : 00 Sun October 28 02 : 00 Sun April 2 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 Sun April 3 02 : 00 Sun October 30 02 : 00 Sun April 5 02 : 00 Sun October 25 02 : 00 Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1986 1986 Sun April 27 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 1985 Sun April 28 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 1984 Sun April 29 02 : 00 Sun October 28 02 : 00 Sun April 24 02 : 00 Sun October 30 02 : 00 Alaska time zones changed Sun October 30 02 : 00 1982 Sun April 25 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 1981 Sun April 26 02 : 00 Sun October 25 02 : 00 1980 Sun April 27 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 1979 Sun April 29 02 : 00 Sun October 28 02 : 00 1978 Sun April 30 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 1977 Sun April 24 02 : 00 Sun October 30 02 : 00 1976 Sun April 25 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 Sun February 23 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 Emergency Daylight Time Act Michigan exempted , began DST Sun April 27 02 : 00 Sun January 6 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 Emergency Daylight Time Act Southern Idaho and eastern Oregon ( Mountain time zone ) began DST Sun February 3 02 : 00 1973 Sun April 29 02 : 00 Sun October 28 02 : 00 All of Michigan now on DST 1972 Sun April 30 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 1971 Sun April 25 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 Indiana ( Eastern time zone ) opts out 1970 Sun April 26 02 : 00 Sun October 25 02 : 00 1969 Sun April 27 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 All of Alaska and Indiana now on DST 1968 Sun April 28 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 Arizona and Michigan opt out 1967 Sun April 30 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 Uniform Time Act of 1966 Alaska , Hawaii , Indiana and territories opt out 1946 -- 66 Local decision , various dates 1945 Sun September 30 02 : 00 War Time ends 1944 War Time all year Arizona War Time not observed Sat January 1 02 : 00 -- Sat April 1 02 : 00 Arizona War Time ends Sat September 30 02 : 00 1943 War Time all year 1942 Mon February 9 02 : 00 War Time begins year round 1920 -- 41 Local decision , various dates 1919 Sun March 30 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 War Time ends 1918 Sun March 31 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 War Time begins summer only See also ( edit ) Time in the United States Time in Indiana Daylight saving time in the United States - gives a list of future daylight saving dates Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ United States statutes at large : containing the laws and concurrent resolutions enacted during the second session of the one hundred fifth congress of the United States of America 1998 and proclamations . Government Printing Office . 1999 . p. 599 . Jump up ^ History of Daylight Time in the U.S. , United States Naval Observatory ^ Jump up to : A Time - Change Timeline , National Public Radio , March 8 , 2007 Jump up ^ An Act For the repeal of the daylight - saving law , Pub. L. 66 -- 40 , 41 Stat. 280 , enacted August 20 , 1919 Jump up ^ 24 / 7 : A Resource Guide to the Law of Time Standards '' Archived 2006 - 06 - 18 at the Wayback Machine. , June 3 , 2002 Jump up ^ Daylight Saving Time : Early adoption in law Jump up ^ 15 USC 260a Jump up ^ Energy Concerns Push Clocks Forward this Weekend by Nell Boyce . Morning Edition , National Public Radio , 9 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Daylight Saving Time in Arizona References ( edit ) Prerau , David . Seize the Daylight : The Curious and Contentious Story of Daylight Saving Time ( Thunder 's Mouth Press ; ISBN 1 - 56025 - 655 - 9 ) Discusses the establishment of standard time and daylight saving time . External links ( edit ) U.S. Navy time zone page Standard Time Zone Boundaries 49CFR71 U.S. Law 15USC260 - 267 History of Daylight Saving Time at WebExhibits Congressional Research on Daylight Saving Time History of DST in Arizona A Resource Guide to the Law of Time Standards 1918 and 1942 Acts Indiana Time Zone Article Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_time_in_the_United_States&oldid=810691610 '' Categories : Economic history of the United States History of science and technology in the United States Time in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 21 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the us first start using daylight savings time | [
"Daylight saving time was established by the Standard Time Act of 1918. The Act was intended to save electricity for seven months of the year, during World War I.[3] DST was repealed in 1919 over a Presidential veto,[4] but standard time in time zones remained in law, with the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) having the authority over time zone boundaries. Daylight time became a local matter."
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"1918"
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1316580566017064393 | List of National Basketball Association annual scoring leaders | List of National Basketball Association annual scoring Leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association annual scoring Leaders Michael Jordan has won a record ten scoring titles in his career . In basketball , points are accumulated through free throws or field goals . The National Basketball Association 's ( NBA ) scoring title is awarded to the player with the highest points per game average in a given season . The scoring title was originally determined by total points scored through the 1968 -- 69 season , after which points per game was used to determine the leader instead . Players who earned scoring titles before the 1979 -- 80 season did not record any three point field goals because the three - point line had just been implemented in the NBA at the start of that season . To qualify for the scoring title , the player must appear in at least 70 games ( out of 82 ) or have at least 1,400 points . These have been the entry criteria since the 1974 -- 75 season . Wilt Chamberlain holds the all - time records for total points scored ( 4,029 ) and points per game ( 50.4 ) in a season ; both records were achieved in the 1961 -- 62 season . He also holds the rookie records for points per game when he averaged 37.6 points in the 1959 -- 60 season . Among active players , Kevin Durant has the highest point total ( 2,593 ) and the highest scoring average ( 32.0 ) in a season ; both were achieved in the 2013 -- 14 season . Michael Jordan has won the most scoring titles , with ten . Jordan and Chamberlain are the only players to have won seven consecutive scoring titles ( this was also Chamberlain 's career total ) . George Gervin , Allen Iverson and Durant have won four scoring titles in their career , and George Mikan , Neil Johnston and Bob McAdoo have achieved it three times . Paul Arizin , Bob Pettit , Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Shaquille O'Neal , Tracy McGrady , Kobe Bryant , and Russell Westbrook have each won the scoring title twice . Since the 1946 -- 47 season , five players have won both the scoring title and the NBA championship in the same season : Fulks in 1947 with the Philadelphia Warriors , Mikan from 1949 to 1950 with the Minneapolis Lakers , Abdul - Jabbar ( then Lew Alcindor ) in 1971 with the Milwaukee Bucks , Jordan from 1991 to 1993 and from 1996 to 1998 with the Chicago Bulls , and O'Neal in 2000 with the Los Angeles Lakers . Since the introduction of the three - point field goal , O'Neal is the only scoring leader to have made no three - pointers in his winning season . At 21 years and 197 days , Durant is the youngest scoring leader in NBA history , averaging 30.1 points in the 2009 -- 10 season . Russell Westbrook led the league with an average of 31.6 points in the 2016 -- 17 season , when he also became the second NBA player to average a triple - double in a season . The most recent champion is James Harden . Contents 1 Key 2 Scoring leaders 2.1 Multiple - time leaders 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Key ( edit ) Denotes player who is still active in the NBA * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Denotes player who won the MVP award that year Player ( X ) Denotes the number of times the player had been the scoring leader up to and including that season Guard Forward Center Scoring Leaders ( edit ) Joe Fulks won the first scoring title in 1947 . Wilt Chamberlain won seven consecutive scoring titles from 1960 to 1966 . Jerry West won the scoring title in 1970 , averaging 31.2 points per game . Kareem Abdul - Jabbar won scoring titles in 1971 and 1972 . Allen Iverson won scoring titles in 1999 , 2001 , 2002 and 2005 . Kobe Bryant won scoring titles in 2006 and 2007 . LeBron James won the scoring title in 2008 . Kevin Durant became the youngest scoring champion in 2010 . He won another three in 2011 , 2012 and 2014 . Russell Westbrook won in 2015 , following teammate Durant 's win a year earlier , and again in 2017 . Stephen Curry won the scoring title in 2016 . Season Player Age Pos Team Games played Field goals made 3 - point field goals made Free throws made Total points Points per game Ref 1946 -- 47 Joe Fulks * 25 F / C Philadelphia Warriors 60 475 -- 439 1,389 23.2 1947 -- 48 Max Zaslofsky 22 G / F Chicago Stags 48 373 -- 261 1,007 21.0 1948 -- 49 George Mikan * 24 Minneapolis Lakers 60 583 -- 532 1,698 28.3 1949 -- 50 George Mikan * ( 2 ) 25 Minneapolis Lakers 68 649 -- 567 1,865 27.4 1950 -- 51 George Mikan * ( 3 ) 26 Minneapolis Lakers 68 678 -- 576 1,932 28.4 1951 -- 52 Paul Arizin * 23 F / G Philadelphia Warriors 66 548 -- 578 1,674 25.4 1952 -- 53 Neil Johnston * 23 Philadelphia Warriors 70 504 -- 556 1,564 22.3 1953 -- 54 Neil Johnston * ( 2 ) 24 Philadelphia Warriors 72 591 -- 577 1,759 24.5 1954 -- 55 Neil Johnston * ( 3 ) 25 Philadelphia Warriors 72 521 -- 589 1,631 22.7 1955 -- 56 Bob Pettit * 23 F / C St. Louis Hawks 72 646 -- 557 1,849 25.7 1956 -- 57 Paul Arizin * ( 2 ) 28 F / G Philadelphia Warriors 71 613 -- 591 1,817 25.6 1957 -- 58 George Yardley * 29 F / G Detroit Pistons 72 673 -- 655 2,001 27.8 1958 -- 59 Bob Pettit * ( 2 ) 26 F / C St. Louis Hawks 72 719 -- 667 2,105 29.2 1959 -- 60 Wilt Chamberlain * 23 Philadelphia Warriors 72 1,065 -- 577 2,707 37.6 1960 -- 61 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 2 ) 24 Philadelphia Warriors 79 1,251 -- 531 3,033 38.4 1961 -- 62 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 3 ) 25 Philadelphia Warriors 80 1,597 -- 835 4,029 50.4 1962 -- 63 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 4 ) 26 San Francisco Warriors 80 1,463 -- 660 3,586 44.8 1963 -- 64 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 5 ) 27 San Francisco Warriors 80 1,204 -- 540 2,948 36.9 1964 -- 65 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 6 ) 28 San Francisco Warriors Philadelphia 76ers 73 1,063 -- 408 2,534 34.7 1965 -- 66 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 7 ) 29 Philadelphia 76ers 79 1,074 -- 501 2,649 33.5 1966 -- 67 Rick Barry * 22 San Francisco Warriors 78 1,011 -- 753 2,775 35.6 1967 -- 68 Dave Bing * 24 Detroit Pistons 79 835 -- 472 2,142 27.1 1968 -- 69 Elvin Hayes * 23 F / C San Diego Rockets 82 930 -- 467 2,327 28.4 1969 -- 70 Jerry West * 31 Los Angeles Lakers 74 831 -- 647 2,309 31.2 1970 -- 71 Lew Alcindor * 23 Milwaukee Bucks 82 1,063 -- 470 2,596 31.7 1971 -- 72 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * ( 2 ) 24 Milwaukee Bucks 81 1,159 -- 504 2,822 34.8 1972 -- 73 Nate Archibald * 24 Kansas City - Omaha Kings 80 1,028 -- 663 2,719 34.0 1973 -- 74 Bob McAdoo * 22 C / F Buffalo Braves 74 901 -- 459 2,261 30.6 1974 -- 75 Bob McAdoo * ( 2 ) 23 C / F Buffalo Braves 82 1,095 -- 641 2,831 34.5 1975 -- 76 Bob McAdoo * ( 3 ) 24 C / F Buffalo Braves 78 934 -- 559 2,427 31.1 1976 -- 77 Pete Maravich * 29 New Orleans Jazz 73 886 -- 501 2,273 31.1 1977 -- 78 George Gervin * 25 G / F San Antonio Spurs 82 864 -- 504 2,232 27.2 1978 -- 79 George Gervin * ( 2 ) 26 G / F San Antonio Spurs 80 947 -- 471 2,365 29.6 1979 -- 80 George Gervin * ( 3 ) 27 G / F San Antonio Spurs 78 1,024 32 505 2,585 33.1 1980 -- 81 Adrian Dantley * 24 F / G Utah Jazz 80 909 632 2,452 30.7 1981 -- 82 George Gervin * ( 4 ) 29 G / F San Antonio Spurs 79 993 10 555 2,551 32.3 1982 -- 83 Alex English * 29 Denver Nuggets 82 959 406 2,326 28.4 1983 -- 84 Adrian Dantley * ( 2 ) 27 F / G Utah Jazz 79 802 813 2,418 30.6 1984 -- 85 Bernard King * 28 New York Knicks 55 691 426 1,809 32.9 1985 -- 86 Dominique Wilkins * 26 Atlanta Hawks 78 888 13 577 2,366 30.3 1986 -- 87 Michael Jordan * 23 Chicago Bulls 82 1,098 12 833 3,041 37.1 1987 -- 88 Michael Jordan * ( 2 ) 24 Chicago Bulls 82 1,069 7 723 2,868 35.0 1988 -- 89 Michael Jordan * ( 3 ) 25 Chicago Bulls 81 966 27 674 2,633 32.5 1989 -- 90 Michael Jordan * ( 4 ) 26 Chicago Bulls 82 1,034 92 593 2,753 33.6 1990 -- 91 Michael Jordan * ( 5 ) 27 Chicago Bulls 82 990 29 571 2,580 31.5 1991 -- 92 Michael Jordan * ( 6 ) 28 Chicago Bulls 80 943 27 491 2,404 30.1 1992 -- 93 Michael Jordan * ( 7 ) 29 Chicago Bulls 78 992 81 476 2,541 32.6 1993 -- 94 David Robinson * 28 San Antonio Spurs 80 840 10 693 2,383 29.8 1994 -- 95 Shaquille O'Neal * 22 Orlando Magic 79 930 0 455 2,315 29.3 1995 -- 96 Michael Jordan * ( 8 ) 32 Chicago Bulls 82 916 111 548 2,491 30.4 1996 -- 97 Michael Jordan * ( 9 ) 33 Chicago Bulls 82 920 111 480 2,431 29.6 1997 -- 98 Michael Jordan * ( 10 ) 34 Chicago Bulls 82 881 30 565 2,357 28.7 1998 -- 99 Allen Iverson * 23 Philadelphia 76ers 48 435 58 356 1,284 26.8 1999 -- 00 Shaquille O'Neal * ( 2 ) 27 Los Angeles Lakers 79 956 0 432 2,344 29.7 2000 -- 01 Allen Iverson * ( 2 ) 25 Philadelphia 76ers 71 762 98 585 2,207 31.1 2001 -- 02 Allen Iverson * ( 3 ) 26 Philadelphia 76ers 60 665 78 475 1,883 31.4 2002 -- 03 Tracy McGrady * 23 G / F Orlando Magic 75 829 173 576 2,407 32.1 2003 -- 04 Tracy McGrady * ( 2 ) 24 G / F Orlando Magic 67 653 174 398 1,878 28.0 2004 -- 05 Allen Iverson * ( 4 ) 29 Philadelphia 76ers 75 771 104 656 2,302 30.7 2005 -- 06 Kobe Bryant 27 Los Angeles Lakers 80 978 180 696 2,832 35.4 2006 -- 07 Kobe Bryant ( 2 ) 28 Los Angeles Lakers 77 813 137 667 2,430 31.6 2007 -- 08 LeBron James ^ 23 Cleveland Cavaliers 75 794 113 549 2,250 30.0 2008 -- 09 Dwyane Wade ^ 27 Miami Heat 79 854 88 590 2,386 30.2 2009 -- 10 Kevin Durant ^ 21 Oklahoma City Thunder 82 794 128 756 2,472 30.1 2010 -- 11 Kevin Durant ^ ( 2 ) 22 Oklahoma City Thunder 78 711 145 594 2,161 27.7 2011 -- 12 Kevin Durant ^ ( 3 ) 23 Oklahoma City Thunder 66 643 133 431 1,850 28.0 2012 -- 13 Carmelo Anthony ^ 28 New York Knicks 67 669 157 425 1,920 28.7 2013 -- 14 Kevin Durant ^ ( 4 ) 25 Oklahoma City Thunder 81 849 192 703 2,593 32.0 2014 -- 15 Russell Westbrook ^ 26 Oklahoma City Thunder 67 627 86 546 1,886 28.1 2015 -- 16 Stephen Curry ^ 28 Golden State Warriors 79 805 402 363 2,375 30.1 2016 -- 17 Russell Westbrook ^ ( 2 ) 28 Oklahoma City Thunder 81 824 200 710 2,558 31.6 2017 -- 18 James Harden 28 Houston Rockets 72 651 265 624 2,191 30.4 Multiple - time leaders ( edit ) Ranking Player Team Times leader Years Michael Jordan Chicago Bulls 10 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 Wilt Chamberlain Philadelphia Warriors / San Francisco Warriors ( 5 ) / Philadelphia 76ers ( 2 ) 7 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 Kevin Durant George Gervin Allen Iverson Oklahoma City Thunder San Antonio Spurs Philadelphia 76ers 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1982 1999 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005 6 Neil Johnston Bob McAdoo George Mikan Philadelphia Warriors Buffalo Braves Minneapolis Lakers 1953 , 1954 , 1955 1974 , 1975 , 1976 1949 , 1950 , 1951 9 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Paul Arizin Kobe Bryant Adrian Dantley Tracy McGrady Shaquille O'Neal Bob Pettit Russell Westbrook Milwaukee Bucks Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers Utah Jazz Orlando Magic Orlando Magic ( 1 ) / Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) St. Louis Hawks Oklahoma City Thunder 1971 , 1972 1952 , 1957 2006 , 2007 1981 , 1984 2003 , 2004 1995 , 2000 1956 , 1959 2015 , 2017 See also ( edit ) List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ At the start of February 1st of that season . Jump up ^ The player 's primary position is listed first . Jump up ^ In the 1947 -- 48 season , Joe Fulks averaged the most points ( 22.1 ) but had only played in 43 games and totaled 949 points , the second - highest total . Jump up ^ Wilt Chamberlain holds the all - time rookie record for points per game . Jump up ^ Wilt Chamberlain holds the all - time record for total points scored and points per game in a single season . Jump up ^ In the 1967 -- 68 season , Oscar Robertson averaged the most points ( 29.2 ) but had only played in 65 games and totaled 1,896 points , the sixth - highest total . Jump up ^ Elvin Hayes is the last rookie to lead the league in scoring average . Jump up ^ In the 1969 -- 70 season , rookie Lew Alcindor had the highest point total ( 2,361 ) but was second in scoring average ( 28.8 ) . Jump up ^ Before the 1971 -- 72 season , Lew Alcindor changed his name to Kareem Abdul - Jabbar . Jump up ^ In the 1977 -- 78 season , George Gervin defeated David Thompson for the scoring title in the closest scoring duel ever ( 27.21 to 27.15 ) where Thompson scored 73 on the last day of the season and Gervin answered with 63 ( Gervin also broke Thompson 's record of 32 points set earlier on the same day in the first quarter by scoring a record 33 points in the second quarter ) . Both Thompson 's and Gervin 's games were losses . Jump up ^ In the 1984 -- 85 season , rookie Michael Jordan had the highest point total ( 2,313 ) but was third in scoring average ( 28.2 ) . Bernard King tied for the twelfth - highest point total ( 1,809 ) but had the highest scoring average ( 32.9 ) . Jump up ^ In the 1985 -- 86 season Alex English had the highest point total ( 2,414 ) but was third in scoring average ( 29.8 ) . Jump up ^ In the 1993 -- 94 season , David Robinson scored 71 points in the final game of the season to edge Shaquille O'Neal ( 29.3 ) for the scoring title . Jump up ^ In the 1997 -- 98 season , Michael Jordan defeated Shaquille O'Neal for the scoring title in the third - closest race ever ( 28.7 to 28.3 ) . Jordan , at 35 years and 60 days old , is the oldest scoring leader in NBA history . Jump up ^ The 1998 -- 99 season was shortened to 50 games due to the league 's lockout . The qualification of this season 's scoring title is to appear in at least 43 games ( out of 50 ) or to have at least 854 points . Jump up ^ In the lockout - shortened 1998 -- 99 season , Shaquille O'Neal had the highest point total ( 1,289 ) but was second in scoring average ( 26.3 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2000 -- 01 season , Jerry Stackhouse had the highest point total ( 2,380 ) but was second in scoring average ( 29.8 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2001 -- 02 season , Paul Pierce had the highest point total ( 2,144 ) but was third in scoring average ( 26.1 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2002 -- 03 season , Kobe Bryant had the highest point total ( 2,461 ) but was second in scoring average ( 30.0 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2003 -- 04 season , Kevin Garnett had the highest point total ( 1,987 ) but was third in scoring average ( 24.2 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2007 -- 08 season , Kobe Bryant had the highest point total ( 2,323 ) but was second in scoring average ( 28.3 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2009 -- 10 season , Kevin Durant defeated LeBron James for the scoring title ( 30.1 to 29.7 ) . Durant , at 21 years and 197 days old , is also the youngest scoring leader in NBA history . Jump up ^ The 2011 -- 12 season was shortened to 66 games due to the league 's lockout . The qualification of this season 's scoring title is to appear in at least 56 games ( out of 66 ) or to have at least 1127 points . Jump up ^ In the 2011 -- 12 season , Kevin Durant defeated Kobe Bryant for the scoring title in the second - closest scoring race ever ( 28.03 to 27.86 ) . Bryant , who needed to score 38 points in the final game to win , decided to sit out . Jump up ^ In the 2012 -- 13 season , Kevin Durant had the highest point total ( 2,280 ) but was second in scoring average ( 28.1 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2014 -- 15 season , James Harden had the highest point total ( 2,217 ) but was second in scoring average ( 27.4 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2015 -- 16 season , James Harden had the highest point total ( 2,376 ) but was second in scoring average ( 29.0 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2017 -- 18 season , LeBron James had the highest point total ( 2,251 ) but was third in scoring average ( 27.5 ) . References ( edit ) General `` Yearly Leaders and Records for Points Per Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . `` Yearly Leaders and Records for Points '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Basketball glossary '' . FIBA.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Robbins , Liz ( January 15 , 2006 ) . `` Around the N.B.A. ; In the N.B.A. , Scoring Titles Rarely Equal Championships '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brown , Clifton ( February 5 , 1990 ) . `` 3 - Pointer Adds Dimension To N.B.A '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Haubner , Mark ( January 2 , 2003 ) . `` The trey is the thing in today 's NBA '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rate Statistic Requirements '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wilt Chamberlain '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved March 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jordan '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Brian ( April 20 , 2005 ) . `` Iverson Wins Fourth Scoring Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Carr , Janis ( April 2 , 2000 ) . `` Jackson aware of the score with O'Neal '' . The Orange County Register . p . D11 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Latzke , Jeff ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Durant Becomes NBA 's Youngest Scoring Champ '' . ABC News Internet Ventures . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1946 - 47 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joe Fulks Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1947 - 48 BAA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1947 - 48 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Max Zaslofsky Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1948 - 49 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` George Mikan Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1949 - 50 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1950 - 51 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1951 - 52 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paul Arizin Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1952 - 53 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Neil Johnston Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1953 - 54 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1954 - 55 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1955 - 56 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob Pettit Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1956 - 57 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1957 - 58 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` George Yardley Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1958 - 59 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1959 - 60 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wilt Chamberlain Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1960 - 61 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1961 - 62 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1962 - 63 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1963 - 64 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1964 - 65 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1965 - 66 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1966 - 67 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Barry Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 - 68 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Robertson '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1967 - 68 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Bing Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1968 - 69 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Elvin Hayes Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 - 70 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1969 - 70 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry West Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kareem Abdul - Jabbar '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1970 - 71 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1971 - 72 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1972 - 73 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nate Archibald Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1973 - 74 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob McAdoo Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1974 - 75 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1975 - 76 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1976 - 77 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Maravich Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` April 9 , 1978 : Gervin beats Thompson in NBA scoring title duel '' . History Channel . A&E Television Networks . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Thompson '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` George Gervin '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( February 7 , 1996 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; Giant Leap For Gervin , Thompson '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 - 78 NBA Game Results '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1977 - 78 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` George Gervin Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1978 - 79 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1979 - 80 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1980 - 81 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adrian Dantley Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1981 - 82 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1982 - 83 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alex English Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1983 - 84 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 - 85 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1984 - 85 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bernard King Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 - 86 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1985 - 86 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dominique Wilkins Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1986 - 87 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jordan Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1987 - 88 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1988 - 89 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1989 - 90 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1990 - 91 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1991 - 92 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1992 - 93 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Robinson '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1993 - 94 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Robinson Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1994 - 9 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shaquille O'Neal Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1995 - 96 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1996 - 97 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Durant , Bryant take scoring race to wire '' . ESPN.com. April 26 , 2012 . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 1997 - 98 game log '' . basketball - reference . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1997 - 98 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( February 14 , 2009 ) . `` N.B.A. and Union Are Discussing New Labor Deal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 - 99 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1998 - 99 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Allen Iverson Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1999 - 2000 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 - 01 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 2000 - 01 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 - 02 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 2001 - 02 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 - 03 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 2002 - 03 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tracy McGrady Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 - 04 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 - 08 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dwyane Wade Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( April 9 , 2010 ) . `` Tight N.B.A. Scoring Race Comes Down to James and Durant '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin Durant Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Two Exhibition Games for N.B.A. Teams '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McMenamin , Dave ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` Kobe Bryant sits ; Kevin Durant wins '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 - 13 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Carmelo Anthony Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 - 15 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Russell Westbrook Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 - 16 NBA Season Summary LLC '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 18 NBA Season Summary LLC '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` James Harden Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . NBA season scoring leaders 1947 : Fulks 1948 : Zaslofsky 1949 : Mikan 1950 : Mikan 1951 : Mikan 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Johnston 1954 : Johnston 1955 : Johnston 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Arizin 1958 : Yardley 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Chamberlain 1962 : Chamberlain 1963 : Chamberlain 1964 : Chamberlain 1965 : Chamberlain 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Barry 1968 : Bing 1969 : Hayes 1970 : West 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Archibald 1974 : McAdoo 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : McAdoo 1977 : Maravich 1978 : Gervin 1979 : Gervin 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Dantley 1982 : Gervin 1983 : English 1984 : Dantley 1985 : King 1986 : Wilkins 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Jordan 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Robinson 1995 : O'Neal 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Iverson 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : McGrady 2004 : McGrady 2005 : Iverson 2006 : Bryant 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Wade 2010 : Durant 2011 : Durant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Anthony 2014 : Durant 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Harden National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_annual_scoring_leaders&oldid=851415580 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latviešu 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2018 , at 03 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who led the nba in scoring last year | [
"\n\n\nSeason\n\nPlayer\n\nAge[a]\n\nPos[b]\n\nTeam\n\nGamesplayed\n\nField goalsmade\n\n3-pointfield goalsmade\n\nFree throwsmade\n\nTotalpoints\n\nPoints pergame\n\nRef\n\n\n1946–47\n\nJoe Fulks*\n\n25\n\nF/C\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\n60\n\n475\n\n—\n\n439\n\n1,389\n\n23.2\n\n[11][12]\n\n\n1947–48\n\nMax Zaslofsky[c]\n\n22\n\nG/F\n\nChicago Stags\n\n48\n\n373\n\n—\n\n261\n\n1,007\n\n21.0\n\n[14][15]\n\n\n1948–49\n\nGeorge Mikan*\n\n24\n\nC\n\nMinneapolis Lakers\n\n60\n\n583\n\n—\n\n532\n\n1,698\n\n28.3\n\n[16][17]\n\n\n1949–50\n\nGeorge Mikan* (2)\n\n25\n\nC\n\nMinneapolis Lakers\n\n68\n\n649\n\n—\n\n567\n\n1,865\n\n27.4\n\n[17][18]\n\n\n1950–51\n\nGeorge Mikan* (3)\n\n26\n\nC\n\nMinneapolis Lakers\n\n68\n\n678\n\n—\n\n576\n\n1,932\n\n28.4\n\n[17][19]\n\n\n1951–52\n\nPaul Arizin*\n\n23\n\nF/G\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\n66\n\n548\n\n—\n\n578\n\n1,674\n\n25.4\n\n[20][21]\n\n\n1952–53\n\nNeil Johnston*\n\n23\n\nC\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\n70\n\n504\n\n—\n\n556\n\n1,564\n\n22.3\n\n[22][23]\n\n\n1953–54\n\nNeil Johnston* (2)\n\n24\n\nC\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\n72\n\n591\n\n—\n\n577\n\n1,759\n\n24.5\n\n[23][24]\n\n\n1954–55\n\nNeil Johnston* (3)\n\n25\n\nC\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\n72\n\n521\n\n—\n\n589\n\n1,631\n\n22.7\n\n[23][25]\n\n\n1955–56 \n\nBob Pettit*\n\n23\n\nF/C\n\nSt. Louis Hawks\n\n72\n\n646\n\n—\n\n557\n\n1,849\n\n25.7\n\n[26][27]\n\n\n1956–57\n\nPaul Arizin* (2)\n\n28\n\nF/G\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\n71\n\n613\n\n—\n\n591\n\n1,817\n\n25.6\n\n[21][28]\n\n\n1957–58\n\nGeorge Yardley*\n\n29\n\nF/G\n\nDetroit Pistons\n\n72\n\n673\n\n—\n\n655\n\n2,001\n\n27.8\n\n[29][30]\n\n\n1958–59 \n\nBob Pettit* (2)\n\n26\n\nF/C\n\nSt. Louis Hawks\n\n72\n\n719\n\n—\n\n667\n\n2,105\n\n29.2\n\n[27][31]\n\n\n1959–60 \n\nWilt Chamberlain*[d]\n\n23\n\nC\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\n72\n\n1,065\n\n—\n\n577\n\n2,707\n\n37.6\n\n[32][33]\n\n\n1960–61\n\nWilt Chamberlain* (2)\n\n24\n\nC\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\n79\n\n1,251\n\n—\n\n531\n\n3,033\n\n38.4\n\n[33][34]\n\n\n1961–62\n\nWilt Chamberlain* (3)[e]\n\n25\n\nC\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\n80\n\n1,597\n\n—\n\n835\n\n4,029\n\n50.4\n\n[33][35]\n\n\n1962–63\n\nWilt Chamberlain* (4)\n\n26\n\nC\n\nSan Francisco Warriors\n\n80\n\n1,463\n\n—\n\n660\n\n3,586\n\n44.8\n\n[33][36]\n\n\n1963–64\n\nWilt Chamberlain* (5)\n\n27\n\nC\n\nSan Francisco Warriors\n\n80\n\n1,204\n\n—\n\n540\n\n2,948\n\n36.9\n\n[33][37]\n\n\n1964–65\n\nWilt Chamberlain* (6)\n\n28\n\nC\n\nSan Francisco WarriorsPhiladelphia 76ers\n\n73\n\n1,063\n\n—\n\n408\n\n2,534\n\n34.7\n\n[33][38]\n\n\n1965–66 \n\nWilt Chamberlain* (7)\n\n29\n\nC\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\n79\n\n1,074\n\n—\n\n501\n\n2,649\n\n33.5\n\n[33][39]\n\n\n1966–67\n\nRick Barry*\n\n22\n\nF\n\nSan Francisco Warriors\n\n78\n\n1,011\n\n—\n\n753\n\n2,775\n\n35.6\n\n[40][41]\n\n\n1967–68\n\nDave Bing*[f]\n\n24\n\nG\n\nDetroit Pistons\n\n79\n\n835\n\n—\n\n472\n\n2,142\n\n27.1\n\n[44][45]\n\n\n1968–69\n\nElvin Hayes*[g]\n\n23\n\nF/C\n\nSan Diego Rockets\n\n82\n\n930\n\n—\n\n467\n\n2,327\n\n28.4\n\n[46][47]\n\n\n1969–70\n\nJerry West*[h]\n\n31\n\nG\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\n74\n\n831\n\n—\n\n647\n\n2,309\n\n31.2\n\n[49][50]\n\n\n1970–71 \n\nLew Alcindor*[i]\n\n23\n\nC\n\nMilwaukee Bucks\n\n82\n\n1,063\n\n—\n\n470\n\n2,596\n\n31.7\n\n[52][53]\n\n\n1971–72 \n\nKareem Abdul-Jabbar* (2)\n\n24\n\nC\n\nMilwaukee Bucks\n\n81\n\n1,159\n\n—\n\n504\n\n2,822\n\n34.8\n\n[53][54]\n\n\n1972–73\n\nNate Archibald*\n\n24\n\nG\n\nKansas City-Omaha Kings\n\n80\n\n1,028\n\n—\n\n663\n\n2,719\n\n34.0\n\n[55][56]\n\n\n1973–74\n\nBob McAdoo*\n\n22\n\nC/F\n\nBuffalo Braves\n\n74\n\n901\n\n—\n\n459\n\n2,261\n\n30.6\n\n[57][58]\n\n\n1974–75 \n\nBob McAdoo* (2)\n\n23\n\nC/F\n\nBuffalo Braves\n\n82\n\n1,095\n\n—\n\n641\n\n2,831\n\n34.5\n\n[58][59]\n\n\n1975–76\n\nBob McAdoo* (3)\n\n24\n\nC/F\n\nBuffalo Braves\n\n78\n\n934\n\n—\n\n559\n\n2,427\n\n31.1\n\n[58][60]\n\n\n1976–77\n\nPete Maravich*\n\n29\n\nG\n\nNew Orleans Jazz\n\n73\n\n886\n\n—\n\n501\n\n2,273\n\n31.1\n\n[61][62]\n\n\n1977–78\n\nGeorge Gervin*[j]\n\n25\n\nG/F\n\nSan Antonio Spurs\n\n82\n\n864\n\n—\n\n504\n\n2,232\n\n27.2\n\n[68][69]\n\n\n1978–79\n\nGeorge Gervin* (2)\n\n26\n\nG/F\n\nSan Antonio Spurs\n\n80\n\n947\n\n—\n\n471\n\n2,365\n\n29.6\n\n[69][70]\n\n\n1979–80\n\nGeorge Gervin* (3)\n\n27\n\nG/F\n\nSan Antonio Spurs\n\n78\n\n1,024\n\n32\n\n505\n\n2,585\n\n33.1\n\n[69][71]\n\n\n1980–81\n\nAdrian Dantley*\n\n24\n\nF/G\n\nUtah Jazz\n\n80\n\n909\n\n2\n\n632\n\n2,452\n\n30.7\n\n[72][73]\n\n\n1981–82\n\nGeorge Gervin* (4)\n\n29\n\nG/F\n\nSan Antonio Spurs\n\n79\n\n993\n\n10\n\n555\n\n2,551\n\n32.3\n\n[69][74]\n\n\n1982–83\n\nAlex English*\n\n29\n\nF\n\nDenver Nuggets\n\n82\n\n959\n\n2\n\n406\n\n2,326\n\n28.4\n\n[75][76]\n\n\n1983–84\n\nAdrian Dantley* (2)\n\n27\n\nF/G\n\nUtah Jazz\n\n79\n\n802\n\n1\n\n813\n\n2,418\n\n30.6\n\n[73][77]\n\n\n1984–85\n\nBernard King*[k]\n\n28\n\nF\n\nNew York Knicks\n\n55\n\n691\n\n1\n\n426\n\n1,809\n\n32.9\n\n[79][80]\n\n\n1985–86\n\nDominique Wilkins*[l]\n\n26\n\nF\n\nAtlanta Hawks\n\n78\n\n888\n\n13\n\n577\n\n2,366\n\n30.3\n\n[82][83]\n\n\n1986–87\n\nMichael Jordan*\n\n23\n\nG\n\nChicago Bulls\n\n82\n\n1,098\n\n12\n\n833\n\n3,041\n\n37.1\n\n[84][85]\n\n\n1987–88 \n\nMichael Jordan* (2)\n\n24\n\nG\n\nChicago Bulls\n\n82\n\n1,069\n\n7\n\n723\n\n2,868\n\n35.0\n\n[85][86]\n\n\n1988–89\n\nMichael Jordan* (3)\n\n25\n\nG\n\nChicago Bulls\n\n81\n\n966\n\n27\n\n674\n\n2,633\n\n32.5\n\n[85][87]\n\n\n1989–90\n\nMichael Jordan* (4)\n\n26\n\nG\n\nChicago Bulls\n\n82\n\n1,034\n\n92\n\n593\n\n2,753\n\n33.6\n\n[85][88]\n\n\n1990–91 \n\nMichael Jordan* (5)\n\n27\n\nG\n\nChicago Bulls\n\n82\n\n990\n\n29\n\n571\n\n2,580\n\n31.5\n\n[85][89]\n\n\n1991–92 \n\nMichael Jordan* (6)\n\n28\n\nG\n\nChicago Bulls\n\n80\n\n943\n\n27\n\n491\n\n2,404\n\n30.1\n\n[85][90]\n\n\n1992–93\n\nMichael Jordan* (7)\n\n29\n\nG\n\nChicago Bulls\n\n78\n\n992\n\n81\n\n476\n\n2,541\n\n32.6\n\n[85][91]\n\n\n1993–94\n\nDavid Robinson*[m]\n\n28\n\nC\n\nSan Antonio Spurs\n\n80\n\n840\n\n10\n\n693\n\n2,383\n\n29.8\n\n[93][94]\n\n\n1994–95\n\nShaquille O'Neal*\n\n22\n\nC\n\nOrlando Magic\n\n79\n\n930\n\n0\n\n455\n\n2,315\n\n29.3\n\n[95][96]\n\n\n1995–96 \n\nMichael Jordan* (8)\n\n32\n\nG\n\nChicago Bulls\n\n82\n\n916\n\n111\n\n548\n\n2,491\n\n30.4\n\n[85][97]\n\n\n1996–97\n\nMichael Jordan* (9)\n\n33\n\nG\n\nChicago Bulls\n\n82\n\n920\n\n111\n\n480\n\n2,431\n\n29.6\n\n[85][98]\n\n\n1997–98 \n\nMichael Jordan* (10) [n]\n\n34\n\nG\n\nChicago Bulls\n\n82\n\n881\n\n30\n\n565\n\n2,357\n\n28.7\n\n[85][101]\n\n\n1998–99[o]\n\nAllen Iverson*[p]\n\n23\n\nG\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\n48\n\n435\n\n58\n\n356\n\n1,284\n\n26.8\n\n[104][105]\n\n\n1999–00 \n\nShaquille O'Neal* (2)\n\n27\n\nC\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\n79\n\n956\n\n0\n\n432\n\n2,344\n\n29.7\n\n[96][106]\n\n\n2000–01 \n\nAllen Iverson* (2)[q]\n\n25\n\nG\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\n71\n\n762\n\n98\n\n585\n\n2,207\n\n31.1\n\n[105][108]\n\n\n2001–02\n\nAllen Iverson* (3)[r]\n\n26\n\nG\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\n60\n\n665\n\n78\n\n475\n\n1,883\n\n31.4\n\n[105][110]\n\n\n2002–03\n\nTracy McGrady*[s]\n\n23\n\nG/F\n\nOrlando Magic\n\n75\n\n829\n\n173\n\n576\n\n2,407\n\n32.1\n\n[112][113]\n\n\n2003–04\n\nTracy McGrady* (2)[t]\n\n24\n\nG/F\n\nOrlando Magic\n\n67\n\n653\n\n174\n\n398\n\n1,878\n\n28.0\n\n[113]\n\n\n2004–05\n\nAllen Iverson* (4)\n\n29\n\nG\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\n75\n\n771\n\n104\n\n656\n\n2,302\n\n30.7\n\n[105]\n\n\n2005–06\n\nKobe Bryant\n\n27\n\nG\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\n80\n\n978\n\n180\n\n696\n\n2,832\n\n35.4\n\n[115]\n\n\n2006–07\n\nKobe Bryant (2)\n\n28\n\nG\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\n77\n\n813\n\n137\n\n667\n\n2,430\n\n31.6\n\n[115]\n\n\n2007–08\n\nLeBron James^[u]\n\n23\n\nF\n\nCleveland Cavaliers\n\n75\n\n794\n\n113\n\n549\n\n2,250\n\n30.0\n\n[117]\n\n\n2008–09\n\nDwyane Wade^\n\n27\n\nG\n\nMiami Heat\n\n79\n\n854\n\n88\n\n590\n\n2,386\n\n30.2\n\n[118]\n\n\n2009–10\n\nKevin Durant^[v]\n\n21\n\nF\n\nOklahoma City Thunder\n\n82\n\n794\n\n128\n\n756\n\n2,472\n\n30.1\n\n[120]\n\n\n2010–11\n\nKevin Durant^ (2)\n\n22\n\nF\n\nOklahoma City Thunder\n\n78\n\n711\n\n145\n\n594\n\n2,161\n\n27.7\n\n[120]\n\n\n2011–12[w]\n\nKevin Durant^ (3)[x]\n\n23\n\nF\n\nOklahoma City Thunder\n\n66\n\n643\n\n133\n\n431\n\n1,850\n\n28.0\n\n[120]\n\n\n2012–13\n\nCarmelo Anthony^[y]\n\n28\n\nF\n\nNew York Knicks\n\n67\n\n669\n\n157\n\n425\n\n1,920\n\n28.7\n\n[124]\n\n\n2013–14 \n\nKevin Durant^ (4)\n\n25\n\nF\n\nOklahoma City Thunder\n\n81\n\n849\n\n192\n\n703\n\n2,593\n\n32.0\n\n[120]\n\n\n2014–15\n\nRussell Westbrook^[z]\n\n26\n\nG\n\nOklahoma City Thunder\n\n67\n\n627\n\n86\n\n546\n\n1,886\n\n28.1\n\n[126]\n\n\n2015–16 \n\nStephen Curry^[aa]\n\n28\n\nG\n\nGolden State Warriors\n\n79\n\n805\n\n402\n\n363\n\n2,375\n\n30.1\n\n[128]\n\n\n2016–17 \n\nRussell Westbrook^ (2)\n\n28\n\nG\n\nOklahoma City Thunder\n\n81\n\n824\n\n200\n\n710\n\n2,558\n\n31.6\n\n[126]\n\n\n2017–18 \n\nJames Harden[ab]\n\n28\n\nG\n\nHouston Rockets\n\n72\n\n651\n\n265\n\n624\n\n2,191\n\n30.4\n\n[130]\n"
] | [
"James Harden"
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3483349708527917131 | 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup | 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup - wikipedia 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup Jump to : navigation , search 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup २०१७ फीफा अंडर - १७ विश्व कप Tournament details Host country India Dates 6 -- 28 October Teams 24 ( from 6 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 6 ( in 6 host cities ) Final positions Champions England ( 1st title ) Runners - up Spain Third place Brazil Fourth place Mali Tournament statistics Matches played 52 Goals scored 183 ( 3.52 per match ) Attendance 1,347,133 ( 25,906 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Rhian Brewster ( 8 goals ) Best player Phil Foden Best goalkeeper Gabriel Brazão Fair play award Brazil ← 2015 2019 → The 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup was the 17th FIFA U-17 World Cup , a biennial international football tournament contested by men 's under - 17 national teams . Organized by FIFA , the tournament took place in India between 6 and 28 October 2017 , after the country was awarded the hosting rights on 5 December 2013 . The tournament marked the first time India have hosted a FIFA tournament and the first Asian hosted U-17 World Cup since 2013 . The attendance for this World Cup was a record 1,347,133 surpassing China 's 1985 edition where it was 1,230,976 . The matches were played in six stadiums in six host cities around the country , with the final taking place at the Salt Lake Stadium in Kolkata , West Bengal . Twenty - three teams , besides the host India , managed to qualify for the tournament via participating in their various continental under - 17 tournaments . In the first round of the tournament finals , the teams competed in round - robin groups of four for points , where the top two teams in each group along with the top four third placed teams would advance to the next round . These 16 teams will advance to the knockout stage , where three rounds of play will decide which teams would participate in the final . The reigning FIFA U-17 World Cup champions , Nigeria , did not have the opportunity to defend their title after failing to qualify for this edition . In failing to qualify , Nigeria became the first incumbent title holder since Switzerland in 2009 to fail to qualify for the subsequent edition . England won the U-17 World Cup for the first time after coming back from a two - goal deficit and beating Spain 5 -- 2 in the final . This meant England became the second nation , after Brazil in 2003 , to win both of FIFA 's under - age ( U-20 and U-17 ) World Cup tournaments in the same calendar year . England has also become the third country , after Brazil and North Korea , to win both U-17 and U-20 World Cup in their respective gender tournaments on the same year , as North Korea had also won both U-17 and U-20 Women 's World Cup last year. The Official Match Ball of the Tournament is Adidas Krasava . Contents ( hide ) 1 Host selection 2 Qualified teams 3 Organization 3.1 Preparation 3.2 Emblem 3.3 Tickets 4 Attendance 5 Venues 6 Draw 7 Referees 8 Squads 9 Group stage 9.1 Group A 9.2 Group B 9.3 Group C 9.4 Group D 9.5 Group E 9.6 Group F 9.7 Ranking of third - placed teams 10 Knockout stage 10.1 Bracket 10.2 Round of 16 10.3 Quarter - finals 10.4 Semi-finals 10.5 Third place play - off 10.6 Final 11 Awards 12 Final ranking 13 Goalscorers 14 Broadcasting 15 Notes 16 References 17 External links Host selection ( edit ) The bids for the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup had to be submitted by 15 November 2013 . On 28 May 2013 it was announced by FIFA that Azerbaijan , India , Republic of Ireland , and Uzbekistan would bid for the hosting rights . Finally , on 5 December 2013 , FIFA announced that India had won the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup hosting rights. goal Qualified teams ( edit ) As host , India made their first ever appearance at the FIFA U-17 World Cup and their first appearance in the World Cup at any age level . As well as India , New Caledonia and Niger also made their first appearance in the FIFA U-17 World Cup . The previous U-17 World Cup title holders , Nigeria , failed to qualify for this edition . In failing to qualify , Nigeria became the first nation since Switzerland in 2009 to fail to qualify for the next edition of the FIFA U-17 World Cup after winning the previous edition . A total of 24 teams qualified for the final tournament . In addition to India , the other 23 teams qualified from six separate continental competitions . Starting from 2017 , the Oceania Football Confederation ( OFC ) will receive an additional spot ( in total two spots ) , while UEFA will have five instead of six spots . Confederation Qualifying Tournament Qualifier ( s ) AFC ( Asia ) Host Nation India 2016 AFC U-16 Championship Iraq Iran Japan North Korea CAF ( Africa ) 2017 Africa U-17 Cup of Nations Ghana Guinea Mali Niger CONCACAF ( Central , North America and Caribbean ) 2017 CONCACAF U-17 Championship Costa Rica Honduras Mexico United States CONMEBOL ( South America ) 2017 South American Under - 17 Championship Brazil Chile Colombia Paraguay OFC ( Oceania ) 2017 OFC U-17 Championship New Caledonia New Zealand UEFA ( Europe ) 2017 UEFA European Under - 17 Championship England France Germany Spain Turkey 1. ^ Teams that will make their debut . Organization ( edit ) Preparation ( edit ) The six venues selected for the tournament were given major renovations prior to the FIFA U-17 World Cup . All the stadiums were given new bucket seats , new dressing rooms , new evacuation exits for fans , and new training grounds . Javier Ceppi , the Local Organising Committee director , stated that despite work starting slowly , things eventually became quicker . `` It has been a long process in the last two and half years . In India , it takes time to start things but once things start it kind of picks its own pace and in terms of implementation I always say that India is a very good country when it comes to implementation . '' Emblem ( edit ) The official emblem for the tournament was launched on 27 September 2016 at a hotel in Goa during the 2016 AFC U-16 Championship . According to the press release from FIFA the emblem was designed `` as a celebration of the country 's richness and diversity of cultures , with the main elements of the Indian Ocean , the banyan tree , the kite and the starburst , which is an interpretation of the Ashoka Chakra , an integral part of the national identity . '' Tickets ( edit ) Sales of tickets for the FIFA U-17 World Cup began on 16 May 2017 during a function in Delhi . Carles Puyol was present during the ticket sales launch as special guest . General ticket sales officially began on 17 May 2017 at 19 : 11 . The time was selected as a tribute to when Mohun Bagan defeated East Yorkshire Regiment in the IFA Shield in 1911 , marking the first time an Indian football club defeated a British side in British India . Tickets for the tournament were sold in four phases : Phase one only sold tickets for categories 1 to 3 at each venue with a 60 % discount while phase two allowed people to buy tickets for all categories , but only if you are a Visa card holder , at a 50 % discount . Phase three allowed anyone to buy tickets with a 25 % discount while phase four had tickets at full price . The attendance for matches breached the million mark in the final match of the Round of 16 , which made India only the third nation after China and Mexico to register an attendance of over a million for the event . On 28 October 2017 , in the 3rd place match - up between Brazil and Mali , India finally beat the existing record of 1,230,976 set in the 1985 FIFA U-16 World Championship edition in China on October 28 , 2017 . The final attendance figures were 1,347,133 . Attendance ( edit ) Attendance for each game is listed below . Date Venue Match Attendance 6 October New Delhi Colombia vs Ghana 24,300 6 October Navi Mumbai New Zealand vs Turkey 9,727 6 October New Delhi India vs USA 46,351 6 October Navi Mumbai Paraguay vs Mali 25,342 7 October Goa Germany vs Costa Rica 12,329 7 October Kochi Brazil vs Spain 21,362 7 October Goa Iran vs Guinea 12,329 7 October Kochi Korea DPR vs Niger 2,754 8 October Guwahati New Caledonia vs France 12,640 8 October Kolkata Chile vs England 46,154 8 October Guwahati Honduras vs Japan 13,285 8 October Kolkata Iraq vs Mexico 55,800 9 October Delhi Ghana vs USA 17,500 9 October Navi Mumbai Turkey vs Mali 18,323 9 October Delhi India vs Colombia 48,184 9 October Navi Mumbai Paraguay vs New Zealand 20,887 10 October Goa Costa Rica vs Guinea 6,717 10 October Kochi Spain vs Niger 7,926 10 October Goa Iran vs Germany 8,267 10 October Kochi Korea DPR vs Brazil 15,314 11 October Guwahati France vs Japan 9,575 11 October Kolkata England vs Mexico 48,620 11 October Guwahati Honduras vs New Caledonia 11,002 11 October Kolkata Iraq vs Chile 50,286 12 October New Delhi Mali vs New Zealand 23,112 12 October Navi Mumbai Turkey vs Paraguay 8,895 12 October New Delhi Ghana vs India 52,614 12 October Navi Mumbai USA vs Colombia 22,263 13 October Goa Costa Rica vs Iran 8,549 13 October Kochi Guinea vs Germany 9,250 13 October Goa Niger vs Brazil 15,830 13 October Kochi Spain vs Korea DPR 14,544 14 October Guwahati France vs Honduras 12,831 14 October Kolkata Japan vs New Caledonia 44,665 14 October Guwahati Mexico vs Chile 15,794 14 October Kolkata England vs Iraq 56,372 16 October New Delhi Colombia vs Germany 19,477 16 October New Delhi Paraguay vs USA 34,895 17 October Goa Iran vs Mexico 5,529 17 October Guwahati France vs Spain 13,316 17 October Kolkata England vs Japan 53,302 17 October Goa Mali vs Iraq 9,240 18 October Navi Mumbai Ghana vs Niger 21,286 18 October Kochi Brazil vs Honduras 20,668 21 October Guwahati Mali vs Ghana 3,706 21 October Goa USA vs England 16,148 22 October Kochi Spain vs Iran 28,436 22 October Kolkata Germany vs Brazil 66,613 25 October Kolkata Brazil vs England 63,881 25 October Navi Mumbai Spain vs Mali 37,847 28 October Kolkata Mali vs Brazil 56,422 28 October Kolkata England vs Spain 66,684 Venues ( edit ) After being awarded the hosting rights for the FIFA U-17 World Cup , eight locations were shortlisted : Bangalore , Delhi , Goa , Guwahati , Kochi , Kolkata , Mumbai , and Pune . On 29 May 2015 , Bangalore , Chennai , Delhi , Goa , and Pune were provisionally selected as host locations . On 27 October 2016 , FIFA officially announced Delhi , Goa , Guwahati , Kochi , Kolkata , and New Mumbai as the official host cities for the FIFA U-17 World Cup . Kolkata Kochi New Delhi Salt Lake Stadium Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Capacity : 66,600 Capacity : 29,000 Capacity : 58,000 Navi Mumbai New Delhi Kolkata Kochi Margao Guwahati 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup ( India ) Navi Mumbai Guwahati Margao DY Patil Stadium Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium Fatorda Stadium Capacity : 41,000 Capacity : 23,800 Capacity : 16,200 Draw ( edit ) The draw for the FIFA U-17 World Cup was held on 7 July 2017 in Mumbai . The draw was attended by former U-17 World Cup champions Nwankwo Kanu ( Nigeria ) and Esteban Cambiasso ( Argentina ) , as well as India senior international Sunil Chhetri and badminton player P.V. Sindhu . The 24 teams were drawn into six groups of four teams , with hosts India being allocated to position A1 . The rest of the teams were allocated into their respective pots based on a ranking which was built according to past performances during the last five FIFA U-17 World Cups . Importance was given to the most recent U-17 World Cups . Pot 1 Pot 2 Pot 3 Pot 4 India Mexico Brazil Germany Mali France Spain Japan New Zealand England Iran United States Costa Rica North Korea Honduras Iraq Turkey Colombia Chile Paraguay Ghana Guinea Niger New Caledonia Referees ( edit ) FIFA 's Referees ' Committee selected 21 referees , representing all six confederations , to officiate at the U-17 World Cup : Seven from UEFA , four from CONMEBOL , three each from the AFC , CAF , and CONCACAF , and one from the OFC . No referee from host country India were selected to officiate . Confederation Referee Assistant referees Support referee AFC Muhammad Taqi Lee Tzu Liang Koh Min Kiat Ri Hyang - ok Ryuji Sato Toru Sagara Hiroshi Yamauchi Nawaf Shukralla Yaser Tulefat Ebrahim Saleh CAF Mehdi Abid Charef Albdelhak Etchiali Anouar Hmila Gladys Lengwe Hamada Nampiandraza Arsenio Marengula Yahaya Mahamadou Bamlak Tessema Weyesa Olivier Safari Mark Ssonko CONCACAF Jair Marrufo Frank Anderson Corey Rockwell Carol Chenard Ricardo Montero Octavio Jara Juan Carlos Mora John Pitti Gabriel Victoria Christian Ramírez CONMEBOL José Argote Luis Murillo Carlos López Claudia Umpierrez Enrique Cáceres Eduardo Cardozo Juan Zorrilla Sandro Ricci Emerson de Carvalho Marcelo Van Gasse Gery Vargas Juan Pablo Montaño Jose Alberto Antelo OFC Abdelkader Zitouni Folio Moeaki Bernard Mutukera Anna - Marie Keighley UEFA Ovidiu Hațegan Octavian Șovre Sebastian Gheorghe Kateryna Monzul Esther Staubli Bobby Madden David McGeachie Alastair Mather Anastasios Sidiropoulos Polychronis Kostaras Lazaros Dimitriadis Artur Soares Dias Rui Barbosa Tavares Paulo Alexandre Santos Soares Anthony Taylor Gary Beswick Adam Nunn Clément Turpin Nicolas Danos Cyril Gringore Slavko Vinčić Tomaz Klancnik Andraz Kovacic Squads ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup squads . Each team 's squad for the FIFA U-17 World Cup will consist of 21 players . Each participating national association had to confirm their final 21 - player squad by 21 September 2017 . A total of 504 players will be participating in the tournament . The squads were announced by FIFA on 26 September 2017 . Group stage ( edit ) The top two teams of each group and the four best third - placed teams advance to the round of 16 . The rankings of teams in each group are determined as follows ( regulations Article 17.7 ) : points obtained in all group matches ; goal difference in all group matches ; number of goals scored in all group matches ; If two or more teams are equal on the basis of the above three criteria , their rankings are determined as follows : points obtained in the group matches between the teams concerned ; goal difference in the group matches between the teams concerned ; number of goals scored in the group matches between the teams concerned ; fair play points : first yellow card : minus 1 point ; indirect red card ( second yellow card ) : minus 3 points ; direct red card : minus 4 points ; yellow card and direct red card : minus 5 points ; drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee . All times are local , IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) . Group A ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Ghana 0 5 + 4 6 Knockout stage Colombia 0 5 + 2 6 United States 0 5 + 2 6 India ( H ) 0 0 9 − 8 0 Source : FIFA ( H ) Host . Colombia v Ghana 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 17 : 00 Colombia 0 -- 1 Ghana Report Ibrahim 39 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 24,300 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) India v United States 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 20 : 00 India 0 -- 3 United States Report Sargent 30 ' ( pen . ) Durkin 51 ' Carleton 84 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 46,351 Referee : Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Ghana v United States 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 17 : 00 Ghana 0 -- 1 United States Report Akinola 75 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 17,500 Referee : Anastasios Sidiropoulos ( Greece ) India v Colombia 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 20 : 00 India 1 -- 2 Colombia Thounaojam 82 ' Report Peñaloza 49 ' , 83 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 48,184 Referee : Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) Ghana v India 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 20 : 00 Ghana 4 -- 0 India Ayiah 43 ' , 52 ' Danso 86 ' Toku 87 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 52,614 Referee : Abdelkader Zitouni ( Tahiti ) United States v Colombia 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 20 : 00 United States 1 -- 3 Colombia Acosta 24 ' Report Vidal 3 ' Peñaloza 67 ' D. Caicedo 87 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 22,263 Referee : Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Group B ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Paraguay 0 0 10 5 + 5 9 Knockout stage Mali 0 8 + 4 6 New Zealand 0 8 − 4 Turkey 0 7 − 5 Source : FIFA New Zealand v Turkey 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 17 : 00 New Zealand 1 -- 1 Turkey Mata 58 ' Report Kutucu 18 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 9,727 Referee : John Pitti ( Panama ) Paraguay v Mali 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 20 : 00 Paraguay 3 -- 2 Mali Galeano 12 ' Sánchez 17 ' Rodríguez 55 ' ( pen . ) Report Dramé 20 ' Ndiaye 34 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 25,342 Referee : Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Turkey v Mali 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 17 : 00 Turkey 0 -- 3 Mali Report D. Traoré 38 ' Ndiaye 68 ' Konaté 86 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 18,323 Referee : Muhammad Taqi ( Singapore ) Paraguay v New Zealand 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 20 : 00 Paraguay 4 -- 2 New Zealand Rodríguez 2 ' Vega 75 ' , 78 ' Armoa 90 + 1 ' Report Duarte 20 ' ( o.g. ) , 34 ' ( o.g. ) DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 20,877 Referee : Bamlak Tessema Weyesa ( Ethiopia ) Turkey v Paraguay 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 17 : 00 Turkey 1 -- 3 Paraguay Kesgin 90 + 3 ' Report Bogado 41 ' Cardozo 43 ' Galeano 61 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 8,895 Referee : Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Mali v New Zealand 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 17 : 00 Mali 3 -- 1 New Zealand Salam 18 ' D. Traoré 50 ' Ndiaye 82 ' Report Spragg 72 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 23,112 Referee : Anastasios Sidiropoulos ( Greece ) Group C ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Iran 0 0 10 + 9 9 Knockout stage Germany 0 5 6 − 1 6 Guinea 0 8 − 4 Costa Rica 0 7 − 4 Source : FIFA Germany v Costa Rica 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 17 : 00 Germany 2 -- 1 Costa Rica Arp 21 ' Awuku 89 ' Report Gómez 64 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 12,329 Referee : Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) Iran v Guinea 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 20 : 00 Iran 3 -- 1 Guinea Sayyad 59 ' Sharifi 70 ' ( pen . ) Karimi 90 ' Report Touré 90 + 1 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 12,329 Referee : José Argote ( Venezuela ) Costa Rica v Guinea 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 17 : 00 Costa Rica 2 -- 2 Guinea Jarquin 26 ' Gómez 67 ' Report Touré 30 ' I. Soumah 81 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 6,717 Referee : Bobby Madden ( Scotland ) Iran v Germany 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 20 : 00 Iran 4 -- 0 Germany Delfi 6 ' , 42 ' Sayyad 49 ' Namdari 75 ' Report Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 8,267 Referee : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Costa Rica v Iran 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 17 : 00 Costa Rica 0 -- 3 Iran Report Ghobeishavi 25 ' ( pen . ) Shariati 29 ' ( pen . ) Sardari 89 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 8,549 Referee : Hamada Nampiandraza ( Madagascar ) Guinea v Germany 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 17 : 00 Guinea 1 -- 3 Germany I. Soumah 26 ' Report Arp 8 ' Kühn 62 ' Cetin 90 + 2 ' ( pen . ) Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 9,250 Referee : John Pitti ( Panama ) Group D ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil 0 0 6 + 5 9 Knockout stage Spain 0 7 + 5 6 Niger 0 6 − 5 North Korea 0 0 0 5 − 5 0 Source : FIFA Brazil v Spain 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 17 : 00 Brazil 2 -- 1 Spain Lincoln 25 ' Paulinho 45 + 1 ' Report Wesley 5 ' ( o.g. ) Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 21,362 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) North Korea v Niger 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 20 : 00 North Korea 0 -- 1 Niger Report Abdourahmane 59 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 2,754 Referee : Abdelkader Zitouni ( Tahiti ) Spain v Niger 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 17 : 00 Spain 4 -- 0 Niger A. Ruiz 21 ' , 41 ' César 45 + 1 ' Gómez 82 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 7,926 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) North Korea v Brazil 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 20 : 00 North Korea 0 -- 2 Brazil Report Lincoln 56 ' Paulinho 61 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 15,314 Referee : Slavko Vinčić ( Slovenia ) Spain v North Korea 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 20 : 00 Spain 2 -- 0 North Korea Moha 4 ' César 71 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 14,544 Referee : José Argote ( Venezuela ) Niger v Brazil 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 20 : 00 Niger 0 -- 2 Brazil Report Lincoln 4 ' Brenner 34 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 15,830 Referee : Bobby Madden ( Scotland ) Group E ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification France 0 0 14 + 11 9 Knockout stage Japan 8 + 4 Honduras 0 7 11 − 4 New Caledonia 0 13 − 11 Source : FIFA New Caledonia v France 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 17 : 00 New Caledonia 1 -- 7 France Wadenges 90 ' Report Iwa 5 ' ( o.g. ) Gouiri 19 ' , 33 ' Gomes 30 ' Caqueret 40 ' Wanesse 43 ' ( o.g. ) Isidor 90 + 1 ' Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 12,640 Referee : Hamada Nampiandraza ( Madagascar ) Honduras v Japan 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 20 : 00 Honduras 1 -- 6 Japan Palacios 36 ' Report Nakamura 22 ' , 30 ' , 43 ' Kubo 45 ' Miyashiro 51 ' Suzuki 90 ' Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 13,285 Referee : Anthony Taylor ( England ) France v Japan 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 17 : 00 France 2 -- 1 Japan Gouiri 13 ' , 71 ' Report Miyashiro 73 ' ( pen . ) Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 9,575 Referee : Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Honduras v New Caledonia 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 20 : 00 Honduras 5 -- 0 New Caledonia Mejía 25 ' , 42 ' Canales 27 ' Palacios 51 ' , 88 ' Report Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 11,002 Referee : Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) France v Honduras 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 17 : 00 France 5 -- 1 Honduras Isidor 14 ' Flips 23 ' , 64 ' Gouiri 86 ' Adli 90 + 6 ' Report Mejía 10 ' Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 12,831 Referee : Muhammad Taqi ( Singapore ) Japan v New Caledonia 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 17 : 00 Japan 1 -- 1 New Caledonia Nakamura 7 ' Report Jeno 83 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 44,665 Referee : Esther Staubli ( Switzerland ) Group F ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification England 0 0 11 + 9 9 Knockout stage Iraq 5 − 1 Mexico 0 − 1 Chile 0 0 7 − 7 Source : FIFA Chile v England 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 17 : 00 Chile 0 -- 4 England Report Hudson - Odoi 5 ' Sancho 51 ' , 60 ' Gomes 81 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 46,154 Referee : Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Iraq v Mexico 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 20 : 00 Iraq 1 -- 1 Mexico Dawood 16 ' Report De la Rosa 51 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 55,800 Referee : Ovidiu Hațegan ( Romania ) England v Mexico 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 17 : 00 England 3 -- 2 Mexico Brewster 39 ' Foden 48 ' Sancho 55 ' ( pen . ) Report Lainez 65 ' , 72 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 48,620 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Iraq v Chile 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 20 : 00 Iraq 3 -- 0 Chile Dawood 6 ' , 68 ' D. Valencia 81 ' ( o.g. ) Report Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 50,286 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) England v Iraq 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 20 : 00 England 4 -- 0 Iraq Gomes 11 ' Smith - Rowe 57 ' Loader 59 ' , 71 ' Report Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 56,372 Referee : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Mexico v Chile 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 20 : 00 Mexico 0 -- 0 Chile Report Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 15,794 Referee : Slavko Vinčić ( Slovenia ) Ranking of third - placed teams ( edit ) The four best teams among those ranked third are determined as follows ( regulations Article 17.7 ) : points obtained in all group matches ; goal difference in all group matches ; number of goals scored in all group matches ; fair play points ; drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee . Pos Grp Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification United States 0 5 + 2 6 Knockout stage Honduras 0 7 11 − 4 Niger 0 6 − 5 Mexico 0 − 1 5 New Zealand 0 8 − 4 6 Guinea 0 8 − 4 Source : FIFA Notes : ^ Jump up to : Ranked by disciplinary points ( New Zealand : -- 6 pts ; Guinea : -- 9 pts ) . Combinations of matches in the Round of 16 The specific match - ups involving the third - placed teams depend on which four third - placed teams qualified for the round of 16 : Combination according to the four qualified teams Third - placed teams qualify from groups 1A vs 1B vs 1C vs 1D vs 3C 3D 3A 3B 3C 3A 3B 3E 3C 3A 3B 3F 3D 3A 3B 3E 3D 3A 3B 3F 3E 3A 3B 3F 3C 3D 3A 3E 3C 3D 3A 3F 3C 3A 3F 3E 3D 3A 3F 3E 3C 3D 3B 3E 3C 3D 3B 3F 3E 3C 3B 3F 3E 3D 3B 3F 3C 3D 3F 3E Knockout stage ( edit ) In the knockout stages , if a match is level at the end of normal playing time , no extra time shall be played and the winner shall be determined by a penalty shoot - out . Bracket ( edit ) Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 16 October -- New Delhi Colombia 0 22 October -- Kolkata Germany Germany 18 October -- Kochi Brazil Brazil 25 October -- Kolkata Honduras 0 Brazil 16 October -- New Delhi England Paraguay 0 21 October -- Margao United States 5 United States 17 October -- Kolkata England England ( pen . ) 0 ( 5 ) 28 October -- Kolkata Japan 0 ( 3 ) England 5 17 October -- Margao Spain Mali 5 21 October -- Guwahati Iraq Mali 18 October -- New Mumbai Ghana Ghana 25 October -- New Mumbai Niger 0 Mali 17 October -- Guwahati Spain Third place play - off France 22 October -- Kochi 28 October -- Kolkata Spain Spain Brazil 17 October -- Margao Iran Mali 0 Iran Mexico Round of 16 ( edit ) Colombia v Germany 16 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 17 : 00 Colombia 0 -- 4 Germany Report Arp 7 ' , 65 ' Bisseck 39 ' Yeboah 49 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 19,477 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Paraguay v United States 16 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 20 : 00 Paraguay 0 -- 5 United States Report Weah 19 ' , 53 ' , 77 ' Carleton 63 ' Sargent 74 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 34,895 Referee : Ovidiu Hațegan ( Romania ) Iran v Mexico 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 17 : 00 Iran 2 -- 1 Mexico Sharifi 7 ' ( pen . ) Sayyad 11 ' Report De la Rosa 37 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 5,529 Referee : Anthony Taylor ( England ) France v Spain 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 17 : 00 France 1 -- 2 Spain Pintor 34 ' Report Miranda 44 ' A. Ruiz 90 ' ( pen . ) Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 13,316 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) England v Japan 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 20 : 00 England 0 -- 0 Japan Report Penalties Brewster Hudson - Odoi Foden Anderson Kirby 5 -- 3 Sugawara Miyashiro Kida Kozuki Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 53,302 Referee : José Argote ( Venezuela ) Mali v Iraq 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 20 : 00 Mali 5 -- 1 Iraq Dramé 25 ' Ndiaye 33 ' , 90 + 4 ' Konaté 73 ' S. Camara 87 ' Report Kareem 85 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 9,240 Referee : Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) Ghana v Niger 18 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 17 : 00 Ghana 2 -- 0 Niger Ayiah 45 + 4 ' ( pen . ) Danso 90 ' Report DY Patil Stadium , New Mumbai Attendance : 21,286 Referee : Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Brazil v Honduras 18 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 20 : 00 Brazil 3 -- 0 Honduras Brenner 11 ' , 56 ' Marcos Antônio 44 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Cochin Attendance : 20,668 Referee : Bamlak Tessema Weyesa ( Ethiopia ) Quarter - finals ( edit ) Mali v Ghana 21 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) 17 : 00 Mali 2 -- 1 Ghana Dramé 15 ' D. Traoré 61 ' Report Mohammed K. 70 ' ( pen . ) Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 3,706 Referee : Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) United States v England 21 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) 20 : 00 United States 1 -- 4 England Sargent 72 ' Report Brewster 11 ' , 14 ' , 90 + 6 ' ( pen . ) Gibbs - White 64 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 16,148 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) Spain v Iran 22 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 17 : 00 Spain 3 -- 1 Iran A. Ruiz 13 ' Gómez 60 ' Ferrán 67 ' Report Karimi 69 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Cochin Attendance : 28,436 Referee : Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Germany v Brazil 22 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 20 : 00 Germany 1 -- 2 Brazil Arp 21 ' ( pen . ) Report Weverson 71 ' Paulinho 77 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 66,613 Referee : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Semi-finals ( edit ) Brazil v England 25 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 17 : 00 Brazil 1 -- 3 England Wesley 21 ' Report Brewster 10 ' , 39 ' , 77 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 63,881 Referee : Ovidiu Hațegan ( Romania ) Mali v Spain 25 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 20 : 00 Mali 1 -- 3 Spain N'Diaye 74 ' Report A. Ruiz 19 ' ( pen . ) , 43 ' Ferrán 71 ' DY Patil Stadium , New Mumbai Attendance : 37,847 Referee : Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Third place play - off ( edit ) Brazil v Mali 28 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 28 ) 17 : 00 Brazil 2 -- 0 Mali Alan Souza 55 ' Yuri Alberto 88 ' Report Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 56,422 Referee : Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) Final ( edit ) England v Spain 28 October 2017 20 : 00 England 5 -- 2 Spain Brewster 44 ' Gibbs - White 58 ' Foden 69 ' , 88 ' Guehi 84 ' Report S. Gómez 10 ' , 31 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 66,684 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) Awards ( edit ) The following awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament . Golden Ball Silver Ball Bronze Ball Phil Foden Sergio Gomez Rhian Brewster Golden Boot Silver Boot Bronze Boot Rhian Brewster Lassana N'Diaye Abel Ruiz 8 goals 6 goals 6 goals Golden Glove Gabriel Brazão FIFA Fair Play Award Brazil Final ranking ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . 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( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rank Team Pld GF GA GD Pts England 7 6 0 23 6 + 17 19 Spain 7 5 0 17 10 + 7 15 Brazil 7 6 0 14 5 + 9 18 Mali 7 0 16 11 + 5 12 Eliminated in the quarter - finals 5 Iran 5 0 13 5 + 8 12 6 Ghana 5 0 8 + 5 9 7 United States 5 0 11 7 + 4 9 8 Germany 5 0 10 8 + 2 9 Eliminated in the Round of 16 9 France 0 15 5 + 10 9 10 Paraguay 0 10 10 0 9 11 Colombia 0 5 7 − 2 6 12 Japan 8 + 4 5 13 Iraq 5 10 − 5 14 Honduras 0 7 14 − 7 15 Niger 0 8 − 7 16 Mexico 0 6 − 2 Eliminated at the group stage 17 Guinea 0 8 − 4 New Zealand 0 8 − 4 19 Costa Rica 0 7 − 4 20 Turkey 0 7 − 5 21 Chile 0 0 7 − 7 22 New Caledonia 0 13 − 11 23 North Korea 0 0 0 5 − 5 0 24 India 0 0 9 − 8 0 Goalscorers ( edit ) 8 goals Rhian Brewster 6 goals Lassana N'Diaye Abel Ruiz 5 goals Amine Gouiri Jann - Fiete Arp 4 goals Keito Nakamura Sergio Gómez Martín 3 goals Brenner Lincoln Paulinho Juan Peñaloza Phil Foden Jadon Sancho Eric Ayiah Carlos Adonys Mejía Patrick Palacios Allahyar Sayyad Mohammed Dawood Yaseen Hadji Dramé Djemoussa Traoré Josh Sargent Timothy Weah 2 goals Andrés Gómez Morgan Gibbs - White Angel Gomes Danny Loader Alexis Flips Wilson Isidor Richard Danso Ibrahima Soumah Fandje Touré Younes Delfi Saeid Karimi Mohammad Sharifi Taishei Miyashiro Fode Konaté Diego Lainez Roberto de la Rosa Antonio Galeano Alan Francisco Rodríguez Aníbal Vega César Gelabert Ferrán Torres Andrew Carleton 1 goal Alan Souza Yuri Alberto Marcos Antônio Wesley Weverson Déiber Caicedo Juan Vidal Yecxy Jarquin Callum Hudson - Odoi Emile Smith - Rowe Marc Guehi Yacine Adli Claudio Gomes Maxence Caqueret Lenny Pintor Noah Awuku Yann Aurel Bisseck Sahverdi Cetin Nicolas Kühn John Yeboah Sadiq Ibrahim Mohammed Kudus Emmanuel Toku Joshua Canales Jeakson Singh Thounaojam Mohammad Ghobeishavi Vahid Namdari Mohammad Sardari Taha Shariati Ali Kareem Takefusa Kubo Tochi Suzuki Seme Camara Salam Giddou Cameron Wadenges Jekob Jeno Max Mata Charles Spragg Salim Abdourahmane Blas Armoa Giovanni Bogado Fernando David Cardozo Leonardo Sánchez Cohener Juan Miranda Mohamed Moukhliss Keren Kesgin Ahmed Kutucu George Acosta Ayo Akinola Chris Durkin 1 own goal Wesley ( playing against Spain ) Diego Valencia ( playing against Iraq ) Bernard Iwa ( playing against France ) Kiam Wanesse ( playing against France ) 2 own goals Alexis Duarte ( playing against New Zealand ) Source : FIFA Broadcasting ( edit ) FIFA released the media licensing rights for the U-17 World Cup on 21 September 2017 . In India , the official broadcaster is Sony TEN and Sony ESPN . In the United States , the tournament is being broadcast on Fox Sports 2 while the United Kingdom has the tournament broadcast on Eurosport . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The venue of the first semi-final was moved to Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata , following assessment of the pitch conditions of the original venue , Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati , which had been affected by severe rainfall . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` England Under - 17s overwhelm Spain to land spectacular World Cup win '' . Guardian . 28 October 2017 . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` England double up by winning U17 World Cup '' . UEFA.com. 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` England win U17 World Cup : Young Lions fight back to beat Spain in final '' . BBC Sport. 28 October 2017 . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.sportskeeda.com/amp/football/fifa-u17-world-cup-india-2017-official-match-ball-krasava-by-adidas-is-a-work-of-art.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Bidding process opened for five FIFA competitions in 2016 and 2017 '' . FIFA. 17 April 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Executive Committee fully backs resolution on the fight against racism and discrimination '' . FIFA. 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official : India to host U-17 World Cup in 2017 '' . Goal.com. 5 December 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` At the FIFA U-17 World Cup , an Indian style of football will finally kick off on the global stage '' . Economic Times . 16 September 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Easwar , Nisanth ( 27 September 2017 ) . `` How did the teams fare in their first FIFA U-17 World Cup appearance '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Niger Republic U17 3 -- 1 Nigeria U17 : Golden Eaglets crash out of U17 Afcon '' . Goal.com. 20 August 2016 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA executive vows to improve governance and boost female participation in football '' . FIFA.com. 25 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA U-17 World Cup 2017 : An interactive look at the facelifts the six stadiums have received '' . FirstPost. 28 September 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Infrastructure ready for FIFA U-17 World Cup ' '' . The Hindu . 17 February 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Emblem launched for FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 '' . FIFA. 27 September 2016 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fifa U-17 World Cup 2017 : Carles Puyol kicks off ticket sales , honours Mohun Bagan icon '' . FirstPost. 16 May 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tickets for India 2017 now available '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India could shatter Under 17 World Cup attendance record - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 WC in India becomes most attended in event 's history '' . Jump up ^ Vikraman , Deepak . `` India to Host 2017 U-17 FIFA World Cup '' . IBTimes . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Under - 17 World Cup schedule clashes with ISL , FIFA not ready to alter '' . Indian Express . 29 May 2015 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India 2017 continues to take shape '' . FIFA. 27 October 2016 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Stats '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . ^ Jump up to : `` Relive the India 2017 draw with FIFA.com '' . FIFA. 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Draw procedures '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Match Officials '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA U-17 World Cup : When is the last date for teams to submit final squads '' . Goal.com. 15 August 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Talented youngsters set for Indian odyssey '' . FIFA.com. 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 -- List of Players '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations -- FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Match Schedule FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup semi-final match to take place in Kolkata '' . FIFA.com. 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ http://refereesfifa.blogspot.fr/2017/10/2017-fifa-u-17-world-cup-3-rd-place_29.html Jump up ^ http://refereesfifa.blogspot.fr/2017/10/2017-fifa-u-17-world-cup-final.html Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 -- Awards '' . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 Media Rights Licenses '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide : Date , time and where to get your football fix '' . Goal.com. 30 September 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Under - 17 World Cup : Fixtures , teams , TV & guide to India 2017 '' . Goal.com. 30 September 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup on FIFA website FIFA U-16 World Championship / U-17 World Cup Tournaments China 1985 Canada 1987 Scotland 1989 Italy 1991 Japan 1993 Ecuador 1995 Egypt 1997 New Zealand 1999 Trinidad and Tobago 2001 Finland 2003 Peru 2005 South Korea 2007 Nigeria 2009 Mexico 2011 UAE 2013 Chile 2015 India 2017 TBA 2019 Qualification AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Squads 1985 1991 1995 1999 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 Team appearances Records and statistics 2017 -- 18 in Indian football `` 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 '' National teams Men Senior ( 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification ) U23 ( U-23 Championship qualification ) U20 ( 2017 SAFF U-19 Championship and U-19 Championship qualification ) U17 ( World Cup and U-16 Championship qualification ) Women Senior ( 2018 AFC Women 's Asian Cup qualification ) U19 League competitions First division Indian Super League I - League Second division I - League 2nd Division Final Round State leagues Assam Goa Karnataka ( Bengaluru ) Kerala Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Maharashtra ( Mumbai ) Punjab Uttarakhand West Bengal ( Kolkata ) Women Indian Women 's League ( Preliminary round ) Youth Youth League U18 Club seasons Indian Super League ATK Bengaluru FC Chennaiyin Delhi Dynamos Goa Jamshedpur FC Kerala Blasters Mumbai City NorthEast United Pune City I - League Aizawl East Bengal Indian Arrows Mohun Bagan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_FIFA_U-17_World_Cup&oldid=818439966 '' Categories : 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup 2017 in youth association football 2017 -- 18 in Indian football FIFA U-17 World Cup tournaments International association football competitions hosted by India October 2017 sports events in Asia Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use dmy dates from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 15 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which country's team has won the 2017 fifa under 17 worldcup | [
"\n2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup\n\n२०१७ फीफा अंडर - १७ विश्व कप\n\n\n\n\n\nTournament details\n\n\nHost country\nIndia\n\n\nDates\n6–28 October\n\n\nTeams\n24 (from 6 confederations)\n\n\nVenue(s)\n6 (in 6 host cities)\n\n\nFinal positions\n\n\nChampions\n England (1st title)\n\n\nRunners-up\n Spain\n\n\nThird place\n Brazil\n\n\nFourth place\n Mali\n\n\nTournament statistics\n\n\nMatches played\n52\n\n\nGoals scored\n183 (3.52 per match)\n\n\nAttendance\n1,347,133 (25,906 per match)\n\n\nTop scorer(s)\n Rhian Brewster (8 goals)\n\n\nBest player\n Phil Foden\n\n\nBest goalkeeper\n Gabriel Brazão\n\n\nFair play award\n Brazil\n\n\n\n← 2015\n2019 →\n\n\n"
] | [
"England"
] |
-6975235295712714864 | The Flash (season 4) | The Flash ( season 4 ) - wikipedia The Flash ( season 4 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Flash ( season 4 ) Promotional poster Starring Grant Gustin Candice Patton Danielle Panabaker Carlos Valdes Keiynan Lonsdale Neil Sandilands Tom Cavanagh Jesse L. Martin Country of origin United States No. of episodes 9 Release Original network The CW Original release October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 List of The Flash episodes The fourth season of the American television series The Flash , which is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash , follows a crime scene investigator with superhuman speed who fights criminals , including others who have also gained superhuman abilities . It is set in the Arrowverse , sharing continuity with the other television series of the universe , and is a spin - off of Arrow . The season is produced by Berlanti Productions , Warner Bros. Television , and DC Entertainment , with Andrew Kreisberg and Todd Helbing serving as showrunners . The season was ordered in January 2017 , and filming began that July . Grant Gustin stars as Barry , with principal cast members Candice Patton , Danielle Panabaker , Carlos Valdes , Keiynan Lonsdale , Tom Cavanagh , and Jesse L. Martin also returning from previous seasons , and are joined by Neil Sandilands . The fourth season began airing on October 10 , 2017 , on The CW . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 3.6 Arrowverse tie - ins 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Marketing 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Flash episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 70 `` The Flash Reborn '' Glen Winter Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Todd Helbing & Eric Wallace October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) T27. 13401 2.84 Iris has been aiding Team Flash in Central City for six months , but refusing to grieve Barry . A flying Samurai with superpowers appears in Central City , threatening to destroy the city if the real Flash does not face him . Cisco reveals he has formulated a way to bring back Barry without destabilizing the Speed Force , and tracks down Caitlin for help . Against Iris ' direction , Team Flash successfully returns Barry , who appears rambling random statements and continually writing symbols on walls . Wally engages the Samurai , but is defeated . Cisco deciphers Barry 's writings and finds an apparently meaningless sentence . In an attempt to recover Barry 's memories , Iris gives herself up to the Samurai . The plan works and Barry speeds away , rescuing Iris and defeating the Samurai , who is revealed to be a robot . Caitlin rejoins Team Flash , but is revealed to have been working for a mobster called Amunet at the bar , while also continuing to prevent the Killer Frost personality from emerging . The `` Samuroid '' is revealed to have been controlled by the Thinker , whose plan was to draw out the Flash for his next schemes . 71 `` Mixed Signals '' Alexandra La Roche Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) T27. 13402 2.54 When Barry , Joe , and Cisco report to a crime scene , they discover remnants of a mysterious code . Cisco presents Barry with a technologically advanced suit , intended to facilitate his activities . He tests it out , trying to save someone from a haywire car , caused by metahuman Ramsey Deacon . Gypsy arrives on Earth - 1 for a date with Cisco , who is forced to cancel it so as to focus on Deacon . Acting on a suggestion from Caitlin , Iris signs her and Barry up for couples therapy to sort out their relationship . Deacon kidnaps a witness , who was previously a member of a tech team who sold him out of his idea . Barry and Wally go to save him , but Deacon uses his abilities to send Barry 's suit haywire . On Iris 's instructions , Barry throws lightning at himself , shorting out his suit . He then incapacitates Deacon , who is locked up in the meta wing of Iron Heights , revealed to be part of the Thinker 's plan . Cisco finally goes out with Gypsy . Wondering how Deacon gained his powers being absent during the particle accelerator incident , Barry and Joe learn from Deacon that there are `` others '' . 72 `` Luck Be a Lady '' Armen V. Kevorkian Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) T27. 13403 2.62 In flashbacks , the Thinker observes Becky Sharpe , a woman with seemingly unending bad luck , and determines that she will be easily manipulated . In the present , Becky robs a bank , and gets away when Barry slips on marbles . Harry arrives from Earth - 2 , and tells Wally that Jesse has decided to break up in order to focus on her vigilantism . Cisco deduces that Becky is a metahuman with the power of favorable luck while inducing misfortune to others . Barry realizes that the portal he used to escape the Speed Force exposed an entire busload of people , including Becky and Deacon , to transformative dark matter . Harry informs Cisco that Jesse has expelled him from her crime - fighting team due to his attitude . Becky 's powers expand out of control , reactivating the particle accelerator , which Harry deliberately allows , nullifying Becky 's powers and leading to her incarceration . Cisco and Harry identify twelve new metahumans created on the bus , and the latter suspects that an unknown party has manipulated events surrounding Barry 's return . Wally decides to leave on a journey to find himself . The Thinker is revealed to be spying on S.T.A.R. Labs through the `` Samuroid '' helmet . Joe learns Cecile is pregnant . 73 `` Elongated Journey Into Night '' Tom Cavanagh Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) T27. 13404 1.99 Gypsy 's father , Breacher , attacks Cisco , vowing to hunt and kill him in 24 hours , allowing the romance should he survive . Team Flash learns that the bus driver was murdered and tracks down another passenger , Ralph Dibny , former corrupt CCPD detective exposed by Barry and currently an infamous private investigator . As two thugs attack Dibny , he is revealed to have the power to stretch . Caitlin stabilizes his powers with a serum . The team learns that Ralph has been blackmailing Mayor Bellows for adultery , with the latter revealed to have hired the thugs . Barry confronts Ralph for his actions while the latter scolds him , claiming to have been a `` good cop '' . He later stops blackmailing Bellows , who still attempts to kill him while Breacher mistakes the former for a Plastoid , the species that invaded Earth - 19 previously , and attacks him . Cisco intervenes and saves Ralph , whom Barry , having revealed his alter - ego , convinces to help arrest an escaping Bellows . Admiring Cisco 's gallantry , Breacher allows the relationship . Barry recruits Ralph for Team Flash and learns that someone named DeVoe instructed Ralph to watch Bellows . Barry remembers that Abra Kadabra and Savitar both mentioned DeVoe . Meanwhile , Caitlin finds a message on her apartment door . 74 5 `` Girls Night Out '' Laura Belsey Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) T27. 13405 2.38 While failing to track DeVoe , Team Flash is visited by Felicity , who joins Iris 's bachelorette party . Mocking Cisco 's plans for Barry 's bachelor party , Ralph takes the men to a strip club , where they learn that Cecile 's daughter , Joanie , is working . Joe confronts her , who states she is only doing feminist research . Ralph incites a brawl , leading to the men 's arrest until Harry posts bail . Meanwhile , Amunet 's enforcer , Norvock , demands Caitlin 's return and attacks the women when she refuses . Killer Frost emerges and repels him , later telling Iris that Caitlin accepted Amunet 's employment in exchange for the means to control Frost . Learning that Amunet is holding a metahuman she calls `` the Weeper '' , whose tears are a strong narcotic , prisoner and intends to sell him , Iris 's party decides to stop her . Though Caitlin refuses to join , she attacks Amunet when seeing her friends in danger . Using a strong magnet , the team robs Amunet 's metal shards , leaving her powerless . Iris dissuades Frost from killing Amunet , who promises revenge . Both parties refuse to tell each other about their adventures . Iris asks Caitlin to be her maid of honor while Joe convinces Joanie to tell Cecile about her research . DeVoe captures the Weeper . 75 6 `` When Harry Met Harry ... '' Brent Crowell Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) T27. 13406 2.46 Barry trains Ralph to use his abilities , with Cisco making a stretchable suit for him . Another bus metahuman , a Lakota Sioux Native named Mina Chayton , who can animate statues , starts attacking Central City & stealing pieces of a Black Bison necklace , which she claims belongs to her tribe . When Barry and Ralph catch up to her , she attacks Barry with a caveman statue and attempts a getaway . Ralph chooses to stop her , but a little girl is injured in the process . Ralph regrets his actions , but is comforted by Barry . Chayton escapes CCPD , going after the last necklace piece held at the museum . When Barry and Ralph confront her , she brings a dinosaur skeleton to life . Barry arrests Chayton while Ralph saves a security guard from the skeleton . Later , Ralph reveals he mailed the necklace back to Chayton 's tribe , before visiting the little girl in the hospital , using his abilities to entertain her . Meanwhile , Harry , trying to make friends , works with his doppelgangers of alternate Earths , The Council of Wells . They figure out that DeVoe is a man named Clifford DeVoe . Barry and Joe head to DeVoe 's house , to find that he is a middle - aged man in a wheelchair . 76 7 `` Therefore I Am '' David McWhirter Eric Wallace & Thomas Pound November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) T27. 13407 2.20 Barry and Joe interrogate DeVoe and his wife to try and get more information . In flashbacks , DeVoe and his wife build a thinking cap to improve his brain capacity , powering it through the particle accelerator explosion . DeVoe 's increased brain power accelerates his amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , forcing his wife to build him a special chair to keep him alive . Barry discovers the camera in the Samuroid head and confronts DeVoe , who reveals his true identity , leading to Cisco dubbing him `` The Thinker '' . Wally returns to Team Flash from Blue Valley . 77 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 3 '' Dermott Downs Story by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Todd Helbing November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) T27. 13408 2.82 Barry , Oliver , Sara , Alex , Martin and Jax wake up in a Nazi concentration camp on Earth - X , with power dampening handcuffs . The leader of the concentration camp is revealed to be the Earth - X doppelgänger of Quentin Lance , who takes them away for execution , before they are saved by Citizen Cold ( the Earth - X doppelgänger of Leonard Snart ) . Snart takes them to a resistance bunker , where the team meets fellow resistance fighters Ray Terrill and General Schott ( Winn Schott 's Earth - X doppelgänger ) . It is revealed the only way back to Earth - 1 is through a temporal gateway in a Nazi facility , which Winn plans to blow up to strand Dark Arrow ( Oliver 's Earth - X doppelgänger ) on Earth - 1 . Oliver disguises himself as Dark Arrow to infiltrate the facility , discovers the Nazi 's doomsday device against parallel Earths is a militarized timeship called Wellenreiter , and saves a prisoner ( who is Felicity 's Earth - X doppelgänger ) from Quentin . Barry and Ray battle the Earth - X Red Tornado , while the rest of the team enters the facility . In attempting to reactivate the gateway 's portal , Stein is shot and gravely wounded . Back on Earth - 1 , Thawne prepares to perform surgery on Kara to save Overgirl at S.T.A.R. Labs . Felicity and Iris try to stop him , but are captured . This episode continues a crossover event that begins on Supergirl season 3 episode 8 and Arrow season 6 episode 8 , and concludes on Legends of Tomorrow season 3 episode 8 . 78 9 `` Do n't Run '' Stefan Pleszczynski Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) T27. 13409 2.22 While out Christmas shopping , Barry is ambushed and kidnapped by DeVoe while Caitlin is kidnapped from Jitters by Amunet . Iris claims they have to look for both of them , despite Wells ' claim that they have insufficient time and resources and that they can only afford to search for one . Barry is held in DeVoe 's lair . Caitlin is forced by Amunet to perform surgery on a metahuman named Dominic Lanse , who can read minds . They try to escape , but Amunet blocks their exit . Caitlin manages to briefly incapacitate Amunet , and she and Dominic flee the building they are being held in . Once outside , they are rescued by Cisco and Ralph , as Iris has chosen to focus on finding Caitlin . Barry manages to escape from DeVoe . Team Flash celebrates Christmas at the West house and Dominic joins them . Barry gets a security alert from his apartment . When he arrives , he receives a phone call from Dominic , who reveals that Amunet re-kidnapped Dominic and DeVoe has transferred his consciousness into Dominic 's body . Barry discovers DeVoe 's original body dead on his apartment floor and he realizes DeVoe has framed him for his `` murder '' ; the police arrive , and Barry lets himself get arrested , not wanting to leave Iris again . 79 10 `` The Trial of The Flash '' TBA TBA January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) TBA TBD Kevin Smith will direct an episode of the season . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Flash characters Main ( edit ) Grant Gustin as Barry Allen / Flash Candice Patton as Iris West Danielle Panabaker as Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost Carlos Valdes as Cisco Ramon / Vibe Keiynan Lonsdale as Wally West / Kid Flash Neil Sandilands as Clifford DeVoe / Thinker Tom Cavanagh as Harrison `` Harry '' Wells Jesse L. Martin as Joe West Recurring ( edit ) Danielle Nicolet as Cecile Horton Kim Engelbrecht as Marlize DeVoe / Mechanic Jessica Camacho as Cynthia / Gypsy Richard Brooks as Gregory Wolfe Hartley Sawyer as Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man Katee Sackhoff as Amunet Black / Blacksmith Guest ( edit ) Britne Oldford as Shawna Baez / Peek - a-Boo Mark Sweatman as Norvok Patrick Sabongui as David Singh Dominic Burgess as Ramsey Deacon / Kilg % re Donna Pescow as Sharon Finkle Sugar Lyn Beard as Rebecca Sharpe / Hazard Chelsea Kurtz as Mina Chayton / Black Bison Violett Beane as Jesse Chambers Wells / Jesse Quick Danny Trejo as Josh / Breacher Emily Bett Rickards as Felicity Smoak Riley Jade Berglund as Joanie Matt Afonso as Weeper Stephen Amell as Oliver Queen / Green Arrow and Dark Arrow Victor Garber as Martin Stein / Firestorm Caity Lotz as Sara Lance / White Canary Chyler Leigh as Alex Danvers Franz Drameh as Jefferson Jackson / Firestorm Paul Blackthorne as Quentin Lance / Sturmbannführer Jeremy Jordan as General Schott Juliana Harkavy as Dinah Drake / Black Canary Melissa Benoist as Kara Zor - El / Kara Danvers / Supergirl and Overgirl Wentworth Miller as Leonard Snart / Citizen Cold Russell Tovey as Ray Terrill / The Ray Frederick Schmidt voices Metallo - X Kendrick Sampson as Dominic Lanse / Brainstorm Anne Dudek as Tracy Brand Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The series was renewed for a fourth season on January 8 , 2017 , earlier than usual for the series . Executive producer Andrew Kreisberg said on this , `` The great thing about our dear friends at The CW and Mark Pedowitz picking the shows up as early as they did has allowed us to start building the schedules for next season . '' In May 2017 , it was announced that Aaron Helbing would not return as an executive producer for season four , with only Greg Berlanti , Andrew Kreisberg , Sarah Schechter , and Todd Helbing returning from previous seasons . Todd Helbing and Kreisberg were slated to serve as the season 's showrunners . In November 2017 , Kreisberg was suspended from his role as executive producer and showrunner on The Flash over allegations of sexual harassment . By the end of the month , he had been fired , with his name eventually being removed from the credits from all shows he worked on . In addition , Berlanti would take additional responsibilities working with Helbing to co-showrun the season . Writing ( edit ) The way I see it is , time is non-linear and everything is happening at once in the Speed Force . In some ways he 's had an awakening and he 's had a rebirth . Our first episode is called ' Reborn , ' and it is a rebirth for Barry , but he 's kind of scrambled , too , because he 's experienced so much so quick over the course of six months , even though for him it was an eternity . He 's not Barry when we see him for the first time . -- Grant Gustin on the rebirth of Barry in season four . In March 2017 , Kreisberg confirmed that the main villain for the fourth season would not be a speedster , like the previous three seasons . Executive producers Aaron and Todd Helbing also mentioned that there would be less time travel in the season , with Aaron saying , `` We like playing with the timelines and the different time periods and future and past . For now , I think we 're going to focus on the present . '' In June 2017 , Clifford DeVoe / Thinker was reported to be the main antagonist of the season . He was first hinted in the third season episode `` Abra Kadabra '' when the titular villain mentions him among the Flash 's greatest enemies , and again in the season finale `` Finish Line '' when Savitar mentions facing DeVoe but states that the Flash has not dealt with him yet . At the series ' San Diego Comic - Con panel , the speculation was confirmed , with Todd Helbing saying , `` With three Speedsters in a row , this year it 's the fastest man alive against the fastest mind alive . '' He added that the writers were `` making a conscious effort this year to get the fun quotient back up '' . Regarding the possibility of Wally West taking on the mantle of the Flash in Barry 's absence , Keiynan Lonsdale said that `` It 's not something that 's on my radar . I feel as though there is so much story to tell and Wally has so much growing to do ... We need to see how these character realistically get to where they are headed for . '' With the action picking up six months after season three , Kid Flash and Vibe are left to protect Central City , with Carlos Valdes saying `` the team is sort of clutching at straws to keep the city together , ... there is a unanimous feeling amongst the remaining members that it 's just not the same without Barry ... So in light of that , Cisco does whatever it takes to get his friends back . '' Valdes also confirmed the return of Cisco 's more lighthearted joking manner . Candice Patton explained Iris West 's larger role within Team Flash as `` a way of distracting herself , '' adding that `` ( Iris ) is forced to deal with that anger and resentment and abandonment by kind of focusing on protecting Central City ... We 're seeing a very different Iris , almost a very hardened Iris . '' Kreisberg also hinted at some major growth for Iris this season , and noted that `` the season premiere is all about Iris and Cisco , not Barry '' . In July 2017 , Sterling Gates , DC Comics comic book writer , joined as a member of the fourth season 's writing staff . At the Television Critics Association press tour in August 2017 , Pedowitz stated that the fourth season of The Flash is `` going to try to find the lightness ... of the Barry Allen of the first two seasons , '' and said that the show was likely `` done with Speedster villains '' . Later in the month , Kreisberg confirmed the return of Harry Wells from Earth - 2 , saying that `` season 4 for Harry is really realizing what he 's missing in his life and what it is he needs to become a better , more complete person , and so he 's going to be going on a fairly epic emotional journey this season that is tied to the Thinker 's plan , '' in addition to confirming the introduction of a new version of the Wells character . In September 2017 , Helbing noted `` There 's a lot of love in the air this season , '' and compared Barry and Iris ' reunion to `` somebody going off to war for six months and coming back . There 's a lot that Iris experienced that Barry did n't when he was gone , and it 's really ( about ) the fun and the emotional component of making up that time when they were n't together . '' Helbing also explained that the Speed Force `` let ( Barry ) deal with all of the baggage ( from the past three seasons ) . When he comes out , he 's sort of left that all behind . '' That month , Kreisberg also confirmed that Barry and Iris will be getting married this season , while also revealing that the pair will be going to couples therapy since `` ( they ) keep comically clashing inadvertently because ( both are ) used to being in charge , and so they wind up going ... to work through it . '' He added , `` The two of them with the therapist is some of the funniest stuff we have ever done on this show , but it also leads to a deepening of their relationship . '' Casting ( edit ) Main cast members Grant Gustin , Candice Patton , Danielle Panabaker , Carlos Valdes , Keiynan Lonsdale , Tom Cavanagh , and Jesse L. Martin return from previous seasons as Barry Allen / The Flash , Iris West , Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost , Cisco Ramon / Vibe , Wally West / Kid Flash , Harrison Wells , and Joe West , respectively . Cavanagh will portray Harry Wells from Earth - 2 at the start of the season , without ruling out the possibility of introducing another incarnation of the Wells character later on . Teasing the arrival of a new Harrison Wells , Cavanagh said , `` We 're going to start with Harry and then find a way , I think , to try and get a different version of Wells in there , be it some version of Harry or whatnot as the season 's gaps present themselves . '' Also returning from earlier in the series are Jessica Camacho as Gypsy , and Anne Dudek as Tracy Brand . Tom Felton , who joined the cast as Julian Albert in the third season , was revealed not to be returning to the series , although there is a possibility he could return if the storyline demanded it and Felton 's availability permits . Julian 's absence will be addressed `` pretty quickly -- there 's a reason why he 's no longer with the team , '' said Helbing . In the season premiere , Julian is revealed to have returned to London . Kreisberg also confirmed that he had put on hold the planned return of Violett Beane as Jesse Quick due to the high number of speedsters on the show , but did not rule out a possible return in the future . Beane eventually appeared as Jesse on the episode `` Luck Be a Lady '' . Britne Oldford , who previously appeared as Shawna Baez / Peek - a-Boo in the first season and the web series The Chronicles of Cisco , reprised her role in the season premiere . In July 2017 , Neil Sandilands was announced to be cast as Clifford DeVoe , a metahuman genius who embarks on a seasonlong battle with the Flash in order to fix all that he deems wrong with humanity ; while Kim Engelbrecht was announced as The Mechanic , Devoe 's right hand and a highly intelligent engineer who designs devices for him ; and Danny Trejo as Breacher , a bounty hunter from Earth - 19 and the father of Gypsy . Also in June , the series was looking to cast a role that `` should put the visual effects department to the test '' , with the role later revealed to be Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man , a metahuman with the ability to stretch his body to superhuman lengths and sizes . Hartley Sawyer was cast in the recurring role that July as the fast - talking private investigator who after discovering his abilities will help Team Flash solve one of Central City 's greatest mysteries . The character was previously mentioned in the first season , as one of the fourteen people who seemingly died as a result of the particle accelerator explosion . The next month , Katee Sackhoff was announced in the recurring role of Amunet Black / Blacksmith , who operates an underground black market of metahuman supervillains . Filming ( edit ) Filming for the season began on July 4 , 2017 , in Vancouver , British Columbia , and is set to conclude on April 21 , 2018 . Kevin Smith will return to direct an episode in January 2018 . Music ( edit ) In August 2017 , series composer Blake Neely and Nathaniel Blume began to compose the music for the fourth season . Arrowverse tie - ins ( edit ) In May 2017 , The CW president Mark Pedowitz officially announced plans for a four - show Arrowverse crossover event , crossing over episodes of the television series Supergirl , The Flash , Legends of Tomorrow , and Arrow . The crossover will begin with Supergirl and a special airing of Arrow on November 27 , 2017 , and conclude on The Flash and Legends of Tomorrow on November 28 . In August 2017 , Berlanti noted that it would be `` a big life event for a few different people '' that would bring them all together for the crossover , adding `` There are many life events that happen . '' Arrow actress Emily Bett Rickards appears as Felicity Smoak in the fifth episode of the season . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season began airing on October 10 , 2017 , on The CW in the United States , and on CTV in Canada . Marketing ( edit ) In July 2017 , cast from the series appeared at San Diego Comic - Con International to promote the season , where exclusive footage was shown . During the panel , a trailer for the season was shown , with James Whitbrook at io9 feeling that despite the `` grim '' tone , there was `` some fun signs of the team coming together to protect the city without ( Barry ) , ... Sprinkle in a few wacky things , like , say a goddamn Samuroid ripped straight from the comics , and ladies and gents , you 've got a good season of The Flash lined up . '' Ben Pearson with / Film felt seeing Iris West deal with the absence of Barry was `` a nice change of pace for that character '' , but anticipated that `` Barry ( would ) be back two or three episodes in at the latest . '' Collider.com 's Allison Keene also noted Iris `` getting an actual storyline '' with Barry gone , and similarly presumed that he `` ( would ) be back in the fold by the end of the first episode '' alike to Flashpoint in the third season . She added , `` There are some new foes , lots of action , plenty of tech -- it 's great ! '' Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Flash Reborn '' October 10 , 2017 1.1 / 4 2.84 0.7 1.92 1.8 4.77 `` Mixed Signals '' October 17 , 2017 0.9 / 4 2.54 0.8 1.82 1.7 4.36 `` Luck Be a Lady '' October 24 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.62 0.8 1.84 1.8 4.46 `` Elongated Journey Into Night '' October 31 , 2017 0.7 / 3 1.99 0.7 1.79 1.4 3.79 5 `` Girls Night Out '' November 7 , 2017 0.9 / 4 2.38 0.8 1.84 1.7 4.22 6 `` When Harry Met Harry ... '' November 14 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.46 0.7 1.83 1.7 4.29 7 `` Therefore I Am '' November 21 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.20 0.8 2.08 1.6 4.28 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 3 '' November 28 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.82 0.7 1.83 1.7 4.64 9 `` Do n't Run '' December 5 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.22 TBD TBD TBD TBD Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.36 / 10 based on 13 reviews . Reviewing the first two episodes of the season , Allison Keene writing for Collider.com , felt the premiere `` wipes the slate clean , fixing a lot of the issues that plagued the end of the last season , and setting up a much more toned - down storyline . Most importantly , it 's brought back some fun . '' She added that with a `` streamlined team , '' the core characters now have time to interact and have meaningful plot lines . On the second episode , Keene described it as `` truly a delight '' with the show taking `` the time to focus on character relationships , and not just romantic relationships '' and each character `` feeling like a refreshed version of themselves , with new narrative purpose '' . She also highlighted the setup of the Thinker `` as an Alchemy - like villain who manipulates evil metas into the Flash 's path as part of some kind of masterplan '' , saying `` The Flash is a series that truly works best as a procedural , with the team finding creative ways to bring down Villains of the Week . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice ' , ' Flash ' , ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Drum , Nicole ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Midseason Premiere Gets a Title '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sobon , Nicole ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Smith Wants To Direct Arrow , But Says He Wo n't Be Allowed To '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cave , Rob ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Releases Fall Season Synopses for Arrow , Flash , Supergirl & More '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Erao , Matthew ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Killer Frost Will Menace The Flash in Season 4 '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' : Neil Sandilands To Play The Thinker ; Danny Trejo & Kim Engelbrecht Also Cast -- Comic - Con '' . Deadline.com . 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Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Supergirl , Once Upon a Time , Defenders , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Renews The Flash , Supernatural , Crazy Ex and 4 Others '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` CW eyes true four - way superhero crossover next season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hurley , Laura ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Season 4 Is Making A Big Change Behind The Scenes '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Aaron Helbing Off the Flash in Season 4 '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Scoop : Season 4 Villain Is Exactly Who You Think It Is -- Cast Him ! '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ; Patten , Dominic ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Showrunner Andrew Kreisberg Suspended Over Sexual Harassment Allegations '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supergirl , ' ' Arrow ' Producer Suspended Amid Sexual Harassment Allegations by Warner Bros '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abram , Natalie ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash , Supergirl boss Andrew Kreisberg fired after sexual harassment allegations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . 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Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Autumn ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` Keiynan Lonsdale Talks Spoilers , New Music And Being An Introverted Extrovert '' . Newsweek . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Howard , Rachel ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Cast on Season 4 , Barry 's Return , and Killer Frost 's Future '' . Collider . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hatchett , Keisha ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` Candice Patton Teases a `` Very Hardened '' Iris in The Flash Season 4 `` . TV Guide . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holbrook , Damian ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Comic - Con 2017 : Your ' The Flash ' Burning Questions Answered '' . TV Insider . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . 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September 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Supergirl , Arrow , The Good Place and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Barry and Iris heading to couples therapy '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Star Tom Cavanagh Teases S4 's Harrison Wells '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Tom Felton not returning as series regular '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on Arrow , Lucifer , Flash , Supernatural , Gotham , # OneChicago , Elementary and More '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Review : Restoring Hope '' . Collider . October 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holbrook , Damian ( 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Behind the Scenes '' . TV Guide Comic - Con Special 2017 . p. 12 . With so many speedsters present in the season finale , executive producer Andrew Kreisberg decided to put a hold on Violett Beane 's planned return as Jesse Quick . `` But she has been such a great addition to the show , '' Kreisberg says . `` We 'll see what happens in Season 4 . '' Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on The Flash , Once , Lucifer , The Strain , Blindspot , Orphan Black , This Is Us and More ! '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash S4 Character Breakdown Reportedly Confirms Popular DC Hero '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash casts Hartley Sawyer as the Elongated Man '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash Season 4 Begins Filming ! '' . Fox8 . July 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC Production List '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blake Neely ( @ cowonthewall ) ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` # TheFlashSeason4 scoring has begun with co-composer @ nblumeathan . And you thought last season was fun . Here we go ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Plans New 4 - Series DC Crossover & What About Peak Superhero TV '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` CW sets two - night event for four - way superhero crossover '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` This Arrowverse Crossover Will Fully Take Place Across Every Show From Supergirl To Legends of Tomorrow '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Dynasty ' & ' Valor ' And Returning Series Returning Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CTV and CTV Two Fall 2017 Premiere Dates Announced # # # CTV is Home of Television 's Most - Anticipated Debuts of the Year '' . Bell Media . August 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Westworld ' Is Coming to Comic - Con ; WBTV Announces Full Line - Up '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitbrook , James ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` The New Flash Trailer Is All About Trying to Live in a World Without Barry Allen '' . io9 . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's a Round - Up of All of The DC Comics TV Show Trailers From Comic - Con '' . / Film . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Trailer Shows the Team Dealing with a Barry-less World '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash : Season 4 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Review : Restoring Hope '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . General references `` The Flash Season 4 Episode Guide '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . `` Shows A-Z -- The Flash on CW '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of The Flash episodes on IMDb List of The Flash season 4 episodes at TV.com The Flash Creators Gardner Fox Harry Lampert ( Jay Garrick ) Bob Kanigher Carmine Infantino John Broome ( Barry Allen ) John Broome Carmine Infantino ( Wally West ) Mark Waid Mike Wieringo ( Bart Allen ) The Flash Family The Flash Jay Garrick Barry Allen Wally West Bart Allen Kid Flash Wally West Bart Allen Iris West II Wally West II Associates Iris West Jesse Chambers Impulse Johnny Quick Max Mercury Linda Park Tornado Twins XS Supporting characters Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ) Green Lantern ( Kyle Rayner ) Elongated Man Más y Menos Tina McGee Valerie Perez Pied Piper Red Trinity David Singh Solovar Patty Spivot Winky , Blinky , and Noddy Enemies General Big Sir Doctor Alchemy Fiddler Godspeed Gorilla Grodd Peek - a-Boo Rag Doll Rainbow Raider Savitar Shade Thinker Turtle / Turtle Man T.O. Morrow Reverse - Flashes Rival ( Edward Clariss ) Professor Zoom ( Eobard Thawne ) Zoom ( Hunter Zolomon ) Rival ( Thaddeus Thawne ) Reverse - Flash ( Danny West ) The Rogues Abra Kadabra Captain Boomerang Captain Cold Golden Glider Heat Wave Mirror Master Pied Piper Top Trickster Weather Wizard Publications Flash Comics All - Flash Comic Cavalcade The Flash The Flash : Rebirth ( 2009 ) Flashpoint Flashpoint ( Elseworlds ) The Flash Chronicles Locations Blue Valley Central City ( Central City Police Department ) Flash Museum Gorilla City Iron Heights Penitentiary Keystone City S.T.A.R. 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'' `` Crisis on Earth - X '' Constantine Supergirl `` Worlds Finest '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Flash_(season_4)&oldid=816247575 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons The Flash ( 2014 TV series ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2017 Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 05 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is season 4 of the flash coming | [
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-5652769374212479804 | Chief technology officer | Chief technology officer - wikipedia Chief technology officer Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A chief technology officer ( CTO ) , sometimes known as a chief technical officer , is an executive - level position in a company or other entity whose occupation is focused on scientific and technological issues within an organization . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading Overview ( edit ) A Chief Technology Officer ( CTO ) , `` examines the short and long term needs of an organization , and utilizes capital to make investments designed to help the organization reach its objectives ... ( the CTO ) is the highest technology executive position within a company and leads the technology or engineering department '' . The role became prominent with the ascent of the information technology ( IT ) industry , but has since become prevalent in technology - based industries of all types -- including computer based technologies ( such as game developer , e-commerce , and social networking service ) and other / non-computer - focused technology ( such as biotech / pharma , defense , and automotive ) . In non-technical organizations as a corporate officer position , the CTO typically reports directly to the chief information officer ( CIO ) and is primarily concerned with long - term and `` big picture '' issues ( while still having deep technical knowledge of the relevant field ) . In technology - focused organizations , the CIO and CTO positions can be at the same level , with the CIO focused on the information technology and the CTO focused on the core company and other supporting technologies . Depending on company structure and hierarchy , there may also be positions such as director of R&D and vice president of engineering whom the CTO interacts with or oversees . The CTO also needs a working familiarity with regulatory ( e.g. U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Environmental Protection Agency , Consumer Product Safety Commission , as applicable ) and intellectual property ( IP ) issues ( e.g. patents , trade secrets , license contracts ) , and an ability to interface with legal counsel to incorporate those considerations into strategic planning and inter-company negotiations . In many older industries ( whose existence may predate IT automation ) such as manufacturing , shipping or banking , an executive role of the CTO would often arise out of the process of automating existing activities ; in these cases , any CTO - like role would only emerge if and when efforts would be made to develop truly novel technologies ( either for facilitating internal operations or for enhancing products / services being provided ) , perhaps through `` intrapreneuring '' . See also ( edit ) Chief innovation officer ( CINO ) or ( CTIO ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Smith , Roger D . The Chief Technology Officer : Strategic Responsibilities and Relationships . Jump up ^ Staff , Investopedia ( 2011 - 07 - 11 ) . `` Chief Technology Officer - CTO '' . Investopedia . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 12 . Further reading ( edit ) Pratt , Mary K . `` The CTO : IT 's Chameleon '' , Computerworld.com , 22 January 2007 Berray , Tom & Sampath , Raj ( 2002 ) `` The Role of the CTO , four models for success '' Medcof , John W. and Yousofpourfard , Haniyeh ( 2006 ) `` The CTO and Organizational Power and Influence '' , International Association for Management of Technology ( hide ) Corporate titles Chief officers Administrative Analytics Audit Brand Business Channel Commercial Chief communications Compliance Content Creative Data Design Digital Diversity Executive ( CEO ) Experience Financial Human resources Information Information security Innovation Investment Knowledge Learning Legal Marketing Medical Networking Operating Privacy Procurement Product Quality Research Restructuring Revenue Risk Science Security Strategy Sustainability Technology Visionary Web Senior executives Chairman Chief managing director Creative director Development director General counsel Executive director Non-executive director President Vice president Mid-level executives General manager Divisional manager Regional manager First - level executives Departmental manager Manager Related topics Board of directors Corporate governance Executive pay Senior management Supervisory board Talent management Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_technology_officer&oldid=826806754 '' Categories : American chief technologists Chief technology officers Corporate executives Management occupations Women chief technology officers Iranian chief technology officers Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 February 2018 , at 02 : 59 . About Wikipedia | role of a cto in an it company | [
"A chief technology officer (CTO), sometimes known as a chief technical officer, is an executive-level position in a company or other entity whose occupation is focused on scientific and technological issues within an organization.[1]"
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"an executive-level position in a company or other entity whose occupation is focused on scientific and technological issues within an organization"
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8313876995831233306 | Consumer (food chain) | Consumer ( food chain ) - wikipedia Consumer ( food chain ) Consumers are organisms that eat organisms from a different population . These organisms are formally referred to as heterotrophs , which include animals , some bacteria and fungi . Such organisms may consume by various means , including predation , parasitization , and biodegradation . Contents 1 Classification 2 Levels of the food chain 3 Importance to the ecosystem 4 See also 5 References Classification ( edit ) Consumers are typically viewed as predatory animals such as the wolf and hyena . However , herbivorous animals and parasitic fungi are also consumers. Some carnivorous plants , like the Venus flytrap , are classified as both . So are omnivorous animals . Levels of the food chain ( edit ) Within an ecological food chain , Consumers are categorized into primary consumers , secondary consumers , and the tertiary consumers . Primary consumers are herbivores , feeding on plants . Secondary consumers , on the other hand , are carnivores , and prey on other animals . Omnivores , who feed on both plants and animals , can also be considered a secondary consumer . Tertiary consumers , sometimes also known as apex predators , are usually at the top of food chains , capable of feeding on secondary consumers and primary consumers . Tertiary consumers can be either fully carnivorous or omnivorous . Humans are one such example of a tertiary consumer . Importance to the ecosystem ( edit ) Consumers have important roles to play within an ecosystem such as balancing the food chain by keeping plant populations at a reasonable number . Without proper balance , an ecosystem can collapse and cause the decline of all affected species . This will lead to a severely disrupted ecosystem and a nonfunctional consumer web . See also ( edit ) Food web Primary producers Autotroph References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Venus flytraps ' carnivorous ways enable it to do photosynthesis better '' . Cornell Center for Materials Research . 5 March 2008 . Archived from the original on 22 June 2010 . Retrieved 9 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 03 . Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Trophic components General Abiotic component Abiotic stress Behaviour Biogeochemical cycle Biomass Biotic component Biotic stress Carrying capacity Competition Ecosystem Ecosystem ecology Ecosystem model Keystone species List of feeding behaviours Metabolic theory of ecology Productivity Resource Producers Autotrophs Chemosynthesis Chemotrophs Foundation species Mixotrophs Myco - heterotrophy Mycotroph Organotrophs Photoheterotrophs Photosynthesis Photosynthetic efficiency Phototrophs Primary nutritional groups Primary production Consumers Apex predator Bacterivore Carnivores Chemoorganotroph Foraging Generalist and specialist species Intraguild predation Herbivores Heterotroph Heterotrophic nutrition Insectivore Mesopredators Mesopredator release hypothesis Omnivores Optimal foraging theory Planktivore Predation Prey switching Decomposers Chemoorganoheterotrophy Decomposition Detritivores Detritus Microorganisms Archaea Bacteriophage Environmental microbiology Lithoautotroph Lithotrophy Microbial cooperation Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial intelligence Microbial loop Microbial mat Microbial metabolism Phage ecology Food webs Biomagnification Ecological efficiency Ecological pyramid Energy flow Food chain Trophic level Example webs Cold seeps Hydrothermal vents Intertidal Kelp forests Lakes North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Rivers San Francisco Estuary Soil Tide pool Processes Ascendency Bioaccumulation Cascade effect Climax community Competitive exclusion principle Consumer - resource systems Copiotrophs Dominance Ecological network Ecological succession Energy quality Energy Systems Language f - ratio Feed conversion ratio Feeding frenzy Mesotrophic soil Nutrient cycle Oligotroph Paradox of the plankton Trophic cascade Trophic mutualism Trophic state index Defense , counter Animal coloration Antipredator adaptations Camouflage Deimatic behaviour Herbivore adaptations to plant defense Mimicry Plant defense against herbivory Predator avoidance in schooling fish Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Other components Population ecology Abundance Allee effect Depensation Ecological yield Effective population size Intraspecific competition Logistic function Malthusian growth model Maximum sustainable yield Overpopulation in wild animals Overexploitation Population cycle Population dynamics Population modeling Population size Predator -- prey ( Lotka -- Volterra ) equations Recruitment Resilience Small population size Stability Species Biodiversity Density - dependent inhibition Ecological effects of biodiversity Ecological extinction Endemic species Flagship species Gradient analysis Indicator species Introduced species Invasive species Latitudinal gradients in species diversity Minimum viable population Neutral theory Occupancy -- abundance relationship Population viability analysis Priority effect Rapoport 's rule Relative abundance distribution Relative species abundance Species diversity Species homogeneity Species richness Species distribution Species - area curve Umbrella species Species interaction Antibiosis Biological interaction Commensalism Community ecology Ecological facilitation Interspecific competition Mutualism Parasitism Storage effect Symbiosis Spatial ecology Biogeography Cross-boundary subsidy Ecocline Ecotone Ecotype Disturbance Edge effects Foster 's rule Habitat fragmentation Ideal free distribution Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis Island biogeography Landscape ecology Landscape epidemiology Landscape limnology Metapopulation Patch dynamics r / K selection theory Resource selection function Source -- sink dynamics Niche Ecological niche Ecological trap Ecosystem engineer Environmental niche modelling Guild Habitat Marine habitats Limiting similarity Niche apportionment models Niche construction Niche differentiation Other networks Assembly rules Bateman 's principle Bioluminescence Ecological collapse Ecological debt Ecological deficit Ecological energetics Ecological indicator Ecological threshold Ecosystem diversity Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber 's law Liebig 's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson 's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state Balance of nature Biological data visualization Ecocline Ecological economics Ecological footprint Ecological forecasting Ecological humanities Ecological stoichiometry Ecopath Ecosystem based fisheries Endolith Evolutionary ecology Functional ecology Industrial ecology Macroecology Microecosystem Natural environment Regime shift Systems ecology Urban ecology Theoretical ecology List of ecology topics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consumer_(food_chain)&oldid=845021018 '' Categories : Trophic ecology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara Italiano Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Nederlands Norsk Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 June 2018 , at 19 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who are the consumers in a food chain | [
"Consumers are organisms that eat organisms from a different population. These organisms are formally referred to as heterotrophs, which include animals, some bacteria and fungi. Such organisms may consume by various means, including predation, parasitization, and biodegradation. \n"
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"organisms that eat organisms from a different population"
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-3411198887276146751 | Space Race | Space Race - Wikipedia Space Race This article is about the Cold War rivalry between the United States and Soviet Union . For various space races , see List of space races . For other uses of the term , see Space Race ( disambiguation ) . The Soviet Union achieved an early lead in the Space Race by launching the first artificial satellite Sputnik 1 ( replica shown ) in 1957 . The United States led during the `` Moon race '' by landing Neil Armstrong ( pictured ) and Buzz Aldrin on the Moon , July 20 , 1969 . Astronaut Thomas P. Stafford and cosmonaut Aleksei Leonov shake hands in space to ease Cold War tensions . The Space Race refers to the 20th - century competition between two Cold War rivals , the Soviet Union ( USSR ) and the United States ( US ) , for dominance in spaceflight capability . It had its origins in the missile - based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II , aided by captured German missile technology and personnel from the Aggregat program . The technological superiority required for such dominance was seen as necessary for national security , and symbolic of ideological superiority . The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites , uncrewed space probes of the Moon , Venus , and Mars , and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon . The Space Race began on August 2 , 1955 , when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intent to launch artificial satellites for the International Geophysical Year , by declaring they would also launch a satellite `` in the near future '' . The Soviet Union beat the US to this , with the October 4 , 1957 , orbiting of Sputnik 1 , and later beat the US to the first human in space , Yuri Gagarin , on April 12 , 1961 . The `` race '' peaked with the July 20 , 1969 , US landing of the first humans on the Moon with Apollo 11 . The USSR tried but failed crewed lunar missions , and eventually canceled them and concentrated on Earth orbital space stations . A period of détente followed with the April 1972 agreement on a co-operative Apollo -- Soyuz Test Project , resulting in the July 1975 rendezvous in Earth orbit of a US astronaut crew with a Soviet cosmonaut crew . The end of the Space Race is harder to pinpoint than its beginning , but it was over by the December 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union , after which true spaceflight cooperation between the US and Russia began . The Space Race has left a legacy of Earth communications and weather satellites , and continuing human space presence on the International Space Station . It has also sparked increases in spending on education and research and development , which led to beneficial spin - off technologies . Contents 1 Early rocket development 1.1 Germany during World War II 1.2 Soviet rocket development 1.3 American rocket development 1.4 Cold War missile race 2 The Race begins 2.1 First artificial satellite 2.2 US reaction 3 Uncrewed lunar probes 4 First human in space 5 First American in space 6 Kennedy directs the Race toward the Moon 7 Completion of Vostok and Mercury programs 7.1 Mercury 7.2 Vostok 8 Kennedy proposes a joint US - USSR program 9 Gemini and Voskhod 9.1 Voskhod program 9.2 Project Gemini 10 Soviet crewed Moon programs 11 Outer space treaty 12 Disaster strikes both sides 13 Onward to the Moon 14 Apollo 11 15 The Race winds down 15.1 Salyuts and Skylab 15.2 Apollo -- Soyuz Test Project 16 Legacy 16.1 Human spaceflight after Apollo 17 See also 18 Notes 19 References 20 External links Early rocket development ( edit ) Germany during World War II ( edit ) Wernher von Braun ( 1912 -- 1977 ) , technical director of Nazi Germany 's missile program , became the United States ' lead rocket engineer during the 1950s and 1960s The origins of the Space Race can be traced to Germany , beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles capable of sub-orbital spaceflight . Starting in the early 1930s , during the last stages of the Weimar Republic , German aerospace engineers experimented with liquid - fueled rockets , with the goal that one day they would be capable of reaching high altitudes and traversing long distances . The head of the German Army 's Ballistics and Munitions Branch , Lieutenant Colonel Karl Emil Becker , gathered a small team of engineers that included Walter Dornberger and Leo Zanssen , to figure out how to use rockets as long - range artillery in order to get around the Treaty of Versailles ' ban on research and development of long - range cannons . Wernher von Braun , a young engineering prodigy , was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret army program at Kummersdorf - West in 1932 . Von Braun dreamed of conquering outer space with rockets and did not initially see the military value in missile technology . During the Second World War , General Dornberger was the military head of the army 's rocket program , Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket center , and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program . They led the team that built the Aggregate - 4 ( A-4 ) rocket , which became the first vehicle to reach outer space during its test flight program in 1942 and 1943 . By 1943 , Germany began mass - producing the A-4 as the Vergeltungswaffe 2 ( `` Vengeance Weapon '' 2 , or more commonly , V2 ) , a ballistic missile with a 320 kilometers ( 200 mi ) range carrying a 1,130 kilograms ( 2,490 lb ) warhead at 4,000 kilometers per hour ( 2,500 mph ) . Its supersonic speed meant there was no defense against it , and radar detection provided little warning . Germany used the weapon to bombard southern England and parts of Allied - liberated western Europe from 1944 until 1945 . After the war , the V - 2 became the basis of early American and Soviet rocket designs . At war 's end , American , British , and Soviet scientific intelligence teams competed to capture Germany 's rocket engineers along with the German rockets themselves and the designs on which they were based . Each of the Allies captured a share of the available members of the German rocket team , but the United States benefited the most with Operation Paperclip , recruiting von Braun and most of his engineering team , who later helped develop the American missile and space exploration programs . The United States also acquired a large number of complete V2 rockets . Soviet rocket development ( edit ) Further information : Soviet rocketry `` Chief Designer '' Sergei Korolev ( left ) , with the `` father of the Soviet atomic bomb '' Igor Kurchatov , and `` Chief Theoretician '' Mstislav Keldysh in 1956 The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany , which became the Soviet zone of occupation . On Stalin 's orders , the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems . The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev . He had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s , but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin 's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Gulag . After the war , he became the USSR 's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer , essentially the Soviet counterpart to von Braun . His identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War , and he was identified publicly only as `` the Chief Designer . '' In the West , his name was only officially revealed when he died in 1966 . After almost a year in the area around Peenemünde , Soviet officials conducted Operation Osoaviakhim and later moved more than 170 of the top captured German rocket specialists to Gorodomlya Island on Lake Seliger , about 240 kilometers ( 150 mi ) northwest of Moscow . They were not allowed to participate in final Soviet missile design , but were used as problem - solving consultants to the Soviet engineers . They helped in the following areas : the creation of a Soviet version of the A-4 ; work on `` organizational schemes '' ; research in improving the A-4 main engine ; development of a 100 - ton engine ; assistance in the `` layout '' of plant production rooms ; and preparation of rocket assembly using German components . With their help , particularly Helmut Gröttrup 's group , Korolev reverse - engineered the A-4 and built his own version of the rocket , the R - 1 , in 1948 . Later , he developed his own distinct designs , though many of these designs were influenced by the Gröttrup Group 's G4 - R10 design from 1949 . The Germans were eventually repatriated in 1951 -- 53 . American rocket development ( edit ) The American professor Robert H. Goddard had worked on developing solid - fuel rockets since 1914 , and demonstrated a light battlefield rocket to the US Army Signal Corps only five days before the signing of the armistice that ended World War I. He also started developing liquid - fueled rockets in 1921 , yet he had not been taken seriously by the public . Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army 's White Sands Proving Ground , located in New Mexico , in 1945 . They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation . These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer space , and the first two - stage rocket , the WAC Corporal - V2 combination , in 1949 . The German rocket team was moved from Fort Bliss to the Army 's new Redstone Arsenal , located in Huntsville , Alabama , in 1950 . From here , von Braun and his team developed the Army 's first operational medium - range ballistic missile , the Redstone rocket , that in slightly modified versions , launched both America 's first satellite , and the first piloted Mercury space missions . It became the basis for both the Jupiter and Saturn family of rockets . Cold War missile Race ( edit ) Main article : Nuclear arms race The cold war would become the great engine , the supreme catalyst , that sent rockets and their cargoes far above Earth and worlds away . If Tsiolkovsky , Oberth , Goddard , and others were the fathers of rocketry , the competition between capitalism and communism was its midwife . William E. Burrows , This New Ocean , `` The Other World Series '' , p. 147 The Cold War ( 1947 -- 1991 ) developed between two former allies , the Soviet Union and the United States , soon after the end of the Second World War . It involved a continuing state of political conflict , military tension , proxy wars , and economic competition , primarily between the Soviet Union and its satellite states ( often referred to as the Eastern Bloc ) , and the powers of the Western world , particularly the United States . The primary participants ' military forces never clashed directly , but expressed this conflict through military coalitions , strategic conventional force deployments , extensive aid to states deemed vulnerable , proxy wars , espionage , propaganda , a nuclear arms race , and economic and technological competitions , such as the Space Race . In simple terms , the Cold War could be viewed as an expression of the ideological struggle between communism and capitalism . The United States faced a new uncertainty beginning in September 1949 , when it lost its monopoly on the atomic bomb . American intelligence agencies discovered that the Soviet Union had exploded its first atomic bomb , with the consequence that the United States potentially could face a future nuclear war that , for the first time , might devastate its cities . Given this new danger , the United States participated in an arms race with the Soviet Union that included development of the hydrogen bomb , as well as intercontinental strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles ( ICBMs ) capable of delivering nuclear weapons . A new fear of communism and its sympathizers swept the United States during the 1950s , which devolved into paranoid McCarthyism . With communism spreading in China , Korea , and Eastern Europe , Americans came to feel so threatened that popular and political culture condoned extensive `` witch - hunts '' to expose communist spies . Part of the American reaction to the Soviet atomic and hydrogen bomb tests included maintaining a large Air Force , under the control of the Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) . SAC employed intercontinental strategic bombers , as well as medium - bombers based close to Soviet airspace ( in western Europe and in Turkey ) that were capable of delivering nuclear payloads . For its part , the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion . Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941 , the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally , the United States , which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons . The United States had used these weapons operationally during World War II , and it could use them again against the Soviet Union , laying waste to its cities and military centers . Since the Americans had a much larger air force than the Soviet Union , and the United States maintained advance air bases near Soviet territory , in 1947 Stalin ordered the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles ( ICBMs ) in order to counter the perceived American threat . Soviet R - 7 ICBM , and its derivative launch vehicles for Sputnik , Vostok , Voskhod , and Soyuz In 1953 , Korolev was given the go - ahead to develop the R - 7 Semyorka rocket , which represented a major advance from the German design . Although some of its components ( notably boosters ) still resembled the German G - 4 , the new rocket incorporated staged design , a completely new control system , and a new fuel . It was successfully tested on August 21 , 1957 , and became the world 's first fully operational ICBM the following month . It was later used to launch the first satellite into space , and derivatives launched all piloted Soviet spacecraft . The United States had multiple rocket programs divided among the different branches of the American armed services , which meant that each force developed its own ICBM program . The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX - 774 . However , its funding was cancelled and only three partially successful launches were conducted in 1947 . In 1950 , von Braun began testing the Air Force PGM - 11 Redstone rocket family at Cape Canaveral . In 1951 , the Air Force began a new ICBM program called MX - 1593 , and by 1955 this program was receiving top - priority funding . The MX - 1593 program evolved to become the Atlas - A , with its maiden launch occurring June 11 , 1957 , becoming the first successful American ICBM . Its upgraded version , the Atlas - D rocket , later served as a nuclear ICBM and as the orbital launch vehicle for Project Mercury and the remote - controlled Agena Target Vehicle used in Project Gemini . With the Cold War as an engine for change in the ideological competition between the United States and the Soviet Union , a coherent space policy began to take shape in the United States during the late 1950s . Korolev took inspiration from the competition as well , achieving many firsts to counter the possibility that the United States might prevail . The Race begins ( edit ) Further information : Soviet space program and Space policy of the United States First artificial satellite ( edit ) In 1955 , with both the United States and the Soviet Union building ballistic missiles that could be utilized to launch objects into space , the `` starting line '' was drawn for the Space Race . In separate announcements four days apart , both nations publicly announced that they would launch artificial Earth satellites by 1957 or 1958 . On July 29 , 1955 , James C. Hagerty , president Dwight D. Eisenhower 's press secretary , announced that the United States intended to launch `` small Earth circling satellites '' between July 1 , 1957 , and December 31 , 1958 , as part of their contribution to the International Geophysical Year ( IGY ) . Four days later , at the Sixth Congress of International Astronautical Federation in Copenhagen , scientist Leonid I. Sedov spoke to international reporters at the Soviet embassy , and announced his country 's intention to launch a satellite as well , in the `` near future '' . On August 30 , 1955 , Korolev managed to get the Soviet Academy of Sciences to create a commission whose purpose was to beat the Americans into Earth orbit : this was the de facto start date for the Space Race . The Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union began a policy of treating development of its space program as a classified state secret . Initially , President Eisenhower was worried that a satellite passing above a nation at over 100 kilometers ( 62 mi ) , might be construed as violating that nation 's sovereign airspace . He was concerned that the Soviet Union would accuse the Americans of an illegal overflight , thereby scoring a propaganda victory at his expense . Eisenhower and his advisors believed that a nation 's airspace sovereignty did not extend into outer space , acknowledged as the Kármán line , and he used the 1957 -- 58 International Geophysical Year launches to establish this principle in international law . Eisenhower also feared that he might cause an international incident and be called a `` warmonger '' if he were to use military missiles as launchers . Therefore , he selected the untried Naval Research Laboratory 's Vanguard rocket , which was a research - only booster . This meant that von Braun 's team was not allowed to put a satellite into orbit with their Jupiter - C rocket , because of its intended use as a future military vehicle . On September 20 , 1956 , von Braun and his team did launch a Jupiter - C that was capable of putting a satellite into orbit , but the launch was used only as a suborbital test of nose cone reentry technology . Korolev received word about von Braun 's 1956 Jupiter - C test , but thinking it was a satellite mission that failed , he expedited plans to get his own satellite in orbit . Since his R - 7 was substantially more powerful than any of the American boosters , he made sure to take full advantage of this capability by designing Object D as his primary satellite . It was given the designation ' D ' , to distinguish it from other R - 7 payload designations ' A ' , ' B ' , ' V ' , and ' G ' which were nuclear weapon payloads . Object D dwarfed the proposed American satellites , by having a weight of 1,400 kilograms ( 3,100 lb ) , of which 300 kilograms ( 660 lb ) would be composed of scientific instruments that would photograph the Earth , take readings on radiation levels , and check on the planet 's magnetic field . However , things were not going along well with the design and manufacturing of the satellite , so in February 1957 , Korolev sought and received permission from the Council of Ministers to create a prosteishy sputnik ( PS - 1 ) , or simple satellite . The Council also decreed that Object D be postponed until April 1958 . The new sputnik was a shiny sphere that would be a much lighter craft , weighing 83.8 kilograms ( 185 lb ) and having a 58 - centimeter ( 23 in ) diameter . The satellite would not contain the complex instrumentation that Object D had , but had two radio transmitters operating on different short wave radio frequencies , the ability to detect if a meteoroid were to penetrate its pressure hull , and the ability to detect the density of the Earth 's thermosphere . Beep ... beep ... beep The signals of Sputnik 1 continued for 22 days Problems playing this file ? See media help . Korolev was buoyed by the first successful launches of his R - 7 rocket in August and September , which paved the way for him to launch his sputnik . Word came that the Americans were planning to announce a major breakthrough at an International Geophysical Year conference at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington D.C. , with a paper entitled `` Satellite Over the Planet '' , on October 6 , 1957 . Korolev anticipated that von Braun might launch a Jupiter - C with a satellite payload on or around October 4 or 5 , in conjunction with the paper . He hastened the launch , moving it to October 4 . The launch vehicle for PS - 1 , was a modified R - 7 -- vehicle 8K71PS number M1 - PS -- without much of the test equipment and radio gear that was present in the previous launches . It arrived at the Soviet missile base Tyura - Tam in September and was prepared for its mission at launch site number one . On Friday , October 4 , 1957 , at exactly 10 : 28 : 34 pm Moscow time , the R - 7 , with the now named Sputnik 1 satellite , lifted off the launch pad , and placed this artificial `` moon '' into an orbit a few minutes later . This `` fellow traveler , '' as the name is translated in English , was a small , beeping ball , less than two feet in diameter and weighing less than 200 pounds . But the celebrations were muted at the launch control center until the down - range far east tracking station at Kamchatka received the first distinctive beep ... beep ... beep sounds from Sputnik 1 's radio transmitters , indicating that it was on its way to completing its first orbit . About 95 minutes after launch , the satellite flew over its launch site , and its radio signals were picked up by the engineers and military personnel at Tyura - Tam : that 's when Korolev and his team celebrated the first successful artificial satellite placed into Earth - orbit . US reaction ( edit ) Main article : Sputnik crisis The Soviet success raised a great deal of concern in the United States . For example , economist Bernard Baruch wrote in an open letter titled `` The Lessons of Defeat '' to the New York Herald Tribune : `` While we devote our industrial and technological power to producing new model automobiles and more gadgets , the Soviet Union is conquering space ... It is Russia , not the United States , who has had the imagination to hitch its wagon to the stars and the skill to reach for the moon and all but grasp it . America is worried . It should be . '' Eisenhower ordered project Vanguard to move up its timetable and launch its satellite much sooner than originally planned . The December 6 , 1957 Project Vanguard launch failure occurred at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida , broadcast live in front of a US television audience . It was a monumental failure , exploding a few seconds after launch , and it became an international joke . The satellite appeared in newspapers under the names Flopnik , Stayputnik , Kaputnik , and Dudnik . In the United Nations , the Russian delegate offered the US representative aid `` under the Soviet program of technical assistance to backwards nations . '' Only in the wake of this very public failure did von Braun 's Redstone team get the go - ahead to launch their Jupiter - C rocket as soon as they could . In Britain , the US 's Western Cold War ally , the reaction was mixed : some celebrated the fact that the Soviets had reached space first , while others feared the destructive potential that military uses of spacecraft might bring . William Hayward Pickering , James Van Allen , and Wernher von Braun display a full - scale model of Explorer 1 at a Washington , DC news conference after confirmation the satellite was in orbit On January 31 , 1958 , nearly four months after the launch of Sputnik 1 , von Braun and the United States successfully launched its first satellite on a four - stage Juno I rocket derived from the US Army 's Redstone missile , at Cape Canaveral . The satellite Explorer 1 was 30.66 pounds ( 13.91 kg ) in mass . The payload of Explorer 1 weighed 18.35 pounds ( 8.32 kg ) . It carried a micrometeorite gauge and a Geiger - Müller tube . It passed in and out of the Earth - encompassing radiation belt with its 194 - by - 1,368 - nautical - mile ( 360 by 2,534 km ) orbit , therefore saturating the tube 's capacity and proving what Dr. James Van Allen , a space scientist at the University of Iowa , had theorized . The belt , named the Van Allen radiation belt , is a doughnut - shaped zone of high - level radiation intensity around the Earth above the magnetic equator. Van Allen was also the man who designed and built the satellite instrumentation of Explorer 1 . The satellite measured three phenomena : cosmic ray and radiation levels , the temperature in the spacecraft , and the frequency of collisions with micrometeorites . The satellite had no memory for data storage , therefore it had to transmit continuously . In March 1958 a second satellite was sent into orbit with augmented cosmic ray instruments . On April 2 , 1958 , President Eisenhower reacted to the Soviet space lead in launching the first satellite , by recommending to the US Congress that a civilian agency be established to direct nonmilitary space activities . Congress , led by Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson , responded by passing the National Aeronautics and Space Act , which Eisenhower signed into law on July 29 , 1958 . This law turned the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics into the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) . It also created a Civilian - Military Liaison Committee , chaired by the President , responsible for coordinating the nation 's civilian and military space programs . On October 21 , 1959 , Eisenhower approved the transfer of the Army 's remaining space - related activities to NASA . On July 1 , 1960 , the Redstone Arsenal became NASA 's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center , with von Braun as its first director . Development of the Saturn rocket family , which when mature , gave the US parity with the Soviets in terms of lifting capability , was thus transferred to NASA . Uncrewed lunar probes ( edit ) In 1958 , Korolev upgraded the R - 7 to be able to launch a 400 - kilogram ( 880 lb ) payload to the Moon . Three secret 1958 attempts to launch Luna E-1 - class impactor probes failed . The fourth attempt , Luna 1 , launched successfully on January 2 , 1959 , but missed the Moon . The fifth attempt on June 18 also failed at launch . The 390 - kilogram ( 860 lb ) Luna 2 successfully impacted the Moon on September 14 , 1959 . The 278.5 - kilogram ( 614 lb ) Luna 3 successfully flew by the Moon and sent back pictures of its far side on October 6 , 1959 . The US reacted to the Luna program by embarking on the Ranger program in 1959 , managed by NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory . The Block I Ranger 1 and Ranger 2 suffered Atlas - Agena launch failures in August and November 1961 . The 727 - pound ( 330 kg ) Block II Ranger 3 launched successfully on January 26 , 1962 , but missed the Moon . The 730 - pound ( 330 kg ) Ranger 4 became the first US spacecraft to reach the Moon , but its solar panels and navigational system failed near the Moon and it impacted the far side without returning any scientific data . Ranger 5 ran out of power and missed the Moon by 725 kilometers ( 391 nmi ) on October 21 , 1962 . The first successful Ranger mission was the 806 - pound ( 366 kg ) Block III Ranger 7 which impacted on July 31 , 1964 . First human in space ( edit ) Yuri Gagarin , the first person in space , 1961 By 1959 , American observers believed that the Soviet Union would be the first to get a human into space , because of the time needed to prepare for Mercury 's first launch . On April 12 , 1961 , the USSR surprised the world again by launching Yuri Gagarin into a single orbit around the Earth in a craft they called Vostok 1 . They dubbed Gagarin the first cosmonaut , roughly translated from Russian and Greek as `` sailor of the universe '' . Although he had the ability to take over manual control of his capsule in an emergency by opening an envelope he had in the cabin that contained a code that could be typed into the computer , it was flown in an automatic mode as a precaution ; medical science at that time did not know what would happen to a human in the weightlessness of space . Vostok 1 orbited the Earth for 108 minutes and made its reentry over the Soviet Union , with Gagarin ejecting from the spacecraft at 7,000 meters ( 23,000 ft ) , and landing by parachute . The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale ( International Federation of Aeronautics ) credited Gagarin with the world 's first human space flight , although their qualifying rules for aeronautical records at the time required pilots to take off and land with their craft . For this reason , the Soviet Union omitted from their FAI submission the fact that Gagarin did not land with his capsule . When the FAI filing for Gherman Titov 's second Vostok flight in August 1961 disclosed the ejection landing technique , the FAI committee decided to investigate , and concluded that the technological accomplishment of human spaceflight lay in the safe launch , orbiting , and return , rather than the manner of landing , and revised their rules , keeping Gagarin 's and Titov 's records intact . Gagarin became a national hero of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc , and a worldwide celebrity . Moscow and other cities in the USSR held mass demonstrations , the scale of which was second only to the World War II Victory Parade of 1945 . April 12 was declared Cosmonautics Day in the USSR , and is celebrated today in Russia as one of the official `` Commemorative Dates of Russia . '' In 2011 , it was declared the International Day of Human Space Flight by the United Nations . Poyekhali ! Gagarin 's voice Problems playing this file ? See media help . The radio communication between the launch control room and Gagarin included the following dialogue at the moment of rocket launch : Korolev : `` Preliminary stage ... intermediate ... main ... lift off ! We wish you a good flight . Everything is all right . '' Gagarin : `` Поехали ! '' ( Poyekhali ! - Let 's go ! ) . Gagarin 's informal poyekhali ! became a historical phrase in the Eastern Bloc , used to refer to the beginning of the human space flight era . First American in space ( edit ) Alan Shepard , the first American in space , 1961 The US Air Force had been developing a program to launch the first man in space , named Man in Space Soonest . This program studied several different types of one - man space vehicles , settling on a ballistic re-entry capsule launched on a derivative Atlas missile , and selecting a group of nine candidate pilots . After NASA 's creation , the program was transferred over to the civilian agency and renamed Project Mercury on November 26 , 1958 . NASA selected a new group of astronaut ( from the Greek for `` star sailor '' ) candidates from Navy , Air Force and Marine test pilots , and narrowed this down to a group of seven for the program . Capsule design and astronaut training began immediately , working toward preliminary suborbital flights on the Redstone missile , followed by orbital flights on the Atlas . Each flight series would first start uncrewed , then carry a non-human primate , then finally humans . On May 5 , 1961 , Alan Shepard became the first American in space , launched in a ballistic trajectory on Mercury - Redstone 3 , in a spacecraft he named Freedom 7 . Though he did not achieve orbit like Gagarin , he was the first person to exercise manual control over his spacecraft 's attitude and retro - rocket firing . After his successful return , Shepard was celebrated as a national hero , honored with parades in Washington , New York and Los Angeles , and received the NASA Distinguished Service Medal from President John F. Kennedy . Kennedy directs the Race toward the Moon ( edit ) See also : Moon landing These are extraordinary times . And we face an extraordinary challenge . Our strength , as well as our convictions , have imposed upon this nation the role of leader in freedom 's cause . ... if we are to win the battle that is now going on around the world between freedom and tyranny , the dramatic achievements in space which occurred in recent weeks should have made clear to us all , as did the Sputnik in 1957 , the impact of this adventure on the minds of men everywhere , who are attempting to make a determination of which road they should take ... Now it is time to take longer strides -- time for a great new American enterprise -- time for this nation to take a clearly leading role in space achievement , which in many ways may hold the key to our future on Earth . ... Recognizing the head start obtained by the Soviets with their large rocket engines , which gives them many months of lead - time , and recognizing the likelihood that they will exploit this lead for some time to come in still more impressive successes , we nevertheless are required to make new efforts on our own . ... I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal , before this decade is out , of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth . No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind , or more important for the long - range exploration of space , and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish . John F. Kennedy , Special Message to Congress on Urgent National Needs , May 25 , 1961 Before Gagarin 's flight , US President John F. Kennedy 's support for America 's crewed space program was lukewarm . Jerome Wiesner of MIT , who served as a science advisor to presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy , and himself an opponent of crewed space exploration , remarked , `` If Kennedy could have opted out of a big space program without hurting the country in his judgment , he would have . '' As late as March 1961 , when NASA administrator James E. Webb submitted a budget request to fund a Moon landing before 1970 , Kennedy rejected it because it was simply too expensive . Some were surprised by Kennedy 's eventual support of NASA and the space program because of how often he had attacked the Eisenhower administration 's inefficiency during the election . Gagarin 's flight changed this ; now Kennedy sensed the humiliation and fear on the part of the American public over the Soviet lead . Additionally , the Bay of Pigs invasion , planned before his term began but executed during it , was an embarrassment to his administration due to the colossal failure of the American forces . Looking for something to save political face , he sent a memo dated April 20 , 1961 , to Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson , asking him to look into the state of America 's space program , and into programs that could offer NASA the opportunity to catch up . The two major options at the time seemed to be , either establishment of an Earth orbital space station , or a crewed landing on the Moon . Johnson , in turn , consulted with von Braun , who answered Kennedy 's questions based on his estimates of US and Soviet rocket lifting capability . Based on this , Johnson responded to Kennedy , concluding that much more was needed to reach a position of leadership , and recommending that the crewed Moon landing was far enough in the future that the US had a fighting chance to achieve it first . Kennedy ultimately decided to pursue what became the Apollo program , and on May 25 took the opportunity to ask for Congressional support in a Cold War speech titled `` Special Message on Urgent National Needs '' . Full text He justified the program in terms of its importance to national security , and its focus of the nation 's energies on other scientific and social fields . He rallied popular support for the program in his `` We choose to go to the Moon '' speech , on September 12 , 1962 , before a large crowd at Rice University Stadium , in Houston , Texas , near the construction site of the new Manned Spacecraft Center facility . Full text Khrushchev responded to Kennedy 's implicit challenge with silence , refusing to publicly confirm or deny the Soviets were pursuing a `` Moon race '' . As later disclosed , the Soviet Union secretly pursued a crewed lunar program until 1974 . Completion of Vostok and Mercury programs ( edit ) Mercury ( edit ) John Glenn , the first American in orbit , 1962 American Virgil `` Gus '' Grissom repeated Shepard 's suborbital flight in Liberty Bell 7 on July 21 , 1961 . Almost a year after the Soviet Union put a human into orbit , astronaut John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth , on February 20 , 1962 . His Mercury - Atlas 6 mission completed three orbits in the Friendship 7 spacecraft , and splashed down safely in the Atlantic Ocean , after a tense reentry , due to what falsely appeared from the telemetry data to be a loose heat - shield . As the first American in orbit , Glenn became a national hero , and received a ticker - tape parade in New York City , reminiscent of that given for Charles Lindbergh . On February 23 , 1962 , President Kennedy escorted him in a parade at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station , where he awarded Glenn with the NASA service medal . The United States launched three more Mercury flights after Glenn 's : Aurora 7 on May 24 , 1962 , duplicated Glenn 's three orbits ; Sigma 7 on October 3 , 1962 , six orbits ; and Faith 7 on May 15 , 1963 , 22 orbits ( 32.4 hours ) , the maximum capability of the spacecraft . NASA at first intended to launch one more mission , extending the spacecraft 's endurance to three days , but since this would not beat the Soviet record , it was decided instead to concentrate on developing Project Gemini . Vostok ( edit ) Replica of the Vostok capsule Gherman Titov became the first Soviet cosmonaut to exercise manual control of his Vostok 2 craft on August 6 , 1961 . The Soviet Union demonstrated 24 - hour launch pad turnaround and the capability to launch two piloted spacecraft , Vostok 3 and Vostok 4 , in essentially identical orbits , on August 11 and 12 , 1962 . The two spacecraft came within approximately 6.5 kilometers ( 4.0 mi ) of one another , close enough for radio communication . Vostok 4 also set a record of nearly four days in space . Though the two craft 's orbits were as nearly identical as possible given the accuracy of the launch rocket 's guidance system , slight variations still existed which drew the two craft at first as close to each other as 6.5 kilometers ( 3.5 nautical miles ) , then as far apart as 2,850 kilometers ( 1,540 nautical miles ) . There were no maneuvering rockets on the Vostok to permit space rendezvous , required to keep two spacecraft a controlled distance apart . Valentina Tereshkova The Soviet Union duplicated its dual - launch feat with Vostok 5 and Vostok 6 ( June 16 , 1963 ) . This time they launched the first woman ( also the first civilian ) , Valentina Tereshkova , into space on Vostok 6 . Launching a woman was reportedly Korolev 's idea , and it was accomplished purely for propaganda value . Tereshkova was one of a small corps of female cosmonauts who were amateur parachutists , but Tereshkova was the only one to fly . The USSR did n't again open its cosmonaut corps to women until 1980 , two years after the United States opened its astronaut corps to women . The Soviets kept the details and true appearance of the Vostok capsule secret until the April 1965 Moscow Economic Exhibition , where it was first displayed without its aerodynamic nose cone concealing the spherical capsule . The `` Vostok spaceship '' had been first displayed at the July 1961 Tushino air show , mounted on its launch vehicle 's third stage , with the nose cone in place . A tail section with eight fins was also added , in an apparent attempt to confuse western observers . This spurious tail section also appeared on official commemorative stamps and a documentary . Kennedy proposes a joint US - USSR program ( edit ) On September 20 , 1963 , in a speech before the United Nations General Assembly , President Kennedy proposed that the United States and the Soviet Union join forces in an effort to reach the Moon . Kennedy thus changed his mind regarding the desirability of the space race , preferring instead to ease tensions with the Soviet Union by cooperating on projects such as a joint lunar landing . Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev initially rejected Kennedy 's proposal . However , on October 2 , 1997 , it was reported that Khrushchev 's son Sergei claimed Khrushchev was poised to accept Kennedy 's proposal at the time of Kennedy 's assassination on November 22 , 1963 . During the next few weeks he reportedly concluded that both nations might realize cost benefits and technological gains from a joint venture , and decided to accept Kennedy 's offer based on a measure of rapport during their years as leaders of the world 's two superpowers , but changed his mind and dropped the idea since he did not have the same trust for Kennedy 's successor , Lyndon Johnson . As President , Johnson steadfastly pursued the Gemini and Apollo programs , promoting them as Kennedy 's legacy to the American public . One week after Kennedy 's death , he issued an executive order renaming the Cape Canaveral and Apollo launch facilities after Kennedy . Gemini and Voskhod ( edit ) Focused by the commitment to a Moon landing , in January 1962 the US announced Project Gemini , a two - man spacecraft that would support the later three - man Apollo by developing the key spaceflight technologies of space rendezvous and docking of two craft , flight durations of sufficient length to simulate going to the Moon and back , and extra-vehicular activity to accomplish useful work outside the spacecraft . Meanwhile , Korolev had planned further , long - term missions for the Vostok spacecraft , and had four Vostoks in various stages of fabrication in late 1963 at his OKB - 1 facilities . At that time , the Americans announced their ambitious plans for the Project Gemini flight schedule . These plans included major advancements in spacecraft capabilities , including a two - person spacecraft , the ability to change orbits , the capacity to perform an extravehicular activity ( EVA ) , and the goal of docking with another spacecraft . These represented major advances over the previous Mercury or Vostok capsules , and Korolev felt the need to try to beat the Americans to many of these innovations . Korolev already had begun designing the Vostok 's replacement , the next - generation Soyuz spacecraft , a multi-cosmonaut spacecraft that had at least the same capabilities as the Gemini spacecraft . Soyuz would not be available for at least three years , and it could not be called upon to deal with this new American challenge in 1964 or 1965 . Political pressure in early 1964 -- which some sources claim was from Khrushchev while other sources claim was from other Communist Party officials -- pushed him to modify his four remaining Vostoks to beat the Americans to new space firsts in the size of flight crews , and the duration of missions . Voskhod program ( edit ) Main article : Voskhod programme The Voskhod 1 and 2 space capsules The greater advances of the Soviet space program at the time allowed their space program to achieve other significant firsts , including the first EVA `` spacewalk '' and the first mission performed by a crew in shirt - sleeves . Gemini took a year longer than planned to accomplish its first flight , allowing the Soviets to achieve another first , launching Voskhod 1 on October 12 , 1964 , the first spacecraft with a three - cosmonaut crew . The USSR touted another technological achievement during this mission : it was the first space flight during which cosmonauts performed in a shirt - sleeve - environment . However , flying without spacesuits was not due to safety improvements in the Soviet spacecraft 's environmental systems ; rather this innovation was accomplished because the craft 's limited cabin space did not allow for spacesuits . Flying without spacesuits exposed the cosmonauts to significant risk in the event of potentially fatal cabin depressurization . This feat was not repeated until the US Apollo Command Module flew in 1968 ; this later mission was designed from the outset to safely transport three astronauts in a shirt - sleeve environment while in space . Between October 14 -- 16 , 1964 , Leonid Brezhnev and a small cadre of high - ranking Communist Party officials , deposed Khrushchev as Soviet government leader a day after Voskhod 1 landed , in what was called the `` Wednesday conspiracy '' . The new political leaders , along with Korolev , ended the technologically troublesome Voskhod program , cancelling Voskhod 3 and 4 , which were in the planning stages , and started concentrating on the race to the Moon . Voskhod 2 ended up being Korolev 's final achievement before his death on January 14 , 1966 , as it became the last of the many space firsts that demonstrated the USSR 's domination in spacecraft technology during the early 1960s . According to historian Asif Siddiqi , Korolev 's accomplishments marked `` the absolute zenith of the Soviet space program , one never , ever attained since . '' There was a two - year pause in Soviet piloted space flights while Voskhod 's replacement , the Soyuz spacecraft , was designed and developed . On March 18 , 1965 , about a week before the first American piloted Project Gemini space flight , the USSR accelerated the competition , by launching the two - cosmonaut Voskhod 2 mission with Pavel Belyayev and Alexey Leonov . Voskhod 2 's design modifications included the addition of an inflatable airlock to allow for extravehicular activity ( EVA ) , also known as a spacewalk , while keeping the cabin pressurized so that the capsule 's electronics would not overheat . Leonov performed the first - ever EVA as part of the mission . A fatality was narrowly avoided when Leonov 's spacesuit expanded in the vacuum of space , preventing him from re-entering the airlock . In order to overcome this , he had to partially depressurize his spacesuit to a potentially dangerous level . He succeeded in safely re-entering the ship , but he and Belyayev faced further challenges when the spacecraft 's atmospheric controls flooded the cabin with 45 % pure oxygen , which had to be lowered to acceptable levels before re-entry . The reentry involved two more challenges : an improperly timed retrorocket firing caused the Voskhod 2 to land 386 kilometers ( 240 mi ) off its designated target area , the town of Perm ; and the instrument compartment 's failure to detach from the descent apparatus caused the spacecraft to become unstable during reentry . Progress in the Space Race , showing the US passing the Soviets in 1965 Project Gemini ( edit ) Main article : Project Gemini Rendezvous of Gemini 6 and 7 , December 1965 Though delayed a year to reach its first flight , Gemini was able to take advantage of the USSR 's two - year hiatus after Voskhod , which enabled the US to catch up and surpass the previous Soviet lead in piloted spaceflight . Gemini achieved several significant firsts during the course of ten piloted missions : On Gemini 3 ( March 1965 ) , astronauts Virgil `` Gus '' Grissom and John W. Young became the first to demonstrate their ability to change their craft 's orbit . On Gemini 5 ( August 1965 ) , astronauts L. Gordon Cooper and Charles `` Pete '' Conrad set a record of almost eight days in space , long enough for a piloted lunar mission . On Gemini 6A ( December 1965 ) , Command Pilot Wally Schirra achieved the first space rendezvous with Gemini 7 , accurately matching his orbit to that of the other craft , station - keeping for three consecutive orbits at distances as close as 1 foot ( 0.30 m ) . Gemini 7 also set a human spaceflight endurance record of fourteen days for Frank Borman and James A. Lovell , which stood until both nations started launching space laboratories in the early 1970s . On Gemini 8 ( March 1966 ) , Command Pilot Neil Armstrong achieved the first docking between two spacecraft , his Gemini craft and an Agena target vehicle . Gemini 11 ( September 1966 ) , commanded by Conrad , achieved the first direct - ascent rendezvous with its Agena target on the first orbit , and used the Agena 's rocket to achieve an apogee of 742 nautical miles ( 1,374 km ) , the crewed Earth orbit record still current as of 2015 . On Gemini 12 ( November 1966 ) , Edwin E. `` Buzz '' Aldrin spent over five hours working comfortably during three ( EVA ) sessions , finally proving that humans could perform productive tasks outside their spacecraft . This proved to be the most difficult goal to achieve . Most of the novice pilots on the early missions would command the later missions . In this way , Project Gemini built up spaceflight experience for the pool of astronauts for the Apollo lunar missions . Soviet crewed Moon programs ( edit ) Main article : Soviet crewed lunar programs Soyuz 7K - L3 ( Lunniy Orbitalny Korabl ) , alongside the Apollo Command / Service Module to scale LK lunar lander ( Lunniy Korabl ) , alongside the Apollo Lunar Module to scale Korolev 's design bureau produced two prospectuses for circumlunar spaceflight ( March 1962 and May 1963 ) , the main spacecraft for which were early versions of his Soyuz design . Soviet Communist Party Central Committee Command 655 - 268 officially established two secret , competing crewed programs for circumlunar flights and lunar landings , on August 3 , 1964 . The circumlunar flights were planned to occur in 1967 , and the landings to start in 1968 . The circumlunar program ( Zond ) , created by Vladimir Chelomey 's design bureau OKB - 52 , was to fly two cosmonauts in a stripped - down Soyuz 7K - L1 , launched by Chelomey 's Proton UR - 500 rocket . The Zond sacrificed habitable cabin volume for equipment , by omitting the Soyuz orbital module . Chelomey gained favor with Khruschev by employing members of his family . Korolev 's lunar landing program was designated N1 / L3 , for its N1 super rocket and a more advanced Soyuz 7K - L3 spacecraft , also known as the lunar orbital module ( `` Lunniy Orbitalny Korabl '' , LOK ) , with a crew of two . A separate lunar lander ( `` Lunniy Korabl '' , LK ) , would carry a single cosmonaut to the lunar surface . The N1 / L3 launch vehicle had three stages to Earth orbit , a fourth stage for Earth departure , and a fifth stage for lunar landing assist . The combined space vehicle was roughly the same height and takeoff mass as the three - stage US Apollo / Saturn V and exceeded its takeoff thrust by 28 % , but had only roughly half the translunar injection payload capability . Following Khruschev 's ouster from power , Chelomey 's Zond program was merged into the N1 / L3 program . Outer space Treaty ( edit ) The US and USSR began discussions on the peaceful uses of space as early as 1958 , presenting issues for debate to the United Nations , which created a Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space in 1959 . On May 10 , 1962 , Vice President Johnson addressed the Second National Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Space revealing that the United States and the USSR both supported a resolution passed by the Political Committee of the UN General Assembly on December 1962 , which not only urged member nations to `` extend the rules of international law to outer space , '' but to also cooperate in its exploration . Following the passing of this resolution , Kennedy commenced his communications proposing a cooperative American / Soviet space program . The UN ultimately created a Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space , including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies , which was signed by the United States , USSR , and the United Kingdom on January 27 , 1967 , and went into force the following October 10 . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Outer Space Treaty of 1967 This treaty : bars party States from placing weapons of mass destruction in Earth orbit , on the Moon , or any other celestial body ; exclusively limits the use of the Moon and other celestial bodies to peaceful purposes , and expressly prohibits their use for testing weapons of any kind , conducting military maneuvers , or establishing military bases , installations , and fortifications ; declares that the exploration of outer space shall be done to benefit all countries and shall be free for exploration and use by all the States ; explicitly forbids any government from claiming a celestial resource such as the Moon or a planet , claiming that they are the common heritage of mankind , `` not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty , by means of use or occupation , or by any other means '' . However , the State that launches a space object retains jurisdiction and control over that object ; holds any State liable for damages caused by their space object ; declares that `` the activities of non-governmental entities in outer space , including the Moon and other celestial bodies , shall require authorization and continuing supervision by the appropriate State Party to the Treaty '' , and `` States Parties shall bear international responsibility for national space activities whether carried out by governmental or non-governmental entities '' ; and `` A State Party to the Treaty which has reason to believe that an activity or experiment planned by another State Party in outer space , including the Moon and other celestial bodies , would cause potentially harmful interference with activities in the peaceful exploration and use of outer space , including the Moon and other celestial bodies , may request consultation concerning the activity or experiment . '' The treaty remains in force , signed by 107 member states . -- As of July 2017 Disaster strikes both sides ( edit ) In 1967 , both nations faced serious challenges that brought their programs to temporary halts . Both had been rushing at full - speed toward the first piloted flights of Apollo and Soyuz , without paying due diligence to growing design and manufacturing problems . The results proved fatal to both pioneering crews . Charred interior of the Apollo 1 spacecraft after the fire that killed the first crew On January 27 , 1967 , the same day the US and USSR signed the Outer Space Treaty , the crew of the first crewed Apollo mission , Command Pilot Virgil `` Gus '' Grissom , Senior Pilot Ed White , and Pilot Roger Chaffee , were killed in a fire that swept through their spacecraft cabin during a ground test , less than a month before the planned February 21 launch . An investigative board determined the fire was probably caused by an electrical spark , and quickly grew out of control , fed by the spacecraft 's pure oxygen atmosphere . Crew escape was made impossible by inability to open the plug door hatch cover against the greater - than - atmospheric internal pressure . The board also found design and construction flaws in the spacecraft , and procedural failings , including failure to appreciate the hazard of the pure - oxygen atmosphere , as well as inadequate safety procedures . All these flaws had to be corrected over the next twenty - two months until the first piloted flight could be made . Mercury and Gemini veteran Grissom had been a favored choice of Deke Slayton , NASA 's Director of Flight Crew Operations , to make the first piloted landing . Commemorative plaque and the `` Fallen Astronaut '' sculpture left on the Moon in 1971 by the crew of Apollo 15 in memory of 14 deceased NASA astronauts and USSR cosmonauts On April 24 , 1967 , the single pilot of Soyuz 1 , Vladimir Komarov , became the first in - flight spaceflight fatality . The mission was planned to be a three - day test , to include the first Soviet docking with an unpiloted Soyuz 2 , but the mission was plagued with problems . Early on , Komarov 's craft lacked sufficient electrical power because only one of two solar panels had deployed . Then the automatic attitude control system began malfunctioning and eventually failed completely , resulting in the craft spinning wildly . Komarov was able to stop the spin with the manual system , which was only partially effective . The flight controllers aborted his mission after only one day . During the emergency re-entry , a fault in the landing parachute system caused the primary chute to fail , and the reserve chute became tangled with the drogue chute , causing descent speed to reach as high as 40 m / s ( 140 km / h ; 89 mph ) . Shortly thereafter , Soyuz 1 impacted the ground 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) west of Karabutak , exploding into a ball of flames . The official autopsy states Komarov died of blunt force trauma on impact , and that the subsequent heat mutilation of his corpse was a result of the explosive impact . Fixing the spacecraft 's faults caused an eighteen - month delay before piloted Soyuz flights could resume . Onward to the Moon ( edit ) The United States recovered from the Apollo 1 fire , fixing the fatal flaws in an improved version of the Block II command module . The US proceeded with unpiloted test launches of the Saturn V launch vehicle ( Apollo 4 and Apollo 6 ) and the Lunar Module ( Apollo 5 ) during the latter half of 1967 and early 1968 . Apollo 1 's mission to check out the Apollo Command / Service Module in Earth orbit was accomplished by Grissom 's backup crew commanded by Walter Schirra on Apollo 7 , launched on October 11 , 1968 . The eleven - day mission was a total success , as the spacecraft performed a virtually flawless mission , paving the way for the United States to continue with its lunar mission schedule . Artist view of Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 after docking The Soviet Union also fixed the parachute and control problems with Soyuz , and the next piloted mission Soyuz 3 was launched on October 26 , 1968 . The goal was to complete Komarov 's rendezvous and docking mission with the un-piloted Soyuz 2 . Ground controllers brought the two craft to within 200 meters ( 660 ft ) of each other , then cosmonaut Georgy Beregovoy took control . He got within 40 meters ( 130 ft ) of his target , but was unable to dock before expending 90 percent of his maneuvering fuel , due to a piloting error that put his spacecraft into the wrong orientation and forced Soyuz 2 to automatically turn away from his approaching craft . The first docking of Soviet spacecraft was finally realized in January 1969 by the Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 missions . It was the first - ever docking of two crewed spacecraft , and the first transfer of crew from one space vehicle to another . Soyuz 7K - L1 Zond spacecraft . Artist view The Soviet Zond spacecraft was not yet ready for piloted circumlunar missions in 1968 , after five unsuccessful and partially successful automated test launches : Cosmos 146 on March 10 , 1967 ; Cosmos 154 on April 8 , 1967 ; Zond 1967A September 27 , 1967 ; Zond 1967B on November 22 , 1967 . Zond 4 was launched on March 2 , 1968 , and successfully made a circumlunar flight . After its successful flight around the Moon , Zond 4 encountered problems with its Earth reentry on March 9 , and was ordered destroyed by an explosive charge 15,000 meters ( 49,000 ft ) over the Gulf of Guinea . The Soviet official announcement said that Zond 4 was an automated test flight which ended with its intentional destruction , due to its recovery trajectory positioning it over the Atlantic Ocean instead of over the USSR . Earthrise as seen from Apollo 8 , December 24 , 1968 ( NASA ) During the summer of 1968 , the Apollo program hit another snag : the first pilot - rated Lunar Module ( LM ) was not ready for orbital tests in time for a December 1968 launch . NASA planners overcame this challenge by changing the mission flight order , delaying the first LM flight until March 1969 , and sending Apollo 8 into lunar orbit without the LM in December . This mission was in part motivated by intelligence rumors the Soviet Union might be ready for a piloted Zond flight during late 1968 . In September 1968 , Zond 5 made a circumlunar flight with tortoises on board and returned to Earth , accomplishing the first successful water landing of the Soviet space program in the Indian Ocean . It also scared NASA planners , as it took them several days to figure out that it was only an automated flight , not piloted , because voice recordings were transmitted from the craft en route to the Moon . On November 10 , 1968 , another automated test flight , Zond 6 was launched , but this time encountered difficulties in its Earth reentry , and depressurized and deployed its parachute too early , causing it to crash - land only 16 kilometers ( 9.9 mi ) from where it had been launched six days earlier . It turned out there was no chance of a piloted Soviet circumlunar flight during 1968 , due to the unreliability of the Zonds . The Lunar Module flew in lunar orbit on Apollo 10 , May 22 -- 23 , 1969 On December 21 , 1968 , Frank Borman , James Lovell , and William Anders became the first humans to ride the Saturn V rocket into space on Apollo 8 . They also became the first to leave low - Earth orbit and go to another celestial body , and entered lunar orbit on December 24 . They made ten orbits in twenty hours , and transmitted one of the most watched TV broadcasts in history , with their Christmas Eve program from lunar orbit , that concluded with a reading from the biblical Book of Genesis . Two and a half hours after the broadcast , they fired their engine to perform the first trans - Earth injection to leave lunar orbit and return to the Earth . Apollo 8 safely landed in the Pacific Ocean on December 27 , in NASA 's first dawn splashdown and recovery . The American Lunar Module was finally ready for a successful piloted test flight in low Earth orbit on Apollo 9 in March 1969 . The next mission , Apollo 10 , conducted a `` dress rehearsal '' for the first landing in May 1969 , flying the LM in lunar orbit as close as 47,400 feet ( 14.4 km ) above the surface , the point where the powered descent to the surface would begin . With the LM proven to work well , the next step was to attempt the landing . Unknown to the Americans , the Soviet Moon program was in deep trouble . After two successive launch failures of the N1 rocket in 1969 , Soviet plans for a piloted landing suffered delay . The launch pad explosion of the N - 1 on July 3 , 1969 , was a significant setback . The rocket hit the pad after an engine shutdown , destroying itself and the launch facility . Without the N - 1 rocket , the USSR could not send a large enough payload to the Moon to land a human and return him safely . Apollo 11 ( edit ) Main article : Apollo 11 American Buzz Aldrin during the first Moon walk in 1969 Apollo 11 was prepared with the goal of a July landing in the Sea of Tranquility . The crew , selected in January 1969 , consisted of commander ( CDR ) Neil Armstrong , Command Module Pilot ( CMP ) Michael Collins , and Lunar Module Pilot ( LMP ) Edwin `` Buzz '' Aldrin . They trained for the mission until just before the launch day . On July 16 , 1969 , at exactly 9 : 32 am EDT , the Saturn V rocket , AS - 506 , lifted off from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 in Florida . The trip to the Moon took just over three days . After achieving orbit , Armstrong and Aldrin transferred into the Lunar Module , named Eagle , and after a landing gear inspection by Collins remaining in the Command / Service Module Columbia , began their descent . After overcoming several computer overload alarms caused by an antenna switch left in the wrong position , and a slight downrange error , Armstrong took over manual flight control at about 180 meters ( 590 ft ) , and guided the Lunar Module to a safe landing spot at 20 : 18 : 04 UTC , July 20 , 1969 ( 3 : 17 : 04 pm CDT ) . The first humans on the Moon waited six hours before they left their craft . At 02 : 56 UTC , July 21 ( 9 : 56 pm CDT July 20 ) , Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the Moon . Neil Armstrong 's historic first words on the Moon . `` That 's one small step for ( a ) man , one giant leap for mankind . '' Problems playing this file ? See media help . The first step was witnessed by at least one - fifth of the population of Earth , or about 723 million people . His first words when he stepped off the LM 's landing footpad were , `` That 's one small step for ( a ) man , one giant leap for mankind . '' Aldrin joined him on the surface almost 20 minutes later . Altogether , they spent just under two and one - quarter hours outside their craft . The next day , they performed the first launch from another celestial body , and rendezvoused back with Columbia . Apollo 11 left lunar orbit and returned to Earth , landing safely in the Pacific Ocean on July 24 , 1969 . When the spacecraft splashed down , 2,982 days had passed since Kennedy 's commitment to landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth before the end of the decade ; the mission was completed with 161 days to spare . With the safe completion of the Apollo 11 mission , the Americans won the race to the Moon . The Race winds down ( edit ) Apollo 17 's Saturn V in 1972 Moonwalk , December 13 , 1972 NASA had ambitious follow - on human spaceflight plans as it reached its lunar goal , but soon discovered it had expended most of its political capital to do so . The first landing was followed by another , precision landing on Apollo 12 in November 1969 . NASA had achieved its first landing goal with enough Apollo spacecraft and Saturn V launchers left for eight follow - on lunar landings through Apollo 20 , conducting extended - endurance missions and transporting the landing crews in Lunar Roving Vehicles on the last five . They also planned an Apollo Applications Program to develop a longer - duration Earth orbital workshop ( later named Skylab ) to be constructed in orbit from a spent S - IVB upper stage , using several launches of the smaller Saturn IB launch vehicle . But planners soon decided this could be done more efficiently by using the two live stages of a Saturn V to launch the workshop pre-fabricated from an S - IVB ( which was also the Saturn V third stage ) , which immediately removed Apollo 20 . Belt - tightening budget cuts soon led NASA to cut Apollo 18 and 19 as well , but keep three extended / Lunar Rover missions . Apollo 13 encountered an in - flight spacecraft failure and had to abort its lunar landing in April 1970 , returning its crew safely but temporarily grounding the program again . It resumed with four successful landings on Apollo 14 ( February 1971 ) , Apollo 15 ( July 1971 ) , Apollo 16 ( April 1972 ) , and Apollo 17 ( December 1972 ) . In February 1969 , President Richard M. Nixon convened a Space Task Group to set recommendations for the future US civilian space program , headed by his Vice President Spiro T. Agnew . Agnew was an enthusiastic proponent of NASA 's follow - on plans , and the STG recommended plans to develop a reusable Space Transportation System including a Space Shuttle , which would facilitate development of permanent space stations in Earth and lunar orbit , perhaps a base on the lunar surface , and the first human flight to Mars as early as 1986 or as late as 2000 . Nixon had a better sense of the declining political support in Congress for a new Apollo - style program , which had disappeared with the achievement of the landing , and he intended to pursue detente with the USSR and China , which he hoped might ease Cold War tensions . He cut the spending proposal he sent to Congress to include funding for only the Space Shuttle , with perhaps an option to pursue the Earth orbital space station for the foreseeable future . The USSR continued trying to perfect their N1 rocket , finally canceling it in 1976 , after two more launch failures in 1971 and 1972 . Salyuts and Skylab ( edit ) The Soyuz 11 crew with the Salyut station in the background , in a Soviet commemorative stamp Having lost the race to the Moon , the USSR decided to concentrate on orbital space stations . During 1969 and 1970 , they launched six more Soyuz flights after Soyuz 3 , then launched the first space station , the Salyut 1 laboratory designed by Kerim Kerimov , on April 19 , 1971 . Three days later , the Soyuz 10 crew attempted to dock with it , but failed to achieve a secure enough connection to safely enter the station . The Soyuz 11 crew of Vladislav Volkov , Georgi Dobrovolski and Viktor Patsayev successfully docked on June 7 , and completed a record 22 - day stay . The crew became the second in - flight space fatality during their reentry on June 30 . They were asphyxiated when their spacecraft 's cabin lost all pressure , shortly after undocking . The disaster was blamed on a faulty cabin pressure valve , that allowed all the air to vent into space . The crew was not wearing pressure suits and had no chance of survival once the leak occurred . Salyut 1 's orbit was increased to prevent premature reentry , but further piloted flights were delayed while the Soyuz was redesigned to fix the new safety problem . The station re-entered the Earth 's atmosphere on October 11 , after 175 days in orbit . The USSR attempted to launch a second Salyut - class station designated Durable Orbital Station - 2 ( DOS - 2 ) on July 29 , 1972 , but a rocket failure caused it to fail to achieve orbit . After the DOS - 2 failure , the USSR attempted to launch four more Salyut - class stations up to 1975 , with another failure due to an explosion of the final rocket stage , which punctured the station with shrapnel so that it would not hold pressure . All of the Salyuts were presented to the public as non-military scientific laboratories , but some of them were covers for the military Almaz reconnaissance stations . The United States launched the orbital workstation Skylab 1 on May 14 , 1973 . It weighed 169,950 pounds ( 77,090 kg ) , was 58 feet ( 18 m ) long by 21.7 feet ( 6.6 m ) in diameter , with a habitable volume of 10,000 cubic feet ( 280 m ) . Skylab was damaged during the ascent to orbit , losing one of its solar panels and a meteoroid thermal shield . Subsequent crewed missions repaired the station , and the final mission 's crew , Skylab 4 , set the Space Race endurance record with 84 days in orbit when the mission ended on February 8 , 1974 . Skylab stayed in orbit another five years before reentering the Earth 's atmosphere over the Indian Ocean and Western Australia on July 11 , 1979 . Apollo -- Soyuz test Project ( edit ) Main article : Apollo - Soyuz Test Project Apollo - Soyuz crew : From left to right : Donald `` Deke '' Slayton , Thomas Patten Stafford , Vance Brand , Alexey Leonov , and Valeri Kubasov In May 1972 , President Richard M. Nixon and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev negotiated an easing of relations known as detente , creating a temporary `` thaw '' in the Cold War . In the spirit of good sportsmanship , the time seemed right for cooperation rather than competition , and the notion of a continuing `` race '' began to subside . The two nations planned a joint mission to dock the last US Apollo craft with a Soyuz , known as the Apollo - Soyuz Test Project ( ASTP ) . To prepare , the US designed a docking module for the Apollo that was compatible with the Soviet docking system , which allowed any of their craft to dock with any other ( e.g. Soyuz / Soyuz as well as Soyuz / Salyut ) . The module was also necessary as an airlock to allow the men to visit each other 's craft , which had incompatible cabin atmospheres . The USSR used the Soyuz 16 mission in December 1974 to prepare for ASTP . The joint mission began when Soyuz 19 was first launched on July 15 , 1975 , at 12 : 20 UTC , and the Apollo craft was launched with the docking module six and a half hours later . The two craft rendezvoused and docked on July 17 at 16 : 19 UTC . The three astronauts conducted joint experiments with the two cosmonauts , and the crew shook hands , exchanged gifts , and visited each other 's craft . Legacy ( edit ) Human spaceflight after Apollo ( edit ) International Space Station in 2010 In the 1970s , the United States began developing a new generation of reusable orbital spacecraft known as the Space Shuttle , and launched a range of uncrewed probes . The USSR continued to develop space station technology with the Salyut program and Mir ( ' Peace ' or ' World ' , depending on the context ) space station , supported by Soyuz spacecraft . They developed their own large space shuttle under the Buran program . The USSR dissolved in 1991 and the remains of its space program mainly passed to Russia . The United States and Russia worked together in space with the Shuttle -- Mir Program , and again with the International Space Station . The Russian R - 7 rocket family , which launched the first Sputnik at the beginning of the Space Race , is still in use today . It services the International Space Station ( ISS ) as the launcher for both the Soyuz and Progress spacecraft . It also ferries both Russian and American crews to and from the station . See also ( edit ) Space portal Spaceflight portal Robotics portal Cold War portal Cold War playground equipment Comparison of Asian national space programs -- a so - called `` Asian space race '' History of spaceflight List of space exploration milestones , 1957 -- 1969 Moon Landing Moon Shot Space advocacy Space exploration Space policy Space propaganda Spaceflight records Timeline of Solar System exploration Timeline of space exploration Timeline of the Space Race Woods Hole Conference Mars race Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Neufeld , Michael J ( 1995 ) . The Rocket and the Reich : Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era . New York : The Free Press . pp. 158 , 160 -- 162 , 190 . Jump up ^ Cornwell ( 2003 ) , p. 147 Jump up ^ Cornwell ( 2004 ) , p. 146 Jump up ^ Cornwell ( 2003 ) , p. 148 Jump up ^ Cornwell ( 2003 ) , p. 150 Jump up ^ Burrows ( 1998 ) , p. 96 Jump up ^ Burrows ( 1998 ) , pp. 99 -- 100 Jump up ^ Burrows ( 1998 ) , pp. 98 -- 99 Jump up ^ Stocker ( 2004 ) , pp. 12 -- 24 Jump up ^ Gainor ( 2001 ) , p. 68 ^ Jump up to : Schefter ( 1999 ) , p. 29 Jump up ^ Siddiqi ( 2003a ) , p. 41 Jump up ^ Siddiqi ( 2003a ) , p. 24 -- 41 ^ Jump up to : Siddiqi ( 2003a ) , pp. 24 -- 34 Jump up ^ Siddiqi ( 2003a ) , pp. 4 , 11 , 16 ^ Jump up to : Schefter ( 1999 ) , pp. 7 -- 10 ^ Jump up to : Siddiqi ( 2003a ) , p. 45 ^ Jump up to : Gatland ( 1976 ) , pp. 100 -- 101 ^ Jump up to : Wade , Mark . `` Early Russian Ballistic Missiles '' . Encyclopedia Astronautix . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2006 . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Goddard 's 1919 research paper A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes was famously ridiculed in a New York Times editorial . Jump up ^ Burrows ( 1998 ) , p. 123 ^ Jump up to : Burrows ( 1998 ) , pp. 129 -- 134 ^ Jump up to : Burrows ( 1998 ) , p. 137 ^ Jump up to : Schmitz , ( 1999 ) , pp. 149 -- 154 ^ Jump up to : Burrows ( 2012 ) , pp. 147 -- 149 Jump up ^ Polmer and Laur ( 1990 ) , pp. 229 -- 241 ^ Jump up to : Burrows ( 1998 ) , pp. 149 -- 151 Jump up ^ Hall & Shayler ( 2001 ) , p. 56 Jump up ^ Siddiqi ( 2003a ) , pp. 468 -- 469 ^ Jump up to : Wade , Mark . `` Atlas '' . Encyclopedia Astronautix . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Koman , Rita G. ( 1994 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Man on the Moon : The U.S. Space Program as a Cold War Maneuver '' . OAH Magazine of History . 8 ( 2 ) : 42 -- 50 . JSTOR 25162945 . 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The Nuclear Age . San Diego : Greenhaven , Inc. , 2002 . ( 146 ) Jump up ^ Knapp , Brian . Journey into Space . Danbury : Grolier , 2004. ( 17 ) Jump up ^ O'Neill , Terry . The Nuclear Age . San Diego : Greenhaven , Inc. , 2002. ( 146 ) Jump up ^ Barnett , Nicholas . ' `` Russia Wins Space Race '' : The British Press and the Sputnik Moment ' , Media History , ( 2013 ) 19 : 2 , 182 - 195 . Jump up ^ Nicogossian , Arnauld E. ( 1993 ) . Space Biology and Medicine : Space and Its Exploration . Washington , DC. : American Institute of Aeronautics . p. 285 . Jump up ^ Nicogossian , Arnauld E. ( 1993 ) . Space and Biology : Space and Its Exploration . Washington , DC. : American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc. p. 285 . Jump up ^ Nicogossian , Arnauld E. ( 1993 ) . Space Biology and Medicine : Space and Its Exploration . Washington , DC : American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc. p. 285 . Jump up ^ Angelo , Joseph , A. ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of Space Astronomy . New York , NY : Facts on Files , Inc. p. 634 . Jump up ^ Angelo , Joseph , A. ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of Space Astronomy . New York , NY : Facts on Files , Inc. p. 225 . Jump up ^ Bello , Francis ( 1959 ) . `` The Early Space Age '' . Fortune . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hall ( 2001 ) , pp. 149 -- 157 Jump up ^ `` Why Yuri Gagarin Remains the First Man in Space , Even Though He Did Not Land Inside His Spacecraft '' . April 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pervushin ( 2011 ) , 7.1 Гражданин мира Jump up ^ Государственная Дума . Федеральный закон No 32 - ФЗ от 13 марта 1995 г . `` О днях воинской славы и памятных датах России '' , в ред . Федерального закона No 59 - ФЗ от 10 апреля 2009 г `` О внесении изменения в статью 1.1 федерального закона `` О днях воинской славы и памятных датах России '' '' . Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования . Опубликован : `` Российская Газета '' , No 52 , 15 марта 1995 г . ( State Duma . 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Mission elapsed time ( MET ) from when Armstrong states that he will step off the LM at 109hrs : 24mins : 13secs to when Armstrong was back inside the LM at 111hrs : 38mins : 38sec Jump up ^ Parry ( 2009 ) , pp. 250 -- 251 Jump up ^ Parry ( 2009 ) , pp. 252 -- 262 Jump up ^ Murray ( 1990 ) , p. 347 Jump up ^ Schefter ( 1999 ) , p. 288 Jump up ^ Hepplewhite , p. 186 Jump up ^ Hepplewhite , p. 123 Jump up ^ Hepplewhite , pp. 136 - 150 Jump up ^ Hepplewhite , pp. 150 - 177 Jump up ^ Portree , 1.2. 4 Manned Lunar Program ( 1964 - 1976 ) References ( edit ) Bilstein , Roger E. ( 1996 ) . Stages to Saturn : A Technological History of the Apollo / Saturn Launch Vehicles . Washington : Scientific and Technical Information Branch , National Aeronautics and Space Administration , . ISBN 0 - 16 - 048909 - 1 . Brugess , Colin ; Kate Doolan ; Bert Vis ( 2003 ) . Fallen Astronauts : Heroes Who Died Reaching for the Moon . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 6212 - 4 . Brzezinski , Matthew ( 2007 ) . Red Moon Rising : Sputnik and the Hidden Rivalries that Ingnited the Space Race . New York : Times Books , Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 8147 - 3 . Burrows , William E. ( 1998 ) . This New Ocean : The Story of the First Space Age . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 44521 - 0 . ASIN 0679445218 . Cadbury , Deborah ( 2006 ) . Space Race : The Epic Battle Between America and the Soviet Union for Dominance of Space . New York : Harper Collins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 084553 - 7 . Chaikin , Andrew ( 1994 ) . A Man on the Moon : The Triumphant Story of the Apollo Space Program . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 0140272011 . Cornwell , John ( 2003 ) . Hitler 's Scientists : Science , War , and the Devil 's Pact . New York : Viking Press . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03075 - 9 . Dallek , Robert ( 2003 ) . An Unfinished Life : John F. Kennedy , 1917 -- 1963 . Boston : Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 0 - 316 - 17238 - 3 . Gainor , Chris ( 2001 ) . Arrows to the Moon : Avro 's Engineers and the Space Race . Burlington , Ontario : Apogee Books . ISBN 1 - 896522 - 83 - 1 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2008 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Gatland , Kenneth ( 1976 ) . Manned Spacecraft , Second Revision . New York , NY , USA : Macmillan Publishing Co. , Inc . pp. 100 -- 101 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 542820 - 9 . Hall , Rex ; David J. Shayler ( 2001 ) . The Rocket Men : Vostok & Voskhod , The First Soviet Manned Spaceflights . New York : Springer -- Praxis Books . ISBN 1 - 85233 - 391 - X . Hall , Rex ; David J. Shayler ( 2003 ) . Soyuz : A Universal Spacecraft . New York : Springer -- Praxis Books . ISBN 1 - 85233 - 657 - 9 . Hardesty , Von ; Gene Eisman ( 2007 ) . Epic Rivalry : The Inside Story of the Soviet and American Space Race . Foreword by Sergei Khrushchev . Washington : National Geographic Society . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4262 - 0119 - 6 . Harford , James J. ( 1997 ) . Korolev : How One Man Masterminded the Soviet Drive to Beat America to the Moon ( 1 ed . ) . New York : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 14853 - 9 . Hepplewhite , T.A. ( 1999 ) . The Space Shuttle Decision : NASA 's Search for a Reusable Space Vehicle . Washington , DC : NASA . Jones , Eric M. ( 1 January 2010 ) . `` Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal '' . Apollo Lunar Surface Journal . Internet . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . Kraft , Chris ; James Schefter ( 2001 ) . Flight : My Life in Mission Control . New York : Dutton . ISBN 0 - 525 - 94571 - 7 . Murray , Charles ; Catherine Bly Cox ( 1990 ) . Apollo : The Race to the Moon . New York : Touchstone ( Simon & Schuster ) . ISBN 0 - 671 - 70625 - X . The link is to the 2004 edition , pages differ , but content the same . Parry , Dan ( 2009 ) . Moonshot : The Inside Story of Mankind 's Greatest Adventure . Chatham , United Kingdom : Ebury Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 192837 - 7 . Polmar , Norman ; Timothy M. Laur ( 1990 ) . Strategic Air Command : People , Aircraft , and Missiles ( 2 ed . ) . Baltimore : Nautical and Publishing Company of America . ISBN 0 - 933852 - 77 - 0 . Poole , Robert ( 2008 ) . Earthrise : How Man First Saw the Earth . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 13766 - 8 . Portree , David S.F. ( March 1995 ) , `` Mir Hardware Heritage '' , Reference Publication , NASA Reference Publication 1357 , Houston TX : NASA , 95 : 23249 , Bibcode : 1995STIN ... 9523249P chapter = ignored ( help ) Schefter , James ( 1999 ) . The Race : The uncensored story of how America beat Russia to the Moon . New York : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 49253 - 7 . Schmitz , David F. ( 1999 ) . `` Cold War ( 1945 -- 91 ) : Causes '' . In Whiteclay Chambers , John . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507198 - 0 . Seamans , Robert C. , Jr. ( 5 April 1967 ) . `` Findings , Determinations And Recommendations '' . Report of Apollo 204 Review Board . NASA History Office . Retrieved 7 October 2007 . Siddiqi , Asif A. ( 2003a ) . Sputnik and the Soviet Space Challenge . Gainesville : University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 2627 - X . Siddiqi , Asif A. ( 2003b ) . The Soviet Space Race with Apollo . Gainesville : University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 2628 - 8 . Stocker , Jeremy ( 2004 ) . Britain and Ballistic Missile Defence , 1942 -- 2002 . London : Frank Case . pp. 12 -- 24 . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5696 - 8 . Turnhill , Reginald ( 2004 ) . The Moonlandings : An Eyewitness Account . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 81595 - 9 . Первушин , Антон ( 2011 ) . 108 минут , изменившие мир . Эксмо . ISBN 978 - 5 - 699 - 48001 - 2 . ( Anton Pervushin. 108 minutes which changed the world ; in Russian ) External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Space Race '' dated 2005 - 07 - 02 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Scanned letter from Wernher Von Braun to Vice President Johnson `` America 's Space Program : Exploring a New Frontier '' , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan Why Did the USSR Lose the Moon Race ? from Pravda , 2002 - 12 - 03 Space Race Exhibition at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum TheSpaceRace.com -- Mercury , Gemini , and Apollo space programs Timeline of the Space Race to the Moon 1960 -- 1969 Shadows of the Soviet Space Age , Paul Lucas Chronology : Moon Race at russianspaceweb.com John F. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who were the two superpowers during the cold war space race | [
"The Space Race refers to the 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for dominance in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, aided by captured German missile technology and personnel from the Aggregat program. \nThe technological superiority required for such dominance was seen as necessary for national security, and symbolic of ideological superiority. The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, uncrewed space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon.\n",
"The Space Race refers to the 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for dominance in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, aided by captured German missile technology and personnel from the Aggregat program. \nThe technological superiority required for such dominance was seen as necessary for national security, and symbolic of ideological superiority. The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, uncrewed space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon.\n"
] | [
"the Soviet Union (USSR)",
"the United States"
] |
4708139437208964384 | Ain't | Ai n't - wikipedia Ai n't Jump to : navigation , search Ai n't is a contraction for am not , is not , are not , has not , and have not in the common English language vernacular . In some dialects ai n't is also used as a contraction of do not , does not , and did not . The development of ai n't for the various forms of to be not , to have not , and to do not occurred independently , at different times . The usage of ai n't for the forms of to be not was established by the mid-18th century , and for the forms of to have not by the early 19th century . The usage of ai n't is a continuing subject of controversy in English . Ai n't is commonly used by many speakers in oral and informal settings , especially in certain regions and dialects . Its usage is often highly stigmatized , and it can be used by the general public as a marker of low socio - economic or regional status or education level . Its use is generally considered non-standard by dictionaries and style guides except when used for rhetorical effect . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 1.1 Contractions of to be not 1.2 Contractions of to have not 1.3 Contractions of to do not 2 Linguistic characteristics 3 Prescription and stigma 4 Regional usage and dialects 5 Rhetorical and popular usage 6 Notable usage 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading Etymology ( edit ) Ai n't has several antecedents in English , corresponding to the various forms of to be not and to have not that ai n't contracts . The development of ai n't for to be not and to have not is a diachronic coincidence ; in other words , they were independent developments at different times . Contractions of to be not ( edit ) Am n't as a contraction of am not is known from 1618 . As the `` mn '' combination of two nasal consonants is disfavoured by many English speakers , the `` m '' of am n't began to be elided , reflected in writing with the new form a n't . Are n't as a contraction for are not first appeared in 1675 . In non-rhotic dialects , are n't lost its `` r '' sound , and began to be pronounced as a n't . A n't ( sometimes a' n't ) arose from am not and are not almost simultaneously . A n't first appears in print in the work of English Restoration playwrights . In 1695 a n't was used as a contraction of `` am not '' , in William Congreve 's play Love for Love : `` I can hear you farther off , I a n't deaf '' . But as early as 1696 Sir John Vanbrugh uses a n't to mean `` are not '' in The Relapse : `` Hark thee shoemaker ! These shoes a n't ugly , but they do n't fit me '' . A n't for is not may have developed independently from its use for am not and are not . Is n't was sometimes written as i n't or e n't , which could have changed into a n't . A n't for is not may also have filled a gap as an extension of the already - used conjugations for to be not . Jonathan Swift used a n't to mean is not in Letter 19 of his Journal to Stella ( 1710 -- 13 ) : It a n't my fault , ' tis Patrick 's fault ; pray now do n't blame Presto . A n't with a long `` a '' sound began to be written as ai n't , which first appears in writing in 1749 . By the time ai n't appeared , a n't was already being used for am not , are not , and is not . A n't and ai n't coexisted as written forms well into the nineteenth century -- Charles Dickens used the terms interchangeably , as in Chapter 13 , Book the Second of Little Dorrit ( 1857 ) : `` ' I guessed it was you , Mr Pancks '' , said she , ' for it 's quite your regular night ; ai n't it ? ... A n't it gratifying , Mr Pancks , though ; really ? ' `` . In the English lawyer William Hickey 's memoirs ( 1808 -- 1810 ) , ai n't appears as a contraction of are n't ; `` thank God we 're all alive , ai n't we ... '' Contractions of to have not ( edit ) Ha n't or ha' n't , an early contraction for has not and have not , developed from the elision of the `` s '' of has not and the `` v '' of have not . Ha n't appeared in the work of English Restoration playwrights , as in The Country Wife ( 1675 ) by William Wycherley : Gentlemen and Ladies , ha n't you all heard the late sad report / of poor Mr. Horner . Much like a n't , ha n't was sometimes pronounced with a long `` a '' , yielding hai n't . With H - dropping , the `` h '' of ha n't or hai n't gradually disappeared in most dialects , and became ai n't . Ai n't as a contraction for has not / have not first appeared in dictionaries in the 1830s , and appeared in 1819 in Niles ' Weekly Register : Strike ! Why I ai n't got nobody here to strike ... Charles Dickens likewise used ai n't to mean have n't in Chapter 28 of Martin Chuzzlewit ( 1844 ) : `` You ai n't got nothing to cry for , bless you ! He 's righter than a trivet ! '' Like with a n't , ha n't and ai n't were found together late into the nineteenth century , as in Chapter 12 of Dickens ' Our Mutual Friend : `` ' Well , have you finished ? ' asked the strange man . ' No , ' said Riderhood , ' I ai n't ' ... ' You sir ! You ha n't said what you want of me . ' '' Contractions of to do not ( edit ) Ai n't meaning did n't is widely considered a feature unique to African American Vernacular English , although it can be found in some dialects of Caribbean English as well . It may function not as a true variant of did n't , but as a creole - like tense - neutral negator ( sometimes termed `` generic ai n't '' ) . Its origin may have been due to approximation when early African Americans acquired English as a second language ; it is also possible that early African Americans inherited this variation from colonial European - Americans , and later kept the variation when it largely passed out of wider usage . Ai n't is rarely attested for the present - tense constructions do not or does not . Linguistic characteristics ( edit ) Linguistically , ai n't is formed by the same rule that English speakers use to form are n't and other contractions of auxiliary verbs . Most linguists consider usage of ai n't to be grammatical , as long as its users convey their intended meaning to their audience . In other words , a sentence such as `` She ai n't got no sense '' is grammatical because it generally follows a native speaker 's word order , and because a native speaker would recognize the meaning of that sentence . Linguists draw a distinction , however , between grammaticality and acceptability : what may be considered grammatical across all dialects may nevertheless be considered not acceptable in certain dialects or contexts . The usage of ai n't is socially unacceptable in some situations . Functionally , ai n't has operated in part to plug what is known as the `` am n't gap '' -- the anomalous situation in standard English whereby there are standard contractions for other forms of to be not ( are n't for are not , and is n't for is not ) , but no standard contraction for am not . Historically , ai n't has filled the gap where one might expect am n't , even in contexts where other uses of ai n't were disfavored . Standard dialects that regard ai n't as non-standard often substitute are n't for am not in tag questions ( e.g. , `` I 'm doing okay , are n't I ? '' ) , while leaving the `` am n't gap '' open in declarative statements . Prescription and stigma ( edit ) Ai n't has been called `` the most stigmatized word in the language '' , as well as `` the most powerful social marker '' in English . It is a prominent example in English of a shibboleth -- a word used to determine inclusion in , or exclusion from , a group . Historically , this was not the case . For most of its history , ai n't was acceptable across many social and regional contexts . Throughout the 17th , 18th , and 19th centuries , ai n't and its predecessors were part of normal usage for both educated and uneducated English speakers , and was found in the correspondence and fiction of , among others , Jonathan Swift , Lord Byron , Henry Fielding , and George Eliot . For Victorian English novelists William Makepeace Thackeray and Anthony Trollope , the educated and upper classes in 19th century England could use ai n't freely , but in familiar speech only . Ai n't continued to be used without restraint by many upper middle class speakers in southern England into the beginning of the 20th century . Ai n't was a prominent target of early prescriptivist writers . In the 18th and early 19th centuries , some writers began to propound the need to establish a `` pure '' or `` correct '' form of English . Contractions in general were disapproved of , but ai n't and its variants were seen as particularly `` vulgar '' . This push for `` correctness '' was driven mainly by the middle class , which led to an incongruous situation in which non-standard constructions continued to be used by both lower and upper classes , but not by the middle class . The reason for the strength of the prescription against ai n't is not entirely clear . The strong prescription against ai n't in standard English has led to many misconceptions , often expressed jocularly ( or ironically ) , as `` ai n't ai n't a word '' or `` ai n't ai n't in the dictionary . '' Ai n't is listed in most dictionaries , including the Oxford Dictionary of English and Merriam - Webster . However , Oxford states `` it does not form part of standard English and should never be used in formal or written contexts '' , and Merriam - Webster states it is `` widely disapproved as non-standard and more common in the habitual speech of the less educated '' . Webster 's Third New International Dictionary , published in 1961 , went against then - standard practice when it included the following usage note in its entry on ai n't : `` though disapproved by many and more common in less educated speech , used orally in most parts of the U.S. by many cultivated speakers esp. in the phrase ai n't I . '' Many commentators disapproved of the dictionary 's relatively permissive attitude toward the word , which was inspired , in part , by the belief of its editor , Philip Gove , that `` distinctions of usage were elitist and artificial '' . Regional usage and dialects ( edit ) From Mark Twain , Life on the Mississippi , 1883 Ai n't is found throughout the English - speaking world across regions and classes , and is among the most pervasive nonstandard terms in English . It is one of two negation features ( the other being the double negative ) that are known to appear in all nonstandard English dialects . Ai n't is used throughout the United Kingdom , with its geographical distribution increasing over time . It is also found throughout the United States , including in Appalachia , the South , New England , the Mid-Atlantic , and the Upper Midwest . In its geographical ubiquity , ai n't is to be contrasted with other folk usages such as y'all , which is confined to the South region of the United States . In England , ai n't is generally considered a non-standard or illiterate usage , as it is used by speakers of a lower socio - economic class , or by educated people in an informal manner . In the nineteenth century , ai n't was often used by writers to denote regional dialects such as Cockney English . Ai n't is a non-standard feature commonly found in mainstream Australian English , and in New Zealand , ai n't is a feature of Māori - influenced English . In American English , usage of ai n't corresponds to a middle level of education , although it is widely believed that its use establishes of lack of education or social standing in the speaker . The usage of ai n't in the southern United States is distinctive , however , in the continued usage of the word by well - educated , cultivated speakers . Ai n't is in common usage of educated Southerners . In the South , the use of ai n't can be used as a marker to separate cultured speakers from those who lack confidence in their social standing and thus avoid its use entirely . An American propaganda poster from World War II , using ai n't for rhetorical effect Rhetorical and popular usage ( edit ) Ai n't can be used in both speech and writing to catch attention and to give emphasis , as in `` Ai n't that a crying shame '' , or `` If it ai n't broke , do n't fix it . '' Merriam - Webster 's Collegiate Dictionary gives an example from film critic Richard Schickel : `` the wackiness of movies , once so deliciously amusing , ai n't funny anymore . '' It can also be used deliberately for what The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style describes as `` tongue - in - cheek '' or `` reverse snobbery '' . Star baseball pitcher Dizzy Dean , a member of the Baseball Hall of Fame and later a popular announcer , once said , `` A lot of people who do n't say ai n't , ai n't eatin ' . '' Although ai n't is seldom found in formal writing , it is frequently used in more informal written settings , such as popular song lyrics . In genres such as traditional country music , blues , rock n ' roll , and hip - hop , lyrics often include nonstandard features such as ai n't . This is principally due to the use of such features as markers of `` covert identity and prestige '' . Ai n't is standard in some fixed phrases , such as `` You ai n't seen nothing yet '' . Notable usage ( edit ) `` You Ai n't Heard Nothing Yet '' , 1919 `` Ai n't I a Woman ? '' , 1851 speech by abolitionist Sojourner Truth . `` If you want to know who we are '' , from The Mikado lyrics by W.S. Gilbert `` We figure in lively paint : Our attitude 's queer and quaint -- You 're wrong if you think it ai n't . '' ( 1885 ) . George Bernard Shaw 's play Pygmalion `` I ai n't done nothing wrong by speaking to the gentleman '' said Cockney flower girl Eliza Doolittle . Great baseball hitter Willie Keeler 's advice to young hitters was : `` Keep your eye on the ball , and hit ' em where they ai n't . '' `` Say it ai n't so , Joe '' , apocryphal quote from a young baseball fan to Shoeless Joe Jackson after the fan learned about the Black Sox scandal involving throwing the 1919 World Series . `` Say it ai n't so '' was subsequently used as the title of a song by Weezer and an album by Murray Head , and an opera about the 2008 US vice presidential debate . `` You ai n't heard nothing yet ! '' spoken by Al Jolson in The Jazz Singer ( 1927 ) , the first feature - length motion picture with synchronized dialogue sequences . That spoken line , and others in the film , introduced the `` talkies '' and revolutionized the movie industry . `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' , song from Porgy and Bess ( 1935 ) ; music by George Gershwin , words by Ira Gershwin . `` He ai n't heavy , he 's my brother '' has been used as the motto of Boys Town since 1943 , and inspired a song He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother , written by Bobby Scott and Bob Russell , and recorded by The Hollies , Neil Diamond , and other artists . `` Ai n't That a Shame '' is a song written by Fats Domino and Dave Bartholomew , released by Imperial Records in 1955 , which went on to sell over a million copies and introduced Fats Domino to a wider audience . Winston Churchill , commenting on the 1954 portrait by Graham Sutherland said `` It makes me look half - witted , which I ai n't '' . Ai n't No Mountain High Enough sung by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell . See also ( edit ) English auxiliaries and contractions English usage controversies References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cheshire , Jenny ( 2009 ) . Variation in an English Dialect . Cambridge University Press . p. 53 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 11715 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Am n't '' , Merriam - Webster . Accessed 29 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Denham , Kristin , Anne Lobeck . Linguistics for Everyone : An Introduction . 2009 . p. 171 . Jump up ^ `` Are n't '' , Merriam - Webster . Accessed 29 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Algeo , John and Carmen Acevedo Butcher . The Origins and Development of the English Language . Cengage Learning . 2014 . p. 192 . ^ Jump up to : Merriam - Webster , Inc. `` ai n't '' . The Merriam - Webster New Book of Word Histories. 1991 . pp. 7 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Congreve , William . Love for Love . J. and R. Tonson . London . 1756 . p. 55 . Jump up ^ Vanbrugh , Sir John . The Relapse. J. and R. Tonson ; G. Kearsly . London . 1761 . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Swift , Jonathan . The Journal to Stella. J. Nichols . London . 1808 . p. 417 . Jump up ^ `` Ai n't '' , Merriam - Webster . Accessed 29 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Alfred Spencer Memoirs of William Hickey ( 1749 -- 1775 ) READ BOOKS , 2008 Jump up ^ Wycherley , William . The Country Wife. C. Bathurst . London . 1751 . p. 82 . Jump up ^ Niles ' weekly register . Vol. 16 . 1819 . p. 190 . Jump up ^ Dickens , Charles . Martin Chuzzlewit . Wordsworth Editions. 1994 . p. 443 . Jump up ^ Dickens , Charles . Our Mutual Friend . P.F. Collier & Son . 1911 . pp. 375 -- 76 . ^ Jump up to : Howe , Darin . `` Negation in African American Vernacular English '' , from Aspects of English Negation . p. 185 . Jump up ^ Anderwald , Liselotte . Negation in varieties of English , from Areal Features of the Anglophone World , Raymond Hickey , ed. p. 311 . 2012 . Jump up ^ Peoples , James and Garrick Bailey . Humanity : An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology . Cengage. 2011 . p. 52 . Jump up ^ Clark , Irene L. Concepts in Composition : Theory and Practice in the Teaching of Writing . Routledge. 2011 . p. 283 . Jump up ^ Aarts , Bart , Sylvia Chalker , and Edmund Weiner . The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar . Oxford University Press . 2014 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Wolfram , Walt . Vernacular Dialects of English , from Languages and Dialects in the U.S. : An Introduction to the Linguistics of Diversity . Marianna Di Paolo , Arthur K. Spears , eds . Routledge . p. 86 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Richard . `` * I am n't '' . Language , Vol 76 , No 2 . pp. 297 -- 323 . 308 -- 09 , 311 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Kenneth G . The Columbia Guide to Standard American English . Columbia University Press . 1993 . p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Lynch , Jack . The Lexicographer 's Dilemma . Bloomsbury Publishing USA . 2009 . pp. 15 -- 16 . ^ Jump up to : Dillard , Joey Lee . Toward a Social History of American English . Walter de Gruyter. 1985 . p. 86 . Jump up ^ O'Conner , Patricia T. and Stewart Kellerman . Origins of the Specious : Myths and Misconceptions of the English Language . Random House . 2010 . p. 48 . ^ Jump up to : Görlach , Manfred . English in nineteenth - century England : an introduction Cambridge University Press . 1999 . Jump up ^ Williams , Joseph M. Origins of the English Language . Simon and Schuster . 1986 . p. 277 . Jump up ^ Wolfram , Walt and Donna Christian . Appalachian Speech . Center for Applied Linguistics. 1976 . p. 114 . Jump up ^ Pahta , Päivi , Minna Palander - Collin , Minna Nevala , and Arja Nurmi . Language practices in the construction of social roles in Late Modern English , from Social Roles and Language Practices in Late Modern English . Päivi Pahta , Minna Nevala , Minna Palander - Collin , and Arja Nurmi , eds. 2010 . pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ See also Tieken - Boone van Ostade , Ingrid . An Introduction to Late Modern English . Edinburgh University Press . 2009 . pp. 82 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Spears , Richard A. ( 2007 ) . `` Dictionary of American Slang and Colloquial Expressions : Saying `` Ai n't ai n't in the dictionary '' ai n't so. `` '' . Dictionary of American Slang , cited at dictionary.reference.com . McGraw Hill Education . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ai n't '' , entry in Oxford English Dictionary . Accessed 5 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ai n't '' , entry in Merriam Webster 's Dictionary of English Usage , E. Ward Gilman , ed. , Merriam - Webster . 1989 . ISBN 0 - 87779 - 132 - 5 . Jump up ^ For an in - depth discussion , see Skinner David . The Story of Ai n't . 2014 . Jump up ^ Kovecses , Zoltan . American English : An Introduction . Broadview Press . 2000 . p. 224 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Anderwald , Liselotte . Negation in varieties of English , from Areal Features of the Anglophone World , Raymond Hickey , ed . Walter de Gruyter. 2012 . p. 314 . Jump up ^ Ian Hancock , Lorento Todd eds . International English Usage . Routledge. 2005 . p. 31 . Jump up ^ Kortmann , Bernd . Syntactic Variation in English : A Global Perspective , from The Handbook of English Linguistics , Bas Aarts and April McMahon , eds . John Wiley & Sons . 2008 . p. 610 . Jump up ^ Anderwald , Liselotte . Non-standard English and typological principles , from Determinants of Grammatical Variation in English , Günter Rohdenburg , Britta Mondorf , eds . Walter de Gruyter. 2003 . pp. 517 -- 518 . Jump up ^ Jan Harold Brunvand , ed . American Folklore : An Encyclopedia . Routledge. 1998 . p. 581 . ^ Jump up to : Castillo González , Maria del Pilar . Uncontracted Negatives and Negative Contractions in Contemporary English . Universidad de Santiago de Compostela . p. 34 . Jump up ^ Crystal , David . The Story of English in 100 Words. 2011 . Jump up ^ Leitner , Gerhard . Australian English -- The National Language . 2004 . p. 245 . Jump up ^ Kachru , Yamuna and Cecil Nelson . World Englishes in Asian Contexts. 2006 . p. 280 . Jump up ^ Kachru , Yamuna and Cecil Nelson . World Englishes in Asian Contexts. 2006 . pp. 211 -- 212 . Jump up ^ Hendrickson , Robert . The Facts on File Dictionary of American Regionalisms . Infobase Publishing . 2000 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ McDavid , Raven . `` The Dialects of Negro Americans '' ( 1972 ) , from Varieties of American English , Stanford University Press . 1980 . p. 85 . Jump up ^ McDavid , Raven . `` The Dialects of Negro Americans '' ( 1972 ) , from Varieties of American English , Stanford University Press . 1980 . p. 32 . Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster 's Collegiate Dictionary . Merriam - Webster . 2003 . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Garner , Bryan . The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style . 2000 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 's Book of Anecdotes . Clifton Fadiman and Andre Bernard , eds. 2000 . p. 159 . ^ Jump up to : German , Gary D. Appalachian and African American Lyrical Traditions , from Aspects linguistiques du texte poetique , David Banks , ed . L'Harmattan. 2011 . p. 154 . Jump up ^ `` Modern History Sourcebook : Sojourner Truth : `` Ai n't I a Woman ? '' , December 1851 `` . Fordham University . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Batiste , Stephanie Leigh . Darkening Mirrors. 2011 . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Shaw , George Bernard . `` Pygmalion / Act I '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 -- via Wikisource . Jump up ^ `` Willie Keeler '' . Baseball Hall of Fame . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ The Gigantic Book of Baseball Quotations . Wayne Stewart , ed. 2007 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ The Yale Book of Quotations . Shapiro , Fred . R. , ed. 2006 . p. 406 . Jump up ^ Freedland , Michael ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` You ai n't heard nothing ' yet : How one sentence uttered by Al Jolson changed the movie industry '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Rimler , Walter . George Gershwin. 2009 . p. 97 . Jump up ^ `` The story behind `` He ai n't heavy ... '' `` . Boys Town . Archived from the original on 27 July 2014 . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Story Of Fats Domino 's ' Ai n't That A Shame ' '' . npr.org . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Goldsmiths , Art and Winston Churchill '' . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Look up ai n't in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Further reading ( edit ) Anderwald , Liselotte . Negation in Non-Standard British English . Routledge. 2003 . `` ai n't '' , Merriam - Webster 's dictionary of English usage ( 1995 ) pp. 60 -- 64 online Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ain%27t&oldid=832167780 '' Categories : American slang British slang Nonstandard English grammar Slang of the Southern United States Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2014 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Suomi ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 07 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did they add ain't to the dictionary | [
"Webster's Third New International Dictionary, published in 1961, went against then-standard practice when it included the following usage note in its entry on ain't: \"though disapproved by many and more common in less educated speech, used orally in most parts of the U.S. by many cultivated speakers esp. in the phrase ain't I.\"[35] Many commentators disapproved of the dictionary's relatively permissive attitude toward the word, which was inspired, in part, by the belief of its editor, Philip Gove, that \"distinctions of usage were elitist and artificial\".[36]"
] | [
"1961"
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2824366267704617816 | Sing (2016 American film) | Sing ( 2016 American film ) - wikipedia Sing ( 2016 American film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2016 animated American film . For 2016 Oscar - winning Hungarian short film , see Sing ( 2016 Hungarian film ) . Sing Theatrical release poster Directed by Garth Jennings Produced by Chris Meledandri Janet Healy Written by Garth Jennings Starring Matthew McConaughey Reese Witherspoon Seth MacFarlane Scarlett Johansson John C. Reilly Taron Egerton Tori Kelly Music by Joby Talbot Edited by Gregory Perler Production company Universal Pictures Illumination Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date September 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 11 ) ( TIFF ) December 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 21 ) ( United States ) Running time 108 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $75 million Box office $632.4 million Sing is a 2016 American 3D computer - animated musical comedy film produced by Illumination Entertainment . It was directed and written by Garth Jennings , co-directed by Christophe Lourdelet , and starring the voices of Matthew McConaughey , Reese Witherspoon , Seth MacFarlane , Scarlett Johansson , John C. Reilly , Taron Egerton , and Tori Kelly . The film is about a group of anthropomorphic animals that enter a singing competition , hosted by a koala hoping to save his theater . The film includes more than 60 songs from famous artists and also has an original song by Stevie Wonder and Ariana Grande called `` Faith , '' which was nominated for a Golden Globe . It screened on the Toronto International Film Festival on September 11 , 2016 , premiered at Microsoft Theater on December 3 , 2016 and was released in the United States on December 21 , 2016 , by Universal Pictures . The film received generally positive reviews , and grossed $632 million worldwide . Along with The Secret Life of Pets , it marked the first time that Illumination Entertainment released two feature films in the same year . A sequel , entitled Sing 2 , has been announced for a release on December 25 , 2020 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In a world of anthropomorphic animals , koala Buster Moon owns a theater , having been interested in show business since his father took him to his first music show as a child . Following financial problems brought up by the bank representative Judith , he tells his wealthy friend Eddie that he will host a singing competition with a prize of $1,000 . But Buster 's assistant , Miss Crawly , accidentally appends two extra zeroes , and the promotional fliers showing $100,000 are blown out of Buster 's office into the city streets . Animals from all around the city gather for auditions . Those selected include : housewife and mother of 25 piglets Rosita ; street musician mouse Mike ; mobster 's son gorilla Johnny ; punk - rock porcupine Ash ; a trio of frogs ; and a camel named Pete . Shy teenage elephant Meena fails her audition out of stage fright , while Ash 's boyfriend Lance is dismissed from the contest . Rosita is paired with another contestant , an exuberant pig named Gunter , for a dancing routine . Although Buster discovers the flyers show a prize of $100,000 , money he does not have , he remains optimistic . Buster convinces Eddie to arrange a visit with Eddie 's grandmother , former opera singer and theater actress Nana Noodleman , to persuade her to sponsor the prize money . She is hesitant to contribute , but agrees to see a private screening of the show . Encouraged by her grandfather , Meena tries to ask Buster for another chance , but becomes his stage hand instead . When the frogs quit , and Pete is injured , Meena is added as an act . The performers ' individual problems begin to hinder rehearsals : Rosita flounders in her dance routine with Gunter , after having been distracted by her parenting duties that have fallen into disarray . After discovering Lance with a new girlfriend and evicting them from her apartment , Ash is devastated and can no longer sing her assigned song , Carly Rae Jepsen 's `` Call Me Maybe . '' Johnny is torn between having to help his father as the driver of a getaway car in a heist and making the practices . When he tries to do both , he does not show up for the planned pickup in time , and his father and his gang are arrested . Meena does not get any help in overcoming her stage fright , and Mike , certain that the prize money is as good as his , buys a fancy car to impress a female mouse , and then swindles a group of bears in a card game in a nightclub . The day of the screening , the bears interrupt the show , demanding the money from Mike , who in turn , points to Buster . The bears open the chest containing the prize money , but it is nowhere near $100,000 . The glass tank full of luminescent squids that Buster got to light up the theater breaks under all their weight , flooding the theater , which then comes crashing down . With the lot repossessed by Judith , Buster , who had been living in his theater 's office desk , takes up residence at Eddie 's place ( his parents ' pool house ) . Although the contestants ( besides Mike , who saw Buster as a fraud ) visit him and try to cheer him up , Buster is too despondent to listen to them . He tries to start over by opening a car wash , using the same bucket that his father had used to earn money for Buster 's theater . When Meena goes to the theater 's rubble lot and sings Leonard Cohen 's `` Hallelujah , '' Buster hears her and is inspired to reinstate the show without the prize money . They perform on a makeshift stage on the lot in front of Rosita and Meena 's family members . As Rosita and Gunter perform Taylor Swift 's `` Shake It Off , '' more animals are attracted to the scene as the show is broadcast on the news . Johnny 's rendition of Elton John 's `` I 'm Still Standing '' impresses his father , who then escapes from prison to reconcile with him . Despite interruption by Judith , Ash sings her original rock song `` Set It All Free . '' Mike returns to the show and sings Frank Sinatra 's `` My Way . '' Meena finally overcomes her fears and sings Stevie Wonder 's `` Do n't You Worry ' bout a Thing , '' which literally brings down the house . The show becomes a success and impresses Nana , who was in the audience . Nana buys the lot and the theater is rebuilt and reopened . Voice cast ( edit ) Matthew McConaughey , Reese Witherspoon , Scarlett Johansson , Tori Kelly , Taron Egerton , and Nick Kroll at the film 's premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival . Matthew McConaughey as Buster Moon , an optimistic koala who plans to save his theater from closure by holding a singing competition . Reese Witherspoon as Rosita , a pig who gave up her teenage music dreams to become a devoted wife to Norman , and mother to their 25 piglets . Seth MacFarlane as Mike , a white mouse with a big Frank Sinatra-esque voice and an arrogant attitude . Scarlett Johansson as Ash , a teen porcupine and punk rocker who takes part in an alternative - rock music duo with her boyfriend Lance . John C. Reilly as Eddie , a sheep and Buster 's friend who doubts the future of the theater . Tori Kelly as Meena , a teenage elephant with an exquisite voice and severe stage fright . Taron Egerton as Johnny , a teenage gorilla who wants to sing , though his father would rather have him follow his criminal footsteps . Jennifer Saunders as Nana Noodleman , a sheep and Eddie 's grandmother who was a singer in her glory days . Jennifer Hudson as Young Nana Garth Jennings as Miss Crawly , an elderly iguana with a glass eye who is Buster 's administrative assistant . Peter Serafinowicz as Big Daddy , a gorilla gang leader who wants his son Johnny to follow in his crime business . Nick Kroll as Gunter , a passionate dancing pig who is partnered with Rosita for the show . Beck Bennett as Lance , a porcupine and Ash 's boyfriend . Jay Pharoah as Meena 's grandfather who pressures her to overcome her stage fright . Nick Offerman as Norman , a pig and Rosita 's husband . Leslie Jones as Meena 's mother Rhea Perlman as Judith , a brown llama from the bank who warns Buster that his theater will be repossessed if he does not pay . Laraine Newman as Meena 's grandmother Adam Buxton as Stan , a gorilla who is a member of Big Daddy 's gang . Brad Morris as a Baboon , whom Mike attacks for not donating more money to his street performances . Bill Farmer as News Reporter Dog , who documents Buster 's singing competition . Oscar , Leo , Caspar , and Asa Jennings as Piglets . Production ( edit ) In January 2014 , it was announced that Garth Jennings would write and direct an animated comedy film for Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment , about `` courage , competition and carrying a tune , '' which was originally titled Lunch , and then retitled as Sing . On January 14 , 2015 , Matthew McConaughey was cast in the film 's lead voice role . Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy produced the film . On June 17 , 2015 , it was confirmed that McConaughey 's character is named Buster and that John C. Reilly would voice Eddie , a sheep and Buster 's best friend . In November 2015 , it was announced that Reese Witherspoon , Seth MacFarlane , Scarlett Johansson , Tori Kelly and Taron Egerton had joined the cast of the film . The film features 65 pop songs , the rights to which cost 15 percent of the film 's $75 million budget . The animation was created entirely in France by Illumination MacGuff . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Sing : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack A soundtrack album for the film was released on December 21 , 2016 . Release ( edit ) The almost complete film was screened as a work in progress beginning September 11 , 2016 at the Toronto International Film Festival . Universal Studios released the film on December 21 , 2016 . Home Media ( edit ) Sing was released on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , Ultra HD Blu - ray and DVD on March 21 , 2017 . It includes three short films : Gunter Babysits , Love at First Sight , and Eddie 's Life Coach . In Gunter Babysits , Gunter offers to watch over Rosita and Norman 's piglets while they are away as he works to prove himself to be a good babysitter . In Love at First Sight , Johnny sets Miss Crawly up with an online dating website where she manages to score a date with a lizard named Herman . In Eddie 's Life Coach , Eddie 's mother sets Eddie up for a digital training seminar where he will be assigned to a dachshund named Garry `` The Winner '' Wishman . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Sing grossed $270.3 million in the U.S. and Canada and $362.1 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $632.4 million , against a production budget of $75 million . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $194.2 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenue for the film , making it the 7th most profitable release of 2016 . In North America , the film opened alongside Passengers and Assassin 's Creed , and was expected to gross around $70 million from 4,022 theaters over its first six days of release . The film made $1.7 million during its Tuesday night previews . It went on to gross $35.3 million in its opening weekend ( a six - day total of $75.5 million ) , finishing second at the box office behind Rogue One : A Star Wars Story , which was in its second week . Sing holds the record for being the highest - grossing film to never finish first at the North American box office , besting My Big Fat Greek Wedding ( $241.4 million in 2002 ) . Critical response ( edit ) Sing received positive reviews from critics . On the aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 73 % based on 157 reviews ; the average rating is 6.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Sing delivers colorfully animated , cheerfully undemanding entertainment with a solid voice cast and a warm - hearted -- albeit familiar -- storyline that lives up to its title . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 59 out of 100 based on 37 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the film three - and - a-half out of four stars and wrote , `` In a year full of talking - animal hits , Sing is n't quite as strong a number . It 's a tale that might not be particularly thought - provoking but sure is toe - tapping . '' In her review for the Los Angeles Times , Katie Walsh called Sing , `` a cute movie with genuinely funny moments ( keep an eye out for the koala car wash ) , and some great tunes to boot . '' The Arizona Republic 's Bill Goodykoontz was rather mixed about the movie in his review and overall said , `` Sing is like an album with a good song here and there , but too much filler and not enough hits . '' Reviewing the version of the film screened at the Toronto International Film Festival , Stefan Pape of the British website HeyUGuys gave the film a mixed review of 2 / 5 , stating that `` Garth Jennings 's Sing effectively acknowledges early on that it 's following a completely unoriginal formula , and yet carries on regardless . '' While Peter Debruge of Variety , who also saw the film during the same festival , did not find the subplots to have any `` profound life lessons , '' he overall praised Jennings ' direction , the cast 's voice performances and the film 's silliness . Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) AARP Annual Movies for Grownups Awards February 6 , 2017 Best Movie for Grownups who Refuse to Grow Up Sing Nominated Annie Awards February 4 , 2017 Outstanding Achievement , Music in an Animated Feature Production Joby Talbot Golden Globe Awards January 8 , 2017 Best Animated Feature Film Sing Best Original Song `` Faith '' -- Ryan Tedder , Stevie Wonder and Francis Farewell Starlite Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 17 , 2016 Best Song -- Animated Film Best Soundtrack Album Sing : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Outstanding Music Supervision -- Film Jojo Villanueva Won Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards March 11 , 2017 Favorite Animated Movie Sing Nominated Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie Reese Witherspoon Most Wanted Pet Favorite Soundtrack Sing Saturn Awards June 28 , 2017 Best Animated Film Nominated Sequel ( edit ) Universal and Illumination have announced plans for a Sing 2 , slated for December 25 , 2020 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Felperin , Leslie ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sing ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sing ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . May 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` Matthew McConaughey to Star in Illumination Animated Film ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` A Complete List of Every Song in Illumination 's ' Sing ' '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sneak peek : A-list animals ' SING ' together '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hopewell , John ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Annecy : Chris Meledandri on Matthew McConaughey as a Koala Legit Theater Owner , ' The Grinch ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Trumbore , Dave ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` Meet the Animated Animals of Illumination Entertainment 's 2016 Musical Comedy , ' Sing ' '' . Collider . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Buxton , Adam ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` EP. 16 - Pub Walk With Garth Jennings '' . soundcloud.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yuen , Jenny ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` TIFF 2016 : Matthew McConaughey optimistic about ' Sing ' '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sing - Full Cast and Credits '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Despicable Me 3 ′ Set For June 2017 Release ; ' Dr. Seuss ' How The Grinch Stole Christmas ' Arrives Five Months Later '' . Deadline . January 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hopewell , John ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` France Fights Bidding War to Lure Hollywood Filmmakers '' . Variety . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . Universal now has `` Max '' and `` Lunch '' set up at Illumination MacGuff . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` Illumination 's Chris Meledandri Talks Success Secrets , Rumors He 'll Head DreamWorks '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keslassy , Elsa ( 2 December 2016 ) . `` Oscar 's French Animation Connection Draws on Deep Talent Pool '' . Jump up ^ Grobar , Matt ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sing ' Director Garth Jennings On Working With `` Wizards , '' The Learning Curve Of His Feature Animation Debut `` . Deadline . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Universal & Illumination To Launch ' Sing ' With Live Jennifer Hudson And Tori Kelly Performances At Toronto '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Universal Dates ' Despicable Me 3 , ' New ' Grinch Who Stole Christmas ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Jennifer ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Illumination Entertainment 's ' Sing ' Headed to Retail '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` No. 7 ' Sing ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Will ' Rogue One ' Vanquish The Christmas B.O. Competition ? '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Sing 's ' Box - Office Debut Tops ' Assassin 's Creed , ' ' Passengers ' in Tuesday Night Previews '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` With ' Fences , ' ' La La Land ' Enter Top 10 As ' Rogue One ' & ' Sing ' Rule Holiday -- Monday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies that never hit # 1 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Sing ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sing reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Brian Truitt ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Animated ' Sing ' is a poppy treat ( and Matthew McConaughey sings ! ) '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Katie Walsh ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Packed with pop tunes , ' Sing ' discovers the simple fun in putting on a show '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bill Goodykoontz ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sing ' has too much filler , not enough hits '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TIFF 2016 : Sing Review - HeyUGuys '' . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peter Debruge ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' Sing ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rahman , Abid ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Denzel Washington 's ' Fences ' Leads Nominations for AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 44th Annie Award Nominees '' . International Animated Film Society . November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2017 : The Complete List of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake & Alexandre Desplat Among Winners At Hollywood Music In Media Awards '' . Deadline . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Scores Three Hollywood Music in Media Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake and Kevin Hart Lead Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations '' . Variety . February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sing ' Sequel Coming From Illumination and Universal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Sing ( 2016 film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sing ( 2016 film ) . Official website Sing on IMDb Sing at The Big Cartoon DataBase Illumination Entertainment Feature films Released Despicable Me ( 2010 ) Hop ( 2011 ) Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax ( 2012 ) Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) Minions ( 2015 ) The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) Sing ( 2016 ) Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) Upcoming Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2018 ) The Secret Life of Pets 2 ( 2019 ) Minions 2 ( 2020 ) Sing 2 ( 2020 ) Franchises Despicable Me ( 2010 -- present ) The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 - present ) Sing ( 2016 - present ) People Chris Meledandri See also Despicable Me : Minion Mayhem Mac Guff Illumination Mac Guff Films directed by Garth Jennings The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( 2005 ) Son of Rambow ( 2007 ) Sing ( 2016 ) 2010s portal Cartoon portal Animation portal Film in the United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sing_(2016_American_film)&oldid=800848175 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films American films 2010s American animated films 2010s musical comedy films 2016 3D films 2016 computer - animated films American children 's animated films American children 's comedy films American computer - animated films American musical comedy films Animated films about animals Films about competitions Films set in a theatre Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films directed by Garth Jennings Jukebox musicals Illumination Entertainment animated films Universal Pictures animated films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 01 : 48 . 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4157022234318648054 | Thalamus | Thalamus - wikipedia Thalamus Jump to : navigation , search Thalamus thalamus marked ( MRI cross-section ) anterolateral view Details Part of Diencephalon Components See List of thalamic nuclei Artery Posterior cerebral artery and branches Identifiers Latin thalamus dorsalis MeSH D013788 NeuroNames hier - 283 NeuroLex ID Thalamus TA A14. 1.08. 101 A14. 1.08. 601 TE E5. 14.3. 4.2. 1.8 FMA 62007 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) The thalamus ( from Greek θάλαμος , `` chamber '' ) is the large mass of gray matter in the dorsal part of the diencephalon of the brain with several functions such as relaying of sensory signals , including motor signals , to the cerebral cortex , and the regulation of consciousness , sleep , and alertness . It is a midline symmetrical structure of two halves , within the vertebrate brain , situated between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain . It is the main product of the embryonic diencephalon , as first assigned by Wilhelm His , Sr. in 1893 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Anatomy 1.1 Blood supply 1.2 Thalamic nuclei 1.3 Connections 2 Function 3 Development 3.1 Early brain development 3.2 Formation of progenitor domains 3.3 The formation of the mid-diencephalic organiser ( MDO ) 3.4 Maturation and parcellation of the thalamus 4 Clinical significance 5 Additional images 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Anatomy ( edit ) The thalamus in a 360 ° rotation The thalamus is located in the forebrain which is superior to the midbrain , near the center of the brain , with nerve fibers projecting out to the cerebral cortex in all directions . The medial surface of the thalamus constitutes the upper part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle , and is connected to the corresponding surface of the opposite thalamus by a flattened gray band , the interthalamic adhesion . Blood supply ( edit ) The thalamus derives its blood supply from a number of arteries : the polar artery ( posterior communicating artery ) , paramedian thalamic - subthalamic arteries , inferolateral ( thalamogeniculate ) arteries , and posterior ( medial and lateral ) choroidal arteries . These are all branches of the posterior cerebral artery . Some people have the artery of Percheron , which is a rare anatomic variation in which a single arterial trunk arises from the posterior cerebral artery to supply both parts of the thalamus . Thalamic nuclei ( edit ) See also : List of thalamic nuclei Nuclei of the thalamus The thalamus is part of a nuclear complex structured of four parts , the hypothalamus , epithalamus , prethalamus ( formerly called ventral thalamus ) , and dorsal thalamus . Derivatives of the diencephalon also include the dorsally - located epithalamus ( essentially the habenula and annexes ) and the perithalamus ( prethalamus ) containing the zona incerta and the thalamic reticular nucleus . Due to their different ontogenetic origins , the epithalamus and the perithalamus are formally distinguished from the thalamus proper . The thalamus comprises a system of lamellae ( made up of myelinated fibers ) separating different thalamic subparts . Other areas are defined by distinct clusters of neurons , such as the periventricular nucleus , the intralaminar elements , the `` nucleus limitans '' , and others . These latter structures , different in structure from the major part of the thalamus , have been grouped together into the allothalamus as opposed to the isothalamus . This distinction simplifies the global description of the thalamus . Connections ( edit ) The thalamus is connected to the spinal cord via the spinothalamic tract . The thalamus is manifoldly connected to the hippocampus via the mammillo - thalamic tract , this tract comprises the mammillary bodies and fornix . The thalamus is connected to the cerebral cortex via the thalamocortical radiations . The spinothalamic tract is a sensory pathway originating in the spinal cord . It transmits information to the thalamus about pain , temperature , itch and crude touch . There are two main parts : the lateral spinothalamic tract , which transmits pain and temperature , and the anterior ( or ventral ) spinothalamic tract , which transmits crude touch and pressure . Function ( edit ) The thalamus has multiple functions , generally believed to act as a relay station , or hub , relaying information between different subcortical areas and the cerebral cortex . In particular , every sensory system ( with the exception of the olfactory system ) includes a thalamic nucleus that receives sensory signals and sends them to the associated primary cortical area . For the visual system , for example , inputs from the retina are sent to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus , which in turn projects to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe . The thalamus is believed to both process sensory information as well as relay it -- each of the primary sensory relay areas receives strong feedback connections from the cerebral cortex . Similarly the medial geniculate nucleus acts as a key auditory relay between the inferior colliculus of the midbrain and the primary auditory cortex . The ventral posterior nucleus is a key somatosensory relay , which sends touch and proprioceptive information to the primary somatosensory cortex . The thalamus also plays an important role in regulating states of sleep and wakefulness . Thalamic nuclei have strong reciprocal connections with the cerebral cortex , forming thalamo - cortico - thalamic circuits that are believed to be involved with consciousness . The thalamus plays a major role in regulating arousal , the level of awareness , and activity . Damage to the thalamus can lead to permanent coma . The role of the thalamus in the more anterior pallidal and nigral territories in the basal ganglia system disturbances is recognized but still poorly understood . The contribution of the thalamus to vestibular or to tectal functions is almost ignored . The thalamus has been thought of as a `` relay '' that simply forwards signals to the cerebral cortex . Newer research suggests that thalamic function is more selective . Many different functions are linked to various regions of the thalamus . This is the case for many of the sensory systems ( except for the olfactory system ) , such as the auditory , somatic , visceral , gustatory and visual systems where localized lesions provoke specific sensory deficits . A major role of the thalamus is support of motor and language systems , and much of the circuitry implicated for these systems is shared . The thalamus is functionally connected to the hippocampus as part of the extended hippocampal system at the thalamic anterior nuclei with respect to spatial memory and spatial sensory datum they are crucial for human episodic memory and rodent event memory . There is support for the hypothesis that thalamic regions connection to particular parts of the mesio - temporal lobe provide differentiation of the functioning of recollective and familiarity memory . The neuronal information processes necessary for motor control were proposed as a network involving the thalamus as a subcortical motor center . Through investigations of the anatomy of the brains of primates the nature of the interconnected tissues of the cerebellum to the multiple motor cortices suggested that the thalamus fulfills a key function in providing the specific channels from the basal ganglia and cerebellum to the cortical motor areas . In an investigation of the saccade and antisaccade motor response in three monkeys , the thalamic regions were found to be involved in the generation of antisaccade eye - movement ( that is , the ability to inhibit the reflexive jerking movement of the eyes in the direction of a presented stimulus ) . Recent research suggests that the mediodorsal thalamus may play a broader role in cognition . Specifically , the mediodorsal thalamus may `` amplify the connectivity ( signaling strength ) of just the circuits in the cortex appropriate for the current context and thereby contribute to the flexibility ( of the mammalian brain ) to make complex decisions by wiring the many associations on which decisions depend into weakly connected cortical circuits . '' Researchers founds that `` enhancing MD activity magnified the ability of mice to `` think , '' driving down by more than 25 percent their error rate in deciding which conflicting sensory stimuli to follow to find the reward . '' Development ( edit ) The thalamic complex is composed of the perithalamus ( or prethalamus , previously also known as ventral thalamus ) , the mid-diencephalic organiser ( which forms later the zona limitans intrathalamica ( ZLI ) ) and the thalamus ( dorsal thalamus ) . The development of the thalamus can be subdivided into three steps . The thalamus is the largest structure deriving from the embryonic diencephalon , the posterior part of the forebrain situated between the midbrain and the cerebrum . Early brain development ( edit ) After neurulation the anlage of the prethalamus and the thalamus is induced within the neural tube . Data from different vertebrate model organisms support a model in which the interaction between two transcription factors , Fez and Otx , are of decisive importance . Fez is expressed in the prethalamus , and functional experiments show that Fez is required for prethalamus formation . Posteriorly , Otx1 and Otx2 abut the expression domain of Fez and are required for proper development of the thalamus . Formation of progenitor domains ( edit ) Early in thalamic development two progenitor domains form , a caudal domain ( TH - C ) and a rostral domain ( TH - R ) . The caudal domain gives rise to all of the glutamatergic neurons in the adult thalamus while the rostral domain gives rise to all of the GABAergic neurons in the adult thalamus . The formation of the mid-diencephalic organiser ( MDO ) ( edit ) At the interface between the expression domains of Fez and Otx , the mid-diencephalic organizer ( MDO , also called the ZLI organiser ) is induced within the thalamic anlage . The MDO is the central signalling organizer in the thalamus . A lack of the organizer leads to the absence of the thalamus . The MDO matures from ventral to dorsal during development . Members of the SHH family and of the Wnt family are the main principal signals emitted by the MDO . Besides its importance as signalling center , the organizer matures into the morphological structure of the zona limitans intrathalamica ( ZLI ) . Maturation and parcellation of the thalamus ( edit ) After its induction , the MDO starts to orchestrate the development of the thalamic anlage by release of signalling molecules such as SHH . In mice , the function of signaling at the MDO has not been addressed directly due to a complete absence of the diencephalon in SHH mutants . Studies in chicks have shown that SHH is both necessary and sufficient for thalamic gene induction . In zebrafish , it was shown that the expression of two SHH genes , SHH - a and SHH - b ( formerly described as twhh ) mark the MDO territory , and that SHH signaling is sufficient for the molecular differentiation of both the prethalamus and the thalamus but is not required for their maintenance and SHH signaling from the MDO / alar plate is sufficient for the maturation of prethalamic and thalamic territory while ventral Shh signals are dispensable . The exposure to SHH leads to differentiation of thalamic neurons . SHH signaling from the MDO induces a posterior - to - anterior wave of expression the proneural gene Neurogenin1 in the major ( caudal ) part of the thalamus , and Ascl1 ( formerly Mash1 ) in the remaining narrow stripe of rostral thalamic cells immediately adjacent to the MDO , and in the prethalamus . This zonation of proneural gene expression leads to the differentiation of glutamatergic relay neurons from the Neurogenin1+ precursors and of GABAergic inhibitory neurons from the Ascl1+ precursors . In fish , selection of these alternative neurotransmitter fates is controlled by the dynamic expression of Her6 the homolog of HES1 . Expression of this hairy - like bHLH transcription factor , which represses Neurogenin but is required for Ascl1 , is progressively lost from the caudal thalamus but maintained in the prethalamus and in the stripe of rostral thalamic cells . In addition , studies on chick and mice have shown that blocking the Shh pathway leads to absence of the rostral thalamus and substantial decrease of the caudal thalamus . The rostral thalamus will give rise to the reticular nucleus mainly whereby the caudal thalamus will form the relay thalamus and will be further subdivided in the thalamic nuclei . In humans , a common genetic variation in the promotor region of the serotonin transporter ( the SERT - long and - short allele : 5 - HTTLPR ) has been shown to affect the development of several regions of the thalamus in adults . People who inherit two short alleles ( SERT - ss ) have more neurons and a larger volume in the pulvinar and possibly the limbic regions of the thalamus . Enlargement of the thalamus provides an anatomical basis for why people who inherit two SERT - ss alleles are more vulnerable to major depression , posttraumatic stress disorder , and suicide . Clinical significance ( edit ) A cerebrovascular accident ( stroke ) can lead to the thalamic syndrome , which involves a one - sided burning or aching sensation often accompanied by mood swings . Bilateral ischemia of the area supplied by the paramedian artery can cause serious problems including akinetic mutism , and be accompanied by oculomotor problems . A related concept is thalamocortical dysrhythmia . The occlusion of the artery of Percheron can lead to a bilateral thalamus infarction . Korsakoff 's syndrome stems from damage to the mammillary body , the mammillothalamic fasciculus or the thalamus . Fatal familial insomnia is a hereditary prion disease in which degeneration of the thalamus occurs , causing the patient to gradually lose his ability to sleep and progressing to a state of total insomnia , which invariably leads to death . In contrast , damage to the thalamus can result in coma . Additional images ( edit ) Drawings are by Gray and Carter ( 1858 ) . The left optic nerve and the optic tracts . Coronal section of lateral and 3rd ventricles . Dissection showing the ventricles of the brain . Section of brain showing upper surface of temporal lobe . Horizontal section of right cerebral hemisphere . Mesal aspect of a brain sectioned in the median sagittal plane . Schematic representation of the chief ganglionic categories ( I to V ) . Scheme showing the course of the fibers of the lemniscus ; medial lemniscus in blue , lateral in red . Deep dissection of brain - stem . Lateral view . Deep dissection of brain - stem . Ventral view . Coronal section of brain immediately in front of pons . Coronal section of brain through intermediate mass of third ventricle . Human brain frontal ( coronal ) section Thalamus Ventricles of brain and basal ganglia . Superior view . Horizontal section . Deep dissection Ventricles of brain and basal ganglia . Superior view . Horizontal section . Deep dissection See also ( edit ) List of regions in the human brain List of thalamic nuclei Neothalamus Primate basal ganglia system Thalamic stimulator Thalamotomy 5 - HT7 receptor Nonmotor region of the ventral nuclear group of the thalamus References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Harper - index & University of Washington Faculty Web Server & Search engine search page + Perseus Project tufts.edu Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 09 Jump up ^ Sherman , S. ( 2006 ) . `` Thalamus '' . Scholarpedia. 1 ( 9 ) : 1583 . doi : 10.4249 / scholarpedia. 1583 . Jump up ^ Sherman , S. Murray ; Guillery , R.W. ( 2000 ) . Exploring the Thalamus . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 305460 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` What you can learn from Einsteins quirky habits '' Jump up ^ The Thalamus - Springer . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 1749 - 8 . Jump up ^ Percheron , G. ( 1982 ) . `` The arterial supply of the thalamus '' . In Schaltenbrand ; Walker , A.E. Stereotaxy of the human brain . Stuttgart : Thieme . pp. 218 -- 32 . 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The Journal of Comparative Neurology . 66 : 23 -- 75 . doi : 10.1002 / cne. 900660103 . Jump up ^ Shimamura , K ; Hartigan , DJ ; Martinez , S ; Puelles , L ; Rubenstein , JL ( 1995 ) . `` Longitudinal organization of the anterior neural plate and neural tube '' . Development . 121 ( 12 ) : 3923 -- 33 . PMID 8575293 . ^ Jump up to : Scholpp , Steffen ; Lumsden , Andrew ( 2010 ) . `` Building a bridal chamber : Development of the thalamus '' . Trends in Neurosciences. 33 ( 8 ) : 373 -- 80 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tins. 2010.05. 003 . PMC 2954313 . PMID 20541814 . Jump up ^ Hirata , T. ; Nakazawa , M ; Muraoka , O ; Nakayama , R ; Suda , Y ; Hibi , M ( 2006 ) . `` Zinc - finger genes Fez and Fez - like function in the establishment of diencephalon subdivisions '' . Development . 133 ( 20 ) : 3993 -- 4004 . doi : 10.1242 / dev. 02585 . PMID 16971467 . Jump up ^ Jeong , J. - Y. ; Einhorn , Z. ; Mathur , P. ; Chen , L. ; Lee , S. ; Kawakami , K. ; Guo , S. ( 2007 ) . `` Patterning the zebrafish diencephalon by the conserved zinc - finger protein Fezl '' . Development . 134 ( 1 ) : 127 -- 36 . doi : 10.1242 / dev. 02705 . PMID 17164418 . Jump up ^ Acampora , D ; Avantaggiato , V ; Tuorto , F ; Simeone , A ( 1997 ) . `` Genetic control of brain morphogenesis through Otx gene dosage requirement '' . Development . 124 ( 18 ) : 3639 -- 50 . PMID 9342056 . Jump up ^ Scholpp , S. ; Foucher , I. ; Staudt , N. ; Peukert , D. ; Lumsden , A. ; Houart , C. ( 2007 ) . `` Otx1l , Otx2 and Irx1b establish and position the ZLI in the diencephalon '' . Development . 134 ( 17 ) : 3167 -- 76 . doi : 10.1242 / dev. 001461 . PMID 17670791 . Jump up ^ Song , Hobeom ; Lee , Bumwhee ; Pyun , Dohoon ; Guimera , Jordi ; Son , Youngsook ; Yoon , Jaeseung ; Baek , Kwanghee ; Wurst , Wolfgang ; Jeong , Yongsu ( 2015 - 02 - 15 ) . `` Ascl1 and Helt act combinatorially to specify thalamic neuronal identity by repressing Dlxs activation '' . Developmental Biology . 398 ( 2 ) : 280 -- 291 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ydbio. 2014.12. 003 . ISSN 1095 - 564X . PMID 25512300 . Jump up ^ Puelles , L ; Rubenstein , JL ( 2003 ) . `` Forebrain gene expression domains and the evolving prosomeric model '' . Trends in Neurosciences. 26 ( 9 ) : 469 -- 76 . doi : 10.1016 / S0166 - 2236 ( 03 ) 00234 - 0 . PMID 12948657 . Jump up ^ Ishibashi , M ; McMahon , AP ( 2002 ) . `` A sonic hedgehog - dependent signaling relay regulates growth of diencephalic and mesencephalic primordia in the early mouse embryo '' . Development . 129 ( 20 ) : 4807 -- 19 . PMID 12361972 . Jump up ^ Kiecker , C ; Lumsden , A ( 2004 ) . `` Hedgehog signaling from the ZLI regulates diencephalic regional identity '' . Nature Neuroscience. 7 ( 11 ) : 1242 -- 9 . doi : 10.1038 / nn1338 . PMID 15494730 . Jump up ^ Scholpp , S. ; Wolf , O ; Brand , M ; Lumsden , A ( 2006 ) . `` Hedgehog signalling from the zona limitans intrathalamica orchestrates patterning of the zebrafish diencephalon '' . Development . 133 ( 5 ) : 855 -- 64 . doi : 10.1242 / dev. 02248 . PMID 16452095 . Jump up ^ Scholpp , S. ; Delogu , A. ; Gilthorpe , J. ; Peukert , D. ; Schindler , S. ; Lumsden , A. ( 2009 ) . `` Her6 regulates the neurogenetic gradient and neuronal identity in the thalamus '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 106 ( 47 ) : 19895 -- 900 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0910894106 . PMC 2775703 . PMID 19903880 . Jump up ^ Vue , Tou Yia ; Bluske , Krista ; Alishahi , Amin ; Yang , Lin Lin ; Koyano - Nakagawa , Naoko ; Novitch , Bennett ; Nakagawa , Yasushi ( 2009 ) . `` Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Controls Thalamic Progenitor Identity and Nuclei Specification in Mice '' . Journal of Neuroscience. 29 ( 14 ) : 4484 -- 97 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 0656 - 09.2009 . PMC 2718849 . PMID 19357274 . Jump up ^ Young , Keith A. ; Holcomb , Leigh A. ; Bonkale , Willy L. ; Hicks , Paul B. ; Yazdani , Umar ; German , Dwight C. ( 2007 ) . `` 5HTTLPR Polymorphism and Enlargement of the Pulvinar : Unlocking the Backdoor to the Limbic System '' . Biological Psychiatry . 61 ( 6 ) : 813 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biopsych. 2006.08. 047 . PMID 17083920 . Jump up ^ Dejerine , J. ; Roussy , G. ( 1906 ) . `` Le syndrome thalamique '' . Revue Neurologique. 14 : 521 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Gray , H. & Carter , H.V. ( 1858 ) , Anatomy Descriptive and Surgical , London : John W. Parker and Son , Retrieved ( 16 October 2011 ) ( 2012 - 02 - 10 ) → ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thalamus . Stained brain slice images which include the `` thalamus '' at the BrainMaps project ( hide ) Anatomy of the diencephalon of the human brain Epithalamus Surface Pineal gland Habenula Habenular trigone Habenular commissure Grey matter Pretectal area Habenular nuclei Subcommissural organ Thalamus Surface Stria medullaris of thalamus Thalamic reticular nucleus Taenia thalami Grey matter / nuclei paired : AN Ventral VA / VL VP / VPM / VPL Lateral LD LP Pulvinar nuclei Metathalamus MG LG P cell M cell K cell midline : MD Intralaminar Centromedian Midline nuclear group Interthalamic adhesion White matter Mammillothalamic fasciculus Pallidothalamic tracts Ansa lenticularis Lenticular fasciculus Thalamic fasciculus PCML Medial lemniscus Trigeminal lemniscus Spinothalamic tract Lateral lemniscus Dentatothalamic tract Acoustic radiation Optic radiation Subthalamic fasciculus Anterior trigeminothalamic tract Medullary laminae Hypothalamus Surface Median eminence / Tuber cinereum Mammillary body Infundibulum Grey matter Autonomic zones Anterior ( parasympathetic / heat loss ) Posterior ( sympathetic / heat conservation ) Endocrine posterior pituitary : Paraventricular Magnocellular neurosecretory cell Parvocellular neurosecretory cell Supraoptic oxytocin / vasopressin other : Arcuate ( dopamine / GHRH ) Preoptic ( GnRH ) Suprachiasmatic ( melatonin ) Emotion Lateral Ventromedial Dorsomedial White matter afferent Medial forebrain bundle Retinohypothalamic tract efferent Mammillothalamic fasciculus Stria terminalis Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Pituitary Posterior is diencephalon , but anterior is glandular Subthalamus Subthalamic nucleus Zona incerta Nuclei campi perizonalis ( Fields of Forel ) Brain and spinal cord : neural tracts and fasciculi Sensory / ascending PCML 1 ° : Pacinian corpuscle / Meissner 's corpuscle → Posterior column ( Gracile fasciculus / Cuneate fasciculus ) → Gracile nucleus / Cuneate nucleus 2 ° : → sensory decussation / arcuate fibers ( Posterior external arcuate fibers , Internal arcuate fibers ) → Medial lemniscus / Trigeminal lemniscus → Thalamus ( VPL , VPM ) 3 ° : → Posterior limb of internal capsule → Postcentral gyrus Anterolateral / pain Fast / lateral 1 ° ( Free nerve ending → A delta fiber ) → 2 ° ( Anterior white commissure → Lateral and Anterior Spinothalamic tract → Spinal lemniscus → VPL of Thalamus ) → 3 ° ( Postcentral gyrus ) → 4 ° ( Posterior parietal cortex ) 2 ° ( Spinomesencephalic tract → Superior colliculus of Midbrain tectum ) Slow / medial 1 ° ( Group C nerve fiber → Spinoreticular tract → Reticular formation ) → 2 ° ( MD of Thalamus ) → 3 ° ( Cingulate cortex ) Motor / descending Pyramidal flexion : Primary motor cortex → Posterior limb of internal capsule → Decussation of pyramids → Corticospinal tract ( Lateral , Anterior ) → Neuromuscular junction Extrapyramidal flexion : Primary motor cortex → Genu of internal capsule → Corticobulbar tract → Facial motor nucleus → Facial muscles flexion : Red nucleus → Rubrospinal tract extension : Vestibulocerebellum → Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulospinal tract extension : Vestibulocerebellum → Reticular formation → Reticulospinal tract Midbrain tectum → Tectospinal tract → muscles of neck Basal ganglia direct : 1 ° ( Motor cortex → Striatum ) → 2 ° ( GPi ) → 3 ° ( Lenticular fasciculus / Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus ) → 4 ° ( Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor area ) → 5 ° ( Motor cortex ) indirect : 1 ° ( Motor cortex → Striatum ) → 2 ° ( GPe ) → 3 ° ( Subthalamic fasciculus → Subthalamic nucleus ) → 4 ° ( Subthalamic fasciculus → GPi ) → 5 ° ( Lenticular fasciculus / Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus ) → 6 ° ( Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor area ) → 7 ° ( Motor cortex ) nigrostriatal pathway : Pars compacta → Striatum Cerebellar Afferent Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum → Granule cell Pontine nuclei → Pontocerebellar fibers → MCP → Deep cerebellar nuclei → Granule cell Inferior olivary nucleus → Olivocerebellar tract → ICP → Hemisphere → Purkinje cell → Deep cerebellar nuclei Efferent Dentate nucleus in Lateral hemisphere / pontocerebellum → SCP → Dentatothalamic tract → Thalamus ( VL ) → Motor cortex Interposed nucleus in Intermediate hemisphere / spinocerebellum → SCP → Reticular formation , or → Cerebellothalamic tract → Red nucleus → Thalamus ( VL ) → Motor cortex Fastigial nucleus in Flocculonodular lobe / vestibulocerebellum → Vestibulocerebellar tract → Vestibular nuclei Bidirectional : Spinocerebellar Unconscious proprioception lower limb → 1 ° ( muscle spindles → DRG ) → 2 ° ( Posterior thoracic nucleus → Dorsal / posterior spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellar vermis ) upper limb → 1 ° ( muscle spindles → DRG ) → 2 ° ( Accessory cuneate nucleus → Cuneocerebellar tract → ICP → Anterior lobe of cerebellum ) Reflex arc lower limb → 1 ° ( Golgi tendon organ ) → 2 ° ( Ventral / anterior spinocerebellar tract → SCP → Cerebellar vermis ) upper limb → 1 ° ( Golgi tendon organ ) → 2 ° ( Rostral spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thalamus&oldid=825694980 '' Categories : Thalamus Motor system Sensory systems Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2012 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing more detailed references Infobox brain using components parameter Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 21 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the thalmus located in the brain | [
"The thalamus (from Greek θάλαμος, \"chamber\")[1] is the large mass of gray matter in the dorsal part of the diencephalon of the brain with several functions such as relaying of sensory signals, including motor signals, to the cerebral cortex,[2][3][page needed] and the regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness.[4]"
] | [
"dorsal part of the diencephalon"
] |
3773039330525993351 | 1967–68 Football League | 1967 -- 68 Football League - wikipedia 1967 -- 68 Football League Jump to : navigation , search The Football League Season 1967 -- 68 Champions Manchester City ← 1966 -- 67 1968 -- 69 → The 1967 -- 1968 season was the 69th completed season of the English Football League . For the first time since 1937 Manchester City won the league title , finishing two points clear of their local rivals Manchester United . Fulham finished bottom of the league and were relegated along with Sheffield United . Coventry City , in their first ever top flight season escaped relegation by one point and would go on to stay in the top division until their eventual relegation at the end of the 2000 -- 01 season . Bill McGarry 's Ipswich Town team won the Second Division by one point from Queens Park Rangers , with both teams promoted . Blackpool finished third on goal average and so missed out . Rotherham United and bottom club Plymouth Argyle were both relegated to the Third Division . Oxford United won their first divisional title and achieved what was then their highest ever finish in only their sixth season as a league club in the Third Division . Runners - up Bury joined them in promotion . Grimsby Town , Colchester United and Scunthorpe United were relegated , although the biggest story concerned bottom placed Peterborough United who were docked 19 points for offering irregular bonuses to their players . Had the points been restored the club would have finished in the top half . As a result of the ruling Mansfield Town escaped relegation . Luton Town won the Fourth Division and were promoted along with Barnsley , Hartlepool United and Crewe Alexandra . No clubs were voted out of the league . Contents ( hide ) 1 Final league tables and results 2 First Division 2.1 Results 2.2 Maps 3 Second Division 3.1 Results 3.2 Maps 4 Third Division 4.1 Results 4.2 Maps 5 Fourth Division 5.1 Results 5.2 Maps 6 See also 7 References Final League tables and results ( edit ) Beginning with the season 1894 -- 95 , clubs finishing level on points were separated according to goal average ( goals scored divided by goals conceded ) , or more properly put , goal ratio . In case one or more teams had the same goal difference , this system favoured those teams who had scored fewer goals . The goal average system was eventually replaced by goal difference , beginning with the 1976 -- 77 season . Since the Fourth Division was established in the 1958 -- 59 season , the re-election process has concerned the bottom four clubs in that division . First Division ( edit ) Football League First Division Season 1967 -- 68 Champions Manchester City ( 2nd English title ) Relegated Sheffield United Fulham 1968 -- 69 European Cup Manchester City Manchester United ( defending champions ) FA Cup winners 1968 -- 69 European Cup Winners ' Cup West Bromwich Albion ( 5th FA Cup title ) 1967 -- 68 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Leeds United Liverpool Nottingham Forest Matches played 462 Goals scored 1,398 ( 3.03 per match ) Top goalscorer George Best ( Manchester United ) , 28 Ron Davies ( Southampton ) , 28 Longest winning run Everton ( 7 ) Longest unbeaten run Leeds United ( 14 ) Longest losing run Stoke City ( 7 ) ← 1966 -- 67 1968 -- 69 → Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation Manchester City ! Manchester City ( C ) 42 26 6 10 86 43 58 1968 -- 69 European Cup Manchester United ! Manchester United 42 24 8 10 89 55 1.618 56 Liverpool ! Liverpool 42 22 11 9 71 40 1.775 55 01967 -- 68 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 0 Leeds United ! Leeds United 42 22 9 11 71 41 1.732 53 5 Everton ! Everton 42 23 6 13 67 40 1.675 52 6 Chelsea ! Chelsea 42 18 12 12 62 68 0.912 48 7 Tottenham Hotspur ! Tottenham Hotspur 42 19 9 14 70 59 1.186 47 8 West Bromwich Albion ! West Bromwich Albion 42 17 12 13 75 62 1.21 46 01968 -- 69 European Cup Winners ' Cup 0 9 Arsenal ! Arsenal 42 17 10 15 60 56 1.071 44 10 Newcastle United ! Newcastle United 42 13 15 14 54 67 0.806 41 11 Nottingham Forest ! Nottingham Forest 42 14 11 17 52 64 0.813 39 1967 -- 68 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 12 West Ham United ! West Ham United 42 14 10 18 73 69 1.058 38 13 Leicester City ! Leicester City 42 13 12 17 64 69 0.928 38 14 Burnley ! Burnley 42 14 10 18 64 71 0.901 38 15 Sunderland ! Sunderland 42 13 11 18 51 61 0.836 37 16 Southampton ! Southampton 42 13 11 18 66 83 0.795 37 17 Wolverhampton Wanderers ! Wolverhampton Wanderers 42 14 8 20 66 75 0.88 36 18 Stoke City ! Stoke City 42 14 7 21 50 73 0.685 35 19 Sheffield Wednesday ! Sheffield Wednesday 42 11 12 19 51 63 0.81 34 20 Coventry City ! Coventry City 42 9 15 18 51 71 0.718 33 21 Sheffield United ! Sheffield United ( R ) 42 11 10 21 49 70 0.7 32 Relegation to 1968 -- 69 Second Division 22 Fulham ! Fulham ( R ) 42 10 7 25 56 98 0.571 27 Source : rsssf.com Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) goal difference ; 3 ) number of goals scored ( C ) = Champion ; ( R ) = Relegated ; ( P ) = Promoted ; ( E ) = Eliminated ; ( O ) = Play - off winner ; ( A ) = Advances to a further round . Only applicable when the season is not finished : ( Q ) = Qualified to the phase of tournament indicated ; ( TQ ) = Qualified to tournament , but not yet to the particular phase indicated ; ( RQ ) = Qualified to the relegation tournament indicated ; ( DQ ) = Disqualified from tournament . Results ( edit ) `` The template below ( Fb r header ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Home ╲ Away Arsenal ! ARS Burnley ! BUR Chelsea ! CHE Coventry City ! COV Everton ! EVE Fulham ! FUL Leeds United ! LEE Leicester City ! LEI Liverpool ! LIV Manchester City ! MCI Manchester United ! MUN Newcastle United ! NEW Nottingham Forest ! NOT Sheffield United ! SHU Sheffield Wednesday ! SHW Southampton ! SOU Stoke City ! STK Sunderland ! SUN Tottenham Hotspur ! TOT West Bromwich Albion ! WBA West Ham United ! WHU Wolverhampton Wanderers ! WOL Arsenal ! Arsenal 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 5 -- 3 4 -- 3 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 0 -- 2 0 -- 0 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 0 -- 3 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 4 -- 0 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 2 Burnley ! Burnley 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 4 -- 0 3 -- 0 5 -- 1 0 -- 0 3 -- 3 1 -- 1 Chelsea ! Chelsea 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 4 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 4 -- 2 3 -- 0 2 -- 6 2 -- 2 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 0 -- 3 1 -- 3 1 -- 0 Coventry City ! Coventry City 1 -- 1 5 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 2 0 -- 3 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 3 2 -- 0 1 -- 4 1 -- 3 2 -- 2 3 -- 0 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 3 4 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 Everton ! Everton 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 1 5 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 4 -- 2 3 -- 0 3 -- 0 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 4 -- 2 Fulham ! Fulham 1 -- 3 4 -- 3 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 5 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 4 0 -- 4 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 0 -- 2 3 -- 2 1 -- 2 1 -- 2 0 -- 3 1 -- 2 Leeds United ! Leeds United 3 -- 1 2 -- 1 7 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 3 -- 2 1 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 3 -- 2 5 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 Leicester City ! Leicester City 2 -- 2 0 -- 2 2 -- 2 0 -- 0 0 -- 2 1 -- 2 2 -- 2 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 4 -- 2 3 -- 1 3 -- 0 4 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 2 2 -- 3 2 -- 3 2 -- 4 3 -- 1 Liverpool ! Liverpool 2 -- 0 3 -- 2 3 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 4 -- 1 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 6 -- 0 6 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 4 -- 1 3 -- 1 2 -- 1 Manchester City ! Manchester City 1 -- 1 4 -- 2 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 5 -- 1 1 -- 0 6 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 5 -- 2 1 -- 0 4 -- 2 4 -- 2 1 -- 0 4 -- 1 0 -- 2 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 Manchester United ! Manchester United 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 1 -- 3 4 -- 0 3 -- 1 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 3 6 -- 0 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 4 -- 2 3 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 2 3 -- 1 2 -- 1 3 -- 1 4 -- 0 Newcastle United ! Newcastle United 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 5 -- 1 3 -- 2 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 4 2 -- 2 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 4 -- 0 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 3 2 -- 2 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 Nottingham Forest ! Nottingham Forest 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 3 -- 3 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 0 -- 2 2 -- 1 0 -- 1 0 -- 3 3 -- 1 4 -- 0 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 2 -- 2 3 -- 0 0 -- 3 0 -- 0 3 -- 2 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 Sheffield United ! Sheffield United 2 -- 4 1 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 0 0 -- 1 2 -- 3 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 3 0 -- 3 2 -- 1 1 -- 3 0 -- 1 4 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 2 3 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 Sheffield Wednesday ! Sheffield Wednesday 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 4 -- 0 0 -- 0 4 -- 2 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 2 -- 2 4 -- 1 2 -- 2 Southampton ! Southampton 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 3 -- 5 0 -- 0 3 -- 2 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 5 1 -- 0 3 -- 2 2 -- 2 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 3 2 -- 0 1 -- 2 3 -- 2 1 -- 2 4 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 Stoke City ! Stoke City 0 -- 1 0 -- 2 0 -- 1 3 -- 3 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 3 -- 2 3 -- 2 2 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 4 2 -- 1 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 3 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 0 -- 2 Sunderland ! Sunderland 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 3 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 2 -- 2 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 3 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 0 -- 2 0 -- 3 3 -- 1 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 5 2 -- 0 Tottenham Hotspur ! Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 0 5 -- 0 2 -- 0 4 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 2 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 3 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 6 -- 1 3 -- 0 3 -- 0 0 -- 0 5 -- 1 2 -- 1 West Bromwich Albion ! West Bromwich Albion 1 -- 3 8 -- 1 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 6 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 0 -- 2 3 -- 2 6 -- 3 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 4 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 3 -- 0 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 4 -- 1 West Ham United ! West Ham United 1 -- 1 4 -- 2 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 7 -- 2 0 -- 0 4 -- 2 1 -- 0 2 -- 3 1 -- 3 5 -- 0 3 -- 0 3 -- 0 2 -- 3 0 -- 1 3 -- 4 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 3 1 -- 2 Wolverhampton Wanderers ! Wolverhampton Wanderers 3 -- 2 3 -- 2 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 3 3 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 2 -- 3 2 -- 2 6 -- 1 1 -- 3 2 -- 3 2 -- 0 3 -- 4 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 3 -- 3 1 -- 2 Source : Ian Laschke : Rothmans Book of Football League Records 1888 -- 89 to 1978 -- 79 . Macdonald and Jane 's , London & Sydney , 1980 . 1 The home team is listed in the left - hand column . Colours : Blue = home team win ; Yellow = draw ; Red = away team win . Maps ( edit ) Arsenal Burnley Chelsea Coventry Everton Fulham Leeds United Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle Nottingham Forest Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Southampton Stoke Sunderland Tottenham West Bromwich Albion West Ham Wolverhampton Wanderers Locations of the Football League First Division 1967 -- 1968 teams Arsenal Chelsea Fulham Tottenham West Ham Locations of the Football League First Division London teams 1967 -- 1968 Second Division ( edit ) Football League Second Division Season 1967 -- 68 Champions Ipswich Town ( 2nd title ) Promoted Queens Park Rangers Relegated Plymouth Argyle , Rotherham United Matches played 462 Goals scored 1,303 ( 2.82 per match ) Top goalscorer John Hickton ( Middlesbrough ) , 24 ← 1966 -- 67 1968 -- 69 → Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Promotion or relegation Ipswich Town ! Ipswich Town ( C ) ( P ) 42 22 15 5 79 44 1.795 59 Promotion to 1968 -- 69 First Division Queens Park Rangers ! Queens Park Rangers ( P ) 42 25 8 9 67 36 1.861 58 Blackpool ! Blackpool 42 24 10 8 71 43 1.651 58 Birmingham City ! Birmingham City 42 19 14 9 83 51 1.627 52 5 Portsmouth ! Portsmouth 42 18 13 11 68 55 1.236 49 6 Middlesbrough ! Middlesbrough 42 17 12 13 60 54 1.111 46 7 Millwall ! Millwall 42 14 17 11 62 50 1.24 45 8 Blackburn Rovers ! Blackburn Rovers 42 16 11 15 56 49 1.143 43 9 Norwich City ! Norwich City 42 16 11 15 60 65 0.923 43 10 Carlisle United ! Carlisle United 42 14 13 15 58 52 1.115 41 11 Crystal Palace ! Crystal Palace 42 14 11 17 56 56 39 12 Bolton Wanderers ! Bolton Wanderers 42 13 13 16 60 63 0.952 39 13 Cardiff City ! Cardiff City 42 13 12 17 60 66 0.909 38 1968 -- 69 European Cup Winners ' Cup 14 Huddersfield Town ! Huddersfield Town 42 13 12 17 46 61 0.754 38 15 Charlton Athletic ! Charlton Athletic 42 12 13 17 63 68 0.926 37 16 Aston Villa ! Aston Villa 42 15 7 20 54 64 0.844 37 17 Hull City ! Hull City 42 12 13 17 58 73 0.795 37 18 Derby County ! Derby County 42 13 10 19 71 78 0.91 36 19 Bristol City ! Bristol City 42 13 10 19 48 62 0.774 36 20 Preston North End ! Preston North End 42 12 11 19 43 65 0.662 35 21 Rotherham United ! Rotherham United ( R ) 42 10 11 21 42 76 0.553 31 Relegation to 1968 -- 69 Third Division 22 Plymouth Argyle ! Plymouth Argyle ( R ) 42 9 9 24 38 72 0.528 27 Source : rsssf.com Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) goal difference ; 3 ) number of goals scored ( C ) = Champion ; ( R ) = Relegated ; ( P ) = Promoted ; ( E ) = Eliminated ; ( O ) = Play - off winner ; ( A ) = Advances to a further round . Only applicable when the season is not finished : ( Q ) = Qualified to the phase of tournament indicated ; ( TQ ) = Qualified to tournament , but not yet to the particular phase indicated ; ( RQ ) = Qualified to the relegation tournament indicated ; ( DQ ) = Disqualified from tournament . Results ( edit ) `` The template below ( Fb r header ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Home ╲ Away Aston Villa ! AST Birmingham ! BIR Blackburn Rovers ! BLB Blackpool ! BLP Bolton Wanderers ! BOL Bristol City ! BRI Cardiff City ! CAR Carlisle United ! CRL Charlton Athletic ! CHA Crystal Palace ! CRY Derby County ! DER Huddersfield Town ! HUD Hull City ! HUL Ipswich Town ! IPS Middlesbrough ! MID Millwall ! MIL Norwich City ! NWC Plymouth Argyle ! PLY Portsmouth ! POR Preston North End ! PNE Queens Park Rangers ! QPR Rotherham United ! ROT Aston Villa ! Aston Villa 2 -- 4 1 -- 2 3 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 4 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 4 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 2 -- 3 2 -- 2 0 -- 1 3 -- 1 4 -- 2 0 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 2 3 -- 1 Birmingham ! Birmingham 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 4 -- 0 4 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 3 4 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 6 -- 1 6 -- 2 0 -- 0 6 -- 1 2 -- 3 0 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 4 -- 1 Blackburn Rovers ! Blackburn Rovers 2 -- 1 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 3 -- 2 2 -- 1 3 -- 0 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 3 -- 1 Blackpool ! Blackpool 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 0 -- 0 3 -- 0 1 -- 4 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 4 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 Bolton Wanderers ! Bolton Wanderers 2 -- 3 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 5 -- 3 3 -- 1 6 -- 1 1 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 2 1 -- 2 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 Bristol City ! Bristol City 0 -- 0 3 -- 1 0 -- 0 2 -- 4 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 0 -- 2 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 3 3 -- 3 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 4 -- 1 0 -- 2 0 -- 1 Cardiff City ! Cardiff City 3 -- 0 1 -- 3 3 -- 2 1 -- 3 1 -- 3 0 -- 1 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 4 -- 2 1 -- 5 0 -- 0 2 -- 3 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 Carlisle United ! Carlisle United 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 3 3 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 3 0 -- 0 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 4 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 4 -- 1 3 -- 1 4 -- 1 Charlton Athletic ! Charlton Athletic 3 -- 0 3 -- 1 3 -- 0 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 4 -- 2 5 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 0 3 -- 3 1 -- 0 4 -- 1 0 -- 0 3 -- 3 4 -- 1 Crystal Palace ! Crystal Palace 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 0 -- 3 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 3 1 -- 3 2 -- 2 6 -- 0 5 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 Derby County ! Derby County 3 -- 1 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 1 -- 3 2 -- 1 3 -- 1 3 -- 4 0 -- 1 3 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 3 2 -- 4 3 -- 3 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 4 -- 0 4 -- 1 Huddersfield Town ! Huddersfield Town 0 -- 0 2 -- 3 2 -- 1 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 0 -- 3 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 4 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 4 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 0 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 Hull City ! Hull City 3 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 4 -- 2 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 Ipswich Town ! Ipswich Town 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 5 -- 0 4 -- 2 3 -- 1 3 -- 2 2 -- 2 4 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 4 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 Middlesbrough ! Middlesbrough 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 3 4 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 2 3 -- 2 2 -- 1 0 -- 2 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 5 -- 0 1 -- 0 5 -- 0 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 Millwall ! Millwall 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 5 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 4 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 3 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 Norwich City ! Norwich City 1 -- 0 4 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 2 3 -- 1 3 -- 2 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 3 -- 2 0 -- 1 2 -- 2 3 -- 4 2 -- 1 5 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 3 1 -- 3 0 -- 0 2 -- 2 Plymouth Argyle ! Plymouth Argyle 2 -- 1 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 2 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 3 -- 1 1 -- 4 2 -- 1 3 -- 4 1 -- 1 2 -- 5 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 2 1 -- 2 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 Portsmouth ! Portsmouth 2 -- 2 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 3 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 2 -- 1 4 -- 0 2 -- 2 3 -- 2 3 -- 1 3 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 3 -- 0 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 Preston North End ! Preston North End 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 3 -- 5 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 3 -- 0 0 -- 2 4 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 3 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 0 -- 2 2 -- 2 Queens Park Rangers ! Queens Park Rangers 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 1 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 4 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 6 -- 0 Rotherham United ! Rotherham United 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 2 1 -- 0 3 -- 2 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 3 1 -- 3 1 -- 0 1 -- 3 1 -- 3 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 3 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 3 Source : Ian Laschke : Rothmans Book of Football League Records 1888 -- 89 to 1978 -- 79 . Macdonald and Jane 's , London & Sydney , 1980 . 1 The home team is listed in the left - hand column . Colours : Blue = home team win ; Yellow = draw ; Red = away team win . Maps ( edit ) Aston Villa Birmingham Blackpool Blackburn Rovers Bolton Bristol City Carlisle United Cardiff City Charlton Crystal Palace Derby County Huddersfield Hull Ipswich Town Middlesbrough Millwall Norwich City Plymouth Argyle Portsmouth Preston North End QPR Rotherham Locations of the Football League Second Division 1967 -- 1968 teams Charlton Athletic Crystal Palace Millwall Queens Park Rangers Locations of the Football League Second Division London teams 1967 -- 1968 Third Division ( edit ) Football League Third Division Season 1967 -- 68 Champions Oxford United ( 1st title ) Promoted Bury Relegated Colchester United , Grimsby Town , Peterborough United , Scunthorpe United Matches played 552 Goals scored 1,531 ( 2.77 per match ) Top goalscorer Don Rogers ( Swindon Town ) , 25 ← 1966 -- 67 1968 -- 69 → Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Promotion or relegation Oxford United ! Oxford United ( C ) ( P ) 46 22 13 11 69 47 1.468 57 Promotion to 1968 -- 69 Second Division Bury ! Bury ( P ) 46 24 8 14 91 66 1.379 56 Shrewsbury Town ! Shrewsbury Town 46 20 15 11 61 49 1.245 55 Torquay United ! Torquay United 46 21 11 14 81 51 1.588 53 5 Reading ! Reading 46 21 9 16 70 60 1.167 51 6 Watford ! Watford 46 21 8 17 74 50 1.48 50 7 Walsall ! Walsall 46 19 12 15 74 61 1.213 50 8 Barrow ! Barrow 46 21 8 17 65 54 1.204 50 9 Swindon Town ! Swindon Town 46 16 17 13 74 51 1.451 49 10 Brighton & Hove Albion ! Brighton & Hove Albion 46 16 16 14 57 55 1.036 48 11 Gillingham ! Gillingham 46 18 12 16 59 63 0.937 48 12 Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic ! Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic 46 16 15 15 56 51 1.098 47 13 Stockport County ! Stockport County 46 19 9 18 70 75 0.933 47 14 Southport ! Southport 46 17 12 17 65 65 46 15 Bristol Rovers ! Bristol Rovers 46 17 9 20 72 78 0.923 43 16 Oldham Athletic ! Oldham Athletic 46 18 7 21 60 65 0.923 43 17 Northampton Town ! Northampton Town 46 14 13 19 58 72 0.806 41 18 Orient ! Orient 46 12 17 17 46 62 0.742 41 19 Tranmere Rovers ! Tranmere Rovers 46 14 12 20 62 74 0.838 40 20 Mansfield Town ! Mansfield Town 46 12 13 21 51 67 0.761 37 21 Grimsby Town ! Grimsby Town ( R ) 46 14 9 23 52 69 0.754 37 Relegation to 1968 -- 69 Fourth Division 22 Colchester United ! Colchester United ( R ) 46 9 15 22 50 87 0.575 33 23 Scunthorpe United ! Scunthorpe United ( R ) 46 10 12 24 56 87 0.644 32 24 Peterborough United ! Peterborough United ( R ) 46 20 10 16 79 67 1.179 31 Source : rsssf.com Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) goal difference ; 3 ) number of goals scored ( C ) = Champion ; ( R ) = Relegated ; ( P ) = Promoted ; ( E ) = Eliminated ; ( O ) = Play - off winner ; ( A ) = Advances to a further round . Only applicable when the season is not finished : ( Q ) = Qualified to the phase of tournament indicated ; ( TQ ) = Qualified to tournament , but not yet to the particular phase indicated ; ( RQ ) = Qualified to the relegation tournament indicated ; ( DQ ) = Disqualified from tournament . Peterborough deducted 19 points for making irregular payments to players . Results ( edit ) `` The template below ( Fb r header ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Home ╲ Away Barrow ! BRW Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic ! B&BA Brighton & Hove Albion ! B&HA Bristol Rovers ! BRR Bury ! Bury Colchester United ! COL Gillingham ! GIL Grimsby Town ! GRI Mansfield Town ! MAN Northampton Town ! NOR Oldham Athletic ! OLD Orient ! ORI Oxford United ! OXF Peterborough United ! PET Reading ! REA Scunthorpe United ! SCU Shrewsbury Town ! SHR Southport ! SOU Stockport County ! STP Swindon Town ! SWI Torquay United ! TOR Tranmere ! TRA Walsall ! WAL Watford ! WAT Barrow ! Barrow 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 5 -- 0 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 0 -- 1 4 -- 0 4 -- 1 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 0 3 -- 1 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic ! Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic 3 -- 0 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 2 4 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 0 -- 2 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 3 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 4 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 Brighton & Hove Albion ! Brighton & Hove Albion 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 3 -- 0 3 -- 1 3 -- 0 0 -- 2 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 Bristol Rovers ! Bristol Rovers 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 4 -- 3 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 4 -- 0 4 -- 1 1 -- 3 0 -- 2 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 2 -- 3 0 -- 2 Bury ! Bury 1 -- 2 4 -- 0 4 -- 0 4 -- 2 2 -- 0 3 -- 2 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 3 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 4 -- 0 2 -- 0 4 -- 3 2 -- 0 3 -- 2 5 -- 3 1 -- 1 5 -- 1 3 -- 3 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 Colchester United ! Colchester United 3 -- 2 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 2 -- 2 1 -- 3 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 5 2 -- 5 1 -- 0 0 -- 3 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 3 -- 5 1 -- 2 2 -- 2 2 -- 1 Gillingham ! Gillingham 3 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 3 2 -- 1 3 -- 2 3 -- 0 3 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 4 3 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 Grimsby Town ! Grimsby Town 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 4 -- 2 3 -- 2 3 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 3 -- 2 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 3 -- 0 0 -- 1 Mansfield Town ! Mansfield Town 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 3 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 3 2 -- 2 3 -- 0 0 -- 1 4 -- 2 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 0 -- 3 0 -- 3 1 -- 2 Northampton Town ! Northampton Town 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 4 -- 5 0 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 4 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 Oldham Athletic ! Oldham Athletic 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 3 -- 5 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 0 -- 2 1 -- 3 3 -- 4 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 4 -- 1 0 -- 2 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 3 2 -- 0 Orient ! Orient 4 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 4 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 3 0 -- 2 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 2 0 -- 0 0 -- 2 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 0 -- 1 Oxford United ! Oxford United 3 -- 1 3 -- 2 2 -- 0 0 -- 2 5 -- 4 3 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 3 2 -- 2 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 4 -- 0 1 -- 0 Peterborough United ! Peterborough United 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 3 4 -- 1 0 -- 2 3 -- 1 3 -- 0 3 -- 2 2 -- 0 4 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 5 -- 1 Reading ! Reading 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 4 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 4 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 1 4 -- 0 3 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 Scunthorpe United ! Scunthorpe United 2 -- 4 1 -- 1 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 5 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 3 3 -- 3 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 2 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 0 -- 2 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 5 1 -- 1 Shrewsbury Town ! Shrewsbury Town 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 4 -- 0 1 -- 2 3 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 4 -- 2 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 4 -- 0 3 -- 2 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 5 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 3 -- 1 Southport ! Southport 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 2 -- 3 4 -- 1 0 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 3 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 4 -- 3 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 Stockport County ! Stockport County 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 4 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 4 -- 0 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 0 -- 4 2 -- 2 3 -- 0 4 -- 1 4 -- 2 4 -- 3 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 5 -- 2 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 Swindon Town ! Swindon Town 0 -- 1 4 -- 0 2 -- 1 4 -- 1 2 -- 3 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 5 -- 0 1 -- 1 4 -- 0 0 -- 0 4 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 5 -- 1 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 3 -- 3 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 Torquay United ! Torquay United 0 -- 2 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 3 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 0 -- 2 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 2 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 4 -- 1 1 -- 0 Tranmere ! Tranmere 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 2 -- 2 3 -- 3 2 -- 0 4 -- 2 2 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 2 -- 0 4 -- 1 0 -- 2 2 -- 1 3 -- 2 2 -- 3 2 -- 0 1 -- 2 Walsall ! Walsall 4 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 4 -- 0 3 -- 1 5 -- 0 0 -- 1 3 -- 2 2 -- 2 0 -- 0 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 3 -- 2 1 -- 1 5 -- 1 1 -- 1 Watford ! Watford 3 -- 2 0 -- 2 4 -- 0 4 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 7 -- 1 1 -- 2 5 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 4 -- 1 3 -- 0 4 -- 0 2 -- 0 0 -- 1 5 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 2 1 -- 2 Source : Ian Laschke : Rothmans Book of Football League Records 1888 -- 89 to 1978 -- 79 . Macdonald and Jane 's , London & Sydney , 1980 . 1 The home team is listed in the left - hand column . Colours : Blue = home team win ; Yellow = draw ; Red = away team win . Maps ( edit ) Barrow Brighton & Hove Bournemouth Bristol Rovers Bury Colchester Gillingham Grimsby Town Orient Mansfield Town Northampton Town Oldham Oxford Peterborough Reading Scunthorpe & Lindsey Shrewsbury Southport Stockport Swindon Tranmere Torquay Watford Walsall Locations of the Football League Third Division teams 1967 -- 1968 Fourth Division ( edit ) Football League Fourth Division Season 1967 -- 68 Champions Luton Town ( 1st title ) Promoted Barnsley , Crewe Alexandra , Hartlepools United Failed re-election none Matches played 552 Goals scored 1,485 ( 2.69 per match ) Top goalscorer Les Massie ( Halifax Town ) , 25 Roy Chapman ( Port Vale ) , 25 ← 1966 -- 67 1968 -- 69 → Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Promotion or relegation Luton Town ! Luton Town ( C ) ( P ) 46 27 12 7 87 44 1.977 66 Promotion to 1968 -- 69 Third Division Barnsley ! Barnsley ( P ) 46 24 13 9 68 46 1.478 61 Hartlepools United ! Hartlepools United ( P ) 46 25 10 11 60 46 1.304 60 Crewe Alexandra ! Crewe Alexandra ( P ) 46 20 18 8 74 49 1.51 58 5 Bradford City ! Bradford City 46 23 11 12 72 51 1.412 57 6 Southend United ! Southend United 46 20 14 12 77 58 1.328 54 7 Chesterfield ! Chesterfield 46 21 11 14 71 50 1.42 53 8 Wrexham ! Wrexham 46 20 13 13 72 53 1.358 53 9 Aldershot ! Aldershot 46 18 17 11 70 55 1.273 53 10 Doncaster Rovers ! Doncaster Rovers 46 18 15 13 66 56 1.179 51 11 Halifax Town ! Halifax Town 46 15 16 15 52 49 1.061 46 12 Newport County ! Newport County 46 16 13 17 58 63 0.921 45 13 Lincoln City ! Lincoln City 46 17 9 20 71 68 1.044 43 14 Brentford ! Brentford 46 18 7 21 61 64 0.953 43 15 Swansea Town ! Swansea Town 46 16 10 20 63 77 0.818 42 16 Darlington ! Darlington 46 12 17 17 47 53 0.887 41 17 Notts County ! Notts County 46 15 11 20 53 79 0.671 41 18 Port Vale ! Port Vale 46 12 15 19 61 72 0.847 39 Re-elected 19 Rochdale ! Rochdale 46 12 14 20 51 72 0.708 38 20 Exeter City ! Exeter City 46 11 16 19 45 65 0.692 38 21 York City ! York City 46 11 14 21 65 68 0.956 36 Re-elected 22 Chester ! Chester 46 9 14 23 57 78 0.731 32 23 Workington ! Workington 46 10 11 25 54 87 0.621 31 24 Bradford Park Avenue ! Bradford Park Avenue 46 15 27 30 82 0.366 23 Source : rsssf.com Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) goal difference ; 3 ) number of goals scored ( C ) = Champion ; ( R ) = Relegated ; ( P ) = Promoted ; ( E ) = Eliminated ; ( O ) = Play - off winner ; ( A ) = Advances to a further round . Only applicable when the season is not finished : ( Q ) = Qualified to the phase of tournament indicated ; ( TQ ) = Qualified to tournament , but not yet to the particular phase indicated ; ( RQ ) = Qualified to the relegation tournament indicated ; ( DQ ) = Disqualified from tournament . NOTE : Due to financial irregularities , Port Vale were made to apply for re-election to the Football League despite not finishing in the bottom four . Results ( edit ) `` The template below ( Fb r header ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Home ╲ Away Aldershot ! ALD Barnsley ! BAR Bradford City ! BRA Bradford Park Avenue ! BPA Brentford ! BRE Chester ! CHE Chesterfield ! CHF Crewe Alexandra ! CRE Darlington ! DAR Doncaster Rovers ! DON Exeter City ! EXE Halifax Town ! HAL Hartlepool ! HAR Lincoln City ! LIN Luton Town ! LUT Newport County ! NPC Notts County ! NTC Port Vale ! PTV Rochdale ! ROC Southend ! STD Swansea Town ! SWA Workington ! WRK Wrexham ! WRE York City ! YOR Aldershot ! Aldershot 1 -- 1 3 -- 3 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 3 -- 2 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 5 -- 0 3 -- 1 2 -- 2 Barnsley ! Barnsley 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 3 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 4 -- 0 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 4 -- 2 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 0 Bradford City ! Bradford City 1 -- 3 1 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 3 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 5 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 4 -- 1 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 0 -- 0 Bradford Park Avenue ! Bradford Park Avenue 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 0 -- 2 2 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 5 2 -- 1 0 -- 2 1 -- 4 2 -- 2 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 Brentford ! Brentford 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 4 -- 2 5 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 3 0 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 3 -- 1 4 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 3 -- 1 Chester ! Chester 2 -- 5 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 0 -- 0 3 -- 0 3 -- 0 0 -- 4 0 -- 1 2 -- 3 3 -- 1 3 -- 2 0 -- 2 6 -- 0 1 -- 3 2 -- 1 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 2 -- 3 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 Chesterfield ! Chesterfield 1 -- 2 2 -- 3 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 1 4 -- 1 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 2 4 -- 0 3 -- 0 0 -- 2 3 -- 1 3 -- 1 0 -- 0 3 -- 1 3 -- 1 Crewe Alexandra ! Crewe Alexandra 1 -- 1 3 -- 3 1 -- 1 4 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 5 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 4 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 3 -- 2 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 Darlington ! Darlington 6 -- 2 0 -- 2 2 -- 2 0 -- 0 2 -- 3 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 2 -- 3 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 Doncaster Rovers ! Doncaster Rovers 3 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 1 3 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 2 3 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 Exeter City ! Exeter City 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 4 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 3 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 4 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 0 -- 5 2 -- 1 3 -- 3 3 -- 1 3 -- 1 0 -- 2 1 -- 3 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 Halifax Town ! Halifax Town 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 2 -- 2 0 -- 2 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 3 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 4 -- 1 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 2 -- 1 Hartlepool ! Hartlepool 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 3 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 Lincoln City ! Lincoln City 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 5 -- 1 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 4 1 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 3 2 -- 1 1 -- 3 0 -- 1 3 -- 2 4 -- 2 3 -- 0 3 -- 0 0 -- 2 1 -- 3 Luton Town ! Luton Town 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 3 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 4 -- 0 3 -- 1 5 -- 3 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 4 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 4 -- 1 3 -- 1 4 -- 0 4 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 1 Newport County ! Newport County 0 -- 2 3 -- 0 0 -- 3 4 -- 0 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 3 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 2 2 -- 1 Notts County ! Notts County 0 -- 1 1 -- 4 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 0 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 3 0 -- 3 0 -- 0 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 4 -- 3 3 -- 2 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 Port Vale ! Port Vale 0 -- 3 2 -- 0 1 -- 2 4 -- 0 4 -- 1 4 -- 4 0 -- 1 0 -- 2 0 -- 1 4 -- 2 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 2 -- 3 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 4 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 4 -- 2 4 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 Rochdale ! Rochdale 0 -- 2 1 -- 0 3 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 4 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 2 -- 2 4 -- 3 0 -- 0 3 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 3 3 -- 0 3 -- 2 Southend ! Southend 1 -- 1 4 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 5 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 2 -- 2 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 2 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 0 7 -- 0 3 -- 1 0 -- 1 Swansea Town ! Swansea Town 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 0 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 2 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 4 -- 2 2 -- 0 4 -- 2 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 5 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 Workington ! Workington 3 -- 2 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 2 -- 2 0 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 4 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 5 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 Wrexham ! Wrexham 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 0 -- 2 3 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 6 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 4 -- 1 2 -- 1 5 -- 0 3 -- 1 York City ! York City 2 -- 3 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 6 -- 2 0 -- 1 4 -- 1 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 4 -- 0 1 -- 2 0 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 4 -- 2 5 -- 1 4 -- 1 2 -- 2 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 Source : Ian Laschke : Rothmans Book of Football League Records 1888 -- 89 to 1978 -- 79 . Macdonald and Jane 's , London & Sydney , 1980 . 1 The home team is listed in the left - hand column . Colours : Blue = home team win ; Yellow = draw ; Red = away team win . Maps ( edit ) Aldershot Barnsley Bradford City Bradford Park Avenue Brentford Chester Chesterfield Crewe Alexandra Darlington Doncaster Exeter City Halifax Town Hartlepool Lincoln City Luton Town Newport County Notts County Port Vale Rochdale Southend Swansea Town Workington Wrexham York City Locations of the Football League Fourth Division teams 1967 -- 1968 See also ( edit ) 1967 -- 68 in English football References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` England 1967 -- 68 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 24 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Ian Laschke : Rothmans Book of Football League Records 1888 -- 89 to 1978 -- 79 . Macdonald and Jane 's , London & Sydney , 1980 . ^ Jump up to : `` English League Leading Goalscorers '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 31 October 2010 . Ian Laschke : Rothmans Book of Football League Records 1888 -- 89 to 1978 -- 79 . Macdonald and Jane 's , London & Sydney , 1980 . English Football League seasons As first tier 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 00 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1915 -- 16 1916 -- 17 1917 -- 18 1918 -- 19 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 As second tier 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 1967 -- 68 in English football `` 1966 -- 67 1968 -- 69 '' FA competitions FA Cup ( Qualifying rounds Final ) Charity Shield Football League Football League ( First Division Second Division Third Division Fourth Division ) League Cup ( Final ) Lower leagues Isthmian League Northern League Southern League Western League Yorkshire League European competitions European Cup ( Final ) Inter-Cities Fairs Cup ( Final ) European Cup Winners ' Cup Related to national team Alf Ramsey Home Championship UEFA Euro 1968 ( qualification ) Club seasons First Division Arsenal Burnley Chelsea Coventry City Everton Fulham Leeds United Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Nottingham Forest Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Southampton Stoke City Sunderland Tottenham Hotspur West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Wolverhampton Wanderers Second Division Aston Villa Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bristol City Cardiff City Carlisle United Charlton Athletic Crystal Palace Derby County Huddersfield Town Hull City Ipswich Town Middlesbrough Millwall Norwich City Plymouth Argyle Portsmouth Preston North End Queens Park Rangers Rotherham United Third Division Barrow Bournemouth and Boscombe Athletic Brighton & Hove Albion Bristol Rovers Bury Colchester United Gillingham Grimsby Town Leyton Orient Mansfield Town Northampton Town Oldham Athletic Oxford United Peterborough United Reading Scunthorpe United Shrewsbury Town Southport Stockport County Swindon Town Torquay United Tranmere Rovers Walsall Watford Fourth Division Aldershot Barnsley Bradford City Bradford Park Avenue Brentford Chester Chesterfield Crewe Alexandra Darlington Doncaster Rovers Exeter City Halifax Town Hartlepools United Lincoln City Luton Town Newport County Notts County Port Vale Rochdale Southend United Swansea Town Workington Wrexham York City 1967 -- 68 in European football ( UEFA ) `` 1966 -- 67 1968 -- 69 '' Domestic leagues Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark ' 67 ' 68 England Faroe Islands ' 67 ' 68 Finland ' 67 ' 68 France East Germany West Germany Greece Hungary ' 67 ' 68 Iceland ' 67 ' 68 Israel Italy Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 67 ' 68 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Scotland Soviet Union ' 67 ' 68 Spain Sweden ' 67 ' 68 Switzerland Turkey Yugoslavia Domestic cups Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark England Faroe Islands ' 67 ' 68 Finland ' 67 ' 68 France East Germany West Germany Greece Hungary Iceland ' 67 ' 68 Israel Italy Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 67 ' 68 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania San Marino Scotland Soviet Union Spain Sweden ' 67 Switzerland Turkey Wales Yugoslavia League cups England Scotland UEFA competitions European Cup ( Final ) Cup Winners ' Cup ( Final ) Inter-Cities Fairs Cup ( Final ) Intertoto Cup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1967 -- 68_Football_League&oldid = 819106604 '' Categories : English Football League seasons 1967 -- 68 in English football leagues 1967 -- 68 Football League Hidden categories : Use British English from May 2012 Use dmy dates from May 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 13 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the football league championship in 1968 | [
"\nThe Football League\n\nSeason\n1967–68\n\n\nChampions\nManchester City\n\n\n\n← 1966–67\n1968–69 →\n\n\n"
] | [
"Manchester City"
] |
1491314968705721599 | History of Texas (1845–1860) | History of Texas ( 1845 -- 1860 ) - wikipedia History of Texas ( 1845 -- 1860 ) Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the History of Texas Timeline French Texas 1684 -- 1689 Spanish Texas 1690 -- 1821 Mexican Texas 1821 -- 1836 Republic of Texas 1836 -- 1845 Statehood 1845 -- 1860 Civil War Era 1861 -- 1865 Reconstruction 1865 -- 1899 State of Texas Texas portal In 1845 , the Republic of Texas was annexed to the United States of America , becoming the 28th U.S. state . Border disputes between the new state and Mexico , which had never recognized Texas independence and still considered the area a renegade Mexican state , led to the Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 1848 ) . When the war concluded , Mexico relinquished its claim on Texas , as well as other regions in what is now the southwestern United States . Texas ' annexation as a state that tolerated slavery had caused tension in the United States among slave states and those that did not allow slavery . The tension was partially defused with the Compromise of 1850 , in which Texas ceded some of its territory to the federal government to become non-slave - owning areas but gained El Paso . Contents ( hide ) 1 Annexation 2 Mexican -- American War 3 Compromise of 1850 4 Settlement 5 Indian wars 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links Annexation ( edit ) Main article : Texas Annexation The Republic of Texas had formed in 1836 , after breaking away from Mexico in the Texas Revolution . The following year , an ambassador from Texas approached the United States about the possibility of becoming an American state . Fearing a war with Mexico , which did not recognize Texas independence , the United States declined the offer . In 1844 , James K. Polk was elected the United States president after promising to annex Texas . Before he assumed office , the outgoing president , John Tyler , entered negotiations with Texas . On February 26 , 1845 , six days before Polk took office , the U.S. Congress approved the annexation . The Texas legislature approved annexation in July 1845 and constructed a state constitution . In October , Texas residents approved the annexation and the new constitution , and Texas was officially inducted into the United States on December 29 , 1845 . Mexican -- American war ( edit ) Main article : Mexican -- American War When Texas was annexed , Mexico broke diplomatic relations with the United States . The annexation bill did not specifically define the boundaries of Texas . The former republic claimed the Rio Grande as its southern border , while Mexican authorities had always considered the Nueces River , situated further north , to be the boundary of Mexican Texas . The United States sent John Slidell to negotiate with the Mexican government , offering l $25 million ( $692,019,231 today ) to set the Texas border at the Rio Grande and to purchase Mexico 's provinces of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México . Popular sentiment in Mexico was against any sale , and the army deposed President José Joaquín de Herrera when he appeared inclined to negotiate with Slidell . The United States positioned troops along the Rio Grande . On April 25 , 1846 , in an event known as the Thornton Affair , a large contingent of Mexican cavalry attacked an American patrol in the area between the Rio Grande and the Nueces , killing 16 Americans . On May 3 , Mexican troops initiated the siege of Fort Texas , bombarding a makeshift American fort along the Rio Grande . On May 8 , Zachary Taylor led 2,500 U.S. troops to relieve the fort . He was intercepted by Mexican troops , leading to the Battle of Palo Alto . Mexican troops retreated a short distance to regroup , and the following day the two sides fought fiercely in the Battle of Resaca de la Palma . The U.S. cavalry captured the Mexican artillery , and the Mexican soldiers retreated . The United States officially declared war against Mexico on May 13 . Mexico declared war against the U.S. on July 7 . Throughout the official hostilities , the United States maintained two fronts -- one in the Mexican interior south of the Rio Grande , and one in California . There was no further fighting in Texas . The war ended on February 2 , 1848 with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . Mexico ceded claims to Texas , and the border was set at the Rio Grande . Compromise of 1850 ( edit ) The expansion of the United States after the Mexican -- American War led to tensions between the slave and free states as to how to maintain the balance between the opposing viewpoints . Texas had been admitted to the United States as a slave state , yet Texas claimed territory north of the 36 ° 30 ' demarcation line for slavery set by the 1820 Missouri Compromise . According to the annexation agreement , if Texas were to be subdivided into multiple states , those north of the compromise line would become free states . Following the conclusion of the Mexican -- American War , Texas also tried to exert control over much of New Mexico . In an effort to avoid some states seceding from the United States , Congress passed the Compromise of 1850 . Texas gave up much of the western territories it had claimed in exchange for $10 million to pay off previous debts . Settlement ( edit ) Post-war Texas grew rapidly as migrants poured into the cotton lands of the state . German immigrants started to arrive in the early 1840s because of economic , social and political conditions in their states . In 1842 , German nobles organized the Adelsverein , banding together to buy land in central Texas to enable German settlement . The Revolutions of 1848 acted as another catalyst for so many immigrants that they became known as the `` Forty - Eighters . '' Many were educated artisans and businessmen . Germans continued to arrive in considerable numbers until 1890 . The first Czech immigrants started their journey to Texas on August 19 , 1851 headed by Jozef Šilar . The rich farmland of Central Texas attracted the Czech immigrants . The counties of Austin , Fayette , Lavaca , and Washington had early Czech settlements . The Czech - American communities are characterized by a strong sense of community and social clubs were a dominant theme of Czech - American life in Texas . By 1865 , the Czech population numbered 700 and climbed to over 60,000 Czech - Americans by 1940 . With their investments in cotton cultivation , Texas planters imported enslaved blacks from the earliest years of settlement . They established cotton plantations mostly in the eastern part of the state , where labor was done by enslaved African Americans . The central area of the state had more subsistence farmers . Indian wars ( edit ) Further information : Texas -- Indian Wars In the late 1850s , settlers continued to push west and north , and by 1856 had begun settling , parts of the Comancheria in large numbers . Angry at the loss of their traditional hunting grounds , several bands of Comanche conducted raids on Texas settlers . In an effort to stop the violence and subdue the Comanche , in 1858 the Texas Rangers paired with members of the Tonkawa tribe -- traditionally , enemies of the Comanche -- for the Antelope Hills Expedition . Federal law promised Indian tribes safety in Indian Territory , located just north of Texas . Nevertheless , the Rangers crossed into Indian Territory and attacked a Comanche village at the Battle of Little Robe Creek . This was the first time any American forces had penetrated to the heart of the Comancheria , attacked Comanche villages with impunity , and successfully made it home . The expedition exhausted the annual Texas defense budget , and the governor disbanded the Rangers . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Richard Bruce Winders , Crisis in the Southwest : The United States , Mexico , and the Struggle over Texas ( Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield , 2002 ) , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Fehrenbach , Lone Star , pp. 264 -- 267 Jump up ^ Cotton Culture from the Handbook of Texas Online Jump up ^ `` German Immigration in Texas '' , accessed April 27 , 2008 Jump up ^ Handbook of Texas Online Czechs accessed July 28 , 2008 Sources ( edit ) T.R. Fehrenbach , Lone Star : A History of Texas and Texans ( Cambridge : Da Capo Press , 2000 ) External links ( edit ) A Continent Divided : The U.S. - Mexico War , Center for Greater Southwestern Studies , the University of Texas at Arlington Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Texas_(1845 -- 1860 ) &oldid = 799080616 '' Categories : History of Texas by period Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 14 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | just before texas became a us state in 1845 texas was | [
"In 1845, the Republic of Texas was annexed to the United States of America, becoming the 28th U.S. state. Border disputes between the new state and Mexico, which had never recognized Texas independence and still considered the area a renegade Mexican state, led to the Mexican–American War (1846–1848). When the war concluded, Mexico relinquished its claim on Texas, as well as other regions in what is now the southwestern United States. Texas' annexation as a state that tolerated slavery had caused tension in the United States among slave states and those that did not allow slavery. The tension was partially defused with the Compromise of 1850, in which Texas ceded some of its territory to the federal government to become non-slave-owning areas but gained El Paso."
] | [
"annexed to the United States of America"
] |
-2999628081114729625 | A Song of Ice and Fire | A Song of Ice and Fire - wikipedia A Song of Ice and Fire Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the series of novels . For the television adaptation , see Game of Thrones . A Song of Ice and Fire A Song of Ice and Fire book collection box set cover A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( forthcoming ) A Dream of Spring ( forthcoming ) Author George R.R. Martin Country United States Language English Genre Epic fantasy Publisher Bantam Books ( US , Canada ) Voyager Books ( UK , Australia ) Published August 1996 -- present Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) audiobook A Song of Ice and Fire is a series of epic fantasy novels by the American novelist and screenwriter George R.R. Martin . He began the first volume of the series , A Game of Thrones , in 1991 and had it published in 1996 . Martin , who initially envisioned the series as a trilogy , has published five out of a planned seven volumes . The fifth and most recent volume of the series published in 2011 , A Dance with Dragons , took Martin six years to write . He is still writing the sixth novel , The Winds of Winter . A Song of Ice and Fire takes place on the fictional continents Westeros and Essos . The point of view of each chapter in the story is a limited perspective of a range of characters growing from nine , in the first novel , to thirty - one by the fifth . Three main stories interweave a dynastic war among several families for control of Westeros , the rising threat of the supernatural Others in the northernmost reaches of Westeros , and the ambition of Daenerys Targaryen , the deposed king 's exiled daughter , to assume the Iron Throne . Martin 's inspirations included the Wars of the Roses and the French historical novels The Accursed Kings by Maurice Druon . A Song of Ice and Fire received praise for its diverse portrayal of women and religion , as well as its realism . An assortment of disparate and subjective points of view confronts the reader , and the success or survival of point of view characters is never assured . Within the often morally ambiguous world of A Song of Ice and Fire , questions concerning loyalty , pride , human sexuality , piety , and the morality of violence frequently arise . As of April 2015 , the books have sold more than 60 million copies worldwide and , as of January 2017 , have been translated into 47 languages . The fourth and fifth volumes reached the top of The New York Times Best Seller lists upon their releases . Among the many derived works are several prequel novellas , a TV series , a comic book adaptation , and several card , board , and video games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot synopsis 2 Publishing history 2.1 Overview 2.2 First three novels ( 1991 -- 2000 ) 2.3 Bridging the timeline gap ( 2000 -- 2011 ) 2.4 Planned novels and future 2.4. 1 The Winds of Winter 2.4. 2 A Dream of Spring 2.4. 3 TV series and other writings 3 Inspiration and writing 3.1 Genre 3.2 Writing process 3.3 Narrative structure 3.4 Character development 4 Themes 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Sales 5.3 Fandom 5.4 Awards and nominations 6 Derived works 6.1 Novellas 6.2 TV series 6.3 Other works 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot synopsis ( edit ) Further information : List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters and World of A Song of Ice and Fire A Song of Ice and Fire takes place in a fictional world in which seasons last for years and end unpredictably . Nearly three centuries before the events of the first novel ( see backstory ) , the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros were united under the Targaryen dynasty by Aegon I and his sisters Visenya and Rhaenys , with Aegon Targaryen becoming the first king of the whole of the continent of Westeros , save for the southerly Dorne . At the beginning of A Game of Thrones , 15 peaceful years have passed since the rebellion led by Robert Baratheon deposed and killed the last Targaryen king , Aerys II , and proclaimed Robert king of the Seven Kingdoms , with a nine year long summer coming to an end . The principal story chronicles the power struggle for the Iron Throne among the great Houses of Westeros following the death of King Robert in A Game of Thrones . Robert 's heir apparent , the 13 - year old Joffrey , is immediately proclaimed king through the machinations of his mother , Queen Cersei Lannister . When Lord Eddard `` Ned '' Stark , Robert 's chief advisor , discovers that Joffrey and his siblings are the product of incest between Cersei and her twin brother Jaime `` The Kingslayer '' Lannister , Eddard attempts to unseat Joffrey but is betrayed and executed for treason . In response , Robert 's brothers Stannis and Renly both lay separate claims to the throne . During this period of instability , two of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros attempt to become independent from the Iron Throne : Eddard 's eldest son Robb is proclaimed King in the North , while Balon Greyjoy desires to recover the sovereignty of his region , the Iron Islands . The so - called `` War of the Five Kings '' is in full progress by the middle of the second book , A Clash of Kings . The second story takes place in the far north of Westeros , where an 8,000 - year - old wall of ice , simply called `` the Wall '' , defends the Seven Kingdoms from the Others . The Wall 's sentinels , the Sworn Brotherhood of the Night 's Watch , also protect the realm from the incursions of the `` wildlings '' or `` Free Folk '' , who are humans living north of the Wall . The Night 's Watch story is told primarily through the point of view of Jon Snow , Eddard 's bastard son . Jon follows the footsteps of his uncle Benjen Stark and joins the Watch at a young age , rising quickly through the ranks , eventually becoming Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . In the third volume , A Storm of Swords , the Night 's Watch storyline becomes increasingly entangled with the War of the Five Kings . The third story follows Daenerys Targaryen , daughter of Aerys , the last Targaryen king . On the continent of Essos , east of Westeros across the Narrow Sea , Daenerys is married off by her elder brother Viserys Targaryen to a powerful warlord , but slowly becomes an independent and intelligent ruler in her own right . Her rise to power is aided by the historic birth of three dragons , hatched from eggs given to her as wedding gifts . The three dragons soon become not only a symbol of her bloodline and her legitimate claim to the throne , but also devastating weapons of war . Publishing history ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) Books in the Ice and Fire series are first published in hardcover and are later re-released as paperback editions . In the UK , Harper Voyager publishes special slipcased editions . The series has also been translated into more than 30 languages . All page totals given below are for the US first editions . # Title Pages Chapters Words Audio US release A Game of Thrones 694 73 292,727 33h 53m August 1996 A Clash of Kings 768 70 318,903 37h 17m February 1999 A Storm of Swords 973 82 414,604 47h 37m November 2000 A Feast for Crows 753 46 295,032 31h 10m November 2005 5 A Dance with Dragons 1040 73 414,788 48h 56m July 2011 6 The Winds of Winter Forthcoming 7 A Dream of Spring Forthcoming Total 4,228 344 1,736,054 198h 53m First three novels ( 1991 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) George R.R. Martin at Archipelacon in Mariehamn , 2015 . George R.R. Martin was already a successful fantasy and sci - fi author and TV writer before writing his A Song of Ice and Fire book series . Martin had published his first short story in 1971 and his first novel in 1977 . By the mid-1990s , he had won three Hugo Awards , two Nebula Awards , and other awards for his short fiction . Although his early books were well received within the fantasy fiction community , his readership remained relatively small and Martin took on jobs as a writer in Hollywood in the mid-1980s . He worked principally on the revival of The Twilight Zone throughout 1986 and on Beauty and the Beast until 1990 , but he also developed his own TV pilots and wrote feature film scripts . He grew frustrated that his pilots and screenplays were not getting made and that TV - related production limitations like budgets and episode lengths were forcing him to cut characters and trim battle scenes . This pushed Martin back towards writing books , where he did not have to worry about compromising the size of his imagination . Admiring the works of J.R.R. Tolkien in his childhood , he wanted to write an epic fantasy , though he did not have any specific ideas . When Martin was between Hollywood projects in the summer of 1991 , he started writing a new science fiction novel called Avalon . After three chapters , he had a vivid idea of a boy seeing a man 's beheading and finding direwolves in the snow , which would eventually become the first non-prologue chapter of A Game of Thrones . Putting Avalon aside , Martin finished this chapter in a few days and grew certain that it was part of a longer story . After a few more chapters , Martin perceived his new book as a fantasy story and started making maps and genealogies . However , the writing of this book was interrupted for a few years when Martin returned to Hollywood to produce his TV series Doorways that ABC had ordered but ultimately never aired . `` The first scene ... chapter one of the first book , the chapter where they find the direwolf pups ... just came to me out of nowhere . I was ... at work on a different novel , and suddenly I saw that scene . It did n't belong in the novel I was writing , but it came to me so vividly that I had to sit down and write it , and by the time I did , it led to a second chapter , and the second chapter was the Catelyn chapter where Ned has just come back . '' -- George R.R. Martin in 2014 In 1994 , Martin gave to his agent , Kirby McCauley , the first 200 pages and a two - page story projection as part of a planned trilogy with the novels A Dance with Dragons and The Winds of Winter intended to follow . When Martin had still not reached the novel 's end at 1400 manuscript pages , he felt that the series needed to be four and eventually six books long , which he imagined as two linked trilogies of one long story . Martin chose A Song of Ice and Fire as the overall series title : Martin saw the struggle of the cold Others and the fiery dragons as one possible meaning for `` Ice and Fire '' , whereas the word `` song '' had previously appeared in Martin 's book titles A Song for Lya and Songs the Dead Men Sing , stemming from his obsessions with songs . Martin also named Robert Frost 's 1920 poem `` Fire and Ice '' and cultural associations such as passion versus betrayal as possible influences for the series ' title . The revised finished manuscript for A Game of Thrones was 1088 pages long ( without the appendices ) , with the publication following in August 1996 . Wheel of Time author Robert Jordan had written a short endorsement for the cover that was influential in ensuring the book 's and hence series ' early success with fantasy readers . Blood of the Dragon , a pre-release sample novella drawn from Daenerys 's chapters , went on to win the 1997 Hugo Award for Best Novella . The 300 pages removed from the A Game of Thrones manuscript served as the opening of the second book , entitled A Clash of Kings . It was released in February 1999 in the United States , with a manuscript length ( without appendices ) of 1184 pages . A Clash of Kings was the first book of the Ice and Fire series to make the best - seller lists , reaching 13 on The New York Times Best Seller list in 1999 . After the success of The Lord of the Rings films , Martin received his first inquiries to the rights of the Ice and Fire series from various producers and filmmakers . Martin was several months late turning in the third book , A Storm of Swords . The last chapter he had written was about the `` Red Wedding '' , a pivotal scene notable for its violence ( see Themes : Violence and death ) . A Storm of Swords was 1521 pages in manuscript ( without appendices ) , causing problems for many of Martin 's publishers around the world . Bantam Books published A Storm of Swords in a single volume in the United States in November 2000 , whereas some other - language editions were divided into two , three , or even four volumes . A Storm of Swords debuted at number 12 in the New York Times bestseller list . Bridging the timeline gap ( 2000 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) After A Game of Thrones , A Clash of Kings , and A Storm of Swords , Martin originally intended to write three more books . The fourth book , tentatively titled A Dance with Dragons , was to focus on Daenerys Targaryen 's return to Westeros and the associated conflicts . Martin wanted to set this story five years after A Storm of Swords so that the younger characters could grow older and the dragons grow larger . Agreeing with his publishers early on that the new book should be shorter than A Storm of Swords , Martin set out to write the novel closer in length to A Clash of Kings . A long prologue was to establish what had happened in the meantime , initially just as one chapter of Aeron Damphair on the Iron Islands at the Kingsmoot . Since the events on the Iron Islands were to have an impact in the book and could not be told with existing POV characters , Martin eventually introduced three new viewpoints . In 2001 , Martin was still optimistic that the fourth installment might be released in the last quarter of 2002 . However , the five - year gap did not work for all characters during writing . On one hand , Martin was unsatisfied with covering the events during the gap solely through flashbacks and internal retrospection . On the other hand , it was implausible to have nothing happen for five years . After working on the book for about a year , Martin realized he needed an additional interim book , which he called A Feast for Crows . The book would pick up the story immediately after the third book , and Martin scrapped the idea of a five - year gap . The material of the written 250 - page prologue was mixed in as new viewpoint characters from Dorne and the Iron Islands . These expanded storylines and the resulting story interactions complicated the plot for Martin . The manuscript length of A Feast for Crows eventually surpassed A Storm of Swords . Martin was reluctant to make the necessary deep cuts to get the book down to publishable length , as that would have compromised the story he had in mind . Printing the book in `` microtype on onion skin paper and giving each reader a magnifying glass '' was also not an option for him . On the other hand , Martin rejected the publishers ' idea of splitting the narrative chronologically into A Feast for Crows , Parts One and Two . Being already late with the book , Martin had not even started writing all characters ' stories and also objected to ending the first book without any resolution for its many viewpoint characters as in previous books . With the characters spread out across the world , a friend suggested that Martin divide the story geographically into two volumes , of which A Feast for Crows would be the first . This approach would give Martin the room to complete his commenced story arcs as he had originally intended , which he still felt was the best approach years later . Martin moved the unfinished characters ' stories set in the east ( Essos ) and north ( Winterfell and the Wall ) into the next book , A Dance with Dragons , and left A Feast for Crows to cover the events on Westeros , King 's Landing , the Riverlands , Dorne , and the Iron Islands . Both books begin immediately after the end of A Storm of Swords , running in parallel instead of sequentially , and involve different casts of characters with only little overlap . Martin split Arya 's chapters into both books after having already moved the three other most popular characters ( Jon Snow , Tyrion , and Daenerys ) into A Dance with Dragons . Upon its release in October 2005 in the UK and November 2005 in the US , A Feast for Crows went straight to the top of The New York Times bestseller list . Among the positive reviewers was Lev Grossman of Time , who dubbed Martin `` the American Tolkien '' . However , fans and critics alike were disappointed with the story split that left the fates of several popular characters unresolved after A Storm of Swords ' cliffhanger ending . With A Dance with Dragons said to be half - finished , Martin mentioned in the epilogue of A Feast for Crows that the next volume would be released by the next year . However , planned release dates were repeatedly pushed back . Meanwhile , HBO acquired the rights to turn Ice and Fire into a dramatic series in 2007 and aired the first of ten episodes covering A Game of Thrones in April 2011 . With around 1600 pages in manuscript length , A Dance with Dragons was eventually published in July 2011 after six years of writing , longer in page count and writing time than any of the preceding four novels . The story of A Dance with Dragons catches up and goes beyond A Feast for Crows around two - thirds into the book , but nevertheless covers less story than Martin had intended , omitting at least one planned large battle sequence and leaving several character threads ending in cliff - hangers . Martin attributed the delay mainly to his untangling `` the Meereenese knot '' , which the interviewer understood as `` making the chronology and characters mesh up as various threads converged on ( Daenerys ) '' . Martin also acknowledged spending too much time on rewriting and perfecting the story , but soundly rejected the theories of some of his critics that he had lost interest in the series or would bide his time to make more money . Planned novels and future ( edit ) Martin believes the last two volumes of the series will be big books of 1500 manuscript pages each . The sixth book will be called The Winds of Winter , taking the title of the last book of the originally planned trilogy . Displeased with the provisional title A Time for Wolves for the final volume , Martin ultimately announced A Dream of Spring as the title for the seventh book in 2006 . Martin said in March 2012 that the final two novels will take readers farther north than any of the previous books , and that the Others will appear in the book . The Winds of Winter ( edit ) Further information : The Winds of Winter The Winds of Winter will resolve the Dance with Dragons cliffhangers early on and `` will open with the two big battles that ( the fifth book ) was building up to , the battle in the ice and the battle ( ... ) of Slaver 's Bay . And then take it from there . '' By the middle of 2010 , Martin had already finished five chapters of The Winds of Winter from the viewpoints of Sansa Stark , Arya Stark , Arianne Martell , and Aeron Greyjoy , accumulating to around 100 completed pages . After the publication of A Dance with Dragons in 2011 , Martin announced he would return to writing in January 2012 . He spent the meantime on book tours , conventions , and continued working on his The World of Ice & Fire companion guide and a new Tales of Dunk and Egg novella . In December 2011 , Martin posted a chapter from The Winds of Winter from the viewpoint of Theon Greyjoy ; several other chapters have been made public since . Four hundred pages of the sixth novel have been written as of October 2012 , although Martin considers only 200 as `` really finished '' ; the rest needs revising . In 2011 , Martin gave three years as a realistic estimate for finishing the sixth book at a good pace , but said ultimately the book `` will be done when it 's done '' , acknowledging that his publication estimates had been too optimistic in the past . Martin did not intend to separate the characters geographically again . In 2015 there were indications that the book would be published before the sixth season of the HBO show but in early January 2016 Martin confirmed that he had not met an end - of - year deadline that he had established with his publisher for release of the book before the sixth season . He added that there was `` a lot still left to write '' and that completion of the book was `` months away still ... if the writing goes well . '' Martin also revealed there had been a previous deadline of October 2015 that he had considered achievable in May 2015 , and that in September 2015 he had still considered the end - of - year deadline achievable . He further confirmed that some of the plot of the book might be revealed in the upcoming season of Game of Thrones . In February 2016 , Martin stated that he dropped all his editing projects except for Wild Cards , and that he would not be writing any teleplays , screenplays , short stories , introductions or forewords before delivering The Winds of Winter . During the Guadalajara International Book Fair in Mexico in early December 2016 , Martin offered the following hint as to the tone of this book : There are a lot of dark chapters right now ... I 've been telling you for 20 years that winter was coming . Winter is the time when things die , and cold and ice and darkness fill the world , so this is not going to be the happy feel - good that people may be hoping for . Some of the characters ( are ) in very dark places . A Dream of Spring ( edit ) Martin is firm about ending the series with the seventh novel `` until I decide not to be firm '' . With his stated goal of telling the story from beginning to end , he will not truncate the story to fit into an arbitrary number of volumes . He knows the ending in broad strokes as well as the future of the main characters , and will finish the series with bittersweet elements where not everyone will live happily ever after . Martin hopes to write an ending similar to The Lord of the Rings that he felt gave the story a satisfying depth and resonance . On the other hand , Martin noted the challenge to avoid a situation like the finale of the TV series Lost , which left some fans disappointed by deviating too far from their own theories and desires . In 2015 , Martin said that he was not writing A Dream of Spring together with The Winds of Winter , and in early 2016 , he said he did not believe A Dream of Spring would be published before the last season of the HBO show . Martin offered the following hint as to how the series would conclude during a Q&A at the Guadalajara International Book Fair . `` I 'm not going to tell you how I 'm going to end my book , but I suspect the overall flavor is going to be as much bittersweet as it is happy . '' TV series and other writings ( edit ) Early during the development of the TV series , Martin told major plot points to producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . ( The New York Times reported in 2011 that , at age 62 , Martin was by all accounts in robust health . ) Martin was confident he would have published at least The Winds of Winter before the TV series overtook him . Nevertheless , there was general concern about whether Martin would be able to stay ahead of the show . As a result , head writers Benioff and Weiss learned more future plot points from Martin in 2013 to help them set up the show 's new possible seasons . This included the end stories for all the core characters . Deviations from the books ' storylines are also being considered , but a two - year show hiatus to wait for new books is not an option for them as the child actors continue to grow and the show 's popularity would wane . Martin indicated he would not permit another writer to finish the book series . On January 2 , 2016 , Martin confirmed that the sixth volume would not be published before the start of the sixth season of the HBO series . Regarding A Song of Ice and Fire as his magnum opus , Martin is certain never to write anything on this scale again and would only return to this fictional universe in the context of stand - alone novels . He prefers to write stories about characters from other Ice and Fire periods of history such as his Tales of Dunk and Egg project , instead of continuing the series directly . A possible future side project is a prequel set during Aegon 's conquest of Westeros . Martin said he would love to return to writing short stories , novellas , novelettes , and stand - alone novels from diverse genres such as science fiction , horror , fantasy , or even a murder mystery . However , he will see if his audience follows him after publishing his next project . Inspiration and writing ( edit ) Genre ( edit ) Further information : Themes in A Song of Ice and Fire George R.R. Martin believes the most profound influences to be the ones experienced in childhood . Having read H.P. Lovecraft , Robert E. Howard , Robert A. Heinlein , Eric Frank Russell , Andre Norton , Isaac Asimov , Fritz Leiber , and Mervyn Peake in his youth , Martin never categorized these authors ' literature into science fiction , fantasy , or horror and will write from any genre as a result . Martin classified A Song of Ice and Fire as `` epic fantasy '' , and specifically named Tad Williams as very influential for the writing of the series . One of his favorite authors is Jack Vance , although Martin considered the series not particularly Vancean . `` ( Martin 's Ice and Fire series ) was groundbreaking ( at least for me ) in all kinds of ways . Above all , the books were extremely unpredictable , especially in a genre where readers have come to expect the intensely predictable . ( ... ) A Game of Thrones was profoundly shocking when I first read it , and fundamentally changed my notions about what could be done with epic fantasy . '' -- Fantasy writer Joe Abercrombie in 2008 The medieval setting has been the traditional background for epic fantasy . However , where historical fiction leaves versed readers knowing the historical outcome , original characters may increase suspense and empathy for the readers . Yet Martin felt historical fiction , particularly when set during the Middle Ages , had an excitement , grittiness , and a realness to it that was absent in fantasy with a similar backdrop . Thus , he wanted to combine the realism of historical fiction with the magic appeal of the best fantasies , subduing magic in favor of battles and political intrigue . He also decided to avoid the conventional good versus evil setting typical for the genre , using the fight between Achilles and Hector in Homer 's Iliad , where no one stands out as either a hero or a villain , as an example of what he wants to achieve with his books . Martin is widely credited with broadening the fantasy fiction genre for adult content , including incest , paedophilia , and adultery . For The Washington Post 's Writing for The Atlantic , Amber Taylor assessed the novels as hard fantasy with vulnerable characters to which readers become emotionally attached . CNN found in 2000 that Martin 's mature descriptions were `` far more frank than those found in the works of other fantasy authors '' , although Martin assessed the fantasy genre to have become rougher - edged a decade later and that some writers ' work was going beyond the mature themes of his novels . Adam Roberts called Martin 's series the most successful and popular example of the emerging subgenre of grimdark fantasy , influencing other writers associated with that style , such as Joe Abercrombie . Writing process ( edit ) Setting out to write something on an epic scale , Martin projected to write three books of 800 manuscript pages in the very early stages of the series . His original 1990s contract specified one - year deadlines for his previous literary works , but Martin only realized later that his new books were longer and hence required more writing time . In 2000 , Martin planned to take 18 months to two years for each volume and projected the last of the planned six books to be released five or six years later . However , with the Ice and Fire series evolving into the biggest and most ambitious story he has ever attempted writing , he still has two more books to write as of 2016 . Martin said he needed to be in his own office in Santa Fe , New Mexico to immerse himself in the fictional world and write . As of 2011 , Martin was still typing his fiction on a DOS computer with WordStar 4.0 software . He begins each day at 10 am with rewriting and polishing the previous day 's work , and may write all day or struggle to write anything . Excised material and previous old versions are saved to be possibly re-inserted at a later time . The Ice and Fire series was partly inspired by the Wars of the Roses , a series of dynastic civil wars for the throne of England . This painting by Richard Burchett portrays Edward IV demanding that his defeated enemies be taken from Tewkesbury Abbey . Martin set the Ice and Fire story in a secondary world inspired by Tolkien 's writing . Unlike Tolkien , who created entire languages , mythologies , and histories for Middle - earth long before writing The Lord of the Rings , Martin usually starts with a rough sketch of an imaginary world that he improvises into a workable fictional setting along the way . He described his writing as coming from a subconscious level in `` almost a daydreaming process '' , and his stories , which have a mythic rather than a scientific core , draw from emotion instead of rationality . Martin employs maps and a cast list topping 60 pages in the fourth volume , but keeps most information in his mind . His imagined backstory remains subject to change until published , and only the novels count as canon . Martin does not intend to publish his private notes after the series is finished . Martin drew much inspiration from actual history for the series , having several bookcases filled with medieval history for research and visiting historic European landmarks . For an American who speaks only English , the history of England proved the easiest source of medieval history for him , giving the series a British rather than a German or Spanish historic flavor . For example , Ned and Robb Stark resemble Richard , 3rd Duke of York and his son Edward IV , and Queen Cersei resembles both Margaret of Anjou and Elizabeth Woodville . Martin immersed himself in many diverse medieval topics such as clothing , food , feasting , and tournaments , to have the facts at hand if needed during writing . The series was in particular influenced by the Hundred Years ' War , the Crusades , the Albigensian Crusade , and the Wars of the Roses , although Martin refrained from making any direct adaptations . Martin was also inspired by the French historical novels The Accursed Kings by Maurice Druon , which are about the French monarchy in the 13th and 14th centuries . The story is written to follow principal landmarks with an ultimate destination , but leaves Martin room for improvisation . On occasion , improvised details significantly affected the planned story . By the fourth book , Martin kept more private notes than ever before to keep track of the many subplots , which became so detailed and sprawling by the fifth book as to be unwieldy . Martin 's editors , copy editors , and readers monitor for accidental mistakes , although some errors have slipped into publication . For instance , Martin has inconsistently referred to certain characters ' eye colors , and has described a horse as being of one sex and then another . Narrative structure ( edit ) Number of chapters per point - of - view character ( hide ) POV character Game Clash Storm Feast Dance ( Winds ) Sum Bran Stark 7 7 -- 21 Catelyn Stark 11 7 7 -- -- 25 Daenerys Targaryen 10 5 6 -- 10 31 Eddard Stark 15 -- -- -- -- 15 Jon Snow 9 8 12 -- 13 42 Arya Stark 5 10 13 ≥ 1 33 Tyrion Lannister 9 15 11 -- 12 ≥ 2 47 Sansa Stark 6 8 7 -- ≥ 1 24 Davos Seaworth -- 6 -- 13 Theon Greyjoy -- 6 -- -- 7 ≥ 1 13 Jaime Lannister -- -- 9 7 17 Samwell Tarly -- -- 5 5 -- 10 Cersei Lannister -- -- -- 10 12 Brienne of Tarth -- -- -- 8 -- 8 Aeron Greyjoy -- -- -- -- ≥ 1 Areo Hotah -- -- -- ≥ 1 Asha Greyjoy -- -- -- Arys Oakheart -- -- -- -- Victarion Greyjoy -- -- -- ≥ 1 Arianne Martell -- -- -- -- ≥ 2 Quentyn Martell -- -- -- -- Jon Connington -- -- -- -- Melisandre -- -- -- -- Barristan Selmy -- -- -- -- ≥ 2 Prologue / Epilogue 1 / -- 1 / -- 1 / 1 1 / -- 1 / 1 1 / 7 Total ( characters ) 73 ( 9 ) 70 ( 10 ) 82 ( 12 ) 46 ( 13 ) 73 ( 18 ) TBD 344 ( 31 ) The books are divided into chapters , each one narrated in the third person limited through the eyes of a point of view character , an approach Martin learned himself as a young journalism student . Beginning with nine POV characters in A Game of Thrones , the number of POV characters grows to a total of 31 in A Dance with Dragons ( see table ) . The short - lived one - time POV characters are mostly restricted to the prologue and epilogue . David Orr of The New York Times noted the story importance of `` the Starks ( good guys ) , the Targaryens ( at least one good guy , or girl ) , the Lannisters ( conniving ) , the Greyjoys ( mostly conniving ) , the Baratheons ( mixed bag ) , the Tyrells ( unclear ) and the Martells ( ditto ) , most of whom are feverishly endeavoring to advance their ambitions and ruin their enemies , preferably unto death '' . However , as Time 's Lev Grossman noted , readers `` experience the struggle for Westeros from all sides at once '' , such that `` every fight is both triumph and tragedy ( ... ) and everybody is both hero and villain at the same time '' . Modeled on The Lord of the Rings , the Ice and Fire story begins with a tight focus on a small group ( with everyone in Winterfell , except Daenerys ) and then splits into separate stories . The storylines are to converge again , but finding the turning point in this complex series has been difficult for Martin and has slowed down his writing . Depending on the interview , Martin is said to have reached the turning point in A Dance with Dragons , or to not quite have reached it yet in the books . The series ' structure of multiple POVs and interwoven storylines was inspired by Wild Cards , a multi-authored shared universe book series edited by Martin since 1985 . As the sole author , Martin begins each new book with an outline of the chapter order and may write a few successive chapters from a single character 's viewpoint instead of working chronologically . The chapters are later rearranged to optimize character intercutting , chronology , and suspense . Influenced by his television and film scripting background , Martin tries to keep readers engrossed by ending each Ice and Fire chapter with a tense or revelational moment , a twist or a cliffhanger , similar to a TV act break . Scriptwriting has also taught him the technique of `` cutting out the fat and leaving the muscle '' , which is the final stage of completing a book , a technique that brought the page count in A Dance with Dragons down almost eighty pages . Dividing the continuous Ice and Fire story into books is much harder for Martin . Each book shall represent a phase of the journey that ends in closure for most characters . A smaller portion of characters is left with clear - cut cliffhangers to make sure readers come back for the next installment , although A Dance with Dragons had more cliffhangers than Martin originally intended . Both one - time and regular POV characters are designed to have full character arcs ending in tragedy or triumph , and are written to hold the readers ' interest and not be skipped in reading . Main characters are killed off so that the reader will not rely on the hero to come through unscathed and will instead feel the character 's fear with each page turn . The unresolved larger narrative arc encourages speculation about future story events . According to Martin , much of the key to Ice and Fire 's future lies over a dozen years in the fictional past , of which each volume reveals more . Events planned from the beginning are foreshadowed , although Martin is careful not to make the story predictable . The viewpoint characters , who serve as unreliable narrators , may clarify or provide different perspectives on past events . Therefore , what the readers believe to be true may not necessarily be true . Character development ( edit ) Main article : List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters Regarding the characters as the heart of the story , Martin planned the epic Ice and Fire fantasy to have a large cast of characters and many different settings from the beginning . A Feast for Crows has a 63 - page list of characters , with many of the thousands of characters mentioned only in passing or disappearing from view for long stretches . When Martin adds a new family to the ever - growing number of genealogies in the appendices , he devises a secret about the personality or fate of the family members . However , their backstory remains subject to change until written down in the story . Martin drew most character inspiration from history ( without directly translating historical figures ) and his own experiences , but also from the manners of his friends , acquaintances , and people of public interest . Martin aims to `` make my characters real and to make them human , characters who have good and bad , noble and selfish well - mixed in their natures '' . Jeff VanderMeer of the Los Angeles Times remarked that `` Martin 's devotion to fully inhabiting his characters , for better or worse , creates the unstoppable momentum in his novels and contains an implied criticism of Tolkien 's moral simplicity '' ( see Themes : Moral ambiguity ) . Martin deliberately ignored the writing rule of never giving two characters names starting with the same letter . Instead , character names reflect the naming systems in various European family histories , where particular names were associated with specific royal houses and where even the secondary families assigned the same names repeatedly . The Ice and Fire story therefore has children called `` Robert '' in honor of King Robert of House Baratheon , a `` Brandon '' in every other generation of the Starks in commemoration of Brandon the Builder ( of the Wall ) , and the syllable `` Ty '' commonly occurring in given names of House Lannister . Confident that readers would pay attention , Martin distinguished people sharing a given name by adding numbers or locations to their given names ( e.g. Henry V of England ) . The family names were designed in association with ethnic groups ( see backstory ) : the First Men in the North of Westeros had very simply descriptive names like Stark and Strong , whereas the descendants of the Andal invaders in the South have more elaborate , undescriptive house names like Lannister or Arryn , and the Targaryens and Valyrians from the Eastern continent have the most exotic names with the letter Y . All characters are designed to speak with their own internal voices to capture their views of the world . The Atlantic pondered whether Martin ultimately intended the readers to sympathize with characters on both sides of the Lannister -- Stark feud long before plot developments force them to make their emotional choices . Contrary to most conventional epic fantasies , the Ice and Fire characters are vulnerable so that , according to The Atlantic , the reader `` can not be sure that good shall triumph , which makes those instances where it does all the more exulting . '' Martin gets emotionally involved in the characters ' lives during writing , which makes the chapters with dreadful events sometimes very difficult to write . Seeing the world through the characters ' eyes requires a certain amount of empathy with them , including the villains , all of whom he has said he loves as if they were his own children . Martin found that some characters had minds of their own and took his writing in different directions . He returns to the intended story if it does not work out , but these detours sometimes prove more rewarding for him . Arya Stark , Tyrion Lannister , Jon Snow , and Daenerys Targaryen generate the most feedback from readers . Martin has stated that Tyrion is his personal favorite , as the grayest of the gray characters , with his cunning and wit making him the most fun to write . Martin has also said that Bran Stark is the hardest character to write . As the character most deeply involved in magic , Bran 's story needs to be handled carefully within the supernatural aspects of the books . Bran is also the youngest viewpoint character , and has to deal with the series ' adult themes like grief , loneliness , and anger . Martin set out to have the young characters grow up faster between chapters , but , as it was implausible for a character to take two months to respond , a finished book represents very little time passed . Martin hoped the planned five - year break would ease the situation and age the children to almost adults in terms of the Seven Kingdoms , but he later dropped the five - year gap ( see section Bridging the timeline gap ) . Themes ( edit ) Main article : Themes in A Song of Ice and Fire Although involving dragons and sorcery , the Ice and Fire series de-emphasizes magic as compared to many other epic fantasy works ( emblem of J. Allen St. John 's 1905 fantasy work The Face in the Pool ) . Although modern fantasy may often embrace strangeness , the Ice and Fire series is generally praised for what is perceived as a sort of medieval realism . Believing that magic should be used moderately in the epic fantasy genre , Martin set out to make the story feel more like historical fiction than contemporary fantasy , with less emphasis on magic and sorcery and more on battles , political intrigue , and the characters . Though the amount of magic has gradually increased throughout the story , the series is still to end with less overt magic than most contemporary fantasies . In Martin 's eyes , literary effective magic needs to represent strange and dangerous forces beyond human comprehension , not advanced alien technologies or formulaic spells . As such , the characters understand only the natural aspects of their world , but not the magical elements like the Others . Since Martin drew on historical sources to build the Ice and Fire world , Damien G. Walter of The Guardian saw a strong resemblance between Westeros and England in the period of the Wars of the Roses . The Atlantic 's Adam Serwer regarded A Song of Ice and Fire as `` more a story of politics than one of heroism , a story about humanity wrestling with its baser obsessions than fulfilling its glorious potential '' , where the emergent power struggle stems from the feudal system 's repression and not from the fight between good and evil . Martin not only wanted to reflect the frictions of the medieval class structures in the novels , but also explore the consequences of the leaders ' decisions , as general goodness does not automatically make competent leaders and vice versa . A common theme in the fantasy genre is the battle between good and evil , which Martin rejects for not mirroring the real world . Attracted to gray characters , Martin instead endorses William Faulkner 's view that only the human heart in conflict with itself was worth writing about . Martin explores the questions of redemption and character change in the Ice and Fire series . The multiple viewpoint structure allows characters to be explored from many sides , such that the supposed villains can provide their viewpoint . Although fantasy comes from an imaginative realm , Martin sees an honest necessity to reflect the real world where people die sometimes ugly deaths , even beloved people . Main characters are killed off so that the reader will not expect the supposed hero to survive , and instead will feel the same tension and fear that the characters might . The novels also reflect the substantial death rates in war . The deaths of supernumerary extras or orcs have no major effect on readers , whereas a friend 's death has much more emotional impact . Martin prefers a hero 's sacrifice to say something profound about human nature . According to Martin , the fantasy genre rarely focuses on sex and sexuality , instead often treating sexuality in a juvenile way or neglecting it completely . Martin , however , considers sexuality an important driving force in human life that should not be excluded from the narrative . Providing sensory detail for an immersive experience is more important than plot advancement for Martin , who aims to let the readers experience the novels ' sex scenes , `` whether it 's a great transcendent , exciting , mind blowing sex , or whether it 's disturbing , twisted , dark sex , or disappointing perfunctory sex . '' Martin was fascinated by medieval contrasts where knights venerated their ladies with poems and wore their favors in tournaments while their armies mindlessly raped women in wartime . The non-existent concept of adolescence in the Middle Ages served as a model for Daenerys ' sexual activity at the age of 13 in the books . The novels also allude to the incestuous practices in the Ptolemaic dynasty of Ancient Egypt to keep their bloodlines pure . Martin provides a variety of female characters to explore the place of women in a patriarchal society . Writing all characters as human beings with the same basic needs , dreams , and influences , his female characters are to cover the same wide spectrum of human traits as the males . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Science Fiction Weekly stated in 2000 that `` few would dispute that Martin 's most monumental achievement to date has been the groundbreaking A Song of Ice and Fire historical fantasy series '' , for which reviews have been `` orders of magnitude better '' than for his previous works , as Martin described to The New Yorker . In 2007 , Weird Tales magazine described the series as a `` superb fantasy saga '' that `` raised Martin to a whole new level of success '' . Shortly before the release of A Dance with Dragons in 2011 , Bill Sheehan of The Washington Post was sure that `` no work of fantasy has generated such anticipation since Harry Potter 's final duel with Voldemort '' , and Ethan Sacks of Daily News saw the series turning Martin into a darling of literary critics as well as mainstream readers , which was `` rare for a fantasy genre that 's often dismissed as garbage not fit to line the bottom of a dragon 's cage '' . Salon.com 's Andrew Leonard stated : The success is all the more remarkable because ( the series debuted ) without mass market publicity or any kind of buzz in the fantasy / SF scene . George R.R. Martin earned his following the hard way , by word of mouth , by hooking his characters into the psyche of his readers to an extent that most writers of fantasy only dream of . Publishers Weekly noted in 2000 that `` Martin may not rival Tolkien or Robert Jordan , but he ranks with such accomplished medievalists of fantasy as Poul Anderson and Gordon Dickson . '' After the fourth volume came out in 2005 , Time 's Lev Grossman considered Martin a `` major force for evolution in fantasy '' and proclaimed him `` the American Tolkien '' , explaining that , although Martin was `` ( not ) the best known of America 's straight - up fantasy writers '' at the time and would `` never win a Pulitzer or a National Book Award ... his skill as a crafter of narrative exceeds that of almost any literary novelist writing today '' . As Grossman said in 2011 , the phrase American Tolkien `` has stuck to ( Martin ) , as it was meant to '' , being picked up by the media including The New York Times ( `` He 's much better than that '' ) , the New Yorker , Entertainment Weekly ( `` an acclaim that borders on fantasy blasphemy '' ) , The Globe and Mail , and USA Today . Time magazine named Martin one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2011 , and USA Today named George R.R. Martin their Author of the Year 2011 . According to The Globe and Mail 's John Barber , Martin manages simultaneously to master and transcend the genre so that `` Critics applaud the depth of his characterizations and lack of cliché in books that are nonetheless replete with dwarves and dragons '' . Publishers Weekly gave favorable reviews to the first three Ice and Fire novels at their points of release , saying that A Game of Thrones had `` superbly developed characters , accomplished prose and sheer bloody - mindedness '' , that A Clash of Kings was `` notable particularly for the lived - in quality of ( their fictional world and ) for the comparatively modest role of magic '' , and that A Storm of Swords was one `` of the more rewarding examples of gigantism in contemporary fantasy '' . However , they found that A Feast For Crows as the fourth installment `` sorely misses its other half . The slim pickings here are tasty , but in no way satisfying . '' Their review for A Dance with Dragons repeated points of criticism for the fourth volume , and said that , although `` The new volume has a similar feel to Feast '' , `` Martin keeps it fresh by focusing on popular characters ( who were ) notably absent from the previous book . '' According to the Los Angeles Times , `` Martin 's brilliance in evoking atmosphere through description is an enduring hallmark of his fiction , the settings much more than just props on a painted stage '' , and the novels captivate readers with `` complex storylines , fascinating characters , great dialogue , perfect pacing , and the willingness to kill off even his major characters '' . CNN remarked that `` the story weaves through differing points of view in a skillful mix of observation , narration and well - crafted dialogue that illuminates both character and plot with fascinating style '' , and David Orr of The New York Times found that `` All of his hundreds of characters have grace notes of history and personality that advance a plot line . Every town has an elaborately recalled series of triumphs and troubles . '' Salon. com 's Andrew Leonard `` could n't stop reading Martin because my desire to know what was going to happen combined with my absolute inability to guess what would happen and left me helpless before his sorcery . At the end , I felt shaken and exhausted . '' The Christian Science Monitor advised reading the novels with an A Song of Ice and Fire encyclopedia at hand to `` catch all the layered , subtle hints and details that ( Martin ) leaves throughout his books . If you pay attention , you will be rewarded and questions will be answered . '' Among the most critical voices were Sam Jordison and Michael Hann , both of The Guardian . Jordison detailed his misgivings about A Game of Thrones in a 2009 review and summarized `` It 's daft . It 's unsophisticated . It 's cartoonish . And yet , I could n't stop reading ... Archaic absurdity aside , Martin 's writing is excellent . His dialogue is snappy and frequently funny . His descriptive prose is immediate and atmospheric , especially when it comes to building a sense of deliciously dark foreboding ( of the long impending winter ) . '' Hann did not consider the novels to stand out from the general fantasy genre , despite Martin 's alterations to fantasy convention , although he rediscovered his childhood 's views : That when things are , on the whole , pretty crappy ( in the real world ) , it 's a deep joy to dive headfirst into something so completely immersive , something from which there is no need to surface from hours at a time . And if that immersion involves dragons , magic , wraiths from beyond death , shapeshifting wolves and banished princes , so be it . Sales ( edit ) Sales performance of the Ice and Fire series in the New York Times combined print and e-book fiction bestseller list in 2011 between the airing of the Game of Thrones pilot episode and the publication of A Dance with Dragons . The reported overall sales figures of the A Song of Ice and Fire series vary . The New Yorker said in April 2011 ( before the publication of A Dance with Dragons ) that more than 15 million Ice and Fire books had been sold worldwide , a figure repeated by The Globe and Mail in July 2011 . Reuters reported in September 2013 that the books including print , digital and audio versions have sold more than 24 million copies in North America . The Wall Street Journal reported more than six million sold copies in North America by May 2011 . USA Today reported 8.5 million copies in print and digital overall in July 2011 , and over 12 million sold copies in print in December 2011 . The series has been translated into more than 20 languages ; USA Today reported the fifth book to be translated into over 40 languages . Forbes estimated that Martin was the 12th highest - earning author worldwide in 2011 at $15 million . Martin 's publishers initially expected A Game of Thrones to be a best - seller , but the first installment did not even reach any lower positions in bestseller list . This left Martin unsurprised , as it is `` a fool 's game to think anything is going to be successful or to count on it '' . However , the book slowly won the passionate advocacy of independent booksellers and the book 's popularity grew by word of mouth . The series ' popularity skyrocketed in subsequent volumes , with the second and third volume making The New York Times Best Seller lists in 1999 and 2000 , respectively . The series gained Martin 's old writings new attention , and Martin 's American publisher Bantam Spectra was to reprint his out - of - print solo novels . The fourth installment , A Feast for Crows , was an immediate best - seller at its 2005 release , hitting number one on `` The New York Times '' hardcover fiction bestseller list November 27 , 2005 , which for a fantasy novel suggested that Martin 's books were attracting mainstream readers . The paperback edition of A Game of Thrones reached its 34th printing in 2010 , surpassing the one million mark . Before it even premiered , the TV series had boosted sales of the book series , with Ice and Fire approaching triple - digit growth in year - on - year sales . Bantam was looking forward to seeing the tie - ins boost sales further , and Martin 's British publisher Harper Voyager expected readers to rediscover their other epic fantasy literature . With a reported 4.5 million copies of the first four volumes in print in early 2011 , the four volumes re-appeared on the paperback fiction bestseller lists in the second quarter of 2011 . At its point of publication in July 2011 , A Dance with Dragons was in its sixth print with more than 650,000 hardbacks in print . It also had the highest single and first - day sales of any new fiction title published in 2011 at that point , with 170,000 hardcovers , 110,000 e-books , and 18,000 audio books reportedly sold on the first day . A Dance with Dragons reached the top of The New York Times bestseller list on July 31 , 2011 . Unlike most other big titles , the fifth volume sold more physical than digital copies early on , but nevertheless , Martin became the tenth author to sell 1 million Amazon Kindle e-books . All five volumes and the four - volume boxed set were among the top 100 best - selling books in the United States in 2011 and 2012 . The TV series has contributed significantly boosting sales of both the books and collectibles like box - sets , merchandise , and other items . The TV series also contributed in increasing the geographic coverage of the books , introducing new customers in emerging countries like India and Brazil to the book series . All this has significantly increased the overall book sales . Fandom ( edit ) Main article : A Song of Ice and Fire fandom During the 1980s and early 1990s , Martin 's novels had slowly earned him a reputation in science fiction circles , although he said to only have received a few fans ' letters a year in the pre-internet days . The publication of A Game of Thrones caused Martin 's following to grow , with fan sites springing up and a Trekkie - like society of followers evolving that meet regularly . Westeros.org , one of the main Ice and Fire fansites with about seventeen thousand registered members as of 2011 , was established in 1999 by a Swedish - based fan of Cuban - American descent , Elio M. García , Jr. , and his girlfriend ; their involvement with Martin 's work has now become semi-professional . The Brotherhood Without Banners , an unofficial fan club operating globally , was formed in 2001 . Their founders and other longtime members are among Martin 's good friends . Martin runs an official website and administers a lively blog with the assistance of Ty Franck . He also interacts with fandom by answering emails and letters , although he stated in 2005 that their sheer numbers might leave them unanswered for years . Since there are different types of conventions nowadays , he tends to go to three or four science - fiction conventions a year simply to go back to his roots and meet friends . He does not read message boards anymore , so that his writing will not be influenced by fans foreseeing twists and interpreting characters differently from what he intended . `` After all , as some of you like to point out in your emails , I am sixty years old and fat , and you do n't want me to ' pull a Robert Jordan ' on you and deny you your book . Okay , I 've got the message . You do n't want me doing anything except A Song of Ice and Fire . Ever . ( Well , maybe it 's okay if I take a leak once in a while ? ) '' -- George R.R. Martin on his blog in 2009 While Martin calls the majority of his fans `` great '' , and enjoys interacting with them , some of them turned against him because of the six years it took to release A Dance with Dragons . A movement of disaffected fans called GRRuMblers formed in 2009 , creating sites such as Finish the Book , George and Is Winter Coming ? . When fans ' vocal impatience for A Dance with Dragons peaked shortly after , Martin issued a statement called `` To My Detractors '' on his blog that received media attention . The New York Times noted that it was not uncommon for Martin to be mobbed at book signings either . The New Yorker called this `` an astonishing amount of effort to devote to denouncing the author of books one professes to love . Few contemporary authors can claim to have inspired such passion . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) -- Locus Award winner , World Fantasy Award and Nebula Award nominee , 1997 A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) -- Locus Award winner , Nebula Award nominee , 1999 A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) -- Locus Award winner , Hugo Award and Nebula Awards nominee , 2001 A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) -- Hugo , Locus , and British Fantasy Awards nominee , 2006 A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) -- Locus Award winner , Hugo Award and World Fantasy Award nominee , 2012 Derived works ( edit ) Novellas ( edit ) Martin has written several prequel novellas . The Tales of Dunk and Egg series , three novellas set ninety years before the events of the novel series , feature the adventures of Ser Duncan the Tall and his squire `` Egg '' , the later King Aegon V Targaryen . The stories have no direct connection to the plot of A Song of Ice and Fire , although both characters are mentioned in A Storm of Swords and A Feast For Crows , respectively . The first installment , The Hedge Knight , was published in the 1998 anthology Legends . The Sworn Sword followed in 2003 , published in Legends II . Both were later adapted into graphic novels . The third novella , titled The Mystery Knight , was first published in the 2010 anthology Warriors , and is planned to be adapted as a graphic novel as well . Martin planned to release the first three novellas as one collection in 2014 . Up to eight further Dunk and Egg installments are planned . The novella The Princess and the Queen or , the Blacks and the Greens appeared in Tor Books 's 2013 anthology Dangerous Women , and explains some of the Targaryen backstory two centuries before the events of the novels . The Rogue Prince , or , the King 's Brother , published in the 2014 anthology Rogues , is itself a prequel to the events of The Princess and the Queen . Chapter sets from the novels were also compiled into three novellas that were released between 1996 and 2003 by Asimov 's Science Fiction and Dragon : Blood of the Dragon ( July 1996 ) , taken from the Daenerys chapters in A Game of Thrones . Path of the Dragon ( December 2000 ) , taken from the Daenerys chapters in A Storm of Swords . Arms of the Kraken ( March 2003 ) , based on the Iron Islands chapters from A Feast for Crows . TV series ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones With the popularity of the series growing , HBO optioned A Song of Ice and Fire for a television adaptation in 2007 . A pilot episode was produced in late 2009 , and a series commitment for nine further episodes was made in March 2010 . The series , titled Game of Thrones , premiered in April 2011 to great acclaim and ratings ( see Game of Thrones : Reception ) . The network picked up the show for a second season covering A Clash of Kings two days later . Shortly after the conclusion of the first season , the show received 13 Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , winning Outstanding Main Title Design and Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for Peter Dinklage 's portrayal of Tyrion Lannister . HBO announced a renewal for a third season in April 2012 , ten days after the season 2 premiere . Due to the length of the corresponding book , the third season only covered roughly the first half of A Storm of Swords . Shortly after the season 3 premiere in March 2013 , the network announced that Game of Thrones would be returning for a fourth season , which would cover the second half of A Storm of Swords along with the beginnings of A Feast for Crows and A Dance With Dragons . Game of Thrones was nominated for 15 Emmy Awards for season 3 . Two days after the fourth season premiered in April 2014 , HBO renewed Game of Thrones for a fifth and sixth season . Season 5 premiered on April 12 , 2015 and set a Guinness World Records for winning the highest number of Emmy Awards for a series in a single season and year , winning 12 out of 24 nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series . These episodes were watched by 8 million viewers , setting a record number for the series . The sixth season premiered on April 24 , 2016 . These episodes received the most nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards with 23 , winning 12 , including the award for Outstanding Drama Series . Other works ( edit ) Main article : Works based on A Song of Ice and Fire A Song of Ice and Fire spawned an industry of spin - off products . Fantasy Flight Games released a collectible card game , a board game , and two collections of artwork inspired by the Ice and Fire series . Various roleplaying game products were released by Guardians of Order and Green Ronin . Dynamite Entertainment adapted A Game of Thrones into a same - titled monthly comic in 2011 . Several video games are available or in production , including A Game of Thrones : Genesis ( 2011 ) and Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) by Cyanide ; both received mediocre ratings from critics . A social network game titled Game of Thrones Ascent ( 2013 ) by Disruptor Beam allows players to live the life of a noble during the series ' period setting . Random House released an official map book called The Lands of Ice and Fire , which includes old and new maps of the Ice and Fire world . The companion book The World of Ice & Fire by Martin and the Westeros.org owners Elio M. García Jr. and Linda Antonsson was published in October 2014 . Other licensed products include full - sized weapon reproductions , a range of collectable figures , Westeros coinage reproductions , and a large number of gift and collectible items based on the HBO television series . The popularity of the HBO series has made its version of the Iron Throne an icon of the entire media franchise . See also ( edit ) Book : A Song of Ice and Fire Outline of A Song of Ice and Fire franchise References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Flood , Alison ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` George RR Martin : Barbarians at the gate '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Milne , Ben ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones : The cult French novel that inspired George RR Martin '' . BBC . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kamin , Debra ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` The Jewish legacy behind Game of Thrones '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . They struck gold , however , with their next attempt : a television series based on a French fantasy series which in turn was based on a seven - part set of stories by a French Jewish immigrant . Maurice Druon was born in France in 1918 to Jewish immigrants from Russia and first made a name for himself in the realm of academic journals . 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Archived from the original on April 5 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Sellers Weekly Graphic : Fantastical Sales '' . The New York Times . July 22 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ronald Grover , Lisa Richwine ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` With swords and suds , ' Game of Thrones ' spurs sales for HBO '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alter , Alexandra ( May 27 , 2011 ) . `` The Season of the Supernatural '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Memmott , Carol ( July 14 , 2011 ) . `` Record sales for George R.R. Martin 's A Dance With Dragons '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2012 . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bercovici , Jeff ( August 9 , 2012 ) . `` Women on the Rise Among The World 's Top - Earning Authors '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . 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Jump up ^ `` 100 best - selling books of 2012 , from the top down '' . USA Today . January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : La Gorce , Tammy ( March 12 , 2006 ) . `` Books : Dreaming of Places Far , Far From Bayonne '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` George R.R. Martin talks Game of Thrones as the HBO show 's ' Daenerys ' departs '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( February 19 , 2009 ) . `` To My Detractors '' . grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` Excitement as George RR Martin announces he 's 1,200 pages into new book '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . 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Martin shows us what the Iron Throne REALLY looks like '' . Blastr.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Laura ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Behold the Iron Throne the Way George R.R. Martin Intended It '' . Wired . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Song of Ice and Fire George R.R. Martin 's Official Website So Spake Martin , Collection of statements , correspondences and interviews by George R.R. Martin . A Song of Ice and Fire series listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database A Song of Ice and Fire at the Internet Book List A Song of Ice and Fire at DMOZ George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Works by George R.R. Martin Novels A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones A Clash of Kings A Storm of Swords A Feast for Crows A Dance with Dragons The Winds of Winter Dying of the Light Windhaven Fevre Dream The Armageddon Rag Hunter 's Run Novellas A Song for Lya The Ice Dragon Sandkings The Skin Trade Westeros The Hedge Knight The Sworn Sword The Mystery Knight The Princess and the Queen The Rogue Prince The Sons of the Dragon Short stories `` With Morning Comes Mistfall '' `` The Way of Cross and Dragon '' Collections A Song for Lya Songs of Stars and Shadows Sandkings Songs the Dead Men Sing Nightflyers Tuf Voyaging Portraits of His Children Quartet : Four Tales from the Crossroads Dreamsongs : A RRetrospective Television The Twilight Zone `` The Once and Future King '' `` Lost and Found '' `` The Toys of Caliban '' `` The Road Less Traveled '' `` The Last Defender of Camelot '' Game of Thrones `` The Pointy End '' `` Blackwater '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` The Lion and the Rose '' Beauty and the Beast Doorways VIAF : 258305993 LCCN : n95101054 GND : 1024427412 SUDOC : 183641272 BNF : cb161841362 ( data ) BIBSYS : 13030568 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire&oldid=806913831 '' Categories : A Song of Ice and Fire Death in fiction Death games in fiction Fantasy novel series High fantasy novels Incest in fiction Novels adapted into comics Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games Prosthetics in fiction Witchcraft in written fiction Works about women in war Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2016 Use mdy dates from May 2014 Good articles Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017 Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Alemannisch বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 22 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which is the last game of thrones book | [
"A Song of Ice and Fire is a series of epic fantasy novels by the American novelist and screenwriter George R. R. Martin. He began the first volume of the series, A Game of Thrones, in 1991 and had it published in 1996. Martin, who initially envisioned the series as a trilogy, has published five out of a planned seven volumes. The fifth and most recent volume of the series published in 2011, A Dance with Dragons, took Martin six years to write. He is still writing the sixth novel, The Winds of Winter."
] | [
"A Song of Ice and Fire"
] |
-6046188120021548352 | List of Presidents of the United States by age | List of presidents of the United States by age - wikipedia List of presidents of the United States by age Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of presidents of the United States by age . The first table charts the age of each United States president at the time of presidential inauguration ( first inauguration if elected to multiple and consecutive terms ) , upon leaving office , and at the time of death . Each president 's lifespan ( age at death ) is measured in two ways , to allow for the differing number of leap days that each experienced . The first figure is the number of days between the president 's date of birth and date of death , allowing for leap days ; in parentheses , the same period is given in years and days , with the years being the number of whole years that the president lived , and the days being the number of days since the last birthday . Where the president is still living , their lifespan is calculated up to September 18 , 2017 . The second table includes those presidents who had the distinction among their peers of being the oldest living president , and charts both when they became and ceased to be oldest living . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 List of presidents by age 2.1 Notes 3 Timeline of oldest living presidents 4 Sources Overview ( edit ) See also : Lifespan timeline of Presidents of the United States Age of presidents when assuming office approximately follows a bell curve ( mean age marked by red line , c. 55.5 years ) The median age at accession to the presidency is roughly 55 years and 6 months , which is about how old Benjamin Harrison was at the time of his inauguration . The youngest person to assume the office was Theodore Roosevelt , who became president following William McKinley 's assassination , at the age of 7004156620000000000 ♠ 42 years , 322 days . The youngest person elected president was John F. Kennedy , who was inaugurated into office at the age of 7004159420000000000 ♠ 43 years , 236 days . Assassinated three years into his term , he became the youngest at the time of leaving office ( 7004169780000000000 ♠ 46 years , 177 days ) ; the youngest person at the time of leaving office after serving a full four - year term was Theodore Roosevelt ( 7004183900000000000 ♠ 50 years , 128 days ) . The oldest person at the time of entering office was Donald Trump , at the age of 7004257880000000000 ♠ 70 years , 220 days ; Ronald Reagan was the oldest person in office , at the age of 7004284730000000000 ♠ 77 years , 349 days when his presidency ended in January 1989 . The oldest living president is George H.W. Bush , born June 12 , 1924 ( age 7004340660000000000 ♠ 93 years , 98 days ) . The second oldest living president , Jimmy Carter , has the distinction of having the longest post-presidency in U.S. history , currently at 7004133900000000000 ♠ 36 years , 241 days . The youngest living president is Barack Obama , born August 4 , 1961 ( age 7004204990000000000 ♠ 56 years , 45 days ) . The longest - lived president was Gerald Ford , who died at the age of 7004341330000000000 ♠ 93 years , 165 days . He surpassed Ronald Reagan for this distinction on November 11 , 2006 , 45 days prior to his death . ( Reagan had surpassed the longevity of the nation 's second president , John Adams , on October 12 , 2001 . ) The shortest - lived president to have died by natural causes ( excluding John Kennedy and James A. Garfield -- who , like Kennedy , was assassinated ) was James K. Polk , who died at the age of 7004195830000000000 ♠ 53 years , 225 days ; only 103 days after leaving office . Since 1797 , when George Washington 's service as president ended , there have been five periods in American history where the only living president was the incumbent president . John Adams , December 14 , 1799 to March 4 , 1801 , between the death of George Washington , and the first inauguration of Thomas Jefferson Ulysses S. Grant , July 31 , 1875 to March 4 , 1877 , between the death of Andrew Johnson and the inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes Theodore Roosevelt , June 24 , 1908 to March 4 , 1909 , between the death of Grover Cleveland and the inauguration of William Howard Taft Herbert Hoover , January 5 , 1933 to March 4 , 1933 , between the death of Calvin Coolidge and the first inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt Richard Nixon , January 22 , 1973 to August 9 , 1974 , between the death of Lyndon B. Johnson and the inauguration of Gerald Ford . The greatest number of presidents -- former presidents plus the incumbent -- alive at any given time is six , which has happened four times . Including : Martin Van Buren , John Tyler , Millard Fillmore , Franklin Pierce , James Buchanan , and Abraham Lincoln ; between March 4 , 1861 ( Abraham Lincoln 's first inauguration ) and January 18 , 1862 ( John Tyler 's death ) Including : Richard Nixon , Gerald Ford , Jimmy Carter , Ronald Reagan , George H.W. Bush , and Bill Clinton ; between January 20 , 1993 ( Bill Clinton 's first inauguration ) and April 22 , 1994 ( Richard Nixon 's death ) Including : Gerald Ford , Jimmy Carter , Ronald Reagan , George H.W. Bush , Bill Clinton and George W. Bush ; between January 20 , 2001 ( George W. Bush 's first inauguration ) and June 5 , 2004 ( Ronald Reagan 's death ) Including : Jimmy Carter , George H.W. Bush , Bill Clinton , George W. Bush , Barack Obama and Donald Trump ; began on January 20 , 2017 ( Donald Trump 's inauguration ) and is ongoing . Six U.S. presidents have lived into their 90s . They are ( in order of birth ) : John Adams ( 1735 -- 1826 ) Herbert Hoover ( 1874 -- 1964 ) Ronald Reagan ( 1911 -- 2004 ) Gerald Ford ( 1913 -- 2006 ) George H.W. Bush ( born 1924 ) Jimmy Carter ( born 1924 ) List of presidents by age ( edit ) # President Birth date Presidency start date Age at start date Presidency end date Age at end date Post-presidency timespan Death date Lifespan Washington , George George Washington 000000001732 - 02 - 22 - 0000 Feb 22 , 1732 000000001789 - 04 - 30 - 0000 Apr 30 , 1789 7004208870000000000 ♠ 57 years , 67 days 000000001797 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1797 7004237520000000000 ♠ 65 years , 10 days 01,015 1,015 days ( 7003101500000000000 ♠ 2 years , 285 days ) 000000001799 - 12 - 14 - 0000 Dec 14 , 1799 7004247670000000000 ♠ 67 years , 295 days ( 24,767 days ) Adams , John A. John Adams 000000001735 - 10 - 30 - 0000 Oct 30 , 1735 000000001797 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1797 7004224060000000000 ♠ 61 years , 125 days 000000001801 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1801 7004238660000000000 ♠ 65 years , 125 days 09,253 9,253 days ( 7003925300000000000 ♠ 25 years , 122 days ) 000000001826 - 07 - 04 - 0000 Jul 4 , 1826 7004331190000000000 ♠ 90 years , 247 days ( 33,119 days ) Jefferson , Thomas Thomas Jefferson 000000001743 - 04 - 13 - 0000 Apr 13 , 1743 000000001801 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1801 7004211440000000000 ♠ 57 years , 325 days 000000001809 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1809 7004240660000000000 ♠ 65 years , 325 days 06,331 6,331 days ( 7003633100000000000 ♠ 17 years , 122 days ) 000000001826 - 07 - 04 - 0000 Jul 4 , 1826 7004303970000000000 ♠ 83 years , 82 days ( 30,397 days ) Madison , James James Madison 000000001751 - 03 - 16 - 0000 Mar 16 , 1751 000000001809 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1809 7004211720000000000 ♠ 57 years , 353 days 000000001817 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1817 7004240940000000000 ♠ 65 years , 353 days 07,056 7,056 days ( 7003705600000000000 ♠ 19 years , 116 days ) 000000001836 - 06 - 28 - 0000 Jun 28 , 1836 7004311500000000000 ♠ 85 years , 104 days ( 31,150 days ) Monroe , James James Monroe 000000001758 - 04 - 28 - 0000 Apr 28 , 1758 000000001817 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1817 7004214940000000000 ♠ 58 years , 310 days 000000001825 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1825 7004244160000000000 ♠ 66 years , 310 days 02,313 2,313 days ( 7003231300000000000 ♠ 6 years , 122 days ) 000000001831 - 07 - 04 - 0000 Jul 4 , 1831 7004267290000000000 ♠ 73 years , 67 days ( 26,729 days ) 6 Adams , John Q. John Q. Adams 000000001767 - 07 - 11 - 0000 Jul 11 , 1767 000000001825 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1825 7004210550000000000 ♠ 57 years , 236 days 000000001829 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1829 7004225160000000000 ♠ 61 years , 236 days 06,930 6,930 days ( 7003693000000000000 ♠ 18 years , 356 days ) 000000001848 - 02 - 23 - 0000 Feb 23 , 1848 7004294460000000000 ♠ 80 years , 227 days ( 29,446 days ) 7 Jackson , Andrew Andrew Jackson 000000001767 - 03 - 15 - 0000 Mar 15 , 1767 000000001829 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1829 7004226340000000000 ♠ 61 years , 354 days 000000001837 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1837 7004255560000000000 ♠ 69 years , 354 days 03,018 3,018 days ( 7003301800000000000 ♠ 8 years , 96 days ) 000000001845 - 06 - 08 - 0000 Jun 8 , 1845 7004285740000000000 ♠ 78 years , 85 days ( 28,574 days ) 8 Van Buren , Martin Martin Van Buren 000000001782 - 12 - 05 - 0000 Dec 5 , 1782 000000001837 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1837 7004198120000000000 ♠ 54 years , 89 days 000000001841 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1841 7004212730000000000 ♠ 58 years , 89 days 07,812 7,812 days ( 7003781200000000000 ♠ 21 years , 142 days ) 000000001862 - 07 - 24 - 0000 Jul 24 , 1862 7004290850000000000 ♠ 79 years , 231 days ( 29,085 days ) 9 Harrison , William H. William H. Harrison 000000001773 - 02 - 09 - 0000 Feb 9 , 1773 000000001841 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1841 7004248590000000000 ♠ 68 years , 23 days 000000001841 - 04 - 04 - 0000 Apr 4 , 1841 7004248900000000000 ♠ 68 years , 54 days 00,000 0 days 000000001841 - 04 - 04 - 0000 Apr 4 , 1841 7004248900000000000 ♠ 68 years , 54 days ( 24,890 days ) 10 Tyler , John John Tyler 000000001790 - 03 - 29 - 0000 Mar 29 , 1790 000000001841 - 04 - 04 - 0000 Apr 4 , 1841 7004186330000000000 ♠ 51 years , 6 days 000000001845 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1845 7004200630000000000 ♠ 54 years , 340 days 06,164 6,164 days ( 7003616400000000000 ♠ 16 years , 320 days ) 000000001862 - 01 - 18 - 0000 Jan 18 , 1862 7004262270000000000 ♠ 71 years , 295 days ( 26,227 days ) 11 Polk , James K. James K. Polk 000000001795 - 11 - 02 - 0000 Nov 2 , 1795 000000001845 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1845 7004180190000000000 ♠ 49 years , 122 days 000000001849 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1849 7004194800000000000 ♠ 53 years , 122 days 00,103 103 days 000000001849 - 06 - 15 - 0000 Jun 15 , 1849 7004195830000000000 ♠ 53 years , 225 days ( 19,583 days ) 12 Taylor , Zachary Zachary Taylor 000000001784 - 11 - 24 - 0000 Nov 24 , 1784 000000001849 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1849 7004234750000000000 ♠ 64 years , 100 days 000000001850 - 07 - 09 - 0000 Jul 9 , 1850 7004239670000000000 ♠ 65 years , 227 days 00,000 0 days 000000001850 - 07 - 09 - 0000 Jul 9 , 1850 7004239670000000000 ♠ 65 years , 227 days ( 23,967 days ) 13 Fillmore , Millard Millard Fillmore 000000001800 - 01 - 07 - 0000 Jan 7 , 1800 000000001850 - 07 - 09 - 0000 Jul 9 , 1850 7004184450000000000 ♠ 50 years , 183 days 000000001853 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1853 7004194140000000000 ♠ 53 years , 56 days 07,674 7,674 days ( 7003767400000000000 ♠ 21 years , 4 days ) 000000001874 - 03 - 08 - 0000 Mar 8 , 1874 7004270880000000000 ♠ 74 years , 60 days ( 27,088 days ) 14 Pierce , Franklin Franklin Pierce 000000001804 - 11 - 23 - 0000 Nov 23 , 1804 000000001853 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1853 7004176330000000000 ♠ 48 years , 101 days 000000001857 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1857 7004190940000000000 ♠ 52 years , 101 days 04,601 4,601 days ( 7003460100000000000 ♠ 12 years , 218 days ) 000000001869 - 10 - 08 - 0000 Oct 8 , 1869 7004236950000000000 ♠ 64 years , 319 days ( 23,695 days ) 15 Buchanan , James James Buchanan 000000001791 - 04 - 23 - 0000 Apr 23 , 1791 000000001857 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1857 7004240560000000000 ♠ 65 years , 315 days 000000001861 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1861 7004255170000000000 ♠ 69 years , 315 days 02,646 2,646 days ( 7003264600000000000 ♠ 7 years , 89 days ) 000000001868 - 06 - 01 - 0000 Jun 1 , 1868 7004281630000000000 ♠ 77 years , 39 days ( 28,163 days ) 16 Lincoln , Abraham Abraham Lincoln 000000001809 - 02 - 12 - 0000 Feb 12 , 1809 000000001861 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1861 7004190130000000000 ♠ 52 years , 20 days 000000001865 - 04 - 15 - 0000 Apr 15 , 1865 7004205160000000000 ♠ 56 years , 62 days 00,000 0 days 000000001865 - 04 - 15 - 0000 Apr 15 , 1865 7004205160000000000 ♠ 56 years , 62 days ( 20,516 days ) 17 Johnson , Andrew Andrew Johnson 000000001808 - 12 - 29 - 0000 Dec 29 , 1808 000000001865 - 04 - 15 - 0000 Apr 15 , 1865 7004205610000000000 ♠ 56 years , 107 days 000000001869 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1869 7004219800000000000 ♠ 60 years , 65 days 02,340 2,340 days ( 7003234000000000000 ♠ 6 years , 149 days ) 000000001875 - 07 - 31 - 0000 Jul 31 , 1875 7004243200000000000 ♠ 66 years , 214 days ( 24,320 days ) 18 Grant , Ulysses S. Ulysses S. Grant 000000001822 - 04 - 27 - 0000 Apr 27 , 1822 000000001869 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1869 7004171130000000000 ♠ 46 years , 311 days 000000001877 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1877 7004200350000000000 ♠ 54 years , 311 days 03,063 3,063 days ( 7003306300000000000 ♠ 8 years , 141 days ) 000000001885 - 07 - 23 - 0000 Jul 23 , 1885 7004230980000000000 ♠ 63 years , 87 days ( 23,098 days ) 19 Hayes , Rutherford B. Rutherford B. Hayes 000000001822 - 10 - 04 - 0000 Oct 4 , 1822 000000001877 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1877 7004198750000000000 ♠ 54 years , 151 days 000000001881 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1881 7004213360000000000 ♠ 58 years , 151 days 04,337 4,337 days ( 7003433700000000000 ♠ 11 years , 319 days ) 000000001893 - 01 - 17 - 0000 Jan 17 , 1893 7004256730000000000 ♠ 70 years , 105 days ( 25,673 days ) 20 Garfield , James A. James A. Garfield 000000001831 - 11 - 19 - 0000 Nov 19 , 1831 000000001881 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1881 7004180030000000000 ♠ 49 years , 105 days 000000001881 - 09 - 19 - 0000 Sep 19 , 1881 7004182020000000000 ♠ 49 years , 304 days 00,000 0 days 000000001881 - 09 - 19 - 0000 Sep 19 , 1881 7004182020000000000 ♠ 49 years , 304 days ( 18,202 days ) 21 Arthur , Chester A. Chester A. Arthur 000000001829 - 10 - 05 - 0000 Oct 5 , 1829 000000001881 - 09 - 19 - 0000 Sep 19 , 1881 7004189770000000000 ♠ 51 years , 349 days 000000001885 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1885 7004202390000000000 ♠ 55 years , 150 days 00,624 624 days ( 7002624000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 259 days ) 000000001886 - 11 - 18 - 0000 Nov 18 , 1886 7004208630000000000 ♠ 57 years , 44 days ( 20,863 days ) 22 Cleveland , Grover Grover Cleveland 000000001837 - 03 - 18 - 0000 Mar 18 , 1837 000000001885 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1885 7004175180000000000 ♠ 47 years , 351 days 000000001889 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1889 7004189790000000000 ♠ 51 years , 351 days 05,590 5,590 days ( 15 years , 112 days ) 000000001908 - 06 - 24 - 0000 Jun 24 , 1908 7004260300000000000 ♠ 71 years , 98 days ( 26,030 days ) 23 Harrison , Benjamin Benjamin Harrison 000000001833 - 08 - 20 - 0000 Aug 20 , 1833 000000001889 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1889 7004202850000000000 ♠ 55 years , 196 days 000000001893 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1893 7004217460000000000 ♠ 59 years , 196 days 02,930 2,930 days ( 7003293000000000000 ♠ 8 years , 9 days ) 000000001901 - 03 - 13 - 0000 Mar 13 , 1901 7004246760000000000 ♠ 67 years , 205 days ( 24,676 days ) 24 Cleveland , Grover Grover Cleveland 000000001837 - 03 - 18 - 0000 Mar 18 , 1837 000000001893 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1893 7004204400000000000 ♠ 55 years , 351 days 000000001897 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1897 7004219010000000000 ♠ 59 years , 351 days 05,590 5,590 days ( 15 years , 112 days ) 000000001908 - 06 - 24 - 0000 Jun 24 , 1908 7004260300000000000 ♠ 71 years , 98 days ( 26,030 days ) 25 McKinley , William William McKinley 000000001843 - 01 - 29 - 0000 Jan 29 , 1843 000000001897 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1897 7004197580000000000 ♠ 54 years , 34 days 000000001901 - 09 - 14 - 0000 Sep 14 , 1901 7004214120000000000 ♠ 58 years , 228 days 00,000 0 days 000000001901 - 09 - 14 - 0000 Sep 14 , 1901 7004214120000000000 ♠ 58 years , 228 days ( 21,412 days ) 26 Roosevelt , Theodore Theodore Roosevelt 000000001858 - 10 - 27 - 0000 Oct 27 , 1858 000000001901 - 09 - 14 - 0000 Sep 14 , 1901 7004156620000000000 ♠ 42 years , 322 days 000000001909 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1909 7004183900000000000 ♠ 50 years , 128 days 03,595 3,595 days ( 7003359500000000000 ♠ 9 years , 308 days ) 000000001919 - 01 - 06 - 0000 Jan 6 , 1919 7004219850000000000 ♠ 60 years , 71 days ( 21,985 days ) 27 Taft , William H. William H. Taft 000000001857 - 09 - 15 - 0000 Sep 15 , 1857 000000001909 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1909 7004187970000000000 ♠ 51 years , 170 days 000000001913 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1913 7004202580000000000 ♠ 55 years , 170 days 06,213 6,213 days ( 7003621300000000000 ♠ 17 years , 4 days ) 000000001930 - 03 - 08 - 0000 Mar 8 , 1930 7004264710000000000 ♠ 72 years , 174 days ( 26,471 days ) 28 Wilson , Woodrow Woodrow Wilson 000000001856 - 12 - 28 - 0000 Dec 28 , 1856 000000001913 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1913 7004205190000000000 ♠ 56 years , 66 days 000000001921 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1921 7004234410000000000 ♠ 64 years , 66 days 01,066 1,066 days ( 7003106600000000000 ♠ 2 years , 336 days ) 000000001924 - 02 - 03 - 0000 Feb 3 , 1924 7004245070000000000 ♠ 67 years , 37 days ( 24,507 days ) 29 Harding , Warren G. Warren G. Harding 000000001865 - 11 - 02 - 0000 Nov 2 , 1865 000000001921 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1921 7004202100000000000 ♠ 55 years , 122 days 000000001923 - 08 - 02 - 0000 Aug 2 , 1923 7004210910000000000 ♠ 57 years , 273 days 00,000 0 days 000000001923 - 08 - 02 - 0000 Aug 2 , 1923 7004210910000000000 ♠ 57 years , 273 days ( 21,091 days ) 30 Coolidge , Calvin Calvin Coolidge 000000001872 - 07 - 04 - 0000 Jul 4 , 1872 000000001923 - 08 - 02 - 0000 Aug 2 , 1923 7004186550000000000 ♠ 51 years , 29 days 000000001929 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1929 7004206960000000000 ♠ 56 years , 243 days 01,403 1,403 days ( 7003140300000000000 ♠ 3 years , 307 days ) 000000001933 - 01 - 05 - 0000 Jan 5 , 1933 7004220990000000000 ♠ 60 years , 185 days ( 22,099 days ) 31 Hoover , Herbert Herbert Hoover 000000001874 - 08 - 10 - 0000 Aug 10 , 1874 000000001929 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1929 7004199290000000000 ♠ 54 years , 206 days 000000001933 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1933 7004213900000000000 ♠ 58 years , 206 days 11,553 11,553 days ( 7004115530000000000 ♠ 31 years , 230 days ) 000000001964 - 10 - 20 - 0000 Oct 20 , 1964 7004329430000000000 ♠ 90 years , 71 days ( 32,943 days ) 32 Roosevelt , Franklin D. Franklin D. Roosevelt 000000001882 - 01 - 30 - 0000 Jan 30 , 1882 000000001933 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1933 7004186600000000000 ♠ 51 years , 33 days 000000001945 - 04 - 12 - 0000 Apr 12 , 1945 7004230820000000000 ♠ 63 years , 72 days 00,000 0 days 000000001945 - 04 - 12 - 0000 Apr 12 , 1945 7004230820000000000 ♠ 63 years , 72 days ( 23,082 days ) 33 Truman , Harry S. Harry S. Truman 000000001884 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 1884 000000001945 - 04 - 12 - 0000 Apr 12 , 1945 7004222530000000000 ♠ 60 years , 339 days 000000001953 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1953 7004250930000000000 ♠ 68 years , 257 days 07,280 7,280 days ( 7003728000000000000 ♠ 19 years , 341 days ) 000000001972 - 12 - 26 - 0000 Dec 26 , 1972 7004323730000000000 ♠ 88 years , 232 days ( 32,373 days ) 34 Eisenhower , Dwight D. Dwight D. Eisenhower 000000001890 - 10 - 14 - 0000 Oct 14 , 1890 000000001953 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1953 7004227430000000000 ♠ 62 years , 98 days 000000001961 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1961 7004256650000000000 ♠ 70 years , 98 days 02,989 2,989 days ( 7003298900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 67 days ) 000000001969 - 03 - 28 - 0000 Mar 28 , 1969 7004286540000000000 ♠ 78 years , 165 days ( 28,654 days ) 35 Kennedy , John F. John F. Kennedy 000000001917 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 , 1917 000000001961 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1961 7004159420000000000 ♠ 43 years , 236 days 000000001963 - 11 - 22 - 0000 Nov 22 , 1963 7004169780000000000 ♠ 46 years , 177 days 00,000 0 days 000000001963 - 11 - 22 - 0000 Nov 22 , 1963 7004169780000000000 ♠ 46 years , 177 days ( 16,978 days ) 36 Johnson , Lyndon B. Lyndon B. Johnson 000000001908 - 08 - 27 - 0000 Aug 27 , 1908 000000001963 - 11 - 22 - 0000 Nov 22 , 1963 7004201750000000000 ♠ 55 years , 87 days 000000001969 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1969 7004220610000000000 ♠ 60 years , 146 days 01,463 1,463 days ( 7003146300000000000 ♠ 4 years , 2 days ) 000000001973 - 01 - 22 - 0000 Jan 22 , 1973 7004235240000000000 ♠ 64 years , 148 days ( 23,524 days ) 37 Nixon , Richard Richard Nixon 000000001913 - 01 - 09 - 0000 Jan 9 , 1913 000000001969 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1969 7004204650000000000 ♠ 56 years , 11 days 000000001974 - 08 - 09 - 0000 Aug 9 , 1974 7004224920000000000 ♠ 61 years , 212 days 07,196 7,196 days ( 7003719600000000000 ♠ 19 years , 256 days ) 000000001994 - 04 - 22 - 0000 Apr 22 , 1994 7004296880000000000 ♠ 81 years , 103 days ( 29,688 days ) 38 Ford , Gerald Gerald Ford 000000001913 - 07 - 14 - 0000 Jul 14 , 1913 000000001974 - 08 - 09 - 0000 Aug 9 , 1974 7004223060000000000 ♠ 61 years , 26 days 000000001977 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1977 7004232010000000000 ♠ 63 years , 190 days 10,932 10,932 days ( 7004109320000000000 ♠ 29 years , 340 days ) 000000002006 - 12 - 26 - 0000 Dec 26 , 2006 7004341330000000000 ♠ 93 years , 165 days ( 34,133 days ) 39 Carter , Jimmy Jimmy Carter 000000001924 - 10 - 01 - 0000 Oct 1 , 1924 000000001977 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1977 7004191040000000000 ♠ 52 years , 111 days 000000001981 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1981 7004205650000000000 ♠ 56 years , 111 days 13,390 13,390 days ( 7004133900000000000 ♠ 36 years , 241 days ) 2017 - 09 - 18 7004339550000000000 ♠ 92 years , 352 days ( 33,955 days ) 40 Reagan , Ronald Ronald Reagan 000000001911 - 02 - 06 - 0000 Feb 6 , 1911 000000001981 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1981 7004255510000000000 ♠ 69 years , 349 days 000000001989 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1989 7004284730000000000 ♠ 77 years , 349 days 05,615 5,615 days ( 7003561500000000000 ♠ 15 years , 137 days ) 000000002004 - 06 - 05 - 0000 Jun 5 , 2004 7004340880000000000 ♠ 93 years , 120 days ( 34,088 days ) 41 Bush , George H.W. George H.W. Bush 000000001924 - 06 - 12 - 0000 Jun 12 , 1924 000000001989 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1989 7004235980000000000 ♠ 64 years , 222 days 000000001993 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1993 7004250590000000000 ♠ 68 years , 222 days 09,007 9,007 days ( 7003900700000000000 ♠ 24 years , 241 days ) 2017 - 09 - 18 7004340660000000000 ♠ 93 years , 98 days ( 34,066 days ) 42 Clinton , Bill Bill Clinton 000000001946 - 08 - 19 - 0000 Aug 19 , 1946 000000001993 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1993 7004169560000000000 ♠ 46 years , 154 days 000000002001 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 2001 7004198780000000000 ♠ 54 years , 154 days 06,085 6,085 days ( 7003608500000000000 ♠ 16 years , 241 days ) 2017 - 09 - 18 7004259630000000000 ♠ 71 years , 30 days ( 25,963 days ) 43 Bush , George W. George W. Bush 000000001946 - 07 - 06 - 0000 Jul 6 , 1946 000000002001 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 2001 7004199220000000000 ♠ 54 years , 198 days 000000002009 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 2009 7004228440000000000 ♠ 62 years , 198 days 03,163 3,163 days ( 7003316300000000000 ♠ 8 years , 241 days ) 2017 - 09 - 18 7004260070000000000 ♠ 71 years , 74 days ( 26,007 days ) 44 Obama , Barack Barack Obama 000000001961 - 08 - 04 - 0000 Aug 4 , 1961 000000002009 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 2009 7004173360000000000 ♠ 47 years , 169 days 000000002017 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 2017 7004202580000000000 ♠ 55 years , 169 days 00 , 134241 241 days 2017 - 09 - 18 7004204990000000000 ♠ 56 years , 45 days ( 20,499 days ) 45 Trump , Donald Donald Trump 000000001946 - 06 - 14 - 0000 Jun 14 , 1946 000000002017 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 2017 7004257880000000000 ♠ 70 years , 220 days 2017 - 09 - 18 7004288540000000000 ♠ 78 years , 364 days 24,732 2017 - 09 - 18 7004260290000000000 ♠ 71 years , 96 days ( 26,029 days ) # President Birth date Presidency start date Age at start date Presidency end date Age at end date Post-presidency timespan Death date Lifespan Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Birthdate as changed to New Style . ^ Jump up to : Died in office . ^ Jump up to : Cleveland was retired for 1,461 days between his two terms ( 1889 -- 1893 ) , and then another 4,129 days from the end of his 2nd term ( 1897 ) until his death ( 1908 ) . Jump up ^ Resigned from office . ^ Jump up to : Ongoing . Timeline of oldest living presidents ( edit ) See also : Living Presidents of the United States Of the 44 persons who have served as president , 24 have become the oldest such individual of their time . Herbert Hoover became the oldest living president ( while still president himself ) when Calvin Coolidge died in January 1933 , and retained this distinction until his death 31 years later . Lyndon B. Johnson became the oldest living president upon the death of Harry S. Truman in December 1972 but held this distinction for only 27 days . On three occasions the oldest living president lost this distinction not by his death , but by the election of a president who was older . Theodore Roosevelt ( born 1858 ) lost this distinction when William Taft ( born 1857 ) was inaugurated , then four years later Taft lost it when Woodrow Wilson ( born 1856 ) was inaugurated . More recently , Richard Nixon ( born 1913 ) ceased being the oldest living president when Ronald Reagan ( born 1911 ) was inaugurated . Furthermore , although Theodore Roosevelt was the youngest ever to become both the oldest living president ( at age 50 ) and a former president ( at age 51 ) , he was the only living president or former president by the end of his term . Consequently , Taft was the oldest living president twice : first during his presidency ( having succeeded the younger Roosevelt ) , and a second time after Wilson ( his successor as president but an older man ) died . Gerald Ford was the oldest individual to acquire this distinction at the age of 90 . On seven occasions , the oldest living president has acquired this distinction during his term in office . In the cases of John Adams , Ulysses S. Grant , Theodore Roosevelt , Herbert Hoover and Richard Nixon , this happened at the same time as their becoming the only living president ; in the cases of Andrew Jackson and Benjamin Harrison , the only other living president at the time was a younger predecessor ( John Quincy Adams and Grover Cleveland respectively ) . President Became oldest living president Ceased to be oldest living president Age at start date Age at end date Duration ( years , days ) Duration ( days ) Washington , George George Washington 000000001789 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 1789 000000001799 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1799 7004208870000000000 ♠ 57 years , 67 days 7004247670000000000 ♠ 67 years , 295 days 7003388000000000000 ♠ 10 years , 228 days 03,880 3,880 days Adams , John John Adams 000000001799 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1799 000000001826 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1826 7004234210000000000 ♠ 64 years , 45 days 7004331190000000000 ♠ 90 years , 247 days 7003969800000000000 ♠ 26 years , 202 days 09,698 9,698 days Madison , James James Madison 000000001826 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1826 000000001836 - 06 - 28 - 0000 June 28 , 1836 7004275030000000000 ♠ 75 years , 110 days 7004311500000000000 ♠ 85 years , 104 days 7003364700000000000 ♠ 9 years , 360 days 03,647 3,647 days Jackson , Andrew Andrew Jackson 000000001836 - 06 - 28 - 0000 June 28 , 1836 000000001845 - 06 - 08 - 0000 June 8 , 1845 7004253070000000000 ♠ 69 years , 105 days 7004285740000000000 ♠ 78 years , 85 days 7003326700000000000 ♠ 8 years , 345 days 03,267 3,267 days Adams , John Quincy John Quincy Adams 000000001845 - 06 - 08 - 0000 June 8 , 1845 000000001848 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 1848 7004284560000000000 ♠ 77 years , 332 days 7004294460000000000 ♠ 80 years , 227 days 7002990000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 260 days 00,990 990 days Van Buren , Martin Martin Van Buren 000000001848 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 1848 000000001862 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 , 1862 7004238200000000000 ♠ 65 years , 80 days 7004290850000000000 ♠ 79 years , 231 days 7003526500000000000 ♠ 14 years , 151 days 05,265 5,265 days Buchanan , James James Buchanan 000000001862 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 , 1862 000000001868 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1868 7004260240000000000 ♠ 71 years , 92 days 7004281630000000000 ♠ 77 years , 39 days 7003213900000000000 ♠ 5 years , 313 days 02,139 2,139 days Fillmore , Millard Millard Fillmore 000000001868 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1868 000000001874 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1874 7004249820000000000 ♠ 68 years , 146 days 7004270880000000000 ♠ 74 years , 60 days 7003210600000000000 ♠ 5 years , 280 days 02,106 2,106 days Johnson , Andrew Andrew Johnson 000000001874 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1874 000000001875 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 , 1875 7004238100000000000 ♠ 65 years , 69 days 7004243200000000000 ♠ 66 years , 214 days 7002510000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 145 days 00,510 510 days Grant , Ulysses S. Ulysses S. Grant 000000001875 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 , 1875 000000001885 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 1885 7004194530000000000 ♠ 53 years , 95 days 7004230980000000000 ♠ 63 years , 87 days 7003364500000000000 ♠ 9 years , 357 days 03,645 3,645 days Hayes , Rutherford B. Rutherford B. Hayes 000000001885 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 1885 000000001893 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1893 7004229380000000000 ♠ 62 years , 292 days 7004256730000000000 ♠ 70 years , 105 days 7003273500000000000 ♠ 7 years , 178 days 02,735 2,735 days Harrison , Benjamin Benjamin Harrison 000000001893 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1893 000000001901 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 1901 7004217000000000000 ♠ 59 years , 150 days 7004246760000000000 ♠ 67 years , 205 days 7003297600000000000 ♠ 8 years , 55 days 02,976 2,976 days Cleveland , Grover Grover Cleveland 000000001901 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 1901 000000001908 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 1908 7004233700000000000 ♠ 63 years , 360 days 7004260300000000000 ♠ 71 years , 98 days 7003266000000000000 ♠ 7 years , 103 days 02,660 2,660 days Roosevelt , Theodore Theodore Roosevelt 000000001908 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 1908 000000001909 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1909 7004181370000000000 ♠ 49 years , 241 days 7004183900000000000 ♠ 50 years , 128 days 7002253000000000000 ♠ 253 days 00,253 253 days Taft , William Howard William Howard Taft 000000001909 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1909 000000001913 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1913 7004187970000000000 ♠ 51 years , 170 days 7004202580000000000 ♠ 55 years , 170 days 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days 01,461 1,461 days Wilson , Woodrow Woodrow Wilson 000000001913 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1913 000000001924 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1924 7004205190000000000 ♠ 56 years , 66 days 7004245070000000000 ♠ 67 years , 37 days 7003398800000000000 ♠ 10 years , 336 days 03,988 3,988 days Taft , William Howard William Howard Taft 000000001924 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1924 000000001930 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1930 7004242460000000000 ♠ 66 years , 141 days 7004264710000000000 ♠ 72 years , 174 days 7003222500000000000 ♠ 6 years , 33 days 02,225 2,225 days Coolidge , Calvin Calvin Coolidge 000000001930 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1930 000000001933 - 01 - 05 - 0000 January 5 , 1933 7004210650000000000 ♠ 57 years , 247 days 7004220990000000000 ♠ 60 years , 185 days 7003103400000000000 ♠ 2 years , 303 days 01,034 1,034 days Hoover , Herbert Herbert Hoover 000000001933 - 01 - 05 - 0000 January 5 , 1933 000000001964 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 1964 7004213320000000000 ♠ 58 years , 148 days 7004329430000000000 ♠ 90 years , 71 days 7004116110000000000 ♠ 31 years , 289 days 11,611 11,611 days Truman , Harry S. Harry S. Truman 000000001964 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 1964 000000001972 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 1972 7004293840000000000 ♠ 80 years , 165 days 7004323730000000000 ♠ 88 years , 232 days 7003298900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 67 days 02,989 2,989 days Johnson , Lyndon B. Lyndon B. Johnson 000000001972 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 1972 000000001973 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1973 7004234970000000000 ♠ 64 years , 121 days 7004235240000000000 ♠ 64 years , 148 days 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 days 00,027 27 days Nixon , Richard Richard Nixon 000000001973 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1973 000000001981 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1981 7004219280000000000 ♠ 60 years , 13 days 7004248480000000000 ♠ 68 years , 11 days 7003292000000000000 ♠ 7 years , 364 days 02,920 2,920 days Reagan , Ronald Ronald Reagan 000000001981 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1981 000000002004 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 2004 7004255510000000000 ♠ 69 years , 349 days 7004340880000000000 ♠ 93 years , 120 days 7003853700000000000 ♠ 23 years , 137 days 08,537 8,537 days Ford , Gerald Gerald Ford 000000002004 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 2004 000000002006 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 2006 7004331990000000000 ♠ 90 years , 327 days 7004341330000000000 ♠ 93 years , 165 days 7002934000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 204 days 00,934 934 days Bush , George H.W. George H.W. Bush 000000002006 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 2006 Current 7004301470000000000 ♠ 82 years , 197 days Current 7003391900000000000 ♠ 10 years , 266 days 03,919 3,919 days President Became oldest living president Ceased to be oldest living president Age at start date Age at end date Duration ( years , days ) Duration ( days ) Sources ( edit ) Frank Freidel and Hugh S. Sidey , `` The Presidents of the United States '' . The White House . Robert S. Summers , `` POTUS : Presidents of the United States '' . Internet Public Library . ( hide ) Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States List of Presidents List of Vice Presidents Presidents Age Autobiographies Birth Burial places Death Historical rankings Lifespan timeline Number living Time in office Pension and Benefits Portraits Professional careers Approval rating Assassination attempts and plots Campaign slogans Control of Congress Doctrines Inaugurations International trips Judicial appointments Libraries Military rank Military service Other offices held Pardons Previous experience Vetoes Personal life Coats of arms Deaths in office Education Facial hair Firsts Multilingualism Net worth Nicknames Pets Home state Previous occupation Religious affiliation Residences Slave owners Vice Presidents Age Coats of arms Education Number living Other offices held Place of primary affiliation Religious affiliation Tie - breaking votes Time in office Succession Acting President Designated survivor Line of succession Elections Electoral College margin Popular vote margin Summary Winner lost popular vote Candidates Democrat Republican Third party Progressive National Republican / Whig African American Female Received at least one electoral vote Height Lost their home state Families First Families First Ladies Second Ladies Children Namesakes , honors Memorial sites U.S. postage stamp appearances Educational institution names Currency appearances U.S. county names U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection In fiction Presidents actors Vice Presidents actors Candidates Line of succession US Government Portal Biography Portal Presidents of the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_age&oldid=801178430 '' Categories : Lists of political office - holders by age Lists relating to the United States presidency Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Latina Română Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 03 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the youngest elected president of usa | [
"The median age at accession to the presidency is roughly 55 years and 6 months, which is about how old Benjamin Harrison was at the time of his inauguration. The youngest person to assume the office was Theodore Roosevelt, who became president following William McKinley's assassination, at the age of 7004156620000000000♠42 years, 322 days. The youngest person elected president was John F. Kennedy, who was inaugurated into office at the age of 7004159420000000000♠43 years, 236 days. Assassinated three years into his term, he became the youngest at the time of leaving office (7004169780000000000♠46 years, 177 days); the youngest person at the time of leaving office after serving a full four-year term was Theodore Roosevelt (7004183900000000000♠50 years, 128 days). The oldest person at the time of entering office was Donald Trump, at the age of 7004257880000000000♠70 years, 220 days; Ronald Reagan was the oldest person in office, at the age of 7004284730000000000♠77 years, 349 days when his presidency ended in January 1989."
] | [
"John F. Kennedy"
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-1931140672789454667 | The Stand (miniseries) | The Stand ( miniseries ) - wikipedia The Stand ( miniseries ) The Stand Television miniseries poster Genre Apocalyptic , Drama , Horror , Fantasy Based on The Stand by Stephen King Screenplay by Stephen King Directed by Mick Garris Starring Gary Sinise Molly Ringwald Jamey Sheridan Rob Lowe Laura San Giacomo Miguel Ferrer Ruby Dee Bill Fagerbakke Corin Nemec Adam Storke Ray Walston Matt Frewer Ossie Davis Shawnee Smith Theme music composer W.G. Snuffy Walden Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes Production Producer ( s ) Stephen King Mitchell Galin Cinematography Edward J. Pei Editor ( s ) Patrick McMahon Running time 366 minutes Production company ( s ) Laurel Entertainment Greengrass Productions Budget $28,000,000 USD ( equivalent to $46,230,804 in 2017 ) Release Original network ABC Original release May 8 ( 1994 - 05 - 08 ) -- May 12 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 12 ) The Stand is a 1994 American television horror miniseries based on the novel of the same name by Stephen King . King also wrote the teleplay and has a minor role in the series . It was directed by Mick Garris and stars Gary Sinise , Miguel Ferrer , Rob Lowe , Ossie Davis , Ruby Dee , Jamey Sheridan , Laura San Giacomo , Molly Ringwald , Corin Nemec , Adam Storke , Ray Walston , and Matt Frewer . It originally aired on ABC starting on May 8 , 1994 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Releases 4.1 Original broadcast 5 Soundtrack 5.1 Credits and personnel 6 Reception 7 Awards and nominations 7.1 1994 Casting Society of America ( Artios ) 7.2 1994 Emmy Awards 7.3 1995 Screen Actors Guild Awards 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) On June 13 , at a top - secret government laboratory in rural California , a weaponized version of influenza is accidentally released . A guard escapes the lab and begins traveling across the country to his family home in East Texas , unintentionally spreading the virus along the way . On June 17th , he crashes his car into a gas station in the town of Arnette , where Stu Redman ( Gary Sinise ) and some friends have gathered . As the man lays dying , he warns Redman that he had been pursued by a `` Dark Man . '' The next day , the U.S. military arrives to quarantine the town . The townspeople are taken to a CDC facility in Vermont . All but Stu succumb to the superflu , which kills 99.4 % of the world 's population in two weeks . The scattered survivors include would - be rock star Larry Underwood ( Adam Storke ) ; deaf mute Nick Andros ( Rob Lowe ) ; Frannie Goldsmith ( Molly Ringwald ) and her unborn child from Jesse , her boyfriend prior to the plague ; her teenaged neighbor Harold Lauder ( Corin Nemec ) ; imprisoned criminal Lloyd Henreid ( Miguel Ferrer ) ; and `` Trashcan Man '' ( Matt Frewer ) , a mentally ill arsonist and scavenger . The survivors soon begin having visions , either from kindly Mother Abagail ( Ruby Dee ) or from the demonic Randall Flagg ( Jamey Sheridan ) . The two sets of survivors are instructed in dreams to either travel to Nebraska to meet Abagail , or to Las Vegas to join Flagg . As their journeys begin , Lloyd is freed from prison by Flagg in exchange for becoming his second in command . Trashcan Man , a pyromaniac , destroys fuel tanks across the Midwest and is directed to Las Vegas . Larry escapes New York City with a mysterious woman named Nadine Cross ( Laura San Giacomo ) . Despite their mutual attraction , Nadine is unable to consummate a relationship with Larry because of her visions of Flagg , who commands her to join him ; she leaves Larry to travel on her own . After escaping the CDC facility , Stu gathers a group of survivors , including Frannie , Harold , and Glen Bateman ( Ray Walston ) . They are later joined by various other immune survivors . As the group travels toward Nebraska , Harold is consumed with jealousy over Stu 's leadership of the group and his growing relationship with Frannie , on whom Harold has an unrequited crush . Meanwhile , Nick makes his way across the Midwest , eventually meeting Tom Cullen ( Bill Fagerbakke ) , a mentally challenged man . The two men encounter Julie Lawry ( Shawnee Smith ) , a vicious girl who vows to kill them when they refuse to let her join them . Eventually Nick 's group reaches Abagail 's farm in Hemingford Home , Nebraska . She warns that a great conflict is imminent and they must all travel on to Boulder , Colorado . There , the survivors form a new community called the Boulder Free Zone , where they begin restoring civilization . Flagg sets up an autocratic regime in Las Vegas , with the intent of defeating the Boulder survivors using salvaged nuclear weapons . Frannie feels increasing anxiety because she is unsure whether her baby will be immune to the superflu . Harold 's resentment towards Stu and Frannie intensifies , causing him to be seduced by Nadine and join forces with Flagg . Abagail , convinced that she has fallen into the sin of pride , leaves Boulder to walk in the wilderness . Three Boulder survivors are chosen to infiltrate Las Vegas : Tom , Dayna Jurgens ( Kellie Overbey ) , and Judge Farris ( Ossie Davis ) . They hypnotize Tom to follow a set of instructions , including that he leave Las Vegas at the next full moon . Harold and Nadine plant a bomb in Frannie and Stu 's home , planning to set it off during a meeting of the Free Zone council . A weakened Abagail returns to town and gives a psychic warning to the council members at the meeting . The warning allows most of the council to escape the explosion , but Nick is killed . Before she passes away , Abagail tells Stu , Larry , Glen , Frannie and fellow council member Ralph Brentner that they must travel to Las Vegas to confront Flagg . When Nadine and Harold flee , Flagg causes Harold to be seriously injured in a motorcycle accident . Nadine leaves him with broken legs . He kills himself with a gun the next day . Flagg calls Nadine to him . She tries to escape and tells him no when he wants to consummate their relationship . Flagg tells her it is too late to say no and forces himself on her . Nadine is unresponsive following the attack by Flagg . Upon returning to Las Vegas , an increasingly unstable Flagg finds Dayna , who kills herself rather than give up information . He intercepts Farris , who is accidentally killed before he can be tortured . Tom leaves Las Vegas when the moon is full , but Julie recognizes him ; she tries to alert Flagg , but Tom escapes into the desert and hides from Flagg and his men . Shortly afterwards , a crazed Nadine taunts Flagg and commits suicide with the unholy fetus he conceived in her . With winter fast approaching , Stu , Larry , Glen , and Ralph leave Boulder to set out on their quest . Stu breaks his leg and must stay behind . The remaining three are captured by Flagg 's forces . Glen is separated from Larry and Ralph . Flagg orders Lloyd to kill Glen after he taunts Flagg . As Larry and Ralph endure a show trial on Fremont Street , Trashcan Man arrives with a stolen nuclear weapon . Flagg is unable to stop a spectral hand from detonating the bomb as the voice of Abagail declares that God 's promise has been kept . Las Vegas is destroyed and Flagg is apparently killed . Stu is rescued by Tom , who takes him to a nearby cabin to heal his leg as winter sets in . They eventually return to Boulder in the midst of a blinding snow storm . Frannie gives birth to a baby which is determined to have the superflu , but the infant survives . Assured that the immune survivors can safely reproduce , the inhabitants of Boulder set to work rebuilding the world . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Stand characters Gary Sinise as Stu Redman Molly Ringwald as Frannie Goldsmith Jamey Sheridan as Randall Flagg Laura San Giacomo as Nadine Cross Ruby Dee as Mother Abagail Freemantle Ossie Davis as Judge Richard Farris Miguel Ferrer as Lloyd Henreid Corin Nemec as Harold Lauder Matt Frewer as Trashcan Man Adam Storke as Larry Underwood Ray Walston as Glen Bateman Rob Lowe as Nick Andros Bill Fagerbakke as Tom Cullen Peter Van Norden as Ralph Brentner Bridgit Ryan as Lucy Swann Rick Aviles as Rat Man Max Wright as Dr. Herbert Denninger Shawnee Smith as Julie Lawry Cynthia Garris as Susan Stern Richard Jewkes as Dick Ellis Sarah Schaub as Gina McKone William Newman as Dr. Soames Kareem Abdul - Jabbar as The Monster Shouter Warren Frost as Dr. George Richardson John Bloom as Deputy Joe - Bob Troy Evans as Sheriff Johnny Baker Stephen King as Teddy Weizak John Landis as Russ Dorr Dan Martin as Rich Moffat John Dunbar as Dave Roberts Sam Raimi as Bobby Terry Chuck Adamson as Barry Dorgan Kellie Overbey as Dayna Jurgens Ray McKinnon as Charlie D. Campion Tom Holland as Carl Hough David Kirk Chambers as Brad Kitchner Kathy Bates as Rae Flowers ( uncredited ) Ed Harris as Gen. Bill Starkey ( uncredited ) Sherman Howard as Dr. Dietz Ken Jenkins as Peter Goldsmith Richard Lineback as Poke Freeman Sam Anderson as Whitney Horgan Leo Geter as Chad Norris Patrick Kilpatrick as Ray Booth Jordan Lund as Bill Hapscomb Jesse Bennett as Vic Palfrey Jim Haynie as Deputy Kingsolving Billy L. Sullivan as Joe Hope Marie Carlton as Sally Campion Mary Ethel Gregory as Alice Underwood Britney Lewis as Arlene Moses Gunn had originally been cast as Judge Farris , but shortly after filming had commenced his health declined , and he died shortly after that . Ossie Davis , who was present at the filming because his wife , Ruby Dee , was playing Mother Abagail , took over the role of Judge Farris . Having both starred in previous film adaptations of King 's works , Ed Harris and Kathy Bates both had small , uncredited roles in the early parts of the series . Bates 's character , Rae Flowers , was originally a man ( Ray Flowers ) , but when Bates became available , King - who wanted her to play the part - rewrote the role as a woman . Harris plays the Army general in charge of the original bio-weapons project who kills himself after the failure of the disease containment . Rob Lowe had been originally considered for the role of Larry Underwood , but Garris felt that having him in the more unusual role of the deaf and mute Nick Andros would better suit the production ( Lowe has been deaf in his right ear since childhood ) . Adam Storke ended up with the role of Underwood , where his musical skills were an asset . Miguel Ferrer , who played Lloyd Henreid , was originally interested in the role of Randall Flagg , but the sights for that part were initially set on actors such as Christopher Walken , Jeff Goldblum , Willem Dafoe , and James Woods . Stephen King wanted someone the audience `` was n't terribly familiar with '' . After Ferrer heard that Jamey Sheridan had been offered the part but was n't sure it was something he wanted to do , Ferrer convinced him to take the part . Production ( edit ) Production Designer Nelson Coates , who garnered an Emmy nomination for his design work , created all 225 sets for the miniseries . Faced with prices of $40 per stalk for New York - made fake cornstalks , Coates opted instead to grow 3,250 cornstalks as a cost - cutting measure ; when a winter storm hit Utah , the reproduction of a Nebraska house with cornfield became complicated by the fact that the harsh weather did not allow the corn crop to grow taller than 4 feet . Signs at Rae Flowers ' radio station feature the logo of WZON , a real - life radio station in Bangor , Maine , owned by King . Originally , parts of the miniseries were to be filmed on location in Boulder , Colorado . After the passage of Colorado Amendment 2 , which nullified local gay rights laws , the production was moved to Utah due to protests . Releases ( edit ) Original broadcast ( edit ) Part Title Directed by Written by Original air date `` The Plague '' Mick Garris Stephen King May 8 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 08 ) `` The Dreams '' Mick Garris Stephen King May 9 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 09 ) `` The Betrayal '' Mick Garris Stephen King May 11 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 11 ) `` The Stand '' Mick Garris Stephen King May 12 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 12 ) Soundtrack ( edit ) Stephen King 's The Stand ( Original Television Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album ( Digital download ) / Audio CD by W.G. Snuffy Walden Released May 24 , 1994 Length 46 : 40 Label Varèse Sarabande Credits and personnel ( edit ) Music composed by W.G. Snuffy Walden Executive producer : Robert Townson Produced by W.G. Snuffy Walden Music recorded and mixed by Ray Pyle and Avram Kipper at O'Henry Studios , Devonshire Studios and Taylor Made Studios Music editor : Allan K. Rosen Synclavier programming by Mark Morgan Orchestrations by Don Davis and John Dickson Scoring contractors : Paul Zimmitti and Debbi Datz Principal musicians : Guitar : W.G. Snuffy Walden and Dean Parks Piano : Randy Kerber Percussion : Michael Fisher Woodwinds : Jon Clarke Violin : Charlie Bisharat Reception ( edit ) The film was met with generally positive reviews . John J. O'Connor at the New York Times wrote , `` A great deal of time and money has gone into this production , and it 's right up there on the screen ... The nagging problem at the heart of `` The Stand '' is that once the story settles early on into its schematic oppositions of good versus evil , sweet old Mother Abagail versus satanic Flagg , monotony begins to seep through the superstructure ... Muddled , certainly , but Stephen King 's ' The Stand ' is clever enough to keep you wondering what could possibly happen next . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1994 Casting Society of America ( Artios ) ( edit ) Won -- Best Mini Series Casting : Lynn Kressel 1994 Emmy Awards ( edit ) Won -- Outstanding Makeup For A Miniseries , Movie Or A Special : Steve Johnson , Bill Corso , David Dupuis , Joel Harlow , Camille Calvet Won -- Outstanding Sound Mixing For A Miniseries or a Movie : Grand Maxwell , Michael Ruschak , Richard Schexnayder , Don Summer Nominated -- Outstanding Art Direction For A Miniseries , Or Movie : Nelson Coates , Burton Rencher , Michael Perry , Susan Benjamin Nominated -- Outstanding Cinematography For A Miniseries Or Movie : Edward J. Pei Nominated -- Outstanding Miniseries : Richard P. Rubinstein , Stephen King , Mitchell Galin , Peter R. McIntosh Nominated -- Outstanding Music Composition for a Miniseries , Movie or a Special ( Dramatic Underscore ) : W.G. Walden 1995 Screen Actors Guild Awards ( edit ) Nominated -- Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries : Gary Sinise See also ( edit ) State of nature References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : O'Connor , John J. ( May 6 , 1994 ) . `` TV Weekend ; A Plague and Its Effects '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Stephen King , Mick Garris ( 1999 ) . Stephen King 's The Stand ( DVD ) . Artisan . Jump up ^ Michael Booth. `` 5 Points a star : Hollywood action invades Denver neighborhood '' , The Denver Post , August 27 , 1994 , page A1 . Jump up ^ Dusty Saundes . `` Amendment 2 Drives Film 's Makers Away '' Rocky Mountain News , May 8 , 1994 External links ( edit ) The Stand on IMDb Films directed by Mick Garris Fuzzbucket ( 1986 ) Critters 2 : The Main Course ( 1988 ) Psycho IV : The Beginning ( 1990 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) Quicksilver Highway ( 1997 ) Virtual Obsession ( 1998 ) Lost in Oz ( 2002 ) Riding the Bullet ( 2004 ) Stephen King 's Desperation ( 2006 ) Stephen King 's Bag of Bones ( 2011 ) Nightmare Cinema ( 2018 ) Stephen King Bibliography Short fiction Unpublished and uncollected Awards and nominations Novels Carrie ( 1974 ) ' Salem 's Lot ( 1975 ) The Shining ( 1977 ) The Stand ( 1978 ) The Dead Zone ( 1979 ) Firestarter ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1981 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Pet Sematary ( 1983 ) Cycle of the Werewolf ( 1983 ) The Talisman ( 1984 ) It ( 1986 ) The Eyes of the Dragon ( 1987 ) Misery ( 1987 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1987 ) The Dark Half ( 1989 ) Needful Things ( 1991 ) Gerald 's Game ( 1992 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1992 ) Insomnia ( 1994 ) Rose Madder ( 1995 ) The Green Mile ( 1996 ) Desperation ( 1996 ) Bag of Bones ( 1998 ) The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon ( 1999 ) The Plant ( 2000 ; unfinished ) Dreamcatcher ( 2001 ) Black House ( 2001 ) From a Buick 8 ( 2002 ) The Colorado Kid ( 2005 ) Cell ( 2006 ) Lisey 's Story ( 2006 ) Duma Key ( 2008 ) Under the Dome ( 2009 ) 11 / 22 / 63 ( 2011 ) Joyland ( 2013 ) Doctor Sleep ( 2013 ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2014 ) Revival ( 2014 ) Finders Keepers ( 2015 ) End of Watch ( 2016 ) Gwendy 's Button Box ( 2017 ) Sleeping Beauties ( 2017 ) The Outsider ( 2018 ) Elevation ( 2018 ) The Dark Tower series The Gunslinger ( 1982 ) The Drawing of the Three ( 1987 ) The Waste Lands ( 1991 ) Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Wolves of the Calla ( 2003 ) Song of Susannah ( 2004 ) The Dark Tower ( 2004 ) The Wind Through the Keyhole ( 2012 ) Richard Bachman novels Rage ( 1977 ) The Long Walk ( 1979 ) Roadwork ( 1981 ) The Running Man ( 1982 ) Thinner ( 1984 ) The Bachman Books ( 1985 ) The Regulators ( 1996 ) Blaze ( 2007 ) Short fiction collections Night Shift ( 1978 ) Different Seasons ( 1982 ) Skeleton Crew ( 1985 ) Four past Midnight ( 1990 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes ( 1993 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 1999 ) Everything 's Eventual ( 2002 ) Just After Sunset ( 2008 ) Full Dark , No Stars ( 2010 ) The Bazaar of Bad Dreams ( 2015 ) Non-fiction Danse Macabre ( 1981 ) Nightmares in the Sky ( 1988 ) On Writing ( 2000 ) Secret Windows ( 2000 ) Faithful ( 2004 ) `` Guns '' ( 2013 ) Screenplays Creepshow ( 1982 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ; also director ) Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) Teleplays `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) `` Chinga '' ( 1998 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Rose Red ( 2002 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Desperation ( 2006 ) `` Heads Will Roll '' ( 2014 ) Comics Heroes for Hope ( 1985 ) American Vampire ( 2010 ) Musical collaborations Michael Jackson 's Ghosts ( 1997 ) Black Ribbons ( 2010 ) Ghost Brothers of Darkland County ( 2012 ) Anthologies edited The Best American Short Stories 2007 ( 2007 ) Six Scary Stories ( 2016 ) Flight or Fright ( 2018 ) Worlds and concepts Dollar Baby Fictional books Fictional locations in Maine Castle Rock Derry Jerusalem 's Lot Multiverse All - World Related articles List of adaptations Books about Stephen King Rock Bottom Remainders Philtrum Press Six Stories Stephen King Goes to the Movies Charlie the Choo - Choo Hearts in Suspension Tabitha King ( wife ) Joe Hill ( son ) Owen King ( son ) Book Adaptations of works by Stephen King Films The Shining ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1983 ) The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) The Running Man ( 1987 ) Tales from the Darkside : The Movie ( 1990 ) Graveyard Shift ( 1990 ) Misery ( 1990 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) Needful Things ( 1993 ) The Dark Half ( 1993 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1995 ) Thinner ( 1996 ) The Night Flier ( 1997 ) The Green Mile ( 1999 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 2001 ) Dreamcatcher ( 2003 ) Secret Window ( 2004 ) Riding the Bullet ( 2004 ) 1408 ( 2007 ) The Mist ( 2007 ) Dolan 's Cadillac ( 2009 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Mercy ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) The Dark Tower ( 2017 ) Gerald 's Game ( 2017 ) 1922 ( 2017 ) Carrie Carrie ( 1976 ) The Rage : Carrie 2 ( 1999 ) Carrie ( 2002 ) Carrie ( 2013 ) Creepshow Creepshow ( 1982 ) Creepshow 2 ( 1987 ) Creepshow 3 ( 2007 ) Children of the Corn Disciples of the Crow ( 1983 ) Children of the Corn ( 1984 ) The Final Sacrifice ( 1992 ) Urban Harvest ( 1995 ) The Gathering ( 1996 ) Fields of Terror ( 1998 ) Isaac 's Return ( 1999 ) Revelation ( 2001 ) Children of the Corn ( 2009 ) Genesis ( 2011 ) Runaway ( 2018 ) Different Seasons Stand by Me ( 1986 ) The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) Firestarter Firestarter ( 1984 ) Rekindled ( 2002 ) Trucks Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ) Trucks ( 1997 ) Pet Sematary Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Pet Sematary Two ( 1992 ) Pet Sematary ( 2019 ) The Mangler The Mangler ( 1995 ) The Mangler 2 ( 2002 ) Reborn ( 2005 ) The Lawnmower Man The Lawnmower Man ( 1992 ) Beyond Cyberspace ( 1996 ) It It ( 2017 ) It : Chapter Two ( 2019 ) TV films , episodes , and miniseries `` The Word Processor of the Gods '' ( 1984 ) `` Gramma '' ( 1986 ) `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) It ( 1990 ) Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1993 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Langoliers ( 1995 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) Quicksilver Highway ( 1997 ) `` The Revelations of ' Becka Paulson '' ( 1997 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Stephen King 's Desperation ( 2006 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes : From the Stories of Stephen King ( 2006 ) Bag of Bones ( 2011 ) Big Driver ( 2014 ) Salem 's Lot Salem 's Lot ( 1979 ) A Return to Salem 's Lot ( 1987 ) Salem 's Lot ( 2004 ) Sometimes They Come Back Sometimes They Come Back ( 1991 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... Again ( 1996 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... for More ( 1998 ) Rose Red Rose Red ( 2002 ) The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer ( 2003 ) TV series The Dead Zone ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Haven ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Under the Dome ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 11.22. 63 ( 2016 ) The Mist ( 2017 ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2017 -- present ) Castle Rock ( 2018 ) Operas Dolores Claiborne ( 2013 ) The Shining ( 2016 ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Stand_(miniseries)&oldid=841242828 '' Categories : 1994 films 1994 horror films 1994 television films 1994 American television series debuts 1994 American television series endings 1990s American television miniseries Horror television films 1990s science fiction films American Broadcasting Company network shows Biological weapons in popular culture Demons in television Demons in film Films based on horror novels Films about viral outbreaks Films set in Arkansas Films set in Colorado Films set in the Las Vegas Valley Films set in Maine Films set in Nebraska Films set in New York City Films set in Texas Post-apocalyptic films Religious horror films 1990s road movies American road movies Screenplays by Stephen King Television programs based on works by Stephen King Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series about viral outbreaks Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano Norsk Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 18 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did rob lowe play in the stand | [
"The townspeople are taken to a CDC facility in Vermont. All but Stu succumb to the superflu, which kills 99.4% of the world's population in two weeks. The scattered survivors include would-be rock star Larry Underwood (Adam Storke); deaf mute Nick Andros (Rob Lowe); Frannie Goldsmith (Molly Ringwald) and her unborn child from Jesse, her boyfriend prior to the plague; her teenaged neighbor Harold Lauder (Corin Nemec); imprisoned criminal Lloyd Henreid (Miguel Ferrer); and \"Trashcan Man\" (Matt Frewer), a mentally ill arsonist and scavenger. The survivors soon begin having visions, either from kindly Mother Abagail (Ruby Dee) or from the demonic Randall Flagg (Jamey Sheridan). The two sets of survivors are instructed in dreams to either travel to Nebraska to meet Abagail, or to Las Vegas to join Flagg.\n"
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"Nick Andros"
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-4641129484393463730 | Special district (United States) | Special district ( United States ) - wikipedia Special district ( United States ) Jump to : navigation , search Special districts ( also known as special service districts , special district governments , limited purpose entities , or special - purpose districts in the United States ) are independent , special - purpose governmental units that exist separately from local governments such as county , municipal , and township governments , with substantial administrative and fiscal independence . They are formed to perform a single function or a set of related functions . The term special district governments as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau excludes school districts . In 2007 , the U.S. had more than 39,000 special district governments . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition of `` Special District '' by the United States Census 2 Characteristics 2.1 Areas served 2.2 Governing body 2.3 Functions 3 Legal basis 3.1 English custom 3.2 State law 3.3 Public foundation 3.4 Civil office 3.5 Accountability 4 History 5 Trends 6 Examples 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Definition of `` special district '' by the United States Census ( edit ) The United States Census counts government units across all States . This includes `` special districts . '' To count the special districts the Census must define the special districts so as to address all such governmental entities across the broad spectrum of 50 states ' definitions and interpretations . The Census 's full definition is : Special district governments are independent , special purpose governmental units , other than school district governments , that exist as separate entities with substantial administrative and fiscal independence from general purpose local governments . As defined for Census Bureau statistics on governments , the term ' ' special district governments ' ' excludes school district governments as they are defined as a separate governmental type . Special district governments provide specific services that are not being supplied by existing general purpose governments . Most perform a single function , but in some instances , their enabling legislation allows them to provide several , usually related , types of services . The services provided by these districts range from such basic social needs as hospitals and fire protection , to the less conspicuous tasks of mosquito abatement and upkeep of cemeteries . The Census Bureau classification of special district governments covers a wide variety of entities , most of which are officially called districts or authorities . Not all public agencies so termed , however , represent separate governments . Many entities that carry the designation ' ' district ' ' or ' ' authority ' ' are , by law , so closely related to county , municipal , town or township , or state governments that they are classified as subordinate agencies of those governments in Census Bureau statistics on governments , and are not counted as separate special district governments . In order to be classified as a special district government , rather than as a subordinate agency , an entity must possess three attributes -- existence as an organized entity , governmental character , and substantial autonomy . Each state description also lists various statutory authorities , commissions , corporations , and other forms of organizations that have certain governmental characteristics , but are subject by law to administrative or fiscal control by the state or by independent local governments ; therefore , they are classified as subordinate agencies of those governments . Characteristics ( edit ) Special districts serve limited areas and have governing boards that accomplish legislatively assigned functions using public funds . Areas served ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section may not provide balanced geographical coverage on special districts in states other than New York . Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( July 2016 ) Special districts provide specialized services to persons living within the designated geographic area and may contract to provide services outside the area . Special districts often cross the lines of towns , villages , and hamlets but less frequently cross city or county lines . Increasingly , however , regional special districts are being created that may serve a large portion of a state or portions of more than one state . Governing body ( edit ) Each district is governed by a board of directors , commissioners , board of supervisors , or the like . These boards may be appointed by public officials , appointed by private entities , popularly elected , or elected by benefited citizens ( typically , property owners ) . Sometimes , one or more public officials will serve as an ex officio member on the board . The board of a special district serves primarily as a managing board and often appoints a chief executive for day - to - day operations and decision making and policy implementation . In the New England states , special districts are often run in the same town meeting fashion as other local governments . Most districts have employees , but some districts exist solely to raise funds by issuing bonds and / or by providing tax increment financing . Functions ( edit ) Special districts perform many functions including airports , ports , highways , mass transit , parking facilities , fire protection , libraries , parks , cemeteries , hospitals , irrigation , conservation , sewerage , wastewater treatment , solid waste , fiber optic systems , stadiums , water supply , electric power , and natural gas utility . Legal basis ( edit ) Originated from English custom , special districts are authorized by state law and must have public foundation , civil office , and public accountability . English custom ( edit ) Special districts in the United States follow the English custom . The earliest known general law in England authorizing special purpose authorities was the Statute of Sewers of 1532 . Single purpose authorities created by individual charters also existed at the time . However , the early authorities were temporary and unconnected to local government structure . The first laws authorizing permanent authorities connected to local governments were the Incorporated Guardians of the Poor , which were created by special acts in the 17th century . Turnpike trusts were an early and popular special purpose authority in England . Internal drainage boards are current examples in parts of England and Wales . State law ( edit ) Special districts in the United States are founded by some level of government in accordance with state law ( either constitutional amendment , general law , or special acts ) and exist in all states . Special districts are legally separate entities with at least some corporate powers . Districts are created by legislative action , court action , or public referendum . The procedures for creating a special district may include procedures such as petitions , hearings , voter or landowner approval , or government approval . Tribal governments may create special districts pursuant to state law and may serve on the boards of special districts . Public foundation ( edit ) Special districts , like all public entities , have public foundation . The landmark case of the U.S. Supreme Court addressing public versus private charters was Dartmouth College v. Woodward in 1819 . Dartmouth established the fundamental differences between public and private organizations . Critically , a government must be founded by all of the people of a governmental area or by their governmental representatives . Civil office ( edit ) Special districts possess some form of civil office , that is , the board has received a delegation of sovereign power from the state . Some boards may be appointed by only landowners . Private entities may appoint some or all of the members of a special district ; however , there must be evidence of civil office . In addition to special districts with privately appointed boards , a special district may have a privately founded board ; however , such a board could not be given the power to set a tax . Accountability ( edit ) There is a citizen - government fiscal accountability relationship . To maintain accountability for special districts , states must maintain ultimate control ( the power to repeal the authorizing law at any time ) . Due to public foundation and , thus , ultimate control , the state can freely delegate sovereign power ( such as the power to tax ) to special districts and can allow them to act autonomously with little supervision . History ( edit ) There is little information available on the earliest special districts in the United States . It is known that park districts existed in the 18th century . Toll road and canal corporations existed in the 19th century . The first general statute authorizing irrigation districts was adopted by California in 1887 . The U.S. Census Bureau began identifying and collecting data on special districts in 1942 . Trends ( edit ) The state of Illinois leads the nation in the number of special districts with California close behind . State counts of their special districts may differ from the federal count because the states may have different definitions of a special district than the U.S. Census Bureau . Examples ( edit ) All of the following examples have been found by the U.S. Census Bureau to be special districts . See the Census of Governments Government Organization publications at a depository library or visit https://www.census.gov and select Governments Division . Alabama : Alabama Municipal Electric Authority ( special act ) Alaska : regional electrical authorities ( general law ) Arizona : drainage districts ( general law ) Arkansas : fire ant abatement districts ( general law ) California : Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District Colorado : ambulance districts ( general law ) Connecticut : Pomperaug Valley Water Authority ( special act ) Delaware : tax ditches ( general law ) Florida : Daytona Beach Racing and Recreational Facilities District ( special act ) ; Reedy Creek Improvement District , which includes the Walt Disney Resort and the cities of Bay Lake and Lake Buena Vista ( special act ) ; The Tohopekaliga Water Authority ( TWA , or Toho for short ) , which provides the majority of the public water , wastewater , and reclaimed water services for Osceola County and some small parts of Polk and Orange Counties ( special act ) Georgia : airport authorities ( special acts ) Hawaii : Office of Hawaiian Affairs ( constitutional amendment ) Idaho : auditorium districts ( general law ) Illinois : Chicago Transit Authority ( special act ) Indiana : Northwest Indiana Regional Development Authority ( special act ) Iowa : library districts ( joint or regional ) ( general law ) Kansas : industrial districts ( general law ) Kentucky : Louisville - Jefferson County Air Pollution Control District ( general law with special application ) Louisiana : Abbeville Film and Visitors Commission District ( special act ) Maine : cemetery districts ( special acts ) Maryland : water and sewer authorities ( general law ) Massachusetts : Goose Pond Maintenance District ( special act ) Michigan : recreation authorities ( general law ) Minnesota : Metropolitan Mosquito Control District ( special act ) Mississippi : lighting districts ( special acts ) Missouri : Jackson County Sports Complex Authority ( special act ) Montana : county rail authorities ( general law ) Nebraska : Omaha Metropolitan Utilities District ( general law with special application ) New Hampshire : housing authorities ( general law ) New Jersey : Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and New Jersey Turnpike Authority - 1948 law ( joint or regional ) ( general law ) New Mexico : cotton boll weevil control districts ( general law ) New York : Hyde Park Fire and Water District ( special act ) North Carolina : Research Triangle Regional Public Transit Authority ( special act ) North Dakota : vector control districts ( general law ) Ohio : new community authorities , special improvement districts , transportation improvement districts ( general law ) Oklahoma : public library systems ( general law ) Oregon : geothermal heating districts , port authorities - 1909 ( general law ) Pennsylvania : Philadelphia Regional Port Authority ( special act ) Rhode Island : East Providence Special Development District Commission ( special act ) South Carolina : Myrtle Beach Air Base Redevelopment Authority ( executive order ) South Dakota : television translator districts ( general law ) Tennessee : utility districts ( general law ) Texas : Palacios Seawall Commission ( special act ) Utah : irrigation districts ( general law ) Vermont : Vermont Public Power Supply Authority ( special act ) Virginia : Buchanan County Tourist Train Development Authority ( special act ) Washington : hydroelectric resources authorities ( general law ) West Virginia : Hatfield - McCoy Regional Recreation Authority ( special act ) Wisconsin : local professional baseball park districts ( general law ) Wyoming : resort districts ( general law ) See also ( edit ) District FOCJ Joint powers authority Local government in the United States Public - benefit corporation Special districts in Illinois References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : U.S. Census Bureau ( 2002 ) . 2002 Census of Governments , Vol 1 , Number 1 , Government Organization , GC02 ( 1 ) - 1 ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . pp. vii -- viii . Jump up ^ `` United States Census Bureau '' . census.gov . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 United States Census - Individual State Descriptions - Census of Government '' ( PDF ) . p. 6 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Mitzanry , K , & Manatt , A. ( 2002 , February ). What 's so special about special districts ? A citizen 's guide to special districts in California . 3rd . ed. p. 2 . Jump up ^ https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/gc023x2.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/gc021x1.pdf Jump up ^ Burns , N. The formation of American local governments : Private values in public institutions . Oxford University Press , 1994 , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Webb , S. ( 1922 ) . English local government : Statutory authorities for special purposes . p. 61 . Jump up ^ Webb , S. ( 1922 ) . English local government : Statutory authorities for special purposes . p. 300 . Jump up ^ Webb , S. ( 1922 ) . English local government : Statutory authorities for special purposes . p. 299 . Jump up ^ Webb , S. ( 1922 ) . English local government : Statutory authorities for special purposes . Jump up ^ U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations . ( 1993 , March ) . State laws governing local government structure and administration . page 7 . Jump up ^ Mitzanry , K , & Manatt , A. ( 2002 , February ) What 's so special about special districts ? A citizen 's guide to special districts in California . 3rd . ed. p. 4 . Jump up ^ U.S. Census Bureau ( 2002 ) . 2002 Census of Governments , Vol 1 , Number 1 , Government Organization , GC02 ( 1 ) - 1 ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . p. ix . Jump up ^ 15A Am Jur 2d Colleges and Universities § 2 Jump up ^ 16B Am Jur 2d Constitutional Law § 723 Jump up ^ 4B M.J. CORPORATIONS § 26 ^ Jump up to : Newmyer , R.K. John Marshall and heroic age of the Supreme Court . Louisiana State University Press : Baton Rouge , 2001 , pp. 244 - 253 . Jump up ^ Allen v. McKean , 1 F. Cas. 489 ( 1833 ) Jump up ^ Louisville v. University of Louisville , 54 Ky. 642 ( June 1855 ) Jump up ^ Ohio v. Neff , 52 Ohio St. 375 , 40 N.E. 720 ( 1895 ) Jump up ^ Currie , D.P. ( 1982 , Fall ) . The Constitution in the Supreme Court : State and Congressional powers , 1801 - 1835 . University of Chicago Law Review . 49 U. Chi . L. Rev. 887 . Jump up ^ Opinion No. 84 - 134 , 1984 Okla . AG LEXIS 17 Jump up ^ Opinion No. 1007 , 1994 Minn . AG LEXIS 2 Jump up ^ Commissioner v. Shamberg 's Estate , 144 F. 2d 998 ( 1945 ) Jump up ^ Mitzanry , K , & Manatt , A. ( 2002 , February ). What 's so special about special districts ? A citizen 's guide to special districts in California . 3rd . ed. p. 7 ( box ) . Jump up ^ Burns , N. The formation of American local governments : Private values in public institutions . Oxford University Press , 1994 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Scholle v. Maryland 90 Md. 729 , 46 A. 736 ( 1900 ) Jump up ^ Marks v. Frantz , 179 Ky. 638 ( 1956 ) Jump up ^ Palm Beach County Health Care District v. Everglades Memorial Hospital 658 So . 2d 577 ( Fla. 1995 ) Jump up ^ Sharpless v. Mayor 21 Pa. 147 ( 1853 ) Jump up ^ Mead , D.M. ( Winter 2002 ) . The role of GASB 34 in the citizen - government accountability relationship . State and Local Government Review . Vol 34 , No. 1 51 - 63 . Jump up ^ Hess V. Port Authority Trans - Hudson Corporation , 513 U.S. 30 , 115 S. Ct. 394 , 130 L. Ed . 2d 245 ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ Meriwether v. Garrett , 102 U.S. 472 , 26 L. Ed . 197 ( 1880 ) Jump up ^ Palm Beach County Health Care District v. Everglades Memorial Hospital , 658 So . 2d 577 ( Fla. 1995 ) Jump up ^ Hess v. Port Authority Trans - Hudson Corporation , 513 U.S. 30,115 S. Ct. 394 , 130 L. Ed . 2d 245 ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ Vogt v. Orleans Levee District , 294 F. 3d 684 ( 5th Cir. 2002 ) Jump up ^ Reynolds v. Sims , 377 U.S. 533 , 84 S. Ct. 136 , 12 L. Ed . 2d 506 ( 1964 ) ^ Jump up to : Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations . ( 1964 , May ) . The problem special districts in American government . Washington , DC UNT Digital Library Jump up ^ Bollens , J.C. ( 1957 ) . Special district government in the United States . University of California Press , pp. 142 - 144 . Jump up ^ under construction ^ Jump up to : U.S. Census Bureau 2012 Census of Governments Governments Organization Jump up ^ `` Lawriter - ORC 1710 '' . ohio.gov . Jump up ^ `` Lawriter - ORC 5540 '' . ohio.gov . Further reading ( edit ) Friedman , L.M. A history of American law . ( 3rd ) . Simon & Schuster : New York . 2005 . Krane , D. , Rigos , P.N. , and Hill , M.B. Home rule in America : A fifty - state handbook . CQ Press . 2001 . Mergent 's Municipal and Government Manual Zimmerman , J.F. The New England town meeting . Greenwood Publishing Group . 1997 . External links ( edit ) A Citizen 's Guide to Special Districts in California California Special Districts Association U.S. Census Bureau U.S. Census Bureau / Governments Organization / Volume 1 Government Accounting Standards Board 2006 Government Finance and Employment Classification Manual , U.S. Census Bureau 2007 Governments Integrated Directory , U.S. Census Bureau IRS tax - exempt bond information Municipal Research and Services Center of Washington Florida Department of Economic Opportunity , Special District Accountability Program State and Local Government Review - current and past issues Bloomberg News Last Week Tonight with John Oliver : Special Districts ( HBO ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special_district_(United_States)&oldid=843118794 '' Categories : Types of country subdivisions Special administrative structures in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2017 Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with limited geographic scope from July 2016 Articles with failed verification from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 00 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | local governments that provide a single service or a closely related set of services are | [
"Special districts (also known as special service districts, special district governments, limited purpose entities, or special-purpose districts[not in citation given] in the United States) are independent, special-purpose governmental units that exist separately from local governments such as county, municipal, and township governments, with substantial administrative and fiscal independence. They are formed to perform a single function or a set of related functions.[1] The term special district governments as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau excludes school districts.[1] In 2007, the U.S. had more than 39,000 special district governments.[2]"
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"Special districts"
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-8269060102629875460 | Rift valley | Rift valley - wikipedia Rift valley Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Rift zone . For other uses , see Rift valley ( disambiguation ) . African Rift Valley . From left to right : Lake Upemba , Lake Mweru , Lake Tanganyika ( largest ) , and Lake Rukwa . A rift valley near Quilotoa , Ecuador . The Ottawa - Bonnechere Graben Þingvallavatn A rift valley is a linear - shaped lowland between several highlands or mountain ranges created by the action of a geologic rift or fault . A rift valley is formed on a divergent plate boundary , a crustal extension , a spreading apart of the surface , which is subsequently further deepened by the forces of erosion . When the tensional forces were strong enough to cause the plate to split apart , a center block dropped between the two blocks at its flanks , forming a graben . The drop of the center creates the nearly parallel steeply dipping walls of a rift valley when it is new . That feature is the beginning of the rift valley , but as the process continues , the valley widens , until it becomes a large basin that fills with sediment from the rift walls and the surrounding area . One of the best known examples of this process is the East African Rift . On Earth , rifts can occur at all elevations , from the sea floor to plateaus and mountain ranges in continental crust or in oceanic crust . They are often associated with a number of adjoining subsidiary or co-extensive valleys , which are typically considered part of the principal rift valley geologically . Contents ( hide ) 1 Earth 's rift valleys 1.1 Rift valley lakes 2 Extraterrestrial rift valleys 3 References 4 Further reading Earth 's rift valleys ( edit ) The most extensive rift valley is located along the crest of the mid-ocean ridge system and is the result of sea floor spreading . Examples of this type of rift include the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the East Pacific Rise . Many existing continental rift valleys are the result of a failed arm ( aulacogen ) of a triple junction , although there are two , the East African Rift and the Baikal Rift Zone , which are currently active , as well as a third which may be , the West Antarctic Rift . In these instances , not only the crust , but also entire tectonic plates , are in the process of breaking apart to create new plates . If they continue , continental rifts will eventually become oceanic rifts . Other rift valleys are the result of bends or discontinuities in horizontally - moving ( strike - slip ) faults . When these bends or discontinuities are in the same direction as the relative motions along the fault , extension occurs . For example , for a right lateral - moving fault , a bend to the right will result in stretching and consequent subsidence in the area of the irregularity . In the view of many geologists today , the Dead Sea lies in a rift which results from a leftward discontinuity in the left lateral - moving Dead Sea Transform fault . Where a fault breaks into two strands , or two faults run close to each other , crustal extension may also occur between them , as a result of differences in their motions . Both types of fault - caused extension commonly occur on a small scale , producing such features as sag ponds or landslides . Rift valley lakes ( edit ) Main article : Rift lake Many of the world 's largest lakes are located in rift valleys . Lake Baikal in Siberia , a World Heritage Site , lies in an active rift valley . Baikal is both the deepest lake in the world and , with 20 % of all of the liquid freshwater on earth , has the greatest volume . Lake Tanganyika , second by both measures , is in the Albertine Rift , the westernmost arm of the active East African Rift . Lake Superior in North America , the largest freshwater lake by area , lies in the ancient and dormant Midcontinent Rift . The largest subglacial lake , Lake Vostok , may also lie in an ancient rift valley . Lake Nipissing and Lake Timiskaming in Ontario and Quebec , Canada lie inside a rift valley called the Ottawa - Bonnechere Graben . Þingvallavatn , Iceland 's largest natural lake , is also an example of a rift lake . Extraterrestrial rift valleys ( edit ) Extraterrestrial rift valleys are also known to occur on other terrestrial planets and natural satellites . The 4,000 km long Valles Marineris on Mars is believed by planetary geologists to be a large rift system . Some features of Venus , most notably , the 4000 km Devana Chasma and a part of the western Eistla , and possibly also Alta and Bell Regio have been interpreted by some planetary geologists as a rift valleys . Some natural satellites also have prominent rift valleys . The 2,000 km long Ithaca Chasma on Tethys in the Saturn system is a prominent example . Charon 's Nostromo Chasma is the first confirmed in the Pluto system , however large chasms up to 950 km wide observed on the Charon have also been tentatively interpreted by some as giant rifts and similar formations have also been noted on Pluto . A recent study suggests a complex system of ancient lunar rift valleys including Vallis Rheita and Vallis Alpes . The Uranus system also has prominent examples , with large ' chasma ' believed to be giant rift valley systems , most notably the 1492 km long Messina Chasma on Titania , 622 km Kachina Chasmata on Ariel , Verona Rupes on Miranda , and Mommur Chasma on Oberon . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Ethiopian Rift Valley '' . Giacomo Corti - CNR . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Greatest Lakes '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Baikal -- World Heritage Site '' . World Heritage . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Oddities of Lake Baikal '' . Alaska Science Forum . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Siegert , Martin J. ( 1999 ) . `` Antarctica 's Lake Vostok '' . American Scientist. 87 ( 6 ) : 510 . Bibcode : 1999AmSci ... 87 ... 510S . doi : 10.1511 / 1999.6. 510 . The best explanation is that Lake Vostok may lie in a rift valley , as does Lake Tanganyika in East Africa and Lake Baikal in Russia . The geography of Lake Vostok is indeed consistent with this notion , in that the lake has a crescent shape , just like Tanganyika and Baikal , and the side walls of the lake are relatively steep , at least on one side . Jump up ^ John Grotzinger ... ( 2006 ) . Understanding Earth . New York : W.H. Freeman . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 7696 - 0 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Scott ; Grimm , Robert E. ( 1998 ) . `` Rift processes at the Valles Marineris , Mars : Constraints from gravity on necking and rate - dependent strength evolution '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 103 ( E5 ) : 11113 . Bibcode : 1998JGR ... 10311113A . doi : 10.1029 / 98JE00740 . ISSN 0148 - 0227 . Jump up ^ Andrews - Hanna , Jeffrey C. ( 2012 ) . `` The formation of Valles Marineris : 3 . Trough formation through super-isostasy , stress , sedimentation , and subsidence '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 117 ( E6 ) . Bibcode : 2012JGRE ... 117.6002 A . doi : 10.1029 / 2012JE004059 . ISSN 0148 - 0227 . Jump up ^ Kiefer , W.S. ; Swafford , L.C. ( 2006 ) . `` Topographic Analysis Of Devana Chasma , Venus ; Implications For Rift System Segmentation And Propagation '' . Journal of Structural Geology. 28 ( 12 ) : 2144 -- 2155 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jsg. 2005.12. 002 . Jump up ^ Senske , D.A. ; Schaber , G.G. ; Stofan , E.R. ( 1992 ) . `` Regional topographic rises on Venus : Geology of Western Eistla Regio and comparison to Beta Regio and Atla Regio '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 97 ( E8 ) : 13395 . Bibcode : 1992JGR ... 9713395S . doi : 10.1029 / 92JE01167 . ISSN 0148 - 0227 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Sean C. ; Smrekar , Suzanne E. ; Bindschadler , Duane L. ; Grimm , Robert E. ; Kaula , William M. ; McGill , George E. ; Phillips , Roger J. ; Saunders , R. Stephen ; Schubert , Gerald ; Squyres , Steven W. ; Stofan , Ellen R. ( 1992 ) . `` Venus tectonics : An overview of Magellan observations '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 97 ( E8 ) : 13199 . Bibcode : 1992JGR ... 9713199S . doi : 10.1029 / 92JE01418 . ISSN 0148 - 0227 . Jump up ^ Dunn , Marcia ( 16 July 2015 ) . `` ' Blowing my mind ' : Peaks on Pluto , canyons on Charon '' . PhysOrg . Jump up ^ Andrews - Hanna , Jeffrey C. ; Besserer , Jonathan ; Head III , James W. ; Howett , Carly J.A. ; Kiefer , Walter S. ; Lucey , Paul J. ; McGovern , Patrick J. ; Melosh , H. Jay ; Neumann , Gregory A. ; Phillips , Roger J. ; Schenk , Paul M. ; Smith , David E. ; Solomon , Sean C. ; Zuber , Maria T. ( 2014 ) . `` Structure and evolution of the lunar Procellarum region as revealed by GRAIL gravity data '' . Nature . 514 ( 7520 ) : 68 -- 71 . doi : 10.1038 / nature13697 . ISSN 0028 - 0836 . PMID 25279919 . Jump up ^ Chaikin , Andrew ( 2001 - 10 - 16 ) . `` Birth of Uranus ' provocative moon still puzzles scientists '' . space.com . Imaginova Corp. p. 1 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2008 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Smith , B.A. ; Soderblom , L.A. ; Beebe , A. ; Bliss , D. ; Boyce , J.M. ; Brahic , A. ; Briggs , G.A. ; Brown , R.H. ; Collins , S.A. ( 4 July 1986 ) . `` Voyager 2 in the Uranian System : Imaging Science Results '' . Science . 233 ( 4759 ) : 43 -- 64 . Bibcode : 1986Sci ... 233 ... 43S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 233.4759. 43 . PMID 17812889 . Further reading ( edit ) Bonatti , E ( 1985 ) . `` Punctiform initiation of seafloor spreading in the Red Sea during transition from a continental to an oceanic rift '' . Nature . 316 : 33 -- 37 . doi : 10.1038 / 316033a0 . Mart , Y. ; Dauteuil , O. ( 2000 ) . `` Analogue experiments of propagation of oblique rifts '' . Tectonophysics. 316 : 121 -- 132 . doi : 10.1016 / s0040 - 1951 ( 99 ) 00231 - 0 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rift_valley&oldid=831813856 '' Categories : Rifts and grabens Tectonic landforms Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Eesti Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge हिन्दी Italiano עברית Kiswahili Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Slovenščina Svenska ไทย Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 09 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | a rift valley is evidence of which kind of plate boundary | [
"A rift valley is a linear-shaped lowland between several highlands or mountain ranges created by the action of a geologic rift or fault. A rift valley is formed on a divergent plate boundary, a crustal extension, a spreading apart of the surface, which is subsequently further deepened by the forces of erosion. When the tensional forces were strong enough to cause the plate to split apart, a center block dropped between the two blocks at its flanks, forming a graben. The drop of the center creates the nearly parallel steeply dipping walls of a rift valley when it is new. That feature is the beginning of the rift valley, but as the process continues, the valley widens, until it becomes a large basin that fills with sediment from the rift walls and the surrounding area. One of the best known examples of this process is the East African Rift.[1] On Earth, rifts can occur at all elevations, from the sea floor to plateaus and mountain ranges in continental crust or in oceanic crust. They are often associated with a number of adjoining subsidiary or co-extensive valleys, which are typically considered part of the principal rift valley geologically."
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"a divergent plate boundary"
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7167098567423723180 | Merlot | Merlot - Wikipedia Merlot Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Merlot ( disambiguation ) . Merlot Grape ( Vitis ) Merlot grapes on the vine Color of berry skin Black Also called Picard , Langon Notable regions Bordeaux , Long Island , Napa Valley , Sonoma County , Chilean Central Valley , Australia and Hungary Notable wines Saint - Émilion , Pomerol Ideal soil Clay Wine characteristics General Medium tannins Cool climate Strawberry , red berry , plum , cedar , tobacco Medium climate Blackberry , black plum , black cherry Hot climate Fruitcake , chocolate Merlot is a dark blue - colored wine grape variety , that is used as both a blending grape and for varietal wines . The name Merlot is thought to be a diminutive of merle , the French name for the blackbird , probably a reference to the color of the grape . Its softness and `` fleshiness '' , combined with its earlier ripening , makes Merlot a popular grape for blending with the sterner , later - ripening Cabernet Sauvignon , which tends to be higher in tannin . Along with Cabernet Sauvignon , Cabernet Franc , Malbec and Petit Verdot , Merlot is one of the primary grapes used in Bordeaux wine , and it is the most widely planted grape in the Bordeaux wine regions . Merlot is also one of the most popular red wine varietals in many markets . This flexibility has helped to make it one of the world 's most planted grape varieties . As of 2004 , Merlot was estimated to be the third most grown variety at 260,000 hectares ( 640,000 acres ) globally , with an increasing trend . This puts Merlot just behind Cabernet Sauvignon 's 262,000 hectares ( 650,000 acres ) . While Merlot is made across the globe , there tends to be two main styles . The `` International style '' favored by many New World wine regions tends to emphasize late harvesting to gain physiological ripeness and produce inky , purple colored wines that are full in body with high alcohol and lush , velvety tannins with intense , plum and blackberry fruit . While this international style is practiced by many Bordeaux wine producers , the traditional `` Bordeaux style '' of Merlot involves harvesting Merlot earlier to maintain acidity and producing more medium - bodied wines with moderate alcohol levels that have fresh , red fruit flavors ( raspberries , strawberries ) and potentially leafy , vegetal notes . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and name 1.1 Parentage and relationship to other grapes 2 Viticulture 3 Wine regions 3.1 France 3.2 Italy 3.3 Spain and Portugal 3.4 Central Europe 3.5 Rest of Europe 3.6 United States 3.6. 1 California 3.6. 2 Washington State 3.7 Canada 3.8 Mexico 3.9 South America 3.10 Oceania , South Africa and Asia 4 Wines 4.1 White Merlot 5 Food pairing 6 Synonyms 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History and name ( edit ) A main and attached `` wing cluster '' of Merlot grapes with its characteristic dark - blue color . The earliest recorded mention of Merlot ( under the synonym of Merlau ) was in the notes of a local Bordeaux official who in 1784 labeled wine made from the grape in the Libournais region as one of the area 's best . In 1824 , the word Merlot itself appeared in an article on Médoc wine where it was described that the grape was named after the local black bird ( called merlau in the local variant of Occitan language , mèrle in standard ) who liked eating the ripe grapes on the vine . Other descriptions of the grape from the 19th century called the variety lou seme doù flube ( meaning `` the seedling from the river '' ) with the grape thought to have originated on one of the islands found along the Garonne river . By the 19th century it was being regularly planted in the Médoc on the `` Left Bank '' of the Gironde . After a series of setbacks that includes a severe frost in 1956 and several vintages in the 1960s lost to rot , French authorities in Bordeaux banned new plantings of Merlot vines between 1970 and 1975 . It was first recorded in Italy around Venice under the synonym Bordò in 1855 . The grape was introduced to the Swiss , from Bordeaux , sometime in the 19th century and was recorded in the Swiss canton of Ticino between 1905 and 1910 . In the 1990s , Merlot saw an upswing of popularity in the United States . Red wine consumption , in general , increased in the US following the airing of the 60 Minutes report on the French Paradox and the potential health benefits of wine and , possibly , the chemical resveratrol . The popularity of Merlot stemmed in part from the relative ease in pronouncing the name of the wine as well as its softer , fruity profile that made it more approachable to some wine drinkers . Parentage and relationship to other grapes ( edit ) Cabernet Franc , one of the parent varieties of Merlot . In the late 1990s , researchers at University of California , Davis showed that Merlot is an offspring of Cabernet Franc and is a half - sibling of Carménère , Malbec and Cabernet Sauvignon . The identity of the second parent of Merlot would n't be discovered till the late 2000s when an obscure and unnamed variety , first sampled in 1996 from vines growing in an abandoned vineyard in Saint - Suliac in Brittany , was shown by DNA analysis to be the mother of Merlot . This grape , later discovered in front of houses as a decorative vine in the villages of Figers , Mainxe , Saint - Savinien and Tanzac in the Poitou - Charentes was colloquially known as Madeleina or Raisin de La Madeleine due to its propensity to be fully ripe and ready for harvest around the July 22nd feast day of Mary Magdalene . As the connection to Merlot became known , the grape was formally registered under the name Magdeleine Noire des Charentes . Through its relationship with Magdeleine Noire des Charentes Merlot is related to the Southwest France wine grape Abouriou , though the exact nature of that relationship ( with Abouriou potentially being either a parent of Magdeleine Noire or an offspring ) is not yet known . Grape breeders have used Merlot crossed with other grapes to create several new varieties including Carmine ( an Olmo grape made by crossing a Carignan x Cabernet Sauvignon cross with Merlot ) , Ederena ( with Abouriou ) , Evmolpia ( with Mavrud ) , Fertilia ( with Raboso Veronese ) , Mamaia ( a Romanian wine grape made by crossing a Muscat Ottonel x Babeasca negra cross with Merlot ) , Nigra ( with Barbera ) , Prodest ( with Barbera ) and Rebo ( with Teroldego ) . Over the years , Merlot has spawned a color mutation that is used commercially , a pink - skinned variety known as Merlot gris . However , unlike the relationship between Grenache noir and Grenache blanc or Pinot noir and Pinot blanc , the variety known as Merlot blanc is not a color mutation but rather an offspring variety of Merlot crossing with Folle blanche . Viticulture ( edit ) The image caption in this section requires cleanup to comply with Wikipedia guidelines for trivial wording . See Wikipedia 's picture tutorial and image help pages -- review policy on image use and check the talk page -- visit the Graphics Lab and improve this article if you can . ( June 2017 ) Merlot leaf Merlot grapes are identified by their loose bunches of large berries . The color has less of a blue / black hue than Cabernet Sauvignon grapes and with a thinner skin and fewer tannins per unit volume . It normally ripens up to two weeks earlier than Cabernet Sauvignon . Also compared to Cabernet , Merlot grapes tend to have a higher sugar content and lower malic acid . Ampelographer J.M. Boursiquot has noted that Merlot has seemed to inherit some of the best characteristics from its parent varieties -- its fertility and easy ripening ability from Magdeleine Noire des Charentes and its color , tannin and flavor phenolic potential from Cabernet Franc . Merlot thrives in cold soil , particularly ferrous clay . The vine tends to bud early which gives it some risk to cold frost and its thinner skin increases its susceptibility to the viticultural hazard of Botrytis bunch rot . If bad weather occurs during flowering , the Merlot vine is prone to develop coulure . The vine can also be susceptible to downy mildew ( though it has better resistance to powdery mildew than other Bordeaux varieties ) and to infection by leafhopper insect varieties . Water stress is important to the vine with it thriving in well drained soil more so than at base of a slope . Pruning is a major component to the quality of the wine that is produced with some producing believing it is best to prune the vine `` short '' ( cutting back to only a few buds ) . Wine consultant Michel Rolland is a major proponent of reducing the yields of Merlot grapes to improve quality . The age of the vine is also important , with older vines contributing character to the resulting wine . A characteristic of the Merlot grape is the propensity to quickly overripen once it hits its initial ripeness level , sometimes in a matter of a few days . There are two schools of thought on the right time to harvest Merlot . The wine makers of Château Pétrus favor early picking to best maintain the wine 's acidity and finesse as well as its potential for aging . Others , such as Rolland , favor late picking and the added fruit body that comes with a little bit of over-ripeness . Wine regions ( edit ) Merlot is one of the world 's most widely planted grape variety with plantings of the vine outpacing even the more well - known Cabernet Sauvignon in many regions , including the grape 's homeland of France . Here , France is home to nearly two thirds of the world 's total plantings of Merlot . Beyond France it is also grown in Italy ( where it is the country 's 5th most planted grape ) , Algeria , California , Romania , Australia , Argentina , Bulgaria , Canada , Chile , Greece , New Zealand , South Africa , Switzerland , Croatia , Hungary , Montenegro , Slovenia , Mexico and other parts of the United States such as Washington , Virginia and Long Island . It grows in many regions that also grow Cabernet Sauvignon but tends to be cultivated in the cooler portions of those areas . In areas that are too warm , Merlot will ripen too early . In places like Israel , Merlot is the second most widely planted grape variety after Cabernet Sauvignon with 1,000 hectares ( 2,500 acres ) in cultivation , making very `` New World - style '' wines . The grape can also be found in Turkey with 429 hectares ( 1,060 acres ) in 2010 as well as Malta and Cyprus . France ( edit ) Vineyards and winery exterior of Château Pétrus Merlot is the most commonly grown grape variety in France . In 2004 , total French plantations stood at 115,000 hectares ( 280,000 acres ) . By 2009 , that number had risen slightly to 115,746 hectares ( 286,010 acres ) . It is most prominent in Southwest France in regions like Bordeaux , Bergerac and Cahors where it is often blended with Malbec . The largest recent increase in Merlot plantations has occurred in the south of France , such as Languedoc - Roussillon , where it is often made under the designation of Vin de Pays wine . Here , Merlot accounted for 29,914 hectares ( 73,920 acres ) , more than doubling the 11,000 hectares ( 27,000 acres ) devoted to Cabernet Sauvignon in the Languedoc . Berries of Merlot being sorted at Chateau Kirwan in a process that removes shot berries and MOG . In the traditional Bordeaux blend , Merlot 's role is to add body and softness . Despite accounting for 50 - 60 % of overall plantings in Bordeaux , the grape tends to account for an average of 25 % of the blends -- especially in the Bordeaux wine regions of Graves and Médoc . Of these Left Bank regions , the commune of St - Estephe uses the highest percentage of Merlot in the blends . However , Merlot is much more prominent on the Right Bank of the Gironde in the regions of Pomerol and Saint - Émilion , where it will commonly comprise the majority of the blend . One of the most famous and rare wines in the world , Château Pétrus , is almost all Merlot . In Pomerol , where Merlot usually accounts for around 80 % of the blend , the iron - clay soils of the region give Merlot more of a tannic backbone than what is found in other Bordeaux regions . It was in Pomerol that the garagistes movement began with small - scale production of highly sought after Merlot - based wines . In the sandy , clay - limestone - based soils of Saint - Émilion , Merlot accounts for around 60 % of the blend and is usually blended with Cabernet Franc . In limestone , Merlot tends to develop more perfume notes while in sandy soils the wines are generally softer than Merlot grown in clay dominant soils . Merlot can also be found in significant quantities in Provence , Loire Valley , Savoie , Ardèche , Charente , Corrèze , Drôme , Isère and Vienne . Italy ( edit ) In Italy , there were 25,614 hectares ( 63,290 acres ) of the grape planted in 2000 with more than two - thirds of Italian Merlot being used in Indicazione geografica tipica ( IGT ) blends ( such as the so - called `` Super Tuscans '' ) versus being used in classified Denominazione di origine controllata ( DOC ) or Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita ( DOCG ) wines . A large portion of Merlot is planted in the Friuli wine region where it is made as a varietal or sometimes blended with Cabernet Sauvignon or Cabernet Franc . In other parts of Italy , such as the Maremma coast in Tuscany , it is often blended with Sangiovese to give the wine a similar softening effect as the Bordeaux blends . Italian Merlots are often characterized by their light bodies and herbal notes . Merlot 's low acidity serves as a balance for the higher acidity in many Italian wine grapes with the grape often being used in blends in the Veneto , Alto Adige and Umbria . Global warming is potentially having an influence on Italian Merlot as more cooler - climate regions in northern Italy are being able to ripen the grape successfully while other regions already planted are encountering issues with over-ripeness . According to Master of Wine Jancis Robinson , some of the higher quality Italian Merlots are often from vineyards planted with cuttings sourced from France . Robinson describes the style of Fruili Merlots from regarded estates as having potentially a `` Pomerol - quality '' to them while Merlots from the warm plains of the Veneto can often be over-ripe with high yields giving them a `` sweet and sour '' quality . Robinson notes that the Merlots from Trentino - Alto - Adige can fall somewhere between those of Friuli and the Veneto . The Strada del Merlot is a popular tourist route through Italian Merlot regions along the Isonzo river . Spain and Portugal ( edit ) In the hot continental climate of many of Spain 's major wine region , Merlot is less valued than it is in the damp maritime climate of Bordeaux or the warm Mediterranean climate of the Tuscan coast . But as the popularity of international varieties continue to grow on the world wine market , Spanish wine producers have been experimenting with the variety with even winemakers in Rioja petitioning authorities to allow Merlot to be a permitted grape to be blended with Tempranillo in the red wines of the region . In 2008 , there were 13,325 hectares ( 32,930 acres ) of Merlot , a significant increase from the 8,700 hectares ( 21,000 acres ) that were being cultivated in the country only 4 years earlier . The largest concentration of the grape is in the Mediterranean climate of Catalunya with 3,360 hectares ( 8,300 acres ) in 2008 with the grape also showing some potential in the cooler - climate wine region of Conca de Barberà in Tarragona . In Costers del Segre , the grape is often used in Bordeaux - style blend while in Aragon ( with 2,218 hectares ( 5,480 acres ) in 2008 ) , Navarra ( 2,450 hectares ( 6,100 acres ) in 2008 ) and Castilla - La Mancha ( 2,894 hectares ( 7,150 acres ) ) sometimes blending with Tempranillo and other local Spanish wine grape varieties . Spain 's neighbor on the Iberian peninsula , Portugal , has only a very limited amount of Merlot compared to the abundance of native Portuguese grape varieties with 556 hectares ( 1,370 acres ) planted in 2010 , mostly in the Portuguese wine regions along the Tagus river . Central europe ( edit ) In Germany , there were 450 hectares ( 1,100 acres ) of Merlot growing in 2008 with the grape mostly planted in the warmer German wine regions of the Palatinate and Rheinhessen . In Switzerland , Merlot accounts for nearly 85 % of the wine production in Ticino where it is often made in a pale `` white Merlot '' style . In 2009 , there were 1,028 hectares ( 2,540 acres ) plantings of Swiss Merlot . Plantings of Merlot have increased in recent years in the Austrian wine region of Burgenland where vineyards previously growing Welschriesling are being uprooted to make room for more plantings . The grape still lags behind its parent variety , Cabernet Franc , with 112 hectares ( 280 acres ) in cultivation in 2008 . Outside of Burgenland , nearly half of all Austrian Merlot plantings are found in Lower Austria . Rest of europe ( edit ) In the Eastern European countries of Bulgaria , Moldova , Croatia and Romania , Merlot is often produced as a full bodied wine that can be very similar to Cabernet Sauvignon . In Bulgaria , plantings of Merlot lag slightly behind Cabernet Sauvignon with 15,202 hectares ( 37,560 acres ) in 2009 while Croatia had 1,105 hectares ( 2,730 acres ) . In the Czech Republic , most of the country 's 87 hectares ( 210 acres ) were found in Moravia while Moldova had 8,123 hectares ( 20,070 acres ) in 2009 . In Slovenia , Merlot was the most widely planted grape variety of any color in the Vipava Valley in the Slovene Littoral and the second most widely planted variety in the Gorizia Hills located across the Italian border from Friuli . In the Slovene Littoral , collectively , Merlot accounts for around 15 % of total vineyard plantings with 1,019 hectares ( 2,520 acres ) of Merlot in cultivation across Slovenia in 2009 . In Hungary , Merlot complements Kékfrankos , Kékoportó and Kadarka as a component in Bull 's Blood . It is also made into varietal wine known as Egri Médoc Noir which is noted for its balanced acid levels and sweet taste . In 2009 , there were 1,791 hectares ( 4,430 acres ) of Merlot planted across Hungary . Most of these hectares can be found in the wine regions of Szekszárd and Villány on the warm Pannonian Basin with significant plantings also found in Kunság , Eger and Balaton . In Romania , Merlot is the most widely exported red wine grape variety with 10,782 hectares ( 26,640 acres ) in cultivation in 2008 . Most of these plantings are found along the Black Sea in Dobruja , further inland in the Muntenia region of Dealu Mare and in the western Romanian wine region of Drăgășani . Here the grape is often made a varietal but is sometimes blended with other international varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon and with local grape varieties such as Fetească neagră . In 2009 , Ukraine had 2,820 hectares ( 7,000 acres ) of Merlot in cultivation . Russia had 1,588 hectares ( 3,920 acres ) . In Greece , Merlot is one of the top six grape varieties planted in the eastern wine regions of Macedonia ( 86 hectares ( 210 acres ) ) and Western Thrace ( 243 hectares ( 600 acres ) ) . In central Greece , there were 74 hectares ( 180 acres ) of Merlot in cultivation as of 2012 . United States ( edit ) Merlot is grown across the United States with California and Washington growing the most . Other regions producing significant quantities of Merlot include New York State with 365 hectares ( 900 acres ) in 2006 with most of it in the maritime climate of the Long Island AVA and mulitple regions in Ohio . In Texas , Merlot is the second most widely planted red wine grape after Cabernet Sauvignon with 117 hectares ( 290 acres ) . In Virginia , the grape was the widely most widely planted red variety with 136 hectares ( 340 acres ) in 2010 , most of it in the Monticello AVA and Shenandoah Valley AVA , while Oregon had 206 hectares ( 510 acres ) in 2008 with most planted in the Rogue Valley AVA . California ( edit ) The style of Merlot in California can vary with the grape being found all across the state in both warmer and cooler climate regions . While regional examples of California Merlot exist from places like Napa Valley and Sonoma , many bottles are labeled simply as California Merlot . In the early history of California wine , Merlot was used primarily as a 100 % varietal wine until winemaker Warren Winiarski encouraged taking the grape back to its blending roots with Bordeaux style blends . Following the `` Merlot wine craze '' of the 1990s sparked by 60 Minutes French Paradox report , sales of Merlot spiked with the grape hitting its peak plantings of over 20,640 hectares ( 51,000 acres ) in 2004 . The 2004 movie Sideways , where the lead character is a Pinot noir fan who expresses his disdain of Merlot , has been connected with declining Merlot sales in the US after its release ( and an even larger spike of interest in Pinot noir ) . By 2010 , plantings of California Merlot had dropped slightly to 18,924 hectares ( 46,760 acres ) . In California , Merlot can range from very fruity simple wines ( sometimes referred to by critics as a `` red Chardonnay '' ) to more serious , barrel aged examples . It can also be used as a primary component in Meritage blends . While Merlot is grown throughout the state , it is particularly prominent in Napa , Monterey and Sonoma County . In Napa , examples from Los Carneros , Mount Veeder , Oakville and Rutherford tend to show ripe blackberry and black raspberry notes . Sonoma Merlots from Alexander Valley , Carneros and Dry Creek Valley tend to show plum , tea leaf and black cherry notes . Washington state ( edit ) In the 1980s , Merlot helped put the Washington wine industry on the world 's wine map . Prior to this period there was a general perception that the climate of Washington State was too cold to produce red wine varietals . Merlots from Leonetti Cellar , Andrew Will , Columbia Crest and Chateau Ste . Michelle demonstrated that areas of the Eastern Washington were warm enough for red wine production . Today it is the second most widely grown red wine grape in the state ( after Cabernet Sauvignon ) , following many years of being the most widely planted variety , and accounts for nearly one fifth of the state 's entire production . In 2011 , there were 3,334 hectares ( 8,240 acres ) of Washington Merlot in cultivation . Washington Merlots from the Columbia Valley are often noted for their deep color . It is widely planted throughout the Columbia Valley AVA but has earned particular notice from plantings grown in Walla Walla , Red Mountain and the Horse Heaven Hills . Washington Merlots are noted for their deep color and balanced acidity . The state 's climate lends itself towards long days and hours of sunshine with cool nights that contributes to a significant diurnal temperature variation and produces wines with New World fruitiness and Old World structure . Canada ( edit ) In Canada , Merlot can be found across the country from Ontario , where there were 498 hectares ( 1,230 acres ) of the grape in 2008 , to British Columbia , where the grape is the most widely planted wine grape variety of either color at 641 hectares ( 1,580 acres ) . Here Merlot accounts for almost a third of all red wine grape plantings and is used for both varietal and Bordeaux - style blends . Mexico ( edit ) In Mexico , Merlot is cultivated primarily in the Valle de Guadalupe of Baja California , the country 's main wine - producing area . Plantings have increased substantially since the 1980s , and cultivation has spread into the nearby areas of Ojos Negros and Santo Tomás . The grape can also be found in the north eastern Mexican wine region of Coahuila , across the border from Texas . South america ( edit ) In Chile , Merlot thrives in the Apalta region of Colchagua Province . It is also grown in significant quantities in Curicó , Casablanca and the Maipo Valley . Until the early 1990s , the Chilean wine industry mistakenly sold a large quantity of wine made from the Carménère grape as Merlot . Following the discovery that many Chilean vineyards thought to be planted with Sauvignon blanc was actually Sauvignonasse , the owners of the Chilean winery Domaine Paul Bruno ( who previously worked with Château Margaux and Château Cos d'Estournel ) invited ampelographers to comb through their vineyards to make sure that their wines were properly identified . Genetic studies discovered that much of what had been grown as Merlot was actually Carménère , an old French variety that had gone largely extinct in France due to its poor resistance to phylloxera . While the vines , leaves and grapes look very similar , both grapes produce wines with distinct characteristics -- Carménère being more strongly flavored with green pepper notes and Merlot having softer fruit with chocolate notes . Today , `` true '' Merlot is the third most widely planted grape variety in Chile after Cabernet Sauvignon and Listán Prieto with 13,280 hectares ( 32,800 acres ) in 2009 . Most of these planting are in the Central Valley with Colchagua leading the way with 3,359 hectares ( 8,300 acres ) followed by Maule Valley with 3,019 hectares ( 7,460 acres ) and Curicó with 2,911 hectares ( 7,190 acres ) . In Argentina , Merlot plantings have been increasing in the Mendoza region with the grape showing an affinity to the Tupungato region of the Uco Valley . Argentine Merlots grown in the higher elevations of Tunpungato have shown a balance of ripe fruit , tannic structure and acidity . The grape is not as widely planted here due to the natural fruity and fleshiness of the popular Malbec and Douce noir / Bonarda grapes that often do n't need to be `` mellowed '' by Merlot as Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc may benefit from . In 2008 , there were 7,142 hectares ( 17,650 acres ) of Merlot growing in Argentina , most of it in the Mendoza region and in the San Juan Province . In Uruguay , Merlot is often blended with Tannat and is the 2nd most widely planted red grape variety , representing around 10 % of total vineyard plantings . More widely planted than Cabernet Sauvignon , there were 853 hectares ( 2,110 acres ) of the grape in cultivation in 2009 . Brazil is home to 1,089 hectares ( 2,690 acres ) of Merlot ( as of 2007 ) with most of them in the Rio Grande do Sul region that is across the border with Uruguay . Other South American wine regions growing Merlot include Bolivia with 30 hectares ( 74 acres ) as of 2012 and Peru . Oceania , South Africa and Asia ( edit ) In New Zealand , plantings of Merlot have increased in the Hawke 's Bay region , particularly in Gimblett Gravels where the grape has shown the ability to produce Bordeaux - style wine . The grape has been growing in favor among New Zealand producers due to its ability to ripen better , with less green flavors , than Cabernet Sauvignon . Other regions with significant plantings include Auckland , Marlborough and Martinborough . In 2008 , Merlot was the second most widely red grape variety ( after Pinot noir ) in New Zealand and accounted for nearly 5 % of all the country 's plantings with 1,363 hectares ( 3,370 acres ) in cultivation . In Australia , some vineyards labeled as `` Merlot '' were discovered to actually be Cabernet Franc . Merlot vines can also be found growing in the Barossa Valley , McLaren Vale and Wrattonbully in South Australia . In 2008 , it was the third most widely planted red grape variety after Syrah and Cabernet Sauvignon with 10,537 hectares ( 26,040 acres ) . As in California , the global `` Merlot craze '' spurred an increase of plantings , most of it in the warm , irrigated regions of Murray Darling , Riverina and Riverland where the grape variety could be mass - produced . Recent plantings , such as those in the Margaret River area of Western Australia have been focusing on making more Bordeaux - style blends . In South Africa , plantings of Merlot have focused on cooler sites within the Paarl and Stellenbosch regions . Here the grape is the third most widely planted red grape variety , accounting for nearly 15 % of all red wine grape plantings , with 6,614 hectares ( 16,340 acres ) of Merlot in cultivation in 2008 . The majority of these plantings are found in the Stellenbosch region with 2,105 hectares ( 5,200 acres ) and Paarl with 1,289 hectares ( 3,190 acres ) . According to wine expert Jancis Robinson , South African Merlot tend to be made as a varietal in a `` chocolately , glossy California style '' . In Asia , Merlot is planted in emerging wine regions in India . It can also be found in Japan with 816 hectares ( 2,020 acres ) in 2009 and in China with 3,204 hectares ( 7,920 acres ) . Wines ( edit ) As a varietal wine , Merlot can make soft , velvety wines with plum flavors . While Merlot wines tend to mature faster than Cabernet Sauvignon , some examples can continue to develop in the bottle for decades . There are three main styles of Merlot -- a soft , fruity , smooth wine with very little tannins , a fruity wine with more tannic structure and , finally , a brawny , highly tannic style made in the profile of Cabernet Sauvignon . Some of the fruit notes commonly associated with Merlot include cassis , black and red cherries , blackberry , blueberry , boysenberry , mulberry , ollalieberry and plum . Vegetable and earthy notes include black and green olives , cola nut , bell pepper , fennel , humus , leather , mushrooms , rhubarb and tobacco . Floral and herbal notes commonly associated with Merlot include green and black tea , eucalyptus , laurel , mint , oregano , pine , rosemary , sage , sarsaparilla and thyme . When Merlot has spent significant time in oak , the wine may show notes of caramel , chocolate , coconut , coffee bean , dill weed , mocha , molasses , smoke , vanilla and walnut . White Merlot ( edit ) White Merlot is made the same way as White Zinfandel . The grapes are crushed , and after very brief skin contact , the resulting pink juice is run off the must and is then fermented . It normally has a hint of raspberry . White Merlot was reputedly first marketed in the late 1990s . In Switzerland , a type of White Merlot is made in the Ticino region but has been considered more a rosé . White Merlot should not be confused with the grape variety Merlot blanc , which is a cross between Merlot and Folle blanche that was discovered in 1891 , nor should it be confused with the white mutant variety of the Merlot grape . Food pairing ( edit ) In food and wine pairings , the diversity of Merlot can lend itself to a wide array of matching options . Cabernet - like Merlots pair well with many of the same things that Cabernet Sauvignon would pair well with , such as grilled and charred meats . Softer , fruitier Merlots ( particularly those with higher acidity from cooler climate regions like Washington State and Northeastern Italy ) share many of the same food - pairing affinities with Pinot noir and go well with dishes like salmon , mushroom - based dishes and greens like chard and radicchio . Light - bodied Merlots can go well with shellfish like prawns or scallops , especially if wrapped in a protein - rich food such as bacon or prosciutto . Merlot tends not to go well with strong and blue - veined cheeses that can overwhelm the fruit flavors of the wine . The capsaicins of spicy foods can accentuate the perception of alcohol in Merlot and make it taste more tannic and bitter . Synonyms ( edit ) Over the years , Merlot has been known under many synonyms across the globe including : Alicante , Alicante noir , Bégney , Bidal , Bidalhe , Bigney , Bigney rouge , Bini , Bini Ruzh , Bioney , Black Alicante , Bordeleza belcha , Crabutet , Crabutet noir , Crabutet noir merlau , Hebigney , Higney , Higney rouge , Langon , Lecchumskij , Médoc noir , Merlau , Merlaut , Merlaut noir , Merle , Merle Petite , Merleau , Merlô , Merlot noir , Merlot black , Merlot blauer , Merlot crni , Merlot nero , Merlott , Merlou , Odzalesi , Odzhaleshi , Odzhaleshi Legkhumskii , Petit Merle , Picard , Pikard , Plan medre , Planet Medok , Plant du Médoc , Plant Médoc , Saint - Macaire , Same de la Canan , Same dou Flaube , Sème de la Canau , Sème Dou Flube , Semilhon rouge , Semilhoum rouge , Semilhoun rouge , Sémillon rouge , Sud des Graves , Vidal , Vini Ticinesi , Vitrai and Vitraille . See also ( edit ) International variety References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : J. Robinson , J. Harding and J. Vouillamoz Wine Grapes - A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties , including their origins and flavours pgs 630 - 634 , Allen Lane 2012 ISBN 978 - 1 - 846 - 14446 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Wine Business Journal listing of varietal sales . '' . Jump up ^ J. Robinson ( ed ) The Oxford Companion to Wine Third Edition , Oxford University Press 2006 , pg. 746 : `` Vine varieties '' , ISBN 0 - 19 - 860990 - 6 Jump up ^ Wine & Spirits Education Trust `` Wine and Spirits : Understanding Wine Quality '' pgs 6 - 9 , Second Revised Edition ( 2012 ) , London , ISBN 9781905819157 ^ Jump up to : Oz Clarke Encyclopedia of Grapes pg 129 -- 133 Harcourt Books 2001 ISBN 0 - 15 - 100714 - 4 ^ Jump up to : J. Robinson Vines , Grapes & Wines pg 91 -- 94 Mitchell Beazley 1986 ISBN 1 - 85732 - 999 - 6 ^ Jump up to : E. Goldstein `` Perfect Pairings '' pg 148 -- 152 University of California Press 2006 ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24377 - 4 Jump up ^ J-M . Boursiquot ; T. Lacombe ; V. Laucou ; S. Julliard ; F-X . Perrin ; N. Lanier ; D. Legrand ; C. Meredith ; P . This ( 2009 ) . `` Parentage of Merlot and related winegrape cultivars of southwestern France : discovery of the missing link '' . Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research . 15 ( 2 ) : 144 -- 155 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1755 - 0238.2008. 00041. x . ^ Jump up to : J. Robinson Jancis Robinson 's Wine Course Third Edition pg 142 -- 143 Abbeville Press 2003 ISBN 0 - 7892 - 0883 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Historique -- Office National de Commercialisation des produits Viti - vinicoles '' . www.oncv-groupe.com ( in French ) . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ BKWine Brief nr 35 , May 2006 : France 's most planted grape varieties Jump up ^ G. Taber Judgement of Paris pg 108 Scribner 2005 ISBN 0 - 7432 - 4751 - 5 Jump up ^ Cuellar , Steven S. ( January 2009 ) . `` The ' Sideways ' Effect '' . Wines & Vines . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Harlow , John ( 2006 - 03 - 06 ) . `` Oscar winner knocks sales of merlot wine sideways '' . The Sunday Times . Jump up ^ Simon , Joanna ( 2006 - 06 - 04 ) . `` Sauce '' . Food & Drink . The Sunday Times . p. 47 . ^ Jump up to : P. Gregutt `` Washington Wines and Wineries : The Essential Guide '' pg 70 University of California Press 2007 ISBN 0 - 520 - 24869 - 4 Jump up ^ Merlot blanc , Vitis International Variety Catalogue , accessed 2011 - 09 - 21 Jump up ^ Vitis International Variety Catalogue ( VIVC ) Merlot Accessed : July 6th , 2014 External links ( edit ) Growing Merlot grapes in the U.S. - information from Cooperative Extension Wines and winemaking General Acids in wine Aging of wine Annual growth cycle of grapevines Aroma of wine Alternative wine closure Cork History Oak Oenology Screw cap Terroir Vineyard Viticulture Wine and food matching Wine fault Wine personalities Wine tasting Wine tasting descriptors Styles and methods of production Red Rosé White Orange Sparkling Dessert Ice Straw Kosher Organic Biodynamic Table Fortified Aromatized Grape varieties International White Chardonnay Chenin blanc Gewürztraminer Muscat Riesling Sauvignon blanc Sémillon Red Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot Pinot noir Syrah / Shiraz Regional White Agh Shani Albariño Aligoté Arneis Assyrtiko Chinuri Furmint Garganega Glera Grüner Veltliner Kerner Khikhvi Krakhuna Krstač Manata Marsanne Mtsvani Müller - Thurgau Pinot blanc Pinot gris / Pinot grigio Ribolla Gialla Rkatsiteli Roussanne Shesh i Bardhë Silvaner Smederevka Tamjanika Tetra Torrontés Ugni blanc / Trebbiano Tsitska Tsolikouri Verdejo Verdicchio Vermentino Viognier Red Aglianico Aladasturi Aleksandrouli Alicante Bouschet Asuretuli Barbera Blaufränkisch Bobal Cabernet Franc Carignan Carménère Cinsaut Corvina Dolcetto Dzvelshava Frappato Gamay Gibrita Grenache / Garnacha Izabella Kadarka Lagrein Madrasa Malbec Mencía / Jaen Mujuretuli Mourvèdre / Monastrell / Mataro Nebbiolo Negroamaro Nero d'Avola Ojaleshi Petit Verdot Petite sirah / Durif Pinot Meunier Pinotage Plavac Mali Poulsard Prokupac Sagrantino Sangiovese Saperavi Shesh i Zi Tannat Tavkveri Tempranillo Touriga Nacional Trollinger Usakhelauri Vranac Zinfandel / Primitivo Zweigelt Wine - producing countries and regions Australia New South Wales South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Canada British Columbia Nova Scotia Ontario Quebec Chile Aconcagua Atacama Central Valley Coquimbo Southern Chile Croatia Coastal wine region Continental wine region France Alsace Beaujolais Bordeaux Burgundy Champagne Jura Languedoc - Roussillon Loire Provence Rhône South West Georgia Abkhazia Imereti Kakheti Kartli Racha Germany Baden Franconia Mittelrhein Mosel Nahe Pfalz Rheingau Rheinhessen Hungary Balaton Duna Eger ~ Egri Bikavér Észak - Dunántúl Pannon Sopron Tokaj ~ Tokaji Italy Abruzzo Friuli - Venezia Giulia Lombardia Piemonte Toscana Veneto ~ Marsala Portugal Dão Douro Bairrada Port Vinho Verde ~ Madeira Romania Cotnari ~ Grasă de Cotnari Dealu Mare Huși ~ Busuioacă de Bohotin Jidvei Murfatlar Panciu Odobeşti Cotești Recaș Târnave Spain Catalonia Galicia Penedès ~ Sherry Priorat Ribera del Duero Rioja United States California Idaho New York Oregon Pennsylvania Virginia Washington Other Albania Argentina Austria Brazil Bulgaria China Crimea Cyprus Czech Republic Greece Israel Japan Jordan Lebanon Macedonia Moldova New Zealand Poland Russia Serbia Slovenia South Africa Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Glossary Outline Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merlot&oldid=800593852 '' Categories : Red wine grape varieties Wine grapes of Italy Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with ' species ' microformats Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 Image captions for cleanup / With examples Image captions for cleanup / With examples / With trivial wording Image captions for cleanup from June 2017 All image captions for cleanup Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 14 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was the merlot wine grape originally grown | [
"The earliest recorded mention of Merlot (under the synonym of Merlau) was in the notes of a local Bordeaux official who in 1784 labeled wine made from the grape in the Libournais region as one of the area's best. In 1824, the word Merlot itself appeared in an article on Médoc wine where it was described that the grape was named after the local black bird (called merlau in the local variant of Occitan language, mèrle in standard) who liked eating the ripe grapes on the vine. Other descriptions of the grape from the 19th century called the variety lou seme doù flube (meaning \"the seedling from the river\") with the grape thought to have originated on one of the islands found along the Garonne river.[1]"
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"thought to have originated on one of the islands found along the Garonne river"
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1237709406600185426 | Stations of the Cross | Stations of the Cross - wikipedia Stations of the Cross For other uses , see Stations of the Cross ( disambiguation ) . The 12th Station of the Cross -- Jesus dies on the Cross . St. Raphael 's Cathedral , Dubuque , Iowa . Part of a series on Devotions to Jesus in the Catholic Church Jesus Christ in the Catacombs of Rome ( 4th century ) Devotions Holy Wounds Sacred Heart Holy Face Divine Mercy Eucharistic adoration Holy Name Holy Hour Acts of Reparation Stations of the Cross Precious Blood Infant of Prague Prayers Anima Christi Shoulder Wound Morning offering Sacred Heart prayer Sacred Heart Consecration You are Christ Vianney 's prayer Perboyre 's prayer Montfort 's prayer Crucifix prayer Catholicism portal The Stations of the Cross or the Way of the Cross , also known as the Way of Sorrows or the Via Crucis , refers to a series of images depicting Jesus Christ on the day of his crucifixion and accompanying prayers . The stations grew out of imitations of Via Dolorosa in Jerusalem which is believed to be the actual path Jesus walked to Mount Calvary . The object of the stations is to help the Christians faithful to make a spiritual pilgrimage through contemplation of the Passion of Christ . It has become one of the most popular devotions and the stations can be found in many Western Christian churches , including Anglican , Lutheran , Methodist , and Roman Catholic ones . Commonly , a series of 14 images will be arranged in numbered order along a path and the faithful travel from image to image , in order , stopping at each station to say the selected prayers and reflections . This will be done individually or in a procession most commonly during Lent , especially on Good Friday , in a spirit of reparation for the sufferings and insults that Jesus endured during his passion . The style , form , and placement of the stations vary widely . The typical stations are small plaques with reliefs or paintings placed around a church nave . Modern minimalist stations can be simple crosses with a numeral in the centre . Occasionally the faithful might say the stations of the cross without there being any image , such as when the pope leads the stations of the cross around the Colosseum in Rome on Good Friday . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Stations 2.1 Scriptural form 3 Modern usage 4 Debates 4.1 Place of Christ 's resurrection 5 Music 6 Literature 7 Via Dolorosa sites 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Three chapels of Verkiai Calvary Station of the Cross in the Shrine of Our Lady of Fátima , in Portugal Outdoor station in Jiřetín pod Jedlovou Typical indoor placement along the nave ( Hong Kong Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception ) The Stations of the Cross originated in pilgrimages to Jerusalem and a desire to reproduce Via Dolorosa . Imitating holy places was not a new concept . For example , the religious complex of Santo Stefano in Bologna , Italy , replicated the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and other religious sites , including Mount of Olives and Valley of Josaphat . After the siege of 1187 , Jerusalem fell to Muslims . Forty years later Franciscans were allowed back into the Holy Land . Their founder , Saint Francis of Assisi , held the Passion of Christ in special veneration and was the first person to receive stigmata . In 1217 , St. Francis also founded the Custody of the Holy Land to guard and promote the devotion to holy places . Their efforts were recognized when Franciscans were officially proclaimed custodians of holy places by Pope Clement VI in 1342 . Although several travelers who visited the Holy Land during the 12 -- 14th centuries ( e.g. Riccoldo da Monte di Croce , Burchard of Mount Sion , James of Verona ) , mention a `` Via Sacra '' , i.e. a settled route that pilgrims followed , there is nothing in their accounts to identify this with the Way of the Cross , as we understand it . The earliest use of the word `` stations '' , as applied to the accustomed halting - places in the Via Sacra at Jerusalem , occurs in the narrative of an English pilgrim , William Wey , who visited the Holy Land in the mid-15th century , and described pilgrims following the footsteps of Christ to the cross . In 1521 , a book called Geystlich Strass ( German : `` spiritual road '' ) was printed with illustrations of the stations in the Holy Land . During the 15th and 16th centuries the Franciscans began to build a series of outdoor shrines in Europe to duplicate their counterparts in the Holy Land . The number of stations varied between seven and thirty ; seven was common . These were usually placed , often in small buildings , along the approach to a church , as in a set of 1490 by Adam Kraft , leading to the Johanneskirche in Nuremberg . A number of rural examples were established as attractions in their own right , usually on attractive wooded hills . These include the Sacro Monte di Domodossola ( 1657 ) and Sacro Monte di Belmonte ( 1712 ) , and form part of the Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy World Heritage Site , together with other examples on different devotional themes . In these the sculptures are often approaching life - size and very elaborate . Remnants of these are often referred to as calvary hills . In 1686 , in answer to their petition , Pope Innocent XI granted to the Franciscans the right to erect stations within their churches . In 1731 , Pope Clement XII extended to all churches the right to have the stations , provided that a Franciscan father erected them , with the consent of the local bishop . At the same time the number was fixed at fourteen . In 1857 , the bishops of England were allowed to erect the stations by themselves , without the intervention of a Franciscan priest , and in 1862 this right was extended to bishops throughout the church . Stations ( edit ) A set of the traditional 14 scenes from Portuguese Church , Kolkata A set of the traditional 14 scenes in Limoges enamel Outdoor set at Camp Zimmerman , an ecumenical retreat center rooted in the Methodist and Moravian traditions ( Gnadenhutten ) The 15th station ( Resurrection of Jesus ) in the Saint Mary Rawaseneng Prayer Garden , in the Monastery of Saint Mary Rawaseneng ( id ) complex , Temanggung , Indonesia The early set of seven scenes was usually numbers 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 11 and 14 from the list below . The standard set from the 17th to 20th centuries has consisted of 14 pictures or sculptures depicting the following scenes : Pilate condemns Jesus to die Jesus accepts his cross Jesus falls for the first time Jesus meets his mother , Mary Simon of Cyrene helps carry the cross Veronica wipes the face of Jesus Jesus falls for the second time Jesus meets the women of Jerusalem Jesus falls for the third time Jesus is stripped of his clothes Jesus is nailed to the cross Jesus dies on the cross Jesus is taken down from the cross Jesus is placed in the tomb Although not traditionally part of the Stations , the Resurrection of Jesus is , in very rare instances , included as a fifteenth station . Scriptural form ( edit ) Main article : Scriptural Way of the Cross Out of the fourteen traditional Stations of the Cross , only eight have clear scriptural foundation . Stations 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 , and 9 are not specifically attested to in the gospels ( in particular , no evidence exists of station 6 ever being known before medieval times ) and Station 13 ( representing Jesus 's body being taken down off the cross and laid in the arms of his mother Mary ) seems to embellish the gospels ' record , which states that Joseph of Arimathea took Jesus down from the cross and buried him . To provide a version of this devotion more closely aligned with the biblical accounts , Pope John Paul II introduced a new form of devotion , called the Scriptural Way of the Cross on Good Friday 1991 . He celebrated that form many times but not exclusively at the Colosseum in Rome . In 2007 , Pope Benedict XVI approved an overlapping but distinct set of stations for meditation and public celebration ; they follow this sequence : Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane ; Jesus is betrayed by Judas and arrested ; Jesus is condemned by the Sanhedrin ; Jesus is denied by Peter ; Jesus is judged by Pilate ; Jesus is scourged and crowned with thorns ; Jesus takes up his cross ; Jesus is helped by Simon of Cyrene to carry his cross ; Jesus meets the women of Jerusalem ; Jesus is crucified ; Jesus promises his kingdom to the repentant thief ; Jesus entrusts Mary and John to each other ; Jesus dies on the cross ; and Jesus is laid in the tomb . Modern usage ( edit ) Station 5 : Simon of Cyrene helps Jesus carry the Cross , Good Friday procession 2011 at Ulm , Germany In the Roman Catholic Church , the devotion may be conducted personally by the faithful , making their way from one station to another and saying the prayers , or by having an officiating celebrant move from cross to cross while the faithful make the responses . The stations themselves must consist of , at the very least , fourteen wooden crosses , pictures alone do not suffice , and they must be blessed by someone with the authority to erect stations . Pope John Paul II led an annual public prayer of the Stations of the Cross at the Roman Colosseum on Good Friday . Originally , the pope himself carried the cross from station to station , but in his last years when age and infirmity limited his strength , John Paul presided over the celebration from a stage on the Palatine Hill , while others carried the cross . Just days prior to his death in 2005 , Pope John Paul II observed the Stations of the Cross from his private chapel . Each year a different person is invited to write the meditation texts for the Stations . Past composers of the Papal Stations include several non-Catholics . The pope himself wrote the texts for the Great Jubilee in 2000 and used the traditional Stations . The celebration of the Stations of the Cross is especially common on the Fridays of Lent , especially Good Friday . Community celebrations are usually accompanied by various songs and prayers . Particularly common as musical accompaniment is the Stabat Mater . At the end of each station the Adoramus Te is sometimes sung . The Alleluia is also sung , except during Lent . Structurally , Mel Gibson 's 2004 film , The Passion of the Christ , follows the Stations of the Cross . The fourteenth and last station , the Burial , is not prominently depicted ( compared to the other thirteen ) but it is implied since the last shot before credit titles is Jesus resurrected and about to leave the tomb . Debates ( edit ) Place of Christ 's Resurrection ( edit ) Some modern liturgists say the traditional Stations of the Cross are incomplete without a final scene depicting the empty tomb and / or the resurrection of Jesus , because Jesus ' rising from the dead was an integral part of his salvific work on Earth . Advocates of the traditional form of the Stations ending with the body of Jesus being placed in the tomb say the Stations are intended as a meditation on the atoning death of Jesus , and not as a complete picture of his life , death , and resurrection . Another point of contention , at least between some ranking liturgists vs. traditionalists , is ( the use of ) the `` New Way of the Cross '' being recited exclusively in the Philippines and by Filipinos abroad . The Stations of the Resurrection ( also known by the Latin name of Via Lucis , Way of Light ) are used in some churches at Eastertide to meditate on the Resurrection and Ascension of Jesus Christ . Music ( edit ) Franz Liszt wrote a Via crucis for choir , soloists and piano or organ or harmonium in 1879 . In 1931 , French organist Marcel Dupré improvised and transcribed musical meditations based on fourteen poems by Paul Claudel , one for each station . Peter Maxwell Davies 's Vesalii Icones ( 1969 ) , for male dancer , solo cello and instrumental ensemble , brings together the Stations of the Cross and a series of drawings from the anatomical treatise De humani corporis fabrica ( 1543 ) by the Belgian physician Andreas van Wesel ( Vesalius ) . In Davies 's sequence , the final `` station '' represents the Resurrection , but of Antichrist , the composer 's moral point being the need to distinguish what is false from what is real . David Bowie regarded his 1976 song `` Station to Station '' as `` very much concerned with the stations of the cross '' . Michael Valenti ( known primarily as a Broadway composer ) wrote , with librettist Diane Seymour , an oratorio depicting the fourteen Stations of the Cross entitled `` The Way '' . It was premiered in 1991 . Paweł_Łukaszewski wrote Via Crucis in 2000 and it was premiered by the Wrocław_Opera on Good Friday March 30 , 2018 and transmitted on TVP_Kultura . Stefano Vagnini 's 2002 modular oratorio , Via Crucis , a composition for organ , computer , choir , string orchestra and brass quartet , depicts the fourteen Stations of the Cross . In 2009 , U2 released Moment of Surrender , mentioning the Stations of the Cross . As the Stations of the Cross are prayed during the season of Lent in Catholic churches , each station is traditionally followed by a verse of the Stabat Mater , composed in the 13th century by Franciscan Jacopone da Todi . James Matthew Wilson 's poetic sequence , The Stations of the Cross , is written in the same meter as da Todi 's poem . Literature ( edit ) Dimitris Lyacos ' third part of the Poena Damni trilogy , The First Death , is divided in fourteen sections in order to emphasise the `` Via Dolorosa '' of its marooned protagonist during his ascent on the mount of the island which constitutes the setting of the work . Via Dolorosa sites ( edit ) These fourteen sites along the Via Dolorosa are where the events of the Stations of the Cross happened , according to tradition . These 14 stops form a route ending at the Church of the Holy Sepulcher that pilgrims have walked for centuries and are the inspiration for the Stations of the Cross in many churches today . 1st Station , Jesus is condemned to death 2nd Station , Jesus carries his cross 3rd Station , Jesus falls for the first time 4th Station , Jesus meets his mother 5th Station , Simon of Cyrene helps Jesus carry the cross 6th Station , Veronica wipes the face of Jesus 7th Station , Jesus falls for the second time 8th Station , Jesus meets the women of Jerusalem 9th Station , Jesus falls for the third time 10th Station , Jesus is stripped of his garments 11th Station , Crucifixion : Jesus is nailed to the cross 12th Station , Jesus dies on the cross 13th Station , Jesus is taken down from the cross 14th Station , Jesus is laid in the tomb See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stations of the Cross . Acts of Reparation to Jesus Christ Life of Jesus in the New Testament Sayings of Jesus on the cross Seven Sorrows of Mary References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lent '' ( PDF ) . Church of England . 236 . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stations of the Cross '' . Holy Trinity Lutheran Church . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stations of the Cross '' . Trinity UMC. 24 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 17 April 2015 . Retrieved 17 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stations of the Cross '' . St. Michael 's Episcopal Church . 2012 . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Ann Ball , 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN 0 - 87973 - 910 - X Jump up ^ Chryssides , George D. ; Wilkins , Margaret Z. ( 11 September 2014 ) . Christians in the Twenty - First Century . Taylor & Francis . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 54557 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Frommer 's Events -- Event Guide : Good Friday Procession in Rome ( Palatine Hill , Italy ) '' . Frommer 's . Archived from the original on 7 January 2009 . Retrieved 8 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Ousterhout , Robert G. ( 1981 ) . `` The Church of Santo Stefano : A `` Jerusalem '' in Bologna `` . Gesta. 2 ( 20 ) : 311 . doi : 10.2307 / 766940 . ISSN 0016 - 920X . JSTOR 766940 . ^ Jump up to : Weitzel Gibbons , Mary ( 1995 ) . Giambologna : Narrator of the Catholic Reformation . University of California Press . pp. 72 -- 73 . ISBN 9780520082137 . ^ Jump up to : Thurston , Herbert ( 1914 ) . The Stations of the Cross : an account of their history and devotional purpose . London : Burns & Oates . pp. 20 -- 21 , 46 . OCLC 843213 . ^ Jump up to : Schiller , Gertrud , Iconography of Christian Art , Vol. II , p. 82 , 1972 ( English trans from German ) , Lund Humphries , London , ISBN 0 - 85331 - 324 - 5 Jump up ^ The Catholic Encyclopedia ( 1907 ) . s.v. `` The Way of the Cross '' . Jump up ^ `` The Official Web Site for the Archdiocese of Detroit '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 13 . In some contemporary Stations of the Cross , a fifteenth station has been added to commemorate the Resurrection of the Lord . Jump up ^ `` Fr . William Saunders '' . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 04 . Because of the intrinsic relationship between the passion and death of our Lord with His resurrection , several of the devotional booklets now include a 15th station , which commemorates the Resurrection . Jump up ^ Joseph M Champlin , The Stations of the Cross With Pope John Paul II Liguori Publications , 1994 , ISBN 0 - 89243 - 679 - 4 Jump up ^ Pope John Paul II , Meditation and Prayers for the Stations of the Cross at the Colosseum , Good Friday , 2000 Jump up ^ Office for the Liturgical Celebrations of the Supreme Pontiff ( April 6 , 2007 ) . `` Way of the Cross at the Colosseum '' . Vatican.va . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2013 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Way of the Cross '' . Newadvent.org. 1912 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Review Archived 2012 - 04 - 30 at the Wayback Machine. , United States Conference of Catholic Bishops , 2004 Jump up ^ McBrien , Richard P. ; Harold W. Attridge ( 1995 ) . The HarperCollins encyclopedia of Catholicism . p. 1222 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 065338 - 5 . Jump up ^ Composer 's note in the published score ( Boosey and Hawkes , B & H 20286 ) . Jump up ^ Cavanagh , David ( February 1997 ) . `` ChangesFiftyBowie '' . Q magazine : 52 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Falcon Valley Music Ed. , Stefano Vagnini , Via Crucis , Rome , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` The Stations of the Cross : Clarion Review '' . www.clarionreview.org . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 16 . External links ( edit ) `` Way of the Cross '' article from The Catholic Encyclopedia A list of recent Via Crucis used by The Vatican on Good Fridays from the Official Vatican website . Scriptural Stations of the Cross from the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops hide Prayers of the Catholic Church Prayers of the Mass Agnus Dei Confiteor Creeds Apostles ' Creed Athanasian Creed Nicene Creed Gloria in excelsis Deo Gloria Patri Kyrie Eleison Pater Noster Sanctus Signum Crucis Marian prayers Alma Redemptoris Mater Angelus Ave Maria Ave Maris Stella Ave Regina Caelorum Fatima Prayer Litany Loreto Magnificat Maria Mater Gratiae Memorare Regina Coeli Rosary Salve Regina Sub Tuum Praesidium Three Hail Marys Other prayers Act of Contrition Adoro te devote Angele Dei Anima Christi Ave Verum Corpus Benedictus Chaplets Come , Holy Spirit Jesus Prayer Mental prayer Laudes Divinae Litanies Litany of the Saints Morning offering Novena Nunc Dimittis O Salutaris Hostia Penitential Psalms 51 : Miserere mei 130 : De Profundis Prayer before a Crucifix Prayer of Saint Francis Prayer to Saint Joseph Prayer to Saint Michael Requiem Aeternam Spiritual Communion Tantum Ergo Te Deum Thanksgiving after Communion Veni Creator Spiritus Veni Sancte Spiritus Visit to the Blessed Sacrament Way of the Cross Note : For prayers listed in italics , indulgences are normally granted . Catholicism portal hide Liturgical year of the Catholic Church Based on the General Roman Calendar ( 1969 ) Advent Advent Sunday Immaculate Conception ^ Gaudete Sunday ( O Antiphons ) Christmastide Christmas ( Nativity of Jesus ) ^ Holy Family Solemnity of Mary , Mother of God ^ Epiphany ^ Baptism of the Lord Ordinary Time I Presentation of Jesus at the Temple ( Candlemas ) Feast of the Annunciation ( Carnival ) Lent Ash Wednesday Saint Joseph 's Day ^ Laetare Sunday Holy Week : Palm Sunday , Holy Wednesday , Maundy Thursday ( Mass of the Chrism ) Paschal Triduum Maundy Thursday ( Mass of the Lord 's Supper ) Good Friday Liturgy of the Word , Adoration of the Cross , Holy Communion Holy Saturday Easter Vigil Eastertide Easter Sunday : Resurrection of Jesus Octave of Easter ( Divine Mercy Sunday ) Feast of the Ascension ^ Pentecost Ordinary Time II Trinity Sunday Corpus Christi ^ Sacred Heart Visitation of Mary Saint John the Baptist Feast of Saints Peter and Paul ^ Transfiguration of Jesus Assumption of Mary ^ Nativity of Mary Feast of the Cross All Saints ' Day ^ All Souls ' Day Presentation of Mary Feast of Christ the King Legend ^ = Holy days of obligation ( 10 ) Catholicism portal See also : Computus Liturgical colours Solemnity Older calendars : General Roman Calendar of 1960 General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII of 1950 General Roman Calendar of 1954 Tridentine Calendar Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stations_of_the_Cross&oldid=838894815 '' Categories : Stations of the Cross Christian iconography Christian terminology Cross symbols Crucifixion of Jesus in art Franciscan spirituality Roman Catholic Church art by subject Roman Catholic devotions Sorrowful Mysteries Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links Interlanguage link template link number All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Alemannisch Bikol Central Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Frysk Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kaszëbsczi Kiswahili Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Sardu Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 April 2018 , at 23 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is the station of the cross done | [
"Commonly, a series of 14 images will be arranged in numbered order along a path and the faithful travel from image to image, in order, stopping at each station to say the selected prayers and reflections. This will be done individually or in a procession most commonly during Lent, especially on Good Friday, in a spirit of reparation for the sufferings and insults that Jesus endured during his passion.[4][5]"
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"most commonly during Lent, especially on Good Friday"
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69404815051612118 | Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show) | Wheel of Fortune ( U.S. game show ) - Wikipedia Wheel of Fortune ( U.S. game show ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 27 March 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Wheel of Fortune Genre Game show Created by Merv Griffin Directed by Jeff Goldstein ( 1975 -- 78 ) Dick Carson ( 1978 -- 99 ) Mark Corwin ( 1999 -- 2013 ) Bob Cisneros ( 2013 -- 15 ) Robert Ennis ( 2015 -- present ) Presented by Network Host Chuck Woolery ( 1975 -- 81 ) Pat Sajak ( 1981 -- 89 ) Rolf Benirschke ( 1989 ) Bob Goen ( 1989 -- 91 ) Hostess Susan Stafford ( 1975 -- 82 ) Vanna White ( 1982 -- 91 ) Syndication Host Pat Sajak Hostess Vanna White Narrated by Charlie O'Donnell ( 1975 -- 80 , 1989 -- 2010 ) Jack Clark ( 1980 -- 88 ) M.G. Kelly ( 1988 -- 89 ) Jim Thornton ( 2011 -- present ) Theme music composer Alan Thicke ( 1975 -- 83 ) Merv Griffin ( 1983 -- 97 ) Steve Kaplan ( 1997 -- 2006 ) Frankie Blue ( 2006 -- 16 ) John Hoke ( 2007 -- present ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes Syndicated version : 6,000 ( as of April 11 , 2014 ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Merv Griffin ( 1975 -- 2000 ) Harry Friedman ( 1999 -- present ) Producer ( s ) John Rhinehart ( 1975 -- 76 ) Nancy Jones ( 1976 -- 95 ) Harry Friedman ( 1995 -- 99 ) Karen Griffith ( 1997 -- present ) Steve Schwartz ( 1997 -- present ) Location ( s ) NBC Studios ( Burbank ) ( 1975 -- 89 ) CBS Television City ( 1989 -- 95 ) Sony Pictures Studios , Culver City , California ( 1995 -- present ) Running time approx. 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Merv Griffin Productions ( 1975 -- 84 ) Merv Griffin Enterprises ( 1984 -- 94 ) Columbia TriStar Television ( 1994 -- 2002 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2002 -- present ) Califon Productions , Inc . Distributor King World Productions ( 1983 -- 2007 ) CBS Television Distribution ( 2007 -- present ) Release Original network Daytime : NBC ( 1975 -- 89 , 1991 ) CBS ( 1989 -- 91 ) Evening : Syndicated ( 1983 -- present ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) ( 1975 -- 2006 ) 1080i ( HDTV ; downgraded to 720p locally in some markets ) ( 2006 -- present ) Audio format Stereo Original release Network January 6 , 1975 ( 1975 - 01 - 06 ) -- June 30 , 1989 ( 1989 - 06 - 30 ) ( NBC ) July 17 , 1989 ( 1989 - 07 - 17 ) -- January 11 , 1991 ( 1991 - 01 - 11 ) ( CBS ) January 14 , 1991 ( 1991 - 01 - 14 ) -- September 20 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 20 ) ( NBC ) Syndication September 19 , 1983 ( 1983 - 09 - 19 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Wheel 2000 External links Website Wheel of Fortune ( often known simply as Wheel ) is an American television game show created by Merv Griffin . The show features a competition in which contestants solve word puzzles , similar to those used in Hangman , to win cash and prizes determined by spinning a giant carnival wheel . Wheel originally aired as a daytime series on NBC from January 6 , 1975 , to June 30 , 1989 . After some changes were made to its format , the daytime series moved to CBS from July 17 , 1989 , to January 11 , 1991 . It then returned to NBC from January 14 , 1991 , until it was cancelled on September 20 , 1991 . The popularity of the daytime series led to a nightly syndicated edition being developed , which premiered on September 19 , 1983 , and continues to air to this day . The network version was originally hosted by Chuck Woolery and Susan Stafford , with Charlie O'Donnell as its announcer . O'Donnell left in 1980 and was replaced by Jack Clark . After Clark 's death in 1988 , M.G. Kelly took over briefly as announcer until O'Donnell returned in 1989 . O'Donnell remained on the network version until its cancellation , and continued to announce on the syndicated show until his death in 2010 , when Jim Thornton succeeded him . Woolery left in 1981 , and was replaced by Pat Sajak . Sajak left the network version in January 1989 to host his own late - night talk show , and was replaced on that version by Rolf Benirschke . Bob Goen replaced Benirschke when the network show moved to CBS , then remained as host until the network show was canceled altogether . Stafford left in 1982 , and was replaced by Vanna White , who remained on the network show for the rest of its run . The syndicated version has been hosted continuously by Sajak and White since its inception . Wheel of Fortune ranks as the longest - running syndicated game show in the United States , with over 6,000 episodes aired . TV Guide named it the `` top - rated syndicated series '' in a 2008 article , and in 2013 , the magazine ranked it at No. 2 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever . The program has also come to gain a worldwide following with sixty international adaptations . The syndicated series ' 35th season premiered on September 11 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Main game 1.2 Bonus round 1.3 Previous rules 2 Conception and development 3 Personnel 3.1 Hosts and hostesses 3.2 Announcers 3.3 Production staff 4 Production 4.1 Set 4.2 Music 4.3 Audition process 5 Broadcast history 6 Reception 7 Merchandise 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Footnotes 9.2 Works cited 10 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Main game ( edit ) The template for round one since the syndicated version 's 32nd season ( 2014 -- 15 ) The core game is based on Hangman . Each round has a category and a blank word puzzle , with each blank representing a letter in the answer , and punctuation revealed as needed . Most puzzles are straightforward figures of speech that fit within a mostly static list of categories , and this list has evolved over the course of the series . Crossword puzzles were added to the rotation in 2016 . In such rounds , a clue bonding the words in the puzzle is given instead of a traditional category , and contestants win by solving all the words in the crossword . The titular Wheel of Fortune is a roulette - style wheel mechanism with 24 spaces , most of which are labeled with dollar amounts ranging from $500 to $900 , plus a top dollar value : $2,500 in round 1 , $3,500 in rounds 2 and 3 , and $5,000 for round 4 and any subsequent rounds . The wheel also features two Bankrupt wedges and one Lose a Turn , both of which forfeit the contestant 's turn , with the former also eliminating any cash or prizes the contestant has accumulated within the round . Each game features three contestants , or occasionally , three two - contestant teams positioned behind a single scoreboard with its own flipper . The left scoreboard from the viewer 's perspective is colored red , the center yellow , and the right blue , with the contestants ' positions determined by a random selection prior to taping . A contestant spins the wheel to determine a dollar value and guess a consonant . Calling a correct letter earns the value before the corresponding flipper , multiplied by the number of times that the letter appears in the puzzle . Calling a correct letter keeps the wheel in the contestant 's control , allowing the contestant to spin again , buy a vowel for a flat rate of $250 , or attempt to solve the puzzle . Contestants may continue to buy vowels so long as they have enough money to keep doing so , until all of the vowels in the puzzle have been revealed . Control passes to the next contestant clockwise if the wheel lands on Lose a Turn or Bankrupt , if the contestant calls a letter that is not in the puzzle , calls a letter that has already been called in that round , fails to call a letter within five seconds of the wheel stopping , or attempts unsuccessfully to solve the puzzle . The only exception is the Free Play wedge , on which the contestant may call a consonant for $500 per occurrence , call a free vowel , or solve the puzzle , with no penalty for an incorrect letter or answer . In the first three rounds , the wheel contains a Wild Card and a Gift Tag , while two 1⁄2 Car tags are present in rounds two and three only ( except on episodes with two - player teams ) . The Wild Card may be used to call an additional consonant after any turn ( for the amount that the contestant has just spun ) or taken to the bonus round to call an extra consonant there . The Gift Tag offers either a $1,000 credit toward purchases from , or $1,000 in cash courtesy of , the sponsoring company , and the 1⁄2 Car tags award a car if the contestant wins the round ( s ) in which he or she claims both . Unlike the other tags , the 1⁄2 Car tags are replaced in subsequent rounds unless the car is won . A special wedge in the first two rounds awards a prize which is described by the announcer if won . All of the tags and the prize wedge are located over the $500 wedges , so calling a letter that appears in the puzzle when landed upon awards both the tag / wedge and $500 per every occurrence of that letter in the puzzle . The first three rounds also contain a special wedge which , if won and taken to the bonus round , offers an opportunity to play that round for $1,000,000 . A contestant must solve the puzzle in order to keep any cash , prizes , or extras accumulated during that round except for the Wild Card , which is kept until the contestant either loses it to Bankrupt or uses it . Bankrupt does not affect score from previous rounds , but it does take away the Wild Card , individual 1⁄2 Car tags , and / or million dollar wedge if any was claimed in a previous round . Contestants who solve a round for less than $1,000 in cash and prizes ( $2,000 on weeks with two - contestant teams ) have their scores increased to that amount . Each game also features three toss - up puzzles , which reveal the puzzle one random letter at a time , and award cash to whoever rings in with the right answer . The first determines who is interviewed first by the host , the second determines who starts round 1 , and the third determines who starts round 4 . Respectively , the toss - ups are valued at $1,000 , $2,000 , and $3,000 . In addition to these , each game has a minimum of four rounds , with more played if time permits . Rounds 2 and 3 are respectively started by the next two contestants clockwise from the contestant who began round 1 . Round 2 features two `` mystery wedges '' . Calling a correct letter after landing upon one offers the contestant the chance to accept its face value of $1,000 per letter , or forfeit that amount to flip over the wedge and see whether its reverse side contains a $10,000 cash prize or Bankrupt . Once either mystery wedge is flipped over , the other becomes a standard $1,000 space and can not be flipped . Round 3 is a prize puzzle , which offers a prize ( usually a trip ) to the contestant who solves it . Starting with season 31 in 2013 , an `` Express '' wedge is also placed on the wheel in round 3 . A contestant who lands on this space and calls a consonant that appears in the puzzle receives $1,000 per appearance . The contestant can then either `` pass '' and continue the round normally , or `` play '' and keep calling consonants for $1,000 each ( without spinning ) and buying vowels for $250 . The Express play ends when the contestant either calls an incorrect letter ( which has the same effect as landing on a Bankrupt wedge ) or solves the puzzle . The final round is always played at least in part in a `` speed - up '' format , in which the host spins the wheel to determine the value of each consonant , with $1,000 being added to the value on which the wheel stops before the red contestant 's arrow . Vowels do not add or deduct money from the contestants ' scores in the speed - up round . The contestant in control calls one letter , and if it appears in the puzzle , the contestant is given three seconds to attempt to solve . Play proceeds clockwise , starting with the contestant who was in control at the time of the final spin , until the puzzle is solved . The three - second timer does not begin until the hostess has revealed all instances of a called letter and moved aside from the puzzle board , and the contestant may offer multiple guesses on his / her turn . After the speed - up round , the total winnings of the three contestants are compared . The contestant with the highest total winnings wins the game and advances to the bonus round . Contestants who fail to earn any cash or prizes in the game are awarded a consolation prize of $1,000 ( or $2,000 on weeks with two - contestant teams ) . If a tie for first place occurs after the speed - up round , an additional toss - up puzzle is played between the tied contestants . The contestant who solves the toss - up puzzle wins $1,000 and advances to the bonus round . Bonus round ( edit ) Before the bonus round begins , the winning contestant chooses one of three categories for his or her puzzle ( prior to season 35 , the puzzle and category were predetermined ) . After doing so , the contestant spins a smaller wheel with 24 envelopes to determine the prize . He or she is then shown a puzzle in the chosen category , and every instance of R , S , T , L , N , and E is revealed . The contestant provides three more consonants ( four if he / she is holding the Wild Card ) and one more vowel , then has 10 seconds to solve the puzzle after his or her other letters ( if any ) are revealed . The contestant may make as many guesses as necessary , so long as the contestant begins the correct answer before time expires . Whether or not the contestant solves the puzzle , the host opens the envelope at the end of the round to reveal the prize at stake . Prizes in the bonus round include various cash amounts ( with the lowest being the season number multiplied by $1,000 ) , a vehicle ( or two vehicles during weeks with two - contestant teams ) , and a top prize of $100,000 . If the contestant has the Million Dollar Wedge , the $100,000 envelope is replaced with a $1,000,000 envelope . The $1,000,000 prize has been awarded three times : to Michelle Loewenstein ( on the episode that aired October 14 , 2008 ) , to Autumn Erhard ( May 30 , 2013 ) , and to Sarah Manchester ( September 17 , 2014 ) . Contestants who win the $1,000,000 may receive it in installments over 20 years , or in a lump sum of that amount 's present value . At the end of the Bonus Round , Sajak will reveal where the $1,000,000 wedge was on the prize wheel if the contestant failed to land on it . Previous rules ( edit ) Originally , after winning a round , contestants spent their winnings on prizes that were presented onstage . At any time during a shopping round , most often if the contestant did not have enough left to buy another prize , a contestant could choose to put his or her winnings on a gift certificate , or he or she could put the winnings `` on account '' for use in a later shopping round . However , a contestant lost any money on account by landing on Bankrupt or failing to claim it by not winning subsequent rounds . The shopping element was eliminated from the syndicated version on the episode that aired October 5 , 1987 , both to speed up gameplay and to alleviate the taxes paid by contestants . However , the network version continued to use the shopping element until the end of its first NBC run on June 30 , 1989 . Before the introduction of toss - up puzzles at the start of the 18th syndicated season in 2000 , the contestant at the red arrow always started round 1 , with the next contestant clockwise starting each subsequent round . In addition , if a tie for first place occurred , an additional speed - up round was played between the tied contestants for the right to go to the bonus round . The wheel formerly featured a Free Spin wedge , which automatically awarded a token that the contestant could turn in after a lost turn to keep control of the wheel . It was replaced in 1989 with a single Free Spin token placed over a selected cash wedge . Free Spin was retired , and Free Play introduced , at the start of the 27th syndicated season in 2009 . Between September 16 , 1996 and the end of season 30 in 2013 , the show featured a progressive Jackpot wedge , which had been in several different rounds in its history . The jackpot started at $5,000 and had the value of every spin within the round added to it . To claim the jackpot , a contestant had to land on the wedge , call a correct letter , and solve the puzzle all in the same turn . In later years , it also offered $500 per correct letter and $500 to the jackpot , regardless of whether or not it was won in that turn . The network version allowed champions to appear for up to five days originally , which was later reduced to three . The syndicated version , which originally retired contestants after one episode , adopted the three - day champion rule at the start of the seventh season in 1989 . In later years , the top three winners from the week 's first four shows returned to compete in the `` Friday Finals '' . When the jackpot wedge was introduced , it began at $10,000 instead of $5,000 on Fridays . The rules allowing champions to return after their initial appearances were eliminated permanently beginning with the syndicated episode aired September 21 , 1998 , and contestants appear only on a single episode . Before December 1981 , the show did not feature a bonus round . Under the bonus round 's original rules , no letters were provided automatically . The contestant asked for five consonants and a vowel , and then had fifteen seconds to attempt solving the puzzle . Also , bonus prizes were selected by the contestant at the start of the round . The current time limit and rules for letter selection were introduced on October 3 , 1988 . Starting on September 4 , 1989 , the first episode of the seventh syndicated season , bonus prizes were selected by the contestant choosing from one of five envelopes labeled W , H , E , E , and L. One prize was always $25,000 in cash , and the rest were changed weekly . Any prize that was won was taken out of rotation for the rest of the week . During seasons 16 through 18 ( 1998 -- 2001 ) , the $25,000 remained in - place the entire week of shows regardless if it was won . At the start of season 19 in 2001 , there were three car envelopes and two $25,000 envelopes , which were available the entire week of shows . These envelopes were replaced with the bonus wheel on October 22 , 2001 . Conception and Development ( edit ) Merv Griffin conceived Wheel of Fortune just as the original version of Jeopardy ! , another show he had created , was ending its 11 - year run on NBC with Art Fleming as its host . Griffin decided to create a Hangman - style game after recalling long car trips as a child , on which he and his sister played Hangman . After he discussed the idea with Merv Griffin Enterprises ' staff , they thought that the idea would work as a game show if it had a `` hook '' . He decided to add a roulette - style wheel because he was always `` drawn to '' such wheels when he saw them in casinos . He and MGE 's then - president Murray Schwartz consulted an executive of Caesars Palace to find out how to build such a wheel . When Griffin pitched the idea for the show to Lin Bolen , then the head of NBC 's daytime programming division , she approved , but wanted the show to have more glamour to attract the female audience . She suggested that Griffin incorporate a shopping element into the gameplay , and so , in 1973 , he created a pilot episode titled Shopper 's Bazaar , with Chuck Woolery as host and Mike Lawrence as announcer . The pilot started with the three contestants being introduced individually , with Lawrence describing the prizes that they chose to play for . The main game was played to four rounds , with the values on the wheel wedges increasing after the second round . Unlike the show it evolved into , Shopper 's Bazaar had a vertically mounted wheel , which was spun automatically rather than by the contestants . This wheel lacked the Bankrupt wedge and featured a wedge where a contestant could call a vowel for free , as well as a `` Your Own Clue '' wedge that allowed contestants to pick up a rotary telephone and hear a private clue about the puzzle . At the end of the game , the highest - scoring contestant played a bonus round called the `` Shopper 's Special '' where all the vowels in the puzzle were already there , and the contestant had 30 seconds to call out consonants in the puzzle . Edd Byrnes , an actor from 77 Sunset Strip , served as host for the second and third pilots , both titled Wheel of Fortune . These pilots were directed by Marty Pasetta , who gave the show a `` Vegas '' feel that more closely resembled the look and feel that the actual show ended up having , a wheel that was now spun by the contestants themselves , and a lighted mechanical puzzle board with letters that were now manually turnable . Showcase prizes on these pilots were located behind the puzzle board , and during shopping segments a list of prizes and their price values scrolled on the right of the screen . By the time production began in December 1974 , Woolery was selected to host , the choice being made by Griffin after he reportedly heard Byrnes reciting `` A-E-I-O-U '' to himself in an effort to remember the vowels . Susan Stafford turned the letters on Byrnes ' pilot episodes , a role that she also held when the show was picked up as a series . Personnel ( edit ) Hosts and hostesses ( edit ) Chuck Woolery was the show 's host from 1975 to 1981 . The original host of Wheel of Fortune was Chuck Woolery , who hosted the series from its 1975 premiere until December 25 , 1981 , save for one week in August 1980 when Alex Trebek hosted in his place . Woolery 's departure came over a salary dispute with show creator Merv Griffin , and his contract was not renewed . On December 28 , 1981 , Pat Sajak made his debut as the host of Wheel . Griffin said that he chose Sajak for his `` odd '' sense of humor . NBC president and CEO Fred Silverman objected as he felt Sajak , who at the time of his hiring was the weatherman for KNBC - TV , was `` too local '' for a national audience . Griffin countered by telling Silverman he would stop production if Sajak was not allowed to become host , and Silverman acquiesced . Pat Sajak ( right ) and Vanna White have hosted the syndicated version since 1983 . Sajak hosted the daytime series until January 9 , 1989 , when he left to host a late - night talk show for CBS . Rolf Benirschke , a former placekicker in the National Football League , was chosen as his replacement and hosted for a little more than five months . Benirschke 's term as host came to an end due to NBC 's cancellation of the daytime Wheel after fourteen years , with its final episode airing on June 30 , 1989 . When the newly formatted daytime series returned on CBS on July 17 , 1989 , Bob Goen became its host . The daytime program continued for a year and a half on CBS , then returned to NBC on January 14 , 1991 and continued until September 20 , 1991 when it was cancelled for a second and final time . Susan Stafford was the original hostess , serving in that role from the premiere until October 1982 . Stafford was absent for two extended periods , once in 1977 after fracturing two vertebrae in her back and once in 1979 after an automobile accident . During these two extended absences , former Miss USA Summer Bartholomew was Stafford 's most frequent substitute , with model Cynthia Washington and comedian Arte Johnson also filling in for Stafford . After Stafford left to become a humanitarian worker , over two hundred applicants signed up for a nationwide search to be her replacement . Griffin eventually narrowed the list to three finalists , which consisted of Summer Bartholomew , former Playboy centerfold Vicki McCarty , and Vanna White . Griffin gave each of the three women an opportunity to win the job by putting them in a rotation for several weeks after Stafford 's departure . In December 1982 , Griffin named White as Stafford 's successor , saying that he felt she was capable of activating the puzzle board letters ( which is the primary role of the Wheel hostess ) better than anyone else who had auditioned . White became highly popular among the young female demographic , and also gained a fanbase of adults interested in her daily wardrobe , in a phenomenon that has been referred to as `` Vannamania '' . White remained on the daytime series for the rest of the time it was on the air . Sajak and White have starred on the syndicated version continuously as host and hostess , respectively , since it began , except for very limited occasions . During two weeks in January 1991 , Tricia Gist , the girlfriend and future wife of Griffin 's son Tony , filled in for White when she and her new husband , restaurateur George San Pietro , were honeymooning . Gist returned for the week of episodes airing March 11 through 15 , 1991 , because White had a cold at the time of taping . On an episode in November 1996 , when Sajak proved unable to host the bonus round segment because of laryngitis , he and White traded places for that segment . On the March 4 , 1997 episode , Rosie O'Donnell co-hosted the third round with White after O'Donnell's name was used in a puzzle . On April 1 , 1997 , Sajak and Alex Trebek traded jobs for the day . Sajak hosted that day 's edition of Jeopardy ! in place of Trebek , who presided over a special two - contestant Wheel celebrity match between Sajak and White , who were playing for the Boy Scouts of America and the American Cancer Society , respectively ; Lesly Sajak , Pat 's wife , was the guest hostess for the day . In January and February 2011 , the show held a `` Vanna for a Day '' contest in which home viewers submitted video auditions to take White 's place for one episode , with the winner determined by a poll on the show 's website ; the winner of this contest , Katie Cantrell of Wooster , Ohio ( a student at the Savannah College of Art and Design ) , took White 's place for the second and third rounds on the episode that aired March 24 , 2011 . Announcers ( edit ) Jim Thornton has been the show 's announcer since 2011 . Charlie O'Donnell was the program 's first and longest tenured announcer . In 1980 , NBC was discussing cancelling Wheel and O'Donnell agreed to take the position as announcer on The Toni Tennille Show . The network decided against the cancellation but O'Donnell decided to honor his commitment and left the series . His replacement was Jack Clark , who added the syndicated series to his responsibilities when it premiered in 1983 and announced for both series until his death in July 1988 . Los Angeles radio personality M.G. Kelly was Clark 's replacement , starting on the daytime series in August 1988 and on the syndicated series when its new season launched a month later . Kelly held these positions until O'Donnell was able to return to the announcer position , doing so after his duties with Barris Industries came to an end at the end of the 1988 -- 89 television season . O'Donnell remained with the series until shortly before his death in November 2010 . Don Pardo , Don Morrow , and Johnny Gilbert have occasionally served as substitute announcers . After O'Donnell's death , the producers sought a permanent replacement , and a series of substitutes filled out the rest of the season , including Gilbert , John Cramer , Joe Cipriano , Rich Fields , Lora Cain and Jim Thornton . For the show 's twenty - ninth season , which began in 2011 , Thornton was chosen to be the new announcer for Wheel , and has been with the show ever since . Production staff ( edit ) Wheel of Fortune typically employs a total of 100 in - house production personnel , with 60 to 100 local staff joining them for those episodes that are taped on location . Griffin was the executive producer of the network version throughout its entire run , and served as the syndicated version 's executive producer until his retirement in 2000 . Since 1999 , the title of executive producer has been held by Harry Friedman , who had shared his title with Griffin for his first year , and had earlier served as a producer starting in 1995 . John Rhinehart was the program 's first producer , but departed in August 1976 to become NBC 's West Coast Daytime Program Development Director . Afterwards , his co-producer , Nancy Jones , was promoted to sole producer , and served as such until 1995 , when Friedman succeeded her . In the 15th syndicated season in 1997 , Karen Griffith and Steve Schwartz joined Friedman as producers . Tthey were later promoted to supervising producers , with Amanda Stern occupying Griffith 's and Schwartz 's former position . The show 's original director was Jeff Goldstein , who was succeeded by Dick Carson ( a brother of Johnny Carson ) in 1978 . Mark Corwin , who had served as associate director under Carson , took over for him upon his retirement at the end of the 1998 -- 99 season , and served as such until he himself died in July 2013 ( although episodes already taped before his death continued airing until late 2013 ) . Jeopardy ! director Kevin McCarthy , Corwin 's associate director Bob Cisneros , and Wheel and Jeopardy ! technical director Robert Ennis filled in at various points until Cisneros became full - time director in November 2013 . Ennis returned as guest director for the weeks airing October 13 through 17 and November 17 through 21 , 2014 , as Cisneros was recovering from neck surgery at the time of taping . With the start of the 33rd season on September 14 , 2015 , Ennis was promoted to full - time director . Production ( edit ) Wheel of Fortune is owned by Sony Pictures Television ( previously known as Columbia TriStar Television , the successor company to original producer Merv Griffin Enterprises ) . The production company and copyright holder of all episodes to date is Califon Productions , Inc. , which like SPT has Sony Pictures for its active registered agent , and whose name comes from a New Jersey town where Griffin once owned a farm . The rights to distribute the show worldwide are owned by CBS Television Distribution , into which original distributor King World Productions was folded in 2007 . The show was originally taped in Studio 4 at NBC Studios in Burbank . Upon NBC 's 1989 cancellation of the network series , production moved to Studio 33 at CBS Television City in Los Angeles , where it remained until 1995 . Since then , the show has occupied Stage 11 at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City . Some episodes are also recorded on location , a tradition which began with two weeks of episodes taped at Radio City Music Hall in late 1988 . Recording sessions usually last for five or six episodes in one day . Set ( edit ) The current design of the Wheel of Fortune set , as seen on a Season 30 episode The show 's current puzzle board , as seen on a Season 30 episode Various changes have been made to the basic set since the syndicated version 's premiere in 1983 . In 1996 , a large video display was added center stage , which was then upgraded in 2003 as the show began the transition into high - definition broadcasting . In the mid-1990s , the show began a long - standing tradition of nearly every week coming with its own unique theme . As a result , in addition to its generic design , the set also uses many alternate designs , which are unique to specific weekly sets of themed programs . The most recent set design was conceived by production designer Renee Hoss - Johnson , with later modifications by Jody Vaclav . Previous set designers included Ed Flesh and Dick Stiles . The first pilot used a vertically mounted wheel which was often difficult to see on - screen . Flesh , who also designed the sets for The $25,000 Pyramid and Jeopardy ! , designed the wheel mechanism . Originally made mostly of paint and cardboard , the modern wheel mechanism is framed on a steel tube surrounded with Plexiglas and more than 200 lighting instruments , and is held by a stainless steel shaft with roller bearings . Altogether , the wheel weighs approximately 2,400 pounds ( 1,100 kg ) . The show 's original puzzle board had three rows of 13 manually operated trilons , for a total of 39 spaces . On December 21 , 1981 , a larger board with 48 trilons in four rows ( 11 , 13 , 13 and 11 trilons ) was adopted . This board was surrounded by a double - arched border of lights which flashed at the beginning and end of the round . Each trilon had three sides : a green side to represent spaces not used by the puzzle , a blank side to indicate a letter that had not been revealed , and a side with a letter on it . While the viewer saw a seamless transition to the next puzzle , with these older boards in segments where more than one puzzle was present , a stop - down of taping took place during which the board was wheeled offstage and the new puzzle loaded in by hand out of sight of the contestants . On February 24 , 1997 , the show introduced a computerized puzzle board composed of 52 touch - activated monitors in four rows ( 12 on the top and bottom rows , 14 in the middle two ) . To illuminate a letter during regular gameplay , the hostess touches the right edge of the monitor to reveal it . The computerized board obviated the stop - downs , allowing tapings to finish quicker at a lower cost to the production company . Although not typically seen by viewers , the set also includes a used letter board that shows contestants which letters are remaining in play , a scoreboard that is visible from the contestants ' perspective , and a countdown clock . The used letter board is also used during the bonus round , and in at least one case , helped the contestant to see unused letters to solve a difficult puzzle . Music ( edit ) Alan Thicke composed the show 's original theme , which was titled `` Big Wheels '' . In 1983 , it was replaced by Griffin 's own composition , `` Changing Keys '' , to allow him to derive royalties from that composition 's use on both the network and syndicated versions . Steve Kaplan became music director starting with the premiere of the 15th syndicated season in 1997 , and continued to serve as such until he was killed when the Cessna 421C Golden Eagle he was piloting crashed into a home in Claremont , California , in December 2003 . His initial theme was a remix of `` Changing Keys '' , but by the 18th syndicated season ( 2000 -- 01 ) , he had replaced it with a composition of his own , which was titled `` Happy Wheels '' . Since 2006 , music direction has been handled by Frankie Blue and John Hoke . Themes they have written for the show include a remix of `` Happy Wheels '' and an original rock - based composition . In addition to `` Changing Keys '' , Griffin also composed various incidental music cues for the syndicated version which were used for announcements of prizes in the show 's early years . Among them were `` Frisco Disco '' ( earlier the closing theme for a revival of Jeopardy ! which aired in 1978 and 1979 ) , `` A Time for Tony '' ( whose basic melody evolved into `` Think ! '' , the longtime theme song for Jeopardy ! ) , `` Buzzword '' ( later used as the theme for Merv Griffin 's Crosswords ) , `` Nightwalk '' , `` Struttin ' on Sunset '' , and an untitled vacation cue . Audition process ( edit ) Marty Lublin interviews a potential contestant during an audition at Morongo Casino , Resort & Spa , Cabazon , California The most recent design of the Wheelmobile at the Jackson Rancheria Casino Resort in Jackson , California Anyone at least 18 years old has the potential to become a contestant through Wheel of Fortune 's audition process . Exceptions include employees and immediate family members of CBS Corporation , Sony Pictures Entertainment , or any of their respective affiliates or subsidiaries ; any firm involved in supplying prizes for the show ; and television stations that broadcast Wheel and / or Jeopardy ! , their sister radio stations , and those advertising agencies that are affiliated with them . Also ineligible to apply as contestants are individuals who have appeared on a different game show within the previous year , three other game shows within the past ten years , or on any version of Wheel of Fortune itself . Throughout the year , the show uses a custom - designed Winnebago recreational vehicle called the `` Wheelmobile '' to travel across the United States , holding open auditions at various public venues . Participants are provided with entry forms which are then drawn randomly . Individuals whose names are drawn appear on stage , five at a time , and are interviewed by traveling host Marty Lublin . The group of five then plays a mock version of the speed - up round , and five more names are selected after a puzzle is solved . Everyone who is called onstage receives a themed prize , usually determined by the spin of a miniature wheel . Auditions typically last two days , with three one - hour segments per day . After each Wheelmobile event , the `` most promising candidates '' are invited back to the city in which the first audition was held , to participate in a second audition . Alternatively , a participant may submit an audition form with a self - shot video through the show 's website to enter an audition . Contestants not appearing on stage at Wheelmobile events have their applications retained and get drawn at random to fill second - level audition vacancies . At the second audition , potential contestants play more mock games featuring a miniature wheel and puzzle board , followed by a 16 - puzzle test with some letters revealed . The contestants have five minutes to solve as many puzzles as they can by writing in the correct letters . The people who pass continue the audition , playing more mock games which are followed by interviews . Broadcast history ( edit ) Wheel of Fortune premiered on January 6 , 1975 , at 10 : 30 am ( 9 : 30 Central ) on NBC . Lin Bolen , then the head of daytime programming , purchased the show from Griffin to compensate him for canceling the original Jeopardy ! series , which had one year remaining on its contract . Jeopardy ! aired its final episode on the Friday before Wheel 's premiere . The original Wheel aired on NBC , in varying time slots between 10 : 30 am and noon , until June 30 , 1989 . Throughout that version 's run , episodes were generally 30 minutes in length , except for six weeks of shows aired between December 1975 and January 1976 which were 60 minutes in length . NBC announced the cancellation of the show in August 1980 , but it stayed on the air following a decision to cut the duration of The David Letterman Show from 90 to 60 minutes . The network Wheel moved to CBS on July 17 , 1989 , and remained there until January 14 , 1991 . After that , it briefly returned to NBC , replacing Let 's Make a Deal , but was canceled permanently on September 20 of that year . The daily syndicated version of Wheel premiered on September 19 , 1983 , preceded by a series of episodes taped on location at the Ohio State Fair and aired on WBNS - TV in Columbus , Ohio . From its debut , the syndicated version offered a larger prize budget than its network counterpart . The show came from humble beginnings : King World chairmen Roger , Michael , and Robert King could initially find only 50 stations that were willing to carry the show , and since they could not find affiliates for the syndicated Wheel in New York , Los Angeles , or Chicago , Philadelphia was the largest market in which the show could succeed in its early days . Only nine stations carried the show from its beginning , but by midseason it was airing on all 50 of the stations that were initially willing to carry it , and by the beginning of 1984 the show was available to 99 percent of television households . Soon , Wheel succeeded Family Feud as the highest - rated syndicated show , and at the beginning of the 1984 -- 85 season , Griffin followed up on the show 's success by launching a syndicated revival of Jeopardy ! , hosted by Alex Trebek . The syndicated success of Wheel and Jeopardy ! siphoned ratings from the period 's three longest - running and most popular game shows , Tic - Tac - Dough , The Joker 's Wild , and Family Feud , to the point that all three series came to an end by the fall of 1986 . At this point , Wheel had the highest ratings of any syndicated television series in history , and at the peak of the show 's popularity , over 40 million people were watching five nights per week . The series , along with companion series Jeopardy ! , remained the most - watched syndicated program in the United States until dethroned by Judge Judy in 2011 . The program has become America 's longest - running syndicated game show and its second - longest in either network or syndication , second to the version of The Price Is Right which began airing in 1972 . The syndicated Wheel has become part of the consciousness of over 90 million Americans , and awarded a total of over $200 million in cash and prizes to contestants . The popularity of Wheel of Fortune has led it to become a worldwide franchise , with over forty known adaptations in international markets outside the United States . Versions of the show have existed in such countries as Australia , Denmark , France , Germany , Italy , Malaysia , New Zealand , the Philippines , Poland , Russia , Spain , and the United Kingdom . The American version of Wheel has honored its international variants with an occasional theme of special weeks known as `` Wheel Around the World '' , the inaugural episode of which aired when the 23rd syndicated season premiered on September 12 , 2005 . Between September 1997 and January 1998 , CBS and Game Show Network concurrently aired a special children 's version of the show titled Wheel 2000 . It was hosted by David Sidoni , with Tanika Ray providing voice and motion capture for a virtual reality hostess named `` Cyber Lucy '' . Created by Scott Sternberg , the spin - off featured special gameplay in which numerous rules were changed . For example , the show 's child contestants competed for points and prizes instead of cash , with the eventual winner playing for a grand prize in the bonus round . Reception ( edit ) Wheel of Fortune has long been one of the highest - rated programs on U.S. syndicated television . It was the highest - rated show in all of syndication before it was dethroned by Two and a Half Men in the 28th season ( 2010 -- 11 ) . The syndicated Wheel shared the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show with Jeopardy ! in 2011 , and Sajak won three Daytime Emmys for Outstanding Game Show Host -- in 1993 , 1997 , and 1998 . In a 2001 issue , TV Guide ranked Wheel number 25 among the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time , and in 2013 , the magazine ranked it number 2 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever , second only to Jeopardy ! In August 2006 , the show was ranked number 6 on GSN 's list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows . Wheel was the subject of many nominations in GSN 's Game Show Awards special , which aired on June 6 , 2009 . The show was nominated for Best Game Show , but lost to Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ? ; Sajak and White were nominated for Best Game Show Host , but lost to Deal or No Deal 's Howie Mandel ; and O'Donnell was considered for Best Announcer but lost to Rich Fields from The Price Is Right . One of the catchphrases uttered by contestants , `` I 'd like to buy a vowel '' , was considered for Favorite Game Show Catch Phrase , but lost to `` Come on down ! '' , the announcer 's catchphrase welcoming new contestants to Price . The sound effect heard at the start of a new regular gameplay round won the award for Favorite Game Show Sound Effect . The sound heard when the wheel lands on Bankrupt was also nominated . Despite having been retired from the show for nearly a decade by that point , `` Changing Keys '' was nominated for Best Game Show Theme Song . However , it lost to its fellow Griffin composition , `` Think ! '' from Jeopardy ! A hall of fame honoring Wheel of Fortune is part of the Sony Pictures Studios tour , and was introduced on the episode aired May 10 , 2010 . Located in the same stage as the show 's taping facility , this hall of fame features memorabilia related to Wheel 's syndicated history , including retired props , classic merchandise , photographs , videos , and a special case dedicated to White 's wardrobe . Two years later , in 2012 , the show was honored with a Ride of Fame on a double decker tour bus in New York City . Merchandise ( edit ) Numerous board games based on Wheel of Fortune have been released by different toy companies . The games are all similar , incorporating a wheel , puzzle display board , play money and various accessories like Free Spin tokens . Milton Bradley released the first board game in 1975 . In addition to all the supplies mentioned above , the game included 20 prize cards to simulate the `` shopping '' prizes of the show , with prizes ranging in value from $100 to $3,000 . Two editions were released , with the only differences being the box art and the included books of puzzles . Other home versions were released by Pressman Toy Corporation , Tyco / Mattel , Parker Brothers , Endless Games , and Irwin Toys . Additionally , several video games based on the show have been released for personal computers , the Internet , and various gaming consoles spanning multiple hardware generations . Most games released in the 20th century were published by GameTek , which produced a dozen Wheel games on various platforms , starting with a Nintendo Entertainment System game released in 1987 and continuing until the company closed in 1998 after filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection . Subsequent games were published by Hasbro Interactive and its acquirer Infogrames / Atari ; Sony Online Entertainment , THQ and Ubisoft . Wheel has also been licensed to International Game Technology for use in its slot machines . The games are all loosely based on the show , with contestants given the chance to spin the wheel to win a jackpot prize . Since 1996 , over 200 slot games based on the show have been created , both for real - world casinos and those on the Internet . With over 1,000 wins awarded in excess of $1,000,000 and over $3 billion in jackpots delivered , Wheel has been regarded as the most successful slots brand of all time . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The simplified title is often used by host Pat Sajak on - air and has been used instead of the full title in numerous promotional materials for the show . Jump up ^ If a contestant can not spin the wheel due to a physical limitation or disability , he / she is accompanied by a `` designated spinner , '' a friend or family member who spins for him / her but is otherwise not involved in the game . Jump up ^ Sajak : `` I 'll give the wheel a final spin , and ask you to give me a letter . If it 's in the puzzle , you have three seconds to solve it . Vowels are worth nothing , consonants are worth ... ( wedge amount ) , we 'll add $1,000 to that , ( dollar amount ) apiece . '' Jump up ^ The jackpot wedge was originally in round 3 , was moved to round 2 at the start of the 18th syndicated season in 2000 , and after that moved to round 1 from 2009 to 2013 . References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Production credits '' . Wheel of Fortune . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2014 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` College Week , Episode 5 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 31 . Episode 6000 . April 11 , 2014 . Syndicated . Sajak : `` By the way , I 'm not looking for any cheap applause , but I do wan na say that this is the 6,000 th nighttime Wheel of Fortune show . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Friedman Named Producer of ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . June 14 , 1995 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' Ups Bonus Round Jackpot to $1 M '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Fretts , Bruce ( June 17 , 2013 ) . `` Eyes on the Prize '' . TV Guide . pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ `` WHEEL OF FORTUNE BEGINS 35TH SEASON CELEBRATION '' . WheelOfFortune.com . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Griffin & Bender 2007 , p. 100 Jump up ^ Ali , Rasha ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Watch ' Wheel of Fortune ' Unveil a New Puzzle Format '' . The Wrap . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Ryan & Wostbrock 1999 , pp. 250 -- 252 ^ Jump up to : `` History & Fun Facts '' . Wheel of Fortune . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2014 . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wheel of Fortune . Season 33 . 31 May 2016 . Syndication . ^ Jump up to : Newcomb 2004 , p. 2527 Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' : About the Show '' . CBS Press Express . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wheel of Fortune . Season 33 . 25 May 2016 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` Watch Now : Wheel 's 1st Million Dollar Winner '' . Philadelphia : WPVI - TV . October 15 , 2008 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` California woman becomes 2nd million dollar winner on Wheel of Fortune '' . Tuscaloosa , AL : WCFT - TV . May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Silver Spring math teacher , Sarah Manchester , wins $1 million on ' Wheel Of Fortune ' '' . Washington , DC : WJLA - TV . September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating 30 , Episode 4 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 30 . Episode 5834 . May 30 , 2013 . Syndicated . Closing credits : `` Contestants are advised prior to taping that they may elect to receive the million dollar prize paid over 20 years or as a present value lump sum payment . '' Jump up ^ Sams & Shook 1987 , p. 41 Jump up ^ Kubasik , Ben ( September 26 , 1987 ) . `` TV Spots '' . Newsday . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Daytime 1st Finale '' . Wheel of Fortune . June 30 , 1989 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Season 18 , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 18 . September 4 , 2000 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : Sams & Shook 1987 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Sams & Shook 1987 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( September 9 , 2009 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' Kills Free Spin : Is Nothing Sacred ? '' . Time . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 2546 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 14 . October 22 , 2001 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Season 14 , Episode 11 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 14 . September 16 , 1996 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Season 27 , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 27 . September 14 , 2009 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : `` Season 7 , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 7 . September 4 , 1989 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Season 16 , Episode 15 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 16 . September 21 , 1998 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Sams & Shook 1987 , pp. 40 -- 41 Jump up ^ `` Episode 996 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 6 . October 3 , 1988 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Big Money Week , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 19 . October 22 , 2001 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : Griffin & Bender 2007 , pp. 99 -- 100 Jump up ^ `` Meet the ' Wheel ' '' . The Chicago Tribune . March 6 , 2008 . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Graham , 1988 & p - 183 Jump up ^ Stafford 2011 , p. 194 Jump up ^ Trebek & Barsocchini 1990 , p. 9 Jump up ^ `` Wheel of Fortune '' . The E ! True Hollywood Story . 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Terry , Clifford ( May 23 , 1986 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' long ago spun its way to the top '' . St. Petersburg Evening - Independent . p. 5B . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Griffin & Bender 2007 , p. 101 Jump up ^ `` No title '' . Weekly Variety : 80 . September 7 , 1977 . Jump up ^ `` 2 to substitute for Susan Stafford '' . Youngstown Vindicator . May 22 , 1979 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vanna White biography '' . Biography.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No title '' . Observer - Reporter . August 14 , 2007 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vanna White Celebrates 30 Years on `` Wheel of Fortune '' `` . Katie . April 30 , 2013 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Greene , Bob ( January 8 , 1986 ) . `` Here comes Vanna White '' . The Free - Lance Star . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stargazing '' . The Kansas City Star . March 11 , 1991 . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Speers , W. ( March 6 , 1991 ) . `` Dog Bites Queen , And That 's News '' . The Inquirer . Philadelphia . Associated Press , Reuters . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sajak Reveals Reason for 1 - Day Job Switch With Vanna White '' . Good Morning America . ABC . April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 2594 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 14 . Episode 2594 . November 21 , 1996 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` Episode 2662 '' . Wheel of Fortune . March 4 , 1997 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : Encyclopedia of Observances , Holidays , and Celebrations . MobileReference. 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60 - 501177 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` April Fool 's Day Special '' . Wheel of Fortune . April 1 , 1997 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Grosvenor , Carrie ( January 4 , 2011 ) . `` Want to be Vanna for a day ? '' . About.com . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2014 . Retrieved January 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gehring , Lydia ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` Triway High School grad voted Vanna for a Day '' . The Daily Record . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : West , Randy . `` Charlie O'Donnell Tribute '' . Randy West official website . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Clark , announcer on TV 's ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . The Miami Herald . July 27 , 1988 . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Graham , Jefferson ( September 20 , 1988 ) . `` ' Wheel ' takes a turn to new twists for fall '' . USA Today . p. 3D . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lycan , Gary ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' announcer Charlie O'Donnell dies at 78 '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Veteran Announcer Jim Thornton is the New Voice of ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . Wheel of Fortune . June 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : End credits lists from appropriate Wheel of Fortune episodes . Jump up ^ Barnes , Mike ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' Director Mark Corwin Dies at 65 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 5851 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 31 . Episode 5851 . September 16 , 2013 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` Episode 5866 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 31 . Episode 5866 . October 7 , 2013 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` Episode 5891 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 31 . Episode 5891 . November 11 , 2013 . Syndication . Jump up ^ Barnes , Mike ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` Bob Cisneros Named Director of ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 6066 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 32 . Episode 6066 . October 13 , 2014 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` Episode 6091 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 32 . Episode 6091 . November 17 , 2014 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` WHEEL OF FORTUNE NAMES ROBERT ENNIS DIRECTOR '' . Wheel of Fortune . 14 September 2015 . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Tom ( August 19 , 2007 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' , ' Jeopardy ! ' : Merv Griffin 's True TV Legacy '' . TVWeek . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Holl , John ( August 14 , 2007 ) . `` To Califon , Merv was just a regular farm guy '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved September 4 , 2007 . Viewers who pay careful attention to the closing credits on ' Wheel of Fortune ' will see the game show is produced by Califon Productions , a subtle nod from Merv Griffin , the program 's creator , to the Hunterdon County community where he once owned a farm . Jump up ^ `` Pat , Vanna and Alex Play On ! '' . Sony Pictures Television . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inside ' Wheel of Fortune ' : Why Pat and Vanna Have a ' W - NN - R ' '' . TV Guide . 1987 . p. 148 . Jump up ^ `` Shows -- CBS Television City '' . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' , America 's Favorite Game Show , Spins Into Its 20th Season '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . September 17 , 1995 . p . G5 . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Walker , Joseph ( July 26 , 1988 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune 's ' other blonde '' . Saturday Morning Deseret News . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Slotnik , Daniel E. ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` Ed Flesh , Designed the Wheel of Fortune , Dies at 79 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel ' gets modern board '' . The Vindicator . February 25 , 1997 . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Featured Contestant : Dana C '' . Wheel of Fortune . March 11 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Featured Contestant : Seth N '' . Wheel of Fortune . December 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Teti , John ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the most amazing solve in ' Wheel of Fortune ' history '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jeffries , David . `` Merv Griffin biography '' . Allmusic . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morin , Monte ( December 17 , 2003 ) . `` Pilot Killed in Crash Was TV , Film Composer ; Steve Kaplan , who died when his plane crashed into a Claremont home , had written music for ' Jeopardy ! ' and ' Wheel of Fortune . ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ planecrashinfo.com Famous People Who Died in Aviation Accidents : 2000s Jump up ^ Morin , Monte ( December 17 , 2003 ) . `` Pilot Killed in Crash Was TV , Film Composer ; Steve Kaplan , who died when his plane crashed into a Claremont home , had written music for ' Jeopardy ! ' and ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' soundtrack '' . Ringostrack.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Merv Griffin soundtrack '' . Ringostrack.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bickelhaupt , Susan ( September 5 , 1989 ) . `` Placing himself in ' Jeopardy ! ' tonight '' . The Boston Globe . p. 54 . Jump up ^ `` Be a Contestant '' . Wheel of Fortune . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2014 . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wheelmobile Audition Tips '' . Portland , OR : KATU - TV . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Show Guide : Show FAQs '' . Wheel of Fortune . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wheelmobile '' . Wheel of Fortune . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2014 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Feder , Robert ( December 26 , 1990 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' spins back to NBC '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` No title '' . Variety : 54 . August 10 , 1983 . Jump up ^ `` No title '' . TV Guide . 32 : 64 . 1984 . Jump up ^ Griffin & Bender 2007 , p. 106 Jump up ^ `` Syndication Ratings : ' Judge Judy ' Is Queen of Syndie Season '' . Broadcasting & Cable . September 5 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' ( Australia ) '' . Australian Game Show Homepage . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Liebst , Asger ( 2009 ) . `` Opfindelsen af Lykkehjulet '' . Reklamens århundrede : 1901 -- 2001 , billeder fra danskernes hverdrag . Nordisk Forlag A / S. p. 138 . ISBN 978 - 87 - 02 - 08311 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` La Roue de la Fortune '' ( in French ) . Émission TV . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Glücksrad '' ( in German ) . fernsehserien.de . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La WEB Ruota della Fortuna '' . GiocaItalia.it . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yeoh Seng Guan ( 2011 ) . Media , Culture and Society in Malaysia . Routledge . pp. 29 , 31 , 35 . ISBN 0203861655 . Jump up ^ `` What Goes Around : The Wheel of Fortune Returns '' . Stuff.co.nz. April 13 , 2008 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dimaculangan , Jocelyn ( January 13 , 2008 ) . `` Philippine version of ' Wheel of Fortune ' premieres on January 14 '' . Philippine Entertainment Portal . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Koło Fortuny : Rules of Polish ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . Casino Observer . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pole Chudes , or The Russian ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . Wheel-Roulette.net . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La ruleta de la suerte '' ( in Spanish ) . Laguia TV . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . UKGameShows.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wheel Around the World Inaugural Week , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 23 . September 12 , 2005 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : `` Popular game show takes kids for a spin '' . Austin American - Statesman . p. 11 . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan & Wostbrock 1999 , p. 252 Jump up ^ `` U.S. television ratings : top 10 syndicated programs in season 2009 / 10 : Statistic '' . Statista.com . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Report : ' Two and a Half Men ' Still Strong ; Network Ratings Still Sliding '' . The Wrap TV . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' TV Guide ' Names the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time '' . Hall of Game Show Fame . Jump up ^ The 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time . GSN . Retrieved on August 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Catlin , Roger . `` On Tonight : First Game Show Awards '' . TV Eye . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved June 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Title Unknown '' . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved June 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` State Fair Week , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 27 . May 10 , 2010 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Glaus , Heidi ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` Tour the ' Wheel of Fortune ' Hall of Fame '' . St. Louis , MO : KSDK - TV . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wheel Of Fortune Honored By Gray Line New York 's Ride Of Fame Getty Images . May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wheel of Fortune board games '' . Board Game Geek . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GameTek Games '' . IGN . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' Licensees '' . MobyGames . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wheel of Fortune at IGT Games '' . International Game Technology . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Works cited ( edit ) Graham , Jefferson ( 1988 ) . Come on Down ! ! ! : The Game Show Book . New York : Abbeville Press . ISBN 0 - 89659 - 794 - 6 . Griffin , Merv & Bender , David ( 2007 ) . Merv : Making the Good Life Last . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 5696 - 3 . Newcomb , Horace ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Television ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Fitzroy Dearborn . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 411 - X -- via Google Books . Sams , David R. & Shook , Robert L. ( 1987 ) . Wheel of Fortune . New York : St. Martins Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 90833 - 4 . Schwartz , David ; Ryan , Steve & Wostbrock , Fred ( 1999 ) . The Encyclopedia of TV Game Shows ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Facts on File . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 3846 - 5 . Stafford , Susan ( 2011 ) . Stop the Wheel , I Want to Get Off ! ( eBook ) . Xlibris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4568 - 7438 - 4 -- via Google Books . Trebek , Alex & Barsocchini , Peter ( 1990 ) . The ' Jeopardy ! ' Book : The Answers , the Questions , the Facts , and the Stories of the Greatest Game Show in History . Introduction by Merv Griffin . New York : Harper Perennial . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 096511 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wheel of Fortune ( U.S. game show ) . Official website Wheel of Fortune on IMDb Wheel of Fortune at TV.com Wheel of Fortune - related interview videos at the Archive of American Television Wheel of Fortune International versions Australia Denmark France Italy Malaysia New Zealand Philippines Poland Russia Spain United Kingdom Miscellaneous Video games Wheel 2000 Book Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Password ( 1974 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1975 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1976 ) Family Feud ( 1977 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1978 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1979 ) Hollywood Squares / The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1980 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1981 ) Password Plus ( 1982 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1983 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1984 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1985 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1986 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1987 ) The Price Is Right ( 1988 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1989 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1990 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1991 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1992 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1993 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1994 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1995 ) The Price Is Right ( 1996 ) The Price Is Right ( 1997 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1998 ) Win Ben Stein 's Money ( 1999 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2000 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2001 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2002 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2003 ) The Price Is Right ( 2004 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2005 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2006 ) The Price Is Right ( 2007 ) Cash Cab ( 2008 ) Cash Cab ( 2009 ) Cash Cab ( 2010 ) Jeopardy ! / Wheel of Fortune ( 2011 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2012 ) The Price Is Right ( 2013 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2014 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2015 ) The Price Is Right ( 2016 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wheel_of_Fortune_(U.S._game_show)&oldid=832711760 '' Categories : 1970s American game shows 1975 American television series debuts 1980s American game shows 1983 American television series debuts 1990s American game shows 1991 American television series endings 2000s American game shows 2010s American game shows CBC Television shows CBS network shows Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show winners English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States NBC network shows Roulette and wheel games Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by Merv Griffin Enterprises Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television series created by Merv Griffin Wheel of Fortune ( franchise ) Television series by King World Productions Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use mdy dates from August 2014 All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends title Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi ไทย 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 15 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which is older jeopardy or wheel of fortune | [
"Merv Griffin conceived Wheel of Fortune just as the original version of Jeopardy!, another show he had created, was ending its 11-year run on NBC with Art Fleming as its host. Griffin decided to create a Hangman-style game after recalling long car trips as a child, on which he and his sister played Hangman. After he discussed the idea with Merv Griffin Enterprises' staff, they thought that the idea would work as a game show if it had a \"hook\". He decided to add a roulette-style wheel because he was always \"drawn to\" such wheels when he saw them in casinos. He and MGE's then-president Murray Schwartz consulted an executive of Caesars Palace to find out how to build such a wheel.[34]"
] | [
"Jeopardy!"
] |
1458055612507419719 | King James Version | King James Version - wikipedia King James Version Jump to : navigation , search `` KJB '' redirects here . For other uses , see KJB ( disambiguation ) and King James Version ( disambiguation ) . King James Version The title page to the 1611 first edition of the Authorized Version of the Bible by Cornelis Boel shows the Apostles Peter and Paul seated centrally above the central text , which is flanked by Moses and Aaron . In the four corners sit Matthew , Mark , Luke and John , authors of the four gospels , with their symbolic animals . The rest of the Apostles ( with Judas facing away ) stand around Peter and Paul . At the very top is the Tetragrammaton `` יְהֹוָה '' written with Hebrew diacritics . Abbreviation KJV , KJB , or AV Complete Bible published 1611 Online as King James Version at Wikisource Textual basis OT : Masoretic Text , some LXX and Vulgate influence . NT : Textus Receptus , similar to the Byzantine text - type ; some readings derived from the Vulgate . Apocrypha : Greek Septuagint and Latin Vulgate . Reading level US and Canada Grade 8 -- 10 Copyright Public domain due to age , publication restrictions in the United Kingdom ( See Copyright status ) Genesis 1 : 1 -- 3 ( show ) In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth . And the earth was without form , and void ; and darkness was upon the face of the deep . And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters . And God said , Let there be light : and there was light . Genesis 1 : 1 in other translations John 3 : 16 ( show ) For God so loved the world , that he gave his only begotten Son , that whosoever believeth in him should not perish , but have everlasting life . John 3 : 16 in other translations The Bible in English Title page to the King James Version List of English Bible translations Old English ( pre-1066 ) Middle English ( 1066 -- 1500 ) Early Modern English ( 1500 -- 1800 ) Modern Christian ( 1800 -- ) Modern Jewish ( 1853 -- ) Miscellaneous Main category : Bible translations into English Bible portal The King James Version ( KJV ) , also known as the King James Bible ( KJB ) or simply the Authorized Version ( AV ) , is an English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England begun in 1604 and completed in 1611 . The books of the King James Version include the 39 books of the Old Testament , an intertestamental section containing 14 books of the Apocrypha ( most of which correspond to books in the Vulgate Deuterocanon adhered to by Roman Catholics ) , and the 27 books of the New Testament . It was first printed by the King 's Printer Robert Barker and was the third translation into English approved by the English Church authorities . The first had been the Great Bible , commissioned in the reign of King Henry VIII ( 1535 ) , and the second had been the Bishops ' Bible of 1568 . In January 1604 , James VI and I convened the Hampton Court Conference , where a new English version was conceived in response to the problems of the earlier translations perceived by the Puritans , a faction of the Church of England . The translation is noted for its `` majesty of style '' , and has been described as one of the most important books in English culture and a driving force in the shaping of the English - speaking world . James gave the translators instructions intended to ensure that the new version would conform to the ecclesiology and reflect the episcopal structure of the Church of England and its belief in an ordained clergy . The translation was done by 47 scholars , all of whom were members of the Church of England . In common with most other translations of the period , the New Testament was translated from Greek , the Old Testament from Hebrew and Aramaic , and the Apocrypha from Greek and Latin . In the Book of Common Prayer ( 1662 ) , the text of the Authorized Version replaced the text of the Great Bible for Epistle and Gospel readings ( but not for the Psalter , which substantially retained Coverdale 's Great Bible version ) and as such was authorised by Act of Parliament . By the first half of the 18th century , the Authorized Version had become effectively unchallenged as the English translation used in Anglican and English Protestant churches , except for the Psalms and some short passages in the Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England . Over the course of the 18th century , the Authorized Version supplanted the Latin Vulgate as the standard version of scripture for English - speaking scholars . With the development of stereotype printing at the beginning of the 19th century , this version of the Bible became the most widely printed book in history , almost all such printings presenting the standard text of 1769 extensively re-edited by Benjamin Blayney at Oxford , and nearly always omitting the books of the Apocrypha . Today the unqualified title `` King James Version '' usually indicates that this Oxford standard text is meant . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 History 2.1 Earlier English translations 2.2 Considerations for a new version 2.3 Translation committees 2.4 Printing 2.5 Authorized Version 2.6 Standard text of 1769 2.7 Editorial criticism 3 Literary attributes 3.1 Translation 3.1. 1 Old Testament 3.1. 2 New Testament 3.1. 3 Apocrypha 3.1. 4 Sources 3.2 Variations from recent translations 3.3 Style and criticism 3.4 Mistranslations 4 Influence 4.1 Copyright status 4.1. 1 Permission 4.2 Apocrypha 4.3 King James Only movement 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Name ( edit ) 1612 First KJV bible in quarto size The title of the first edition of the translation , in Early Modern English , was `` THE HOLY BIBLE , Conteyning the Old Testament , AND THE NEW : Newly Translated out of the Originall tongues : & with the former Translations diligently compared and reuised , by his Maiesties speciall Comandement '' . The title page carries the words `` Appointed to be read in Churches '' , and F.F. Bruce suggests it was `` probably authorised by order in council '' but no record of the authorisation survives `` because the Privy Council registers from 1600 to 1613 were destroyed by fire in January 1618 / 19 '' . For many years it was common not to give the translation any specific name . In his Leviathan of 1651 , Thomas Hobbes referred to it as the English Translation made in the beginning of the Reign of King James . A 1761 `` Brief Account of the various Translations of the Bible into English '' refers to the 1611 version merely as a new , compleat , and more accurate Translation , despite referring to the Great Bible by its name , and despite using the name `` Rhemish Testament '' for the Douay - Rheims Bible version . Similarly , a `` History of England '' , whose fifth edition was published in 1775 , writes merely that ( a ) new translation of the Bible , viz. , that now in Use , was begun in 1607 , and published in 1611 . King James 's Bible is used as the name for the 1611 translation ( on a par with the `` Genevan Bible '' or the `` Rhemish Testament '' ) in Charles Butler 's Horae Biblicae ( first published 1797 ) . Other works from the early 19th century confirm the widespread use of this name on both sides of the Atlantic : it is found both in a `` Historical sketch of the English translations of the Bible '' published in Massachusetts in 1815 , and in an English publication from 1818 , which explicitly states that the 1611 version is `` generally known by the name of King James 's Bible '' . This name was also found as King James ' Bible ( without the final `` s '' ) : for example in a book review from 1811 . The phrase `` King James 's Bible '' is used as far back as 1715 , although in this case it is not clear whether this is a name or merely a description . The use of Authorized Version or Authorised Version , capitalized and used as a name , is found as early as 1814 . For some time before this , descriptive phrases such as `` our present , and only publicly authorised version '' ( 1783 ) , `` our Authorised version '' ( 1792 ) , and `` the authorized version '' ( 1801 , uncapitalized ) are found . The Oxford English Dictionary records a usage in 1824 . In Britain , the 1611 translation is generally known as the `` Authorised Version '' today . As early as 1814 , we find King James ' version , evidently a descriptive phrase , being used . `` The King James Version '' is found , unequivocally used as a name , in a letter from 1855 . The next year King James Bible , with no possessive , appears as a name in a Scottish source . In the United States , the `` 1611 translation '' ( actually editions following the standard text of 1769 , see below ) is generally known as the King James Version today . History ( edit ) Earlier English translations ( edit ) See also : English translations of the Bible The followers of John Wycliffe undertook the first complete English translations of the Christian scriptures in the 14th century . These translations were banned in 1409 due to their association with the Lollards . The Wycliffe Bible pre-dated the printing press but was circulated very widely in manuscript form , often inscribed with a date earlier than 1409 to avoid the legal ban . As the text translated in the various versions of the Wycliffe Bible was the Latin Vulgate , and as it contained no heterodox readings , there was in practice no way by which the ecclesiastical authorities could distinguish the banned version ; consequently many Catholic commentators of the 15th and 16th centuries ( such as Thomas More ) took these manuscript English Bibles to represent an anonymous earlier orthodox translation . William Tyndale translated the New Testament into English in 1525 . In 1525 , William Tyndale , an English contemporary of Martin Luther , undertook a translation of the New Testament . Tyndale 's translation was the first printed Bible in English . Over the next ten years , Tyndale revised his New Testament in the light of rapidly advancing biblical scholarship , and embarked on a translation of the Old Testament . Despite some controversial translation choices , and in spite of Tyndale 's execution on charges of heresy for having made the translated bible , the merits of Tyndale 's work and prose style made his translation the ultimate basis for all subsequent renditions into Early Modern English . With these translations lightly edited and adapted by Myles Coverdale , in 1539 , Tyndale 's New Testament and his incomplete work on the Old Testament became the basis for the Great Bible . This was the first `` authorised version '' issued by the Church of England during the reign of King Henry VIII . When Mary I succeeded to the throne in 1553 , she returned the Church of England to the communion of the Roman Catholic faith and many English religious reformers fled the country , some establishing an English - speaking colony at Geneva . Under the leadership of John Calvin , Geneva became the chief international centre of Reformed Protestantism and Latin biblical scholarship . These English expatriates undertook a translation that became known as the Geneva Bible . This translation , dated to 1560 , was a revision of Tyndale 's Bible and the Great Bible on the basis of the original languages . Soon after Elizabeth I took the throne in 1558 , the flaws of both the Great Bible and the Geneva Bible ( namely , that the Geneva Bible did not `` conform to the ecclesiology and reflect the episcopal structure of the Church of England and its beliefs about an ordained clergy '' ) became painfully apparent . In 1568 , the Church of England responded with the Bishops ' Bible , a revision of the Great Bible in the light of the Geneva version . While officially approved , this new version failed to displace the Geneva translation as the most popular English Bible of the age -- in part because the full Bible was only printed in lectern editions of prodigious size and at a cost of several pounds . Accordingly , Elizabethan lay people overwhelmingly read the Bible in the Geneva Version -- small editions were available at a relatively low cost . At the same time , there was a substantial clandestine importation of the rival Douay -- Rheims New Testament of 1582 , undertaken by exiled Roman Catholics . This translation , though still derived from Tyndale , claimed to represent the text of the Latin Vulgate . In May 1601 , King James VI of Scotland attended the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland at St Columba 's Church in Burntisland , Fife , at which proposals were put forward for a new translation of the Bible into English . Two years later , he ascended to the throne of England as King James I of England . Considerations for a New Version ( edit ) The newly crowned King James convened the Hampton Court Conference in 1604 . That gathering proposed a new English version in response to the perceived problems of earlier translations as detected by the Puritan faction of the Church of England . Here are three examples of problems the Puritans perceived with the Bishops and Great Bibles : First , Galatians iv. 25 ( from the Bishops ' Bible ) . The Greek word susoichei is not well translated as now it is , bordereth neither expressing the force of the word , nor the apostle 's sense , nor the situation of the place . Secondly , psalm cv. 28 ( from the Great Bible ) , ' They were not obedient ; ' the original being , ' They were not disobedient . ' Thirdly , psalm cvi. 30 ( also from the Great Bible ) , ' Then stood up Phinees and prayed , ' the Hebrew hath , ' executed judgment . ' Instructions were given to the translators that were intended to limit the Puritan influence on this new translation . The Bishop of London added a qualification that the translators would add no marginal notes ( which had been an issue in the Geneva Bible ) . King James cited two passages in the Geneva translation where he found the marginal notes offensive to the principles of divinely ordained royal supremacy : Exodus 1 : 19 , where the Geneva Bible notes had commended the example of civil disobedience to the Egyptian Pharaoh showed by the Hebrew midwives , and also II Chronicles 15 : 16 , where the Geneva Bible had criticized King Asa for not having executed his idolatrous ' mother ' , Queen Maachah ( Maachah had actually been Asa 's grandmother , but James considered the Geneva Bible reference as sanctioning the execution of his own mother Mary , Queen of Scots ) . Further , the King gave the translators instructions designed to guarantee that the new version would conform to the ecclesiology of the Church of England . Certain Greek and Hebrew words were to be translated in a manner that reflected the traditional usage of the church . For example , old ecclesiastical words such as the word `` church '' were to be retained and not to be translated as `` congregation '' . The new translation would reflect the episcopal structure of the Church of England and traditional beliefs about ordained clergy . James ' instructions included several requirements that kept the new translation familiar to its listeners and readers . The text of the Bishops ' Bible would serve as the primary guide for the translators , and the familiar proper names of the biblical characters would all be retained . If the Bishops ' Bible was deemed problematic in any situation , the translators were permitted to consult other translations from a pre-approved list : the Tyndale Bible , the Coverdale Bible , Matthew 's Bible , the Great Bible , and the Geneva Bible . In addition , later scholars have detected an influence on the Authorized Version from the translations of Taverner 's Bible and the New Testament of the Douay -- Rheims Bible . It is for this reason that the flyleaf of most printings of the Authorized Version observes that the text had been `` translated out of the original tongues , and with the former translations diligently compared and revised , by His Majesty 's special commandment . '' As the work proceeded , more detailed rules were adopted as to how variant and uncertain readings in the Hebrew and Greek source texts should be indicated , including the requirement that words supplied in English to ' complete the meaning ' of the originals should be printed in a different type face . The task of translation was undertaken by 47 scholars , although 54 were originally approved . All were members of the Church of England and all except Sir Henry Savile were clergy . The scholars worked in six committees , two based in each of the University of Oxford , the University of Cambridge , and Westminster . The committees included scholars with Puritan sympathies , as well as High Churchmen . Forty unbound copies of the 1602 edition of the Bishops ' Bible were specially printed so that the agreed changes of each committee could be recorded in the margins . The committees worked on certain parts separately and the drafts produced by each committee were then compared and revised for harmony with each other . The scholars were not paid directly for their translation work , instead a circular letter was sent to bishops encouraging them to consider the translators for appointment to well - paid livings as these fell vacant . Several were supported by the various colleges at Oxford and Cambridge , while others were promoted to bishoprics , deaneries and prebends through royal patronage . The committees started work towards the end of 1604 . King James I of England , on 22 July 1604 , sent a letter to Archbishop Bancroft asking him to contact all English churchmen requesting that they make donations to his project . Right trusty and well beloved , we greet you well . Whereas we have appointed certain learned men , to the number of 4 and 50 , for the translating of the Bible , and in this number , divers of them have either no ecclesiastical preferment at all , or else so very small , as the same is far unmeet for men of their deserts and yet we in ourself in any convenient time can not well remedy it , therefor we do hereby require you , that presently you write in our name as well to the Archbishop of York , as to the rest of the bishops of the province of Cant. ( erbury ) signifying unto them , that we do well and straitly charge everyone of them ... that ( all excuses set apart ) when a prebend or parsonage ... shall next upon any occasion happen to be void ... we may commend for the same some such of the learned men , as we shall think fit to be preferred unto it ... Given unto our signet at our palace of West. ( minister ) on 2 and 20 July , in the 2nd year of our reign of England , France , and of Ireland , and of Scotland xxxvii . '' They had all completed their sections by 1608 , the Apocrypha committee finishing first . From January 1609 , a General Committee of Review met at Stationers ' Hall , London to review the completed marked texts from each of the six committees . The General Committee included John Bois , Andrew Downes and John Harmar , and others known only by their initials , including `` AL '' ( who may be Arthur Lake ) , and were paid for their attendance by the Stationers ' Company . John Bois prepared a note of their deliberations ( in Latin ) -- which has partly survived in two later transcripts . Also surviving of the translators ' working papers are a bound - together set of marked - up corrections to one of the forty Bishops ' Bibles -- covering the Old Testament and Gospels , and also a manuscript translation of the text of the Epistles , excepting those verses where no change was being recommended to the readings in the Bishops ' Bible . Archbishop Bancroft insisted on having a final say making fourteen further changes , of which one was the term `` bishopricke '' at Acts 1 : 20 . Translation committees ( edit ) First Westminster Company , translated Genesis to 2 Kings : Lancelot Andrewes , John Overall , Hadrian à Saravia , Richard Clarke , John Layfield , Robert Tighe , Francis Burleigh , Geoffrey King , Richard Thomson , William Bedwell ; First Cambridge Company , translated 1 Chronicles to the Song of Solomon : Edward Lively , John Richardson , Lawrence Chaderton , Francis Dillingham , Roger Andrewes , Thomas Harrison , Robert Spaulding , Andrew Bing ; First Oxford Company , translated Isaiah to Malachi : John Harding , John Rainolds ( or Reynolds ) , Thomas Holland , Richard Kilby , Miles Smith , Richard Brett , Daniel Fairclough , William Thorne ; Second Oxford Company , translated the Gospels , Acts of the Apostles , and the Book of Revelation : Thomas Ravis , George Abbot , Richard Eedes , Giles Tomson , Sir Henry Savile , John Peryn , Ralph Ravens , John Harmar , John Aglionby , Leonard Hutten ; Second Westminster Company , translated the Epistles : William Barlow , John Spenser , Roger Fenton , Ralph Hutchinson , William Dakins , Michael Rabbet , Thomas Sanderson ( who probably had already become Archdeacon of Rochester ) ; Second Cambridge Company , translated the Apocrypha : John Duport , William Branthwaite , Jeremiah Radcliffe , Samuel Ward , Andrew Downes , John Bois , Robert Ward , Thomas Bilson , Richard Bancroft . Printing ( edit ) Archbishop Richard Bancroft was the `` chief overseer '' of the production of the Authorized Version . The original printing of the Authorized Version was published by Robert Barker , the King 's Printer , in 1611 as a complete folio Bible . It was sold looseleaf for ten shillings , or bound for twelve . Robert Barker 's father , Christopher , had , in 1589 , been granted by Elizabeth I the title of royal Printer , with the perpetual Royal Privilege to print Bibles in England . Robert Barker invested very large sums in printing the new edition , and consequently ran into serious debt , such that he was compelled to sub-lease the privilege to two rival London printers , Bonham Norton and John Bill . It appears that it was initially intended that each printer would print a portion of the text , share printed sheets with the others , and split the proceeds . Bitter financial disputes broke out , as Barker accused Norton and Bill of concealing their profits , while Norton and Bill accused Barker of selling sheets properly due to them as partial Bibles for ready money . There followed decades of continual litigation , and consequent imprisonment for debt for members of the Barker and Norton printing dynasties , while each issued rival editions of the whole Bible . In 1629 the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge successfully managed to assert separate and prior royal licences for Bible printing , for their own university presses -- and Cambridge University took the opportunity to print revised editions of the Authorized Version in 1629 , and 1638 . The editors of these editions included John Bois and John Ward from the original translators . This did not , however , impede the commercial rivalries of the London printers , especially as the Barker family refused to allow any other printers access to the authoritative manuscript of the Authorized Version . Two editions of the whole Bible are recognized as having been produced in 1611 , which may be distinguished by their rendering of Ruth 3 : 15 ; the first edition reading `` he went into the city '' , where the second reads `` she went into the city . '' ; these are known colloquially as the `` He '' and `` She '' Bibles . The opening of the Epistle to the Hebrews of the 1611 edition of the Authorized Version shows the original typeface . Marginal notes reference variant translations and cross references to other Bible passages . Each chapter is headed by a précis of contents . There are decorative initial letters for each Chapter , and a decorated headpiece to each Biblical Book , but no illustrations in the text . The original printing was made before English spelling was standardized , and when printers , as a matter of course , expanded and contracted the spelling of the same words in different places , so as to achieve an even column of text . They set v for initial u and v , and u for u and v everywhere else . They used long s for non-final s . The glyph j occurs only after i , as in the final letter in a Roman numeral . Punctuation was relatively heavy , and differed from current practice . When space needed to be saved , the printers sometimes used ye for the , ( replacing the Middle English thorn with the continental y ) , set ã for an or am ( in the style of scribe 's shorthand ) , and set & for and . On the contrary , on a few occasions , they appear to have inserted these words when they thought a line needed to be padded . Later printings regularized these spellings ; the punctuation has also been standardized , but still varies from current usage norms . The first printing used a black letter typeface instead of a roman typeface , which itself made a political and a religious statement . Like the Great Bible and the Bishops ' Bible , the Authorized Version was `` appointed to be read in churches '' . It was a large folio volume meant for public use , not private devotion ; the weight of the type mirrored the weight of establishment authority behind it . However , smaller editions and roman - type editions followed rapidly , e.g. quarto roman - type editions of the Bible in 1612 . This contrasted with the Geneva Bible , which was the first English Bible printed in a roman typeface ( although black - letter editions , particularly in folio format , were issued later ) . In contrast to the Geneva Bible and the Bishops ' Bible , which had both been extensively illustrated , there were no illustrations at all in the 1611 edition of the Authorized Version , the main form of decoration being the historiated initial letters provided for books and chapters -- together with the decorative title pages to the Bible itself , and to the New Testament . In the Great Bible , readings derived from the Vulgate but not found in published Hebrew and Greek texts had been distinguished by being printed in smaller roman type . In the Geneva Bible , a distinct typeface had instead been applied to distinguish text supplied by translators , or thought needful for English grammar but not present in the Greek or Hebrew ; and the original printing of the Authorized Version used roman type for this purposed , albeit sparsely and inconsistently . This results in perhaps the most significant difference between the original printed text of the King James Bible and the current text . When , from the later 17th century onwards , the Authorized Version began to be printed in roman type , the typeface for supplied words was changed to italics , this application being regularised and greatly expanded . This was intended to de-emphasise the words . The original printing contained two prefatory texts ; the first was a formal Epistle Dedicatory to `` the most high and mighty Prince '' King James . Many British printings reproduce this , while most non-British printings do not . The second preface was called Translators to the Reader , a long and learned essay that defends the undertaking of the new version . It observes the translators ' stated goal , that they , `` never thought from the beginning that ( they ) should need to make a new translation , nor yet to make of a bad one a good one , ... but to make a good one better , or out of many good ones , one principal good one , not justly to be excepted against ; that hath been our endeavour , that our mark . '' They also give their opinion of previous English Bible translations , stating , `` We do not deny , nay , we affirm and avow , that the very meanest translation of the Bible in English , set forth by men of our profession , ( for we have seen none of theirs ( Roman Catholics ) of the whole Bible as yet ) containeth the word of God , nay , is the word of God . '' As with the first preface , some British printings reproduce this , while most non-British printings do not . Almost every printing that includes the second preface also includes the first . The first printing contained a number of other apparatus , including a table for the reading of the Psalms at matins and evensong , and a calendar , an almanac , and a table of holy days and observances . Much of this material became obsolete with the adoption of the Gregorian Calendar by Britain and its colonies in 1752 , and thus modern editions invariably omit it . So as to make it easier to locate a particular passage , each chapter was headed by a brief precis of its contents with verse numbers . Later editors freely substituted their own chapter summaries , or omitted such material entirely . Pilcrow marks are used to indicate the beginnings of paragraphs except after the book of Acts . Authorized Version ( edit ) The Authorized Version was meant to replace the Bishops ' Bible as the official version for readings in the Church of England . No record of its authorization exists ; it was probably effected by an order of the Privy Council but the records for the years 1600 to 1613 were destroyed by fire in January 1618 / 19 and it is commonly known as the Authorized Version in the United Kingdom . The King 's Printer issued no further editions of the Bishops ' Bible , so necessarily the Authorized Version replaced it as the standard lectern Bible in parish church use in England . In the 1662 Book of Common Prayer , the text of the Authorized Version finally supplanted that of the Great Bible in the Epistle and Gospel readings -- though the Prayer Book Psalter nevertheless continues in the Great Bible version . The case was different in Scotland , where the Geneva Bible had long been the standard church bible . It was not until 1633 that a Scottish edition of the Authorized Version was printed -- in conjunction with the Scots coronation in that year of Charles I . The inclusion of illustrations in the edition raised accusations of Popery from opponents of the religious policies of Charles and William Laud , Archbishop of Canterbury . However , official policy favoured the Authorized Version , and this favour returned during the Commonwealth -- as London printers succeeded in re-asserting their monopoly on Bible printing with support from Oliver Cromwell -- and the `` New Translation '' was the only edition on the market . F.F. Bruce reports that the last recorded instance of a Scots parish continuing to use the `` Old Translation '' ( i.e. Geneva ) as being in 1674 . The Authorized Version 's acceptance by the general public took longer . The Geneva Bible continued to be popular , and large numbers were imported from Amsterdam , where printing continued up to 1644 in editions carrying a false London imprint . However , few if any genuine Geneva editions appear to have been printed in London after 1616 , and in 1637 Archbishop Laud prohibited their printing or importation . In the period of the English Civil War , soldiers of the New Model Army were issued a book of Geneva selections called `` The Soldiers ' Bible '' . In the first half of the 17th century the Authorized Version is most commonly referred to as `` The Bible without notes '' , thereby distinguishing it from the Geneva `` Bible with notes '' . There were several printings of the Authorized Version in Amsterdam -- one as late as 1715 which combined the Authorized Version translation text with the Geneva marginal notes ; one such edition was printed in London in 1649 . During the Commonwealth a commission was established by Parliament to recommend a revision of the Authorized Version with acceptably Protestant explanatory notes , but the project was abandoned when it became clear that these would nearly double the bulk of the Bible text . After the English Restoration , the Geneva Bible was held to be politically suspect and a reminder of the repudiated Puritan era . Furthermore , disputes over the lucrative rights to print the Authorized Version dragged on through the 17th century , so none of the printers involved saw any commercial advantage in marketing a rival translation . The Authorized Version became the only current version circulating among English - speaking people . A small minority of critical scholars were slow to accept the latest translation . Hugh Broughton , the most highly regarded English Hebraist of his time ( but who had been excluded from the panel of translators because of his utterly uncongenial temperament ) , issued in 1611 a total condemnation of the new version , criticizing especially the translators ' rejection of word - for - word equivalence and stated that `` he would rather be torn in pieces by wild horses than that this abominable translation ( KJV ) should ever be foisted upon the English people '' . Walton 's London Polyglot of 1657 disregards the Authorized Version ( and indeed the English language ) entirely . Walton 's reference text throughout is the Vulgate . The Vulgate Latin is also found as the standard text of scripture in Thomas Hobbes 's Leviathan of 1651 , indeed Hobbes gives Vulgate chapter and verse numbers ( e.g. , Job 41 : 24 , not Job 41 : 33 ) for his head text . In Chapter 35 : ' The Signification in Scripture of Kingdom of God ' , Hobbes discusses Exodus 19 : 5 , first in his own translation of the ' Vulgar Latin ' , and then subsequently as found in the versions he terms `` ... the English translation made in the beginning of the reign of King James '' , and `` The Geneva French '' ( i.e. Olivétan ) . Hobbes advances detailed critical arguments why the Vulgate rendering is to be preferred . For most of the 17th century the assumption remained that , while it had been of vital importance to provide the scriptures in the vernacular for ordinary people , nevertheless for those with sufficient education to do so , Biblical study was best undertaken within the international common medium of Latin . It was only in 1700 that modern bilingual Bibles appeared in which the Authorized Version was compared with counterpart Dutch and French Protestant vernacular Bibles . In consequence of the continual disputes over printing privileges , successive printings of the Authorized Version were notably less careful than the 1611 edition had been -- compositors freely varying spelling , capitalization and punctuation -- and also , over the years , introducing about 1,500 misprints ( some of which , like the omission of `` not '' from the commandment `` Thou shalt not commit adultery '' in the `` Wicked Bible '' , became notorious ) . The two Cambridge editions of 1629 and 1638 attempted to restore the proper text -- while introducing over 200 revisions of the original translators ' work , chiefly by incorporating into the main text a more literal reading originally presented as a marginal note . A more thoroughly corrected edition was proposed following the Restoration , in conjunction with the revised 1662 Book of Common Prayer , but Parliament then decided against it . By the first half of the 18th century , the Authorized Version was effectively unchallenged as the sole English translation in current use in Protestant churches , and was so dominant that the Roman Catholic Church in England issued in 1750 a revision of the 1610 Douay - Rheims Bible by Richard Challoner that was very much closer to the Authorized Version than to the original . However , general standards of spelling , punctuation , typesetting , capitalization and grammar had changed radically in the 100 years since the first edition of the Authorized Version , and all printers in the market were introducing continual piecemeal changes to their Bible texts to bring them into line with current practice -- and with public expectations of standardized spelling and grammatical construction . Over the course of the 18th century , the Authorized Version supplanted the Hebrew , Greek and the Latin Vulgate as the standard version of scripture for English speaking scholars and divines , and indeed came to be regarded by some as an inspired text in itself -- so much so that any challenge to its readings or textual base came to be regarded by many as an assault on Holy Scripture . This has been contemptuously labelled `` AVolatry '' , a play on the name `` Authorized Version '' ( AV ) and idolatry . Standard text of 1769 ( edit ) Title page of the 1760 Cambridge edition By the mid-18th century the wide variation in the various modernized printed texts of the Authorized Version , combined with the notorious accumulation of misprints , had reached the proportion of a scandal , and the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge both sought to produce an updated standard text . First of the two was the Cambridge edition of 1760 , the culmination of 20 - years work by Francis Sawyer Parris , who died in May of that year . This 1760 edition was reprinted without change in 1762 and in John Baskerville 's fine folio edition of 1763 . This was effectively superseded by the 1769 Oxford edition , edited by Benjamin Blayney , though with comparatively few changes from Parris 's edition ; but which became the Oxford standard text , and is reproduced almost unchanged in most current printings . Parris and Blayney sought consistently to remove those elements of the 1611 and subsequent editions that they believed were due to the vagaries of printers , while incorporating most of the revised readings of the Cambridge editions of 1629 and 1638 , and each also introducing a few improved readings of their own . They undertook the mammoth task of standardizing the wide variation in punctuation and spelling of the original , making many thousands of minor changes to the text . In addition , Blayney and Parris thoroughly revised and greatly extended the italicization of `` supplied '' words not found in the original languages by cross-checking against the presumed source texts . Blayney seems to have worked from the 1550 Stephanus edition of the Textus Receptus , rather than the later editions of Beza that the translators of the 1611 New Testament had favoured ; accordingly the current Oxford standard text alters around a dozen italicizations where Beza and Stephanus differ . Like the 1611 edition , the 1769 Oxford edition included the Apocrypha , although Blayney tended to remove cross-references to the Books of the Apocrypha from the margins of their Old and New Testaments wherever these had been provided by the original translators . Altogether , the standardization of spelling and punctuation caused Blayney 's 1769 text to differ from the 1611 text in around 24,000 places . Since that date , a few further changes have been introduced to the Oxford standard text . The Oxford University Press paperback edition of the `` Authorized King James Version '' provides Oxford 's standard text , and also includes the prefatory section `` The Translators to the Reader '' . The 1611 and 1769 texts of the first three verses from I Corinthians 13 are given below . ( 1611 ) 1 . Though I speake with the tongues of men & of Angels , and haue not charity , I am become as sounding brasse or a tinkling cymbal. 2 And though I haue the gift of prophesie , and vnderstand all mysteries and all knowledge : and though I haue all faith , so that I could remooue mountaines , and haue no charitie , I am nothing . 3 And though I bestowe all my goods to feede the poore , and though I giue my body to bee burned , and haue not charitie , it profiteth me nothing . ( 1769 ) 1 . Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels , and have not charity , I am become as sounding brass , or a tinkling cymbal. 2 And though I have the gift of prophecy , and understand all mysteries , and all knowledge ; and though I have all faith , so that I could remove mountains , and have not charity , I am nothing . 3 And though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor , and though I give my body to be burned , and have not charity , it profiteth me nothing . There are a number of superficial edits in these three verses : 11 changes of spelling , 16 changes of typesetting ( including the changed conventions for the use of u and v ) , three changes of punctuation , and one variant text -- where `` not charity '' is substituted for `` no charity '' in verse two , in the erroneous belief that the original reading was a misprint . A particular verse for which Blayney 's 1769 text differs from Parris 's 1760 version is Matthew 5 : 13 , where Parris ( 1760 ) has Ye are the salt of the earth : but if the salt have lost his savour , wherewith shall it be salted ? it is thenceforth good for nothing but to be cast out , and to be troden under foot of men . Blayney ( 1769 ) changes ' lost his savour ' to ' lost its savour ' , and troden to trodden . For a period , Cambridge continued to issue Bibles using the Parris text , but the market demand for absolute standardization was now such that they eventually adapted Blayney 's work , but omitted some of the idiosyncratic Oxford spellings . By the mid-19th century , almost all printings of the Authorized Version were derived from the 1769 Oxford text -- increasingly without Blayney 's variant notes and cross references , and commonly excluding the Apocrypha . One exception to this was a scrupulous original - spelling , page - for - page , and line - for - line reprint of the 1611 edition ( including all chapter headings , marginalia , and original italicization , but with Roman type substituted for the black letter of the original ) , published by Oxford in 1833 . Another important exception was the 1873 Cambridge Paragraph Bible , thoroughly revised , modernized and re-edited by F.H.A. Scrivener , who for the first time consistently identified the source texts underlying the 1611 translation and its marginal notes . Scrivener , like Blayney , opted to revise the translation where he considered the judgement of the 1611 translators had been faulty . In 2005 , Cambridge University Press released its New Cambridge Paragraph Bible with Apocrypha , edited by David Norton , which followed in the spirit of Scrivener 's work , attempting to bring spelling to present - day standards . Norton also innovated with the introduction of quotation marks , while returning to a hypothetical 1611 text , so far as possible , to the wording used by its translators , especially in the light of the re-emphasis on some of their draft documents . This text has been issued in paperback by Penguin books . From the early 19th century the Authorized Version has remained almost completely unchanged -- and since , due to advances in printing technology , it could now be produced in very large editions for mass sale , it established complete dominance in public and ecclesiastical use in the English - speaking Protestant world . Academic debate through that century , however , increasingly reflected concerns about the Authorized Version shared by some scholars : ( a ) that subsequent study in oriental languages suggested a need to revise the translation of the Hebrew Bible -- both in terms of specific vocabulary , and also in distinguishing descriptive terms from proper names ; ( b ) that the Authorized Version was unsatisfactory in translating the same Greek words and phrases into different English , especially where parallel passages are found in the synoptic gospels ; and ( c ) in the light of subsequent ancient manuscript discoveries , the New Testament translation base of the Greek Textus Receptus could no longer be considered to be the best representation of the original text . Responding to these concerns , the Convocation of Canterbury resolved in 1870 to undertake a revision of the text of the Authorized Version , intending to retain the original text `` except where in the judgement of competent scholars such a change is necessary '' . The resulting revision was issued as the Revised Version in 1881 ( New Testament ) , 1885 ( Old Testament ) and 1894 ( Apocrypha ) ; but , although it sold widely , the revision did not find popular favour , and it was only reluctantly in 1899 that Convocation approved it for reading in churches . By the early 20th century , editing had been completed in Cambridge 's text , with at least 6 new changes since 1769 , and the reversing of at least 30 of the standard Oxford readings . The distinct Cambridge text was printed in the millions , and after the Second World War `` the unchanging steadiness of the KJB was a huge asset . '' The Cambridge edition is preferred by scholars . The Authorized Version maintained its effective dominance throughout the first half of the 20th century . New translations in the second half of the 20th century displaced its 250 years of dominance ( roughly 1700 to 1950 ) , but groups do exist -- sometimes termed the King James Only movement -- that distrust anything not in agreement with the Authorized Version . Editorial criticism ( edit ) F.H.A. Scrivener and D. Norton have both written in detail on editorial variations which have occurred through the history of the publishing of the Authorized Version from 1611 to 1769 . In the 19th century , there were effectively three main guardians of the text . Norton identified five variations among the Oxford , Cambridge and London ( Eyre and Spottiswoode ) texts of 1857 , such as the spelling of `` farther '' or `` further '' at Matthew 26 : 39 . In the 20th century , variation between the editions was reduced to comparing the Cambridge to the Oxford . Distinctly identified Cambridge readings included `` or Sheba '' ( Joshua 19 : 2 ) , `` sin '' ( 2 Chronicles 33 : 19 ) , `` clifts '' ( Job 30 : 6 ) , `` vapour '' ( Psalm 148 : 8 ) , `` flieth '' ( Nahum 3 : 16 ) , `` further '' ( Matthew 26 : 39 ) and a number of other references . In effect the Cambridge was considered the current text in comparison to the Oxford . These are instances where both Oxford and Cambridge have now diverged from Blayney 's 1769 Edition . The distinctions between the Oxford and Cambridge editions have been a major point in the Bible version debate , and a potential theological issue , particularly in regard to the identification of the Pure Cambridge Edition . Cambridge University Press introduced a change at 1 John 5 : 8 in 1985 , reversing its longstanding tradition of printing the word `` spirit '' in lower case by using a capital letter `` S '' . A Rev. Hardin of Bedford , Pennsylvania , wrote a letter to Cambridge inquiring about this verse , and subsequently received a reply from Dr. Cooper on June 3 , 1985 , admitting that it was a `` matter of some embarrassment regarding the lower case ' s ' in Spirit '' . Literary attributes ( edit ) Translation ( edit ) Like Tyndale 's translation and the Geneva Bible , the Authorized Version was translated primarily from Greek , Hebrew and Aramaic texts , although with secondary reference both to the Latin Vulgate , and to more recent scholarly Latin versions ; two books of the Apocrypha were translated from a Latin source . Following the example of the Geneva Bible , words implied but not actually in the original source were distinguished by being printed in distinct type ( albeit inconsistently ) , but otherwise the translators explicitly rejected word - for - word equivalence . F.F Bruce gives an example from Romans Chapter 5 : 2 By whom also wee have accesse by faith , into this grace wherein wee stand , and rejoyce in hope of the glory of God . 3 And not onely so , but we glory in tribulations also , knowing that tribulation worketh patience : The English terms `` rejoice '' and `` glory '' stand for the same word in the Greek original . In Tyndale , Geneva and the Bishops ' Bibles , both instances are translated `` rejoice '' . In the Douay -- Rheims New Testament , both are translated `` glory '' . Only in the Authorized Version does the translation vary between the two verses . In obedience to their instructions , the translators provided no marginal interpretation of the text , but in some 8,500 places a marginal note offers an alternative English wording . The majority of these notes offer a more literal rendering of the original ( introduced as `` Heb '' , `` Chal '' , `` Gr '' or `` Lat '' ) , but others indicate a variant reading of the source text ( introduced by `` or '' ) . Some of the annotated variants derive from alternative editions in the original languages , or from variant forms quoted in the fathers . More commonly , though , they indicate a difference between the literal original language reading and that in the translators ' preferred recent Latin versions : Tremellius for the Old Testament , Junius for the Apocrypha , and Beza for the New Testament . At thirteen places in the New Testament ( e.g. Luke 17 : 36 and Acts 25 : 6 ) a marginal note records a variant reading found in some Greek manuscript copies ; in almost all cases reproducing a counterpart textual note at the same place in Beza 's editions . A few more extensive notes clarify Biblical names and units of measurement or currency . Modern reprintings rarely reproduce these annotated variants -- although they are to be found in the New Cambridge Paragraph Bible . In addition , there were originally some 9,000 scriptural cross-references , in which one text was related to another . Such cross-references had long been common in Latin Bibles , and most of those in the Authorized Version were copied unaltered from this Latin tradition . Consequently the early editions of the KJV retain many Vulgate verse references -- e.g. in the numbering of the Psalms . At the head of each chapter , the translators provided a short précis of its contents , with verse numbers ; these are rarely included in complete form in modern editions . Also in obedience to their instructions , the translators indicated ' supplied ' words in a different typeface ; but there was no attempt to regularise the instances where this practice had been applied across the different companies ; and especially in the New Testament , it was used much less frequently in the 1611 edition than would later be the case . In one verse , 1 John 2 : 23 , an entire clause was printed in roman type ( as it had also been in the Great Bible and Bishop 's Bible ) ; indicating a reading then primarily derived from the Vulgate , albeit one for which the later editions of Beza had provided a Greek text . In the Old Testament the translators render the Tetragrammaton YHWH by `` the LORD '' ( in later editions in small capitals as LORD ) , or `` the LORD God '' ( for YHWH Elohim , יהוה אלהים ) , except in four places by `` IEHOVAH '' ( Exodus 6 : 3 , Psalm 83 : 18 , Isaiah 12 : 2 and Isaiah 26 : 4 ) and three times in a combination form . ( Genesis 22 : 14 , Exodus 17 : 15 , Judges 6 : 24 ) However , if the Tetragrammaton occurs with the Hebrew word adonai ( Lord ) then it is rendered not as the `` Lord LORD '' but as the `` Lord God '' . ( Psalm 73 : 28 , etc . ) In later editions as `` Lord GOD '' with `` GOD '' in small capitals indicating to the reader that God 's name appears in the original Hebrew . Old Testament ( edit ) For their Old Testament , the translators used a text originating in the editions of the Hebrew Rabbinic Bible by Daniel Bomberg ( 1524 / 5 ) , but adjusted this to conform to the Greek LXX or Latin Vulgate in passages to which Christian tradition had attached a Christological interpretation . For example , the Septuagint reading `` They pierced my hands and my feet '' was used in Psalm 22 : 16 ( vs. the Masoretes ' reading of the Hebrew `` like lions my hands and feet '' ) . Otherwise , however , the Authorized Version is closer to the Hebrew tradition than any previous English translation -- especially in making use of the rabbinic commentaries , such as Kimhi , in elucidating obscure passages in the Masoretic Text ; earlier versions had been more likely to adopt LXX or Vulgate readings in such places . Following the practice of the Geneva Bible , the books of 1 Esdras and 2 Esdras in the Old Testament were renamed ' Ezra ' and ' Nehemiah ' ; 3 Esdras and 4 Esdras in the Apocrypha being renamed ' 1 Esdras ' and ' 2 Esdras ' . New Testament ( edit ) For their New Testament , the translators chiefly used the 1598 and 1588 / 89 Greek editions of Theodore Beza , which also present Beza 's Latin version of the Greek and Stephanus 's edition of the Latin Vulgate . Both of these versions were extensively referred to , as the translators conducted all discussions amongst themselves in Latin . F.H.A. Scrivener identifies 190 readings where the Authorized Version translators depart from Beza 's Greek text , generally in maintaining the wording of the Bishop 's Bible and other earlier English translations . In about half of these instances , the Authorized Version translators appear to follow the earlier 1550 Greek Textus Receptus of Stephanus . For the other half , Scrivener was usually able to find corresponding Greek readings in the editions of Erasmus , or in the Complutensian Polyglot . However , in several dozen readings he notes that no printed Greek text corresponds to the English of the Authorized Version , which in these places derives directly from the Vulgate . For example , at John 10 : 16 , the Authorized Version reads `` one fold '' ( as did the Bishops ' Bible , and the 16th century vernacular versions produced in Geneva ) , following the Latin Vulgate `` unum ovile '' , whereas Tyndale had agreed more closely with the Greek , `` one flocke '' ( μία ποίμνη ) . The Authorized Version New Testament owes much more to the Vulgate than does the Old Testament ; still , at least 80 % of the text is unaltered from Tyndale 's translation . Apocrypha ( edit ) Unlike the rest of the Bible , the translators of the Apocrypha identified their source texts in their marginal notes . From these it can be determined that the books of the Apocrypha were translated from the Septuagint -- primarily , from the Greek Old Testament column in the Antwerp Polyglot -- but with extensive reference to the counterpart Latin Vulgate text , and to Junius 's Latin translation . The translators record references to the Sixtine Septuagint of 1587 , which is substantially a printing of the Old Testament text from the Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209 , and also to the 1518 Greek Septuagint edition of Aldus Manutius . They had , however , no Greek texts for 2 Esdras , or for the Prayer of Manasses , and Scrivener found that they here used an unidentified Latin manuscript . Sources ( edit ) The translators appear to have otherwise made no first - hand study of ancient manuscript sources , even those that -- like the Codex Bezae -- would have been readily available to them . In addition to all previous English versions ( including , and contrary to their instructions , the Rheimish New Testament which in their preface they criticized ) ; they made wide and eclectic use of all printed editions in the original languages then available , including the ancient Syriac New Testament printed with an interlinear Latin gloss in the Antwerp Polyglot of 1573 . In the preface the translators acknowledge consulting translations and commentaries in Chaldee , Hebrew , Syrian , Greek , Latin , Spanish , French , Italian , and German . The translators took the Bishop 's Bible as their source text , and where they departed from that in favour of another translation , this was most commonly the Geneva Bible . However , the degree to which readings from the Bishop 's Bible survived into final text of the King James Bible varies greatly from company to company , as did the propensity of the King James translators to coin phrases of their own . John Bois 's notes of the General Committee of Review show that they discussed readings derived from a wide variety of versions and patristic sources ; including explicitly both Henry Savile 's 1610 edition of the works of John Chrysostom and the Rheims New Testament , which was the primary source for many of the literal alternative readings provided for the marginal notes . Variations from recent translations ( edit ) Main article : List of major textual variants in the New Testament See also : List of Bible verses not included in modern translations A number of Bible verses in the King James Version of the New Testament are not found in more recent Bible translations , where these are based on modern critical texts . In the early seventeenth century , the source Greek texts of the New Testament used for the production of Protestant bible versions depended mainly on manuscripts of the late Byzantine text - type , and with minor variations contained what became known as the Textus Receptus . With the subsequent identification of much earlier manuscripts , most modern textual scholars value the evidence of manuscripts belonging to the Alexandrian family as better witnesses to the original text of the biblical authors , without giving it , or any family , automatic preference . Style and criticism ( edit ) A primary concern of the translators was to produce an appropriate Bible , dignified and resonant in public reading . Although the Authorized Version 's written style is an important part of its influence on English , research has found only one verse -- Hebrews 13 : 8 -- for which translators debated the wording 's literary merits . While they stated in the preface that they used stylistic variation , finding multiple English words or verbal forms in places where the original language employed repetition , in practice they also did the opposite ; for example , 14 different Hebrew words were translated into the single English word `` prince '' . In a period of rapid linguistic change the translators avoided contemporary idioms , tending instead towards forms that were already slightly archaic , like verily and it came to pass . The pronouns thou / thee and ye / you are consistently used as singular and plural respectively , even though by this time you was often found as the singular in general English usage , especially when addressing a social superior ( as is evidenced , for example , in Shakespeare ) . For the possessive of the third person pronoun , the word its , first recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary in 1598 , is avoided . The older his is usually employed , as for example at Matthew 5 : 13 : `` if the salt have lost his savour , wherewith shall it be salted ? '' ; in other places of it , thereof or bare it are found . Another sign of linguistic conservativism is the invariable use of - eth for the third person singular present form of the verb , as at Matthew 2 : 13 : `` the Angel of the Lord appeareth to Joseph in a dreame '' . The rival ending - ( e ) s , as found in present - day English , was already widely used by this time ( for example , it predominates over - eth in the plays of Shakespeare and Marlowe ) . Furthermore , the translators preferred which to who or whom as the relative pronoun for persons , as in Genesis 13 : 5 : `` And Lot also which went with Abram , had flocks and heards , & tents '' although who ( m ) is also found . The Authorized Version is notably more Latinate than previous English versions , especially the Geneva Bible . This results in part from the academic stylistic preferences of a number of the translators -- several of whom admitted to being more comfortable writing in Latin than in English -- but was also , in part , a consequence of the royal proscription against explanatory notes . Hence , where the Geneva Bible might use a common English word -- and gloss its particular application in a marginal note -- the Authorized Version tends rather to prefer a technical term , frequently in Anglicized Latin . Consequently , although the King had instructed the translators to use the Bishops ' Bible as a base text , the New Testament in particular owes much stylistically to the Catholic Rheims New Testament , whose translators had also been concerned to find English equivalents for Latin terminology . In addition , the translators of the New Testament books habitually quote Old Testament names in the renderings familiar from the Vulgate Latin rather than in forms closer to the original Hebrew ( e.g. `` Elias '' and `` Jeremias '' for `` Elijah '' and `` Jeremiah '' , respectively ) . While the Authorized Version remains among the most widely sold , modern critical New Testament translations differ substantially from it in a number of passages , primarily because they rely on source manuscripts not then accessible to ( or not then highly regarded by ) early 17th - century Biblical scholarship . In the Old Testament , there are also many differences from modern translations that are based not on manuscript differences , but on a different understanding of Ancient Hebrew vocabulary or grammar by the translators . For example , in modern translations it is clear that Job 28 : 1 -- 11 is referring throughout to mining operations , which is not at all apparent from the text of the Authorized Version . Mistranslations ( edit ) The King James version contains several mistranslations ; especially in the Old Testament where the knowledge of Hebrew and cognate languages was uncertain at the time . Most of these are minor and do not significantly change the meaning compared to the source material . Among the most commonly cited errors is in the Hebrew of Job and Deuteronomy , where רֶאֵם `` Re'em '' with the probable meaning of `` wild - ox , aurochs '' , is translated in the KJV as `` unicorn '' ; following in this the Vulgate unicornis and several medieval rabbinic commentators . The translators of the KJV note the alternative rendering , `` rhinocerots '' ( sic ) in the margin at Isaiah 34 : 7 . On a similar note Martin Luther 's German translation had also relied on the Vulgate Latin on this point , consistently translating רֶאֵם using the German word for unicorn , `` Einhorn . '' Otherwise , the translators on several occasions mistakenly interpreted a Hebrew descriptive phrase as a proper name ( or vice versa ) ; as at 2 Samuel 1 : 18 where ' the Book of Jasher ' סֵפֶר הַיׇּשׇׁר properly refers not to a work by an author of that name , but should rather be rendered as `` the Book of the Upright . '' Influence ( edit ) Despite royal patronage and encouragement , there was never any overt mandate to use the new translation . It was not until 1661 that the Authorized Version replaced the Bishops Bible in the Epistle and Gospel lessons of the Book of Common Prayer , and it never did replace the older translation in the Psalter . In 1763 The Critical Review complained that `` many false interpretations , ambiguous phrases , obsolete words and indelicate expressions ... excite the derision of the scorner '' . Blayney 's 1769 version , with its revised spelling and punctuation , helped change the public perception of the Authorized Version to a masterpiece of the English language . By the 19th century , F.W. Faber could say of the translation , `` It lives on the ear , like music that can never be forgotten , like the sound of church bells , which the convert hardly knows how he can forego . '' The Authorized Version has been called `` the most influential version of the most influential book in the world , in what is now its most influential language '' , `` the most important book in English religion and culture '' , and `` the most celebrated book in the English - speaking world '' . David Crystal has estimated that it is responsible for 257 idioms in English , examples include feet of clay and reap the whirlwind . Furthermore , prominent atheist figures such as the late Christopher Hitchens and Richard Dawkins have praised the King James Version as being `` a giant step in the maturing of English literature '' and `` a great work of literature '' , respectively , with Dawkins then adding , `` A native speaker of English who has never read a word of the King James Bible is verging on the barbarian '' . Although the Authorized Version 's former monopoly in the English - speaking world has diminished -- for example , the Church of England recommends six other versions in addition to it -- it is still the most used translation in the United States , especially as the Scofield Reference Bible for Evangelicals . In addition , in the Orthodox Church in America , the King James Version is used liturgically , and was made `` the ' official ' translation for a whole generation of American Orthodox '' . The later Service Book of the Antiochian Archdiocese , in vogue today , also uses the King James Version . The King James Version is also one of the versions authorized to be used in the services of the Episcopal Church and the Anglican Communion , as it is the historical Bible of this Church . Copyright status ( edit ) The Authorized Version is in the public domain in most of the world . However , in the United Kingdom , the right to print , publish and distribute it is a Royal prerogative and the Crown licenses publishers to reproduce it under letters patent . In England , Wales and Northern Ireland the letters patent are held by the Queen 's Printer , and in Scotland by the Scottish Bible Board . The office of Queen 's Printer has been associated with the right to reproduce the Bible for centuries , the earliest known reference coming in 1577 . In the 18th century all surviving interests in the monopoly were bought out by John Baskett . The Baskett rights descended through a number of printers and , in England , Wales and Northern Ireland , the Queen 's Printer is now Cambridge University Press , who inherited the right when they took over the firm of Eyre & Spottiswoode in 1990 . Other royal charters of similar antiquity grant Cambridge University Press and Oxford University Press the right to produce the Authorized Version independently of the Queen 's Printer . In Scotland the Authorized Version is published by Collins under licence from the Scottish Bible Board . The terms of the letters patent prohibit any other than the holders , or those authorized by the holders , from printing , publishing or importing the Authorized Version into the United Kingdom . The protection that the Authorized Version , and also the Book of Common Prayer , enjoy is the last remnant of the time when the Crown held a monopoly over all printing and publishing in the United Kingdom . Almost all provisions granting copyright in perpetuity were abolished by the Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 , but because the Authorized Version is protected by royal prerogative rather than copyright , it will remain protected , as specified in CDPA s171 ( 1 ) ( b ) . Permission ( edit ) Cambridge University Press permits the reproduction of at most 500 verses for `` liturgical and non-commercial educational use '' if their prescribed acknowledgement is included , the quoted verses do not exceed 25 % of the publication quoting them and do not include a complete Bible book . For use beyond this , the Press is willing to consider permission requested on a case - by - case basis and in 2011 a spokesman said the Press generally does not charge a fee but tries to ensure that a reputable source text is used . Apocrypha ( edit ) For more details on the Apocrypha , see Biblical canon . Translations of the books of the Biblical apocrypha were necessary for the King James version , as readings from these books were included in the daily Old Testament lectionary of the Book of Common Prayer . Protestant Bibles in the 16th century included the books of the Apocrypha -- generally , following the Luther Bible , in a separate section between the Old and New Testaments to indicate they were not considered part of the Old Testament text -- and there is evidence that these were widely read as popular literature , especially in Puritan circles ; The Apocrypha of the King James Version has the same 14 books as had been found in the Apocrypha of the Bishop 's Bible ; however , following the practice of the Geneva Bible , the first two books of the Apocrypha were renamed 1 Esdras and 2 Esdras , as compared to the names in the Thirty - nine Articles , with the corresponding Old Testament books being renamed Ezra and Nehemiah . Starting in 1630 , volumes of the Geneva Bible were occasionally bound with the pages of the Apocrypha section excluded . In 1644 the Long Parliament forbade the reading of the Apocrypha in Church and in 1666 the first editions of the King James Bible without the Apocrypha were bound . The standardization of the text of the Authorized Version after 1769 together with the technological development of stereotype printing made it possible to produce Bibles in large print - runs at very low unit prices . For commercial and charitable publishers , editions of the Authorized Version without the Apocrypha reduced the cost , while having increased market appeal to non-Anglican Protestant readers . With the rise of the Bible societies , most editions have omitted the whole section of Apocryphal books . The British and Foreign Bible Society withdrew subsidies for bible printing and dissemination in 1826 , under the following resolution : That the funds of the Society be applied to the printing and circulation of the Canonical Books of Scripture , to the exclusion of those Books and parts of Books usually termed Apocryphal ; The American Bible Society adopted a similar policy . Both societies eventually reversed these policies in light of 20th century ecumenical efforts on translations , the ABS doing so in 1964 and the BFBS in 1966 . King James only movement ( edit ) Main article : King James Only movement The King James Only movement advocates the superiority of the King James Version over all other English translations . Most adherents of the movement believe that the Textus Receptus is very close , if not identical , to the original autographs thereby making it the ideal Greek source for the translation . They argue that most modern English translations are based on a corrupted New Testament text that relies primarily on the Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus manuscripts . See also ( edit ) Anglicanism portal Bible errata Bible translations Dynamic and formal equivalence List of books of the King James Version Modern English Bible translations § King James Versions and derivatives Red letter edition Notes ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ `` And now at last , ... it being brought unto such a conclusion , as that we have great hope that the Church of England ( sic ) shall reape good fruit thereby ... '' Jump up ^ The Royal Privilege was a virtual monopoly . Jump up ^ The Holy Bible , an Exact Reprint Page for Page of the Authorized Version Published in the Year MDCXI . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1833 ( reprints , ISBN 0 - 8407 - 0041 - 5 , 1565631625 ) . According to J.R. Dore , the edition `` so far as it goes , represents the edition of 1611 so completely that it may be consulted with as much confidence as an original . The spelling , punctuation , italics , capitals , and distribution into lines and pages are all followed with the most scrupulous care . It is , however , printed in Roman instead of black letter type . '' Jump up ^ Genesis 4 : 1 Jump up ^ Genesis 2 : 4 `` אלה תולדות השמים והארץ בהבראם ביום עשות יהוה אלהים ארץ ושמים '' Jump up ^ e.g. Matthew 7 : 27 : `` great was the fall of it . '' , Matthew 2 : 16 : `` in Bethlehem , and in all the coasts thereof '' , Leviticus 25 : 5 : `` That which groweth of it owne accord of thy harvest '' . ( Leviticus 25 : 5 is changed to its in many modern printings ) . Jump up ^ e.g. at Genesis 3 : 12 : `` The woman whom thou gavest to be with mee '' Jump up ^ That which is most used liturgically is the King James Version . It has a long and honorable tradition in our Church in America . Professor Orloff used it for his translations at the end of the last century , and Isabel Hapgood 's Service Book of 1906 and 1922 made it the `` official '' translation for a whole generation of American Orthodox . Unfortunately , both Orloff and Hapgood used a different version for the Psalms ( that of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer ) , thereby giving us two translations in the same services . This was rectified in 1949 by the Service Book of the Antiochian Archdiocese , which replaced the Prayer Book psalms with those from the King James Version and made some other corrections . This beautiful translation , reproducing the stately prose of 1611 , was the work of Fathers Upson and Nicholas . It is still in widespread use to this day , and has familiarized thousands of believers with the KJV . Jump up ^ The only other perpetual copyright grants Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children `` a right to a royalty in respect of the public performance , commercial publication or communication to the public of the play ' Peter Pan ' by Sir James Matthew Barrie , or of any adaptation of that work , notwithstanding that copyright in the work expired on 31st December 1987 '' . See CDPA 1988 s301 Citations Jump up ^ Cloud 2006 . Jump up ^ KJV Dedicatorie 1611 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 435 . Jump up ^ Hill 1997 , pp. 4 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` 400 years of the King James Bible '' . The Times Literary Supplement. 9 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 8 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The King James Bible : The Book That Changed the World - BBC Two '' . BBC . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 439 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 436 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 488 . Jump up ^ Cross & Livingstone 1974 , Authorised Version of the Bible . ^ Jump up to : Douglas 1974 , Bible ( English Versions ) . Jump up ^ Hobbes 2010 , Chapter XXXV . Jump up ^ Pearse 1761 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Kimber 1775 , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Butler 1807 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Holmes 1815 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Horne 1818 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Adams , Thacher & Emerson 1811 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Hacket 1715 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Anon 1814 , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Anon 1783 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Newcome 1792 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Anon 1801 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ `` Authorized Version '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . 1989 . Jump up ^ Smith 1814 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Chapman 1856 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Anon 1856 , pp. 530 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 292 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 304 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 339 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 344 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 364 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Valpy , Michael ( 5 February 2011 ) . `` How the mighty has fallen : The King James Bible turns 400 '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 433 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 434 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 328 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Bobrick 2001 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 442 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 444 . Jump up ^ Wallechinsky & Wallace 1975 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Bois , Allen & Walker 1969 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 257 . Jump up ^ DeCoursey 2003 , pp. 331 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , pp. 223 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 310 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 453 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 451 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 454 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 455 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 424 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 520 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 4557 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Anon 1996 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , pp. 313 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Scrivener 1884 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Procter & Frere 1902 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Hague 1948 , p. 353 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 458 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 459 . Jump up ^ Bruce 2002 , p. 92 . ^ Jump up to : Hill 1993 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 577 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 936 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 457 . ^ Jump up to : Bobrick 2001 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 266 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 510 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 478 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 489 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 444 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , pp. 147 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 515 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 619 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 1142 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 1196 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Prickett & Carroll 2008 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Dore 1888 , p. 363 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 691 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Norton 2006 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 685 . Jump up ^ Chadwick 1970 , pp. 40 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , pp. 115 , 126 . ^ Jump up to : White 2009 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 764 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 765 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ `` Settings of the King James Bible '' ( PDF ) . ourkjv.com . Retrieved 13 July 2013 . Jump up ^ tbsbibles.org ( 2013 ) . `` Editorial Report '' ( PDF ) . Quarterly Record . Trinitarian Bible Society . 603 ( 2nd Quarter ) : 10 -- 20 . Jump up ^ `` CUP letter '' ( PDF ) . ourkjv.com . Retrieved 13 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 792 . Jump up ^ Bruce 2002 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Metzger , Bruce ( 1968 ) . Historical and Literary Studies . Brill . p. 144 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ The Jewish Publication Society Tanakh , copyright 1985 Jump up ^ Daiches 1968 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , pp. 243 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 448 . ^ Jump up to : Scrivener 1884 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 440 . Jump up ^ Bois , Allen & Walker 1969 , p. xxv . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 246 . Jump up ^ KJV Translators to the Reader 1611 . Jump up ^ Bois , Allen & Walker 1969 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Metzger 1964 , pp. 103 -- 06 . Jump up ^ Metzger 1964 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Metzger 1964 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Barber 1997 , pp. 153 -- 54 . ^ Jump up to : Barber 1997 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Barber 1997 , pp. 150 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Barber 1997 , pp. 166 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Barber 1997 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Bruce 2002 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ `` Errors in the King James Version ? by William W. Combs '' ( PDF ) . DBSJ. 1999 . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BibleGateway - : Einhorn '' . www.biblegateway.com . Jump up ^ Hall 1881 . Jump up ^ `` When the King Saved God '' . Vanity Fair . 2011 . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why I want all our children to read the King James Bible '' . The Guardian . 20 May 2012 . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Biblical Studies '' . Department of Christian Education -- Orthodox Church in America . 2014 . Retrieved 28 April 2014 . Jump up ^ The Canons of the General Convention of the Episcopal Church : Canon 2 : Of Translations of the Bible Archived 24 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Metzger & Coogan 1993 , p. 618 . Jump up ^ `` Bibles '' . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shakespeare 's Globe takes issue with the Queen over Bible royalties - The Daily Telegraph '' . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Queen 's Printer 's Patent '' . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . We grant permission to use the text , and license printing or the importation for sale within the UK , as long as we are assured of acceptable quality and accuracy . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Hill 1993 , p. 338 . Jump up ^ Kenyon 1909 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 600 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 622 . Jump up ^ Browne 1859 , pp. 362 -- . Jump up ^ Melton 2005 , p. 38 . References ( edit ) Adams , David Phineas ; Thacher , Samuel Cooper ; Emerson , William ( 1811 ) . The Monthly Anthology , and Boston Review . Munroe and Francis . Anon ( 1783 ) . A call to the Jews . J. Johnson . Anon ( 1801 ) . The Anti-Jacobin Review and Magazine . J. Whittle . Anon ( 1814 ) . Missionary Register . Seeley , Jackson , & Halliday for the Church Missionary Society . Anon ( 1856 ) . The Original Secession Magazine . vol . ii . Edinburgh : Moodie and Lothian . Anon ( 1996 ) . The Elizabeth Perkins Prothro Bible Collection : A Checklist . Bridwell Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 941881 - 19 - 7 . Barber , Charles Laurence ( 1997 ) . Early modern English ( second ed . ) . Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press . ISBN 0 - 7486 - 0835 - 4 . Bobrick , Benson ( 2001 ) . Wide as the waters : the story of the English Bible and the revolution it inspired . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84747 - 7 . Bois , John ; Allen , Ward ; Walker , Anthony ( 1969 ) . Translating for King James ; being a true copy of the only notes made by a translator of King James 's Bible , the Authorized Version , as the Final Committee of Review revised the translation of Romans through Revelation at Stationers ' Hall in London in 1610 -- 1611 . Taken by John Bois ... these notes were for three centuries lost , and only now are come to light , through a copy made by the hand of William Fulman . Here translated and edited by Ward Allen . Nashville : Vanderbilt University Press . OCLC 607818272 . Browne , George ( 1859 ) . History of the British and Foreign Bible Society . Bruce , Frederick Fyvie ( 2002 ) . History of the Bible in English . Cambridge : Lutterworth Press . ISBN 0 - 7188 - 9032 - 9 . Butler , Charles ( 1807 ) . Horae Biblicae . Vol 1 ( fourth ed . ) . London : J. White . OCLC 64048851 . Chadwick , Owen ( 1970 ) . The Victorian Church Part II . Edinburgh : A&C Black . ISBN 0 - 334 - 02410 - 2 . Chapman , James L. ( 1856 ) . Americanism versus Romanism : or the cis - Atlantic battle between Sam and the pope . Nashville , TN : the author . OCLC 1848388 . Cloud , David ( 2006 ) . `` Is n't the King James Bible too Antiquated and Difficult to Understand ? '' . Way of Life Literature . Archived from the original on 14 January 2010 . Retrieved 1 August 2009 . Daiches , David ( 1968 ) . The King James Version of the English Bible : An Account of the Development and Sources of the English Bible of 1611 With Special Reference to the Hebrew Tradition . Hamden , Conn : Archon Books . ISBN 0 - 208 - 00493 - 9 . Daniell , David ( 2003 ) . The Bible in English : its history and influence . New Haven , Conn : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09930 - 4 . DeCoursey , Matthew ( 2003 ) . Edward A. Malone , ed . British Rhetoricians and Logicians , 1500 - 1660 : Second series . Gale Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7876 - 6025 - 3 . Dore , John Read ( 1888 ) . Old Bibles : An Account of the Early Versions of the English Bible . 2nd edition . Eyre and Spottiswoode . Douglas , James Dixon , ed. ( 1974 ) . New International Dictionary of the Christian Church . Zondervan . Melton , J. Gordon ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of Protestantism . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 6983 - 5 . Hacket , John ( 1715 ) . Bishop Hacket 's Memoirs of the Life of Archbishop Williams ... Abridg 'd : With the Most Remarkable Occurrences and Transactions in Church and State . Sam . Briscoe . Hague , Dyson ( 1948 ) . Through the Prayer Book . Church Book Room Press . Hall , Isaac Hollister ( 1881 ) . The Revised New Testament and History of Revisions . Hubbard Bros . Herbert , A.S. ( 1968 ) . Historical Catalogue of Printed Editions of the English Bible , 1525 - 1961 , Etc . British and Foreign Bible Society . Hill , Christopher ( 1993 ) . The English Bible and the seventeenth - century revolution . London : Allen Lane . ISBN 0 - 7139 - 9078 - 3 . Hill , Christopher ( 1997 ) . Society and Puritanism in pre-revolutionary England . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 17432 - 2 . Hobbes , Thomas ( 2010 ) . Leviathan . Broadview Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55481 - 003 - 1 . Holmes , A. ( 1815 ) . `` An Historical sketch of the English translations of the Bible '' . In Worcester , Noah . The Christian Disciple . Vol . iii . Boston , MA : Cummings & Hilliard . Horne , Thomas Hartwell ( 1818 ) . An introduction to the critical study and knowledge of the holy Scriptures , Volume 2 . London : T. Cadell and A Davies . Kenyon , Sir Frederic G. ( 1909 ) . `` English Versions '' . In James Hastings . Hastings ' Dictionary of the Bible . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56563 - 915 - 7 . Kimber , Isaac ( 1775 ) . The history of England , from the earliest accounts , to the accession of his present Majesty King George III ( fifth ed . ) . London : J. Buckland . OCLC 14263883 . `` Epistle Dedicatorie '' . The Authorized King James Version of the Holy Bible . Wikisource. 1611 . `` Translators to the Reader '' . The Authorized King James Version of the Holy Bible . Wikisource. 1611 . Metzger , Bruce M. ( 1964 ) . The Text of the New Testament . Clarendon . Metzger , Bruce M. ; Coogan , Michael D. , eds. ( 1993 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Bible . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504645 - 5 . Procter , Francis ; Frere , Walter Howard ( 1902 ) . A New History of the Book of Common Prayer . MacMillan & Co . Newcome , William ( 1792 ) . Historical View of the English Biblical Translations . Norton , David ( 2005 ) . A Textual History of the King James Bible . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 77100 - 5 . Norton , David , ed. ( 2006 ) . The Bible . Penguin Classics . ISBN 0 - 14 - 144151 - 8 . Cross , F.L. ; Livingstone , E.A. , eds. ( 1974 ) . Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church . Oxford University Press . Pearse , Salem ( 1761 ) . `` A Brief Account of the various Translations of the Bible into English '' . The Second Part of the Celestial Diary . London : Robert Brown . p. 79 . Prickett , Stephen ; Carroll , Robert P. , eds. ( 2008 ) . The Bible : Authorized King James Version . Oxford University Press , USA . ISBN 0 - 19 - 953594 - 9 . Scrivener , Frederick Henry Ambrose ( 1884 ) . The Authorized Edition of the English Bible , 1611 , its subsequent reprints and modern representatives . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Smith , William ( 1814 ) . The reasonableness of setting forth the most worthy praise of Almighty God : according to the usage of the primitive church . New York : T. and J. Swords . OCLC 3512140 . Story , G.M. ( 1967 ) . Lancelot Andrewes Sermons . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Wallechinsky , David ; Wallace , Irving ( 1975 ) . The People 's Almanac . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 04186 - 7 . White , James R. ( 2009 ) . The King James Only Controversy : Can You Trust Modern Translations ? . Baker Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7642 - 0605 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Chronological order of publication ( newest first ) Burke , David G. , John F. Kutsko , and Philip H. Towner , eds . The King James Version at 400 : Assessing Its Genius as Bible Translation and Its Literary Influence ( Society of Biblical Literature ; 2013 ) 553 pages ; scholars examine such topics as the KJV and 17th - century religious lyric , the KJV and the language of liturgy , and the KJV in Christian Orthodox perspective . McGrath , Alister E. ( 2002 ) . In the beginning : the story of the King James Bible and how it changed a nation , a language and a culture . New York : Anchor Books , a Division of Random House , Inc . ISBN 0 - 385 - 72216 - 8 . Nicolson , Adam ( 2003 ) . Power and Glory : Jacobean England and the Making of the King James Bible . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 710893 - 1 . In US : ( 2003 ) . God 's secretaries : the making of the King James Bible . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 018516 - 3 . Paperback : ( 2011 ) . When God Spoke English : The Making of the King James Bible . London : HarperPress . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 743100 - 7 . The Diary Of Samuel Ward : A Translator Of The 1611 King James Bible , edited by John Wilson Cowart and M.M. Knappen , contains surviving pages of Samuel Ward 's diary from 11 May 1595 to 1 July 1632 . Ward , Thomas ( 1903 ) . Errata of the Protestant Bible ( i.e. mostly of the Authorized `` King James '' Version ) ; or , The Truth of the English Translations Examined , in a Treatise Showing Some of the Errors That Are to Be Found in the English Translations of the Sacred Scriptures , Used by Protestants ... A new ed. , carefully rev. and corr. , in which are add ( itions ) ... New York : P.J. Kennedy and Sons . N.B. : A polemical Roman Catholic work , first published in the late 17th century . Keay , Julia ( 2005 ) . Alexander the Corrector : the tormented genius who unwrote the Bible . London : Harper Perennial . ISBN 0 - 00 - 713196 - 8 . Hallihan , C.P. ( 2010 ) . Authorized Version : A Wonderful and Unfinished History . Trinitarian Bible Society . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86228 - 049 - 6 . Published to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the initial publication , in 1611 , of the Authorized ( `` King James '' ) Version of the Bible Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2005 ) . Misquoting Jesus : the story behind who changed the Bible and why . San Francisco : HarperSanFrancisco . ISBN 0 - 06 - 073817 - 0 . Collection of English Almanacs for the Years 1702 -- 1835 . 1761 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : King James Version Wikisource has original text related to this article : Authorized King James Version Wikimedia Commons has media related to King James Bible . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bible . `` King James Version ( text of original 1611 Bible ) '' . kingjamesbibleonline.org . Archived from the original on 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 5 April 2011 . Online searchable database of the original 1611 text , including the Apocrypha and introductory text . It also contains the 1769 standard edition . `` Online gallery : Sacred texts : King James Bible '' . British Library . Archived from the original on 23 August 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2007 . On - line image of a page ( beginning of St John 's gospel ) with a written description by the British Library . `` The Holy Bible , conteyning the Old Testament , and the New . Imprinted at London : By Robert Barker ... , 1611 '' . Schoenberg Center for Electronic Text & Imaging , University of Pennsylvania Library . Archived from the original on 11 September 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2007 . On - line facsimile ( page images ) of the 1611 printing of the King James Bible , `` He '' Bible variant . `` King James Version ( facsimile of alternative 1611 edition , `` She '' Bible ) `` . Retrieved 31 August 2011 . On - line facsimile ( page images ) of the 1611 printing of the King James Bible . `` King James Version of the Bible : Alexander Scourby , narrator ( 1966 ) -- Essay by Cary O'Dell '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Brief history of Alexander Scourby 's narration of King James Bible on the Library of Congress website . ( hide ) King James Version Text Source Masoretic Text ( OT ) Textus Receptus ( NT ) Derivative New King James Version ( NKJV ) 21st Century King James Version ( KJ21 ) Third Millennium Bible ( TMB ) Divine Name King James Bible ( DNKJB ) Translators Westminster Lancelot Andrewes , John Overall , Hadrian à Saravia , Richard Clarke , John Layfield , Robert Tighe , Francis Burleigh , Geoffrey King , Richard Thomson , William Bedwell William Barlow , John Spenser , Roger Fenton , Ralph Hutchinson , William Dakins , Michael Rabbet , Thomas Sanderson ( who probably had already become Archdeacon of Rochester ) Oxford John Harding , John Rainolds ( or Reynolds ) , Thomas Holland , Richard Kilby , Miles Smith , Richard Brett , Daniel Fairclough , William Thorne , Thomas Ravis , George Abbot , Richard Eedes , Giles Tomson , Sir Henry Savile , John Peryn , Ralph Ravens , John Harmar , John Aglionby , Leonard Hutten Cambridge Edward Lively , John Richardson , Lawrence Chaderton , Francis Dillingham , Roger Andrewes , Thomas Harrison , Robert Spaulding , Andrew Bing , John Duport , William Branthwaite , Jeremiah Radcliffe , Samuel Ward , Andrew Downes , John Bois , Robert Ward , Thomas Bilson , Richard Bancroft Technique Formal equivalence Theology King James Only movement Verbal plenary preservation English - language translations of the Bible 5th -- 11th century Wessex Gospels Hatton gospels Old English Hexateuch Old English Bible translations Middle English Wycliffe Middle English Bible translations 16th -- 17th century Tyndale Coverdale Matthew Great Bible Taverner Geneva Bishops ' Douay -- Rheims ( DRV ) King James ( KJV ) 18th -- 19th century Challoner Webster 's Young 's Literal ( YLT ) Revised ( RV ) Living Oracles Darby Emphatic Diaglott Joseph Smith Quaker Julia E. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who translated the king james bible to english | [
"James gave the translators instructions intended to ensure that the new version would conform to the ecclesiology and reflect the episcopal structure of the Church of England and its belief in an ordained clergy.[8] The translation was done by 47 scholars, all of whom were members of the Church of England.[9] In common with most other translations of the period, the New Testament was translated from Greek, the Old Testament from Hebrew and Aramaic, and the Apocrypha from Greek and Latin. In the Book of Common Prayer (1662), the text of the Authorized Version replaced the text of the Great Bible for Epistle and Gospel readings (but not for the Psalter, which substantially retained Coverdale's Great Bible version) and as such was authorised by Act of Parliament.[10]"
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"47 scholars, all of whom were members of the Church of England"
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-7807654041116010227 | Meant to Be (Bebe Rexha song) | Meant to Be ( Bebe Rexha song ) - wikipedia Meant to Be ( Bebe Rexha song ) `` Meant to Be '' Single by Bebe Rexha featuring Florida Georgia Line from the album All Your Fault : Pt. 2 Released October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) Format Digital download Genre Country pop Length 2 : 43 Label Warner Bros . Songwriter ( s ) Bleta Rexha Tyler Hubbard Josh Miller David Garcia Producer ( s ) Wilshire Bebe Rexha singles chronology `` Back to You '' ( 2017 ) `` Meant to Be '' ( 2017 ) `` Home '' ( 2017 ) `` Back to You '' ( 2017 ) `` Meant to Be '' ( 2017 ) `` Home '' ( 2017 ) Florida Georgia Line singles chronology `` Let Me Go '' ( 2017 ) Let Me Go 2017 `` Meant to Be '' ( 2017 ) Meant to Be2017 `` Up Down '' ( 2017 ) Up Down 2017 `` Meant to Be '' is a song recorded by American singer Bebe Rexha featuring vocals from American country music duo Florida Georgia Line , from Rexha 's third extended play ( EP ) All Your Fault : Pt. 2 and debut studio album Expectations . It was released to American contemporary hit radio on October 24 , 2017 , by Warner Bros. Records as the second single from the EP . Contents 1 Music video 2 Commercial performance 3 Track listing 4 Charts 5 Certifications 6 Release history 7 References 8 External links Music video ( edit ) The music video was filmed in Albuquerque , New Mexico and directed by Sophie Muller . It was released on October 23 , 2017 . As of August 2018 the video has over 550 million views on YouTube . Commercial performance ( edit ) `` Meant to Be '' entered the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 61 on the chart dated November 11 , 2017 . It has since peaked at number two behind Drake 's `` God 's Plan '' , becoming Rexha 's third top ten hit and her first as a solo lead artist , as well as the second top ten hit for Florida Georgia Line . It is Rexha 's highest - charting single on the chart , surpassing `` Me , Myself & I '' . It also debuted atop the Hot Country Songs chart , becoming Rexha 's first entry on that chart and Florida Georgia Line 's sixth number one . Rexha also became the first female artist to ever debut atop the chart , while `` Meant to Be '' is the third song overall to start at the summit since 2012 , when the chart transitioned to a hybrid data list , blending airplay , streaming and sales . When the song spent an eleventh week in the top spot in February 2018 , it surpassed Taylor Swift 's `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' as the longest - running number one song on the chart for a lead female artist . In August 2018 , the song broke the record previously held by 2017 's `` Body Like a Back Road '' by Sam Hunt for the most weeks at number one on the Hot Country Songs chart and as of the issue of Billboard dated August 25 has spent 38 weeks at the top . The song has sold 1,183,000 copies in the United States as of July 2018 . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` Meant to Be '' ( Acoustic ) -- 2 : 38 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 49 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 34 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 12 Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 Airplay ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 7 Canada AC ( Billboard ) 14 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 13 Canada Country ( Billboard ) 7 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 61 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 23 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 38 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 57 Greece ( IFPI Greece ) 40 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 28 Ireland ( IRMA ) 22 Israel ( Media Forest TV Airplay ) Latvia ( Latvijas Top 40 ) 31 Malaysia Streaming ( RIM ) 20 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 18 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Norway ( VG - lista ) 5 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 37 Portugal ( AFP ) 54 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 5 Singapore ( RIAS ) 28 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 57 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 28 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 8 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 34 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 11 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 32 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 4 × Platinum 280,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 0 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 45,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Platinum 10,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 1,183,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . United States October 24 , 2017 Contemporary hit radio Warner Bros . November 20 , 2017 Country radio Warner Bros . BMLG Italy February 2 , 2018 Contemporary hit radio Warner References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` All Your Fault : Pt. 2 -- EP by Bebe Rexha on iTunes '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jamaica 's Kranium sings on the dancehall duet `` Comfortable '' and Florida Georgia Line lend their radiant harmonies to `` Meant to Be , '' a country - pop smash designed to cross over . ^ Jump up to : `` Bebe Rexha -- Meant to Be ( feat . Florida Georgia Line ) ( Official Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Bebe Rexha & Florida Georgia Line 's ' Meant To Be ' Video Is A Slice Of Americana '' . Idolator . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Drake 's ' God 's Plan ' Rules Billboard Hot 100 for Seventh Week ; Zedd , Maren Morris & Grey 's ' The Middle ' Hits Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Asker , Jim ; Trust , Gary ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Bebe Rexha & Florida Georgia Line Are ' Meant to Be ' Atop Hot Country Songs Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On the Charts : Bebe Rexha , Florida Georgia Line Achieve Rare Country Feat '' . Rolling Stone . December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Drake 's ' God 's Plan ' Dominates Billboard Hot 100 for Third Week & Three Songs Enter Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Asker , Jim ( July 30 , 2018 ) . `` Bebe Rexha & Florida Georgia Line 's ' Meant to Be ' Breaks Record For Longest Rule in Hot Country Songs Chart 's History '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bjorke , Matt ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles : July 3 , 2018 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - Meant to Be ( Acoustic ) - Single by Bebe Rexha '' . iTunes Store . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rankings '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2018 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201809 into search . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201814 into search . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Official IFPI Charts Digital Singles Chart : Feb 5 , 2018 '' . IFPI Charts . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` מדיה פורסט - לדעת שאתה באוויר '' . Mediaforest.biz . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latvijas Top 40 '' . Latvijas Radio . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia : Week 49 ( 1 / 12 / 2017 -- 7 / 12 / 2017 ) '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 10 , 2018 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . VG - lista . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Singapore Top 30 Digital Streaming Chart Week 2 '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association ( Singapore ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201816 into search . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201748 into search . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . June 4 , 2018 . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2018 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha & Florida Georgia Line `` Mean to Be '' `` . IFPI Denmark . April 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Bebe Rexha and Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Bebe Rexha -- Meant to Be '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Type Bebe Rexha in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Meant to Be and see certification . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Bebe Rexha ; ' Meant to Be ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Bebe Rexha Ft Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter Meant to Be in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Bebe Rexha -- Meant to Be '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Future Releases for Country Radio Stations '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2017 . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://radiodate.it/radio-date/bebe-rexha-feat-florida-georgia-line-meant-to-be-177349-02-02-2018-radiodate/ External links ( edit ) Music video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Bebe Rexha Studio albums Expectations Extended plays I Do n't Wanna Grow Up All Your Fault : Pt. 1 All Your Fault : Pt. 2 Singles `` I Ca n't Stop Drinking About You '' `` I 'm Gonna Show You Crazy '' `` Gone '' `` Me , Myself & I '' `` No Broken Hearts '' `` In the Name of Love '' `` I Got You '' `` The Way I Are ( Dance with Somebody ) '' `` Meant to Be '' `` Home '' `` Push Back '' `` I 'm a Mess '' Featured singles `` Take Me Home '' `` Hey Mama '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` Battle Cry '' `` Back to You '' `` Girls '' Concert tours All Your Fault Tour Related articles Discography Black Cards Florida Georgia Line Tyler Hubbard Brian Kelley Studio albums Here 's to the Good Times ( 2012 ) Anything Goes ( 2014 ) Dig Your Roots ( 2016 ) EPs It'z Just What We Do ( 2012 ) Singles `` Cruise '' `` Get Your Shine On '' `` Round Here '' `` Stay '' `` This Is How We Roll '' `` Dirt '' `` Sun Daze '' `` Sippin ' on Fire '' `` Anything Goes '' `` Confession '' `` H.O.L.Y. '' `` May We All '' `` God , Your Mama , and Me '' `` Smooth '' `` Simple '' Featured singles `` The South '' `` Let Me Go '' `` Meant to Be '' `` Up Down '' Concert tours Anything Goes Tour Dig Your Roots Tour Smooth Tour Related articles Discography Joey Moi Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meant_to_Be_(Bebe_Rexha_song)&oldid=856967694 '' Categories : 2017 songs 2017 singles Warner Bros. Records singles Bebe Rexha songs Florida Georgia Line songs Music videos directed by Sophie Muller Songs written by Bebe Rexha Vocal duets Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Songs written by Tyler Hubbard Billboard Country Airplay number - one singles Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Philippines Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Pages using Certification Table Entry - Sales with missing information Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 17 : 54 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who sang the song if it's meant to be | [
"\"Meant to Be\" is a song recorded by American singer Bebe Rexha featuring vocals from American country music duo Florida Georgia Line,[2][3] from Rexha's third extended play (EP) All Your Fault: Pt. 2 and debut studio album Expectations. It was released to American contemporary hit radio on October 24, 2017, by Warner Bros. Records as the second single from the EP.[4]\n",
"\"Meant to Be\" is a song recorded by American singer Bebe Rexha featuring vocals from American country music duo Florida Georgia Line,[2][3] from Rexha's third extended play (EP) All Your Fault: Pt. 2 and debut studio album Expectations. It was released to American contemporary hit radio on October 24, 2017, by Warner Bros. Records as the second single from the EP.[4]\n"
] | [
"Bebe Rexha",
"Florida Georgia Line"
] |
-5831078951228718778 | Tigris–Euphrates river system | Tigris -- Euphrates river system - wikipedia Tigris -- Euphrates river system Tigris -- Euphrates river system Ecology Realm Palearctic Biome Flooded grasslands and savannas Geography Area 35,600 km ( 13,700 sq mi ) Countries Turkey , Syria , Iraq , Iran , Kuwait Oceans or seas None Rivers Tigris , Euphrates , Greater Zab , Lesser Zab . Climate type Subtropical , hot and arid Conservation Conservation status Critical / endangered The Tigris and Euphrates , with their tributaries , form a major river system in Western Asia . From sources originating in the Armenian Highlands of eastern Turkey they flow by / through Syria through Iraq into the Persian Gulf . The system is part of the Palearctic Tigris -- Euphrates ecoregion , which includes Iraq and parts of Turkey , Syria , Iran , Saudi Arabia , Kuwait , and Jordan . From their sources and upper courses in the mountains of eastern Anatolia , the rivers descend through valleys and gorges to the uplands of Syria and northern Iraq and then to the alluvial plain of central Iraq . The rivers flow in a south - easterly direction through the central plain and combine at Al - Qurnah to form the Shatt al - Arab and discharge into the Persian Gulf . The region has historical importance as part of the Fertile Crescent region , in which civilization is believed to have first emerged . Contents 1 Geography 2 General description 3 Ecological threats 4 Water dispute 5 Conservation 6 In media 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Geography ( edit ) The ecoregion is characterized by two large rivers , the Tigris and Euphrates . The rivers have several small tributaries which feed into the system from shallow freshwater lakes , swamps , and marshes , all surrounded by desert . The hydrology of these vast marshes is extremely important to the ecology of the entire upper Persian Gulf . Historically , the area is known as Mesopotamia . As part of the larger Fertile Crescent , it saw the earliest emergence of literate urban civilization in the Uruk period , for which reason it is often described as a `` Cradle of Civilization '' . In the 1980s , this ecoregion was put in grave danger as the Iran -- Iraq War raged within its boundaries . The wetlands of Iraq , which were inhabited by the Marsh Arabs , were almost completely dried out , and have only recently shown signs of recovery . The Tigris -- Euphrates Basin is shared by Turkey , Syria , Iraq , Iran and Kuwait . Many Tigris tributaries originate in Iran and a Tigris -- Euphrates confluence forms part of the Kuwait -- Iraq border . Since the 1960s and in the 1970s , when Turkey began the GAP project in earnest , water disputes have regularly occurred in addition to the associated dam 's effects on the environment . In addition , Syrian and Iranian dam construction has also contributed to political tension within the basin , particularly during drought . General description ( edit ) Marsh Arabs poling a mashoof in the marshes of southern Iraq The general climate of the region is subtropical , hot and arid . At the northern end of the Persian Gulf is the vast floodplain of the Euphrates , Tigris , and Karun Rivers , featuring huge permanent lakes , marshes , and forest . The aquatic vegetation includes reeds , rushes , and papyrus , which support numerous species . Areas around the Tigris and the Euphrates are very fertile . Marshy land is home to water birds , some stopping here while migrating , and some spending the winter in these marshes living off the lizards , snakes , frogs , and fish . Other animals found in these marshes are water buffalo , two endemic rodent species , antelopes and gazelles and small animals such as the jerboa and several other mammals . Ecological threats ( edit ) Play media This visualization shows variations in total water storage from normal , in millimeters , in the Tigris and Euphrates river basins , from January 2003 through December 2009 . Reds represent drier conditions , while blues represent wetter conditions . The effects of the seasons are evident , as is the major drought that hit the region in 2007 . The majority of the water lost was due to reductions in groundwater caused by human activities . Iraq suffers from desertification and soil salination due in large part to thousands of years of agricultural activity . Water and plant life are sparse . Saddam Hussein 's government water - control projects drained the inhabited marsh areas east of An Nasiriyah by drying up or diverting streams and rivers . Shi'a Muslims were displaced under the Ba'athist regime . The destruction of the natural habitat poses serious threats to the area 's wildlife populations . There are also inadequate supplies of potable water . The marshlands were an extensive natural wetlands ecosystem which developed over thousands of years in the Tigris -- Euphrates basin and once covered 15 -- 20,000 square kilometers . According to the United Nations Environmental Program and the AMAR Charitable Foundation , between 84 % and 90 % of the marshes have been destroyed since the 1970s . In 1994 , 60 percent of the wetlands were destroyed by Hussein 's regime -- drained to permit military access and greater political control of the native Marsh Arabs . Canals , dykes and dams were built routing the water of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers around the marshes , instead of allowing water to move slowly through the marshland . After part of the Euphrates was dried up due to re-routing its water to the sea , a dam was built so water could not back up from the Tigris and sustain the former marshland . Some marshlands were burned and pipes buried underground helped to carry away water for quicker drying . The drying of the marshes led to the disappearance of the salt - tolerant vegetation ; the plankton rich waters that fertilized surrounding soils ; 52 native fish species ; the wild boar , red fox , buffalo and water birds of the marsh habitat . Water dispute ( edit ) The issue of water rights became a point of contention for Iraq , Turkey and Syria beginning in the 1960s when Turkey implemented a public - works project ( the GAP project ) aimed at harvesting the water from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers through the construction of 22 dams , for irrigation and hydroelectric energy purposes . Although the water dispute between Turkey and Syria was more problematic , the GAP project was also perceived as a threat by Iraq . The tension between Turkey and Iraq about the issue was increased by the effect of Syria and Turkey 's participation in the UN embargo against Iraq following the Gulf War . However , the issue had never become as significant as the water dispute between Turkey and Syria . The 2008 drought in Iraq sparked new negotiations between Iraq and Turkey over trans - boundary river flows . Although the drought affected Turkey , Syria and Iran as well , Iraq complained regularly about reduced water flows . Iraq particularly complained about the Euphrates River because of the large amount of dams on the river . Turkey agreed to increase the flow several times , beyond its means in order to supply Iraq with extra water . Iraq has seen significant declines in water storage and crop yields because of the drought . To make matters worse , Iraq 's water infrastructure has suffered from years of conflict and neglect . In 2008 , Turkey , Iraq and Syria agreed to restart the Joint Trilateral Committee on water for the three nations for better water resources management . Turkey , Iraq and Syria signed a memorandum of understanding on September 3 , 2009 , in order to strengthen communication within the Tigris -- Euphrates Basin and to develop joint water - flow - monitoring stations . On September 19 , 2009 , Turkey formally agreed to increase the flow of the Euphrates River to 450 to 500 m3 / s , but only until October 20 , 2009 . In exchange , Iraq agreed to trade petroleum with Turkey and help curb Kurdish militant activity in their border region . One of Turkey 's last large GAP dams on the Tigris -- the Ilisu Dam -- is strongly opposed by Iraq and is the source of political strife . Conservation ( edit ) The Mesopotamian Marshes in southern Iraq were historically the largest wetland ecosystem of Western Eurasia . Their drainage began in the 1950s , to reclaim land for agriculture and oil exploration . Saddam Hussein extended this work in the late 1980s and early 1990s , as part of ecological warfare against the Marsh Arabs , a rebellious group of people in Baathist Iraq . However , with the breaching of the dikes by local communities after the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the ending of a four - year drought that same year , the process has been reversed and the marshes have experienced a substantial rate of recovery . The permanent wetlands now cover more than 50 % of pre-1970s levels , with a remarkable regrowth of the Hammar and Hawizeh Marshes and some recovery of the Central Marshes . This table is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this table to prose , if appropriate . Editing help is available . ( July 2016 ) Conservation status : critical / endangered Protected area Endemic species : Basra reed warbler ( Acrocephalus griseldis ) , Iraq babbler ( Turdoides altirostris ) Threatened species : Basra reed warbler ( Acrocephalus griseldis ) - endangered Possibly extinct species : Bunn 's short - tailed bandicoot rat ( Nesokia bunnii ) In media ( edit ) Dawn of the World , film , 2008 . Zaman , The Man From The Reeds , film , 2003 See also ( edit ) Wetlands portal Soil salinity Mesopotamian Marshes Shatt al - Arab References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Matthew Zentner ( 2012 ) . Design and impact of water treaties : Managing climate change . p. 144 . The Tigris - Euphrates - Shatt al Arab is shared between Iraq , Iran , Syria , Kuwait and Turkey . Jump up ^ `` Lower Tigris & Euphrates '' . feow.org. 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mesopotamia ( 2 / 3 / 2003 ) '' . ^ Jump up to : Deniz Bozkurt ; Omer Lutfi Sen ( 2012 ) . `` Hydrological response of past and future climate changes in the Euphrates - Tigris Basin '' ( PDF ) . p. 1 . The Euphrates - Tigris Basin , covering areas in five countries ( Turkey , Iraq , Syria , Iran and Kuwait ) , is a major water resource of the Middle East . ^ Jump up to : `` Euphrates River '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 December 2017 . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Gibson , McGuire ( 17 March 2014 ) . `` Tigris - Euphrates river system '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 11 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Dan Caldwel ( 2011 ) . Vortex of Conflict : U.S. Policy Toward Afghanistan , Pakistan , and Iraq . p. 60 . Jump up ^ Uzgel I. , 1992 . GÜVENSİZLİK ÜÇGENİ : TÜRKİYE , SURİYE , IRAK VE SU SORUNU , MÜLKİYELİLER BİRLİĞİ DERGİSİ , 162 , p. 47 - 52 Jump up ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSTRE54M0XG20090523 Turkey lets more water out of dams to Iraq : MP Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20101231233038/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5giDgd3ukLR8UcfziUQcNToKyM_tw Turkey to up Euphrates flow to Iraq Jump up ^ Iraqi Marshlands : Steady Progress to Recovery Archived 2011 - 06 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . ( UNEP ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Tigris -- Euphrates river system Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Mesopotamia ( Middle East ) . Persian Gulf image BBC : Iraq marshes ' recovery ' in doubt ' Ancient Mesopotamia Geography Modern Euphrates Upper Mesopotamia Mesopotamian Marshes Persian Gulf Syrian Desert Taurus Mountains Tigris Zagros Mountains Ancient Akkad Assyria Babylonia Chaldea Elam Hittites Media Mitanni Sumer Urartu Cities History Pre - / Protohistory Acheulean Mousterian Trialetian Zarzian Natufian Nemrikian Khiamian Pre-Pottery Neolithic A ( PPNA ) Pre-Pottery Neolithic B ( PPNB ) Hassuna / Samarra Halaf Ubaid Uruk Jemdet Nasr Kish civilization History Early Dynastic Akkadian Ur III Old Babylonian Kassite Neo-Assyrian Neo-Babylonian Achaemenid Seleucid Parthian Roman Sasanian Muslim conquest Timeline of the Assyrian Empire Languages Akkadian Amorite Aramaic Eblaite Elamite Gutian Hittite Hurrian Luwian Middle Persian Old Persian Parthian Proto - Armenian Sumerian Urartian Culture / Society Architecture Art Cuneiform script Akkadian literature Sumerian literature Music Religion Archaeology Looting Destruction by ISIL Tell Portal Palearctic flooded grasslands and savannas Amur meadow steppe China , Russia Bohai Sea saline meadow China Nenjiang River grassland China Nile Delta flooded savanna Egypt Saharan halophytics Algeria , Egypt , Mauritania , Tunisia , Western Sahara Tigris -- Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq , Iran Ussuri - Wusuli meadow and forest meadow China , Russia Yellow Sea saline meadow China Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tigris -- Euphrates_river_system&oldid = 846727973 '' Categories : Euphrates Tigris River Flooded grasslands and savannas Ecoregions of Asia Wetlands of Iraq Grasslands of Iraq Grasslands of Iran Environment of Iraq Environment of Iran Mesopotamia Shatt al - Arab basin Swamps of Asia Wetlands of Iran Palearctic ecoregions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2012 Articles needing cleanup from July 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from July 2016 Iraq articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Español Esperanto فارسی Français Norsk nynorsk Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 20 June 2018 , at 14 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the area between the tigris and euphrates rivers | [
"The ecoregion is characterized by two large rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates. The rivers have several small tributaries which feed into the system from shallow freshwater lakes, swamps, and marshes, all surrounded by desert. The hydrology of these vast marshes is extremely important to the ecology of the entire upper Persian Gulf. Historically, the area is known as Mesopotamia. As part of the larger Fertile Crescent, it saw the earliest emergence of literate urban civilization in the Uruk period, for which reason it is often described as a \"Cradle of Civilization\".\n"
] | [
"Mesopotamia"
] |
4073049613612393015 | APA Ethics Code | APA Ethics code - wikipedia APA Ethics code Jump to : navigation , search The American Psychological Association ( APA ) Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct ( for short , the Ethics Code , as referred to by the APA ) includes an introduction , preamble , a list of five aspirational principles and a list of ten enforceable standards that psychologists use to guide ethical decisions in practice , research , and education . The principles and standards are written , revised , and enforced by the APA . The code of conduct is applicable to psychologists in a variety of areas across a variety of contexts . In the event of a violation of the code of conduct , the APA may take action ranging from termination of the APA membership to the loss of licensure , depending on the violation . Other professional organizations and licensing boards may adopt and enforce the code . The first version was published by the APA in 1953 . The need for such a document came after psychologists were taking on more professional and public roles post-World War II . A committee was developed and reviewed situations submitted by psychologists in the field who felt they had encountered ethical dilemmas . The committee organized these situations into themes and included them in the first document which was 170 pages in length . Over the years , a distinction was made between aspirational principles and enforceable standards . Since , there have been nine revisions with the most recent published in 2002 and amended in 2010 . Despite the development and use of a complete ethical code , there have still been ethical violations and controversies . For instance , although the APA takes an explicit stance against conversion therapy , this treatment remains controversial amongst many psychologists and religious groups and is still being practiced by some . There is also some disagreement within the field about the ethical implications of using a treatment that may be less effective than another known treatment , although some psychologists argue that all therapy treatments are equally effective ( see : the Dodo bird verdict ) . The APA has also been implicated in helping the Central Intelligence Agency to continue `` enhanced interrogation techniques '' of detainees under the Bush administration . This presented an obvious violation of the organization 's code of ethics and has been addressed by the APA in the form of reports , responses to media outlets , amendments to policies , and rejections of the allegations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 1.1 Introduction and preamble 1.2 General ethical principles 1.2. 1 Principle A : Beneficence and nonmaleficence 1.2. 2 Principle B : Fidelity and responsibility 1.2. 3 Principle C : Integrity 1.2. 4 Principle D: Justice 1.2. 5 Principle E : Respect for people 's rights and dignity 1.3 Ethical standards 1.3. 1 Resolving ethical issues 1.3. 2 Competence 1.3. 3 Human relations 1.3. 4 Privacy and confidentiality 1.3. 5 Advertising and other public statements 1.3. 6 Record keeping and fees 1.3. 7 Education and training 1.3. 8 Research and publication 1.3. 9 Assessment 1.3. 10 Therapy 2 History 2.1 Origins 2.2 Revision history 3 Ethical controversies 3.1 Conversion therapy 3.2 Animal research 3.3 Evidence - based practice 3.4 Psychologists involved in torture 4 Further reading 5 References Content ( edit ) This article is written like a manual or guidebook . Please help rewrite this article from a descriptive , neutral point of view , and remove advice or instruction . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Introduction and preamble ( edit ) The introduction of the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct is designed to describe the document 's purpose . It also informs the reader of its organization , applicability , and procedural matters . The introduction states that the code applies to psychologists ' scientific , educational , and professional roles , that may include `` clinical psychology ; counseling psychology ; school psychology ; research ; teaching ; supervision ; public service ; policy development ; social intervention ; development of assessment instruments ; conducting assessments ; educational counseling ; organizational counseling ; forensic activities ; program design and evaluation ; and administration , '' ( pg. 2 ) The introduction also includes information on what contexts these situations apply to , including electronic and face - to - face communication . It provides information on the procedures for filing an ethical complaint , along with a description the investigation process and possible outcomes . The preamble is a description of aspirations which the American Psychological Association expects of psychologists , and reviews the main purpose for having such an ethical code . General ethical principles ( edit ) There are five general principles that serve as the ideals to which psychologists should aspire within the profession . The principles represent ethical goals but do not explicitly inform or instruct adherence to the goals ; instead , the principles aim to influence and to guide professional behavior with respect to the psychologist , research subjects , students , and the individuals who seek psychological services . Principle a : beneficence and nonmaleficence ( edit ) The beneficence and non maleficence principle of the APA general principles guides psychologists to perform work that is beneficial to others yet does not hurt anyone in the process of carrying out that work . Psychologists are to remain aware of their professional influence and the potential consequences therein on individuals and groups who seek counsel with the psychologist , especially with respect to preventing misuse or abuse , while additionally maintaining awareness of how the psychologist 's own physical and mental health may influence their work . Among professional interactions and research , psychologists ought to respect and protect the rights and welfare of patients and participants . Principle B. : fidelity and responsibility ( edit ) The fidelity and responsibility principle of the APA general principles inspires psychologists to cultivate a professional and scientific environment built upon trust , accountability , and ethical considerations . Psychologists are bound to the community by way of their profession and must conduct themselves in a responsible and ethical manner while also maintaining a similar check on colleagues . Furthermore , psychologists are expected to altruistically devote some of their time to the community . Principle c : integrity ( edit ) The integrity principle of the APA general principles aims to encourage psychologists to engage in honest , transparent practices within all aspects of the field of psychology . That is , psychologists should not engage in behavior that could be misconstrued as dishonest , exploitative , or otherwise malicious . When deception is appropriately used ( most likely during psychological research ) , psychologists have a responsibility to mitigate the effects of its use on the overall field . Principle d: Justice ( edit ) The justice principle of the APA general principles states that people are entitled to the advances made within the field of psychology and to the services offered by professionals within the field . Furthermore , psychologists should prevent unjust practices by remaining aware of their biases , level of competence , and area and limits of expertise . Principle e : respect for people 's rights and dignity ( edit ) The APA general principle concerning respect for people 's rights and dignity recognizes individuals ' rights to privacy and confidentiality . Psychologists are to respect the individuals ' rights while also acknowledging the worth of the individual by taking judicious precautions and engaging in positive , professional interactions , avoiding the influence of any personal bias towards the individual or group . This entails awareness of the vulnerabilities experienced by any particular population of people and necessitates understanding of and respect for diversity , including , but not limited to , factors concerning gender , race , religion , disability , and socioeconomic status . Ethical standards ( edit ) The ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct put forth by the APA consists of ten ethical standards . The ethical standards are enforceable rules applicable for psychologists in academia and practice . These are written broadly to guide psychologists in varied areas and roles , addressing situations most psychologists may encounter in their professional roles . The types of situations include those related to resolving ethical issues , competence , human relations , privacy and confidentiality , advertising and public statements , record keeping and fees , education and training , research and publication , assessment , and therapy . The ethical standards are enforced for the benefit of the psychologists , clients , students , and other individuals that work with psychologists . Any psychologist that is a member of the APA is expected to adhere to the ethical standards . Any violation of an ethical standard may result in sanctions ranging from termination of APA membership to loss of licensure . Resolving ethical issues ( edit ) The resolving ethical issues section of the APA Ethical Standards is broadly designed to guide psychologists through a variety of ethical issues . One of the first sections describes how to approach when the work of psychologists ' is misused or misrepresented , such as happens in the popular press . Psychological research is often misrepresented . Two of the sections describe how to resolve conflicts between the ethical code of psychologists and a variety of governing bodies , laws , or regulations as well as organizational demands related to working as a psychologist . There is a section related to informal resolution of ethical violations for situations where such a resolution is possible while protecting confidentiality . If the incident extends beyond being able to be resolved informally , there are guidelines for reporting ethical violations as well as working with and cooperating with ethics committees . In regards to ethical complaints , there is also a section outlining what might be considered an improper complaint . Lastly , the Resolving Ethical Issues section describes unfair discrimination against complainants and respondents to protect those involved in ethics related investigations . Competence ( edit ) The competence section of the APA Ethical Standards is designed to guide psychologists in how to define their own competence and how to approach clients or patients that might fall outside of that area of expertise . This ethical standard begins by helping psychologists define the boundaries of their own competence . The different types of mental health related problems and potential treatments are highly varied . It is impossible for a psychologists to be competent in all areas , and in fact , unethical to attempt to portray themselves in such a way . If a psychologist feels that he / she has not been trained to ensure competence in a specific area to treat a client , he / she should make an appropriate referral . This ethical standard also provides psychologists with guidelines on providing services in emergency situations . Although psychologists should refrain from providing service outside of their area of competence , in times of emergency the psychologist is obligated to help where possible . Psychologists are also required to maintain competence . This is usually done through the completion of continuing education credits . This standard also provides the psychologist with a bases from which to make scientific and professional judgment in an ethically consistent manner . Outlines are also provided for delegating work to others and resolving personal problems and conflicts . Human relations ( edit ) The human relations section of the APA Ethical Standards provides psychologists guidance with how to approach situations related to the process of working with people in a helping field . This section outlines how to identify and avoid unfair discrimination , sexual harassment , and other types of verbal and nonverbal harassment . These types of behavior have strong adverse influences on mental health . As such , psychologists must be particularly vigilant in identifying and avoiding these kinds of behavior . This section also outlines how to avoid harm when treating patients . Some treatments have been shown to cause harm , and as such , should be avoided . The section also provides guidance for navigating and avoiding a number of multiple relationships . Situations where a clinician has more than one relationship with the client beyond just being a client can be difficult to navigate , which can also lead to conflicts of interest , which are also covered . Guidance is also provided for how to approach requests for service from third - parties , that is , when someone other than the patient is requesting services for the said patient . Exploitative relationships are also covered and should be avoided , according to the ethical standards . This section provides guidance for cooperating with other professionals , which is often a situation faced in multi-disciplinary treatment teams . Guidance is provided for providing and obtaining informed consent for treatment . Another section outlines how to provide psychological services to or through organizations . And lastly , guidance is provided for how to navigate situations in which there is an interruption of psychological services for various reasons . Privacy and confidentiality ( edit ) The privacy and confidentiality section of the APA Ethical Standards is written to help provide psychologists with guidelines for maintaining appropriate confidentiality and respecting the privacy of the clients and patients under their care . Specific guidelines are provided for maintaining confidentiality for the psychologist 's patients as well as discussing the limits of confidentiality with them . In certain situations where the safety of the patient or others is at risk , confidentiality must be broken as law enforcement needs to be motivated . Guidelines are also provided for how to ethically record therapy sessions for various reasons including training . Steps are covered for the psychologist to minimize intrusions on privacy for patients . Sections on disclosures and consultations provide guidance on how and when psychologists should disclose information and how to ethically consult with other professionals while maintaining appropriate levels of confidentiality . Lastly , this section guides psychologists on how and when to use confidential information for didactic or other purposes while protecting confidentiality of the client . Advertising and other public statements ( edit ) The advertising and other public statements section of the APA Ethical Standards is designed to guide psychologists through the process of advertising their practice and making other types of public statements . This section begins by outlining how to avoid false and deceptive statements , in specific of one 's level of competence . As described in the competence section , it is unethical to provide services outside of your area of expertise . The section also outlines statements by others regarding a psychologist 's work and competence . The section goes on to outline how to accurately and honestly describe workshops and non-degree granting educational programs . Media presentations and testimonials regarding one 's work , and how to do so ethically and accurately , is also covered . This section also states that obtaining testimonials from past or current clients is not acceptable . The section closes by outlining how to ethically navigate situations of in - person solicitation of services . Record keeping and fees ( edit ) The record keeping and fees standard of the APA ethical standards is developed to guide psychologists in maintaining records of professional and scientific work in confidentiality . This standard states that maintaining records allow professionals to share information with other professionals if needed , help replicate research findings , and abide by the requirements of the institution and the law . In an event of an emergency , psychologists are not allowed to withhold records of clients who have failed to make payments . Psychologists are expected to arrange fees and financial arrangements in compliance with the law and accept barter only in situations that doing so , does not negatively impact the treatment . Psychologists are also expected to maintain and provide accurate reports of treatment , funding , and diagnostic details . This standard also emphasizes that psychologists should receive payment based on the services provided rather than the referral . Education and training ( edit ) The education and training standard of the APA ethical standards is designed to help psychologists create high - quality programmes that train future psychologists with appropriate knowledge and practice . Psychologists creating education and training programmes are responsible for presenting clear descriptions of the programmes , including the pre-requirements for acceptance and the requirements for completion of the programme . Psychologists are expected to teach accurate and current material supported by scientific evidence . Psychologists should not require students to disclose any personal information , unless it is listed as a programme requirement , or to evaluate whether such experiences are negatively impacting a student 's performance . If individual or group therapy is a requirement of the programme , the psychologists are responsible for allowing students to attend individual or group therapy outside of the programme . Furthermore , faculty members are not allowed to provide therapy services to the students . Supervisors are required to provide timely feedback to the students and supervisees based on their performance and the requirements of the programme . Psychologists involved in the programme are prohibited from engaging in sexual relationships with students and supervisees . Research and publication ( edit ) The research and publication standard of the APA ethical standards is developed to highlight research and publication ethics that psychologists are expected to adhere to . This standard emphasizes the necessity of approval by the institute prior to carrying out the research , providing accurate information about the research study , and carrying out the research in accordance with the approval . When obtaining informed consent , details of the study should be presented to the participants , including but not limited to , the objective of the study , the procedures , benefits and potential risks associated with the study , and the participants ' right to decline to participate and withdraw from the study without any penalty . However , studies which are not expected to cause any harm , such as observing in a naturalistic environment , using anonymous questionnaires , or if permitted by the law , informed consent may not be necessary to be obtained . Compensation for participation should not be used to persuade an unwilling participant . At the conclusion of the study , each participant should be presented with a summary of the study and the participant should be provided with an opportunity to ask any questions he / she has . Further , if there has been some harm caused to the participant due to participation in the study , necessary steps should be followed to minimize the harm . This standard also provides guidelines and instructions on animal research . Psychologists are responsible for reporting accurate findings and taking necessary steps to correct any errors in research and publication . Psychologists are also required to only present original data as their work and share publication credits based on the contributions rather than authority . Psychologists are also expected to be willing to share research data when required for verification , and maintain confidentiality of the participants during the review process . Assessment ( edit ) The assessment standard of the APA ethical standards is developed to broadly address guidelines on assessments . This standard states that the psychologist 's views should be supported by findings from assessments , while reporting the limitations of assessments . If a viewpoint is not based on assessment results , psychologists should provide evidence to justify their judgment . Psychologists are responsible for using valid and reliable assessments that are administered in a preferred language by the client . Informed consent is expected to be obtained in accordance to the guidelines on the `` Informed Consent '' standard , unless the assessment is required by the law , a routine practice or required to test for the ability to make decisions . Psychologists using an interpreter are expected to obtain informed consent from the client for the use of an interpreter as well as maintain confidentiality and test security . Psychologists may refrain from releasing test data in order to protect a participant . Psychologists are also responsible for developing valid and reliable assessments and interpreting test results by taking other factors that may influence the interpretations while also indicating any limitations associated with the interpretations . Psychologists are required to be appropriately trained in order to administer assessments and are responsible for using current tests . Psychologists are also responsible for providing necessary information when outsourcing interpretation and the interpretation of test results . Psychologists are required to explain the test results to the client or other identified persons , unless otherwise specified . Psychologists are also required to maintain security and integrity in regards to all test material . Therapy ( edit ) The therapy section of the APA ethical standards is broadly written to guide psychologists through various aspects of providing psychological services . Psychologists are required to obtain informed consent from clients prior to treatment by presenting sufficient details about the therapy technique , including how established the treatment is and whether a psychologist in training will be assisting the client . When psychologists are required to provide services in a group setting , psychologists are required to identify the role of the psychologist and notify the clients of the limitations of confidentiality . If a psychologist is required to provide services for a client already receiving mental health services from another professional , the psychologist is required to discuss with the client or other identified persons to minimize conflict and harm . Psychologists should not engage in sexual relationships with current clients or with those closely related to clients . Psychologists should not be sexually engaged with past clients within two years of termination and even after two years of termination , psychologists will have to provide enough details to ensure that this ethical standard is not violated by being involved with a past client . In the event of a termination of employment , necessary steps should be taken in order to ensure client care . Termination of therapy should occur when the client shows significant improvements , does not benefit further from treatment , is being harmed by the treatment , or the clinician is threatened by the client or a person related to the client . Psychologists are expected to prepare clients for termination and provide sources for alternative services . History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) `` These rules should do much more than help the unethical psychologist keep out of trouble ; they should be of palpable aid to the ethical psychologist in making daily decisions . '' -- Nicholas Hobbs ( 1948 , p. 81 ) The first committee on Ethical Standards for Psychologists was developed in 1947 and chaired by Edward Tolman . The committee was created because psychologists were becoming more involved in professional activities and public works during and following World War II . To gain insight on what to include , the committee sought information from psychologists in the field . Psychologists discussed situations in which they felt they encountered ethical dilemmas . A second committee was formed and headed by Nicholas Hobbs . This 8 - member committee was responsible for the creation of the first document . The committee used contributions from over 2,000 psychologists to create the first principles . The committee reviewed the situations submitted by psychologists to the first committee and attempted to organize the situations into themes . Themes that emerged reflected many of the political and social issues of the time including racial segregation , post-war politics , and the testing industry . The first version of the Ethical Standards of Psychologists was adopted in 1952 and published in 1953 by the American Psychological Association ( APA ) . The document was over 170 pages in length . The first version contained many ethical dilemmas that psychologists had written about and submitted to the first committee as case examples . Revision History ( edit ) Revisions to the 1953 version continued over the decades until the most recent version which was published in 2002 and amended in 2010 . Each revision has been guided by a set of objectives put forth by Hobbs in 1948 : `` to express the best ethical practices in the field as judged by a large representative sample of members of the APA ; to reflect an explicit value system as well as clearly articulated decisional and behavioral rules ; to be applicable to the full range of activities and role relationships encountered in the work of psychologists ; to have the broadest possible participation among psychologists in its development and revisions ; and to influence the ethical conduct of psychologists by meriting widespread identification and acceptance among members of the discipline '' . Revisions occurred over the years pertaining to many changes in society . Culture , politics , the legal system , the economy and the healthcare system have all been influential in the development of the past and current ethical codes . The case examples were also removed . Prior to 1981 , there was no principle or standard that addressed conflict between law and ethics . One of the biggest changes occurred with the 1992 version of the code . Before this version , there was no distinction between principles and standards . This version was the first to make that distinction . The principles are considered to be aspirational while the standards are enforceable by agencies adopting them , including the APA . The current version of the code was developed in 2002 , became effective in 2003 , and was amended in 2010 . Amendments were made to the Introduction and Applicability Sections along with Standard 1.02 Conflicts Between Ethics and Law , Regulations , or Other Governing Legal Authority and Standard 1.03 Conflicts Between Ethics and Organizational Demands . / green / < Ethical steps > Previous revisions with changes indicated : American Psychological Association . ( 1953 ) . Ethical standards of psychologists . Washington , DC : Author . ( first version ; no reference to legal standards ) American Psychological Association . ( 1959 ) . Ethical standards of psychologists . American Psychologist , 14 , 279 - 282 . ( change to Principle 3 : Moral and Legal Standards ) American Psychological Association . ( 1963 ) . Ethical standards of psychologists . American Psychologist , 18 , 56 - 60 . ( no change in language ) American Psychological Association . ( 1968 ) . Ethical standards of psychologists . American Psychologist , 23 , 357 - 361 . ( no change in language ) American Psychological Association . ( 1977 , March ) . Ethical standards of psychologists . APA Monitor , 22 - 23 . ( change to Principle 3 : Moral and Legal Standards ) American Psychological Association . ( 1979 ) . Ethical standards of psychologists . Washington , DC : Author . ( no change in language ) American Psychological Association . ( 1981 ) . Ethical principles of psychologists . American Psychologist , 36 , 633 - 638 . ( change to Principle 3 : Moral and Legal Standards ) American Psychological Association . ( 1990 ) . Ethical principles of psychologists ( Amended June 2 , 1989 ) . American Psychologist , 45 , 390 - 395 . ( no change in language ) American Psychological Association . ( 1992 ) . Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct . American Psychologist , 47 , 1597 - 1611 . ( change to Introduction to the 1992 Ethics Code ( paragraph 5 ) ( aspirational ) ; change to Ethical Standard 1.02 Relationship of Ethics and Law ( enforceable ) ) American Psychological Association . ( 2002 ) . Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct ( Amended February 20 , 2010 ) . American Psychologist , 57 , 1060 - 1073 . ( change to Introduction and Applicability ( paragraph 7 ) ( aspirational ) ; change to 1.02 Conflicts Between Ethics and Law , Regulations , or Other Governing Legal Authority ( enforceable ) ) Ethical controversies ( edit ) It has been suggested that portions of this section be split out into another article titled American Psychological Association . ( Discuss ) ( August 2015 ) Conversion therapy ( edit ) See also : Conversion therapy Conversion therapy ( also referred to as reparative therapy ) is the practice of attempting to change the patient 's sexual orientation to heterosexual . Among the most prominent supporters of conversion therapy is the National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality ( NARTH ) , which continues to characterize homosexuality as a mental disorder , despite the declassification of homosexuality as a disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ) in 1973 . One of the most notable members of NARTH is founder and former president Dr. Joseph Nicolosi , who practices conversion therapy and has published case studies some of his clients . The American Psychological Association ( APA ) task force report on appropriate therapeutic responses to sexual orientation concluded that conversion therapy was `` unlikely to be successful '' and involved `` some risk of harm '' . Likewise , the U.S. Surgeon General issued a call to action in 2001 , concluding that `` there is no valid scientific evidence that sexual orientation can be changed '' . In the task force 's report , the APA recommends that therapists adopt an affirmative , supportive approach for clients who present for therapy to change their sexual orientation rather than attempting to convert their sexual orientation . Animal research ( edit ) See also : Animal testing Currently , the APA enforces ethical standards to protect nonhuman animal subjects from unnecessary harm during the research process . Some of the requirements for using nonhuman animals in research include : proper justification of the research , maintenance and inspection of appropriate housing for the animals , minimizing discomfort and stress whenever possible , and preference of noninvasive measures . Despite these guidelines , however , many advocacy groups exist to either reduce or eliminate animal research , arguing that it is unethical to capture animals and subject them to research procedures . Indeed , a recent study showed that only 52 % of the public approves of animal research . Some scientists believe that this low approval rate is primarily the result of receiving manipulative misinformation from anti-animal research groups . Evidence - based practice ( edit ) See also : Dodo bird verdict A current controversy among mental health professionals is the use of specific psychological treatments which are not strongly supported by research . Proponents of the evidence - based practice ( EBP ) movement argue that it is unethical to administer a therapeutic intervention with questionable research support ( such as psychoanalysis ) when another treatment 's effectiveness has been demonstrated for the client 's condition , particularly when the intervention in question is potentially harmful ( such as conversion therapy ) . Proponents argue that administration of an empirically questionable treatment violates the general Principle A of the ethical principles of psychologist : Beneficence and nonmaleficence ( or `` do no harm '' ) . Opponents of the movement object that all psychotherapies are equally effective ( termed `` the Dodo bird verdict '' ) and assert that restricting therapists to only evidence - based treatments limits opportunities to discover new techniques . Further complicating the issue is the fact that there is debate about what kind of evidence is needed to constitute `` good research support '' for or against a treatment . Psychologists involved in Torture ( edit ) See also : Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse During the Iraq War , Amnesty International released a series of reports , calling attention to violations of the human rights of prisoners in Abu Ghraib Prison and American detention camps , and the role of the United States and the United Kingdom in enacting these abuses . The reports called on the occupying powers to protect the human rights of any detained civilians by giving them a fair and timely trial , not detaining civilians arbitrarily , and treating all people ethically while in detention . Amnesty International also called for justice , by trying individual perpetrators of abuse for their crimes . Despite these reports , the Bush administration instituted `` enhanced '' interrogation techniques , stating publicly that reported abuses were isolated incidents , and not standard practice . Internal memos from the Federal Bureau of Investigation revealed that an executive order by George W. Bush had sanctioned certain interrogation techniques , such as playing loud music , depriving prisoners of sleep , and stripping prisoners of their clothing . The CIA reportedly required involvement from health professionals to continue its practice of `` enhanced '' interrogations on detainees , to maintain the lawfulness of their practices . Psychiatrists and medical doctors were reluctant to participate in interrogations , however some psychologists participated . A recently released report by a group of psychologists alleges the same , implicating a number of APA officials as well . After the abuses were made public , the APA created a task force called Psychological Ethics and National Security ( PENS ) and released a report stating that the APA Code of Ethics applies to psychologists working in any setting , and that psychologists do not facilitate or participate in any degrading or cruel behavior , referring back to the APA 's 1986 Resolution Against Torture . The report also called on psychologists to report any suspected or observed inhumane treatment to the appropriate authorities and obey federal law . Further reading ( edit ) Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association . 2010 . OCLC 913028115 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Adopted August 21 , 2002 . Effective June 1 , 2003 . With the 2010 Amendments . Adopted February 20 , 2010 . Effective June 1 , 2010 . Ethical Standards of Psychologists : A Summary of Ethical Principles . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association . 1953 . OCLC 693011 . Fisher , Celia B. ( 2013 ) ( 2003 ) . `` A Code of Ethics for Psychology : How Did We Get Here ? '' ( PDF ) . Decoding the Ethics Code : A Practical Guide for Psychologists ( 3rd ed . ) . Los Angeles : Sage Publications . pp. 2 -- 14 . ISBN 9781412997607 . OCLC 794176340 . `` Provisions in The APA Ethics Codes That Address Conflicts between Ethics and Law : A History '' ( PDF ) . American Psychological Association . December 2008 . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Smith , Deborah ( January 2003 ) . `` The First Code '' . Monitor on Psychology . American Psychological Association . 31 ( 1 ) : 63 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2010 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hobbs , Nicholas ( March 1948 ) . `` The development of a code of ethical standards for psychology '' . American Psychologist. 3 ( 3 ) : 80 -- 84 . doi : 10.1037 / h0060281 . ^ Jump up to : American Psychological Association ( 2002 ) . `` Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct '' ( PDF ) . American Psychologist. 57 : 1060 -- 1073 . doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066x. 57.12. 1060 . ^ Jump up to : APA Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation . `` Report of the Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation '' ( PDF ) . American Psychological Association . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joseph Nicolosi -- Reparative Therapy '' . Thomas Aquinas Psychological Clinic . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ahn , Hyun - nie & Wampold , Bruce ( July 2001 ) . `` Where oh where are the specific ingredients ? A meta - analysis of component studies in counseling and psychotherapy '' . Journal of Counseling Psychology . 48 ( 3 ) : 251 -- 257 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 0167.48. 3.251 . Jump up ^ American Psychological Association . `` Timeline of APA Policies & Actions Related to Detainee Welfare and Professional Ethics in the Context of Interrogation and National Security '' . American Psychological Association . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Celia B. ( 2013 ) ( 2003 ) . `` A Code of Ethics for Psychology : How Did We Get Here ? '' ( PDF ) . Decoding the Ethics Code : A Practical Guide for Psychologists ( 3rd ed . ) . Los Angeles : Sage Publications . pp. 2 -- 14 . ISBN 9781412997607 . OCLC 794176340 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Deborah ( January 2003 ) . `` The First Code '' . Monitor on Psychology . American Psychological Association . 31 ( 1 ) : 63 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : American Psychological Association . `` Provisions in the APA Ethics Codes that Address Conflicts Between Ethics and Law : A History '' . American Psychological Association . American Psychological Association . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ American Psychological Association ( 2010 ) . `` 2010 Amendments to the 2002 `` Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct '' `` . American Psychologist. 65 ( 5 ) : 493 . doi : 10.1037 / a0020168 . PMID 20642307 . Jump up ^ Office of the Surgeon General ( US ) ; Office of Population Affairs ( US ) ( 2001 ) . `` The Surgeon General 's Call to Action to Promote Sexual Health and Responsible Sexual Behavior '' . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ American Psychological Association . `` Guidelines for Ethical Conduct in the Care and Use of Nonhuman Animals in Research '' . American Psychological Association . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ The Humane Society of the United States . `` The Humane Society of the United States '' . The Humane Society of the United States . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals . `` People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals '' . PETA . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals . `` The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals '' . The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Pew Research Center ( 9 July 2009 ) . `` Public Praises Science ; Scientists Fault Public , Media '' . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Allyson J. `` Animal research : The bigger picture and why we need psychologists to speak out '' . American Psychological Association . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Lilienfeld , Scott O. ( March 2007 ) . `` Psychological Treatments That Cause Harm '' . Perspectives on Psychological Science . 2 ( 1 ) : 53 -- 70 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1745 - 6916.2007. 00029. x . Jump up ^ Division 12 of the APA . `` Do all psychologists agree on which treatments are supported by research ? '' . Society of Clinical Psychology . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Amnesty International ( 15 April 2003 ) . `` Iraq : Responsibilities of the occupying powers '' . Amnesty International . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Khan , Irene ( 19 March 2003 ) . `` Open letter from AI Secretary General , Irene Khan to President George Bush , Prime Minister Tony Blair , Prime Minister José Maria Aznar and President Saddam Hussein '' . Amnesty International . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Amnesty International ( 18 March 2003 ) . `` Iraq : People come first : Amnesty International 's 10 - point appeal to all parties involved in possible military action in Iraq '' . Amnesty International . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ American Civil Liberties Union . `` American Civil Liberties Union : ACLU Interested Persons Memo on FBI documents concerning detainee abuse at Guantanamo Bay '' . ACLU . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Hajjar , Lisa ( 7 May 2015 ) . `` How the World 's Largest Psychological Association Aided the CIA 's Torture Program '' . The Nation . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Stephen Soldz ; Nathaniel Raymond ; Steven Reisner ( April 2015 ) . `` Report on American Psychological Association 's Role in Bush - Era Interrogation Program '' . New York Times . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Presidential Task Force on Psychological Ethics and National Security ( June 2005 ) . `` Report of the American Psychological Association Presidential Task Force on Psychological Ethics and National Security '' ( PDF ) . American Psychological Association . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=APA_Ethics_Code&oldid=814064089 '' Categories : American Psychological Association Codes of conduct Ethics Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from June 2015 All articles needing style editing All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles to be split from August 2015 All articles to be split Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 18 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the most recent revision of the apa ethics code was published in | [
"The first version was published by the APA in 1953.[1] The need for such a document came after psychologists were taking on more professional and public roles post-World War II.[1] A committee was developed and reviewed situations submitted by psychologists in the field who felt they had encountered ethical dilemmas.[1] The committee organized these situations into themes and included them in the first document which was 170 pages in length.[1] Over the years, a distinction was made between aspirational principles and enforceable standards. Since, there have been nine revisions with the most recent published in 2002 and amended in 2010.[2]"
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"2010"
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-8551142239441044049 | An apple a day keeps the doctor away | An apple a day keeps the doctor away - wikipedia An apple a day keeps the doctor away Jump to : navigation , search It is commonly believed that apple consumption has health benefits . `` An apple a day keeps the doctor away '' is a common English - language proverb of Welsh origin . It espouses the folk - wisdom that apple consumption ( or consumption of fruits and vegetables in general ) has identifiable health benefits . Origin ( edit ) First recorded in the 1860s , the proverb originated in Wales , and was particularly prevalent in Pembrokshire . The first English version of the saying was `` Eat an apple on going to bed , and you 'll keep the doctor from earning his bread . '' The current phrasing ( `` An apple a day keeps the doctor away '' ) was first used in print in 1922 . Scientific evaluation ( edit ) A red apple with a heart - shaped bite . A 2011 study found that consumption of apples and pears might prevent strokes . A 2012 study found that apple consumption significantly lowered bad cholesterol levels in middle - aged adults . In 2013 , the BMJ published a study as part of its humorous Christmas issue comparing the effects of prescribing everyone in the UK over age 50 either an apple or a statin a day . The study concluded that both interventions would be similarly effective . A 2015 study looked directly at the relationship between apple consumption and physician visits and found no evidence that the proverb was true . The study did , however , find that people who ate an apple a day did use fewer prescription medications . However , a 2011 study found that adding one ' Golden Delicious ' apple to the daily diet of a small group of overweight men led to higher levels of LDL cholesterol and triglycerides . The higher sugar and low - phenolic content of ' Golden Delicious ' apples was blamed for the results . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ely , Margaret ( 24 September 2013 ) . `` History behind ' An apple a day ' '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` An apple a day keeps the doctor away '' . Jump up ^ Briggs , A.D.M. ; Mizdrak , A. ; Scarborough , P. ( 17 December 2013 ) . `` A statin a day keeps the doctor away : comparative proverb assessment modelling study '' . BMJ. 347 ( dec17 2 ) : f7267 -- f7267 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. f7267 . Lay summary . Jump up ^ Davis , Matthew A. ; Bynum , Julie P.W. ; Sirovich , Brenda E. ( 1 May 2015 ) . `` Association Between Apple Consumption and Physician Visits '' . JAMA Internal Medicine . 175 ( 5 ) : 777 . doi : 10.1001 / jamainternmed. 2014.5466 . Lay summary . Jump up ^ James , Wong ( 4 October 2015 ) . `` Gardens : the truth about apples '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=An_apple_a_day_keeps_the_doctor_away&oldid=805434402 '' Categories : English proverbs Apples Nutrition Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch 日本 語 தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 11 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does an apple a day keeps the doctor away come from | [
"First recorded in the 1860s, the proverb originated in Wales, and was particularly prevalent in Pembrokshire. The first English version of the saying was \"Eat an apple on going to bed, and you’ll keep the doctor from earning his bread.\" The current phrasing (\"An apple a day keeps the doctor away\") was first used in print in 1922.[1][2]"
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"the proverb originated in Wales, and was particularly prevalent in Pembrokshire"
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-2643147721023748948 | ICC Awards | ICC awards - wikipedia ICC awards Jump to : navigation , search The ICC Awards Logo , used for the ninth ceremony in 2012 . The ICC Awards are a set of sports awards for cricket . The awards recognise and honor the best international cricket players of the previous 12 months . The awards have been institutionalised by International Cricket Council since 2004 . Between 2011 and 2014 the awards were known , for sponsorship reasons , as the LG ICC Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Award categories 2 ICC Development Programme Awards 3 Methodology 4 2004 awards 5 2005 awards 6 2006 awards 7 2007 awards 8 2008 awards 9 2009 awards 10 2010 awards 11 2011 awards 12 2012 awards 13 2013 awards 14 2014 awards 15 2015 awards 16 2016 awards 17 2017 awards 18 References Award categories ( edit ) The following awards have been or currently are presented : Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy ( Cricketer of the Year ) Test Player of the Year ODI Player of the Year Twenty20 International Performance of the Year Emerging Player of the Year Players eligible for this award must be under 26 years of age at the start of the voting period and have played no more than five Tests and / or ten ODIs before that date . Associate Player of the Year David Shepherd Trophy ( Umpire of the Year ) Captain of the Year Women 's Cricketer of the Year Women 's ODI Cricketer of the Year Women 's T20I Cricketer of the Year Women 's Emerging Player of the Year Spirit of Cricket Described by the ICC as being awarded to the team most notable for `` upholding the ' Spirit of the Game ' '' , involving respect for : Their opponents Their own captain and team The role of the umpires The game 's traditional values LG People 's Choice Award Fan 's Moment of the Year World Test XI World one - day XI Women 's one - day XI Women 's T20I XI ICC Development Programme awards ( edit ) In December 2016 , ICC Development Programme Awards was announced for ICC 's Associate and Affiliate Members aimed at creating improving structures within the 95 member federations . Methodology ( edit ) The judging / voting period was originally from 1 August of the current year to 31 July of the next year . It has since undergone two changes and now takes place presently between September of the current year and September of the next year . The ICC Selection committee comprises eminent former players and select the finalists for the ICC Cricketer of the Year , ICC Test Player of the Year , ICC ODI Player of the Year , ICC Emerging Player of the Year . The committee selects the final ICC World Test XI and ICC World one - day XI . Selection Committee Year Chairman Committee Members Sunil Gavaskar Richie Benaud Michael Holding Ian Botham Barry Richards 2005 Sunil Gavaskar David Gower Richard Hadlee Rod Marsh Courtney Walsh 2006 Sunil Gavaskar Allan Donald Ian Healy Arjuna Ranatunga Waqar Younis 2007 Sunil Gavaskar Chris Cairns Gary Kirsten Iqbal Qasim Alec Stewart 2008 Clive Lloyd Greg Chappell Shaun Pollock Sidath Wettimuny Athar Ali Khan 2009 Clive Lloyd Anil Kumble Mudassar Nazar Stephen Fleming Bob Taylor Clive Lloyd Angus Fraser Matthew Hayden Ravi Shastri Duncan Fletcher 2011 Clive Lloyd Zaheer Abbas Mike Gatting Paul Adams Danny Morrison 2012 Clive Lloyd Marvan Atapattu Tom Moody Carl Hooper Clare Connor 2013 Anil Kumble Alec Stewart Waqar Younis Catherine Campbell Graeme Pollock 2014 Anil Kumble Jonathan Agnew Russel Arnold Stephen Fleming Betty Timmer 2015 Anil Kumble Ian Bishop Mark Butcher Belinda Clark Gundappa Viswanath The final selection for the award is voted for by an academy of 56 ( expanded from 50 in 2004 ) , which includes current national team captains of Test playing nations ( 10 ) , members of the Elite panel of ICC umpires and referees ( 18 ) , prominent former players and cricket correspondents ( 28 ) . In the event of a tie in the voting , the award is shared . 2004 awards ( edit ) Main article : 2004 ICC Awards The inaugural ICC awards ceremony was held on 7 September 2004 , in London . The judging period covered was from 1 August 2003 to 31 July 2004 and included all Test matches and One Day Internationals played during that period . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Rahul Dravid ( India ) Test Player of the Year : Rahul Dravid ( India ) ODI Player of the Year : Andrew Flintoff ( England ) Emerging Player of the Year : Irfan Pathan ( India ) Umpire of the Year : Simon Taufel ( Australia ) Spirit of Cricket : New Zealand World Test XI : Matthew Hayden ( Aus ) , Herschelle Gibbs ( SA ) , Ricky Ponting ( Aus , captain ) , Rahul Dravid ( Ind ) , Brian Lara ( WI ) , Jacques Kallis ( SA ) , Adam Gilchrist ( Aus , wicket - keeper ) , Chaminda Vaas ( SL ) , Shane Warne ( Aus ) , Jason Gillespie ( Aus ) , Steve Harmison ( Eng ) 12th man : Sachin Tendulkar World one - day XI : Adam Gilchrist ( Aus , wicket - keeper ) , Sachin Tendulkar ( Ind ) , Chris Gayle ( WI ) , Ricky Ponting ( Aus , captain ) , Brian Lara ( WI ) , Jacques Kallis ( SA ) , Virender Sehwag ( Ind ) , Andrew Flintoff ( Eng ) , Shaun Pollock ( SA ) , Chaminda Vaas ( SL ) , Jason Gillespie ( Aus ) 2005 awards ( edit ) Main article : 2005 ICC Awards The second ICC awards ceremony was held at the Four Seasons Hotel in Sydney , Australia , on 11 October 2005 . The judging period covered was from 1 August 2004 to 31 July 2005 . This did not include the whole of the 2005 Ashes Series , since the final four matches of this series were played in August and September . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Awarded jointly to Andrew Flintoff ( England ) and Jacques Kallis ( South Africa ) Test Player of the Year : Jacques Kallis ( South Africa ) ODI Player of the Year : Kevin Pietersen ( England ) Emerging Player of the Year : Kevin Pietersen ( England ) Umpire of the Year : Simon Taufel ( Australia ) Spirit of Cricket : England World Test XI : Virender Sehwag ( Ind ) , Graeme Smith ( SA ) , Ricky Ponting ( Aus , captain ) , Jacques Kallis ( SA ) , Brian Lara ( WI ) , Inzamam - ul - Haq ( Pak ) , Andrew Flintoff ( Eng ) , Adam Gilchrist ( Aus , wicket - keeper ) , Shane Warne ( Aus ) , Chaminda Vaas ( SL ) , Glenn McGrath ( Aus ) , 12th man : Anil Kumble ( Ind ) World one - day XI : Marvan Atapattu ( SL , captain ) , Adam Gilchrist ( Aus , wicket - keeper ) , Rahul Dravid ( Ind ) , Kevin Pietersen ( Eng ) , Andrew Symonds ( Aus ) , Inzamam - ul - Haq ( Pak ) , Andrew Flintoff ( Eng ) , Daniel Vettori ( NZ ) , Brett Lee ( Aus ) , Naved - ul - Hasan ( Pak ) , Glenn McGrath ( Aus ) , 12th man : Jacques Kallis ( SA ) List of nominees for 2005 awards 2006 awards ( edit ) Main article : 2006 ICC Awards The third ICC awards ceremony was held in Mumbai , India on 3 November 2006 , during the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy . The judging period was from 1 August 2005 to 8 August 2006 , thus including three of the four Tests between Pakistan and England , and the Test series between South Africa and Sri Lanka . For the first time , honors for both Women 's Cricketer of the Year and Captain of the Year were awarded . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Ricky Ponting ( Australia ) Test Player of the Year : Ricky Ponting ( Australia ) ODI Player of the Year : Michael Hussey ( Australia ) Emerging Player of the Year : Ian Bell ( England ) Umpire of the Year : Simon Taufel ( Australia ) Captain of the Year : Mahela Jayawardene ( Sri Lanka ) Women 's Cricketer of the Year : Karen Rolton ( Australia ) Spirit of Cricket : England World Test XI : Matthew Hayden ( Aus ) , Michael Hussey ( Aus ) , Ricky Ponting ( Aus ) , Rahul Dravid ( Ind , captain ) , Mohammad Yousuf ( Pak ) , Kumar Sangakkara ( SL , wicket - keeper ) , Andrew Flintoff ( Eng ) , Shane Warne ( Aus ) , Makhaya Ntini ( SA ) , Muttiah Muralitharan ( SL ) , Glenn McGrath ( Aus ) , 12th man : Brett Lee ( Aus ) World one - day XI : Adam Gilchrist ( Aus , wicket - keeper ) , MS Dhoni ( Ind ) , Ricky Ponting ( Aus ) , Mahela Jayawardene ( SL , captain ) , Yuvraj Singh ( Ind ) , Andrew Flintoff ( Eng ) , Michael Hussey ( Aus ) , Irfan Pathan ( Ind ) , Brett Lee ( Aus ) , Shane Bond ( NZ ) , Muttiah Muralitharan ( SL ) , 12th man : Andrew Symonds ( Aus ) List of nominees for 2006 awards 2007 awards ( edit ) The fourth ICC awards ceremony was held in Johannesburg , South Africa . For the first time , honor for Associate Player of the Year was awarded . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Ricky Ponting ( Australia ) Test Player of the Year : Mohammad Yousuf ( Pakistan ) ODI Player of the Year : Matthew Hayden ( Australia ) Emerging Player of the Year : Shaun Tait ( Australia ) Associate Player of the Year : Thomas Odoyo ( Kenya ) Umpire of the Year : Simon Taufel ( Australia ) Captain of the Year : Ricky Ponting ( Australia ) Women 's Cricketer of the Year : Jhulan Goswami ( India ) Spirit of Cricket : Sri Lanka World Test XI : Michael Vaughan ( Eng ) , Matthew Hayden ( Aus ) , Ricky Ponting ( Aus , captain ) , Mohammad Yousuf ( Pak ) , Kevin Pietersen ( Eng ) , Michael Hussey ( Aus ) , Kumar Sangakkara ( SL , wicket - keeper ) , Stuart Clark ( Aus ) , Makhaya Ntini ( SA ) , Mohammad Asif ( Pak ) , Muttiah Muralitharan ( SL ) , 12th man : Zaheer Khan ( Ind ) World one - day XI : Matthew Hayden ( Aus ) , Sachin Tendulkar ( Ind ) , Ricky Ponting ( Aus , captain ) , Kevin Pietersen ( Eng ) , Jacques Kallis ( SA ) , Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( WI ) , Mark Boucher ( SA , wicket - keeper ) , Chaminda Vaas ( SL ) , Shane Bond ( NZ ) , Muttiah Muralitharan ( SL ) , Glenn McGrath ( Aus ) , 12th man : Michael Hussey ( Aus ) 2008 awards ( edit ) The fifth ICC awards ceremony was held in Dubai , U.A.E. on 10 September 2008 and saw the Twenty20 International Performance of the Year award inaugurated . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( West Indies ) Test Player of the Year : Dale Steyn ( South Africa ) ODI Player of the Year : MS Dhoni ( India ) Twenty20 International Performance of the Year : Yuvraj Singh ( India ) Emerging Player of the Year : Ajantha Mendis ( Sri Lanka ) Associate Player of the Year : Ryan ten Doeschate ( Netherlands ) Umpire of the Year : Simon Taufel ( Australia ) Women 's Cricketer of the Year : Charlotte Edwards ( England ) Spirit of Cricket : Sri Lanka World Test XI : Graeme Smith ( SA , captain ) , Virender Sehwag ( Ind ) , Mahela Jayawardene ( SL ) , Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( WI ) , Kevin Pietersen ( Eng ) , Jacques Kallis ( SA ) , Kumar Sangakkara ( SL , wicket - keeper ) , Brett Lee ( Aus ) , Ryan Sidebottom ( Eng ) , Dale Steyn ( SA ) , Muttiah Muralitharan ( SL ) , 12th man : Stuart Clark ( Aus ) World one - day XI : Herschelle Gibbs ( SA ) , Sachin Tendulkar ( Ind ) , Ricky Ponting ( Aus , captain ) , Ajantha Mendis ( SL ) , Farveez Maharoof ( SL ) , MS Dhoni ( Ind , wicket - keeper ) , Andrew Symonds ( Aus ) , Daniel Vettori ( NZ ) , Brett Lee ( Aus ) , Mitchell Johnson ( Aus ) , Nathan Bracken ( Aus ) , 12th man : Salman Butt ( Pak ) 2009 awards ( edit ) Main article : 2009 ICC Awards The sixth ICC awards ceremony was held in Johannesburg , South Africa on 1 October 2009 . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Mitchell Johnson ( Australia ) Test Player of the Year : Gautam Gambhir ( India ) ODI Player of the Year : MS Dhoni ( India ) Twenty20 International Performance of the Year : Tillakaratne Dilshan ( Sri Lanka ) Emerging Player of the Year : Peter Siddle ( Australia ) Associate Player of the Year : William Porterfield ( Ireland ) Umpire of the Year : Aleem Dar ( Pakistan ) Women 's Cricketer of the Year : Claire Taylor ( England ) Spirit of Cricket : New Zealand World Test XI : Gautam Gambhir ( Ind ) , Andrew Strauss ( Eng ) , AB de Villiers ( SA ) , Sachin Tendulkar ( Ind ) , Thilan Samaraweera ( SL ) , Michael Clarke ( Aus ) , MS Dhoni ( Ind , captain , wicket - keeper ) , Shakib Al Hasan ( Ban ) , Mitchell Johnson ( Aus ) , Stuart Broad ( Eng ) , Dale Steyn ( SA ) , 12th man : Harbhajan Singh ( Ind ) World one - day XI : Martin Guptill ( NZ ) , Chris Gayle ( WI ) , Kevin Pietersen ( Eng ) , Tillakaratne Dilshan ( SL ) , Yuvraj Singh ( Ind ) , MS Dhoni ( Ind , captain , wicket - keeper ) , Virender Sehwag ( Ind ) , Andrew Flintoff ( Eng ) , Nuwan Kulasekara ( SL ) , Ajantha Mendis ( SL ) , Umar Gul ( Pak ) , 12th man : Thilan Thushara ( SL ) List of nominees for 2009 awards 2010 awards ( edit ) Main article : 2010 ICC Awards The seventh ICC awards ceremony was held in Bengaluru , India on 6 October 2010 . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Sachin Tendulkar ( India ) Test Player of the Year : Virender Sehwag ( India ) Test Team of the Year : India ODI Player of the Year : AB de Villiers ( South Africa ) ODI Team of the Year : Australia Twenty20 International Performance of the Year : Brendon McCullum ( New Zealand ) Emerging Player of the Year : Steven Finn ( England ) Associate Player of the Year : Ryan ten Doeschate ( Netherlands ) Umpire of the Year : Aleem Dar ( Pakistan ) Women 's Cricketer of the Year : Shelley Nitschke ( Australia ) Spirit of Cricket : New Zealand LG People 's Choice Award : Sachin Tendulkar ( India ) World Test XI : Virender Sehwag ( Ind ) , Simon Katich ( Aus ) , Hashim Amla ( SA ) , Sachin Tendulkar ( Ind ) , Kumar Sangakkara ( SL ) , Jacques Kallis ( SA ) , MS Dhoni ( Ind , captain , wicket - keeper ) , Graeme Swann ( Eng ) , James Anderson ( Eng ) , Dale Steyn ( SA ) , Doug Bollinger ( Aus ) , 12th man : Steve Harmison ( Eng ) World one - day XI : Sachin Tendulkar ( Ind ) , Shane Watson ( Aus ) , Michael Hussey ( Aus ) , AB de Villiers ( SA ) , Paul Collingwood ( Eng ) , MS Dhoni ( Ind , wicket - keeper ) , Ricky Ponting ( Aus , captain ) , Daniel Vettori ( NZ ) , Stuart Broad ( Eng ) , Doug Bollinger ( Aus ) , Ryan Harris ( Aus ) 2011 awards ( edit ) Main article : 2011 LG ICC Awards The eighth ICC awards ceremony was held in London , England on 12 September 2011 . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Jonathan Trott ( England ) Test Player of the Year : Alastair Cook ( England ) ODI Player of the Year : Kumar Sangakkara ( Sri Lanka ) Twenty20 International Performance of the Year : Tim Southee ( New Zealand ) Emerging Player of the Year : Devendra Bishoo ( West Indies ) Associate Player of the Year : Ryan ten Doeschate ( Netherlands ) Umpire of the Year : Aleem Dar ( Pakistan ) Women 's Cricketer of the Year : Stafanie Taylor ( West Indies ) Spirit of Cricket : MS Dhoni ( India ) LG People 's Choice Award : Kumar Sangakkara ( Sri Lanka ) World Test XI : Alastair Cook ( Eng ) , Hashim Amla ( SA ) , Jonathan Trott ( Eng ) , Sachin Tendulkar ( Ind ) , Kumar Sangakkara ( SL , captain , wicket - keeper ) , AB de Villiers ( SA ) , Jacques Kallis ( SA ) , Stuart Broad ( Eng ) , Graeme Swann ( Eng ) , Dale Steyn ( SA ) , James Anderson ( Eng ) , 12th man : Zaheer Khan ( Ind ) World one - day XI : Tillakaratne Dilshan ( SL ) , Virender Sehwag ( Ind ) , Shane Watson ( Aus ) , Kumar Sangakkara ( SL ) , AB de Villiers ( SA ) , Yuvraj Singh ( Ind ) , MS Dhoni ( Ind , captain , wicket - keeper ) , Graeme Swann ( Eng ) , Umar Gul ( Pak ) , Dale Steyn ( SA ) , Zaheer Khan ( Ind ) , 12th man : Lasith Malinga ( SL ) 2012 awards ( edit ) Main article : 2012 LG ICC Awards The ninth ICC awards ceremony was held in Colombo , Sri Lanka on 15 September 2012 . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Kumar Sangakkara ( Sri Lanka ) Test Player of the Year : Kumar Sangakkara ( Sri Lanka ) ODI Player of the Year : Virat Kohli ( India ) Twenty20 International Performance of the Year : Richard Levi ( South Africa ) Emerging Player of the Year : Sunil Narine ( West Indies ) Associate Player of the Year : George Dockrell ( Ireland ) Umpire of the Year : Kumar Dharmasena ( Sri Lanka ) Women 's ODI Cricketer of the Year : Stafanie Taylor ( West Indies ) Women 's T20I Cricketer of the Year : Sarah Taylor ( England ) Spirit of Cricket : Daniel Vettori ( New Zealand ) LG People 's Choice Award : Kumar Sangakkara ( Sri Lanka ) World Test XI : Alastair Cook ( Eng ) , Hashim Amla ( SA ) , Kumar Sangakkara ( SL ) , Jacques Kallis ( SA ) , Michael Clarke ( Aus , captain ) , Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( WI ) , Matt Prior ( Eng , wicket - keeper ) , Stuart Broad ( Eng ) , Saeed Ajmal ( Pak ) , Vernon Philander ( SA ) , Dale Steyn ( SA ) , 12th man : AB de Villiers ( SA ) World one - day XI : Gautam Gambhir ( Ind ) , Alastair Cook ( Eng ) , Virat Kohli ( Ind ) , Kumar Sangakkara ( SL ) , Shahid Afridi ( Pak ) , Michael Clarke ( Aus ) , MS Dhoni ( Ind , captain , wicket - keeper ) , Morne Morkel ( SA ) , Steven Finn ( Eng ) , Lasith Malinga ( SL ) , Saeed Ajmal ( Pak ) , 12th man : Shane Watson ( Aus ) 2013 awards ( edit ) The 2013 edition of the awards were replaced by a TV show . Rather than a formal event , the winners were broadcast in a special TV show which was aired on 14 December 2013 . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Michael Clarke ( Australia ) Test Player of the Year : Michael Clarke ( Australia ) ODI Player of the Year : Kumar Sangakkara ( Sri Lanka ) Twenty20 International Performance of the Year : Umar Gul ( Pakistan ) Emerging Player of the Year : Cheteshwar Pujara ( India ) Associate Player of the Year : Kevin O'Brien ( Ireland ) Umpire of the Year : Richard Kettleborough ( England ) Women 's ODI Cricketer of the Year : Suzie Bates ( New Zealand ) Women 's T20I Cricketer of the Year : Sarah Taylor ( England ) Spirit of Cricket : Mahela Jayawardene ( Sri Lanka ) LG People 's Choice Award : MS Dhoni ( India ) World Test XI : Alastair Cook ( Eng , captain ) , Hashim Amla ( SA ) , Cheteshwar Pujara ( Ind ) , Michael Clarke ( Aus ) , Michael Hussey ( Aus ) , AB de Villiers ( SA ) , MS Dhoni ( Ind , wicket - keeper ) , Graeme Swann ( Eng ) , Dale Steyn ( SA ) , James Anderson ( Eng ) , Vernon Philander ( SA ) , 12th man : Ravichandran Ashwin ( Ind ) World one - day XI : Hashim Amla ( SA ) , Shikhar Dhawan ( Ind ) , Kumar Sangakkara ( SL ) , Tillakaratne Dilshan ( SL ) , AB de Villiers ( SA ) , MS Dhoni ( Ind , captain , wicket - keeper ) , Ravindra Jadeja ( Ind ) , Saeed Ajmal ( Pak ) , Mitchell Starc ( Aus ) , James Anderson ( Eng ) , Lasith Malinga ( SL ) , 12th man : Mitchell McClenaghan ( NZ ) 2014 awards ( edit ) The 2014 edition of the LG ICC Awards followed the same formal event which was implemented in 2013 as a TV show . The voting panel took into account players ' performance between 26 August 2013 and 17 September 2014 . The show was broadcast globally on 15 / 16 November . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Mitchell Johnson ( Australia ) Test Player of the Year : Mitchell Johnson ( Australia ) ODI Player of the Year : AB de Villiers ( South Africa ) Twenty20 International Performance of the Year : Aaron Finch ( Australia ) Emerging Player of the Year : Gary Ballance ( England ) Associate Player of the Year : Preston Mommsen ( Scotland ) Umpire of the Year : Richard Kettleborough ( England ) Women 's ODI Cricketer of the Year : Sarah Taylor ( England ) Women 's T20I Cricketer of the Year : Meg Lanning ( Australia ) Spirit of Cricket : Katherine Brunt ( England ) LG People 's Choice Award : Bhuvneshwar Kumar ( India ) World Test XI : David Warner ( Aus ) , Kane Williamson ( NZ ) , Kumar Sangakkara ( SL ) , AB de Villiers ( SA , wicket - keeper ) , Joe Root ( Eng ) , Angelo Mathews ( SL , captain ) , Mitchell Johnson ( Aus ) , Stuart Broad ( Eng ) , Dale Steyn ( SA ) , Rangana Herath ( SL ) , Tim Southee ( NZ ) , 12th man : Ross Taylor ( NZ ) World one - day XI : Mohammad Hafeez ( Pak ) , Quinton de Kock ( SA ) , George Bailey ( Aus ) , Virat Kohli ( Ind ) , AB de Villiers ( SA ) , MS Dhoni ( Ind , captain , wicket - keeper ) , Dwayne Bravo ( WI ) , James Faulkner ( Aus ) , Dale Steyn ( SA ) , Mohammed Shami ( Ind ) , Ajantha Mendis ( SL ) , 12th man : Rohit Sharma ( Ind ) 2015 awards ( edit ) Main article : 2015 ICC Awards The voting panel took into account players ' performance between 18 September 2014 and 13 September 2015 . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Steve Smith ( Australia ) Test Player of the Year : Steve Smith ( Australia ) ODI Player of the Year : AB de Villiers ( South Africa ) Twenty20 International Performance of the Year : Faf du Plessis ( South Africa ) Emerging Player of the Year : Josh Hazlewood ( Australia ) Associate Player of the Year : Khurram Khan ( United Arab Emirates ) Umpire of the Year : Richard Kettleborough ( England ) Women 's ODI Cricketer of the Year : Meg Lanning ( Australia ) Women 's T20I Cricketer of the Year : Stafanie Taylor ( West Indies ) Spirit of Cricket : Brendon McCullum ( New Zealand ) World Test XI : David Warner ( Aus ) , Alastair Cook ( Eng , captain ) , Kane Williamson ( NZ ) , Younus Khan ( Pak ) , Steve Smith ( Aus ) , Joe Root ( Eng ) , Sarfraz Ahmed ( Pak , wicket - keeper ) , Stuart Broad ( Eng ) , Trent Boult ( NZ ) , Yasir Shah ( Pak ) , Josh Hazlewood ( Aus ) , 12th man : Ravichandran Ashwin ( Ind ) World one - day XI : Tillakaratne Dilshan ( SL ) , Hashim Amla ( SA ) , Kumar Sangakkara ( SL , wicket - keeper ) , AB de Villiers ( SA , captain ) , Steve Smith ( Aus ) , Ross Taylor ( NZ ) , Trent Boult ( NZ ) , Mohammed Shami ( Ind ) , Mitchell Starc ( Aus ) , Mustafizur Rahman ( Ban ) , Imran Tahir ( SA ) , 12th man : Joe Root ( Eng ) 2016 awards ( edit ) The voting panel took into account players ' performance between 14 September 2015 and 20 September 2016 . The announcement of the World Test XI and World one - day XI , along with the winners of the men 's individual ICC awards , was made on 21 December 2016 . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Ravichandran Ashwin ( India ) Test Player of the Year : Ravichandran Ashwin ( India ) ODI Player of the Year : Quinton de Kock ( South Africa ) Twenty20 International Performance of the Year : Carlos Brathwaite ( West Indies ) Emerging Player of the Year : Mustafizur Rahman ( Bangladesh ) Associate Player of the Year : Mohammad Shahzad ( Afghanistan ) Umpire of the Year : Marais Erasmus ( South Africa ) Women 's ODI Cricketer of the Year : Suzie Bates ( New Zealand ) Women 's T20I Cricketer of the Year : Suzie Bates ( New Zealand ) Spirit of Cricket : Misbah - ul - Haq ( Pakistan ) World Test XI : David Warner ( Aus ) , Alastair Cook ( Eng , captain ) , Kane Williamson ( NZ ) , Joe Root ( Eng ) , Ben Stokes ( Eng ) , Adam Voges ( Aus ) , Jonny Bairstow ( Eng , wicket - keeper ) , Ravichandran Ashwin ( Ind ) , Rangana Herath ( SL ) , Mitchell Starc ( Aus ) , Dale Steyn ( SA ) , 12th man : Steve Smith ( Aus ) World one - day XI : David Warner ( Aus ) , Quinton de Kock ( SA , wicket - keeper ) , Rohit Sharma ( Ind ) , Virat Kohli ( Ind , captain ) , AB de Villiers ( SA ) , Jos Buttler ( Eng ) , Mitchell Marsh ( Aus ) , Ravindra Jadeja ( Ind ) , Mitchell Starc ( Aus ) , Kagiso Rabada ( SA ) , Sunil Narine ( WI ) , 12th man : Imran Tahir ( SA ) Women 's World XI : Suzie Bates ( NZ ) , Rachel Priest ( NZ , wicket - keeper ) , Smriti Mandhana ( Ind ) , Stafanie Taylor ( WI , captain ) , Meg Lanning ( Aus ) , Ellyse Perry ( Aus ) , Heather Knight ( Eng ) , Deandra Dottin ( WI ) , Sune Luus ( SA ) , Anya Shrubsole ( Eng ) , Leigh Kasperek ( NZ ) , 12th woman : Kim Garth ( Ire ) 2017 awards ( edit ) The voting panel took into account players ' performance between 21 September 2016 and 31 December 2017 . The announcement of the World Test XI and World one - day XI , along with the winners of the men 's individual ICC awards , was made on 18 January 2018 . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Virat Kohli ( India ) Test Player of the Year : Steve Smith ( Australia ) ODI Player of the Year : Virat Kohli ( India ) Twenty20 International Performance of the Year : Yuzvendra Chahal ( India ) Emerging Player of the Year : Hasan Ali ( Pakistan ) Associate Player of the Year : Rashid Khan ( Afghanistan ) Umpire of the Year : Marais Erasmus ( South Africa ) Women 's Cricketer of the Year : Ellyse Perry ( Australia ) Women 's ODI Cricketer of the Year : Amy Satterthwaite ( New Zealand ) Women 's T20I Cricketer of the Year : Beth Mooney ( Australia ) Women 's Emerging Player of the Year : Beth Mooney ( Australia ) Spirit of Cricket : Anya Shrubsole ( England ) Fan 's Moment of the Year : Pakistan stun India to win the ICC Champions Trophy 2017 World Test XI : Dean Elgar ( SA ) , David Warner ( Aus ) , Virat Kohli ( Ind , captain ) , Steve Smith ( Aus ) , Cheteshwar Pujara ( Ind ) , Ben Stokes ( Eng ) , Quinton de Kock ( SA , wicket - keeper ) , Ravichandran Ashwin ( Ind ) , Mitchell Starc ( Aus ) , Kagiso Rabada ( SA ) , James Anderson ( Eng ) World one - day XI : David Warner ( Aus ) , Rohit Sharma ( Ind ) , Virat Kohli ( Ind , captain ) , Babar Azam ( Pak ) , AB de Villiers ( SA ) , Quinton de Kock ( SA , wicket - keeper ) , Ben Stokes ( Eng ) , Trent Boult ( NZ ) , Hasan Ali ( Pak ) , Rashid Khan ( Afghan ) , Jasprit Bumrah ( Ind ) Women 's one - day XI : Tammy Beaumont ( Eng ) , Meg Lanning ( Aus ) , Mithali Raj ( Ind ) , Amy Satterthwaite ( NZ ) , Ellyse Perry ( Aus ) , Heather Knight ( Eng , captain ) , Sarah Taylor ( Eng , wicket - keeper ) , Dane van Niekerk ( SA ) , Marizanne Kapp ( SA ) , Ekta Bisht ( Ind ) , Alex Hartley ( Eng ) Women 's T20I XI : Beth Mooney ( Aus , wicket - keeper ) , Danni Wyatt ( Eng ) , Harmanpreet Kaur ( Ind ) , Stafanie Taylor ( WI , captain ) , Sophie Devine ( NZ ) , Deandra Dottin ( WI ) , Hayley Matthews ( WI ) , Megan Schutt ( Aus ) , Amanda - Jade Wellington ( Aus ) , Lea Tahuhu ( NZ ) , Ekta Bisht ( Ind ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Live Cricket Scores & News International Cricket Council '' . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ NDTVSports.com . `` Virat Kohli is ICC ODI Player of the Year -- NDTV Sports '' . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dhoni , Kohli nominated for ICC People 's Choice award -- Times of India '' . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mitchell Johnson claims top ICC awards '' . ABC News ( Australia ) . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Johnson , Sangakkara lead ICC awards nominees '' . Jump up ^ `` LG ICC Awards '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Smith , Meg Lanning win ICC player of the year awards '' . ABC News ( Australia ) . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Virat Kohli did not make the ICC Test Team of the Year -- and there 's a perfectly logical explanation '' . Jump up ^ `` Suzie Bates scoops ICC Women 's ODI and T20I Player of the Year awards '' . Jump up ^ `` Smriti lone Indian in ICC women 's team '' . Jump up ^ `` Live Cricket Scores & News International Cricket Council '' . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ashwin named ICC Cricketer of the Year , Test Player of the Year '' . Jump up ^ `` ICC Awards 2016 : Howzat ! R Ashwin Named Cricketer of the Year '' . Jump up ^ `` Live Cricket Scores & News International Cricket Council '' . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ashwin named ICC Cricketer of the Year , Test Player of the Year '' . ( hide ) ICC Awards 2004 , London 2005 , Sydney 2006 , Mumbai 2007 , Johannesburg 2008 , Dubai 2009 , Johannesburg 2010 , Bengaluru 2011 , London 2012 , Colombo 2013 LG ICC Awards 2014 LG ICC Awards 2015 ICC Awards 2016 ICC Awards 2017 ICC Awards International cricket International Cricket Council ( ICC ) ICC Awards ICC members Forms Test ( women 's ) One Day International ( women 's ) Twenty20 International ( women 's ) Global events World Cup ( qualifier ) World Twenty20 ( qualifier ) Women 's World Cup ( qualifier ) Women 's World Twenty20 ( qualifier ) Under - 19 World Cup Champions Trophy Intercontinental Cup World Cricket League Olympics Asia ACC -- Asia Cup ACC Trophy ( List A ) ACC Premier League ACC Twenty20 Cup Africa ACA -- WCL Africa Americas ICC Americas -- Americas Championship South American Championship East Asia and Pacific EAP -- ICC EAP Cricket Trophy ( One day ) ICC EAP Cricket Trophy ( Twenty20 ) Europe ECC -- European Championship Women 's European Championship Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ICC_Awards&oldid=835871371 '' Categories : Cricket awards and rankings International Cricket Council awards and rankings Hidden categories : Use British English from February 2013 Use dmy dates from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Français हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 08 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won icc award 2008 for twenty20 international performance of the year | [
"\nCricketer of the Year: Shivnarine Chanderpaul (West Indies)\nTest Player of the Year: Dale Steyn (South Africa)\nODI Player of the Year: MS Dhoni (India)\nTwenty20 International Performance of the Year: Yuvraj Singh (India)\nEmerging Player of the Year: Ajantha Mendis (Sri Lanka)\nAssociate Player of the Year: Ryan ten Doeschate (Netherlands)\nUmpire of the Year: Simon Taufel (Australia)\nWomen's Cricketer of the Year: Charlotte Edwards (England)\nSpirit of Cricket: Sri Lanka\nWorld Test XI: Graeme Smith (SA, captain), Virender Sehwag (Ind), Mahela Jayawardene (SL), Shivnarine Chanderpaul (WI), Kevin Pietersen (Eng), Jacques Kallis (SA), Kumar Sangakkara (SL, wicket-keeper), Brett Lee (Aus), Ryan Sidebottom (Eng), Dale Steyn (SA), Muttiah Muralitharan (SL), 12th man: Stuart Clark (Aus)\nWorld one-day XI: Herschelle Gibbs (SA), Sachin Tendulkar (Ind), Ricky Ponting (Aus, captain), Ajantha Mendis (SL), Farveez Maharoof (SL), MS Dhoni (Ind, wicket-keeper), Andrew Symonds (Aus), Daniel Vettori (NZ), Brett Lee (Aus), Mitchell Johnson (Aus), Nathan Bracken (Aus), 12th man: Salman Butt (Pak)\n"
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"Yuvraj Singh (India)"
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-5016650894673690433 | List of Academy Award records | List of Academy Award records - wikipedia List of Academy Award records Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of Academy Award records . This list is current as of the 89th Academy Awards ceremony held on February 27 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Most awards 2 Awards for debut acting or directing performances on film 3 Big Five winners 4 Most consecutive awards 5 Academy Award firsts 6 Age - related records 7 Film records 8 Acting records 9 Miscellaneous records 10 Oscar speeches 11 Tied winners 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Most Awards ( edit ) Most awards won by a single film Three films have won 11 Academy Awards : Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) -- 15 categories available for nomination ; nominated for 12 Titanic ( 1997 ) -- 17 categories available for nomination ; nominated for 14 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) -- 17 categories available for nomination ; nominated for 11 Most nominations received by a single film Three films have received 14 nominations : All About Eve ( 1950 ) -- 16 categories available for nomination ; won 6 awards Titanic ( 1997 ) -- 17 categories available for nomination ; won 11 awards La La Land ( 2016 ) -- 17 categories available for nomination ; won 6 awards Largest sweep ( winning awards in every nominated category ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) won all 11 categories for which it was nominated : Best Picture , Director , Adapted Screenplay , Original Score , Original Song , Sound Mixing , Art Direction , Makeup , Costume Design , Film Editing , and Visual Effects Most awards won by an individual Walt Disney won 22 Oscars . Most awards won by a woman Edith Head won eight Oscars , all for Costume Design Most nominations in a single year / Most awards in a single year In 1954 , Walt Disney won four awards out of six nominations , both records . He won Best Documentary , Features for The Living Desert ; Best Documentary , Short Subjects for The Alaskan Eskimo ; Best Short Subject , Cartoons for Toot Whistle Plunk and Boom ; and Best Short Subject , Two - reel for Bear Country . He had two additional nominations in Best Short Subject , Cartoons for Rugged Bear ; and Best Short Subject , Two - reel for Ben and Me . Most awards won by a person who is still living Visual Effects Supervisor Dennis Muren has won nine Academy Awards -- six competitive awards , two `` Special Achievement '' awards , and one `` Technical Achievement '' award Most competitive awards won by a person who is still living Composer Alan Menken has won eight competitive Academy Awards Acting Katharine Hepburn won four awards , all for Best Actress Directing John Ford won the most directing awards , with four Cinematography The highest number of Academy Awards won by a cinematographer is four : Joseph Ruttenberg , in 1938 , 1942 , 1956 , and 1958 Leon Shamroy , in 1942 , 1944 , 1945 , and 1963 Art Direction Cedric Gibbons , who designed the Oscar statuette , won 11 awards out of a total of 39 nominations . Makeup Rick Baker won seven Academy Awards ( all for Best Makeup ) Most awards won by a country for Best Foreign Language Film Italy won 14 awards in this category and received in total 32 nominations Most nominations received by a country for Best Foreign Language Film France received 40 nominations and won the award 12 times Most awards won by a foreign - language film Two foreign - language films have won four Academy Awards : Fanny and Alexander ( 1982 ) won Best Foreign Language Film , Best Cinematography , Best Art Direction , and Best Costume Design Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) won Best Foreign Language Film , Best Art Direction , Best Original Score , and Best Cinematography Most nominations received by a foreign - language film Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) received ten nominations : Best Foreign Language Film , Best Picture , Best Director , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Original Song , Best Costume Design , Best Art Direction , Best Film Editing , Best Original Score , and Best Cinematography Awards for debut acting or directing performances on film ( edit ) The following individuals won Academy Awards for their film debut acting performances : Best Actor None Best Actress Shirley Booth ( Come Back , Little Sheba , 1952 ) Julie Andrews ( Mary Poppins , 1964 ) Barbra Streisand ( Funny Girl , 1968 ) Marlee Matlin ( Children of a Lesser God , 1986 ) Best Supporting Actor Harold Russell ( The Best Years of Our Lives , 1946 ) Timothy Hutton ( Ordinary People , 1980 ) Haing S. Ngor ( The Killing Fields , 1984 ) Best Supporting Actress Gale Sondergaard ( Anthony Adverse , 1936 ) Katina Paxinou ( For Whom the Bell Tolls , 1943 ) Mercedes McCambridge ( All the King 's Men , 1949 ) Eva Marie Saint ( On the Waterfront , 1954 ) Jo Van Fleet ( East of Eden , 1955 ) Tatum O'Neal ( Paper Moon , 1973 ) Anna Paquin ( The Piano , 1993 ) Jennifer Hudson ( Dreamgirls , 2006 ) Lupita Nyong'o ( 12 Years a Slave , 2013 ) Academy Juvenile Award Claude Jarman Jr . ( The Yearling , 1946 ) Vincent Winter ( The Little Kidnappers , 1954 ) The following individuals won Academy Awards for their film debut direction . Best Director Delbert Mann ( Marty , 1955 ) Jerome Robbins ( West Side Story , 1961 ) Robert Redford ( Ordinary People , 1980 ) James L. Brooks ( Terms of Endearment , 1983 ) Kevin Costner ( Dances with Wolves , 1990 ) Sam Mendes ( American Beauty , 1999 ) Big five winners ( edit ) Three films have received the Big Five Academy Awards : Best Picture , Director , Actor , Actress , and Screenplay ( Original or Adapted ) . It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Most consecutive Awards ( edit ) Any awards Walt Disney was awarded a record of 10 awards in the eight consecutive years from 1931 / 32 through 1939 . Eight ( listed below ) are for Short Subject ( Cartoon ) , and two were Special Awards : one for the creation of Mickey Mouse , and one recognizing the innovation of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . Best Actress Two actresses have won two consecutive awards : Luise Rainer ( The Great Ziegfeld , 1936 and The Good Earth , 1937 ) Katharine Hepburn ( Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner , 1967 and The Lion in Winter , 1968 ) Best Actor Two actors have won two consecutive awards : Spencer Tracy -- Captains Courageous ( 1937 ) and Boys Town ( 1938 ) Tom Hanks -- Philadelphia ( 1993 ) and Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Best Director Three directors have won two consecutive awards : John Ford -- The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 ) and How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Joseph L. Mankiewicz -- A Letter to Three Wives ( 1949 ) and All About Eve ( 1950 ) Alejandro G. Iñárritu -- Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) and The Revenant ( 2015 ) Best Supporting Actor Jason Robards won two consecutive awards for All the President 's Men in 1976 and Julia in 1977 Best Supporting Actress No consecutive winner for Best Supporting Actress Best Picture David O. Selznick produced two consecutive Best Picture winners Gone with the Wind in 1939 and Rebecca in 1940 . ( He himself was not awarded the Oscars as at the time the statuette went to the studio instead of the producer . ) Best Original Screenplay No consecutive winner for Best Original Screenplay Best Adapted Screenplay Joseph L. Mankiewicz won two consecutive adapted screenplay awards for A Letter to Three Wives in 1949 and All About Eve in 1950 Robert Bolt won for Doctor Zhivago in 1965 and A Man for All Seasons in 1966 Best Cinematography Emmanuel Lubezki has won three consecutive awards for Gravity in 2013 , Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) in 2014 and The Revenant in 2015 Best Art Direction Robert Stromberg won for Avatar in 2009 and Alice In Wonderland in 2010 Best Film Editing Angus Wall and Kirk Baxter won for The Social Network in 2010 and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo in 2011 Best Original Score Roger Edens won three consecutive awards for composing the scores for Easter Parade ( 1948 ) , On the Town ( 1949 ) , and Annie Get Your Gun ( 1950 ) Best Original Song Three composers have won two consecutive awards for best original song , but under different award names : Henry Mancini ( music ) and Johnny Mercer ( lyrics ) shared the awards for Best Music ( Song ) for `` Moon River '' from Breakfast at Tiffany 's in 1961 and `` Days of Wine and Roses '' from Days of Wine and Roses in 1962 Alan Menken ( music ) won twice consecutively for Best Music ( Original Song ) for `` Beauty and the Beast '' from Beauty and the Beast ( lyrics by Howard Ashman ) in 1991 and `` A Whole New World '' from Aladdin ( lyrics by Tim Rice ) in 1992 Best Visual Effects Jim Rygiel and Randall William Cook won 3 consecutive visual effects Oscars for The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring , The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers , and The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King in 2001 , 2002 , and 2003 respectively . Best Sound Mixing Thomas Moulton won three consecutive awards for The Snake Pit in 1948 , Twelve O'Clock High in 1949 , and All About Eve in 1950 . Best Costume Design Edith Head won three consecutive awards for The Heiress in 1949 , All About Eve in 1950 , and A Place in the Sun in 1951 . Best Short Subject ( Cartoon ) Walt Disney won eight consecutive awards for Flowers and Trees in 1931 / 32 , Three Little Pigs in 1932 / 33 , The Tortoise and the Hare in 1934 , Three Orphan Kittens in 1935 , The Country Cousin in 1936 , The Old Mill in 1937 , Ferdinand the Bull in 1938 , and The Ugly Duckling in 1939 Best Short Subject ( Two - Reel ) Walt Disney won four consecutive awards for In Beaver Valley in 1950 , Nature 's Half Acre in 1951 , Water Birds in 1952 , and Bear Country in 1953 Best Documentary ( Feature ) Walt Disney won two consecutive awards for The Living Desert in 1953 and The Vanishing Prairie in 1954 Academy Award firsts ( edit ) First woman to win Best Picture Julia Phillips for The Sting ( 1973 ) First woman to win Best Director Kathryn Bigelow for The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) First woman to win Best Animated Feature Brenda Chapman for Brave ( 2012 ) First woman to receive an Honorary Award 6 year old Shirley Temple received a Special Award in 1934 Greta Garbo received an Honorary Award in 1954 First foreign - language film to be nominated for Best Picture Grand Illusion ( 1937 ) , in French First science fiction film to be nominated for Best Picture A Clockwork Orange ( 1971 ) First horror film to be nominated for Best Picture The Exorcist ( 1973 ) First animated film to be nominated for Best Picture Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) First fantasy film to win Best Picture The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) First 3 - D films to be nominated for Best Picture Avatar and Up ( 2009 ) First film with an entirely non-white cast to win Best Picture Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) First film with an all - black cast to win Best Picture Moonlight ( 2016 ) First animated film to be nominated for Best Foreign Language Film Waltz with Bashir ( 2008 ) , representing Israel First animated film to be nominated for Best Original Screenplay and for a Best Screenplay award in general Toy Story ( 1995 ) First animated film to be nominated for Best Adapted Screenplay Shrek ( 2001 ) First actress to be nominated for a performance in a 3 - D film Sandra Bullock for Gravity ( 2013 ) First actor to be nominated for a performance in a 3 - D film Matt Damon for The Martian ( 2015 ) First film to receive the most nominations of its year without receiving a Best Picture nomination Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) , with eight nominations First X-rated film to win Best Picture Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) . It was also the first X-rated film to be nominated for Best Picture and the only one to date to have won it . First actor to receive ten nominations for acting Jack Nicholson received his tenth nomination ( for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor ) for the film A Few Good Men ( 1992 ) First actress to receive ten nominations for acting Bette Davis received her tenth official nomination ( all for Best Actress ) for the film What Ever Happened to Baby Jane ? ( 1962 ) First actress to receive twenty nominations for acting Meryl Streep received her twentieth nomination ( for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress ) for the film Florence Foster Jenkins ( 2016 ) First posthumous nomination for acting Jeanne Eagels , nominated for Best Actress for The Letter ( 1929 ) First posthumous nomination for a male actor James Dean , nominated for Best Actor for East of Eden ( 1955 ) First posthumous win for acting Peter Finch won Best Actor for Network ( 1976 ) First actress to be nominated for performing in a language other than English Melina Mercouri was nominated for Best Actress for Never on Sunday ( 1960 ) , performing in Greek First actor to be nominated for performing in a language other than English Marcello Mastroianni was nominated for Best Actor for Divorce , Italian Style ( 1962 ) , performing in Italian First actress to win for performing in a language other than English Sophia Loren won Best Actress for Two Women ( 1961 ) , performing in Italian First actor to win for performing in a language other than English Robert De Niro won Best Supporting Actor for The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) , performing in Italian First actress to win for performing in a sign language Marlee Matlin won Best Actress for Children of a Lesser God ( 1986 ) , performing in American Sign Language First French actress to be nominated for performing in the French language Anouk Aimée was nominated for Best Actress for A Man and a Woman ( 1966 ) First French actress to win for performing in the French language Marion Cotillard won Best Actress for La Vie en rose ( 2007 ) . She 's the only one to date to have won it . First Nordic actress to be nominated for acting Greta Garbo ( from Sweden ) was nominated for Best Actress for Anna Christie ( 1930 ) First Nordic actor to be nominated for acting Max von Sydow ( from Sweden ) was nominated for Best Actor for Pelle the Conqueror ( 1988 ) First Nordic actress to win for acting Ingrid Bergman ( from Sweden ) won Best Actress for Gaslight ( 1944 ) First actor from Africa to be nominated for acting Basil Rathbone ( from South Africa ) , nominated for Best Supporting Actor for Romeo and Juliet ( 1936 ) First actress from Africa to win for acting Charlize Theron ( from South Africa ) , won Best Actress for Monster ( 2003 ) First actress from Asia to win for acting Miyoshi Umeki ( from Japan ) , won Best Supporting Actress for Sayonara ( 1957 ) First Asian ( and non-Caucasian ) to win Best Director Ang Lee ( from Taiwan ) for Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) First Australian actress to win Best Actress Nicole Kidman for The Hours ( 2002 ) -- Born in the U.S. First Australian actor to win Best Actor Peter Finch for Network ( 1976 ) First French actress to win Best Actress Claudette Colbert for It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) First French actor to win Best Actor Jean Dujardin for The Artist ( 2011 ) First Italian actress to win Best Actress Anna Magnani for The Rose Tattoo ( 1955 ) First Italian actor to win Best Actor Roberto Benigni for Life Is Beautiful ( 1998 ) First German actress to win Best Actress Luise Rainer for The Great Ziegfeld ( 1937 ) First German actor to win Best Actor Emil Jannings ( born in Switzerland ) for The Way of All Flesh ( 1927 ) and The Last Command ( 1928 ) First Austrian actor to win twice for acting Christoph Waltz won Best Supporting Actor for Inglorious Basterds ( 2009 ) and Django Unchained ( 2012 ) First persons from India to win in any music category A.R. Rahman won Best Original Score and Best Original Song ( `` Jai Ho '' ) for Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Gulzar also won Best Original Song ( `` Jai Ho '' ) for Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) First Middle Eastern / North African actor to be nominated for acting Omar Sharif , nominated for Best Supporting Actor for Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) First Middle Eastern movie to win Best Foreign Language Film A Separation ( 2011 ) , representing Iran First foreign actress to be nominated twice for Best Actress for foreign - language films without the films receiving a Best Foreign Language Film nomination Marion Cotillard ( from France ) won Best Actress for La Vie en Rose ( 2007 ) and was nominated for Two Days , One Night ( 2014 ) First black filmmaker to win Best Picture Steve McQueen won for producing 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) First black filmmaker to be nominated for Best Director John Singleton for Boyz n the Hood ( 1991 ) First black actress to win for acting Hattie McDaniel won Best Supporting Actress for Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) First black actor to win for acting Sidney Poitier won Best Actor for Lilies of the Field ( 1963 ) First black actress to win Best Actress Halle Berry for Monster 's Ball ( 2001 ) First black actress to win for film acting debut Jennifer Hudson won Best Supporting Actress for Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) First year in which two black actors / actresses won for acting 74th Academy Awards ( in 2002 , for 2001 ) : Denzel Washington won Best Actor for Training Day ; Halle Berry won Best Actress for Monster 's Ball First black African actor to be nominated for acting Djimon Hounsou ( born in Benin , U.S. - Benin dual citizen ) , nominated for Best Supporting Actor for In America ( 2003 ) First black writer to win for screenwriting Geoffrey S. Fletcher won Best Adapted Screenplay for Precious : Based on the Novel `` Push '' by Sapphire ( 2009 ) First African American to receive an Honorary Award James Baskett received a Special Award for his portrayal of Uncle Remus in Song of the South ( 1946 ) First Latin American director to win Best Director Alfonso Cuarón from Mexico won for Gravity in 2014 First Latin American actress to be nominated for Best Actress Fernanda Montenegro from Brazil was nominated for Best Actress for Central Station ( 1998 ) First Latin American actor to win Best Actor José Ferrer from Puerto Rico won for Cyrano de Bergerac in 1950 First Muslim actor to win in an acting category Mahershala Ali for Moonlight in 2016 First child actor to receive an Academy Award nomination Jackie Cooper , age 9 , was nominated for Best Actor for Skippy ( 1931 ) First short film to win an Academy Award outside of the Short Film categories The Red Balloon ( 1956 ) for Best Original Screenplay Age - related records ( edit ) Youngest winner of an acting award Tatum O'Neal , age 10 ( Best Supporting Actress , Paper Moon , 1973 ) Youngest nominee for an acting award Justin Henry , age 8 ( Best Supporting Actor , Kramer vs. Kramer , 1979 ) Youngest female winner of a lead acting award Marlee Matlin , age 21 ( Best Actress , Children of a Lesser God , 1986 ) Youngest male winner of a lead acting award Adrien Brody , age 29 ( Best Actor , The Pianist , 2002 ) Youngest male nominee for a lead acting award Jackie Cooper , age 9 ( Best Actor , Skippy , 1931 ) Youngest female nominee for a lead acting award Quvenzhané Wallis , age 9 ( Best Actress , Beasts of the Southern Wild , 2012 ) ( also first person born in the 21st century to be nominated for an Academy Award ) Youngest winner of an Oscar Shirley Temple , age 6 , who was awarded the inaugural ( now retired ) non-competitive Academy Juvenile Award in 1934 Youngest winner of Best Director Damien Chazelle , age 32 ( La La Land , 2016 ) Youngest nominee for Best Director John Singleton , age 24 ( Boyz n the Hood , 1991 ) Oldest winner of Best Director Clint Eastwood , age 74 ( Million Dollar Baby , 2004 ) Oldest nominee for Best Director John Huston , age 79 ( Prizzi 's Honor , 1985 ) Oldest winner of an acting award Christopher Plummer , age 82 ( Best Supporting Actor , Beginners , 2011 ) Oldest woman to win best Actress Award Jessica Tandy , age 80 ( Best Actress , Driving Miss Daisy , 1989 ) Oldest man to win Best Actor Award Henry Fonda , age 76 ( Best Actor , On Golden Pond , 1981 ) Oldest nominee for an acting award Gloria Stuart , age 87 ( Best Supporting Actress , Titanic , 1997 ) Oldest nominee for a lead acting award Emmanuelle Riva , age 85 ( Best Actress , Amour , 2012 ) Oldest competitive Oscar winner Ennio Morricone , age 87 ( Best Original Score , The Hateful Eight , 2015 ) Youngest multiple nominees for an acting award ( best actor or best supporting actor ) Nomination Name Age Film Year Date of Birth Date of Nomination 2nd Mineo , Sal Sal Mineo 7003805300000000000 ♠ 22 years , 17 days Exodus 1960 000000001939 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 1939 000000001961 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1961 3rd Brando , Marlon Marlon Brando 7004109100000000000 ♠ 29 years , 318 days Julius Caesar 1953 000000001924 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 1924 000000001954 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 1954 4th Marlon Brando 7004112720000000000 ♠ 30 years , 315 days On the Waterfront 1954 000000001924 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 1924 000000001955 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 1955 5th Marlon Brando 7004123740000000000 ♠ 33 years , 321 days Sayonara 1957 000000001924 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 1924 000000001958 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1958 6th Burton , Richard Richard Burton 7004161690000000000 ♠ 44 years , 98 days Anne of the Thousand Days 1969 000000001925 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 1925 000000001970 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 , 1970 7th Nicholson , Jack Jack Nicholson 7004171010000000000 ♠ 46 years , 300 days Terms of Endearment 000000001937 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1937 000000001984 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 , 1984 8th Jack Nicholson 7004178210000000000 ♠ 48 years , 289 days Prizzi 's Honor 1985 000000001937 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1937 000000001986 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 1986 9th Jack Nicholson 7004185630000000000 ♠ 50 years , 301 days Ironweed 000000001937 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1937 000000001988 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 1988 10th Jack Nicholson 7004203910000000000 ♠ 55 years , 302 days A Few Good Men 1992 000000001937 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1937 000000001993 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1993 Youngest multiple nominees for an acting award ( best actress or best supporting actress ) Nomination Name Age Film Year Date of Birth Date of Nomination 2nd Lansbury , Angela Angela Lansbury 7003740800000000000 ♠ 20 years , 103 days The Picture of Dorian Gray 1945 000000001925 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 1925 000000001946 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1946 3rd Lawrence , Jennifer Jennifer Lawrence 7003855500000000000 ♠ 23 years , 154 days American Hustle 2013 000000001990 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 1990 000000002014 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2014 4th Lawrence , Jennifer Jennifer Lawrence 7003928300000000000 ♠ 25 years , 152 days Joy 2015 000000001990 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 1990 000000002016 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 2016 5th Winslet , Kate Kate Winslet 7004114330000000000 ♠ 31 years , 110 days Little Children 2006 000000001975 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 1975 000000002007 - 01 - 23 - 0000 January 23 , 2007 6th Winslet , Kate Kate Winslet 7004121630000000000 ♠ 33 years , 109 days The Reader 2008 000000001975 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 1975 000000002009 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 2009 7th Davis , Bette Bette Davis 7004134530000000000 ♠ 36 years , 304 days Mr. Skeffington 1944 000000001908 - 04 - 05 - 0000 April 5 , 1908 000000001945 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1945 8th Streep , Meryl Meryl Streep 7004144830000000000 ♠ 39 years , 238 days A Cry in the Dark 1988 000000001949 - 06 - 22 - 0000 June 22 , 1949 000000001989 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 1989 9th Meryl Streep 7004152110000000000 ♠ 41 years , 236 days Postcards from the Edge 1990 000000001949 - 06 - 22 - 0000 June 22 , 1949 000000001991 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1991 10th Meryl Streep 7004170370000000000 ♠ 46 years , 236 days The Bridges of Madison County 1995 000000001949 - 06 - 22 - 0000 June 22 , 1949 000000001996 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1996 Film records ( edit ) Most nominations for a single film Three films received 14 nominations : All About Eve ( 1950 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Most Oscars without winning Best Picture Cabaret won 8 awards ( 1972 ) Most nominations without winning Best Picture La La Land ( 2016 ) with 14 nominations Most nominations without any wins Two films received 11 nominations without winning any awards : The Turning Point ( 1977 ) The Color Purple ( 1985 ) Most nominations without a Best Picture nomination They Shoot Horses , Do n't They ? ( 1969 ) with 9 nominations Most Oscars without a nomination for Best Picture The Bad and the Beautiful ( 1952 ) with 5 wins Fewest nominations for a Best Picture winner Grand Hotel ( 1932 ) received only the Best Picture nomination . Nominations in the most different technical categories Five films have been nominated in all 7 technical categories ( Cinematography , Costume Design , Film Editing , Production Design / Art Direction , Sound Editing , Sound Mixing , and Visual Effects ) : Titanic ( 1997 ) Master and Commander : The Far Side of the World ( 2003 ) Hugo ( 2011 ) Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) Most nominations without a major nomination ( Picture , Director , Acting and Screenplay ) These 6 films got 6 nominations with no major nominations : The Rains Came ( 1939 ) Hans Christian Andersen ( 1952 ) It 's a Mad , Mad , Mad , Mad World ( 1963 ) Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) ( note : received 7 nominations when you include a `` special achievement '' ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Best picture nominees that won every nomination except Best Picture These 14 films were nominated for Best Picture and won in every category they were nominated for except Best Picture : Bad Girl ( 1931 ) , 2 / 3 The Private Life of Henry VIII ( 1932 ) , 1 / 2 Naughty Marietta ( 1935 ) , 1 / 2 The Story of Louis Pasteur ( 1936 ) , 3 / 4 The Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1938 ) , 3 / 4 Miracle on 34th Street ( 1947 ) , 3 / 4 The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) , 3 / 4 A Letter to Three Wives ( 1949 ) , 2 / 3 King Solomon 's Mines ( 1950 ) , 2 / 3 Three Coins in the Fountain ( 1954 ) , 2 / 3 Jaws ( 1975 ) , 3 / 4 Traffic ( 2000 ) , 4 / 5 The Blind Side ( 2009 ) , 1 / 2 Selma ( 2014 ) , 1 / 2 Films nominated for Best Picture with no other major nominations These 28 films were nominated for Best Picture but had no other major nominations ( this does not include films that were only nominated for Best Picture and nothing else ) : Wings ( 1927 ) , 2 nominations ( winner ) 42nd Street ( 1933 ) , 2 nominations A Farewell to Arms ( 1933 ) , 4 nominations Cleopatra ( 1934 ) , 5 nominations Flirtation Walk ( 1934 ) , 2 nominations The Gay Divorcee ( 1934 ) , 5 nominations Imitation of Life ( 1934 ) , 3 nominations The White Parade ( 1934 ) , 2 nominations David Copperfield ( 1935 ) , 3 nominations Les Misérables ( 1935 ) , 4 nominations A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1935 ) , 4 nominations ( note : really had 2 , but 2 more were write in noms ) Naughty Marietta ( 1935 ) , 2 nominations Top Hat ( 1935 ) , 4 nominations A Tale of Two Cities ( 1936 ) , 2 nominations The Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1938 ) , 4 nominations Of Mice and Men ( 1939 ) , 4 nominations The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) , 6 nominations King Solomon 's Mines ( 1950 ) , 3 nominations Decision Before Dawn ( 1951 ) , 2 nominations Three Coins in the Fountain ( 1954 ) , 3 nominations The Music Man ( 1962 ) , 6 nominations Doctor Dolittle ( 1967 ) , 9 nominations Hello , Dolly ! ( 1969 ) , 7 nominations Jaws ( 1975 ) , 4 nominations Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) , 6 nominations The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) , 6 nominations War Horse ( 2011 ) , 6 nominations Selma ( 2014 ) , 2 nominations Stories made into multiple Best Picture nominees 6 sets of Best Picture nominees share either original source material or were revised versions of the same story ( * = winner ) : Cleopatra ( 1934 ) , Cleopatra ( 1963 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) * , Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1962 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1936 ) , West Side Story ( 1960 ) * , Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) . ( The plot of another Best Picture winner , Shakespeare in Love , revolves around the original production of Romeo and Juliet ) Les Misérables ( 1935 ) , Les Misérables ( 2012 ) Pygmalion ( 1938 ) , My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) * Here Comes Mr. Jordan ( 1941 ) , Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) Acting records ( edit ) Most awards for leading actress Katharine Hepburn with 4 awards ( 1933 , 1967 , * 1968 , 1981 ) ( * Tied with Barbra Streisand . ) Most awards for leading actor Daniel Day - Lewis with 3 awards ( 1989 , 2007 , 2012 ) Most awards for supporting actor Walter Brennan with 3 awards ( 1936 , 1938 , 1940 ) Most consecutive leading actress nominations Two actresses have been nominated 5 years in a row : Bette Davis ( 1938 -- 1942 ) Greer Garson ( 1941 -- 1945 ) Most consecutive leading actor nominations Marlon Brando with four nominations ( 1951 to 1954 ) Actress with most total nominations for acting Meryl Streep with 20 nominations Actor with most total nominations for acting Jack Nicholson with 12 nominations Most acting nominations without an award Peter O'Toole with 8 nominations ( He received an Honorary Award in 2002 ) Most nominations for an actor performing in a foreign language Marcello Mastroianni with 3 nominations . He was nominated for Best Actor for Divorce , Italian Style ( 1962 ) ; A Special Day ( 1977 ) and Dark Eyes ( 1987 ) , performing in Italian Longest gap between first and second award Helen Hayes won in 1932 for The Sin of Madelon Claudet and in 1971 for Airport , a 39 - year gap Longest time span between first and last nomination and between first and last award Katharine Hepburn : 48 years from Morning Glory ( 1933 , in the 1932 / 33 awards ) until On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) Most acting nominations before first award Both Geraldine Page and Al Pacino won on their 8th nomination Most posthumous nominations James Dean with 2 ( 1955 for East of Eden and 1956 for Giant ) Shortest performance to win an acting Oscar Beatrice Straight in Network ( 1976 ) -- 5 minutes and 2 seconds Shortest performance to win a lead acting Oscar Patricia Neal in Hud ( 1963 ) -- 21 minutes and 51 seconds Shortest performance to be nominated for an acting Oscar Hermione Baddeley in Room at the Top ( 1959 ) -- 2 minutes and 19 seconds Shortest performance to be nominated for a lead acting Oscar Spencer Tracy in San Francisco ( 1936 ) -- 14 minutes and 58 seconds Longest performance to win an acting Oscar Vivien Leigh in Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) -- 2 hours , 23 minutes and 32 seconds Longest performance to win a supporting acting Oscar Tatum O'Neal in Paper Moon ( 1973 ) -- 1 hour , 6 minutes and 58 seconds Longest performance to be nominated for an acting Oscar Vivien Leigh in Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) -- 2 hours , 23 minutes and 32 seconds Longest performance to be nominated for a supporting acting Oscar Frank Finlay in Othello ( 1965 ) -- 1 hour , 30 minutes and 43 seconds Most awards by a black actor Denzel Washington with 2 , winning Best Supporting Actor for Glory ( 1989 ) and Best Actor for Training Day ( 2001 ) Most awards for one acting performance Harold Russell played Homer Parish in The Best Years of Our Lives in 1946 . For this role he received 2 Oscars , one for Best Supporting and an honorary award for being an inspiration to all returning veterans . Most nominations for one acting performance Barry Fitzgerald was nominated as Best Actor and won for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Father Fitzgibbon in 1944 's Going My Way Miscellaneous records ( edit ) Most nominations in different decades Six decades -- John Williams , Elmer Bernstein Only people to win both a Nobel Prize and an Oscar George Bernard Shaw : Won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1925 , and an Oscar for Best Adapted Screenplay in 1938 for the film Pygmalion Bob Dylan : Won an Oscar for Best Original Song for the song `` Things Have Changed '' from Wonder Boys in 2000 , and the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2016 . Only woman to win Best Actress and Best Original Song Barbra Streisand : Best Actress ( joint ) for Funny Girl ( 1968 ) ; Best Original Song for the Love Theme ( `` Evergreen '' ) from A Star Is Born ( 1976 ) Only person to win an Academy Award for acting and writing Emma Thompson Only person nominated for Acting , Writing , Producing , and Directing the same film Warren Beatty was nominated in the four categories for Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) , and again for Reds ( 1981 ) . Only actor to win an Academy Award for portraying a real Academy Award winner Cate Blanchett won Best Supporting Actress for portraying Katharine Hepburn in The Aviator Only actor to win an Academy Award for portraying a fictional Academy Award nominee Maggie Smith won Best Supporting Actress in California Suite Most total nominations without a win Greg P. Russell has earned 16 nominations in the Best Sound Mixing category . ( This does not include his nomination at the 89th Academy Awards for 13 Hours : The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi , which was revoked the day before the ceremony . ) Most total nominations before receiving an award Film composer Victor Young was nominated 21 times without winning . He was often nominated multiple times in one year ; twice , four times at the same Oscars . He won posthumously for Around the World in 80 Days , alongside yet another nomination ( also posthumous ) . Sound re-recording mixer Kevin O'Connell comes in at a close second , with 20 unsuccessful nominations from 1983 until 2016 , when he finally won for Hacksaw Ridge . Most nominations for a person Walt Disney with 59 Most nominations for a living person Film composer John Williams with 50 Most nominated woman Edith Head with 35 Highest `` perfect score '' Sound editor Mark Berger has four nominations and four wins Most nominations for directing William Wyler with 12 nominations Most wins for producing Three producers received 3 awards : Sam Spiegel Saul Zaentz Darryl F. Zanuck Most nominations for producing Scott Rudin with 9 nominations Steven Spielberg with 9 nominations Most nominations for directing in a single year Two people have received 2 nominations for Best Director in the same year : Michael Curtiz for Angels with Dirty Faces and Four Daughters in 1938 Steven Soderbergh for Erin Brockovich and Traffic in 2000 Most Best Picture awards for a film series The Godfather series with 2 ( for The Godfather and The Godfather Part II ) Most nominations and awards for a film series The Middle - earth series with 17 competitive wins out of 37 nominations ( for The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit ) . Additionally , The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey received an Academy Scientific and Technical Award , which brings the total number of Oscars received by the series to 18 . Most nominations for Best Original Screenplay Woody Allen with 16 nominations and 3 wins Longest time between the release of a film and winning an Oscar Limelight ( 1952 ) is the only film to have won an award twenty years after its official release . Since it was not released in Los Angeles County until 1972 , it was not eligible for any Academy Awards until that time . Most posthumous award wins William A. Horning won in 1958 for Best Art Direction for Gigi , and for Best Art Direction for Ben - Hur in 1959 Most posthumous award nominations Howard Ashman with four Lowest - grossing film to win Best Picture Cimarron with $1,380,000 Longest film to win Best Picture Gone with the Wind , 224 minutes ( 238 with overture , entr'acte , and exit music ) Longest film to win an award O.J. : Made in America ( 2016 ) , 467 minutes ( Academy Award for Best Documentary ) The longest fictional film to win an award was War and Peace ( 1968 ) , 431 minutes ( Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film ) Shortest film to win Best Picture Marty , 90 minutes Most acting awards for a character Portrayals of Vito Corleone won : Best Actor for Marlon Brando in The Godfather Best Supporting Actor for Robert De Niro in The Godfather Part II Most nominations for a character 3 portrayals of Queen Elizabeth I of England earned nominations for : Cate Blanchett in Elizabeth and Elizabeth : The Golden Age ( Best Actress ) Judi Dench in Shakespeare in Love ( winner , Best Supporting Actress ) 3 Portrayals of King Henry VIII of England earned nominations for : Charles Laughton in The Private Life of Henry VIII ( winner , Best Actor ) Robert Shaw in A Man for All Seasons ( Best Supporting Actor ) Richard Burton in Anne of the Thousand Days ( Best Actor ) 21 other characters have been nominated twice -- ( * ) = winning portrayal : Abraham Lincoln -- Raymond Massey , Daniel Day - Lewis ( * ) Arthur Chipping -- Robert Donat ( * ) , Peter O'Toole Cyrano de Bergerac -- Jose Ferrer ( * ) , Gerard Depardieu Esther Blodgett -- Janet Gaynor , Judy Garland `` Fast Eddie '' Felson -- Paul Newman ( * ) Father Chuck O'Malley -- Bing Crosby ( * ) Father Fitzgibbons -- Barry Fitzgerald ( * ) -- nominated for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor for the same performance in Going My Way Henry Higgins -- Leslie Howard , Rex Harrison ( * ) Howard Hughes -- Jason Robards , Leonardo DiCaprio Iris Murdoch -- Judi Dench , Kate Winslet -- portrayals of the same character at different ages in the same film ( Iris ) Joe Pendleton -- Robert Montgomery , Warren Beatty King Henry II of England -- Peter O'Toole King Henry V of England -- Laurence Olivier , Kenneth Branagh Leslie Crosbie -- Jeanne Eagels , Bette Davis Max Corkle -- James Gleason , Jack Warden Michael Corleone -- Al Pacino Norman Maine -- Fredric March , James Mason Richard Nixon -- Anthony Hopkins , Frank Langella Rocky Balboa -- Sylvester Stallone Rooster Cogburn -- John Wayne ( * ) , Jeff Bridges Rose DeWitt Bukater -- Kate Winslet and Gloria Stuart -- portray of the same character at different ages in the same film ( Titanic ) Vito Corleone -- Marlon Brando ( * ) , Robert DeNiro ( * ) Most Honorary Awards Bob Hope received 5 honorary awards -- 2 Special , 2 Honorary , and the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award . Oscar speeches ( edit ) Main article : Oscar speech Longest speech The longest Oscar speech was that given by Greer Garson at the 15th Academy Awards after she was named Best Actress for 1942 for Mrs. Miniver . Her speech ran for nearly six minutes . It was shortly after this incident that the Academy set forty - five seconds as the allotted time for an acceptance speech and began to cut the winners off after this time limit . When presenting the Best Actor award at the 24th Academy Awards , Garson quipped , `` I think I have ten minutes left over from a highly emotional speech I made a few years ago . I 'd be glad to give it to them . '' Shortest speech The shortest Oscar speech was that given by Patty Duke at the 35th Academy Awards after she was named Best Supporting Actress for 1962 for The Miracle Worker . Duke , age 16 , was the youngest person at that time to receive an Academy Award in a competitive category . Her acceptance speech was , simply , two words -- `` Thank you '' -- after which she walked off the stage . Tied winners ( edit ) There have been six two - way ties : 1931 / 32 : Best Actor -- Wallace Beery ( The Champ ) and Fredric March ( Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ) 1949 : Best Documentary Short -- A Chance to Live and So Much for So Little 1968 : Best Actress -- Katharine Hepburn ( The Lion in Winter ) and Barbra Streisand ( Funny Girl ) 1986 : Best Documentary -- Artie Shaw : Time Is All You 've Got and Down and Out in America 1994 : Best Short Film ( Live Action ) -- Franz Kafka 's It 's a Wonderful Life and Trevor 2012 : Best Sound Editing -- Paul N.J. Ottosson ( Zero Dark Thirty ) and Per Hallberg and Karen Baker Landers ( Skyfall ) See also ( edit ) Academy Awards List of Academy Award - winning films List of Academy Award - winning families List of Academy Awards for Walt Disney List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories List of actors who have appeared in multiple Best Picture Academy Award winners List of actors nominated for Academy Awards for foreign language performances List of black Academy Award winners and nominees List of Big Five Academy Award winners and nominees List of fictitious Academy Award winners and nominees List of films with all four Academy Award acting nominations List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees List of people who have won Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Awards List of people who have won multiple Academy Awards in a single year List of posthumous Academy Award winners and nominees List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees Little Golden Guy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cedric Gibbons '' . theoscarsite.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Burr , Ty ( 2007 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Beginner 's Luck '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Session Timeout -- Academy Awards ® Database -- AMPAS '' . Awardsdatabase.oscars.org. 2010 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Best Supporting Actress '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Film Guide '' . Classic Film Guide . 2010 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Best Director -- Facts & Trivia '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awards Database '' . Awardsdatabase.oscars.org. 2010 - 01 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Awards Database '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Media Awareness web site '' . Media-awareness.ca. 2010 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Best Actor '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Best Directors '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Best Supporting Actor '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Help Page -- Academy Awards Database -- AMPAS '' . Awardsdatabase.oscars.org. 2010 - 01 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Knolle , Sharon ( 2011 - 05 - 04 ) . `` Former Child Star Jackie Cooper Dies at Age 88 '' . Blog.moviefone.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Youngest v oldest actress vie for Oscar as Lincoln leads the pack '' . The Times . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Tim ( 2013 - 01 - 10 ) . `` Quvenzhané Wallis v Emmanuelle Riva : Best actress Oscar contested by oldest and youngest ever nominees '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ While Morricone became the oldest competitive winner in Oscar history , the Academy only tends to record age - related records in the acting and directing categories , though they do acknowledge Morricone 's age at the time of win as being the oldest . Jump up ^ Ng , David ( February 28 , 2016 ) . `` Oscar win at 87 may make Ennio Morricone the oldest winner ever '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Patricia Neal performance length '' . Serving Cinema . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Oscars shocker : 13 Hours sound mixer 's nomination revoked day before ceremony Jump up ^ The Hobbit picks up technical Oscar -- BBC Jump up ^ `` Academy Award Database '' . Academy Award Database . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Longest Speech In Oscar History '' . Jump up ^ Katie Roberts ( 28 February 2014 ) . `` Oscars by the Numbers : 33 Fascinating Academy Awards Statistics '' . AOL Moviefone . External links ( edit ) Oscars.org ( official Academy site ) The Academy Awards Database ( official site ) Filmsite.org Academy Awards Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Most wins per ceremony Oscar season Governors Awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting Pre-show Awards of Merit Best Picture Director Actor Actress Supporting Actor Supporting Actress Adapted Screenplay Original Screenplay Animated Feature Documentary Feature Foreign Language Film Animated Short Film Documentary Short Subject Live Action Short Film Cinematography Costume Design Film Editing Makeup and Hairstyling Original Score Original Song Original Musical Production Design Sound Editing Sound Mixing Visual Effects Special awards Governors Awards Academy Honorary Award Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Academy Scientific and Technical Awards Academy Award of Merit ( non-competitive ) Scientific and Engineering Award Technical Achievement Award John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation Gordon E. Sawyer Award Student Awards Student Academy Award Former awards Merit Awards Assistant Director Dance Direction Director of a Comedy Picture Engineering Effects Short Subject , Two - reel Short Subject , Comedy Short Subject , Novelty Story Title Writing Unique and Artistic Quality of Production Special Awards Academy Juvenile Award Special Achievement Academy Award Ceremonies ‡ ( List Book ) 1927 / 28 1928 / 29 1929 / 30 1930 / 31 1931 / 32 1932 / 33 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990 1991 1992 2017 Footnotes ‡ Dates and years listed for each ceremony were the eligibility period of film release in Los Angeles County , California . For the first five ceremonies , the eligibility period was from August to July . For the 6th ceremony held in 1934 , the eligibility period lasted from August 1 , 1932 to December 31 , 1933 . Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935 , the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31 . Book Category Portal Academy Awards lists Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Oscar season Oscar speech History of film Most wins per ceremony Combined major Oscars Superlatives Big Five All four acting categories Combined major awards Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Award careers Acting All nominees Best Actor ( by age ) Best Actress ( by age ) Best Supporting Actor ( by age ) Best Supporting Actress ( by age ) Acting noms in foreign language Actor multi-nom years Multi-Best Picture acting careers Multi-win Actors Multi-nom Actors Love curse Directing Best Director ( by age ) Multi-win Directors Film Films Best Picture milestones Foreign - language wins Foreign - language nominees Foreign - language noms in other categories Foreign - language : count by country Animated feature noms in other categories Ethnicity African Argentine Asian Australian Black Brazilian British Canadian Chilean Colombian Cuban French German - speaking Greek Hispanic - American ( U.S. ) Indian Iranian Italian Jewish Latin American Mexican New Zealand Nordic Pakistani Polish Puerto Rican Spanish Uruguayan Other Ceremonies Families Fictitious LGBT Multi-win years Posthumous Best Picture Presenters Trophy displays Oldest & Youngest Awards for Walt Disney Book Category Portal Cinema of the United States Films Films by year Awards and events National Board of Review Awards ( 1929 ) Academy Awards ( 1929 ) New York Film Critics Circle ( 1935 ) Golden Globe Awards ( 1944 ) National Society of Film Critics Awards ( 1966 ) Los Angeles Film Critics Awards ( 1975 ) Golden Raspberry Awards ( 1981 ) Independent Spirit Awards ( 1985 ) American Society of Cinematographers Awards ( 1986 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Awards ( 1996 ) Hollywood Film Awards ( 1997 ) Guild Awards Directors Guild of America Awards ( 1936 ) Writers Guild of America Awards ( 1951 ) Producers Guild of America Awards ( 1962 ) Cinema Audio Society Awards ( 1964 ) Screen Actors Guild Awards ( 1995 ) Art Directors Guild Awards ( 1996 ) Costume Designers Guild Awards ( 1998 ) Location Managers Guild Awards ( 2014 ) Theaters Movie theater chains Industry by state Alaska Arizona Connecticut Florida Georgia Hawaii Louisiana Michigan New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Virginia Industry by city Atlanta Baltimore Chicago Cleveland Jacksonville Kansas City Las Vegas Lone Pine Long Island Los Angeles ( Hollywood ) Monument Valley New York City Harlem Palm Springs Pittsburgh Riverside San Diego Seattle Sonora Stamford Vasquez Rocks Organizations Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers American Society of Cinematographers Hollywood Foreign Press Association Motion Picture Association of America Miscellaneous Box office AFI 100 Years ... series National Film Registry Pre-Code Hollywood Classical Hollywood cinema New Hollywood List of living actors from the Golden Age of Hollywood List of surviving silent film actors Major film awards by countries Africa Ghana Movie Awards ( Ghana ) Africa Movie Academy Awards ( Nigeria ) South African Film and Television Awards ( South Africa ) Asia Central Didor International Film Festival ( Tajikistan ) East Golden Rooster Awards , Hong Kong Film Award , Hundred Flowers Awards and Huabiao Awards ( China ) Japan Academy Prize ( Japan ) Grand Bell Awards and Blue Dragon Film Awards ( South Korea ) Golden Horse Awards ( Taiwan ) South National Film Awards ( Bangladesh ) Filmfare Awards , Filmfare Awards South , Filmfare Awards East , National Film Awards ( India ) Lux Style Awards , ARY Film Awards and Nigar Awards ( Pakistan ) Southeast Myanmar Motion Picture Awards ( Burma ) Indonesian Film Festival and Indonesian Movie Actor Awards ( Indonesia ) Malaysia Film Festival ( Malaysia ) FAMAS Award , Gawad Urian and Luna Award ( Philippines ) Suphannahong Awards ( Thailand ) Golden Lotus Awards and Golden Kite Prize ( Vietnam ) West Fajr International Film Festival ( Iran ) Ophir Award ( Israel ) International Antalya Film Festival ( Turkey ) Europe East Czech Lion Awards ( Czech Republic ) Polish Film Awards ( Poland ) Nika Award ( Russia ) The Sun in a Net Awards ( Slovakia ) North Robert Awards and Bodil Awards ( Denmark ) Jussi Awards ( Finland ) Irish Film & Television Awards ( Ireland ) Amanda Award ( Norway ) Guldbagge Awards ( Sweden ) British Academy Film Awards ( United Kingdom ) South Heart of Sarajevo ( Bosnia and Herzegovina ) Golden Arena Awards ( Croatia ) Hellenic Film Academy Awards ( Greece ) David di Donatello and Nastro d'Argento ( Italy ) Golden Camera 300 ( Macedonia ) Sophia Awards ( Portugal ) Goya Awards ( Spain ) West Magritte Award ( Belgium ) César Award and Lumières Award ( France ) Deutscher Filmpreis ( Germany ) Golden Calf ( Netherlands ) Swiss Film Award ( Switzerland ) North America Canadian Screen Awards ( Canada ) Ariel Award ( Mexico ) Academy Awards ( United States ) Oceania AACTA Awards ( Australia ) New Zealand film and television awards ( New Zealand ) South America Argentine Academy of Cinematography Arts and Sciences Awards ( Argentina ) Grande Prêmio do Cinema Brasileiro ( Brazil ) Golden Precolumbian Circle ( Colombia ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Academy_Award_records&oldid=807353344 '' Categories : Academy Awards Academy Awards lists Lists of superlatives Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español 한국어 עברית Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 12 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the most oscars of all time | [
"\nMost awards won by a single film\n\nThree films have won 11 Academy Awards:\n\nBen-Hur (1959) – 15 categories available for nomination; nominated for 12\nTitanic (1997) – 17 categories available for nomination; nominated for 14\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) – 17 categories available for nomination; nominated for 11\n\n\n\n\nMost nominations received by a single film\n\nThree films have received 14 nominations:\n\nAll About Eve (1950) – 16 categories available for nomination; won 6 awards\nTitanic (1997) – 17 categories available for nomination; won 11 awards\nLa La Land (2016) – 17 categories available for nomination; won 6 awards\n\n\n\n\nLargest sweep (winning awards in every nominated category)\n\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) won all 11 categories for which it was nominated: Best Picture, Director, Adapted Screenplay, Original Score, Original Song, Sound Mixing, Art Direction, Makeup, Costume Design, Film Editing, and Visual Effects\n\n\nMost awards won by an individual\n\nWalt Disney won 22 Oscars.\n\n\nMost awards won by a woman\n\nEdith Head won eight Oscars, all for Costume Design\n\n\nMost nominations in a single year / Most awards in a single year\n\nIn 1954, Walt Disney won four awards out of six nominations, both records. He won Best Documentary, Features for The Living Desert; Best Documentary, Short Subjects for The Alaskan Eskimo; Best Short Subject, Cartoons for Toot Whistle Plunk and Boom; and Best Short Subject, Two-reel for Bear Country. He had two additional nominations in Best Short Subject, Cartoons for Rugged Bear; and Best Short Subject, Two-reel for Ben and Me.\n\n\nMost awards won by a person who is still living\n\nVisual Effects Supervisor Dennis Muren has won nine Academy Awards – six competitive awards, two \"Special Achievement\" awards, and one \"Technical Achievement\" award\n\n\nMost competitive awards won by a person who is still living\n\nComposer Alan Menken has won eight competitive Academy Awards\n\n\nActing\n\nKatharine Hepburn won four awards, all for Best Actress\n\n\nDirecting\n\nJohn Ford won the most directing awards, with four\n\n\nCinematography\n\nThe highest number of Academy Awards won by a cinematographer is four:\n\nJoseph Ruttenberg, in 1938, 1942, 1956, and 1958\nLeon Shamroy, in 1942, 1944, 1945, and 1963\n\n\n\n\nArt Direction\n\nCedric Gibbons, who designed the Oscar statuette, won 11 awards out of a total of 39 nominations.[1]\n\n\nMakeup\n\nRick Baker won seven Academy Awards (all for Best Makeup)\n\n\nMost awards won by a country for Best Foreign Language Film\n\nItaly won 14 awards in this category and received in total 32 nominations\n\n\nMost nominations received by a country for Best Foreign Language Film\n\nFrance received 40 nominations and won the award 12 times\n\n\nMost awards won by a foreign-language film\n\nTwo foreign-language films have won four Academy Awards:\n\nFanny and Alexander (1982) won Best Foreign Language Film, Best Cinematography, Best Art Direction, and Best Costume Design\nCrouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000) won Best Foreign Language Film, Best Art Direction, Best Original Score, and Best Cinematography\n\n\n\n\nMost nominations received by a foreign-language film\n\nCrouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000) received ten nominations: Best Foreign Language Film, Best Picture, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Original Song, Best Costume Design, Best Art Direction, Best Film Editing, Best Original Score, and Best Cinematography\n\n\n"
] | [
"Walt Disney"
] |
-3347211353922732964 | Labor Day | Labor Day - Wikipedia Labor Day This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 29 August 2018 . This article is about the U.S. holiday . For the similarly named holiday in other countries , see Labour Day . For other uses , see Labor Day ( disambiguation ) . Labor Day Labor Day Parade in New York 's Union Square , 1882 Observed by United States Type National Celebrations Parades , barbecues Date First Monday in September 2017 date September 4 2018 date September 3 2019 date September 2 2020 date September 7 Frequency Annual Related to Labour Day Labor Day in the United States is a public holiday celebrated on the first Monday in September . It honors the American labor movement and the contributions that workers have made to the strength , prosperity , laws and well - being of the country . It is the Monday of the long weekend known as Labor Day Weekend and it is considered the unofficial end of summer in the United States . It is recognized as a federal holiday . Beginning in the late 19th century , as the trade union and labor movements grew , trade unionists proposed that a day be set aside to celebrate labor . `` Labor Day '' was promoted by the Central Labor Union and the Knights of Labor , which organized the first parade in New York City . In 1887 , Oregon was the first state of the United States to make it an official public holiday . By the time it became an official federal holiday in 1894 , thirty states in the United States officially celebrated Labor Day . Canada 's Labour Day is also celebrated on the first Monday of September . More than 80 countries celebrate International Workers ' Day on May 1 -- the ancient European holiday of May Day -- and several countries have chosen their own dates for Labour Day . Contents 1 History 1.1 Origin 1.2 Legal recognition 2 Labor Day vs. May Day 3 Unofficial end of summer 4 Labor Day sales 5 Dates 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links History ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) Beginning in the late 19th century , as the trade union and labor movements grew , different groups of trade unionists chose a variety of days on which to celebrate labor . In the United States , a September holiday called Labor Day was first proposed in the early 1880s . Alternate stories of the event 's origination exist . According to one early history of Labor Day , the event originated in connection with a General Assembly of the Knights of Labor convened in New York City in September 1882 . In connection with this clandestine Knights assembly , a public parade of various labor organizations was held on September 5 under the auspices of the Central Labor Union ( CLU ) of New York . Secretary of the CLU Matthew Maguire is credited for first proposing that a national Labor Day holiday subsequently be held on the first Monday of each September in the aftermath of this successful public demonstration . P.J. McGuire , Vice President of the American Federation of Labor , is frequently credited as the father of Labor Day in the United States . An alternative thesis is maintained that the idea of Labor Day was the brainchild of Peter J. McGuire , a vice president of the American Federation of Labor , who put forward the initial proposal in the spring of 1882 . According to McGuire , on May 8 , 1882 , he made a proposition to the fledgling Central Labor Union in New York City that a day be set aside for a `` general holiday for the laboring classes '' . According to McGuire he further recommended that the event should begin with a street parade as a public demonstration of organized labor 's solidarity and strength , with the march followed by a picnic , to which participating local unions could sell tickets as a fundraiser . According to McGuire he suggested the first Monday in September as an ideal date for such a public celebration , owing to optimum weather and the date 's place on the calendar , sitting midway between the Fourth of July and Thanksgiving public holidays . Labor Day picnics and other public gatherings frequently featured speeches by prominent labor leaders . In 1909 the American Federation of Labor convention designated the Sunday preceding Labor Day as `` Labor Sunday '' , to be dedicated to the spiritual and educational aspects of the labor movement . This secondary date failed to gain significant traction in popular culture . Legal recognition ( edit ) In 1887 Oregon became the first state of the United States to make Labor Day an official public holiday . By the time it became an official federal holiday in 1894 , thirty U.S. states officially celebrated Labor Day . All U.S. states , the District of Columbia , and the United States territories have subsequently made Labor Day a statutory holiday . Labor Day vs. May Day ( edit ) The date of May 1 ( an ancient European folk holiday known as May Day ) emerged in 1886 as an alternative holiday for the celebration of labor , later becoming known as International Workers ' Day . The date had its origins at the 1885 convention of the American Federation of Labor , which passed a resolution calling for adoption of the eight - hour day effective May 1 , 1886 . While negotiation was envisioned for achievement of the shortened work day , use of the strike to enforce this demand was recognized , with May 1 advocated as a date for coordinated strike action . The proximity of the date to the bloody Haymarket affair of May 4 , 1886 , further accentuated May First 's radical reputation . There was disagreement among labor unions at this time about when a holiday celebrating workers should be , with some advocating for continued emphasis of the September march - and - picnic date while others sought the designation of the more politically - charged date of May 1 . Conservative Democratic President Grover Cleveland was one of those concerned that a labor holiday on May 1 would tend to become a commemoration of the Haymarket Affair and would strengthen socialist and anarchist movements that backed the May 1 commemoration around the globe . In 1887 , he publicly supported the September Labor Day holiday as a less inflammatory alternative . The date was formally adopted as a United States federal holiday in 1894 . Unofficial end of summer ( edit ) Labor Day is called the `` unofficial end of summer '' because it marks the end of the cultural summer season . Many take their two - week vacations during the two weeks ending Labor Day weekend . Many fall activities , such as school and sports begin about this time . In the United States , many school districts resume classes around the Labor Day holiday weekend ( see First day of school ) . Many begin the week before , making Labor Day weekend the first three - day weekend of the school calendar , while others return the Tuesday following Labor Day , allowing families one final getaway before the school year begins . Many districts across the Midwest are opting to begin school after Labor Day . In the U.S. state of Virginia , the amusement park industry has successfully lobbied for legislation requiring most school districts in the state to have their first day of school after Labor Day , in order to give families another weekend to visit amusement parks in the state . The relevant statute has been nicknamed the `` Kings Dominion law '' after one such park . In Minnesota the State Fair ends on Labor Day . Under state law public schools normally do not begin until after the holiday . Allowing time for school children to show 4 - H projects at the Fair has been given as one reason for this timing . In U.S. sports , Labor Day weekend marks the beginning of many fall sports . National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) teams usually play their first games that weekend and the National Football League ( NFL ) traditionally play their kickoff game the Thursday following Labor Day . The Southern 500 NASCAR auto race has been held on Labor Day weekend at Darlington Raceway in Darlington , South Carolina from 1950 to 2003 and since 2015 . At Indianapolis Raceway Park , the National Hot Rod Association hold their finals of the NHRA U.S. Nationals drag race that weekend . Labor Day is the middle point between weeks one and two of the U.S. Open Tennis Championships held in Flushing Meadows , New York . In fashion , Labor Day is ( or was ) considered the last day when it is acceptable to wear white or seersucker . In big cities , people try to go outside and enjoy beaches and barbecues over the Labor Day Weekend . There are also numerous events and activities organized in the cities . For example , New York offers fantastic Labor Day Carnival , fireworks over Coney Island , happy hours in restaurants , 12 - hour dance parties , and many other fun activities . In Washington , one of the favorites is the Labor Day Concert at the U.S. Capitol featuring the National Symphony Orchestra with free attendance . Labor Day sales ( edit ) To take advantage of large numbers of potential customers with time to shop , Labor Day has become an important weekend for discounts and allowances by many retailers in the United States , especially for back - to - school sales . Some retailers claim it is one of the largest sale dates of the year , second only to the Christmas season 's Black Friday . Dates ( edit ) Year Labor Day 1900 1928 1956 1984 2012 2040 2068 2096 September 3 1901 1929 1957 1985 2013 2041 2069 2097 September 2 1902 1930 1958 1986 2014 2042 2070 2098 September 1 1903 1931 1959 2015 2043 2071 2099 September 7 1904 1932 1960 2016 2044 2072 September 5 1905 1933 1961 2017 2045 2073 September 4 1906 1934 1962 2018 2046 2074 September 3 1907 1935 1963 1991 2019 2047 2075 September 2 1908 1936 1964 2020 2048 2076 September 7 1909 1937 1965 2021 2049 2077 September 6 1910 1938 1966 2022 2050 2078 September 5 1911 1939 1967 1995 2023 2051 2079 September 4 1912 1940 1968 2024 2052 2080 September 2 1913 1941 1969 2025 2053 2081 September 1 1914 1942 1970 1998 2026 2054 2082 September 7 1915 1943 1971 1999 2027 2055 2083 September 6 1916 1944 1972 2000 2028 2056 2084 September 4 1917 1945 1973 2029 2057 2085 September 3 1918 1946 2002 2030 2058 2086 September 2 1919 1947 2003 2031 2059 2087 September 1 1920 1948 1976 2032 2060 2088 2100 September 6 1921 1949 1977 2005 2033 2061 2089 2101 September 5 1922 1950 1978 2006 2034 2062 2090 2102 September 4 1923 1951 1979 2007 2035 2063 2091 2103 September 3 1924 1952 1980 2008 2036 2064 2092 2104 September 1 1925 1953 1981 2009 2037 2065 2093 2105 September 7 1926 1954 1982 2038 2066 2094 2106 September 6 1927 1955 2011 2039 2067 2095 2107 September 5 See also ( edit ) Labor history of the United States Labor unions in the United States United States labor law Workers ' Memorial Day Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The gap is caused by the fact that , under the Gregorian Calendar , the year 2100 is not a leap year , not being divisible by 400 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dates for Labor Day '' . timeanddate.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 27 -- via Calendar date and Labor Day. js . ^ Jump up to : The Bridgemen 's magazine . International Association of Bridge , Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers . 1921 . pp. 443 -- 444 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2013 . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Origin of Labor Day '' , Cincinnati Tribune , September 1 , 1895 , Special Labor Day supplement , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Department of Labor : The History of Labor Day '' . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : P.J. McGuire , `` Labor Day -- Its Birth and Significance '' , The Union Agent ( Kentucky ) , vol. 3 , no . 9 ( Sept. 1898 ) , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Philip S. Foner , May Day : A Short History of the International Workers ' Holiday . New York : International Publishers , 1986 ; pg. 19 . Jump up ^ Sally Kohn ( September 1 , 2014 ) . Why Labor Day was a political move . CNN . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Knights of Labor '' . Progressive Historians . September 3 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Labor Day marks unofficial end of rainy summer '' . WBIR - TV10 . September 2 , 2013 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Labor Day : The Last ( and Best ) Chance for a Summer Vacation '' . Travelocity . Jump up ^ Charles , C.M. ; Senter , Gail W. ( 2008 ) . Elementary classroom management . Pearson / Allyn and Bacon . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 51071 - 9 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2014 . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Freed , Benjamin ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` '' Kings Dominion Law '' Still Reigns in Virginia `` . Washingtonian . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Commonly asked questions '' . www.mpls.k12.mn.us . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Laura FitzPatrick ( September 8 , 2009 ) . `` Why We Ca n't Wear White After Labor Day '' . Time Magazine . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bell , Johnathan ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` An Introduction to Seersucker for Men '' . Guy Style Guide . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Glenn . `` Daytime wedding after Labor Day : Is it OK to wear a light beige suit to a daytime wedding after Labor Day ? '' . GQ . The Style Guy . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Labor Day Weekend '' . rove.me . Jump up ^ `` 20 + Ways to Celebrate Labor Day Weekend in Washington , DC '' . Destination DC . Jump up ^ `` Labor Day Intention Still Holds Meaning '' . Tri Parish Times . August 30 , 2012 . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Green , James ( 2007 ) . Death In the Haymarket : A Story of Chicago , the First Labor Movement and the Bombing that Divided Gilded Age America . Anchor . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 3322 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Labor Day in the United States . History of Labor Day , History of Artists and Writers Unions , Rare Labor Related Comic Books Labor Day is May 1 : Today is a boss 's holiday . Jacobin . September 7 , 2015 . Today Belongs to Workers . Jacobin . September 5 , 2016 . `` Labor Day '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . Federal holidays in the United States Current New Year 's Day Birthday of Martin Luther King Jr . Washington 's Birthday Memorial Day Independence Day Labor Day Columbus Day Veterans Day Thanksgiving Day Christmas Day Proposed Flag Day ( 1950 ) Election Day ( 1993 ) Malcolm X Day ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Democracy Day ( 2005 , 2014 ) Cesar Chavez Day ( 2008 ) Susan B. 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NARA : 10665370 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labor_Day&oldid=857135014 '' Categories : 1882 establishments in the United States Federal holidays in the United States Labor in the United States September observances Public holidays in the United States Recurring events established in 1882 Fall events in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use American English from September 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from November 2017 Holidays and observances by scheduling ( nth weekday of the month ) Infobox holiday with missing field Infobox holiday ( other ) Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська ייִדיש 粵語 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 19 : 52 ( UTC ) . 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"\n\n\nYear\n\nLabor Day\n\n\n1900\n1928\n1956\n1984\n2012\n2040\n2068\n2096\nSeptember 3\n\n\n1901\n1929\n1957\n1985\n2013\n2041\n2069\n2097\nSeptember 2\n\n\n1902\n1930\n1958\n1986\n2014\n2042\n2070\n2098\nSeptember 1\n\n\n1903\n1931\n1959\n1987\n2015\n2043\n2071\n2099\nSeptember 7\n\n\n1904\n1932\n1960\n1988\n2016\n2044\n2072\n[nb 1]\nSeptember 5\n\n\n1905\n1933\n1961\n1989\n2017\n2045\n2073\n\nSeptember 4\n\n\n1906\n1934\n1962\n1990\n2018\n2046\n2074\n\nSeptember 3\n\n\n1907\n1935\n1963\n1991\n2019\n2047\n2075\n\nSeptember 2\n\n\n1908\n1936\n1964\n1992\n2020\n2048\n2076\n\nSeptember 7\n\n\n1909\n1937\n1965\n1993\n2021\n2049\n2077\n\nSeptember 6\n\n\n1910\n1938\n1966\n1994\n2022\n2050\n2078\n\nSeptember 5\n\n\n1911\n1939\n1967\n1995\n2023\n2051\n2079\n\nSeptember 4\n\n\n1912\n1940\n1968\n1996\n2024\n2052\n2080\n\nSeptember 2\n\n\n1913\n1941\n1969\n1997\n2025\n2053\n2081\n\nSeptember 1\n\n\n1914\n1942\n1970\n1998\n2026\n2054\n2082\n\nSeptember 7\n\n\n1915\n1943\n1971\n1999\n2027\n2055\n2083\n\nSeptember 6\n\n\n1916\n1944\n1972\n2000\n2028\n2056\n2084\n\nSeptember 4\n\n\n1917\n1945\n1973\n2001\n2029\n2057\n2085\n\nSeptember 3\n\n\n1918\n1946\n1974\n2002\n2030\n2058\n2086\n\nSeptember 2\n\n\n1919\n1947\n1975\n2003\n2031\n2059\n2087\n\nSeptember 1\n\n\n1920\n1948\n1976\n2004\n2032\n2060\n2088\n2100\nSeptember 6\n\n\n1921\n1949\n1977\n2005\n2033\n2061\n2089\n2101\nSeptember 5\n\n\n1922\n1950\n1978\n2006\n2034\n2062\n2090\n2102\nSeptember 4\n\n\n1923\n1951\n1979\n2007\n2035\n2063\n2091\n2103\nSeptember 3\n\n\n1924\n1952\n1980\n2008\n2036\n2064\n2092\n2104\nSeptember 1\n\n\n1925\n1953\n1981\n2009\n2037\n2065\n2093\n2105\nSeptember 7\n\n\n1926\n1954\n1982\n2010\n2038\n2066\n2094\n2106\nSeptember 6\n\n\n1927\n1955\n1983\n2011\n2039\n2067\n2095\n2107\nSeptember 5\n"
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4923636375007076470 | Electronegativity | Electronegativity - wikipedia Electronegativity Jump to : navigation , search `` Electronegative '' redirects here . For the Nightfall EP , see Electronegative ( EP ) . Electrostatic potential map of a water molecule , where the oxygen atom has a more negative charge ( red ) than the positive ( blue ) hydrogen atoms Electronegativity , symbol χ , is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract electrons ( or electron density ) towards itself . An atom 's electronegativity is affected by both its atomic number and the distance at which its valence electrons reside from the charged nucleus . The higher the associated electronegativity number , the more an element or compound attracts electrons towards it . The term `` electronegativity '' was introduced by Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1811 , though the concept was known even before that and was studied by many chemists including Avogadro . In spite of its long history , an accurate scale of electronegativity was not developed until 1932 , when Linus Pauling proposed an electronegativity scale , which depends on bond energies , as a development of valence bond theory . It has been shown to correlate with a number of other chemical properties . Electronegativity can not be directly measured and must be calculated from other atomic or molecular properties . Several methods of calculation have been proposed , and although there may be small differences in the numerical values of the electronegativity , all methods show the same periodic trends between elements . The most commonly used method of calculation is that originally proposed by Linus Pauling . This gives a dimensionless quantity , commonly referred to as the Pauling scale ( χ ) , on a relative scale running from around 0.7 to 3.98 ( hydrogen = 2.20 ) . When other methods of calculation are used , it is conventional ( although not obligatory ) to quote the results on a scale that covers the same range of numerical values : this is known as an electronegativity in Pauling units . As it is usually calculated , electronegativity is not a property of an atom alone , but rather a property of an atom in a molecule . Properties of a free atom include ionization energy and electron affinity . It is to be expected that the electronegativity of an element will vary with its chemical environment , but it is usually considered to be a transferable property , that is to say that similar values will be valid in a variety of situations . On the most basic level , electronegativity is determined by factors like the nuclear charge ( the more protons an atom has , the more `` pull '' it will have on electrons ) and the number / location of other electrons present in the atomic shells ( the more electrons an atom has , the farther from the nucleus the valence electrons will be , and as a result the less positive charge they will experience -- both because of their increased distance from the nucleus , and because the other electrons in the lower energy core orbitals will act to shield the valence electrons from the positively charged nucleus ) . The opposite of electronegativity is electropositivity : a measure of an element 's ability to donate electrons . Caesium is the least electronegative element in the periodic table ( = 0.79 ) , while fluorine is most electronegative ( = 3.98 ) . Francium and caesium were originally both assigned 0.7 ; caesium 's value was later refined to 0.79 , but no experimental data allows a similar refinement for francium . However , francium 's ionization energy is known to be slightly higher than caesium 's , in accordance with the relativistic stabilization of the 7s orbital , and this in turn implies that francium is in fact more electronegative than caesium . Contents ( hide ) 1 Electronegativities of the elements 2 Methods of calculation 2.1 Pauling electronegativity 2.2 Mulliken electronegativity 2.3 Allred -- Rochow electronegativity 2.4 Sanderson electronegativity equalization 2.5 Allen electronegativity 3 Correlation of electronegativity with other properties 4 Trends in electronegativity 4.1 Periodic trends 4.2 Variation of electronegativity with oxidation number 5 Group electronegativity 6 Electropositivity 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Electronegativities of the elements ( edit ) Periodic table of electronegativity by Pauling scale → Atomic radius decreases → Ionization energy increases → Electronegativity increases → 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Group → ↓ Period 2.20 He Li 0.98 Be 1.57 2.04 2.55 3.04 O 3.44 3.98 Ne Na 0.93 Mg 1.31 Al 1.61 Si 1.90 2.19 2.58 Cl 3.16 Ar 0.82 Ca 1.00 Sc 1.36 Ti 1.54 V 1.63 Cr 1.66 Mn 1.55 Fe 1.83 Co 1.88 Ni 1.91 Cu 1.90 Zn 1.65 Ga 1.81 Ge 2.01 As 2.18 Se 2.55 Br 2.96 Kr 3.00 5 Rb 0.82 Sr 0.95 Y 1.22 Zr 1.33 Nb 1.6 Mo 2.16 Tc 1.9 Ru 2.2 Rh 2.28 Pd 2.20 Ag 1.93 Cd 1.69 In 1.78 Sn 1.96 Sb 2.05 Te 2.1 2.66 Xe 2.60 6 Cs 0.79 Ba 0.89 La 1.1 Hf 1.3 Ta 1.5 2.36 Re 1.9 Os 2.2 Ir 2.20 Pt 2.28 Au 2.54 Hg 2.00 Tl 1.62 Pb 1.87 Bi 2.02 Po 2.0 At 2.2 Rn 2.2 7 Fr 0.7 Ra 0.9 Ac 1.1 Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Ce 1.12 Pr 1.13 Nd 1.14 Pm 1.13 Sm 1.17 Eu 1.2 Gd 1.2 Tb 1.1 Dy 1.22 Ho 1.23 Er 1.24 Tm 1.25 Yb 1.1 Lu 1.27 Th 1.3 Pa 1.5 U 1.38 Np 1.36 Pu 1.28 Am 1.13 Cm 1.28 Bk 1.3 Cf 1.3 Es 1.3 Fm 1.3 Md 1.3 No 1.3 Lr 1.3 Values are given for the elements in their most common and stable oxidation states . See also : Electronegativities of the elements ( data page ) Jump up ^ Electronegativity of francium was chosen by Pauling as 0.7 , close to that of caesium ( also assessed 0.7 at that point ) . The base value of hydrogen was later increased by 0.10 and caesium 's electronegativity was later refined to 0.79 ; however , no refinements have been made for francium as no experiment has been conducted and the old value was kept . However , francium is expected and , to a small extent , observed to be more electronegative than caesium . See francium for details . Jump up ^ See Brown , Geoffrey ( 2012 ) . The Inaccessible Earth : An integrated view to its structure and composition . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 88 . ISBN 9789401115162 . Methods of calculation ( edit ) Pauling electronegativity ( edit ) Pauling first proposed the concept of electronegativity in 1932 as an explanation of the fact that the covalent bond between two different atoms ( A -- B ) is stronger than would be expected by taking the average of the strengths of the A -- A and B -- B bonds . According to valence bond theory , of which Pauling was a notable proponent , this `` additional stabilization '' of the heteronuclear bond is due to the contribution of ionic canonical forms to the bonding . The difference in electronegativity between atoms A and B is given by : χ A − χ B = ( e V ) − 1 / 2 E d ( A B ) − ( E d ( A A ) + E d ( B B ) ) / 2 ( \ displaystyle \ chi _ ( \ rm ( A ) ) - \ chi _ ( \ rm ( B ) ) = ( ( \ rm ( eV ) ) ) ^ ( - 1 / 2 ) ( \ sqrt ( E_ ( \ rm ( d ) ) ( ( \ rm ( AB ) ) ) - ( E_ ( \ rm ( d ) ) ( ( \ rm ( AA ) ) ) + E_ ( \ rm ( d ) ) ( ( \ rm ( BB ) ) ) ) / 2 ) ) ) where the dissociation energies , E , of the A -- B , A -- A and B -- B bonds are expressed in electronvolts , the factor ( eV ) being included to ensure a dimensionless result . Hence , the difference in Pauling electronegativity between hydrogen and bromine is 0.73 ( dissociation energies : H -- Br , 3.79 eV ; H -- H , 4.52 eV ; Br -- Br 2.00 eV ) As only differences in electronegativity are defined , it is necessary to choose an arbitrary reference point in order to construct a scale . Hydrogen was chosen as the reference , as it forms covalent bonds with a large variety of elements : its electronegativity was fixed first at 2.1 , later revised to 2.20 . It is also necessary to decide which of the two elements is the more electronegative ( equivalent to choosing one of the two possible signs for the square root ) . This is usually done using `` chemical intuition '' : in the above example , hydrogen bromide dissolves in water to form H and Br ions , so it may be assumed that bromine is more electronegative than hydrogen . However , in principle , since the same electronegativities should be obtained for any two bonding compounds , the data are in fact overdetermined , and the signs are unique once a reference point is fixed ( usually , for H or F ) . To calculate Pauling electronegativity for an element , it is necessary to have data on the dissociation energies of at least two types of covalent bond formed by that element . A.L. Allred updated Pauling 's original values in 1961 to take account of the greater availability of thermodynamic data , and it is these `` revised Pauling '' values of the electronegativity that are most often used . The essential point of Pauling electronegativity is that there is an underlying , quite accurate , semi-empirical formula for dissociation energies , namely : E d ( A B ) = ( E d ( A A ) + E d ( B B ) ) / 2 + ( χ A − χ B ) 2 e V ( \ displaystyle E_ ( \ rm ( d ) ) ( ( \ rm ( AB ) ) ) = ( E_ ( \ rm ( d ) ) ( ( \ rm ( AA ) ) ) + E_ ( \ rm ( d ) ) ( ( \ rm ( BB ) ) ) ) / 2 + ( \ chi _ ( \ rm ( A ) ) - \ chi _ ( \ rm ( B ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) eV ) or sometimes , a more accurate fit E d ( A B ) = E d ( A A ) E d ( B B ) + 1.3 ( χ A − χ B ) 2 e V ( \ displaystyle E_ ( \ rm ( d ) ) ( ( \ rm ( AB ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( E_ ( \ rm ( d ) ) ( ( \ rm ( AA ) ) ) E_ ( \ rm ( d ) ) ( ( \ rm ( BB ) ) ) ) ) + 1.3 ( \ chi _ ( \ rm ( A ) ) - \ chi _ ( \ rm ( B ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) eV ) This is an approximate equation , but holds with good accuracy . Pauling obtained it by noting that a bond can be approximately represented as a quantum mechanical superposition of a covalent bond and two ionic bond - states . The covalent energy of a bond is approximately , by quantum mechanical calculations , the geometric mean of the two energies of covalent bonds of the same molecules , and there is an additional energy that comes from ionic factors , i.e. polar character of the bond . The geometric mean is approximately equal to the arithmetic mean - which is applied in the first formula above - when the energies are of the similar value , e.g. , except for the highly electropositive elements , where there is a larger difference of two dissociation energies ; the geometric mean is more accurate and almost always gives a positive excess energy , due to ionic bonding . The square root of this excess energy , Pauling notes , is approximately additive , and hence one can introduce the electronegativity . Thus , it is this semi-empirical formula for bond energy that underlies Pauling electronegativity concept . The formulas are approximate , but this rough approximation is in fact relatively good and gives the right intuition , with the notion of polarity of the bond and some theoretical grounding in quantum mechanics . The electronegativities are then determined to best fit the data . In more complex compounds , there is additional error since electronegativity depends on the molecular environment of an atom . Also , the energy estimate can be only used for single , not for multiple bonds . The energy of formation of a molecule containing only single bonds then can be approximated from an electronegativity table , and depends on the constituents and sum of squares of differences of electronegativities of all pairs of bonded atoms . Such a formula for estimating energy typically has relative error of order of 10 % , but can be used to get a rough qualitative idea and understanding of a molecule . Mulliken electronegativity ( edit ) The correlation between Mulliken electronegativities ( x-axis , in kJ / mol ) and Pauling electronegativities ( y - axis ) . Robert S. Mulliken proposed that the arithmetic mean of the first ionization energy ( E ) and the electron affinity ( E ) should be a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract electrons . As this definition is not dependent on an arbitrary relative scale , it has also been termed absolute electronegativity , with the units of kilojoules per mole or electronvolts . χ = ( E i + E e a ) / 2 ( \ displaystyle \ chi = ( E_ ( \ rm ( i ) ) + E_ ( \ rm ( ea ) ) ) / 2 \ , ) However , it is more usual to use a linear transformation to transform these absolute values into values that resemble the more familiar Pauling values . For ionization energies and electron affinities in electronvolts , χ = 0.187 ( E i + E e a ) + 0.17 ( \ displaystyle \ chi = 0.187 ( E_ ( \ rm ( i ) ) + E_ ( \ rm ( ea ) ) ) + 0.17 \ , ) and for energies in kilojoules per mole , χ = ( 1.97 × 10 − 3 ) ( E i + E e a ) + 0.19. ( \ displaystyle \ chi = ( 1.97 \ times 10 ^ ( - 3 ) ) ( E_ ( \ rm ( i ) ) + E_ ( \ rm ( ea ) ) ) + 0.19 . ) The Mulliken electronegativity can only be calculated for an element for which the electron affinity is known , fifty - seven elements as of 2006 . The Mulliken electronegativity of an atom is sometimes said to be the negative of the chemical potential . By inserting the energetic definitions of the ionization potential and electron affinity into the Mulliken electronegativity , it is possible to show that the Mulliken chemical potential is a finite difference approximation of the electronic energy with respect to the number of electrons. , i.e. , μ ( M u l l i k e n ) = − χ ( M u l l i k e n ) = − ( E i + E e a ) / 2 ( \ displaystyle \ mu ( ( \ rm ( Mulliken ) = - \ chi ( ( \ rm ( Mulliken ) = - ( E_ ( \ rm ( i ) ) + E_ ( \ rm ( ea ) ) ) / 2 \ , ) ) ) ) ) Allred -- Rochow electronegativity ( edit ) The correlation between Allred -- Rochow electronegativities ( x-axis , in Å ) and Pauling electronegativities ( y - axis ) . A. Louis Allred and Eugene G. Rochow considered that electronegativity should be related to the charge experienced by an electron on the `` surface '' of an atom : The higher the charge per unit area of atomic surface the greater the tendency of that atom to attract electrons . The effective nuclear charge , Z , experienced by valence electrons can be estimated using Slater 's rules , while the surface area of an atom in a molecule can be taken to be proportional to the square of the covalent radius , r . When r is expressed in picometres , χ = 3590 Z e f f r c o v 2 + 0.744 ( \ displaystyle \ chi = 3590 ( ( Z_ ( \ rm ( eff ) ) ) \ over ( r_ ( \ rm ( cov ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + 0.744 ) Sanderson electronegativity equalization ( edit ) The correlation between Sanderson electronegativities ( x-axis , arbitrary units ) and Pauling electronegativities ( y - axis ) . R.T. Sanderson has also noted the relationship between Mulliken electronegativity and atomic size , and has proposed a method of calculation based on the reciprocal of the atomic volume . With a knowledge of bond lengths , Sanderson 's model allows the estimation of bond energies in a wide range of compounds . Sanderson 's model has also been used to calculate molecular geometry , s - electrons energy , NMR spin - spin constants and other parameters for organic compounds . This work underlies the concept of electronegativity equalization , which suggests that electrons distribute themselves around a molecule to minimize or to equalize the Mulliken electronegativity . This behavior is analogous to the equalization of chemical potential in macroscopic thermodynamics . Allen electronegativity ( edit ) The correlation between Allen electronegativities ( x-axis , in kJ / mol ) and Pauling electronegativities ( y - axis ) . Perhaps the simplest definition of electronegativity is that of Leland C. Allen , who has proposed that it is related to the average energy of the valence electrons in a free atom , , , χ = n s ε s + n p ε p n s + n p ( \ displaystyle \ chi = ( n_ ( \ rm ( s ) ) \ varepsilon _ ( \ rm ( s ) ) + n_ ( \ rm ( p ) ) \ varepsilon _ ( \ rm ( p ) ) \ over n_ ( \ rm ( s ) ) + n_ ( \ rm ( p ) ) ) ) where ε are the one - electron energies of s - and p - electrons in the free atom and n are the number of s - and p - electrons in the valence shell . It is usual to apply a scaling factor , 1.75 × 10 for energies expressed in kilojoules per mole or 0.169 for energies measured in electronvolts , to give values that are numerically similar to Pauling electronegativities . The one - electron energies can be determined directly from spectroscopic data , and so electronegativities calculated by this method are sometimes referred to as spectroscopic electronegativities . The necessary data are available for almost all elements , and this method allows the estimation of electronegativities for elements that can not be treated by the other methods , e.g. francium , which has an Allen electronegativity of 0.67 . However , it is not clear what should be considered to be valence electrons for the d - and f - block elements , which leads to an ambiguity for their electronegativities calculated by the Allen method . In this scale neon has the highest electronegativity of all elements , followed by fluorine , helium , and oxygen . Electronegativity using the Allen scale Group → 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 ↓ Period 2.300 He 4.160 Li 0.912 Be 1.576 2.051 2.544 3.066 O 3.610 4.193 Ne 4.787 Na 0.869 Mg 1.293 Al 1.613 Si 1.916 2.253 2.589 Cl 2.869 Ar 3.242 0.734 Ca 1.034 Sc 1.19 Ti 1.38 V 1.53 Cr 1.65 Mn 1.75 Fe 1.80 Co 1.84 Ni 1.88 Cu 1.85 Zn 1.59 Ga 1.756 Ge 1.994 As 2.211 Se 2.424 Br 2.685 Kr 2.966 5 Rb 0.706 Sr 0.963 Y 1.12 Zr 1.32 Nb 1.41 Mo 1.47 Tc 1.51 Ru 1.54 Rh 1.56 Pd 1.58 Ag 1.87 Cd 1.52 In 1.656 Sn 1.824 Sb 1.984 Te 2.158 2.359 Xe 2.582 6 Cs 0.659 Ba 0.881 Lu 1.09 Hf 1.16 Ta 1.34 1.47 Re 1.60 Os 1.65 Ir 1.68 Pt 1.72 Au 1.92 Hg 1.76 Tl 1.789 Pb 1.854 Bi 2.01 Po 2.19 At 2.39 Rn 2.60 7 Fr 0.67 Ra 0.89 See also : Electronegativities of the elements ( data page ) Correlation of electronegativity with other properties ( edit ) The variation of the isomer shift ( y - axis , in mm / s ) of ( SnX ) anions , as measured by Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy , against the sum of the Pauling electronegativities of the halide substituents ( x-axis ) . The wide variety of methods of calculation of electronegativities , which all give results that correlate well with one another , is one indication of the number of chemical properties which might be affected by electronegativity . The most obvious application of electronegativities is in the discussion of bond polarity , for which the concept was introduced by Pauling . In general , the greater the difference in electronegativity between two atoms the more polar the bond that will be formed between them , with the atom having the higher electronegativity being at the negative end of the dipole . Pauling proposed an equation to relate `` ionic character '' of a bond to the difference in electronegativity of the two atoms , although this has fallen somewhat into disuse . Several correlations have been shown between infrared stretching frequencies of certain bonds and the electronegativities of the atoms involved : however , this is not surprising as such stretching frequencies depend in part on bond strength , which enters into the calculation of Pauling electronegativities . More convincing are the correlations between electronegativity and chemical shifts in NMR spectroscopy or isomer shifts in Mössbauer spectroscopy ( see figure ) . Both these measurements depend on the s - electron density at the nucleus , and so are a good indication that the different measures of electronegativity really are describing `` the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself '' . Trends in electronegativity ( edit ) Periodic trends ( edit ) The variation of Pauling electronegativity ( y - axis ) as one descends the main groups of the periodic table from the second period to the sixth period In general , electronegativity increases on passing from left to right along a period , and decreases on descending a group . Hence , fluorine is the most electronegative of the elements ( not counting noble gases ) , whereas caesium is the least electronegative , at least of those elements for which substantial data is available . This would lead one to believe that caesium fluoride is the compound whose bonding features the most ionic character . There are some exceptions to this general rule . Gallium and germanium have higher electronegativities than aluminium and silicon , respectively , because of the d - block contraction . Elements of the fourth period immediately after the first row of the transition metals have unusually small atomic radii because the 3d - electrons are not effective at shielding the increased nuclear charge , and smaller atomic size correlates with higher electronegativity ( see Allred - Rochow electronegativity , Sanderson electronegativity above ) . The anomalously high electronegativity of lead , in particular when compared to thallium and bismuth , appears to be an artifact of data selection ( and data availability ) -- methods of calculation other than the Pauling method show the normal periodic trends for these elements . Variation of electronegativity with oxidation number ( edit ) In inorganic chemistry it is common to consider a single value of the electronegativity to be valid for most `` normal '' situations . While this approach has the advantage of simplicity , it is clear that the electronegativity of an element is not an invariable atomic property and , in particular , increases with the oxidation state of the element . Allred used the Pauling method to calculate separate electronegativities for different oxidation states of the handful of elements ( including tin and lead ) for which sufficient data was available . However , for most elements , there are not enough different covalent compounds for which bond dissociation energies are known to make this approach feasible . This is particularly true of the transition elements , where quoted electronegativity values are usually , of necessity , averages over several different oxidation states and where trends in electronegativity are harder to see as a result . Acid Formula Chlorine oxidation state pK Hypochlorous acid HClO + 1 + 7.5 Chlorous acid HClO + 3 + 2.0 Chloric acid HClO + 5 -- 1.0 Perchloric acid HClO + 7 -- 10 The chemical effects of this increase in electronegativity can be seen both in the structures of oxides and halides and in the acidity of oxides and oxoacids . Hence CrO and Mn O are acidic oxides with low melting points , while Cr O is amphoteric and Mn O is a completely basic oxide . The effect can also be clearly seen in the dissociation constants of the oxoacids of chlorine . The effect is much larger than could be explained by the negative charge being shared among a larger number of oxygen atoms , which would lead to a difference in pK of log ( ⁄ ) = -- 0.6 between hypochlorous acid and perchloric acid . As the oxidation state of the central chlorine atom increases , more electron density is drawn from the oxygen atoms onto the chlorine , reducing the partial negative charge on the oxygen atoms and increasing the acidity . Group electronegativity ( edit ) In organic chemistry , electronegativity is associated more with different functional groups than with individual atoms . The terms group electronegativity and substituent electronegativity are used synonymously . However , it is common to distinguish between the inductive effect and the resonance effect , which might be described as σ - and π - electronegativities , respectively . There are a number of linear free - energy relationships that have been used to quantify these effects , of which the Hammett equation is the best known . Kabachnik parameters are group electronegativities for use in organophosphorus chemistry . Electropositivity ( edit ) Electropositivity is a measure of an element 's ability to donate electrons , and therefore form positive ions ; thus , it is opposed to electronegativity . Mainly , this is an attribute of metals , meaning that , in general , the greater the metallic character of an element the greater the electropositivity . Therefore , the alkali metals are most electropositive of all . This is because they have a single electron in their outer shell and , as this is relatively far from the nucleus of the atom , it is easily lost ; in other words , these metals have low ionization energies . While electronegativity increases along periods in the periodic table , and decreases down groups , electropositivity decreases along periods ( from left to right ) and increases down groups . See also ( edit ) Electronegativities of the elements ( data page ) Chemical polarity References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : IUPAC , Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd ed. ( the `` Gold Book '' ) ( 1997 ) . Online corrected version : ( 2006 -- ) `` Electronegativity '' . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , W.B. ( 1996 ) . `` Electronegativity from Avogadro to Pauling : Part 1 : Origins of the Electronegativity Concept '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 73 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 20 . Bibcode : 1996JChEd ... 73 ... 11J . doi : 10.1021 / ed073p11 . ^ Jump up to : Pauling , L. ( 1932 ) . `` The Nature of the Chemical Bond . IV . The Energy of Single Bonds and the Relative Electronegativity of Atoms '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 54 ( 9 ) : 3570 -- 3582 . Bibcode : 1932JAChS ... 54.2610 C . doi : 10.1021 / ja01348a011 . ^ Jump up to : Pauling , Linus ( 1960 ) . Nature of the Chemical Bond . Cornell University Press . pp. 88 -- 107 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 0333 - 2 . Jump up ^ Greenwood , N.N. ; Earnshaw , A. ( 1984 ) . Chemistry of the Elements . Pergamon . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 08 - 022057 - 6 . Jump up ^ More details and sources for this point can be found in the article on francium . ^ Jump up to : Allred , A.L. ( 1961 ) . `` Electronegativity values from thermochemical data '' . Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry . 17 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 215 -- 221 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 1902 ( 61 ) 80142 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mulliken , R.S. ( 1934 ) . `` A New Electroaffinity Scale ; Together with Data on Valence States and on Valence Ionization Potentials and Electron Affinities '' . Journal of Chemical Physics. 2 ( 11 ) : 782 -- 793 . Bibcode : 1934JChPh ... 2 ... 782M . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1749394 . Jump up ^ Mulliken , R.S. ( 1935 ) . `` Electronic Structures of Molecules XI . Electroaffinity , Molecular Orbitals and Dipole Moments '' . J. Chem. Phys. 3 ( 9 ) : 573 -- 585 . Bibcode : 1935JChPh ... 3 ... 573M . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1749731 . Jump up ^ Pearson , R.G. ( 1985 ) . `` Absolute electronegativity and absolute hardness of Lewis acids and bases '' . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107 ( 24 ) : 6801 -- 6806 . doi : 10.1021 / ja00310a009 . Jump up ^ Huheey , J.E. ( 1978 ) . Inorganic Chemistry ( 2nd Edn . ) . New York : Harper & Row . p. 167 . Jump up ^ This second relation has been recalculated using the best values of the first ionization energies and electron affinities available in 2006 . Jump up ^ Allred , A.L. ; Rochow , E.G. ( 1958 ) . `` A scale of electronegativity based on electrostatic force '' . Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry . 5 ( 4 ) : 264 -- 268 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 1902 ( 58 ) 80003 - 2 . Jump up ^ Housecroft C.E. and Sharpe A.G. Inorganic Chemistry ( 2nd ed. , Pearson Prentice - Hall 2005 ) p. 38 Jump up ^ Sanderson , R.T. ( 1983 ) . `` Electronegativity and bond energy '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 105 ( 8 ) : 2259 -- 2261 . doi : 10.1021 / ja00346a026 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , R.T. ( 1983 ) . Polar Covalence . New York : Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 618080 - 6 . Jump up ^ Zefirov , N.S. ; M.A. Kirpichenok ; F.F. Izmailov ; M.I. Trofimov ( 1987 ) . Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR. 296 : 883 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Trofimov , M.I. ; Smolenskii , E.A. ( 2005 ) . `` Application of the electronegativity indices of organic molecules to tasks of chemical informatics '' . Russian Chemical Bulletin . 54 ( 9 ) : 2235 -- 2246 . doi : 10.1007 / s11172 - 006 - 0105 - 6 . Jump up ^ SW Rick ; SJ Stuart ( 2002 ) . `` Electronegativity equalization models '' . In Kenny B. Lipkowitz ; Donald B. Boyd . Reviews in computational chemistry . Wiley . p. 106 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 21576 - 7 . Jump up ^ Robert G. Parr ; Weitao Yang ( 1994 ) . Density - functional theory of atoms and molecules . Oxford University Press . p. 91 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509276 - 7 . Jump up ^ Allen , Leland C. ( 1989 ) . `` Electronegativity is the average one - electron energy of the valence - shell electrons in ground - state free atoms '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 111 ( 25 ) : 9003 -- 9014 . doi : 10.1021 / ja00207a003 . Jump up ^ Mann , Joseph B. , Meek , Terry L. , Allen , Leland C. ( 2000 ) . `` Configuration Energies of the Main Group Elements '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 122 ( 12 ) : 2780 -- 2783 . doi : 10.1021 / ja992866e . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Mann , Joseph B. , Meek , Terry L. , Knight , Eugene T. , Capitani , Joseph F. , Allen , Leland C. ( 2000 ) . `` Configuration energies of the d - block elements '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 122 ( 21 ) : 5132 -- 5137 . doi : 10.1021 / ja9928677 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : The widely quoted Pauling electronegativity of 0.7 for francium is an extrapolated value of uncertain provenance . The Allen electronegativity of caesium is 0.66 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Bellamy , L.J. ( 1958 ) . The Infra - Red Spectra of Complex Molecules . New York : Wiley . p. 392 . ISBN 0 - 412 - 13850 - 6 . Jump up ^ Spieseke , H. ; Schneider , W.G. ( 1961 ) . `` Effect of Electronegativity and Magnetic Anisotropy of Substituents on C13 and H1 Chemical Shifts in CH3X and CH3CH2X Compounds '' . Journal of Chemical Physics. 35 ( 2 ) : 722 . Bibcode : 1961JChPh ... 35 ... 722S . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1731992 . Jump up ^ Clasen , C.A. ; Good , M.L. ( 1970 ) . `` Interpretation of the Moessbauer spectra of mixed - hexahalo complexes of tin ( IV ) '' . Inorganic Chemistry . 9 ( 4 ) : 817 -- 820 . doi : 10.1021 / ic50086a025 . Jump up ^ `` Electropositivity , '' Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009 . ( Archived 2009 - 10 - 31 ) . Bibliography ( edit ) Jolly , William L. ( 1991 ) . Modern Inorganic Chemistry ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 71 -- 76 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 112651 - 1 . Mullay , J. ( 1987 ) . `` Estimation of atomic and group electronegativities '' . Structure and Bonding . Structure and Bonding. 66 : 1 -- 25 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 17740 - X . doi : 10.1007 / BFb0029834 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Electronegativity . WebElements , lists values of electronegativities by a number of different methods of calculation Video explaining electronegativity ( hide ) Periodic table Periodic table forms Standard 18 - column 18 - column , large cells 32 - column , large cells Alternative Alternatives Chemical Galaxy Janet 's left step table Extended Extension beyond the 7th period Fricke model large cells Pyykkö model Sets of elements By periodic table structure Groups 1 ( Alkali metals ) 2 ( Alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( Pnictogens ) 16 ( Chalcogens ) 17 ( Halogens ) 18 ( Noble gases ) Periods 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks s - block p - block d - block f - block g - block Aufbau principle By metallicity Metals Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanides Actinides Superactinides Eka - superactinides Transition metals Post-transition metals Metalloids Lists of metalloids by source Dividing line Nonmetals Polyatomic nonmetals Diatomic nonmetals Noble gases Other sets Nutritional elements Platinum - group metals ( PGM ) Rare - earth elements Refractory metals Precious metals Coinage metals Noble metal Heavy metals Native metals Transuranium elements Transactinide elements Major actinides Minor actinides Elements Lists By : Abundance ( in humans ) Atomic properties Nuclear stability Production Symbol Properties Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Allen Pauling Goldschmidt classification Maximum valence Data pages Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion coefficient Vapor pressure History Element discoveries Mendeleev 's predictions Naming Etymology controversies places scientists in East Asia See also IUPAC nomenclature systematic element name Trivial name Dmitri Mendeleev Book Chemistry Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronegativity&oldid=796630568 '' Categories : Chemical properties Chemical bonding Dimensionless numbers of chemistry Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2017 , at 04 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the ability of an atom to attract electron towards itself is called | [
"Electronegativity, symbol χ, is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract electrons (or electron density) towards itself.[1] An atom's electronegativity is affected by both its atomic number and the distance at which its valence electrons reside from the charged nucleus. The higher the associated electronegativity number, the more an element or compound attracts electrons towards it."
] | [
"Electronegativity"
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5742193249679151400 | Storm of the Century | Storm of the Century - wikipedia Storm of the Century Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the TV miniseries . For other uses , see Storm of the Century ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Storm of the Century Cover of the published screenplay Genre Drama , Horror , Fantasy , Thriller Written by Stephen King Directed by Craig R. Baxley Starring Timothy Daly Colm Feore Debrah Farentino Casey Siemaszko Jeffrey DeMunn Country of origin US Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes Production Producer ( s ) Stephen King Mark Carliner Robert F. Phillips Location ( s ) Little Tall Island , Maine Running time 256 min . Budget $35,000,000 Release Original network ABC Original release February 14 -- February 18 , 1999 Storm of the Century , alternatively known as Stephen King 's Storm of the Century , is a 1999 horror TV miniseries written by Stephen King and directed by Craig R. Baxley . Unlike many other King mini-series , Storm of the Century was not based upon a Stephen King novel -- King wrote it as a screenplay from the beginning . The screenplay was published in February 1999 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Screenplay 4 Release and reception 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) A very powerful blizzard hits the fictional small town of Little Tall Island ( also the setting of King 's novel Dolores Claiborne ) off the coast of Maine . The storm is so powerful that all access off the island is blocked , and no one is able to leave the island until the storm is over . While trying to deal with the storm , tragedy strikes when one of the town 's residents is brutally murdered by André Linoge ( Colm Feore ) , a menacing stranger who appears to know the town members ' darkest secrets , and who gives no hint of his motives other than the cryptic statement `` Give me what I want , and I 'll go away . '' Linoge is imprisoned in the town 's holding cell by part - time constable Michael Anderson ( Timothy Daly ) , but he uses his various abilities to affect the town , driving people to commit suicides and inflict terrifying dreams . After walking from his cell , Linoge 's campaign of terror culminates in an enchantment that places all eight of the town 's small children into unconsciousness . While looking for Linoge , Mike notices his name is an anagram for Legion , a collective group of demons mentioned in the Gospel of Mark and Gospel of Luke , having been exorcised by Jesus and cast into a herd of swine . Linoge eventually calls a town meeting , and it is here that Linoge states he desires one of the eight children he has enchanted . He reveals his true form ( an impossibly ancient , dying man ) , explaining that he is not immortal , and needs someone to carry on his `` work . '' He states that he can not simply take the child he desires , but he can punish . If they refuse , he threatens to force them to march into the sea two - by - two , as he claims to have done at Roanoke Island , North Carolina , centuries before . With his demands set , he leaves them with half an hour to make their decision . Although Mike begs the town to refuse Linoge 's request , appealing to their common decency and the fact that they may be aiding in a great evil , all of the townspeople except him vote to give Linoge what he desires . Linoge has one parent of each child draw one of eight `` weirding stones , '' with Mike 's wife Molly drawing the black . Contemptuously thanking the town , Linoge transforms into his true form and suggests that the less they say to the outside world about the events with him , the happier they will be . With a final remark to Molly that Ralph will eventually come to call him `` father '' , Linoge flies off into the night with his new protégé . Most of the film 's epilogue is narrated by Mike , as he explains how he leaves Little Tall the following summer . Unable to live with those who sacrificed his child , Mike divorces Molly and settles in San Francisco as a US Marshal . Nine years after the storm , Mike notices an old man and a teenage boy walking by , humming Linoge 's favorite tune `` I 'm a little teapot '' . He calls out to the boy , realizing it is his son , now corrupted by Linoge . He chases after them into an alley , but they are gone . Mike considers telling Molly about what he saw , but ultimately decides against it , sometimes thinking that was the wrong decision , `` but in daylight , I know better . '' Cast ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Minor roles need to be removed . Please help improve this section if you can . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tim Daly as Constable Michael `` Mike '' Anderson Debrah Farentino as Molly Anderson Dyllan Christopher as Ralph Emerick `` Ralphie '' Anderson Colm Feore as Andre Linoge Jeffrey DeMunn as Town Manager Robert `` Robbie '' Beals Nada Despotovich as Sandra `` Sandy '' Beals Spencer Breslin as Donny Beals Denis Forest as Kirk Freeman Nicky Guadagni as Jenna Freeman Julianne Nicholson as Katrina `` Kat '' Withers Casey Siemaszko as Alton `` Hatch '' Hatcher Soo Garay as Melinda Hatcher Skye McCole Bartusiak as Pippa Hatcher Ron Perkins as Peter Godsoe Becky Ann Baker as Ursula Godsoe Cayda Rubin as Sally Godsoe Nancy Beatty as Octavia Godsoe Richard Fitzpatrick as Jonas Stanhope Kathleen Chalfant as Joanna Stanhope Myra Carter as Cora Stanhope Rita Tuckett as Martha Claredon Adam Zolotin as Davey Hopewell Gaylyn Britton as Mary Hopewell Michael Rhoades as Stan Hopewell Steve Rankin as Jack Carver Torri Higginson as Angela Carver Stephen Joffe as Buster Carver Adam LeFevre as Ferd Andrews Peter MacNeill as Sonny Brautigan Beth Dixon as Tess Merchant Leif Anderson as Johnny Harriman Marcia Laskowski as Linda St. Pierre Harley English - Dixon as Heidi St. Pierre Richard Blackburn as Andy Robichaux Jeremy Jordan as William `` Billy '' Soames Lynne Griffin as Jane Kingsbury Screenplay ( edit ) The screenplay for the miniseries was written by Stephen King expressly for television , and was published by Pocket Books just prior to the initial airing of Storm of the Century on ABC , while the mass market edition of the screenplay was published only as a trade paperback . A hardcover edition was published concurrently by the Book of the Month Club . The book contains an introduction in which King describes the genesis of the idea as it occurred to him in late 1996 , beginning to write it in December 1996 , and debating the format the story should take , either a novel or a screenplay , ending up writing a `` novel for television '' . Release and reception ( edit ) Storm of the Century aired on ABC on February 14 -- 18 , 1999 . It was released on DVD on June 22 the same year . The miniseries was well received by critics . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes counts six positive out of eight reviews . U.S. Television Ratings : No . Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) Storm of the Century , Part 1 February 14 , 1999 19.4 Storm of the Century , Part 2 February 15 , 1999 18.9 Storm of the Century , Part 3 February 18 , 1999 19.2 See also ( edit ) Media based on Stephen King works References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Introduction '' , Storm of the Century , Stephen King ( ISBN 978 - 0965796934 ) Jump up ^ Baxley , Craig R. ( director ) , King , Stephen ( writer ) ( June 22 , 1999 ) . Storm of the Century ( DVD ) . Lions Gate . ISBN 1573625779 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen King 's ' Storm of the Century ' ( 1999 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ HAITHMAN , DIANE ( 1999 - 02 - 20 ) . `` Arts And Entertainment Reports From The Times , News Services And The Nation 's Press '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Storm of the Century on IMDb Storm of the Century at AllMovie Storm of the Century at Rotten Tomatoes Stephen King Bibliography Short fiction Unpublished and uncollected Awards and nominations Novels Carrie ( 1974 ) ' Salem 's Lot ( 1975 ) The Shining ( 1977 ) The Stand ( 1978 ) The Dead Zone ( 1979 ) Firestarter ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1981 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Pet Sematary ( 1983 ) Cycle of the Werewolf ( 1983 ) The Talisman ( 1984 ) It ( 1986 ) The Eyes of the Dragon ( 1987 ) Misery ( 1987 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1987 ) The Dark Half ( 1989 ) Needful Things ( 1991 ) Gerald 's Game ( 1992 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1992 ) Insomnia ( 1994 ) Rose Madder ( 1995 ) The Green Mile ( 1996 ) Desperation ( 1996 ) Bag of Bones ( 1998 ) The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon ( 1999 ) The Plant ( 2000 ; unfinished ) Dreamcatcher ( 2001 ) Black House ( 2001 ) From a Buick 8 ( 2002 ) The Colorado Kid ( 2005 ) Cell ( 2006 ) Lisey 's Story ( 2006 ) Duma Key ( 2008 ) Under the Dome ( 2009 ) 11 / 22 / 63 ( 2011 ) Joyland ( 2013 ) Doctor Sleep ( 2013 ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2014 ) Revival ( 2014 ) Finders Keepers ( 2015 ) End of Watch ( 2016 ) Gwendy 's Button Box ( 2017 ) Sleeping Beauties ( 2017 ) The Outsider ( 2018 ) Elevation ( 2018 ) The Dark Tower series The Gunslinger ( 1982 ) The Drawing of the Three ( 1987 ) The Waste Lands ( 1991 ) Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Wolves of the Calla ( 2003 ) Song of Susannah ( 2004 ) The Dark Tower ( 2004 ) The Wind Through the Keyhole ( 2012 ) Richard Bachman novels Rage ( 1977 ) The Long Walk ( 1979 ) Roadwork ( 1981 ) The Running Man ( 1982 ) Thinner ( 1984 ) The Bachman Books ( 1985 ) The Regulators ( 1996 ) Blaze ( 2007 ) Short fiction collections Night Shift ( 1978 ) Different Seasons ( 1982 ) Skeleton Crew ( 1985 ) Four past Midnight ( 1990 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes ( 1993 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 1999 ) Everything 's Eventual ( 2002 ) Just After Sunset ( 2008 ) Full Dark , No Stars ( 2010 ) The Bazaar of Bad Dreams ( 2015 ) Non-fiction Danse Macabre ( 1981 ) Nightmares in the Sky ( 1988 ) On Writing ( 2000 ) Secret Windows ( 2000 ) Faithful ( 2004 ) `` Guns '' ( 2013 ) Screenplays Creepshow ( 1982 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ; also director ) Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) Teleplays `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) `` Chinga '' ( 1998 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Rose Red ( 2002 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Desperation ( 2006 ) `` Heads Will Roll '' ( 2014 ) Comics Heroes for Hope ( 1985 ) American Vampire ( 2010 ) Musical collaborations Michael Jackson 's Ghosts ( 1997 ) Black Ribbons ( 2010 ) Ghost Brothers of Darkland County ( 2012 ) Anthologies edited The Best American Short Stories 2007 ( 2007 ) Six Scary Stories ( 2016 ) Worlds and concepts Fictional locations of Maine Jerusalem 's Lot Castle Rock Derry Fictional books Multiverse All - World Dollar Baby Related articles List of adaptations Books about Stephen King Rock Bottom Remainders Philtrum Press Six Stories Stephen King Goes to the Movies Charlie the Choo - Choo Hearts in Suspension Tabitha King Joe Hill Owen King Book Works directed by Craig R. Baxley Action Jackson ( 1988 ) I Come in Peace ( 1990 ) Stone Cold ( 1991 ) Raven - Return of the Black Dragons ( 1992 ) Trucker 2 ( 1992 ) Sudden Fury ( 1993 ) Deep Red ( 1994 ) Undercover Sarah ( 1994 ) The Avenging Angel ( 1995 ) Shadow - Ops ( 1995 ) Twisted Desire ( 1996 ) Twilight Man ( 1996 ) Dark Instinct ( 1997 ) Bad Day on the Block ( 1997 ) Silencing Mary ( 1998 ) Chameleon II : Death Match ( 1999 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) A Touch of Hope ( 1999 ) Rose Red ( 2002 ) The Glow ( 2002 ) Sniper 2 ( 2003 ) The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer ( 2003 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Left Behind : World at War ( 2005 ) The Triangle ( 2005 ) The Lost Room ( 2006 ) Aces ' N ' Eights ( 2008 ) Adaptations of works by Stephen King Films The Shining ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1983 ) The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) The Running Man ( 1987 ) Tales from the Darkside : The Movie ( 1990 ) Graveyard Shift ( 1990 ) Misery ( 1990 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) Needful Things ( 1993 ) The Dark Half ( 1993 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1995 ) Thinner ( 1996 ) The Night Flier ( 1997 ) The Green Mile ( 1999 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 2001 ) Dreamcatcher ( 2003 ) Secret Window ( 2004 ) Riding the Bullet ( 2004 ) 1408 ( 2007 ) The Mist ( 2007 ) Dolan 's Cadillac ( 2009 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Mercy ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) The Dark Tower ( 2017 ) Gerald 's Game ( 2017 ) 1922 ( 2017 ) Carrie Carrie ( 1976 ) The Rage : Carrie 2 ( 1999 ) Carrie ( 2002 ) Carrie ( 2013 ) Creepshow Creepshow ( 1982 ) Creepshow 2 ( 1987 ) Creepshow 3 ( 2007 ) Children of the Corn Disciples of the Crow ( 1983 ) Children of the Corn ( 1984 ) The Final Sacrifice ( 1992 ) Urban Harvest ( 1995 ) The Gathering ( 1996 ) Fields of Terror ( 1998 ) Isaac 's Return ( 1999 ) Revelation ( 2001 ) Children of the Corn ( 2009 ) Genesis ( 2011 ) Runaway ( 2018 ) Different Seasons Stand by Me ( 1986 ) The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) Firestarter Firestarter ( 1984 ) Rekindled ( 2002 ) Trucks Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ) Trucks ( 1997 ) Pet Sematary Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Pet Sematary Two ( 1992 ) The Mangler The Mangler ( 1995 ) The Mangler 2 ( 2002 ) The Mangler Reborn ( 2005 ) The Lawnmower Man The Lawnmower Man ( 1992 ) Beyond Cyberspace ( 1996 ) It It ( 2017 ) It : Chapter Two ( 2019 ) TV films , episodes , and miniseries `` Gramma '' ( 1986 ) `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) It ( 1990 ) Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1993 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Langoliers ( 1995 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) Quicksilver Highway ( 1997 ) `` The Revelations of ' Becka Paulson '' ( 1997 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Stephen King 's Desperation ( 2006 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes : From the Stories of Stephen King ( 2006 ) Bag of Bones ( 2011 ) Big Driver ( 2014 ) Salem 's Lot Salem 's Lot ( 1979 ) A Return to Salem 's Lot ( 1987 ) Salem 's Lot ( 2004 ) Sometimes They Come Back Sometimes They Come Back ( 1991 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... Again ( 1996 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... for More ( 1998 ) Rose Red Rose Red ( 2002 ) The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer ( 2003 ) TV series The Dead Zone ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Haven ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Under the Dome ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 11.22. 63 ( 2016 ) The Mist ( 2017 ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2017 -- present ) Castle Rock ( TBA ) Operas Dolores Claiborne ( 2013 ) The Shining ( 2016 ) Book Saturn Award for Best Television Presentation Alien Nation : Millennium ( 1994 ) Alien Nation : Dark Horizon ( 1995 ) Doctor Who ( 1996 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Fail Safe ( 2000 ) Jack and the Beanstalk : The Real Story ( 2001 ) Steven Spielberg Presents Taken ( 2002 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 2003 ) Farscape : The Peacekeeper Wars ( 2004 ) Masters of Horror / The Triangle ( 2005 ) The Librarian : Return to King Solomon 's Mines ( 2006 ) Family Guy ( `` Blue Harvest '' ) ( 2007 ) The Librarian : Curse of the Judas Chalice ( 2008 ) Torchwood : Children of Earth ( 2009 ) The Walking Dead ( 2010 ) The Walking Dead ( 2011 ) Breaking Bad ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad ( 2013 ) Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Doctor Who : `` The Husbands of River Song ' '' ( 2015 ) 11.22. 63 ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storm_of_the_Century&oldid=829087348 '' Categories : 1999 television films 1999 American television series debuts 1999 American television series endings 1990s American television miniseries Films directed by Craig R. Baxley Screenplays by Stephen King Television shows set on islands Television shows set in Maine Television shows set in San Francisco Television series by Lionsgate Television Television series by Warner Bros. Television Demons in television Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2007 All articles needing additional references Articles needing cleanup from November 2015 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from November 2015 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from November 2015 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Svenska Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 March 2018 , at 15 : 36 . About Wikipedia | who played the devil in storm of the century | [
"A very powerful blizzard hits the fictional small town of Little Tall Island (also the setting of King's novel Dolores Claiborne) off the coast of Maine. The storm is so powerful that all access off the island is blocked, and no one is able to leave the island until the storm is over. While trying to deal with the storm, tragedy strikes when one of the town's residents is brutally murdered by André Linoge (Colm Feore), a menacing stranger who appears to know the town members' darkest secrets, and who gives no hint of his motives other than the cryptic statement \"Give me what I want, and I'll go away.\""
] | [
"Colm Feore"
] |
4913127039215089203 | Geography of India | Geography of India - Wikipedia Geography of India Jump to : navigation , search Geography of India Continent Asia Region South Asia Indian subcontinent 21 ° N 78 ° E / 21 ° N 78 ° E / 21 ; 78 Area Ranked 7th Total 3,287,263 km ( 1,269,219 sq mi ) Land 91 % Water 9 % Coastline 7,516.6 km ( 4,670.6 mi ) Borders Total land borders : 15,106.70 km ( 9,386.87 mi ) Bangladesh : 4,096.70 km ( 2,545.57 mi ) China ( PRC ) : 3,488 km ( 2,167 mi ) Pakistan : 3,323 km ( 2,065 mi ) Nepal : 1,751 km ( 1,088 mi ) Myanmar : 1,643 km ( 1,021 mi ) Bhutan : 699 km ( 434 mi ) Afghanistan : 106 km ( 66 mi ) Highest point Kangchenjunga 8,586 m ( 28,169 ft ) Lowest point Kuttanad − 2.2 m ( − 7.2 ft ) Longest river Ganga ( or Ganges ) 2,525 km ( 8,284,121 ft ) Largest lake Wular Lake 30 to 260 km2 ( 12 to 100 sq mi ) India lies on the Indian Plate , the northern portion of the Indo - Australian Plate , whose continental crust forms the Indian subcontinent . The country is situated north of the equator between 8 ° 4 ' to 37 ° 6 ' north latitude and 68 ° 7 ' to 97 ° 25 ' east longitude . It is the seventh - largest country in the world , with a total area of 3,287,263 square kilometres ( 1,269,219 sq mi ) . India measures 3,214 km ( 1,997 mi ) from north to south and 2,933 km ( 1,822 mi ) from east to west . It has a land frontier of 15,106.7 km ( 9,387 mi ) and a coastline of 7,516.6 km ( 4,671 mi ) . On the south , India projects into and is bounded by the Indian Ocean -- - in particular , by the Arabian Sea on the west , the Lakshadweep Sea to the southwest , the Bay of Bengal on the east , and the Indian Ocean proper to the South . The Palk Strait and Gulf of Mannar separate India from Sri Lanka to its immediate southeast , and the Maldives are some 125 kilometres ( 78 mi ) to the south of India 's Lakshadweep Islands across the Eight Degree Channel . India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands , some 1,200 kilometres ( 750 mi ) southeast of the mainland , share maritime borders with Myanmar , Thailand and Indonesia . Kanyakumari at 8 ° 4 ′ 41 '' N and 77 ° 55 ′ 230 '' E is the southernmost tip of the Indian mainland , while the southernmost point in India is Indira Point on Great Nicobar Island . Northernmost point which is under Indian administration is Indira Col , Siachen Glacier . India 's territorial waters extend into the sea to a distance of 12 nautical miles ( 13.8 mi ; 22.2 km ) from the coast baseline . The northern frontiers of India are defined largely by the Himalayan mountain range , where the country borders China , Bhutan , and Nepal . Its western border with Pakistan lies in the Karakoram range , Punjab Plains , the Thar Desert and the Rann of Kutch salt marshes . In the far northeast , the Chin Hills and Kachin Hills , deeply forested mountainous regions , separate India from Burma . On the east , its border with Bangladesh is largely defined by the Khasi Hills and Mizo Hills , and the watershed region of the Indo - Gangetic Plain . The Ganga is the longest river originating in India . The Ganga -- Brahmaputra system occupies most of northern , central , and eastern India , while the Deccan Plateau occupies most of southern India . Kanchanjhunga is the highest point , in the Indian state of Sikkim , is the highest point in India at 8,586 m ( 28,169 ft ) and the world 's 3rd highest peak . Climate across India ranges from equatorial in the far south , to alpine and tundra in the upper reaches of the Himalayas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geological development 2 Political geography 3 Physiographic regions 3.1 The Northern Mountains 3.2 The Peninsular Plateau 3.3 Indo - Gangetic plain 3.4 Thar Desert 3.5 Coasts 4 Islands 5 Bodies of water 6 Wetlands 7 Climate 8 Geology 9 Natural resources 10 Antipodes 11 See also 12 References 13 Cited sources 14 Further reading Geological development ( edit ) The Indian Plate Main article : Geology of India India is situated entirely on the Indian Plate , a major tectonic plate that was formed when it split off from the ancient continent Gondwanaland ( ancient landmass , consisting of the southern part of the supercontinent of Pangea ) . The Indo - Australian plate is subdivided into the Indian and Australian plates . About 90 million years ago , during the late Cretaceous Period , the Indian Plate began moving north at about 15 cm / year ( 6 in / yr ) . About 50 to 55 million years ago , in the Eocene Epoch of the Cenozoic Era , the plate collided with Asia after covering a distance of 2,000 to 3,000 km ( 1,243 to 1,864 mi ) , having moved faster than any other known plate . In 2007 , German geologists determined that the Indian Plate was able to move so quickly because it is only half as thick as the other plates which formerly constituted Gondwanaland . The collision with the Eurasian Plate along the modern border between India and Nepal formed the orogenic belt that created the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas . As of 2009 , the Indian Plate is moving northeast at 5 cm / yr ( 2 in / yr ) , while the Eurasian Plate is moving north at only 2 cm / yr ( 0.8 in / yr ) . India is thus referred to as the `` fastest continent '' . This is causing the Eurasian Plate to deform , and the Indian Plate to compress at a rate of 4 cm / yr ( 1.6 in / yr ) . Political Geography ( edit ) Main article : States and territories of India India is divided into 29 states ( further subdivided into districts ) and 6 union territories and 1 National capital territory ( I.e. , Delhi ) . Indian Kashmir , LoC and LAC India 's borders run a total length of 15,106.70 km ( 9,386.87 mi ) . Its borders with Pakistan and Bangladesh were delineated according to the Radcliffe Line , which was created in 1947 during Partition of India . Its western border with Pakistan extends up to 3,323 km ( 2,065 mi ) , dividing the Punjab region and running along the boundaries of the Thar Desert and the Rann of Kutch . This border runs along the Indian states of Jammu & Kashmir , Rajasthan , Gujarat , and Punjab . Both nations delineated a Line of Control ( LoC ) to serve as the informal boundary between the Indian and Pakistan - administered areas of Kashmir . According to India 's claim , it also shares a 106 km ( 66 mi ) border with Afghanistan in northwestern Kashmir , which is under Pakistani control . India 's border with Bangladesh runs 4,096.70 km ( 2,545.57 mi ) . West Bengal , Assam , Meghalaya , Tripura and Mizoram are the States which share the border with Bangladesh . Before 2015 , there were 92 enclaves of Bangladesh on Indian soil and 106 enclaves of India were on Bangladeshi soil . These enclaves were eventually exchanged in order to simplify the border . After the exchange , India lost roughly 40 km2 ( 10,000 acres ) to Bangladesh . The Line of Actual Control ( LAC ) is the effective border between India and the People 's Republic of China . It traverses 4,057 km along the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir , Uttarakhand , Himachal Pradesh , Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh . The border with Burma ( Myanmar ) extends up to 1,643 km ( 1,021 mi ) along the southern borders of India 's northeastern states viz . Arunachal Pradesh , Nagaland , Manipur and Mizoram . Located amidst the Himalayan range , India 's border with Bhutan runs 699 km ( 434 mi ) . Sikkim , West Bengal , Assam and Arunachal Pradesh are the States , which share the border with Bhutan . The border with Nepal runs 1,751 km ( 1,088 mi ) along the foothills of the Himalayas in northern India . Uttarakhand , Uttar Pradesh , Bihar , West Bengal and Sikkim are the States , which share the border with Nepal . The Siliguri Corridor , narrowed sharply by the borders of Bhutan , Nepal and Bangladesh , connects peninsular India with the northeastern states . Physiographic regions ( edit ) Topography map India can be divided into six physiographic regions . They are : Northern Mountains Peninsular Plateau Indo - Gangetic Plain Thar Desert Coastal Plains Islands The northern mountains ( edit ) Snow leopard at Hemis National Park , Jammu and Kashmir A great arc of mountains , consisting of the Himalayas of Nepal , Hindu Kush , and Patkai ranges define the northern Indian subcontinent . These were formed by the ongoing tectonic plates collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates . The mountains in these ranges include some of the world 's tallest mountains which act as a natural barrier to cold polar winds . They also facilitate the monsoon winds which in turn influence the climate in India . Rivers originating in these mountains flow through the fertile Indo -- Gangetic plains . These mountains are recognised by biogeographers as the boundary between two of the Earth 's great ecozones : the temperate Palearctic that covers most of Eurasia and the tropical and subtropical Indomalaya ecozone which includes the Indian subcontinent , Southeast Asia and Indonesia . The Himalayan range is the world 's highest mountain range , with its tallest peak Mt . Everest ( 8,848 metres ( 29,029 ft ) ) on the Nepal -- China border . They form India 's northeastern border , separating it from northeastern Asia . They are one of the world 's youngest mountain ranges and extend almost uninterrupted for 2,500 km ( 1,600 mi ) , covering an area of 500,000 km ( 190,000 sq mi ) . The Himalayas extend from Jammu and Kashmir in the north to Arunachal Pradesh in the east . These states along with Himachal Pradesh , Uttarakhand , and Sikkim lie mostly in the Himalayan region . Numerous Himalayan peaks rise over 7,000 m ( 23,000 ft ) and the snow line ranges between 6,000 m ( 20,000 ft ) in Sikkim to around 3,000 m ( 9,800 ft ) in Kashmir . Kanchenjunga -- on the Sikkim -- Nepal border -- is the highest point in the area administered by India . Most peaks in the Himalayas remain snowbound throughout the year . The Himalayas act as a barrier to the frigid katabatic winds flowing down from Central Asia . Thus , North India is kept warm or only mildly cooled during winter ; in summer , the same phenomenon makes India relatively hot . Mt . Kanchenjunga from Sikkim The Karakoram is situated in the disputed state of Jammu and Kashmir . It has more than sixty peaks above 7,000 m ( 23,000 ft ) , including K2 , the second highest peak in the world 8,611 m ( 28,251 ft ) . K2 is just 237 m ( 778 ft ) smaller than the 8,848 m ( 29,029 ft ) Mount Everest . The range is about 500 km ( 310 mi ) in length and the most heavily glaciated part of the world outside of the polar regions . The Siachen Glacier at 76 km ( 47 mi ) and the Biafo Glacier at 67 km ( 42 mi ) rank as the world 's second and third - longest glaciers outside the polar regions . Just to the west of the northwest end of the Karakoram , lies the Hindu Raj range , beyond which is the Hindu Kush range . The southern boundary of the Karakoram is formed by the Gilgit , Indus and Shyok rivers , which separate the range from the northwestern end of the Himalayas . The Patkai , or Purvanchal , are situated near India 's eastern border with Burma . They were created by the same tectonic processes which led to the formation of the Himalayas . The physical features of the Patkai mountains are conical peaks , steep slopes and deep valleys . The Patkai ranges are not as rugged or tall as the Himalayas . There are three hill ranges that come under the Patkai : the Patkai -- Bum , the Garo -- Khasi -- Jaintia and the Lushai hills . The Garo -- Khasi range lies in Meghalaya . Mawsynram , a village near Cherrapunji lying on the windward side of these hills , has the distinction of being the wettest place in the world , receiving the highest annual rainfall . The Vindhyas in central India The peninsular plateau ( edit ) The Vindhya range runs across most of central India , extending 1,050 km ( 650 mi ) . The average elevation of these hills is from 300 to 600 m ( 980 to 1,970 ft ) and rarely goes above 700 metres ( 2,300 ft ) . They are believed to have been formed by the wastes created by the weathering of the ancient Aravali mountains . Geographically , it separates Northern India from Southern India . The western end of the range lies in eastern Gujarat , near its border with Madhya Pradesh , and runs east and north , almost meeting the Ganges at Mirzapur Dry deciduous and thorny forests of plateau regions in India The Malwa Plateau is spread across Rajasthan , Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat . The average elevation of the Malwa plateau is 500 metres , and the landscape generally slopes towards the north . Most of the region is drained by the Chambal River and its tributaries ; the western part is drained by the upper reaches of the Mahi River . Kutch Kathiawar plateau Kutch Kathiawar plateau is located in Gujarat state . The Deccan Plateau is a large triangular plateau , bounded by the Vindhyas to the north and flanked by the Eastern and Western Ghats . The Deccan covers a total area of 1.9 million km2 ( 735,000 mile2 ) . It is mostly flat , with elevations ranging from 300 to 600 m ( 980 to 1,970 ft ) . The average elevation of the plateau is 2,000 feet ( 610 m ) above sea level . The surface slopes from 3,000 feet ( 910 m ) in the west to 1,500 feet ( 460 m ) in the east . It slopes gently from west to east and gives rise to several peninsular rivers such as the Godavari , the Krishna , the Kaveri and the Mahanadi which drain into the Bay of Bengal . This region is mostly semi-arid as it lies on the leeward side of both Ghats . Much of the Deccan is covered by thorn scrub forest scattered with small regions of deciduous broadleaf forest . Climate in the Deccan ranges from hot summers to mild winters . The Chota Nagpur Plateau is situated in eastern India , covering much of Jharkhand and adjacent parts of Odisha , Bihar and Chhattisgarh . Its total area is approximately 65,000 km ( 25,000 sq mi ) and is made up of three smaller plateaus -- the Ranchi , Hazaribagh , and Kodarma plateaus . The Ranchi plateau is the largest , with an average elevation of 700 m ( 2,300 ft ) . Much of the plateau is forested , covered by the Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forests . Vast reserves of metal ores and coal have been found in the Chota Nagpur plateau . The Kathiawar peninsula in western Gujarat is bounded by the Gulf of Kutch and the Gulf of Khambat . The natural vegetation in most of the peninsula is xeric scrub , part of the Northwestern thorn scrub forests ecoregion . The Satpura Range begins in eastern Gujarat near the Arabian Sea coast and runs east across Maharashtra , Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh . It extends 900 km ( 560 mi ) with many peaks rising above 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) . It is triangular in shape , with its apex at Ratnapuri and the two sides being parallel to the Tapti and Narmada rivers . It runs parallel to the Vindhya Range , which lies to the north , and these two east - west ranges divide the Indo -- Gangetic plain from the Deccan Plateau located north of River Narmada . The Aravali Range is the oldest mountain range in India , running across Rajasthan from northeast to southwest direction , extending approximately 800 km ( 500 mi ) . The northern end of the range continues as isolated hills and rocky ridges into Haryana , ending near Delhi . The highest peak in this range is Guru Shikhar at Mount Abu , rising to 1,722 m ( 5,650 ft ) , lying near the border with Gujarat . The Aravali Range is the eroded stub of an ancient fold mountain system . The range rose in a Precambrian event called the Aravali -- Delhi orogen . The range joins two of the ancient segments that make up the Indian craton , the Marwar segment to the northwest of the range , and the Bundelkhand segment to the southeast . The Western Ghats or Sahyadri mountains run along the western edge of India 's Deccan Plateau and separate it from a narrow coastal plain along the Arabian Sea . The range runs approximately 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) from south of the Tapti River near the Gujarat -- Maharashtra border and across Maharashtra , Goa , Karnataka , Kerala and Tamil Nadu to the southern tip of the Deccan peninsula . The average elevation is around 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) . Anai Mudi in the Anaimalai Hills 2,695 m ( 8,842 ft ) in Kerala is the highest peak in the Western Ghats . Western Ghats near Matheran Kolli Hills of the Eastern Ghats , Tamil Nadu The Eastern Ghats are a discontinuous range of mountains , which have been eroded and quadrisected by the four major rivers of southern India , the Godavari , Mahanadi , Krishna , and Kaveri . These mountains extend from West Bengal to Odisha , Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu , along the coast and parallel to the Bay of Bengal . Though not as tall as the Western Ghats , some of its peaks are over 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) in height . The Nilgiri hills in Tamil Nadu lies at the junction of the Eastern and Western Ghats . Arma Konda ( 1,680 m ( 5,510 ft ) ) in Andhra Pradesh is the tallest peak in Eastern Ghats . Dry Evergreen Forests along the Eastern Ghats , Andhra Pradesh Indo - Gangetic Plain ( edit ) Extent of the Indo - Gangetic plain across South Asia Many areas remain flooded during the heavy rains brought by monsoon in the Indian state of West Bengal . Main article : Indo - Gangetic plain The Indo - Gangetic plains , also known as the Great Plains are large alluvial plains dominated by three main rivers , the Indus , Ganges , and Brahmaputra . They run parallel to the Himalayas , from Jammu and Kashmir in the west to Assam in the east , and drain most of northern and eastern India . The plains encompass an area of 700,000 km ( 270,000 sq mi ) . The major rivers in this region are the Ganges , Indus , and Brahmaputra along with their main tributaries -- Yamuna , Chambal , Gomti , Ghaghara , Kosi , Sutlej , Ravi , Beas , Chenab , and Tista -- as well as the rivers of the Ganges Delta , such as the Meghna . The great plains are sometimes classified into four divisions : The Bhabar belt is adjacent to the foothills of the Himalayas and consists of boulders and pebbles which have been carried down by streams . As the porosity of this belt is very high , the streams flow underground . The Bhabar is generally narrow with its width varying between 6 to 15 km ( 3.7 to 9.3 mi ) . The Tarai belt lies south of the adjacent Bhabar region and is composed of newer alluvium . The underground streams reappear in this region . The region is excessively moist and thickly forested . It also receives heavy rainfall throughout the year and is populated with a variety of wildlife . The Bangar belt consists of older alluvium and forms the alluvial terrace of the flood plains . In the Gangetic plains , it has a low upland covered by laterite deposits . The Khadar belt lies in lowland areas after the Bangar belt . It is made up of fresh newer alluvium which is deposited by the rivers flowing down the plain . The Indo - Gangetic belt is the world 's most extensive expanse of uninterrupted alluvium formed by the deposition of silt by the numerous rivers . The plains are flat making it conducive for irrigation through canals . The area is also rich in ground water sources. The plains are one of the world 's most intensely farmed areas . The main crops grown are rice and wheat , which are grown in rotation . Other important crops grown in the region include maize , sugarcane and cotton . The Indo - Gangetic plains rank among the world 's most densely populated areas . Thar Desert ( edit ) Thar desert , Rajasthan Main article : Thar Desert The Thar Desert ( also known as the deserts ) is by some calculations the world 's seventh largest desert , by some others the tenth . It forms a significant portion of western India and covers an area of 200,000 to 238,700 km ( 77,200 to 92,200 sq mi ) . The desert continues into Pakistan as the Cholistan Desert . Most of the Thar Desert is situated in Rajasthan , covering 61 % of its geographic area . About 10 percent of this region comprises sand dunes , and the remaining 90 percent consist of craggy rock forms , compacted salt - lake bottoms , and interdunal and fixed dune areas . Annual temperatures can range from 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) in the winter to over 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) during the summer . Most of the rainfall received in this region is associated with the short July -- September southwest monsoon that brings 100 to 500 mm ( 3.9 to 19.7 in ) of precipitation . Water is scarce and occurs at great depths , ranging from 30 to 120 metres ( 98 to 394 ft ) below the ground level . Rainfall is precarious and erratic , ranging from below 120 mm ( 4.7 in ) in the extreme west to 375 mm ( 14.8 in ) eastward. The only river in this region is Luni . The soils of the arid region are generally sandy to sandy - loam in texture . The consistency and depth vary as per the topographical features . The low - lying loams are heavier may have a hard pan of clay , calcium carbonate or gypsum . In western India , the Kutch region in Gujarat and Koyna in Maharashtra are classified as a Zone IV region ( high risk ) for earthquakes . The Kutch city of Bhuj was the epicentre of the 2001 Gujarat earthquake , which claimed the lives of more than 1,337 people and injured 166,836 while destroying or damaging near a million homes . The 1993 Latur earthquake in Maharashtra killed 7,928 people and injured 30,000 . Other areas have a moderate to low risk of an earthquake occurring . Coasts ( edit ) Visakhapatnam beach view , Bay of Bengal , Andhra Pradesh ( The Eastern Coastal Plain is a wide stretch of land lying between the Eastern Ghats and the oceanic boundary of India . It stretches from Tamil Nadu in the south to West Bengal in the east . The Mahanadi , Godavari , Kaveri , and Krishna rivers drain these plains . The temperature in the coastal regions often exceeds 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) , and is coupled with high levels of humidity . The region receives both the northeast monsoon and southwest monsoon rains . ) The southwest monsoon splits into two branches , the Bay of Bengal branch and the Arabian Sea branch . ( The Bay of Bengal branch moves northwards crossing northeast India in early June . The Arabian Sea branch moves northwards and discharges much of its rain on the windward side of Western Ghats . Annual rainfall in this region averages between 1,000 and 3,000 mm ( 39 and 118 in ) . The width of the plains varies between 100 and 130 km ( 62 and 81 mi ) . The plains are divided into six regions -- the Mahanadi delta , the southern Andhra Pradesh plain , the Krishna - Godavari deltas , the Kanyakumari coast , the Coromandel Coast , and sandy coastal ) . The Western Coastal Plain is a narrow strip of land sandwiched between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea , ranging from 50 to 100 km ( 31 to 62 mi ) in width . It extends from Gujarat in the north and extends through Maharashtra , Goa , Karnataka , and Kerala . Numerous rivers and backwaters inundate the region . Mostly originating in the Western Ghats , the rivers are fast - flowing , usually perennial , and empty into estuaries . Major rivers flowing into the sea are the Tapi , Narmada , Mandovi and Zuari . Vegetation is mostly deciduous , but the Malabar Coast moist forests constitute a unique ecoregion . The Western Coastal Plain can be divided into two parts , the Konkan and the Malabar Coast . Varkala beach on Kerala 's coast , Arabian Sea Islands ( edit ) Aerial view of the Andaman Islands See also : List of islands of India ( The Lakshadweep and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are India 's two major island formations and are classified as union territories . The Lakshadweep Islands lie 200 to 440 km ( 120 to 270 mi ) off the coast of Kerala in the Arabian sea with an area of 32 km ( 12 sq mi ) . They consist of twelve atolls , three reefs , and five submerged banks , with a total of about 35 islands and islets . ) ( The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are located between 6 ° and 14 ° north latitude and 92 ° and 94 ° east longitude . They consist of 572 islands , lying in the Bay of Bengal near the Myanma coast running in a North - South axis for approximately 910 km . They are located 1,255 km ( 780 mi ) from Kolkata ( Calcutta ) and 193 km ( 120 mi ) from Cape Negrais in Burma . The territory consists of two island groups , the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands . The Andaman and Nicobar Islands consist of 572 islands which run in a North - South axis for around 910 km . The Andaman group has 325 islands which cover an area of 6,170 km2 ( 2,382 sq mi ) while the Nicobar group has only 247 islands with an area of 1,765 km2 ( 681 sq mi ) . India 's only active volcano , Barren Island is situated here . It last erupted in 2017 . The Narcondum is a dormant volcano and there is a mud volcano at Baratang . Indira Point , India 's southernmost land point , is situated in the Nicobar islands at 6 ° 45'10 '' N and 93 ° 49'36 '' E , and lies just 189 km ( 117 mi ) from the Indonesian island of Sumatra , to the southeast . The highest point is Mount Thullier at 642 m ( 2,106 ft ) . Other significant islands in India include Diu , a former Portuguese colony ; Majuli , a river island of the Brahmaputra ; Elephanta in Bombay Harbour ; and Sriharikota , a barrier island in Andhra Pradesh . Salsette Island is India 's most populous island on which the city of Mumbai ( Bombay ) is located . Forty - two islands in the Gulf of Kutch constitute the Marine National Park . Bodies of water ( edit ) Main article : Rivers of India India has around 14,500 km of inland navigable waterways . There are twelve rivers which are classified as major rivers , with the total catchment area exceeding 2,528,000 km ( 976,000 sq mi ) . All major rivers of India originate from one of the three main watersheds : The Himalaya and the Karakoram ranges Vindhya and Satpura range in central India Sahyadri or Western Ghats in western India The Himalayan river networks are snow - fed and have a perennial supply throughout the year . The other two river systems are dependent on the monsoons and shrink into rivulets during the dry season . The Himalayan rivers that flow westward into Punjab are the Indus , Jhelum , Chenab , Ravi , Beas , and Sutlej . Bhagirathi River at Gangotri , source river of the Ganges National Highway 31A winds along the banks of the Teesta River near Kalimpong ( West Bengal ) , in the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region . ( The Ganges - Brahmaputra - Meghana system has the largest catchment area of about 1,600,000 km ( 620,000 sq mi ) . The Ganges Basin alone has a catchment of about 1,100,000 km ( 420,000 sq mi ) . The Ganges originates from the Gangotri Glacier in Uttarakhand . It flows southeast , draining into the Bay of Bengal ) . ( The Yamuna and Gomti rivers also arise in the western Himalayas and join the Ganges in the plains . The Brahmaputra originates in Tibet , China , where it is known as the Yarlung Tsangpo River ) ( or `` Tsangpo '' ) . It enters India in the far - eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh , then flows west through Assam . The Brahmaputra merges with the Ganges in Bangladesh , where it is known as the Jamuna River . The Chambal , another tributary of the Ganges , via the Yamuna , originates from the Vindhya - Satpura watershed . The river flows eastward . Westward - flowing rivers from this watershed are the Narmada and Tapti , which drain into the Arabian Sea in Gujarat . The river network that flows from east to west constitutes 10 % of the total outflow . The Godavari River at Papi Hills ( The Western Ghats are the source of all Deccan rivers , which include the through Godavari River , Krishna River and Kaveri River , all draining into the Bay of Bengal . These rivers constitute 20 % of India 's total outflow ) . The heavy southwest monsoon rains cause the Brahmaputra and other rivers to distend their banks , often flooding surrounding areas . Though they provide rice paddy farmers with a largely dependable source of natural irrigation and fertilisation , such floods have killed thousands of people and tend to cause displacements of people in such areas . Major gulfs include the Gulf of Cambay , Gulf of Kutch , and the Gulf of Mannar . Straits include the Palk Strait , which separates India from Sri Lanka ; the Ten Degree Channel , which separates the Andamans from the Nicobar Islands ; ' and the Eight Degree Channel , which separates the Laccadive and Amindivi Islands from the Minicoy Island to the south . Important capes include the Kanyakumari ( formerly called Cape Comorin ) , the southern tip of mainland India ; Indira Point , the southernmost point in India ( on Great Nicobar Island ) ; Rama 's Bridge , and Point Calimere . The Arabian Sea lies to the west of India , the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean lie to the east and south , respectively . Smaller seas include the Laccadive Sea and the Andaman Sea . There are four coral reefs in India , located in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands , the Gulf of Mannar , Lakshadweep , and the Gulf of Kutch . Important lakes include Sambhar Lake , the country 's largest saltwater lake in Rajasthan , Vembanad Lake in Kerala , Kolleru Lake in Andhra Pradesh , Loktak Lake in Manipur , Dal Lake in Kashmir , Chilka Lake ( lagoon lake ) in Orrisa , and Sasthamkotta Lake in Kerala . Wetlands ( edit ) A map of the Indian Sunderbans in West Bengal Pichavaram Mangroves , Tamil Nadu India 's wetland ecosystem is widely distributed from the cold and arid located in the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir , and those with the wet and humid climate of peninsular India . Most of the wetlands are directly or indirectly linked to river networks . The Indian government has identified a total of 71 wetlands for conservation and are part of sanctuaries and national parks . Mangrove forests are present all along the Indian coastline in sheltered estuaries , creeks , backwaters , salt marshes and mudflats . The mangrove area covers a total of 4,461 km ( 1,722 sq mi ) , which comprises 7 % of the world 's total mangrove cover . Prominent mangrove covers are located in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands , the Sundarbans delta , the Gulf of Kutch and the deltas of the Mahanadi , Godavari and Krishna rivers . Parts of Maharashtra , Karnataka and Kerala also have large mangrove covers . The Sundarbans delta is home to the largest mangrove forest in the world . It lies at the mouth of the Ganges and spreads across areas of Bangladesh and West Bengal . The Sundarbans is a UNESCO World Heritage Site , but is identified separately as the Sundarbans ( Bangladesh ) and the Sundarbans National Park ( India ) . The Sundarbans are intersected by a complex network of tidal waterways , mudflats and small islands of salt - tolerant mangrove forests . The area is known for its diverse fauna , being home to a large variety of species of birds , spotted deer , crocodiles and snakes . Its most famous inhabitant is the Bengal tiger . It is estimated that there are now 400 Bengal tigers and about 30,000 spotted deer in the area . The Rann of Kutch is a marshy region located in northwestern Gujarat and the bordering Sindh province of Pakistan . It occupies a total area of 27,900 km ( 10,800 sq mi ) . The region was originally a part of the Arabian Sea . Geologic forces such as earthquakes resulted in the damming up of the region , turning it into a large saltwater lagoon . This area gradually filled with silt thus turning it into a seasonal salt marsh . During the monsoons , the area turn into a shallow marsh , often flooding to knee - depth . After the monsoons , the region turns dry and becomes parched . Climate ( edit ) India 's Köppen climate classification map is based on native vegetation , temperature , precipitation and their seasonality . Main articles : Climate of India and Climatic regions of India Based on the Köppen system , India hosts six major climatic subtypes , ranging from arid desert in the west , alpine tundra and glaciers in the north , and humid tropical regions supporting rainforests in the southwest and the island territories . The nation has four seasons : winter ( January -- February ) , summer ( March -- May ) , a monsoon ( rainy ) season ( June -- September ) and a post-monsoon period ( October -- December ) ' . The Himalayas act as a barrier to the frigid katabatic winds flowing down from Central Asia . ' Thus , North India is kept warm or only mildly cooled during winter ; in summer , the same phenomenon makes India relatively hot . Although the Tropic of Cancer -- the boundary between the tropics and subtropics -- passes through the middle of India , the whole country is considered to be tropical . Temperature averages in India ; units are in degree Celsius Summer lasts between March and June in most parts of India . Temperatures can exceed 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) during the day . The coastal regions exceed 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) coupled with high levels of humidity . In the Thar desert area temperatures can exceed 45 ° C ( 113 ° F ) . The rain - bearing monsoon clouds are attracted to the low - pressure system created by the Thar Desert . The southwest monsoon splits into two arms , the Bay of Bengal arm and the Arabian Sea arm . The Bay of Bengal arm moves northwards crossing northeast India in early June . The Arabian Sea arm moves northwards and deposits much of its rain on the windward side of Western Ghats . Winters in peninsula India see mild to warm days and cool nights . Further north the temperature is cooler . Temperatures in some parts of the Indian plains sometimes fall below freezing . Most of northern India is plagued by fog during this season . The highest temperature recorded in India was 51 ° C ( 124 ° F ) in Phalodi , Rajasthan . The lowest was − 45 ° C ( − 49 ° F ) in Kashmir . Geology ( edit ) Main article : Geology of India Eparchaean Unconformity of Detrital rocks of Tirumala Hills , Eastern Ghats India 's geological features are classified based on their era of formation . The Precambrian formations of Cudappah and Vindhyan systems are spread out over the eastern and southern states . A small part of this period is spread over western and central India . The Paleozoic formations from the Cambrian , Ordovician , Silurian and Devonian system are found in the Western Himalaya region in Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh . The Mesozoic Deccan Traps formation is seen over most of the northern Deccan ; they are believed to be the result of sub-aerial volcanic activity . The Trap soil is black in colour and conducive to agriculture . The Carboniferous system , Permian System and Triassic systems are seen in the western Himalayas . The Jurassic system is seen in the western Himalayas and Rajasthan . Geological regions of India Tertiary imprints are seen in parts of Manipur , Nagaland , Arunachal Pradesh and along the Himalayan belt . The Cretaceous system is seen in central India in the Vindhyas and part of the Indo - Gangetic plains . The Gondowana system is seen in the Narmada River area in the Vindhyas and Satpuras . The Eocene system is seen in the western Himalayas and Assam . Oligocene formations are seen in Kutch and Assam . The Pleistocene system is found over central India . The Andaman and Nicobar Island are thought to have been formed in this era by volcanoes . The Himalayas were formed by the convergence and deformation of the Indo - Australian and Eurasian Plates . Their continued convergence raises the height of the Himalayas by 1 cm each year . Soils in India can be classified into 8 categories : alluvial , black , red , laterite , forest , arid & desert , saline & alkaline and peaty & organic soils . Alluvial soil constitute the largest soil group in India , constituting 80 % of the total land surface . It is derived from the deposition of silt carried by rivers and are found in the Great Northern plains from Punjab to the Assam valley . Alluvial soil are generally fertile but they lack nitrogen and tend to be phosphoric . National Disaster Management Authority says that 60 % of Indian landmass is prone to earthquake and 8 % susceptible to cyclone risks . Black soil are well developed in the Deccan lava region of Maharashtra , Gujarat , and Madhya Pradesh . These contain high percentage of clay and are moisture retentive . Red soil are found in Tamil Nadu , Karnataka plateau , Andhra plateau , Chota Nagpur plateau and the Aravallis . These are deficient in nitrogen , phosphorus and humus . Laterite soils are formed in tropical regions with heavy rainfall . Heavy rainfall results in leaching out all soluble material of top layer of soil . These are generally found in Western ghats , Eastern ghats and hilly areas of northeastern states that receive heavy rainfall . Forest soils occur on the slopes of mountains and hills in Himalayas , Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats . These generally consist of large amounts of dead leaves and other organic matter called humus . Natural Resources ( edit ) Main article : Natural resources of India Indian coal production is the 3rd highest in the world according to the 2008 Indian Ministry of Mines estimates . Shown above is a coal mine in Jharkhand . India 's total renewable water resources are estimated at 1,907.8 km3 / year . Its annual supply of usable and replenshable groundwater amounts to 350 billion cubic metres . Only 35 % of groundwater resources are being utilised . About 44 million tonnes of cargo is moved annually through the country 's major rivers and waterways . Groundwater supplies 40 % of water in India 's irrigation canals. 56 % of the land is arable and used for agriculture . Black soils are moisture - retentive and are preferred for dry farming and growing cotton , linseed , etc . Forest soils are used for tea and coffee plantations . Red soil have a wide diffusion of iron content . Most of India 's estimated 5.4 billion barrels ( 860,000,000 m ) in oil reserves are located in the Mumbai High , upper Assam , Cambay , the Krishna - Godavari and Cauvery basins . India possesses about seventeen trillion cubic feet of natural gas in Andhra Pradesh , Gujarat and Odisha . Uranium is mined in Andhra Pradesh . India has 400 medium - to - high enthalpy thermal springs for producing geothermal energy in seven `` provinces '' -- the Himalayas , Sohana , Cambay , the Narmada - Tapti delta , the Godavari delta and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands ( specifically the volcanic Barren Island . ) India is the world 's biggest producer of mica blocks and mica splittings . India ranks second amongst the world 's largest producers of barites and chromites . The Pleistocene system is rich in minerals . India is the third - largest coal producer in the world and ranks fourth in the production of iron ore . It is the fifth - largest producer of bauxite , second largest of crude steel as of February 2018 replacing Japan , the seventh - largest of manganese ore and the eighth - largest of aluminium . India has significant sources of titanium ore , diamonds and limestone . India possesses 24 % of the world 's known and economically viable thorium , which is mined along shores of Kerala . Gold had been mined in the now - defunct Kolar Gold Fields in Karnataka . Antipodes ( edit ) The only land area antipodal to India is Easter Island , which is antipodal to the western corner of Rajasthan . The triangular island closely reflects the triangle between the cities of Mokal , Kuchchri , and Habur . Habur corresponds to Hanga Roa , and Mokal to the eastern cape . Photo Gallery Tso Moriri lake , Ladakh Valley of flowers , Uttarakhand Indo - Gangetic Plain Arawali Hills , near Ajmer Madhya Pradesh Shola in western ghats Anaimudi , the tallest mountain in South India Backwater in Kerala Minicoy island , Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar See also ( edit ) Geospatial Information Regulation Bill References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Report 2016 - 17 , Ministry of Home Affairs '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ India Yearbook , p. 1 Jump up ^ `` India '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . 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ISBN 0 - 446 - 52481 - 6 ... `` Land and Natural Resources '' . Terrain . Archived from the original on 22 February 2006 . Retrieved 6 June 2005 . 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economic issues Standard of living Water supply and sanitation Crime Culture Arts and entertainment Architecture Blogging Cinema Comics Webcomics Cuisine wine Dance Dress Folklore Festivals Literature Media television Martial arts Music Public holidays Sport Life in India Arts and Entertainment Caste Cinema Citizenship Climate Cuisine Culture Corruption Demographics Economy Education Ethnic relations Flag Geography Government History Holidays Languages Law Police Politics Poverty Literacy Military Religion Sports Transport Unemployment Aviation Geography of South Asia Mountains and plateaus Himalayas Mount Everest Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Aravalli Range Nilgiris Vindhya Range Satpura Range Garo Hills Shivalik Hills Mahabharat Range Khasi Hills Anaimalai Hills Cardamom Hills Sulaiman Mountains Toba Kakar Range Karakoram Hindu Kush Chittagong Hill Tracts Deccan Plateau Thar Desert Makran Chota Nagpur Naga Hills Mysore Plateau Ladakh Plateau Gandhamardan Hills Malwa Lushai Hills Lowlands and islands Indo - Gangetic plain Doab Indus Valley Indus River Delta Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Terai Atolls of the Maldives Coromandel Coast Konkan Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Sundarbans Reserve Forest Greater Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Protected areas in Tamil Nadu By country India Pakistan Nepal Bhutan Sri Lanka Bangladesh Maldives Afghanistan Geography of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_India&oldid=843266769 '' Categories : Geography of India Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from June 2017 Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Español Euskara فارسی Français हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Shqip Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 00 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the total length of indian coastal area | [
"\nGeography of India\n\n\n\n\nContinent\nAsia\n\n\nRegion\nSouth Asia\nIndian subcontinent\n\n\nCoordinates\n21°N 78°E / 21°N 78°E / 21; 78\n\n\nArea\nRanked 7th\n\n\n • Total\n3,287,263 km2 (1,269,219 sq mi)\n\n\n • Land\n91%\n\n\n • Water\n9%\n\n\nCoastline\n7,516.6 km (4,670.6 mi)\n\n\nBorders\nTotal land borders:[1]\n15,106.70 km (9,386.87 mi)\nBangladesh:\n4,096.70 km (2,545.57 mi)\nChina (PRC):\n3,488 km (2,167 mi)\nPakistan:\n3,323 km (2,065 mi)\nNepal:\n1,751 km (1,088 mi)\nMyanmar:\n1,643 km (1,021 mi)\nBhutan:\n699 km (434 mi)\nAfghanistan:\n106 km (66 mi)\n\n\nHighest point\nKangchenjunga\n8,586 m (28,169 ft)\n\n\nLowest point\nKuttanad\n−2.2 m (−7.2 ft)\n\n\nLongest river\nGanga (or Ganges)\n2,525 km (8,284,121 ft)\n\n\nLargest lake\nWular Lake\n30 to 260 km² (12 to 100 sq mi)\n\n"
] | [
"7,516.6 km (4,670.6 mi)"
] |
4116462379434481245 | United States presidential election, 2016 | United states presidential Election , 2016 - Wikipedia United states presidential Election , 2016 Jump to : navigation , search United States presidential election , 2016 ← 2012 November 8 , 2016 2020 → 538 members of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win Turnout 55.7 % 0.8 pp Nominee Donald Trump Hillary Clinton Party Republican Democratic Home state New York New York Running mate Mike Pence Tim Kaine Electoral vote 304 227 States carried 30 + ME - 02 20 + DC Popular vote 62,984,825 65,853,516 Percentage 7001461000000000000 ♠ 46.1 % 7001482000000000000 ♠ 48.2 % Presidential election results map . Red denotes states won by Trump / Pence , blue denotes those won by Clinton / Kaine . Numbers indicate electoral votes allotted to the winner of each state . Faithless votes : Colin Powell 3 ( WA ) , John Kasich 1 ( TX ) , Ron Paul 1 ( TX ) , Bernie Sanders 1 ( HI ) , Faith Spotted Eagle 1 ( WA ) President before election Barack Obama Democratic Elected President Donald Trump Republican 2016 U.S. presidential election Timeline General election debates Parties Polling national statewide by demographics international Newspaper endorsements primary general Russian interference Social media International reactions Electors Recounts Faithless electors Republican Party Primaries Candidates Debates and forums Polling national statewide straw polls Endorsements Results Nominee Convention Democratic Party Primaries Candidates Debates and forums Polling national statewide straw polls Endorsements Results Nominee Convention Superdelegates Third parties Third party and independent candidates Libertarian Party primaries debates nominee convention Green Party primaries debates nominee convention Constitution Party primaries nominee Independents McMullin Related races House Senate Governors Vice President Democratic Republican 2012 ← 2016 → 2020 The United States presidential election of 2016 was the 58th quadrennial American presidential election , held on Tuesday , November 8 , 2016 . In a surprise victory , the Republican ticket of businessman Donald Trump and Indiana Governor Mike Pence defeated the Democratic ticket of former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and U.S. Senator from Virginia Tim Kaine despite losing the plurality of the popular vote . Trump took office as the 45th President , and Pence as the 48th Vice President , on January 20 , 2017 . Incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama was ineligible to be elected to a third term due to the term limits established by the 22nd Amendment . Concurrent with the presidential election , Senate , House , and many gubernatorial and state and local elections were also held on November 8 . Clinton secured the Democratic nomination after fending off a primary challenge from Senator Bernie Sanders . Amidst a wide Republican field , Trump emerged as the front - runner , defeating Ted Cruz , Marco Rubio , John Kasich , Jeb Bush and other candidates . Clinton ran on a platform of continuing and expanding President Obama 's policies , emphasizing issues of racial , LGBT , and women 's rights , and `` inclusive capitalism '' ; whereas Trump promised to `` Make America Great Again '' by implementing a populist and nationalist agenda , opposing political correctness , illegal immigration , and many free - trade agreements . The tone of the general election campaign was widely characterized as divisive and negative , with both candidates beleaguered by controversy . Trump made numerous controversial remarks about race and immigration , was accused of inciting violence against protestors at his rallies , and faced multiple allegations of sexual misconduct ( which he denied ) , but was also able to garner extensive free media coverage . Clinton , whose public approval ratings had declined sharply since the end of her tenure as Secretary of State , was dogged by an FBI investigation of her improper use of a private email server , while her assertion that `` half '' of Trump 's supporters were bigoted `` deplorables '' met with polarized reactions . Nevertheless , Clinton held the lead in nearly every pre-election nationwide poll and in most swing states . Voters selected members of the Electoral College in each state , in most cases by `` winner - takes - all '' plurality ; those state electors in turn voted for a new president and vice president on December 19 , 2016 . While Clinton received about 2.9 million more votes nationwide , a margin of 2.1 % , Trump won 30 states with a total of 306 electors , or 57 % of the 538 available . He won the three perennial swing states of Florida , Ohio , and Iowa , as well as the three `` blue wall '' stronghold states of Michigan , Pennsylvania , and Wisconsin . He also won Maine 's 2nd congressional district , which had not been won by a Republican presidential candidate since 1988 . Leading up to the election , a Trump victory was considered unlikely by almost all media forecasts . After his victory was assured , some commentators compared the election to President Harry S. Truman 's victorious campaign in 1948 as one of the greatest political upsets in modern American history . In the Electoral College vote on December 19 , seven electors voted against their pledged candidates : two against Trump and five against Clinton . A further three electors attempted to vote against Clinton but were replaced or forced to vote again . Ultimately , Trump received 304 electoral votes and Clinton garnered 227 , while Colin Powell won three , and John Kasich , Ron Paul , Bernie Sanders , and Faith Spotted Eagle each received one . Trump is the fifth person in U.S. history to become president while losing the nationwide popular vote . He is the first president without any prior experience in public service or the military , as well as the wealthiest and the oldest at inauguration , while Clinton was the first woman to be the presidential nominee of a major American party . On January 6 , 2017 , the United States government 's intelligence agencies concluded that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 United States elections . A joint U.S. intelligence community review ordered by President Barack Obama stated with high confidence that `` Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered an influence campaign in 2016 aimed at the US presidential election . Russia 's goals were to undermine public faith in the US democratic process , denigrate Secretary Clinton , and harm her electability and potential presidency . '' Investigations about potential collusion between the Trump campaign and Russian officials were started by the Federal Bureau of Investigation , the Senate Intelligence Committee , and the House Intelligence Committee . Former FBI Director Robert Mueller was appointed as special counsel in May 2017 by Acting Attorney General Rod Rosenstein to oversee the ongoing investigation into links between Donald Trump 's 2016 presidential campaign and the Russian government as part of the election interference and any related illegal acts . President Donald Trump has repeatedly criticized these intelligence claims , citing a lack of evidence and repeatedly calling the claims a `` hoax '' and `` fake news '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Primary process 3 Nominations 3.1 Republican Party 3.1. 1 Primaries 3.1. 2 Nominees 3.1. 3 Other major candidates 3.1. 4 Vice presidential selection 3.2 Democratic Party 3.2. 1 Primaries 3.2. 2 Nominees 3.2. 3 Other major candidates 3.2. 4 Vice presidential selection 3.3 Third parties and independents 3.3. 1 Libertarian Party 3.3. 2 Green Party 3.3. 3 Independents 3.3. 4 Constitution Party 3.3. 5 Other nominations 3.3. 6 Candidates gallery 4 General election campaign 4.1 Ballot access 4.2 Party conventions 4.3 Campaign finance 4.4 Newspaper endorsements 4.5 Russian involvement 5 Notable expressions , phrases , and statements 6 Debates 6.1 Primary election debates 6.2 General election debates 7 Results 7.1 Candidates table 7.2 Results by state 7.3 Close races 7.3. 1 Breakdown by ticket 7.4 Battleground states 7.5 Maps 7.6 Voter demographics 7.7 Forecasting 7.8 Viewership 8 Post-election events and controversies 8.1 Protests 8.2 Vote tampering concerns 8.3 Recount petitions 8.4 Electoral College lobbying 8.5 Faithless electors 8.6 Trump presidential election milestones 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Background Barack Obama , the incumbent president in 2016 , whose second term expired at noon on January 20 , 2017 Further information : United States presidential election § Procedure Article Two of the United States Constitution provides that the President and Vice President of the United States must be natural - born citizens of the United States , at least 35 years old , and residents of the United States for a period of at least 14 years . Candidates for the presidency typically seek the nomination of one of the political parties , in which case each party devises a method ( such as a primary election ) to choose the candidate the party deems best suited to run for the position . Traditionally , the primary elections are indirect elections where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate . The party 's delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the party 's behalf . The general election in November is also an indirect election , where voters cast ballots for a slate of members of the Electoral College ; these electors in turn directly elect the President and Vice President . President Barack Obama , a Democrat and former U.S. Senator from Illinois , was ineligible to seek reelection to a third term due to the restrictions of the Twenty - second Amendment ; in accordance with Section I of the Twentieth Amendment , his term expired at noon on January 20 , 2017 . Primary process The series of presidential primary elections and caucuses took place between February and June 2016 , staggered among the 50 states , the District of Columbia and U.S. territories . This nominating process was also an indirect election , where voters cast ballots for a slate of delegates to a political party 's nominating convention , who in turn elected their party 's presidential nominee . Speculation about the 2016 campaign began almost immediately following the 2012 campaign , with New York magazine declaring the race had begun in an article published on November 8 , two days after the 2012 election . On the same day , Politico released an article predicting the 2016 general election would be between Clinton and former Florida Governor Jeb Bush , while a New York Times article named New Jersey Governor Chris Christie and Senator Cory Booker from New Jersey as potential candidates . Nominations Republican Party This article is part of a series about Donald Trump President of the United States Incumbent Presidency Transition Inauguration Timeline Executive actions Proclamations Polls Protests Trips Appointments Cabinet formation Ambassadors Federal judges Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court candidates U.S. Attorneys Dismissals Sally Yates Michael Flynn James Comey Rex Tillerson Policy positions Economy tariffs Environment Paris withdrawal Foreign policy as candidate as President Immigration Social issues cannabis International trips 2017 summits Saudi Arabia arms deal NATO , Belgium G7 , Italy G20 , Germany APEC , Vietnam 2018 summits World Economic Forum , Switzerland Presidential election 2016 campaign Rallies Primaries Convention Endorsements Debates Never Trump Republican opposition Sexual misconduct allegations 2020 campaign Russia controversies Business projects in Russia Election interference timeline Trump -- Russia dossier Classified information disclosure Links of associates with Russian officials Trump campaign -- Russian meetings Special Counsel investigation Business and personal Business career The Trump Organization Books Eponyms Family Foundation Legal affairs Racial views Residences Social media The Apprentice franchise Primaries Main article : Republican Party presidential primaries , 2016 With seventeen major candidates entering the race , starting with Ted Cruz on March 23 , 2015 , this was the largest presidential primary field for any political party in American history . Prior to the Iowa caucuses on February 1 , 2016 , Perry , Walker , Jindal , Graham and Pataki withdrew due to low polling numbers . Despite leading many polls in Iowa , Trump came in second to Cruz , after which Huckabee , Paul and Santorum withdrew due to poor performances at the ballot box . Following a sizable victory for Trump in the New Hampshire primary , Christie , Fiorina and Gilmore abandoned the race . Bush followed suit after scoring fourth place to Trump , Rubio and Cruz in South Carolina . On March 1 , 2016 , the first of four `` Super Tuesday '' primaries , Rubio won his first contest in Minnesota , Cruz won Alaska , Oklahoma and his home of Texas and Trump won the other seven states that voted . Failing to gain traction , Carson suspended his campaign a few days later . On March 15 , 2016 , the second `` Super Tuesday '' , Kasich won his only contest in his home state of Ohio and Trump won five primaries including Florida . Rubio suspended his campaign after losing his home state . Between March 16 and May 3 , 2016 , only three candidates remained in the race : Trump , Cruz and Kasich . Cruz won the most delegates in four Western contests and in Wisconsin , keeping a credible path to denying Trump the nomination on first ballot with 1,237 delegates . Trump then augmented his lead by scoring landslide victories in New York and five Northeastern states in April , followed by a decisive victory in Indiana on May 3 , 2016 , securing all 57 of the state 's delegates . Without any further chances of forcing a contested convention , both Cruz and Kasich suspended their campaigns . Trump remained the only active candidate and was declared the presumptive Republican nominee by Republican National Committee chairman Reince Priebus on the evening of May 3 , 2016 . Nominees Republican Party ticket , 2016 Donald Trump Mike Pence for President for Vice President Chairman of The Trump Organization ( 1971 -- 2017 ) 50th Governor of Indiana ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Campaign Other major candidates Main article : Republican Party presidential candidates , 2016 Major candidates were determined by the various media based on common consensus . The following were invited to sanctioned televised debates based on their poll ratings . Trump received 14,010,177 total votes in the primary . Trump , Cruz , Rubio and Kasich each won at least one primary , with Trump receiving the highest number of votes and Ted Cruz receiving the second highest . Candidates in this section are sorted by reverse date of withdrawal from the primaries John Kasich Ted Cruz Marco Rubio Ben Carson Jeb Bush Jim Gilmore Carly Fiorina Chris Christie 69th Governor of Ohio ( 2011 -- present ) U.S. Senator from Texas ( 2013 -- present ) U.S. Senator from Florida ( 2011 -- present ) Dir. of Pediatric Neurosurgery , Johns Hopkins Hospital ( 1984 -- 2013 ) 43rd Governor of Florida ( 1999 -- 2007 ) 68th Governor of Virginia ( 1998 -- 2002 ) CEO of Hewlett - Packard ( 1999 -- 2005 ) 55th Governor of New Jersey ( 2010 -- 2018 ) Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign W : May 4 4,287,479 votes W : May 3 7,811,110 votes W : Mar 15 3,514,124 votes W : Mar 4 857,009 votes W : Feb 20 286,634 votes W : Feb 12 18,364 votes W : Feb 10 40,577 votes W : Feb 10 57,634 votes Rand Paul Rick Santorum Mike Huckabee George Pataki Lindsey Graham Bobby Jindal Scott Walker Rick Perry U.S. Senator from Kentucky ( 2011 -- present ) U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania ( 1995 -- 2007 ) 44th Governor of Arkansas ( 1996 -- 2007 ) 53rd Governor of New York ( 1995 -- 2006 ) U.S. Senator from South Carolina ( 2003 -- present ) 55th Governor of Louisiana ( 2008 -- 2016 ) 45th Governor of Wisconsin ( 2011 -- present ) 47th Governor of Texas ( 2000 -- 2015 ) Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign W : Feb 3 66,781 votes W : Feb 3 16,622 votes W : Feb 1 51,436 votes W : December 29 , 2015 2,036 votes W : December 21 , 2015 5,666 votes W : November 17 , 2015 222 votes W : September 21 , 2015 1 write - in vote in New Hampshire W : September 11 , 2015 1 write - in vote in New Hampshire Vice presidential selection Main article : Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection , 2016 Trump turned his attention towards selecting a running mate after he became the presumptive nominee on May 4 , 2016 . In mid-June , Eli Stokols and Burgess Everett of Politico reported that the Trump campaign was considering New Jersey Governor Chris Christie , former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich from Georgia , Senator Jeff Sessions of Alabama , and Oklahoma Governor Mary Fallin . A June 30 report from The Washington Post also included Senators Bob Corker from Tennessee , Richard Burr from North Carolina , Tom Cotton from Arkansas , Joni Ernst from Iowa , and Indiana Governor Mike Pence as individuals still being considered for the ticket . Trump also stated that he was considering two military generals for the position , including retired Lieutenant General Michael Flynn . In July 2016 , it was reported that Trump had narrowed his list of possible running mates down to three : Christie , Gingrich , and Pence . On July 14 , 2016 , several major media outlets reported that Trump had selected Pence as his running mate . Trump confirmed these reports in a message on Twitter on July 15 , 2016 , and formally made the announcement the following day in New York . On July 19 , the second night of the 2016 Republican National Convention , Pence won the Republican vice presidential nomination by acclamation . Democratic Party This article is part of a series about Hillary Clinton Political positions Electoral history Clinton Foundation State Department controversy Onward Together U.S. Secretary of State Tenure Obama 's foreign policy QDDR Email controversy Hillary Doctrine Campaign for the presidency 2016 Primaries Convention Endorsements political non-political Campaign for the presidency 2008 Primaries Endorsements U.S. Senator from New York Tenure 2000 election 2006 re-election First Lady of the United States Role Health care plan SCHIP Whitewater and other investigations Response to Lewinsky scandal Awards and honors Books Primaries Main article : Democratic Party presidential primaries , 2016 Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton , who also served in the U.S. Senate and was the First Lady of the United States , became the first woman to formally launch a major candidacy for the presidency . Clinton made the announcement on April 12 , 2015 , via a video message . While nationwide opinion polls in 2015 indicated that Clinton was the front - runner for the 2016 Democratic presidential nomination , she faced extreme challenges from Independent Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont , who became the second major candidate when he formally announced on April 30 , 2015 , that he was running for the Democratic nomination . September 2015 polling numbers indicated a narrowing gap between Clinton and Sanders . On May 30 , 2015 , former Governor of Maryland Martin O'Malley was the third major candidate to enter the Democratic primary race , followed by former Independent Governor and Republican Senator of Rhode Island Lincoln Chafee on June 3 , 2015 , former Virginia Senator Jim Webb on July 2 , 2015 , and former Harvard law professor Lawrence Lessig on September 6 , 2015 . On October 20 , 2015 , Webb announced his withdrawal from the Democratic primaries , and explored a potential Independent run . The next day Vice-President Joe Biden decided not to run , ending months of speculation , stating , `` While I will not be a candidate , I will not be silent . '' On October 23 , Chafee withdrew , stating that he hoped for `` an end to the endless wars and the beginning of a new era for the United States and humanity '' . On November 2 , after failing to qualify for the second DNC - sanctioned debate after adoption of a rule change negated polls which before might have necessitated his inclusion in the debate , Lessig withdrew as well , narrowing the field to Clinton , O'Malley , and Sanders . On February 1 , 2016 , in an extremely close contest , Clinton won the Iowa caucuses by a margin of 0.2 points over Sanders . After winning no delegates in Iowa , O'Malley withdrew from the presidential race that day . On February 9 , Sanders bounced back to win the New Hampshire primary with 60 % of the vote . In the remaining two February contests , Clinton won the Nevada caucuses with 53 % of the vote and scored a decisive victory in the South Carolina primary with 73 % of the vote . On March 1 , 11 states participated in the first of four `` Super Tuesday '' primaries . Clinton won Alabama , Arkansas , Georgia , Massachusetts , Tennessee , Texas , and Virginia and 504 pledged delegates , while Sanders won Colorado , Minnesota , Oklahoma and his home state of Vermont and 340 delegates . The following weekend , Sanders won victories in Kansas , Nebraska and Maine with 15 -- 30 - point margins , while Clinton won the Louisiana primary with 71 % of the vote . On March 8 , despite never having a lead in the Michigan primary , Sanders won by a small margin of 1.5 points and outperforming polls by over 19 points , while Clinton won 83 % of the vote in Mississippi . On March 15 , the second `` Super Tuesday '' , Clinton won in Florida , Illinois , Missouri , North Carolina and Ohio . Between March 22 and April 9 , Sanders won six caucuses in Idaho , Utah , Alaska , Hawaii , Washington and Wyoming , as well as the Wisconsin primary , while Clinton won the Arizona primary . On April 19 , Clinton won the New York primary with 58 % of the vote . On April 26 , in the third `` Super Tuesday '' dubbed the `` Acela primary '' , she won contests in Connecticut , Delaware , Maryland and Pennsylvania , while Sanders won in Rhode Island . Over the course of May , Sanders accomplished another surprise win in the Indiana primary and also won in West Virginia and Oregon , while Clinton won the Guam caucus and Kentucky primary . On June 4 and 5 , Clinton won two victories in the Virgin Islands caucus and Puerto Rico primary . On June 6 , 2016 , the Associated Press and NBC News reported that Clinton had become the presumptive nominee after reaching the required number of delegates , including pledged delegates and superdelegates , to secure the nomination , becoming the first woman to ever clinch the presidential nomination of a major United States political party . On June 7 , Clinton secured a majority of pledged delegates after winning primaries in California , New Jersey , New Mexico and South Dakota , while Sanders only won in Montana and North Dakota . Clinton also won the final primary in the District of Columbia on June 14 . At the conclusion of the primary process , Clinton had won 2,204 pledged delegates ( 54 % of the total ) awarded by the primary elections and caucuses , while Sanders had won 1,847 ( 46 % ) . Out of the 714 unpledged delegates or `` superdelegates '' who were set to vote in the convention in July , Clinton received endorsements from 560 ( 78 % ) , while Sanders received 47 ( 7 % ) . Although Sanders had not formally dropped out of the race , he announced on June 16 , 2016 , that his main goal in the coming months would be to work with Clinton to defeat Trump in the general election . On July 8 , appointees from the Clinton campaign , the Sanders campaign , and the Democratic National Committee negotiated a draft of the party 's platform . On July 12 , Sanders formally endorsed Clinton at a rally in New Hampshire in which he appeared with her . Nominees Democratic Party ticket , 2016 Hillary Clinton Tim Kaine for President for Vice President 67th U.S. Secretary of State ( 2009 -- 2013 ) U.S. Senator from Virginia ( 2013 -- present ) Campaign Other major candidates Main article : Democratic Party presidential candidates , 2016 The following candidates were frequently interviewed by major broadcast networks and cable news channels , or were listed in publicly published national polls . Lessig was invited to one forum , but withdrew when rules were changed which prevented him from participating in officially sanctioned debates . Clinton received 16,849,779 votes in the primary . Candidates in this section are sorted by date of withdrawal from the primaries Bernie Sanders Martin O'Malley Lawrence Lessig Lincoln Chafee Jim Webb U.S. Senator from Vermont ( 2007 -- present ) 61st Governor of Maryland ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Harvard Law professor ( 2009 -- 2016 ) 74th Governor of Rhode Island ( 2011 -- 2015 ) U.S. Senator from Virginia ( 2007 -- 2013 ) Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign LN : July 26 , 2016 13,167,848 votes W : February 1 , 2016 110,423 votes W : November 2 , 2015 4 write - in votes in New Hampshire W : October 23 , 2015 0 votes W : October 20 , 2015 2 write - in votes in New Hampshire Vice presidential selection Main article : Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection , 2016 In April 2016 , the Clinton campaign began to compile a list of 15 to 20 individuals to vet for the position of running mate , even though Sanders continued to challenge Clinton in the Democratic primaries . In mid-June , The Wall Street Journal reported that Clinton 's shortlist included Representative Xavier Becerra from California , Senator Cory Booker from New Jersey , Senator Sherrod Brown from Ohio , Housing and Urban Development Secretary Julián Castro from Texas , Mayor of Los Angeles Eric Garcetti from California , Senator Tim Kaine from Virginia , Labor Secretary Tom Perez from Maryland , Representative Tim Ryan from Ohio , and Senator Elizabeth Warren from Massachusetts . Subsequent reports stated that Clinton was also considering Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack , retired Admiral James Stavridis , and Governor John Hickenlooper of Colorado . In discussing her potential vice presidential choice , Clinton stated that the most important attribute she looked for was the ability and experience to immediately step into the role of president . On July 22 , Clinton announced that she had chosen Senator Tim Kaine from Virginia as her running mate . The delegates at the 2016 Democratic National Convention , which took place July 25 -- 28 , formally nominated the Democratic ticket . Third parties and independents Campaign signs of third - party candidates Jill Stein and Gary Johnson , October 2016 in St. Johnsbury , Vermont Third party and independent candidates that have obtained more than 100,000 votes nationally and one percent of the vote in at least one state , are listed separately . Libertarian Party Main articles : Libertarian Party ( United States ) and Libertarian Party presidential primaries , 2016 Gary Johnson , 29th Governor of New Mexico . Vice-presidential nominee : Bill Weld , 68th Governor of Massachusetts Gary Johnson , Libertarian Party This article is part of a series about Gary Johnson Political positions Governor of New Mexico 1994 election 1998 re-election Campaign for the Presidency 2012 2012 Libertarian Convention Campaign for the Presidency 2016 2016 Libertarian Convention Primaries Campaign endorsements Our America Initiative This article is part of a series about Bill Weld Political ideology Libertarian Party Vice presidential nomination Convention Primaries Election 2016 New York gubernatorial campaign U.S. Senate campaign Governor of Massachusetts 1990 election 1994 re-election U.S. Attorney for Massachusetts Additional Party Endorsements : Independence Party of New York Ballot access to all 538 electoral votes Nominees Libertarian Party ticket , 2016 Gary Johnson William Weld for President for Vice President 29th Governor of New Mexico ( 1995 -- 2003 ) 68th Governor of Massachusetts ( 1991 -- 1997 ) Campaign Green Party Main articles : Green Party of the United States and Green Party presidential primaries , 2016 Jill Stein , physician from Lexington , Massachusetts . Vice-presidential nominee : Ajamu Baraka , activist from Washington , DC Jill Stein , Green Party This article is part of a series about Jill Stein Political positions Green New Deal Campaign for the Presidency 2016 Convention Primaries Campaign endorsements Election recounts Campaign for the Presidency 2012 Convention Primaries Political Parties Green - Rainbow Party Green Party of the United States Career Massachusetts gubernatorial election , 2010 Ballot access to 480 electoral votes ( 522 with write - in ) : -- map As write - in : Georgia , Indiana , North Carolina Ballot access lawsuit pending : Oklahoma No ballot access : Nevada , South Dakota Nominees Green Party ticket , 2016 Jill Stein Ajamu Baraka for President for Vice President Physician from Lexington , Massachusetts Activist from Washington , DC Campaign Independents Main article : Evan McMullin presidential campaign , 2016 Evan McMullin , chief policy director for the House Republican Conference . Vice-presidential nominee : Mindy Finn , president of Empowered Women . Evan McMullin , Independents Additional Party Endorsement : Independence Party of Minnesota , South Carolina Independence Party Ballot access to 84 electoral votes ( 451 with write - in ) : -- map As write - in : Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , California , Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Illinois , Kansas , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , Michigan , Missouri , Montana , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Dakota , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Tennessee , Texas , Vermont , Washington , West Virginia , Wisconsin No ballot access : District of Columbia , Florida , Hawaii , Indiana , Mississippi , Nevada , North Carolina , Oklahoma , South Dakota , Wyoming In some states , Evan McMullin 's running mate was listed as Nathan Johnson on the ballot rather than Mindy Finn , although Nathan Johnson was intended to only be a placeholder until an actual running mate was chosen . Independent ticket , 2016 Evan McMullin Mindy Finn for President for Vice President Chief policy director for the House Republican Conference ( 2015 -- 2016 ) President of Empowered Women ( 2015 -- present ) Campaign Constitution Party Main articles : Constitution Party of the United States and Constitution Party presidential primaries , 2016 Darrell Castle , attorney from Memphis , Tennessee . Vice-presidential nominee : Scott Bradley , businessman from Utah Darrell Castle , Constitution Party Ballot access to 207 electoral votes ( 451 with write - in ) : -- map As write - in : Alabama , Arizona , Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Illinois , Indiana , Kansas , Kentucky , Maine , Maryland , Montana , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New York , Ohio , Oregon , Rhode Island , Tennessee , Texas , Vermont , Virginia No ballot access : California , District of Columbia , Massachusetts , North Carolina , Oklahoma Nominees Constitution Party ticket , 2016 Darrell Castle Scott Bradley for President for Vice President Attorney from Memphis , Tennessee Businessman from Utah Campaign Other nominations Main article : United States third - party and independent presidential candidates , 2016 Other nominations Party Presidential nominee Vice presidential nominee Attainable Electors ( write - in ) Popular Vote States with ballot access ( write - in ) American Delta Party Reform Party Rocky De La Fuente Businessman from California Michael Steinberg Lawyer from Florida 147 ( 305 ) map 33,133 ( 0.02 % ) Alaska , Colorado , Florida , Idaho , Iowa , Kentucky , Minnesota , Mississippi , Montana , Nevada , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New Mexico , North Dakota , Rhode Island , Tennessee , Utah , Vermont , Wisconsin , Wyoming ( Alabama , Arizona , Connecticut , Delaware , Indiana , Kansas , Maryland , Missouri , Nebraska , New York , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Virginia , Washington , West Virginia ) Party for Socialism and Liberation Peace and Freedom Liberty Union Party Gloria La Riva Newspaper printer and activist from California Eugene Puryear Activist from Washington , DC 112 ( 226 ) map 74,402 ( 0.05 % ) California , Colorado , Iowa , Louisiana , New Jersey , New Mexico , Vermont , Washington ( Alabama , Connecticut , Delaware , Kansas , Maryland , Minnesota , New Hampshire , New York , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , West Virginia ) Socialist Workers Party Alyson Kennedy Mineworker and Labor Leader from Illinois Osborne Hart of Pennsylvania 70 ( 123 ) map 12,465 ( 0.01 % ) Colorado , Louisiana , Minnesota , New Jersey , Tennessee , Utah , Washington ( Alabama , Iowa , New Hampshire , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Workers World Party Monica Moorehead perennial candidate and political activist from Alabama Lamont Lilly of North Carolina 30 ( 235 ) map 4,319 ( 0.00 % ) New Jersey , Utah , Wisconsin ( Alabama , Indiana , Idaho , Iowa , Kansas , Massachusetts , Michigan , Montana , New Hampshire , New , York , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Texas , Vermont , Washington , West Virginia ) Socialist Party USA Natural Law Party Mimi Soltysik former National Co-Chair of the Socialist Party USA from California Campaign Angela Nicole Walker of Wisconsin 25 ( 209 ) map 2,704 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado , Michigan , Guam ( Alabama , Indiana , Iowa , Maryland , Minnesota , Montana , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Texas , Utah , Vermont , Wisconsin ) Prohibition Party James Hedges former Tax Assessor for Thompson Township , Fulton County , Pennsylvania Bill Bayes of Mississippi 21 ( 116 ) map 5,617 ( 0.00 % ) Arkansas , Colorado , Mississippi ( Alabama , Idaho , Iowa , Kansas , Maryland , Montana , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont , West Virginia ) Independent Mike Smith Lawyer , Colorado Daniel White 20 ( 222 ) 9,345 ( 0.01 % ) Colorado , Tennessee ( Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Idaho , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Maryland , Minnesota , Montana , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Utah , Vermont , Virginia , Washington . West Virginia ) Independent Richard Duncan Real Estate Agent from Ohio Ricky Johnson Preacher from Pennsylvania 18 ( 173 ) 24,307 ( 0.02 % ) Ohio ( Alabama , Alaska , Delaware , Florida , Idaho , Indiana , Iowa , Kentucky , Maryland , Minnesota , Montana , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont , West Virginia ) Independent Laurence Kotlikoff Economics Professor at Boston University , Massachusetts Edward E. Leamer Economics Professor at UCLA , California 17 ( 428 ) map 3,596 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado , Louisiana ( Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , California , Connecticut , Florida , Georgia , Idaho , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kentucky , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , Michigan , Minnesota , Missouri , Montana , New Hampshire , New Jersey , North Dakota , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Tennessee , Texas , Utah , Vermont , Virginia , Washington , West Virginia , Wisconsin ) America 's Party Tom Hoefling activist from Iowa Steve Schulin of South Carolina 17 ( 369 ) map 4,845 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado , Louisiana ( Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Idaho , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Maryland , Michigan , Minnesota , Missouri , Montana , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Tennessee , Texas , Utah , Vermont , Virginia , Washington , West Virginia , Wisconsin ) Veterans Party of America Chris Keniston reliability engineer from Texas Deacon Taylor of Nevada 17 ( 196 ) map 7,248 ( 0.01 % ) Colorado , Louisiana ( Alabama , Alaska , Idaho , Iowa , Kentucky , Minnesota , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont , Virginia , Washington , Wisconsin ) Legal Marijuana Now Party Dan Vacek of Minnesota Mark Elworth Jr . of Nebraska 16 ( 77 ) 13,537 ( 0.01 % ) Iowa , Minnesota ( Alabama , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Independent Lynn Kahn Doctor of Clinical Psychology from Maryland Kathleen Monahan of Florida 12 ( 160 ) 5,730 ( 0.00 % ) Arkansas , Iowa ( Alabama , Delaware , Idaho , Kansas , Maryland , Minnesota , Montana , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont , Washington , West Virginia ) American Solidarity Party Mike Maturen sales professional and magician from Michigan Juan Muñoz of Texas 9 ( 332 ) map 6,714 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado ( Alabama , Alaska , California , Georgia , Idaho , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Maryland , Michigan , Minnesota , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Dakota , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Texas , Vermont , Virginia , Washington , Wisconsin ) Independent Joseph Allen Maldonado of Oklahoma Douglas K. Terranova 9 ( 212 ) 961 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado ( Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Connecticut , Delaware , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kentucky , Maryland , Minnesota , Montana , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont , Washington , West Virginia , Wisconsin ) Independent Ryan Alan Scott Bruce Kendall Barnard 9 ( 108 ) 749 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado ( Alabama , Delaware , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) American Party ( South Carolina ) Peter Skewes Animal Science Professor at Clemson University , South Carolina Michael Lacy 9 ( 83 ) 3,246 ( 0.00 % ) South Carolina ( Alabama , Connecticut , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Approval Voting Party Frank Atwood of Colorado Blake Huber of Colorado 9 ( 76 ) 337 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado ( Alabama , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Independent American Party Kyle Kenley Kopitke of Michigan Narthan R. Sorenson 9 ( 76 ) 1,096 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado ( Alabama , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Nutrition Party Rod Silva restaurateur from New Jersey Richard Silva 9 ( 76 ) 751 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado ( Alabama , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) United States Pacifist Party Bradford Lyttle peace activist from Illinois Hannah Walsh 9 ( 76 ) 382 ( 0.00 % ) Colorado ( Alabama , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Socialist Equality Party Jerry White peace activist from Michigan Niles Niemuth journalist from Wisconsin 8 ( 166 ) 481 ( 0.00 % ) Louisiana ( Alabama , California , Delaware , Iowa , Kentucky , Maryland , Minnesota , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont , West Virginia ) Independent Princess Khadijah Jacob - Fambro of California Milton Fambro of California 8 ( 75 ) 749 ( 0.00 % ) Louisiana ( Alabama , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Independent American Party Rocky Giordani from California Farley Anderson activist from Utah 6 ( 79 ) 2,752 ( 0.00 % ) Utah ( Alabama , Iowa , Kansas , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Constitution Party of Idaho Scott Copeland of Texas J.R. Meyers ( 71 ) 2,356 ( 0.00 % ) Idaho ( Alabama , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Candidates gallery Gary Johnson Libertarian Party ( campaign ) Jill Stein Green Party ( campaign ) Evan McMullin Independent ( campaign ) Darrell Castle Constitution Party ( campaign ) General Election campaign A general election ballot , listing the presidential and vice presidential candidates . Hillary Clinton focused her candidacy on several themes , including raising middle class incomes , expanding women 's rights , instituting campaign finance reform , and improving the Affordable Care Act . In March 2016 , she laid out a detailed economic plan basing her economic philosophy on inclusive capitalism , which proposed a `` clawback '' which would rescind tax relief and other benefits for companies that move jobs overseas ; with provision of incentives for companies that share profits with employees , communities and the environment , rather than focusing on short - term profits to increase stock value and rewarding shareholders ; as well as increasing collective bargaining rights ; and placing an `` exit tax '' on companies that move their headquarters out of America in order to pay a lower tax rate overseas . Clinton promoted equal pay for equal work to address current alleged shortfalls in how much women are paid to do the same jobs men do , promoted explicitly focus on family issues and support of universal preschool , expressed support for the right to same - sex marriage , and proposed allowing undocumented immigrants to have a path to citizenship stating that it `` ( i ) s at its heart a family issue . '' Donald Trump 's campaign drew heavily on his personal image , enhanced by his previous media exposure . The primary slogan of the Trump campaign , extensively used on campaign merchandise , was Make America Great Again . The red baseball cap with the slogan emblazoned on the front became a symbol of the campaign , and has been frequently donned by Trump and his supporters . Trump 's right - wing populist positions -- reported by The New Yorker to be nativist , protectionist , and semi-isolationist -- differ in many ways from traditional conservatism . He opposed many free trade deals and military interventionist policies that conservatives generally support , and opposed cuts in Medicare and Social Security benefits . Moreover , he has insisted that Washington is `` broken '' and can only be fixed by an outsider . Trump support was high among working and middle - class white male voters with annual incomes of less than $50,000 and no college degree . This group , particularly those with less than a high - school education , suffered a decline in their income in recent years . According to The Washington Post , support for Trump is higher in areas with a higher mortality rate for middle - age white people . A sample of interviews with more than 11,000 Republican - leaning respondents from August to December 2015 found that Trump at that time found his strongest support among Republicans in West Virginia , followed by New York , and then followed by six Southern states . Clinton had an uneasy , and at times adversarial relationship with the press throughout her life in public service . Weeks before her official entry as a presidential candidate , Clinton attended a political press corps event , pledging to start fresh on what she described as a `` complicated '' relationship with political reporters . Clinton was initially criticized by the press for avoiding taking their questions , after which she provided more interviews . In contrast , Trump benefited from free media more than any other candidate . From the beginning of his campaign through February 2016 , Trump received almost $2 billion in free media attention , twice the amount that Clinton received . According to data from the Tyndall Report , which tracks nightly news content , through February 2016 , Trump alone accounted for more than a quarter of all 2016 election coverage on the evening newscasts of NBC , CBS and ABC , more than all the Democratic campaigns combined . Observers noted Trump 's ability to garner constant mainstream media coverage `` almost at will '' . However , Trump frequently criticized the media for writing what he alleged to be false stories about him and he has called upon his supporters to be `` the silent majority '' . Trump also said the media `` put false meaning into the words I say '' , and says he does not mind being criticized by the media as long as they are honest about it . Both Clinton and Trump were seen unfavorably by the general public , and their controversial nature set the tone of the campaign . Trump campaigns in Phoenix , Arizona , October 29 , 2016 Clinton 's practice during her time as Secretary of State of using a private email address and server , in lieu of State Department servers , gained widespread public attention back in March 2015 . Concerns were raised about security and preservation of emails , and the possibility that laws may have been violated . After allegations were raised that some of the emails in question fell into this so - called `` born classified '' category , an FBI probe was initiated regarding how classified information was handled on the Clinton server . The FBI probe was concluded on July 5 , 2016 , with a recommendation of no charges , a recommendation that was followed by the Justice Department . On October 28 , eleven days before the election , FBI Director James Comey informed Congress that the FBI was analyzing additional emails obtained during its investigation of an unrelated case . On November 6 , he notified Congress that the new emails did not change the FBI 's earlier conclusion . Also , on September 9 , 2016 , Clinton stated : `` You know , just to be grossly generalistic , you could put half of Trump 's supporters into what I call the basket of deplorables . They 're racist , sexist , homophobic , xenophobic , Islamaphobic -- you name it . '' Donald Trump criticized Clinton 's remark as insulting his supporters . The following day Clinton expressed regret for saying `` half '' , while insisting that Trump had deplorably amplified `` hateful views and voices '' . Previously on August 25 , 2016 , Clinton gave a speech criticizing Trump 's campaign for using `` racist lies '' and allowing the alt - right to gain prominence . Clinton campaigns in Raleigh , North Carolina , October 22 , 2016 On the other side , on October 7 , 2016 , video and accompanying audio were released by The Washington Post in which Trump referred obscenely to women in a 2005 conversation with Billy Bush while they were preparing to film an episode of Access Hollywood . The audio was met with a reaction of disbelief and disgust from the media . Following the revelation , Trump 's campaign issued an apology , stating that the video was of a private conversation from `` many years ago '' . The incident was condemned by numerous prominent Republicans like Reince Priebus , Mitt Romney , John Kasich , Jeb Bush and the Speaker of the House Paul Ryan . By October 8 several dozen Republicans had called for Trump to withdraw from the campaign and let Pence head the ticket . Trump insisted he would never drop out . The ongoing controversy of the election made third parties attract voters ' attention . On March 3 , 2016 , Libertarian Gary Johnson addressed the Conservative Political Action Conference in Washington DC , touting himself as the third - party option for anti-Trump Republicans . In early May , some commentators opined that Johnson was moderate enough to pull votes away from both Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump who were very disliked and polarizing . Both conservative and liberal media noted that Johnson could get votes from `` Never Trump '' Republicans and disaffected Bernie Sanders supporters . Johnson also began to get time on national television , being invited on ABC News , NBC News , CBS News , CNN , Fox News , MSNBC , Bloomberg , and many other networks . In September and October 2016 , Johnson suffered a `` string of damaging stumbles when he has fielded questions about foreign affairs . '' On September 8 , Johnson , when he appeared on MSNBC 's Morning Joe , was asked by panelist Mike Barnicle , `` What would you do , if you were elected , about Aleppo ? '' ( referring to a war - torn city in Syria ) . Johnson responded , `` And what is Aleppo ? '' Johnson 's `` what is Aleppo ? '' question prompted widespread attention , much of it negative . Later that day , Johnson said that he had `` blanked '' and that he did `` understand the dynamics of the Syrian conflict -- I talk about them every day . '' On the other hand , Green Party candidate Jill Stein stated that the Democratic and Republican parties are `` two corporate parties '' that have converged into one . Concerned by the rise of the far right internationally and the tendency towards neoliberalism within the Democratic Party , she has said , `` The answer to neofascism is stopping neoliberalism . Putting another Clinton in the White House will fan the flames of this right - wing extremism . '' In response to Johnson 's growing poll numbers , the Hillary Clinton campaign and Democratic allies increased their criticism of Johnson in September 2016 , warning that `` a vote for a third party is a vote for Donald Trump '' and deploying Senator Bernie Sanders ( Clinton 's former primary rival , who supported her in the general election ) to win over voters who might be considering voting for Johnson or for Stein . Ballot Access Presidential ticket Party Ballot access Votes Percentage States Electors % of voters Trump / Pence Republican 50 + DC 538 100 % 62,984,825 46.09 % Clinton / Kaine Democratic 50 + DC 538 100 % 65,853,516 48.18 % Johnson / Weld Libertarian 50 + DC 538 100 % 4,489,235 3.27 % Stein / Baraka Green 44 + DC 480 89 % 1,457,226 1.06 % McMullin / Finn Independent 11 84 15 % 732,273 0.53 % Castle / Bradley Constitution 24 207 39 % 203,091 0.15 % Candidates in bold were on ballots representing 270 electoral votes , without needing write - in states . All other candidates were on the ballots of fewer than 25 states , but had write - in access greater than 270 . Party conventions Philadelphia Cleveland Orlando Houston Salt Lake City Democratic Party Republican Party Libertarian Party Green Party Constitution Party Democratic Party Main article : 2016 Democratic National Convention July 25 -- 28 , 2016 : Democratic National Convention was held in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Republican Party Main article : 2016 Republican National Convention July 18 -- 21 , 2016 : Republican National Convention was held in Cleveland , Ohio . Libertarian Party Main article : 2016 Libertarian National Convention May 26 -- 30 , 2016 : Libertarian National Convention was held in Orlando , Florida . Green Party Main article : 2016 Green National Convention August 4 -- 7 , 2016 : Green National Convention was held in Houston , Texas . Constitution Party Main article : 2016 Constitution Party National Convention April 13 -- 16 , 2016 : Constitution Party National Convention was held in Salt Lake City , Utah . Campaign finance This is an overview of the money used in the campaign as it is reported to Federal Election Commission ( FEC ) and released in September 2016 . Outside groups are independent expenditure only committees -- also called PACs and SuperPACs . The sources of the numbers are the FEC and Center for Responsive Politics . Some spending totals are not available , due to withdrawals before the FEC deadline . As of September 2016 , ten candidates with ballot access have filed financial reports with the FEC . Candidate Campaign committee ( as of December 9 ) Outside groups ( as of December 9 ) Total spent Money raised Money spent Cash on hand Debt Money raised Money spent Cash on hand Hillary Clinton $497,808,791 $435,367,811 $62,440,979 $111,238 $205,909,959 $204,267,754 $1,642,205 $639,635,565 Donald Trump $247,541,449 $231,546,996 $15,994,454 $2,086,572 $74,905,285 $70,941,922 $3,963,363 $302,488,918 Gary Johnson $11,410,313 $10,308,873 $1,101,440 $0 $1,386,554 $1,310,578 $75,976 $11,619,451 Rocky De La Fuente $7,351,270 $7,354,663 - $3,392 $7,334,250 $0 $0 $0 $7,354,663 Jill Stein $3,509,477 $3,451,174 $58,303 $87,740 $0 $0 $0 $3,451,174 Evan McMullin $1,644,102 $1,642,165 $1,937 $0 $0 $0 $0 $1,642,165 Darrell Castle $52,234 $51,365 $869 $2,500 $0 $0 $0 $51,365 Gloria La Riva $29,243 $24,207 $5,034 $0 $0 $0 $0 $24,207 Monica Moorehead $11,547 $9,127 $2,419 $4,500 $0 $0 $0 $9,127 Peter Skewes $7,966 $4,238 $7,454 $8,000 $0 $0 $0 $4,238 Newspaper endorsements Main article : Newspaper endorsements in the United States presidential election , 2016 Clinton was endorsed by The New York Times , the Los Angeles Times , the Houston Chronicle , the San Jose Mercury News , the Chicago Sun - Times and the New York Daily News editorial boards . Trump , who has frequently criticized the mainstream media , was not endorsed by the vast majority of newspapers , with the Las Vegas Review - Journal , The Florida Times - Union , and the tabloid National Enquirer his highest profile supporters . Several papers which endorsed Clinton , such as the Houston Chronicle , The Dallas Morning News , The San Diego Union - Tribune , The Columbus Dispatch and The Arizona Republic , endorsed their first Democratic candidate for many decades . USA Today , which had not endorsed any candidate since it was founded in 1982 , broke tradition by giving an anti-endorsement against Trump , declaring him `` unfit for the presidency '' . The Atlantic , which has been in circulation since 1857 , gave Clinton its third - ever endorsement ( after Abraham Lincoln and Lyndon Johnson ) . Other traditionally Republican papers , including the New Hampshire Union Leader , which had endorsed the Republican nominee in every election for the last 100 years , The Detroit News , which had not endorsed a non-Republican in its 143 years , and the Chicago Tribune , endorsed Gary Johnson . Russian involvement Main article : Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections On December 9 , 2016 , the Central Intelligence Agency issued an assessment to lawmakers in the US Senate , stating that a Russian entity hacked the DNC and John Podesta 's emails to assist Donald Trump . The Federal Bureau of Investigation agreed . President Barack Obama ordered a `` full enquiry '' into such possible intervention . Director of National Intelligence James R. Clapper in early January 2017 testified before a Senate committee that Russia 's meddling in the 2016 presidential campaign went beyond hacking , and included disinformation and the dissemination of fake news , often promoted on social media . President - elect Trump originally called the report fabricated , and Wikileaks denied any involvement by Russian authorities . Days later , Trump said he could be convinced of the Russian hacking `` if there is a unified presentation of evidence from the Federal Bureau of Investigation and other agencies . '' Several U.S. senators -- including Republicans John McCain , Richard Burr , and Lindsey Graham -- demanded a congressional investigation . The Senate Intelligence Committee announced the scope of their official inquiry on December 13 , 2016 , on a bipartisan basis ; work began on January 24 , 2017 . Notable expressions , phrases , and statements Basket of deplorables -- a controversial phrase coined by Hillary Clinton to describe Trump 's supporters Build that wall / Mexico will pay for the wall -- Trump 's campaign promise that if elected he will build a wall on the border between the US and Mexico , with Mexico financing the project Birdie Sanders -- after a campaign stop in Portland , Oregon , a white - winged two - barred crossbill landed on Sanders 's podium while he was addressing a large crowd of supporters . The event became accepted by the Sanders community and Sanders even began to publicize the bird as `` Birdie Sanders '' . Fake News -- stories that are untrue . Trump has used the expression to refer to stories that he does not like . Feel the Bern -- a phrase chanted by supporters of the Bernie Sanders campaign which was officially adopted by his campaign . I like people who were n't captured - Trump mocking of John McCain 's service during the Vietnam War when he was captured and became a POW Grab them by the pussy -- a remark made by Trump in a 2005 private conversation which was recorded by a hot mic and released during the campaign . By saying this remark , Trump intended to boast how as a celebrity he can do things ( namely grab women by their genitalia ) that non-celebrities can not . I 'm with her -- Hillary Clinton 's campaign slogan Make America great again -- Trump 's campaign slogan Trump 's use of derogatory nicknames to deride his opponents -- These include `` Crooked Hillary '' , `` Little Marco '' , `` Low energy Jeb '' , and `` Lying Ted '' Small hands -- Marco Rubio saying that the size of Trump 's hands is proportional to the size of his penis . What is Aleppo ? -- Uttered by Gary Johnson during an interview when questioned about the status of Aleppo in Syria . Drain the swamp -- A phrase invoked by Donald Trump describing his plans to fix problems in the federal government Debates Primary election debates Main articles : Democratic Party presidential debates and forums , 2016 ; Republican Party presidential debates and forums , 2016 ; Libertarian Party presidential debates and forums , 2016 ; and Green Party presidential debates and forums , 2016 General Election debates Main article : United States presidential debates , 2016 Hofstra University Hempstead , NY Longwood University Farmville , VA Washington University St. Louis , MO University of Nevada Las Vegas University of Colorado Boulder Sites of the 2016 general election debates The Commission on Presidential Debates ( CPD ) , a non-profit organization , hosted debates between qualifying presidential and vice-presidential candidates . According to the commission 's website , to be eligible to opt to participate in the anticipated debates , `` ... in addition to being Constitutionally eligible , candidates must appear on a sufficient number of state ballots to have a mathematical chance of winning a majority vote in the Electoral College , and have a level of support of at least 15 percent of the national electorate as determined by five selected national public opinion polling organizations , using the average of those organizations ' most recently publicly - reported results at the time of the determination . '' The three locations chosen to host the presidential debates , and the one location selected to host the vice presidential debate , were announced on September 23 , 2015 . The site of the first debate was originally designated as Wright State University in Dayton , Ohio ; however , due to rising costs and security concerns , the debate was moved to Hofstra University in Hempstead , New York . On August 19 , Trump 's campaign manager confirmed that he would participate in a series of three debates . Trump had complained that two of the scheduled debates , one on September 26 and the other October 9 , will have to compete for viewers with National Football League games , referencing the similar complaints made regarding the dates with low expected ratings during the Democratic Party presidential debates . The Free & Equal Elections Foundation announced plans to host an open debate among all presidential candidates who had ballot access sufficient to represent a majority of electoral votes . In October 2016 Free & Equal extended the invitation to all candidates with ballot lines representing at least 15 % of the electoral vote . The nominees of the Democratic , Republican , Libertarian , Green , Constitution , Reform , and Socialism and Liberation parties , as well as independent candidate Evan McMullin , were invited to participate . The debate was held at the University of Colorado Boulder 's Macky Auditorium on October 25 , 2016 . It was moderated by Ed Asner and Christina Tobin , with Darrell Castle , Rocky De La Fuente , and Gloria La Riva participating . PBS hosted a debate moderated by Tavis Smiley between Libertarian candidate Gary Johnson and Green Party candidate Jill Stein . Debates among candidates for the 2016 U.S. presidential election No . Date Time Host City Moderator ( s ) Participants P1 September 26 , 2016 9 p.m. EDT Hofstra University Hempstead , New York Lester Holt Hillary Clinton Donald Trump VP October 4 , 2016 9 p.m. EDT Longwood University Farmville , Virginia Elaine Quijano Tim Kaine Mike Pence P2 October 9 , 2016 8 p.m. CDT Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis , Missouri Anderson Cooper Martha Raddatz Hillary Clinton Donald Trump P3 October 19 , 2016 6 p.m. PDT University of Nevada , Las Vegas Las Vegas , Nevada Chris Wallace Hillary Clinton Donald Trump P4 October 25 , 2016 7 p.m. MDT University of Colorado Boulder Boulder , Colorado Ed Asner Christina Tobin Darrell Castle Rocky De La Fuente Gloria La Riva = Sponsored by the CPD ; = Sponsored by Free & Equal Results Incumbent President Barack Obama casts his vote early in Chicago on October 7 , 2016 . The election was held on November 8 , 2016 . Clinton cast her vote in Chappaqua , Westchester County , New York , while Trump voted in a Manhattan public school . Throughout the day , the election process went more smoothly than many had expected , with only a few reports of long lines and equipment problems . The news media and election experts were surprised twice , at Trump 's winning the GOP nomination and in winning the electoral college . English political scientist Lloyd Gruber says , `` One of the major casualties of the 2016 election season has been the reputation of political science , a discipline whose practitioners had largely dismissed Donald Trump 's chances of gaining the Republican nomination . '' The final polls showed a lead by Clinton -- and indeed she did win more popular votes . Trump himself expected to lose the election based on polling , and rented a small hotel ballroom to make a brief concession speech ; `` I said if we 're going to lose I do n't want a big ballroom '' , he said . The Republican candidate performed surprisingly well in all battleground states , especially Florida , Iowa , Ohio and North Carolina . Even Wisconsin , Pennsylvania , and Michigan , states that had been predicted to vote Democratic , were won by Trump . Cindy Adams , present at Trump Tower , reported that `` Trumptown knew they 'd won by 5 : 30 . Math , calculations , candidate dislike causing voter abstention begat the numbers . '' Trump said that he was surprised by how `` that map was getting red as hell . That map was bleeding red ... I always used to believe in ( polls ) . I do n't believe them anymore . '' On November 9 , 2016 , at 3 : 00 AM Eastern Time , Trump secured over 270 electoral votes , the majority of the 538 electors in the Electoral College , enough to make him the president - elect of the United States . According to the authors of Shattered : Inside Hillary Clinton 's Doomed Campaign , by late Tuesday night the White House had decided that Trump had won the election . Obama aide David Simas called Clinton campaign manager Robby Mook to unsuccessfully persuade Clinton to concede the election . Obama then called Clinton herself , citing the importance of continuity of government , to publicly acknowledge that Trump had won ; believing that she was still unwilling to concede the president called Podesta , telling him that the election was over , but the call to Clinton had likely already persuaded her . Clinton called Trump early on Wednesday morning to concede defeat , and later that day asked her supporters to accept the result and hoped that Trump would be `` a successful president for all Americans . '' In his victory speech Trump appealed for unity saying `` it is time for us to come together as one united people '' and praised Clinton who was owed `` a major debt of gratitude for her service to our country . '' Six states plus a portion of Maine that Obama won in 2012 switched to Trump . These are ( with Electoral College votes in parentheses ) : Florida ( 29 ) , Pennsylvania ( 20 ) , Ohio ( 18 ) , Michigan ( 16 ) , Wisconsin ( 10 ) , Iowa ( 6 ) , and Maine 's second congressional district ( 1 ) . Initially , Trump won exactly 100 more Electoral College votes than Mitt Romney in 2012 , with two lost to faithless electors the following month . Thirty - nine states swung more Republican compared to the previous Presidential election , while eleven states and the District of Columbia swung more Democratic . Based on U.S. Census Bureau estimates of the voting age population ( VAP ) , turnout of voters casting a vote for President was nearly 1 % higher than 2012 . Examining overall turnout in the 2016 election , University of Florida Prof. Michael McDonald estimated that 138.8 million Americans cast a ballot in 2016 . 65.9 million of those ballots have been counted for Clinton and just under 63 million for Trump , representing 20.3 % ( Clinton ) and 19.4 % ( Trump ) of a census estimate of U.S. population that day of 324 million . Considering a VAP of 250.6 million people and voting eligible population ( VEP ) of 230.6 million people , this is a turnout rate of 55.4 % VAP and 60.2 % VEP . Based on this estimate , voter turnout was up compared to 2012 ( 54.1 % VAP ) but down compared to 2008 ( 57.4 % VAP ) . A FEC report of the 2016 Presidential General Election recorded an official total of 136.7 million votes cast for President -- more than any prior election . Data scientist Azhar Hamdan , working to explain the paradoxes the 2016 outcome , `` chief among them the discrepancy between the popular vote , which Hillary Clinton won by 2.8 million votes , and the electoral college , where Trump won 304 - 227 '' , compared Trump 's 30 states against Clinton 's 20 states and the District of Columbia . He said that Trump outperformed Mitt Romney 's 2012 results , while Clinton only just matched Barack Obama 's 2012 totals . Hamdan also said that Trump was `` the highest vote earner of any Republican candidate ever , '' exceeding George W. Bush 's 62.04 million votes in 2004 , though neither reached Clinton 's 65.9 million , nor Obama 's 69.5 million votes in 2008 , the overall record . He concluded , with help from The Cook Political Report , that the election hinged not on Clinton 's large 2.8 million overall vote margin over Trump , but rather on about 78,000 votes from only three counties in Wisconsin , Pennsylvania , and Michigan . Trump 's margin over Clinton was less than the total votes cast for Jill Stein in each of these three states . Thus if all Stein voters in Wisconsin , Pennsylvania , and Michigan had instead voted for Clinton , the result would have been a Trump defeat in the Electoral College by ten electoral votes . Candidates table Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoral vote Running mate Count Percentage Vice-presidential candidate Home state Electoral vote Donald John Trump Republican New York 62,984,825 46.09 % 304 Michael Richard Pence Indiana 305 Hillary Rodham Clinton Democratic New York 65,853,516 48.18 % 227 Timothy Michael Kaine Virginia 227 Colin Powell Republican Virginia 25 0.00 % Elizabeth Warren Massachusetts Maria Cantwell Washington Susan Collins Maine Bernie Sanders Independent Vermont 111,850 0.08 % Tulsi Gabbard Hawaii 0 Elizabeth Warren Massachusetts ↑ John Kasich Republican Ohio 2,684 0.00 % Carly Fiorina Virginia Ron Paul Libertarian Texas 124 0.00 % Michael Richard Pence Indiana ↑ Faith Spotted Eagle Independent South Dakota 0 0.00 % Winona LaDuke Minnesota Gary Johnson Libertarian New Mexico 4,489,235 3.27 % 0 Bill Weld Massachusetts 0 Jill Stein Green Massachusetts 1,457,226 1.06 % 0 Ajamu Baraka Illinois 0 Evan McMullin Independent Utah 732,273 0.53 % 0 Mindy Finn District of Columbia 0 Darrell Castle Constitution Tennessee 203,091 0.15 % 0 Scott Bradley Utah 0 Gloria La Riva Socialism and Liberation California 74,405 0.05 % 0 Eugene Puryear District of Columbia 0 Other 1,215,785 0.89 % -- Other -- Total 136,669,237 100 % 538 538 Needed to win 270 270 Source ( Popular Vote ) : Nationwide : Leip , David . `` 2016 Presidential Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . For Bernie Sanders and John Kasich : CA : and NH : VT : NC : PA : RI : Received electoral vote ( s ) from a faithless elector . Two faithless electors from Texas cast their presidential votes for Ron Paul and John Kasich , respectively . Chris Suprun stated that he cast his presidential vote for John Kasich and his vice presidential vote for Carly Fiorina . The other faithless elector in Texas , Bill Greene , cast his presidential vote for Ron Paul but cast his vice presidential vote for Mike Pence , as pledged . John Kasich received recorded write - in votes in Alabama , Georgia , Illinois , New Hampshire , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , and Vermont . Candidate received votes as a write - in . The exact numbers of write - in votes for Sanders have been published for three states . In California , his official running mate was Tulsi Gabbard and in New Hampshire and Vermont there was not a running mate attached to Sanders . It was possible to vote Sanders as a write - in candidate in 14 states . Popular vote Clinton 48.18 % Trump 46.09 % Johnson 3.27 % Stein 1.06 % McMullin 0.53 % Others 1.2 % Electoral vote -- Pledged Trump / Pence 56.88 % Clinton / Kaine 43.12 % Electoral vote -- President Trump 56.51 % Clinton 42.19 % Powell 0.56 % Kasich 0.19 % Paul 0.19 % Sanders 0.19 % Spotted Eagle 0.19 % Electoral vote -- Vice President Pence 56.70 % Kaine 42.38 % Warren 0.38 % Cantwell 0.19 % Collins 0.19 % Fiorina 0.19 % LaDuke 0.19 % Results by State This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( December 2016 ) A total of 29 third party and independent presidential candidates appeared on the ballot in at least one state . Former Governor of New Mexico Gary Johnson and physician Jill Stein repeated their 2012 roles as the nominees for the Libertarian Party and the Green Party , respectively . With ballot access to the entire national electorate , Johnson received nearly 4.5 million votes ( 3.27 % ) , the highest nationwide vote share for a third - party candidate since Ross Perot in 1996 , while Stein received almost 1.45 million votes ( 1.06 % ) , the most for a Green nominee since Ralph Nader in 2000 . Independent candidate Evan McMullin , who appeared on the ballot in 11 states , received over 732,000 votes ( 0.53 % ) . He won 21.4 % of the vote in his home state of Utah , the highest share of the vote for a third - party candidate in any state since 1992 . Despite dropping out of the election following his defeat in the Democratic primary , Senator Bernie Sanders received 5.7 % of the vote in his home state of Vermont , the highest write - in draft campaign percentage for a presidential candidate in American history . Johnson and McMullin were the first third party candidates since Nader to receive at least 5 % of the vote in one or more states , with Johnson crossing the mark in 11 states and McMullin crossing it in two . Aside from Florida and North Carolina , the states which secured Trump 's victory are situated in the Great Lakes / Rust Belt region . Wisconsin went Republican for the first time since 1984 , while Pennsylvania and Michigan went Republican for the first time since 1988 . Stein petitioned for a recount in these states . The Clinton campaign pledged to participate in the Green Party recount efforts , while Trump backers challenged them in court . Meanwhile , American Delta Party / Reform Party presidential candidate Rocky De La Fuente petitioned for and was granted a partial recount in Nevada . States won by Clinton / Kaine States won by Trump / Pence Electoral methods WTA -- Winner - takes - all CD -- Congressional district Hillary Clinton Democratic Donald Trump Republican Gary Johnson Libertarian Jill Stein Green Evan McMullin Independent Others Margin Total State or district Electoral method # % Electoral votes # % Electoral votes # % Electoral votes # % Electoral votes # % Electoral votes # % Electoral votes # % # State Status Alabama WTA 729,547 34.36 % -- 1,318,255 62.08 % 9 44,467 2.09 % -- 9,391 0.44 % -- -- -- -- 21,712 1.02 % -- 588,708 27.73 % 2,123,372 AL Official Alaska WTA 116,454 36.55 % -- 163,387 51.28 % 18,725 5.88 % -- 5,735 1.80 % -- -- -- -- 14,307 4.49 % -- 46,933 14.73 % 318,608 AK Official Arizona WTA 1,161,167 45.13 % -- 1,252,401 48.67 % 11 106,327 4.13 % -- 34,345 1.33 % -- 17,449 0.68 % -- 1,476 0.06 % -- 91,234 3.55 % 2,573,165 AZ Official Arkansas WTA 380,494 33.65 % -- 684,872 60.57 % 6 29,829 2.64 % -- 9,473 0.84 % -- 13,255 1.17 % -- 12,712 1.12 % -- 304,378 26.92 % 1,130,635 AR Official California WTA 8,753,788 61.73 % 55 4,483,810 31.62 % -- 478,500 3.37 % -- 278,657 1.96 % -- 39,596 0.28 % -- 147,244 1.04 % -- − 4,269,978 − 30.11 % 14,181,595 CA Official Colorado WTA 1,338,870 48.16 % 9 1,202,484 43.25 % -- 144,121 5.18 % -- 38,437 1.38 % -- 28,917 1.04 % -- 27,418 0.99 % -- − 136,386 − 4.91 % 2,780,247 CO Official Connecticut WTA 897,572 54.57 % 7 673,215 40.93 % -- 48,676 2.96 % -- 22,841 1.39 % -- 2,108 0.13 % -- 508 0.03 % -- − 224,357 − 13.64 % 1,644,920 CT Official Delaware WTA 235,603 53.09 % 185,127 41.72 % -- 14,757 3.32 % -- 6,103 1.37 % -- 706 0.16 % -- 1,518 0.34 % -- − 50,476 − 11.37 % 443,814 DE Official District of Columbia WTA 282,830 90.48 % 12,723 4.07 % -- 4,906 1.57 % -- 4,258 1.36 % -- -- -- -- 6,551 2.52 % -- − 270,107 − 86.78 % 311,268 DC Official Florida WTA 4,504,975 47.82 % -- 4,617,886 49.02 % 29 207,043 2.20 % -- 64,399 0.68 % -- -- -- -- 25,736 0.28 % -- 112,911 1.20 % 9,420,039 FL Official Georgia WTA 1,877,963 45.64 % -- 2,089,104 50.77 % 16 125,306 3.05 % -- 7,674 0.19 % -- 13,017 0.32 % -- 1,668 0.04 % -- 211,141 5.13 % 4,114,732 GA Official Hawaii WTA 266,891 62.22 % 128,847 30.03 % -- 15,954 3.72 % -- 12,737 2.97 % -- -- -- -- 4,508 1.05 % − 138,044 − 32.18 % 428,937 HI Official Idaho WTA 189,765 27.49 % -- 409,055 59.26 % 28,331 4.10 % -- 8,496 1.23 % -- 46,476 6.73 % -- 8,132 1.18 % -- 219,290 31.77 % 690,255 ID Official Illinois WTA 3,090,729 55.83 % 20 2,146,015 38.76 % -- 209,596 3.79 % -- 76,802 1.39 % -- 11,655 0.21 % -- 1,627 0.03 % -- − 944,714 − 17.06 % 5,536,424 IL Official Indiana WTA 1,033,126 37.91 % -- 1,557,286 56.82 % 11 133,993 4.89 % -- 7,841 0.27 % -- -- -- -- 2,712 0.10 % -- 524,160 19.17 % 2,734,958 IN Official Iowa WTA 653,669 41.74 % -- 800,983 51.15 % 6 59,186 3.78 % -- 11,479 0.73 % -- 12,366 0.79 % -- 28,348 1.81 % -- 147,314 9.41 % 1,566,031 IA Official Kansas WTA 427,005 36.05 % -- 671,018 56.65 % 6 55,406 4.68 % -- 23,506 1.98 % -- 6,520 0.55 % -- 947 0.08 % -- 244,013 20.60 % 1,184,402 KS Official Kentucky WTA 628,854 32.68 % -- 1,202,971 62.52 % 8 53,752 2.79 % -- 13,913 0.72 % -- 22,780 1.18 % -- 1,879 0.10 % -- 574,177 29.84 % 1,924,149 KY Official Louisiana WTA 780,154 38.45 % -- 1,178,638 58.09 % 8 37,978 1.87 % -- 14,031 0.69 % -- 8,547 0.42 % -- 9,684 0.48 % -- 398,484 19.64 % 2,029,032 LA Official Maine ( at - lg ) WTA 357,735 47.83 % 335,593 44.87 % -- 38,105 5.09 % -- 14,251 1.91 % -- 1,887 0.25 % -- 356 0.05 % -- − 22,142 − 2.96 % 747,927 ME -- a / l Official Maine , 1st CD 212,774 53.96 % 154,384 39.15 % -- 18,592 4.71 % -- 7,563 1.92 % -- 807 0.20 % -- 209 0.05 % -- − 58,390 − 14.81 % 394,329 ME - 1 Maine , 2nd CD 144,817 40.98 % -- 181,177 51.26 % 19,510 5.52 % -- 6,685 1.89 % -- 1,080 0.31 % -- 147 0.04 % -- 36,360 10.29 % 353,416 ME - 2 Maryland WTA 1,677,928 60.33 % 10 943,169 33.91 % -- 79,605 2.86 % -- 35,945 1.29 % -- 9,630 0.35 % -- 35,169 1.26 % -- − 734,759 − 26.42 % 2,781,446 MD Official Massachusetts WTA 1,995,196 60.01 % 11 1,090,893 32.81 % -- 138,018 4.15 % -- 47,661 1.43 % -- 2,719 0.08 % -- 50,559 1.52 % -- − 904,303 − 27.20 % 3,325,046 MA Official Michigan WTA 2,268,839 47.27 % -- 2,279,543 47.50 % 16 172,136 3.59 % -- 51,463 1.07 % -- 8,177 0.17 % -- 19,126 0.40 % -- 10,704 0.22 % 4,799,284 MI Official Minnesota WTA 1,367,716 46.44 % 10 1,322,951 44.92 % -- 112,972 3.84 % -- 36,985 1.26 % -- 53,076 1.80 % -- 51,113 1.74 % -- − 44,765 − 1.52 % 2,944,813 MN Official Mississippi WTA 485,131 40.11 % -- 700,714 57.94 % 6 14,435 1.19 % -- 3,731 0.31 % -- -- -- -- 5,346 0.44 % -- 215,583 17.83 % 1,209,357 MS Official Missouri WTA 1,071,068 38.14 % -- 1,594,511 56.77 % 10 97,359 3.47 % -- 25,419 0.91 % -- 7,071 0.25 % -- 13,177 0.47 % -- 523,443 18.64 % 2,808,605 MO Official Montana WTA 177,709 35.75 % -- 279,240 56.17 % 28,037 5.64 % -- 7,970 1.60 % -- 2,297 0.46 % -- 1,894 0.38 % -- 101,531 20.42 % 497,147 MT Official Nebraska ( at - lg ) WTA 284,494 33.70 % -- 495,961 58.75 % 38,946 4.61 % -- 8,775 1.04 % -- -- -- -- 16,051 1.90 % -- 211,467 25.05 % 844,227 NE -- a / l Official Nebraska , 1st CD 100,126 35.46 % -- 158,626 56.18 % 14,031 4.97 % -- 3,374 1.19 % -- -- -- -- 6,181 2.19 % -- 58,500 20.72 % 282,338 NE - 1 Nebraska , 2nd CD 131,030 44.92 % -- 137,564 47.16 % 13,245 4.54 % -- 3,347 1.15 % -- -- -- -- 6,494 2.23 % -- 6,534 2.24 % 291,680 NE - 2 Nebraska , 3rd CD 53,290 19.73 % -- 199,657 73.92 % 11,657 4.32 % -- 2,054 0.76 % -- -- -- -- 3,451 1.28 % -- 146,367 54.19 % 270,109 NE - 3 Nevada WTA 539,260 47.92 % 6 512,058 45.50 % -- 37,384 3.32 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 36,683 3.26 % -- − 27,202 − 2.42 % 1,125,385 NV Official New Hampshire WTA 348,526 46.98 % 345,790 46.61 % -- 30,777 4.15 % -- 6,496 0.88 % -- 1,064 0.14 % -- 11,643 1.24 % -- − 2,736 − 0.37 % 744,296 NH Official New Jersey WTA 2,148,278 54.99 % 14 1,601,933 41.00 % -- 72,477 1.86 % -- 37,772 0.97 % -- -- -- -- 13,586 1.18 % -- − 546,345 − 14.10 % 3,874,046 NJ Official New Mexico WTA 385,234 48.26 % 5 319,667 40.04 % -- 74,541 9.34 % -- 9,879 1.24 % -- 5,825 0.73 % -- 3,173 0.40 % -- − 65,567 − 8.21 % 798,319 NM Official New York WTA 4,556,124 59.01 % 29 2,819,534 36.52 % -- 176,598 2.29 % -- 107,934 1.40 % -- 10,373 0.13 % -- 50,890 0.66 % -- − 1,736,590 − 22.49 % 7,721,453 NY Official North Carolina WTA 2,189,316 46.17 % -- 2,362,631 49.83 % 15 130,126 2.74 % -- 12,105 0.26 % -- -- -- -- 47,386 1.00 % -- 173,315 3.66 % 4,741,564 NC Official North Dakota WTA 93,758 27.23 % -- 216,794 62.96 % 21,434 6.22 % -- 3,780 1.10 % -- -- -- -- 8,594 2.49 % -- 123,036 35.73 % 344,360 ND Official Ohio WTA 2,394,164 43.56 % -- 2,841,005 51.69 % 18 174,498 3.17 % -- 46,271 0.84 % -- 12,574 0.23 % -- 27,975 0.51 % -- 446,841 8.13 % 5,496,487 OH Official Oklahoma WTA 420,375 28.93 % -- 949,136 65.32 % 7 83,481 5.75 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- N / A N / A -- 528,761 37.08 % 1,452,992 OK Official Oregon WTA 1,002,106 50.07 % 7 782,403 39.09 % -- 94,231 4.71 % -- 50,002 2.50 % -- -- -- -- 72,594 3.63 % -- − 219,703 − 10.98 % 2,001,336 OR Official Pennsylvania WTA 2,926,441 47.46 % -- 2,970,733 48.18 % 20 146,715 2.38 % -- 49,941 0.81 % -- 6,472 0.11 % -- 65,176 1.06 % -- 44,292 0.72 % 6,165,478 PA Official Rhode Island WTA 252,525 54.41 % 180,543 38.90 % -- 14,746 3.18 % -- 6,220 1.34 % -- 516 0.11 % -- 9,594 2.07 % -- − 71,982 − 15.51 % 464,144 RI Official South Carolina WTA 855,373 40.67 % -- 1,155,389 54.94 % 9 49,204 2.34 % -- 13,034 0.62 % -- 21,016 1.00 % -- 9,011 0.43 % -- 300,016 14.27 % 2,103,027 SC Official South Dakota WTA 117,458 31.74 % -- 227,721 61.53 % 20,850 5.63 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4,064 1.10 % -- 110,263 29.79 % 370,093 SD Official Tennessee WTA 870,695 34.72 % -- 1,522,925 60.72 % 11 70,397 2.81 % -- 15,993 0.64 % -- 11,991 0.48 % -- 16,026 0.64 % -- 652,230 26.01 % 2,508,027 TN Official Texas WTA 3,877,868 43.24 % -- 4,685,047 52.23 % 36 283,492 3.16 % -- 71,558 0.80 % -- 42,366 0.47 % -- 8,895 0.10 % 807,179 9.00 % 8,969,226 TX Official Utah WTA 310,676 27.46 % -- 515,231 45.54 % 6 39,608 3.50 % -- 9,438 0.83 % -- 243,690 21.54 % -- 12,787 1.13 % -- 204,555 18.08 % 1,131,430 UT Official Vermont WTA 178,573 56.68 % 95,369 30.27 % -- 10,078 3.20 % -- 6,758 2.14 % -- 639 0.20 % -- 23,650 7.51 % -- − 83,204 − 26.41 % 315,067 VT Official Virginia WTA 1,981,473 49.73 % 13 1,769,443 44.41 % -- 118,274 2.97 % -- 27,638 0.69 % -- 54,054 1.36 % -- 33,749 0.85 % -- − 212,030 − 5.32 % 3,984,631 VA Official Washington WTA 1,742,718 52.54 % 8 1,221,747 36.83 % -- 160,879 4.85 % -- 58,417 1.76 % -- -- -- -- 133,258 4.02 % − 520,971 − 15.71 % 3,317,019 WA Official West Virginia WTA 188,794 26.43 % -- 489,371 68.50 % 5 23,004 3.22 % -- 8,075 1.13 % -- 1,104 0.15 % -- 4,075 0.57 % -- 300,577 42.07 % 714,423 WV Official Wisconsin WTA 1,382,536 46.45 % -- 1,405,284 47.22 % 10 106,674 3.58 % -- 31,072 1.04 % -- 11,855 0.40 % -- 38,729 1.30 % -- 22,748 0.76 % 2,976,150 WI Official Wyoming WTA 55,973 21.63 % -- 174,419 67.40 % 13,287 5.13 % -- 2,515 0.97 % -- -- -- -- 9,655 3.73 % -- 118,446 46.30 % 255,849 WY Official U.S. Total -- 65,853,516 48.18 % 227 62,984,825 46.09 % 304 4,489,235 3.27 % -- 1,457,226 1.06 % -- 732,273 0.53 % -- 1,154,084 0.84 % 7 − 2,868,518 − 2.09 % 137,125,484 US Two states ( Maine and Nebraska ) allow for their electoral votes to be split between candidates . The winner within each congressional district gets one electoral vote for the district . The winner of the statewide vote gets two additional electoral votes . Results are from The New York Times . Vote margin swing by state 2012 to 2016 . Only nine states trended more Democratic : Arizona , California , Georgia , Kansas , Maryland , Massachusetts , Texas , Washington , Virginia and Utah . The large swing in Utah is largely down to the effects of a third candidate . Close races Red denotes states ( or congressional districts whose electoral votes are awarded separately ) won by Republican Donald Trump ; blue denotes those won by Democrat Hillary Clinton . States where the margin of victory was under 1 % ( 50 electoral votes ; 46 won by Trump , 4 by Clinton ) : Michigan , 0.22 % New Hampshire , 0.37 % Pennsylvania , 0.72 % ( tipping point state including 2 faithless electors from Texas ) Wisconsin , 0.76 % ( tipping point state excluding 2 faithless electors from Texas ) States / districts where the margin of victory was between 1 % and 5 % ( 83 electoral votes ; 56 won by Trump , 27 by Clinton ) : Florida , 1.20 % Minnesota , 1.52 % Nebraska 's 2nd Congressional District , 2.24 % Nevada , 2.42 % Maine , 2.96 % Arizona , 3.55 % North Carolina , 3.66 % Colorado , 4.91 % States where the margin of victory was between 5 % and 10 % ( 96 electoral votes ; 78 won by Trump , 18 by Clinton ) : Georgia , 5.13 % Virginia , 5.32 % Ohio , 8.13 % New Mexico , 8.21 % Texas , 9.00 % Iowa , 9.41 % Breakdown by ticket State Party Presidential vote Vice presidential vote Name of Elector References Nationwide Donald Trump , 304 Mike Pence , 305 Pledged Hillary Clinton , 227 Tim Kaine , 227 Hawaii Bernie Sanders ( I - VT ) Elizabeth Warren ( D - MA ) David Mulinix Texas John Kasich ( R - OH ) Carly Fiorina ( R - VA ) Christopher Suprun Ron Paul ( L - TX / R - TX ) Mike Pence ( as pledged ) Bill Greene Washington Colin Powell ( R - VA ) Maria Cantwell ( D - WA ) Levi Guerra Susan Collins ( R - ME ) Esther John Elizabeth Warren ( D - MA ) Bret Chiafalo Faith Spotted Eagle ( D - SD ) Winona LaDuke ( G - MN ) Robert Satiacum , Jr . Battleground states Most media outlets announced the beginning of the presidential race about twenty months prior to Election Day . Soon after the first contestants declared their candidacy , Larry Sabato listed Virginia , Colorado , Iowa , New Hampshire , Florida , Nevada , and Ohio as the seven states most likely to be contested in the general election . After Donald Trump clinched the Republican presidential nomination , many pundits felt that the major campaign locations might be different from what had originally been expected . Rust Belt states such as Pennsylvania , Wisconsin , and even Michigan were thought to be in play with Trump as the nominee , while states with large minority populations , such as Colorado and Virginia , were expected to shift towards Clinton . By the conventions period and the debates , however , it did not seem as though the Rust Belt states could deliver a victory to Trump . According to Politico and the 538 online blog , his path to victory went though states such as Florida , North Carolina , Nevada , New Hampshire , and possibly Colorado . Early polling indicated a closer - than - usual race in former Democratic strongholds such as Washington , Delaware , New Jersey , Connecticut , Maine ( for the two statewide electoral votes ) , and New Mexico . Meanwhile , research indicators from inside of a host of Republican - leaning states such as Arizona , Indiana , Georgia , South Carolina , Alaska , Utah , Texas , Kansas , Mississippi , Missouri , Montana , and South Dakota reported weaker support for Trump than expected , although the nominee 's position solidified in a few other areas . Some reviews took this information as evidence of an expanded ' swing - state map ' . A consensus among political pundits developed throughout the primary election season regarding swing states . From the results of presidential elections from 2004 through to 2012 , the Democratic and Republican parties would generally start with a safe electoral vote count of about 150 to 200 . However , the margins required to constitute a swing state are vague , and can vary between groups of analysts . It was thought that left - leaning states in the Rust Belt could become more conservative , as Trump had strong appeal among many blue - collar workers . They represent a large portion of the American populace and were a major factor in Trump 's eventual nomination . Trump 's primary campaign was propelled by victories in Democratic states , and his supporters often did not identify as Republican . In addition , local factors may come into play . For example , Utah was the reddest state in 2012 , although the Republican share was boosted significantly by the candidacy of Mormon candidate Mitt Romney . Despite its partisan orientation , some reports suggested a victory there by independent candidate Evan McMullin , particularly if there was a nationwide blowout . Media reports indicated that both candidates planned to concentrate on Florida , Pennsylvania , Ohio and North Carolina . Among the Republican - leaning states , potential Democratic targets included Nebraska 's second congressional district , Georgia , and Arizona . Trump 's relatively poor polling in some traditionally Republican states , such as Utah , raised the possibility that they could vote for Clinton , despite easy wins there by recent Republican nominees . However , many analysts asserted that these states were not yet viable Democratic destinations . Several sites and individuals publish electoral predictions . These generally rate the race by the likelihood for each party to win a state . The `` tossup '' label is usually used to indicate that neither party has an advantage , `` lean '' to indicate a party has a slight edge , `` likely '' to indicate a party has a clear but not overwhelming advantage , and `` safe '' to indicate a party has an advantage that can not be overcome . As the parameters of the race established themselves , analysts converged on a narrower list of contested states , which were relatively similar to those of recent elections . On November 7 , the Cook Political Report categorized Arizona , Colorado , Florida , Iowa , Michigan , Nevada , New Hampshire , North Carolina , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and Wisconsin as states with close races . Additionally , a district from each of Maine and Nebraska were considered to be coin flips . Meanwhile , FiveThirtyEight listed twenty - two states as potentially competitive about a month before the election -- Maine 's two at - large electoral votes , New Mexico , Minnesota , Michigan , Colorado , Virginia , Wisconsin , Pennsylvania , New Hampshire , Nevada , Florida , North Carolina , Ohio , Iowa , Arizona , Georgia , Alaska , South Carolina , Texas , Indiana , Missouri , and Utah -- as well as Maine 's second and Nebraska 's second congressional districts . Nate Silver , the publication 's editor - in - chief , subsequently removed Texas , South Carolina , Missouri , and Indiana from the list after the race tightened significantly . These conclusions were supported by models such as the Princeton Elections Consortium , the New York Times Upshot , and punditry evaluations from Sabato 's Crystal Ball and the Cook Political Report . Clinton won states like New Mexico by less than 10 percentage points . Among the states where the candidates finished at a margin of within 7 percent , Clinton won Virginia ( 13 electoral votes ) , Colorado ( 9 ) , Maine ( 2 ) , Minnesota ( 10 ) , and New Hampshire ( 4 ) . On the other hand , Trump won Michigan ( 16 ) , Pennsylvania ( 20 ) , Wisconsin ( 10 ) , Florida ( 29 ) , North Carolina ( 15 ) , Arizona ( 11 ) , Nebraska 's second district ( 1 ) , and Georgia ( 16 ) . States won by Obama in the 2012 contest , such as Ohio ( 18 ) , Iowa ( 6 ) , and Maine 's second district ( 1 ) , were also won by Trump . The close result in Maine was not expected by most commentators , nor were Trump 's victory of over 10 points in the second district and their disparities . The dramatic shift of Midwestern states towards Trump were contrasted in the media against the relative movement of Southern states towards the Democrats . For example , former Democratic strongholds such as Minnesota leaned towards the GOP and Iowa voted more Republican than Texas did , while Arizona and Georgia were more Democratic than Ohio . Trump 's smaller victories in Alaska and Utah , also took some experts by surprise . After the conventions of the national parties , candidates from the main parties carried out trips to the states : Florida - 72 , Pennsylvania - 59 , North Carolina - 52 , Ohio - 43 , Virginia - 25 , Michigan - 24 , Iowa - 23 , New Hampshire - 22 , Colorado - 19 , Nevada - 16 , Wisconsin - 15 , Arizona - 10 . Maps Results by state , shaded according to winning candidate 's percentage of the vote Results by vote distribution among states . Each state 's pie chart is proportional to the number of electoral votes they have . Results by county . Red denotes counties that went to Trump ; blue denotes counties that went to Clinton . Results by county , shaded according to winning candidate 's percentage of the vote Results by county , shaded according to winning candidate 's percentage of the vote ( Red - Purple - Blue view ) Results by state and DC , scaled by number of Electors per state . United States presidential election , 2016 cartogram United States presidential election , 2016 cartogram Results of 2016 U.S. presidential election by congressional district , shaded by vote margin County swing from 2012 to 2016 Results by county , shaded according to percentage of the vote for Trump Results by county , shaded according to percentage of the vote for Clinton Results by county , shaded according to percentage of the vote for Johnson ( 0 % -- 10 % scale ) Voter demographics Voter demographic data for 2016 were collected by Edison Research for the National Election Pool , a consortium of ABC News , CBS News , MSNBC , CNN , Fox News and the Associated Press . The voter survey is based on exit polls completed by 24,537 voters leaving 350 voting places throughout the United States on Election Day , in addition to 4,398 telephone interviews with early and absentee voters . Trump 's crucial victories in the Midwest were aided in large part by his strong margins among non-college whites -- while Obama lost those voters by a margin of 10 points in 2012 , Clinton lost this group by 20 percent . The election also represented the first time that Republicans performed better among lower - income whites than among affluent white voters . To some analysts ' surprise , Trump narrowed Clinton 's margin compared to Obama by 7 points among blacks and African - Americans , 8 points among Latinos , and 11 points among Asian - Americans . Meanwhile , Trump increased his lead with non-Hispanic white voters through 1 percent over Mitt Romney 's performance , and American Indians , Alaska Natives , and Pacific Islanders shifted their support towards the Republican candidate using the same relative amount . Additionally , although 74 percent of Muslim voters supported Clinton , Trump nearly doubled his support there compared to Mitt Romney , according to the Council on American -- Islamic Relations exit poll . However , `` more convincing data '' from the polling firm Latino Decisions indicates that Clinton received a higher share of the Hispanic vote , and Trump a lower share , than the Edison exit polls showed . Using wider , more geographically and linguistically representative sampling , Latino Decisions concluded that Clinton won 79 % of Hispanic voters ( also an improvement over Obama 's share in 2008 and 2012 ) , while Trump won only 18 % ( lower than previous Republicans such as Romney and McCain ) . Additionally , the 2016 Cooperative Congressional Election Study found that Clinton 's share of the Hispanic vote was 1 percentage point higher than Obama 's in 2012 , while Trump 's was 7 percentage points lower than Romney 's . Similarly , a large , multi-lingual study by the Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund found that Clinton won 79 % of Asian - American voters , higher than the Edison exit poll showed , while Trump only won 18 % , a decrease from McCain 's and Romney 's numbers . Furthermore , according to the AALDEF 's report , Trump received merely 2 % of the Muslim - American vote , whereas Clinton received 97 % . 2016 Presidential vote by demographic subgroup ( Edison Exit Polling ) Demographic subgroup Clinton Trump Other % of total vote Total vote 48 46 6 100 Ideology Liberals 84 10 6 26 Moderates 52 41 7 39 Conservatives 15 81 35 Party Democrats 89 9 37 Republicans 7 90 33 Independents 42 48 10 31 Party by gender Democratic men 87 10 14 Democratic women 90 8 23 Republican men 6 90 17 Republican women 8 89 16 Independent men 37 51 10 17 Independent women 47 43 7 14 Gender Men 41 52 7 47 Women 54 41 5 53 Marital status Married 44 52 59 Unmarried 55 37 8 41 Gender by marital status Married men 37 58 5 29 Married women 49 47 30 Non-married men 46 45 9 19 Non-married women 62 33 5 23 Race / ethnicity White 37 58 5 70 Black 88 8 12 Asian 65 29 6 Other 56 37 7 Hispanic ( of any race ) 65 29 6 11 Gender by race / ethnicity White men 31 63 5 34 White women 43 53 37 Black men 80 13 6 5 Black women 94 7 Latino men ( of any race ) 62 33 5 Latino women ( of any race ) 68 26 5 6 All other races 61 32 5 6 Religion Protestant 37 60 27 Catholic 45 52 23 Mormon 25 61 14 Other Christian 43 55 24 Jewish 71 24 5 Other religion 58 33 9 7 None 68 26 6 15 Religious service attendance Weekly or more 40 56 33 Monthly 46 49 5 16 A few times a year 48 47 5 29 Never 62 31 7 22 White evangelical or born - again Christian White evangelical or born - again Christian 16 81 26 Everyone else 59 35 6 74 Age 18 -- 24 years old 56 35 9 10 25 -- 29 years old 53 39 8 9 30 -- 39 years old 51 40 9 17 40 -- 49 years old 46 50 19 50 -- 64 years old 44 53 30 65 and older 45 53 15 Age by race Whites 18 -- 29 years old 43 47 10 12 Whites 30 -- 44 years old 37 54 9 16 Whites 45 -- 64 years old 34 62 30 Whites 65 and older 39 58 13 Blacks 18 -- 29 years old 85 9 6 Blacks 30 -- 44 years old 89 7 Blacks 45 -- 64 years old 89 7 5 Blacks 65 and older 91 9 n / a Latinos 18 -- 29 years old 68 26 6 Latinos 30 -- 44 years old 65 28 7 Latinos 45 -- 64 years old 64 32 Latinos 65 and older 73 25 Others 61 31 8 6 Sexual orientation LGBT 78 14 8 5 Heterosexual 47 48 5 95 First time voter First time voter 56 40 10 Everyone else 47 47 6 90 Education High school or less 45 51 18 Some college education 43 52 5 32 College graduate 49 45 6 32 Postgraduate education 58 37 5 18 Education by race / ethnicity White college graduates 45 49 37 White no college degree 28 67 34 Non-white college graduates 71 23 5 13 Non-white no college degree 75 20 16 Education by race / ethnicity / sex White women with college degrees 51 44 5 20 White men with college degrees 39 53 8 17 White women without college degrees 34 61 5 17 White men without college degrees 23 71 6 16 Non-whites 74 21 5 29 Family income Under $30,000 53 41 6 17 $30,000 -- 49,999 51 42 7 19 $50,000 -- 99,999 46 50 31 $100,000 -- 199,999 47 48 5 24 $200,000 -- 249,999 48 49 Over $250,000 46 48 6 6 Union households Union 51 42 7 18 Non-union 46 48 6 82 Military service Veterans 34 60 6 13 Non-veterans 50 44 6 87 Issue regarded as most important Foreign policy 60 34 6 13 Immigration 32 64 13 Economy 52 42 6 52 Terrorism 39 57 18 Region Northeast 55 40 5 19 Midwest 45 49 6 23 South 44 52 37 West 55 39 6 21 Community size Cities ( population 50,000 and above ) 59 35 6 34 Suburbs 45 50 5 49 Rural areas 34 62 17 Forecasting Further information : Nationwide opinion polling for the United States presidential election , 2016 and Statewide opinion polling for the United States presidential election , 2016 Various methods were used to forecast the outcome of the 2016 election . For the 2016 election , there were many competing election forecast approaches including Nate Silver 's FiveThirtyEight , The Upshot at The New York Times , Daily Kos , Princeton Election Consortium , Cook Political Report , Rothenberg and Gonzales , PollyVote , Sabato 's Crystal Ball and Electoral - Vote . These models mostly showed a Democratic advantage since the nominees were confirmed , and were supported by pundits and statisticians , including Nate Silver of FiveThirtyEight , Nate Cohn at The New York Times , and Larry Sabato from the Crystal Ball newsletter , who predicted a Democratic victory in competitive presidential races and projected consistent leads in several battleground states around the country . The near - unanimity of forecasters in predicting a Clinton victory may have been the result of groupthink . However , FiveThirtyEight 's model pointed to the possibility of an Electoral College - popular vote split widening in the final weeks based on Trump 's improvement in swing states like Florida or Pennsylvania . This was due to the demographics targeted by Trump 's campaign which lived in big numbers there , in addition to Clinton 's poor performance in several of those swing states in comparison with Obama 's performance in 2012 , as well as having a big number of her potential voters in very populated traditionally ' blue ' states , but also in some very populated states traditionally ' red ' , like Texas , which were projected safe for Trump . Early exit polls generally favored Clinton . After the polls closed and some of the results came in , the forecasts were found to be inaccurate , as Trump performed better in the competitive Midwestern states , such as Iowa , Ohio , and Minnesota , than expected . Three states ( Pennsylvania , Wisconsin and Michigan ) which were considered to be part of Clinton 's firewall , were won by Trump . Of the states in the Great Lakes region , Clinton won the swing state of Minnesota by 1 point , as well as traditional Democratic strongholds such as New York and Illinois with populous urban centers . This result stands in contrast to the 2012 results , when President Obama won all but Indiana , which he carried in 2008 . This table displays the final polling average published by Real Clear Politics on November 7 , the actual electoral margin , and the over-performance by either candidate relative to the polls . State Electoral votes Polling average Final result Difference Arizona 11 Trump + 4 Trump + 3.5 Clinton + 0.5 Colorado 9 Clinton + 2.9 Clinton + 4.9 Clinton + 2 Florida 29 Trump + 0.2 Trump + 1.2 Trump + 1 Georgia 16 Trump + 4.8 Trump + 5.1 Trump + 0.3 Iowa 6 Trump + 3 Trump + 9.5 Trump + 6.5 Maine Clinton + 4.5 Clinton + 2.9 Trump + 1.6 Michigan 16 Clinton + 3.4 Trump + 0.3 Trump + 3.7 Minnesota 10 Clinton + 6.2 Clinton + 1.5 Trump + 4.7 Nevada 6 Trump + 0.8 Clinton + 2.4 Clinton + 3.2 New Hampshire Clinton + 0.6 Clinton + 0.3 Trump + 0.3 New Mexico 5 Clinton + 5 Clinton + 8.3 Clinton + 3.3 North Carolina 15 Trump + 1 Trump + 3.7 Trump + 2.7 Ohio 18 Trump + 3.5 Trump + 8.1 Trump + 4.6 Pennsylvania 20 Clinton + 1.9 Trump + 0.7 Trump + 2.6 Virginia 13 Clinton + 5 Clinton + 5.4 Clinton + 0.4 Wisconsin 10 Clinton + 6.5 Trump + 0.7 Trump + 7.2 Pollsters were puzzled by the failure of mainstream forecasting models to predict the 2016 election outcome . Forbes magazine contributor astrophysicist Ethan Siegel performed a scientific analysis and raised whether the statistical population sampled for the polling was inaccurate , and cited the cautionary adage `` Garbage in , garbage out '' . He concluded there may have been sampling bias on the part of the pollsters . Siegel , along with journalists from other media outlets , compared the 2016 election to the failure of prognosticator Arthur Henning in the `` Dewey Defeats Truman '' incident from the 1948 presidential election . Sean Trende , writing for RealClearPolitics , wrote that many of the polls were accurate , but that the pundits ' interpretation of these polls neglected polling error . Nate Silver found that the high number of undecided and third - party voters in the election was neglected in many of these models , and that many of these voters decided to vote for Trump . According to a February 2018 study by Public Opinion Quarterly , the main sources of polling error were `` a late swing in vote preference toward Trump and a pervasive failure to adjust for over-representation of college graduates ( who favored Clinton ) , '' whereas the share of `` shy '' Trump voters ( who declined to admit their support for Trump to the pollsters ) proved to be negligible . FiveThirtyEight 's final polls - plus forecast predicted 18 states , plus the second congressional districts of Maine and Nebraska , with an interval of confidence lower than 90 % . However , every major forecaster , including FiveThirtyEight , the New York Times Upshot , prediction markets aggregator PredictWise , ElectionBettingOdds from Maxim Lott and John Stossel , the DailyKos , the Princeton Election Consortium , the Huffington Post , the Cook Political Report , Larry Sabato 's Crystal Ball , and the Rothenberg and Gonzales Report , called every state the same way ( although Cook and Rothenberg - Gonzales left two and five states as toss - ups , respectively ) . The sole exception was Maine 's 2nd congressional district . Of the forecasters who published results on the district , the Times gave Trump a 64 % chance of winning and PredictWise a 52 % chance , FiveThirtyEight gave Clinton a 51 % chance of winning in polls - only and 54 % in polls - plus , Princeton gave her a 60 % chance , Cook labelled it a toss - up , and Sabato leaned it towards Trump . The following table displays the final winning probabilities given by each outlet , along with the final electoral result . The states shown have been identified by Politico , WhipBoard , the New York Times , and the Crystal Ball as battlegrounds . State New York Times Upshot FiveThirtyEight PredictWise Princeton Election Consortium Sabato 's Crystal Ball 2012 margin 2016 margin Alaska 83 % R 76 % R 94 % R 96 % R Likely R 14 R 15 R Arizona 84 % R 67 % R 82 % R 91 % R Lean R 9 R 4 R Colorado 89 % D 78 % D 95 % D 96 % D Likely D 5 D 5 D Florida 67 % D 55 % D 77 % D 69 % D Lean D 1 D 1 R Georgia 83 % R 79 % R 91 % R 88 % R Likely R 8 R 6 R Iowa 62 % R 70 % R 79 % R 74 % R Lean R 6 D 10 R Maine ( statewide ) 91 % D 83 % D 98 % D 98 % D Likely D 15 D 3 D Maine ( CD - 2 ) 64 % R 51 % D 52 % R 60 % D Lean R 9 D 10 R Michigan 94 % D 79 % D 95 % D 79 % D Lean D 9 D 1 R Minnesota 94 % D 85 % D 99 % D 98 % D Likely D 8 D 2 D Nebraska ( CD - 2 ) 80 % R 56 % R 75 % R 92 % R Lean R 7 R 3 R New Mexico 95 % D 83 % D 98 % D 91 % D Likely D 10 D 8 D Nevada 68 % D 58 % D 91 % D 84 % D Lean D 7 D 2 D New Hampshire 79 % D 70 % D 84 % D 63 % D Lean D 6 D 1 D North Carolina 64 % D 56 % D 66 % D 67 % D Lean D 2 R 4 R Ohio 54 % R 65 % R 67 % R 63 % R Lean R 3 D 9 R Pennsylvania 89 % D 77 % D 93 % D 79 % D Lean D 5 D 1 R Utah 73 % R 83 % R 86 % R 99 % R Lean R 48 R 18 R Virginia 96 % D 86 % D 98 % D 98 % D Likely D 4 D 5 D Wisconsin 93 % D 84 % D 98 % D 98 % D Likely D 7 D 1 R Viewership Legend cable news network broadcast network Total television viewers 8 : 00 to 11 : 00 PM Eastern Network Viewers CNN 13,258,000 FNC 12,112,000 NBC 11,152,000 ABC 9,236,000 CBS 8,008,000 MSNBC 5,945,000 Fox 4,196,000 Total cable TV viewers 2 : 00 to 3 : 00 AM Eastern Network Viewers FNC 9,778,000 CNN 6,452,000 MSNBC 2,858,000 Cable TV viewers 25 to 54 2 : 00 to 3 : 00 AM Eastern Network Viewers FNC 3,955,000 CNN 3,372,000 MSNBC 1,207,000 Post-election events and controversies See also : International reactions to the United States presidential election , 2016 Trump 's victory , considered unlikely by most forecasts , was characterized as an `` upset '' and as `` shocking '' by the media . Protests Play media News report about the protests in Los Angeles on November 12 from Voice of America Further information : Protests against Donald Trump § Post-election protests Following the announcement of Trump 's election , large protests broke out across the United States with some continuing for several days . Protesters have held up a number of different signs and chanted various shouts including `` Not my president '' and `` We do n't accept the president - elect '' . The movement organized on Twitter under the hashtags # Anti-trump and # NotMyPresident . High school and college students walked out of classes to protest . The protests were peaceful for the most part . At some protests fires were lit , flags and other items were burned and people yelled derogatory remarks about Trump . Rioters also broke glass at certain locations . Celebrities such as Madonna , Cher , and Lady Gaga took part in New York . Some protesters took to blocking freeways in Los Angeles , San Diego , and Portland , Oregon , and were dispersed by police in the early hours of the morning . In a number of cities , protesters were dispersed with rubber bullets , pepper spray and bean - bags fired by police . In New York City , calls were made to continue the protests over the coming days after the election . Former New York mayor Rudy Giuliani called protesters `` a bunch of spoiled cry - babies . '' Los Angeles mayor Eric Garcetti expressed understanding of the protests and praised those who peacefully wanted to make their voices heard . Vote tampering concerns After the election , computer scientists , including J. Alex Halderman , the director of the University of Michigan Center for Computer Security and Society , urged the Clinton campaign to request an election recount in Wisconsin , Michigan , and Pennsylvania ( three swing states where Trump had won narrowly ) for the purpose of excluding the possibility that the hacking of electronic voting machines had influenced the recorded outcome . However , statistician Nate Silver performed a regression analysis which demonstrated that the alleged discrepancy between paper ballots and electronic voting machines `` completely disappears once you control for race and education level '' . On November 25 , 2016 , the Obama administration said the results from November 8 `` accurately reflect the will of the American people . '' The following day , the White House released another statement , saying : `` the federal government did not observe any increased level of malicious cyberactivity aimed at disrupting our electoral process on Election Day . '' Recount Petitions Main article : 2016 United States presidential election recounts On November 23 , Green Party presidential candidate Jill Stein launched a public fundraiser to pay for recounts in Wisconsin , Michigan , and Pennsylvania , asserting that the election 's outcome had been affected by hacking in those states ; Stein did not provide evidence for her claims . Changing the outcome of these three states would make Clinton the winner , and this would require showing that fewer than 60 000 votes had been counted for Trump which should have been counted for Clinton . Stein filed for a recount in Wisconsin on November 25 , after which Clinton campaign general counsel Marc Elias stated that their campaign would join Stein 's recount efforts in that state and possibly others `` in order to ensure the process proceeds in a manner that is fair to all sides . '' Stein subsequently filed for a recount in Pennsylvania on November 28 , and in Michigan on November 30 . Concurrently , American Delta Party / Reform Party presidential candidate Rocky De La Fuente sought and was granted a partial recount in Nevada that was unrelated to Stein 's efforts . President - elect Donald Trump issued a statement denouncing Stein 's Wisconsin recount request saying , `` The people have spoken and the election is over . '' Trump further commented that the recount `` is a scam by the Green Party for an election that has already been conceded . '' The Trump campaign and Republican Party officials moved to block Stein 's three recount efforts through state and federal courts . U.S. District Judge Mark Goldsmith ordered a halt to the recount in Michigan on December 7 , dissolving a previous temporary restraining order against the Michigan Board of Elections that allowed the recount to continue , stating in his order : `` Plaintiffs have not presented evidence of tampering or mistake . Instead , they present speculative claims going to the vulnerability of the voting machinery -- but not actual injury . '' On December 12 , U.S. District Judge Paul Diamond rejected an appeal by the Green Party and Jill Stein to force a recount in Pennsylvania , stating that suspicion of a hacked Pennsylvania election `` borders on the irrational '' and that granting the Green Party 's recount bid could `` ensure that no Pennsylvania vote counts '' given the December 13 , 2016 , federal deadline to certify the vote for the Electoral College . Meanwhile , the Wisconsin recount was allowed to continue as it was nearing completion and had uncovered no significant irregularities . The recounts in Wisconsin and Nevada were completed on schedule , resulting in only minor changes to vote tallies . A partial recount of Michigan ballot found some precinct imbalances in Detroit , which were corrected . A subsequent state audit found no evidence of voter fraud and concluded that the mistakes , which were `` almost entirely '' caused by poll - worker mistakes attributed to poor training , did not impair `` the ability of Detroit residents to cast a ballot and have their vote counted . '' The overall outcome of the election remained unchanged by the recount efforts . Electoral College lobbying Intense lobbying ( in one case involving claims of harassment and death threats ) and grass - roots campaigns have been directed at various GOP electors of the United States Electoral College to convince a sufficient number of them ( 37 ) to not vote for Trump , thus precluding a Trump presidency . Members of the Electoral College themselves started a campaign for other members to `` vote their conscience for the good of America '' in accordance with Alexander Hamilton 's Federalist Paper No. 68 . This group 's members may have become faithless electors in the presidential election . On December 5 , former candidate Lawrence Lessig and attorney Laurence Tribe established The Electors Trust under the aegis of EqualCitizens.US to provide pro bono legal counsel as well as a secure communications platform for members of the Electoral College who are regarding a vote of conscience against Trump . On December 6 , Colorado Secretary of State Wayne W. Williams castigated Democratic electors who had filed a lawsuit in Federal court to have the state law binding them to the popular vote ( in their case for Hillary Clinton ) overturned . On December 10 , ten electors , in an open letter headed by Christine Pelosi to the Director of National Intelligence James Clapper , demanded an intelligence briefing in light of Russian interference in the election to help Trump win the presidency . Fifty - eight additional electors subsequently added their names to the letter , bringing the total to 68 electors from 17 different states . On December 16 , the briefing request was denied . On December 19 , several electors voted against their pledged candidates : two against Trump and five against Clinton . A further three electors attempted to vote against Clinton but were replaced or forced to vote again . The 115th United States Congress officially certified the results on January 6 , 2017 . Faithless electors Main article : Faithless electors in the United States presidential election , 2016 In the Electoral College vote on December 19 , for the first time since 1808 , multiple faithless electors voted against their pledged qualified presidential candidate . Five Democrats rebelled in Washington and Hawaii , while two Republicans rebelled in Texas . Two Democratic electors , one in Minnesota and one in Colorado , were replaced after voting for Bernie Sanders and John Kasich , respectively . Electors in Maine conducted a second vote after one of its members voted for Sanders ; the elector then voted for Clinton . Likewise , for the first time since 1896 , multiple faithless electors voted against the pledged qualified vice presidential candidate . One Clinton elector in Colorado attempted to vote for John Kasich . The single vote was ruled invalid by Colorado state law , the elector was dismissed , and an alternative elector was sworn in who voted for Clinton . One Clinton elector in Minnesota voted for Bernie Sanders as President and Tulsi Gabbard as vice president ; his votes were discarded and he was replaced by an alternate who voted for Clinton . One Clinton elector in Maine voted for Bernie Sanders ; this vote was invalidated as `` improper '' and the elector subsequently voted for Clinton . Four Clinton electors in Washington did not vote for Clinton ( three votes went to Colin Powell , and one to Faith Spotted Eagle ) . One Trump elector in Georgia resigned before the vote rather than vote for Trump and was replaced by an alternate . Two Trump electors in Texas did not vote for Trump ( one vote went to John Kasich , one to Ron Paul ) ; one elector did not vote for Pence and instead voted for Carly Fiorina for Vice-President ; a third resigned before the vote rather than vote for Trump and was replaced by an alternate . One Clinton elector in Hawaii voted for Bernie Sanders . Of the faithless votes , Colin Powell and Elizabeth Warren were the only two to receive more than one ; Powell received three electoral votes for President and Warren received two for Vice President . Receiving one valid electoral vote each were Sanders , John Kasich , Ron Paul and Faith Spotted Eagle for President , and Carly Fiorina , Susan Collins , Winona LaDuke and Maria Cantwell for Vice President . Sanders is the first Jewish American to receive an electoral vote for President . LaDuke is the first Green Party member to receive an electoral vote , and Paul is the third member of the Libertarian Party to do so , following the party 's presidential and vice-presidential nominees each getting one vote in 1972 . It is the first election with faithless electors from more than one political party . The seven people to receive electoral votes for president were the most in a single election since 1796 , and more than any other election since the enactment of the Twelfth Amendment in 1804 . Trump presidential Election milestones Trump , at 70 years , 147 days of age on election day , became the oldest ever president - elect , surpassing Ronald Reagan , who was 69 years , 272 days at the time of his 1980 election victory . ( Hillary Clinton , at 69 years , 13 days of age on November 8 , would have been the second - oldest after Reagan . ) As with Bill Clinton and George W. Bush before him , Trump was born in 1946 , the first year of the post -- World War II baby boom . This is the first time in American history that three presidents were born in the same calendar year . Trump is the fifth president to be born in New York , after Martin Van Buren , Millard Fillmore , Theodore Roosevelt , and Franklin Roosevelt ; and the second born in New York City after Theodore Roosevelt . He is also the third president , after James K. Polk in 1844 , and Woodrow Wilson in 1916 to win an election despite losing his home state . Additionally , in 2016 , both major - party candidates were from the state of New York for the first time since Franklin D. Roosevelt and Thomas E. Dewey in 1944 . The 2016 election was the fourth presidential election in which the two major parties nominated candidates from the same state , and was the third election in which both candidates were from New York . Trump is the first person since Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 to be elected president without having been elected to any other previous office , and the only individual elected president without any prior political or military experience . Among other presidents with limited military or political experience , William Howard Taft never served in the military and had been elected to political office only once , as an Ohio state judge , although he later held a number of appointed federal government positions , including in the Cabinet of his predecessor , Theodore Roosevelt . Herbert Hoover did not serve in the military and never held elected office , but he led two federal government agencies during and after World War I and served in the Cabinets of his immediate predecessors , Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge . See also History of the United States ( 2008 -- present ) Inauguration of Donald Trump United States gubernatorial elections , 2016 United States House of Representatives elections , 2016 United States Senate elections , 2016 2010s portal Politics portal United States portal Notes ^ Jump up to : In state - by - state tallies , Trump earned 306 pledged electors , Clinton 232 . They lost respectively two and five votes to faithless electors . Pence and Kaine lost one and five votes , respectively . Jump up ^ In early elections , beginning with the election of George Washington , many electors were chosen by state legislatures instead of public balloting and , in those states which practiced public balloting , votes were cast for undifferentiated lists of candidates , leaving no or only partial vote totals . Some states continued to allocate electors by legislative vote as late as 1876 . ^ Jump up to : Maine split its electoral votes for the first time since 1828 . Jump up ^ The 1872 presidential election also saw multiple electors vote for a different candidate than that pledged , due to the death of Liberal Republican candidate Horace Greeley , after the popular vote , yet before the meeting of the Electoral College . Greeley still garnered three posthumous electoral votes which were subsequently dismissed by Congress . Jump up ^ Not 1912 , because James S. Sherman was dead . References ^ Jump up to : ( `` Official 2016 Presidential General Election Results '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . December 2017 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018. ) ( `` U.S. Census Bureau Voting Age Population ( Current Population Survey for November 2016 ) '' . Retrieved November 10 , 2017. ) ^ Jump up to : Schmdt , Kiersten ; Andrews , Wilson ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` A Historic Number of Electors Defected , and Most Were Supposed to Vote for Clinton '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official 2016 Presidential General Election Results '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . December 2017 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Larry Sabato ; Kyle Kondik ; Geoffrey Skelley ( 2017 ) . Trumped : The 2016 Election That Broke All the Rules . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 7 . ISBN 9781442279407 . Jump up ^ Chozick , Amy ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Clinton Offers Economic Plan Focused on Jobs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Becker , Bernie ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` Trump 's 6 populist positions '' . Politico . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Gregory ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Negative ads dominate in campaign 's final days '' . CNN . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cassidy , John ( November 5 , 2016 ) . `` Closing Arguments : The Logic of Negative Campaigning '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . - `` This Presidential campaign has been the most bitter in recent American history . '' Jump up ^ Pew Research Center ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` Voters ' evaluations of the campaign : Campaign viewed as heavy on negative campaigning , light on issues '' . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 Jump up ^ Tiefenthaler , Ainara ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Trump 's History of Encouraging Violence '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Tina ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump 's Rallies Are Becoming Increasingly Violent '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Ben ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Trump campaign dogged by violent incidents at rallies '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Confessore & Karen Yourish , `` Measuring Donald Trump 's Mammoth Advantage in Free Media '' , The New York Times ( March 16 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Walsh , Kenneth . `` How Donald Trump 's Media Dominance Is Changing the 2016 Campaign '' . US News & World Report . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallup News ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Clinton 's Image at Lowest Point in Two Decades '' . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Grossman , Ron ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Flashback : It 's happened before : Truman 's defeat of Dewey had hints of Trump - Clinton '' . www.chicagotribune.com . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stone , Roger ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Trump Stole a Page From `` Give ' Em Hell '' Harry `` . www.realclearpolitics.com . RealClearPolitics . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 266 . Jump up ^ Miller , Greg ; Entous , Adam . `` Declassified report says Putin ' ordered ' effort to undermine faith in U.S. election and help Trump '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Fleitz , Fred ( January 7 , 2017 ) . `` Was Friday 's declassified report claiming Russian hacking of the 2016 election rigged ? '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ Eichenwald , Kurt ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Trump , Putin and the hidden history of how Russia interfered in the U.S. presidential election '' . Newsweek . Jump up ^ `` Intelligence Report on Russian Hacking '' . The New York Times . January 6 , 2017 . p. 11 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Julian Borger & Spencer Ackerman , Trump - Russia collusion is being investigated by FBI , Comey confirms , The Guardian ( March 20 , 2017 ) . ^ Jump up to : Carney , Jordain ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Senate committee moving forward with Russia hacking probe '' . The Hill . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wright , Austin ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Second Hill panel to probe possible ties between Russia , Trump campaign '' . Politico . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenstein , Rod ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Rod Rosenstein 's Letter Appointing Mueller Special Counsel '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trump 's response on Russia issue called the ' most suspicious ' part of his presidency '' . AOL.com. April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Eli ; Acosta , Jim ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` WH highlights Clapper 's lack of evidence on Trump - Russia collusion '' . CNN . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Matthew ; Huetteman , Emmarie ; Schmidt , Matthew S. ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Comey Confirms F.B.I. Inquiry on Russia ; Sees No Evidence of Wiretapping '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amira , Dan ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Let the 2016 Campaign Season Begin ! '' . New York . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin , Johnathon ; Haberman , Maggie ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Back to the future : Clinton vs. Bush ? '' . Politico . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barbaro , Micharl ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` After Obama , Christie Wants a G.O.P. Hug '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Linshi , Jack ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` More People Are Running for Presidential Nomination Than Ever '' . Time . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rafferty , Andrew ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Ben Carson Suspends 2016 Campaign at CPAC '' . NBC News . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peters , Jeremy ; Barbaro , Michael ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Marco Rubio Suspends His Presidential Campaign '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosenfeld , Everett ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz suspends presidential campaign '' . CNBC . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Thomas ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` John Kasich Drops Out of Presidential Race '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Reince Priebus on Twitter '' . Twitter . May 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 ... @ realDonaldTrump will be presumptive @ GOP nominee , we all need to unite ... Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump is running for president '' . Business Insider . June 16 , 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump announces presidential bid '' . The Washington Post . June 16 , 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump FEC filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . June 22 , 2015 . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Kasich FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . July 23 , 2015 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mascaro , Lisa ; Lauter , David ( March 22 , 2015 ) . `` Texas Republican Sen. Ted Cruz Launches Presidential Bid '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zezima , Katie ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` Ted Cruz Announces He 's Running for President '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Cruz FEC filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . March 23 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ashley ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Marco Rubio Announces 2016 Presidential Bid '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Rebecca ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Marco Rubio Makes His Pitch as the Fresh Face of the GOP in 2016 '' . National Journal . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marco Rubio FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov. April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Terris , Ben ( May 3 , 2015 ) . `` Ben Carson announces presidential campaign '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rafferty , Andrew ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Ben Carson Announces 2016 Run '' . NBCNews.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Carson FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rafferty , Andrew ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Jeb Bush Makes 2016 Run Official '' . NBC News . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jeb Bush FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Allen , Cooper ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` Jim Gilmore formally joins GOP presidential race '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Gilmore FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . July 29 , 2015 . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gass , Nick ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Carly Fiorina : ' Yes , I am running for president ' '' . Politico . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Fiorina FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barbaro , Michael ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Christie Announces Run , Pledging ' Truth ' About Nation 's Woes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher J. Christie FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Lisa ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Republican Rand Paul announces 2016 presidential run on website '' . Reuters . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Killough , Ashley ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Rand Paul : ' I am running for president ' '' . CNN . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rand Paul FEC filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov. April 8 , 2015 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jackson , David ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Santorum officially begins 2016 presidential campaign '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Santorum FEC filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . May 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trip , Gabriel ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Mike Huckabee Joins Republican Presidential Race '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Huckabee FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` George Pataki FEC filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . June 2 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jaffe , Alexandra ( June 1 , 2015 ) `` Graham bets on foreign experience in White House bid announcement '' , CNN . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lindsey Graham FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fahrenthold , David A. ; Hohmann , James ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Bobby Jindal announces entry into 2016 presidential race '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Jindal FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burlij , Terence ; Lee , MJ ; LoBianco , Tom ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker officially enters 2016 presidential race '' . CNN . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Walker FEC filing '' . FEC . FEC.gov . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Presidential Primary -- Republican President -- NHSOS '' . sos.nh.gov . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beckwith , Ryan Teague ; Rhodan , Maya ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` Rick Perry Announces Presidential Bid '' . Time . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Rick Perry FEC filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC.gov . June 19 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Keneally , Meghan ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump Teases Possible VP Requirements '' . ABC News . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stokols , Eli ; Everett , Burgess ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Trump 's performance raises hard question : Who 'd want to be his VP ? '' . Politico . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Costa , Robert ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Gingrich , Christie are the leading candidates to be Trump 's running mate '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zurcher , Anthony ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` US election : Who will Trump pick as his vice-president ? '' . BBC . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Donnell , Kelly ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Team Trump Plans Public Event Friday With VP Pick '' . NBC News . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bash , Dana ; Acosta , Jim ; Lee , MJ ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump selects Mike Pence as VP '' . CNN . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Levingston , Ivan ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump officially names Mike Pence as his VP '' . CNBC . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cook , Tony ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Gov. Mike Pence formally nominated as the Republican Party 's vice presidential candidate '' . The Indianapolis Star . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keith , Tamara ; Montanar , Domenico ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Hillary Clinton Expected To Go Small With Big Announcement '' . NPR . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Second straight poll shows Bernie Sanders leading in New Hampshire '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Merica , Dan ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Bernie Sanders is running for president '' . CNN . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bernie Sanders surpasses Hillary Clinton in New Hampshire polls '' . The Huffington Post . August 25 , 2015 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Huffpost Pollster '' . The Huffington Post . October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jackson , David ; Cooper , Allen ( May 30 , 2015 ) . `` Martin O'Malley jumps into presidential race '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DelReal , Jose A. ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` Lincoln Chafee announces long - shot presidential bid '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island 's Chafee enters 2016 Democratic contest '' . Boston Herald . Associated Press . June 3 , 2015 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Catanese , David ( July 2 , 2015 ) . `` Jim Webb Announces For President '' . U.S. News & World Report . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2015 . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Theodoric ( September 6 , 2015 ) . `` Lessig : I 'm running for president '' . Slate . Retrieved September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Webb to consider running as an independent '' . Politico . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biden says he 's not running in 2016 '' . OnPolitics . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Biden Not Running for President '' . ABC News . October 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagner , John ; Weigel , David ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Lincoln Chafee ends Democratic bid for president '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strauss , Daniel ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Lessig drops out of presidential race '' . Politico . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada Caucus Results '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South Carolina Primary Results '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why The Polls Missed Bernie Sanders 's Michigan Upset '' . FiveThirtyEight . March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Dan ; Jacobs , Ben ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Bernie Sanders pulls off shock victory over Hillary Clinton in Indiana '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dann , Carrie ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Clinton hits ' magic number ' of delegates to clinch nomination '' . NBC News . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Democratic Convention 2016 '' . thegreenpapers.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sanders vows to help Clinton beat Trump , but keeps campaign alive '' . Reuters . June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sanders backers frustrated by defeats at Orlando platform meeting '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reily , Molly ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Bernie Sanders Endorses Hillary Clinton For President '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chozick , Amy . `` Hillary Clinton Announces 2016 Presidential Bid '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karni , Annie ( April 12 , 2015 ) . `` Hillary Clinton formally announces 2016 run '' . Politico . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hillary Rodham Clinton FEC filing '' ( PDF ) . FEC. April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , MJ ; Merica , Dan ; Zeleny , Jeff ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Bernie Sanders endorses Hillary Clinton '' . CNN . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yglesias , Matthew ( February 1 , 2016 ) `` Iowa Results : Martin O'Malley drops out after third place finish '' , Vox.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fritze , John ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Martin O'Malley endorses Hillary Clinton '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Merica , Dan ; LoBianco , Tom ( October 23 , 2015 ) `` Lincoln Chafee drops out of Democratic primary race '' , CNN.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 Jump up ^ Walsh , Michael ( October 20 , 2015 ) `` Jim Webb drops out of Democratic primary race '' , Yahoo ! Politics . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Healy , Patrick ( April 23 , 2016 ) . `` Hillary Clinton 's Campaign , Cautious but Confident , Begins Considering Running Mates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Dylan ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Hillary Clinton 's VP shortlist has leaked . Here are the pros and cons of each '' . Vox . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gearan , Anne ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Two names emerge from Clinton 's VP deliberations : Kaine and Vilsack '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gearan , Anne ; Wagner , John ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Sen. Timothy M. Kaine of Virginia chosen as Hillary Clinton 's VP '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collins , Eliza ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Libertarian Gary Johnson launches presidential bid '' . Politico . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Johnson U.S. FEC filing '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Hampshire Secretary of State Says Jill Stein Petition is Valid '' . ballot-access.org . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ballot Access '' . gp.org . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Jill Stein Qualifies for Write - in Status in North Carolina ; No Other Write - in Presidential Candidate Does So '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Rocky De La Fuente and Jill Stein File Oklahoma Ballot Access Case '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada Green Party Loses Ballot Access Lawsuit '' . ballot-access.org . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Green Party 's Jill Stein Announces She Is Running for President on Democracy Now ! '' . Democracy Now ! . June 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Green Party candidate Jill Stein announces VP running mate '' . August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McMullin , Evan. `` 34 States and Counting '' . Evan McMullin for President . Rumpf , Sarah . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` November 8 , 2016 , General Election Certified List of Write - In Candidates '' ( PDF ) . elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov . California Secretary of State . October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Registered Write - In Candidates November 8 , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . sots.ct.gov . Connecticut Secretary of State . October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 General Election Write - In Presidential Candidates '' ( PDF ) . sos.ks.gov . Kansas Secretary of State . October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Winger , Richard ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Missouri Secretary of State Releases List of Presidential Write - in Candidates '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Write - In Candidates for President '' ( PDF ) . www.elections.ny.gov . New York State Board of Elections . October 24 , 2016 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Winger , Richard ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Six Write - in Presidential Candidates File to Have North Dakota Write - ins Counted '' . ballot-access.org . Ballot Access News . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Daniel ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Whoops : Independent candidate appears to have accidentally picked a running mate '' . Politico . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-Trump Republican Launching Independent Presidential Bid '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ballot access The Constitution Party '' . www.constitutionparty.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Winger , Richard ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` North Dakota Says All Three Independent Presidential Petitions are Valid '' . Ballot Access News . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Election Information '' . azsos.gov . Arizona Secretary of State . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kemp , Brian ( September 12 , 2016 ) . `` Qualifying Candidate Information '' . sos.ga.gov . Georgia Secretary of State . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Candidate Listing '' . elections.state.md.us . Maryland State Board of Elections. 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Certification of Write - in Candidates -- President and Vice President '' ( PDF ) . Virginia Department of Elections . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution Party Nominates Darrell Castle and Scott Bradley '' . April 16 , 2016 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` September 2016 Ballot Access News Print Edition '' . Ballot Access News . p. 5 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eight Presidential Candidates will be on Mississippi ballot '' . ballot-access.org . September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Hampshire Says Rocky De La Fuente Has Enough Valid Signatures '' . ballot-access.org . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Nominations filed for the 2016 General Election '' . elections.ny.gov . New York State Board of Elections . August 11 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island Secretary of State Says Three Independent Presidential Petitions Have Enough Valid Signatures '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wyoming Says Jill Stein and Rocky De La Fuente Have Enough Valid Signatures '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Winger , Richard ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` Ballot Access News '' . ballot-access.org . p. 4 . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . States that allow write - ins in the general election , and do n't have write - in filing laws , are legally obliged to count all write - ins : Alabama , Iowa , New Hampshire , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , and Vermont ... Only one state , South Carolina , has a law that says that although write - ins in general elections are permitted , they are not permitted for president . ^ Jump up to : `` Declared Write - In Candidates , November 8 , 2016 General Election '' ( PDF ) . elections.delaware.gov . Delaware Department of Elections. 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 General Election Candidate Abbreviated List '' ( PDF ) . www.in.gov . Indiana Secretary of State Election Division . August 22 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Missouri Secretary of State Adds Rocky De La Fuente to the List of Declared Write - in Presidential Candidates '' . ballot-access.org . Ballot Access News . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Roza , Tony ( 2016 ) . `` Nebraska 2016 General Election '' . thegreenpapers.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Oregon '' . ballotpedia.org . Ballotpedia . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official List of Write - In Candidates for the 2016 General Election '' ( PDF ) . sos.wa.gov . Washington Secretary of State . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Write - In Candidate Listing '' ( PDF ) . sos.wv.gov . West Virginia Secretary of State . 2016 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( August 13 , 2016 ) . `` Peace & Freedom Party Nominates Gloria LaRiva for President '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( May 15 , 2016 ) . `` Liberty Union Party of Vermont Nominates Gloria La Riva for President '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Winger , Richard ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` September 2016 Ballot Access News Print Edition '' . ballot-access.org . p. 6 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Candidate Listing '' . elections.myflorida.com . Florida Department of State , Division of Elections. 2016 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tony Roza , ed. ( 2016 ) . `` Minnesota 2016 General Election '' . thegreenpapers.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Workers World Party Nominates Monica Moorehead for President '' . November 9 , 2015 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hudnall , David . `` Durham 's Lamont Lilly is Running for Vice President ( of the United States ) '' . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 November General Write - In List '' ( PDF ) . sos.idaho.gov . Idaho Secretary of State . October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tony Roza , ed. ( 2016 ) . `` Massachusetts 2016 General Election '' . thegreenpapers.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Winger , Richard ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Michigan List of Declared Write - in Presidential Candidates '' . ballot-access.org . Ballot Access News . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jorden , Henry ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 General Election Official State - Filed Write - In Candidates '' ( PDF ) . sos.mt.gov . Montana Secretary of State . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pietenpol , Laura ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` Ohio 2016 General Election Candidates List '' . sos.state.oh.us . Ohio Secretary of State . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Write - in Certificate with New Presidential Write - in '' ( PDF ) . sos.state.tx.us . Texas Secretary of State . 2016 . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Natural Law Party of Michigan Nominates Socialist Party National Ticket Ballot Access News '' . Ballot-access.org . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( October 17 , 2015 ) . `` Socialist Party National Ticket Nominated '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Socialist Party is Only Party , Besides Republicans and Democrats , to File for Guam Advisory Presidential Vote '' . ballot-access.org . Ballot Access News . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Candidate Fillings '' . elections.utah.gov . Utah Lieutenant Governor . 2016 . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Registered Write - in Candidates for November 8 , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . elections.wi.gov . Wisconsin Elections Commission . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prohibition Party Nominates National Ticket '' . Ballot Access News . July 31 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` James Hedges FEC Filing '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` November 8 , 2016 General Election Candidate List '' . elections.alaska.gov . State of Alaska Division of Elections. 2016 . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Election Candidate Filings -- President of the United States '' . apps.sos.ky.gov . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Husted , Jon ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Husted Announces Independent Candidates for President and Vice President '' . sos.state.oh.us . Ohio Secretary of State . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` Georgia Secretary of State Now Says Laurence Kotlikoff May be a Declared Write - in Presidential Candidate '' . ballot-access.org . Ballot Access News . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` November 8 , 2016 Write - in Candidates '' . cookcountyclerk.com . Cook County Clerk. 2016 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` List of Declared Write - in Candidates for the General Election '' . maine.gov . Maine Bureau of Corporations , Elections & Commissions . September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Summers , Kathy ( October 4 , 2016 ) , `` Certified Write - In Candidates for United States President November 8 , 2016 '' , sos.tn.gov , Tennessee Secretary of State , retrieved October 4 , 2016 Jump up ^ Ziggler , Jed ( January 1 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Hoefling Announces 2016 Presidential Campaign '' . Independent Political Report . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Arkansas Secretary of State Removes Tom Hoefling from Ballot for President '' . ballot-access.org . Ballot Access News . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Keniston 2016 '' . Chris Keniston 2016 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Veterans Party of America '' . Veterans Party of America . ^ Jump up to : Wayne Williams , ed . ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 General Election Candidate List '' . sos.state.co.us . Colorado Secretary of State . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` American Party of South Carolina Nominates Peter Skewes for President '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Silva , Rod ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` FEC Form 2 : Statement of Candidacy '' ( PDF ) . fec.gov . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Silva , Rod . `` My fellow Americans '' . Rod Silva for President 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Schedler , ed. ( 2016 ) . `` Candidate Inquiry '' . sos.la.gov . Louisiana Department of State . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 November General Candidate List '' ( PDF ) . sos.idaho.gov . Idaho Secretary of State . September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chozick , Amy ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Clinton Offers Economic Plan Focused on Jobs '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Hillary Clinton : Equal pay , problem - solving would be top priorities '' . CBS News . February 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lerder , Lisa ( April 19 , 2015 ) . `` Clinton patches relations with liberals at campaign 's outset '' . The Big Story . Associated Press . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chozick , Amy ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` A Path to Citizenship , Clinton Says , ' Is at Its Heart a Family Issue ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Geoff , Colvin ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Explaining Donald Trump 's Massive Branding Power '' . Fortune . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mai - Duc , Christine ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Inside the Southern California factory that makes the Donald Trump hats '' . latimes.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cassidy , John ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump Is Transforming the G.O.P. Into a Populist , Nativist Party '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . What is perhaps more surprising , at least to Washington - based conservatives , is how many Republicans are also embracing Trump 's populist lines on ending free trade , protecting Social Security , and providing basic health care . Jump up ^ `` How Trump Exposed the Tea Party '' . Politico Magazine . For years the Republican elite has gotten away with promoting policies about trade and entitlements that are the exact opposites of the policies favored by much of their electoral base . Populist conservatives who want to end illegal immigration , tax the rich , protect Social Security and Medicare , and fight fewer foreign wars have been there all along . It 's just that mainstream pundits and journalists , searching for a libertarian right more to their liking ( and comprehension ) , refused to see them before the Summer of Trump . Jump up ^ Nicholas Confessore ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` How the G.O.P. Elite Lost Its Voters to Donald Trump '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . While wages declined and workers grew anxious about retirement , Republicans offered an economic program still centered on tax cuts for the affluent and the curtailing of popular entitlements like Medicare and Social Security . Jump up ^ Greg Sargent ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` This one anecdote perfectly explains how Donald Trump is hijacking the GOP '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas B. Edsall ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Who Are the Angriest Republicans ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Steve Rattner ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` White , working class men back Trump , charts show '' ( video ) . Morning Joe MNSBC . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Steve Rattner breaks down the demographics of who is supporting Donald Trump and how these supporters are doing financially . Duration : 2 : 25 Jump up ^ Jeff Guo ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Death predicts whether people vote for Donald Trump '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Even after controlling for these other factors , the middle - aged white death rate in a county was still a significant predictor of the share of votes that went to Trump Jump up ^ Nate Cohn , Donald Trump 's Strongest Supporters : A Certain Kind of Democrat , The New York Times ( December 31 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Thrush , Glenn ; Haberman , Maggie ( May 2014 ) . `` What Is Hillary Clinton Afraid Of '' . Politico . Jump up ^ Merica , Dan ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Hillary Clinton seeks ' new beginning ' with the press '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Jason ( May 22 , 2015 ) . `` Hillary Clinton , Acutely Aware of Pitfalls , Avoids Press on Campaign Trail '' . The New York Times . it makes all the political sense in the world for Mrs. Clinton to ignore them Jump up ^ Waldman , Paul ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Why Hillary Clinton needs to start treating the press better '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Nicholas Confessore & Karen Yourish , Measuring Donald Trump 's Mammoth Advantage in Free Media , The New York Times ( March 16 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` How much does Donald Trump dominate TV news coverage ? This much '' . CNN . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tyndall , Andrew . `` COMMENTS : Campaign 2016 Coverage : Annual Totals for 2015 '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Byers , Dylan . `` Donald Trump : Media King , 2015 '' . CNN . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Kenneth . `` How Donald Trump 's Media Dominance Is Changing the 2016 Campaign '' . US News & World Report . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 43 Times Donald Trump Has Attacked The Media As A Presidential Candidate '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fandos , Nicholas ( July 11 , 2015 ) . `` Donald Trump Defiantly Rallies a New ' Silent Majority ' in a Visit to Arizona '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Kenneth . `` Trump : Media Is ' Dishonest and Corrupt ' '' Archived September 16 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , U.S. News and World Report ( August 15 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Koppel , Ted . `` Trump : ' I feel I 'm an honest person ' '' , CBS News ( July 24 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` RealClearPolitics -- Clinton & Trump : Favorability Ratings '' . Real Clear Politics . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Michael S. ; Chozick , Amy ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Using Private Email , Hillary Clinton Thwarted Record Requests '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Leonnig , Carol D. ; Helderman , Rosalind S. ; Gearan , Anne ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Clinton e-mail review could find security issues '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Dilanian , Ken ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Clinton Emails Held Indirect References to Undercover CIA Officers '' . NBC News . Jump up ^ Shane , Scott ; Schmidt , Michael S. ( August 8 , 2015 ) . `` Hillary Clinton Emails Take Long Path to Controversy '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Cox , Douglas ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` Hillary Clinton email controversy : How serious is it ? '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Kessler , Glenn ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` How did ' top secret ' emails end up on Hillary Clinton 's server ? '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Perez , Evan ; Brown , Pamela ( October 29 , 2016 ) . `` Comey notified Congress of email probe despite DOJ concerns '' . CNN . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perez , Evan ; Brown , Pamela ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` FBI discovered Clinton - related emails weeks ago '' . CNN . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FBI finds no criminality in review of newly discovered Clinton emails '' . NBC News . November 6 , 2016 . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emails Warrant No New Action Against Hillary Clinton , F.B.I. Director Says '' . The New York Times . November 6 , 2016 . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Montanaro , Domenico ( September 10 , 2016 ) . `` Hillary Clinton 's ' Basket Of Deplorables , ' In Full Context Of This Ugly Campaign '' . NPR . The remarks also remind of inflammatory remarks in recent presidential elections on both sides -- from Barack Obama 's assertion in 2008 that people in small towns are `` bitter '' and `` cling to guns or religion , '' to Mitt Romney 's 2012 statement that 47 percent of Americans vote for Democrats because they are `` dependent upon government '' and believe they are `` victims , '' to his vice presidential pick Paul Ryan 's comment that the country is divided between `` makers and takers . '' Jump up ^ Epstein , Jennifer ( September 10 , 2016 ) . `` Clinton Calls Some Trump Supporters ' Basket of Deplorables ' '' . Bloomberg News . Republican pollster Frank Luntz described Clinton 's comments as her `` 47 percent moment , '' a reference to Republican Mitt Romney 's remarks at a private fundraiser in the 2012 campaign . Jump up ^ Chozick , Amy ( September 10 , 2016 ) . `` Hillary Clinton Calls Many Trump Backers ' Deplorables , ' and GOP Pounces '' . New York Times . Prof. Jennifer Mercieca , an expert in American political discourse at Texas A&M University , said in an email that the `` deplorable '' comment `` sounds bad on the face of it '' and compared it to Mr. Romney 's 47 percent gaffe . `` The comment demonstrates that she ( like Romney ) lacks empathy for that group , '' Professor Mercieca said . Jump up ^ Reilly , Katie ( September 10 , 2016 ) . `` Hillary Clinton Says She Regrets Part of Her ' Deplorables ' Comment '' . Time . Jump up ^ Flegenheimer , Matt ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Hillary Clinton Says ' Radical Fringe ' Is Taking Over G.O.P. Under Donald Trump '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Cassidy , John , A Sexual Predator in the Republican Party 's Midst , The New Yorker , October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trump recorded having extremely lewd conversation about women in 2005 '' . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Video Shows Donald Trump Saying Lewd Things About Women '' . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trump on hot mic : ' When you 're a star ... You can do anything ' to women '' . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Rebecca ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` RNC Chair Reince Priebus condemns Trump for obscene comments about women in 2005 video '' . Business Insider . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Kurtis ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Speaker Paul Ryan disinvites Trump to his campaign event , says he 's ' sickened ' by tape '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blake , Aaron ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` Here 's the fast - growing list of Republicans calling for Donald Trump to drop out '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Costa , Robert ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` Amid growing calls to drop out , Trump vows to ' never withdraw ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Johnson : Third party is going to be the Libertarian Party On Air Videos '' . Fox Business . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Benjy Sarlin , Anti-Trump forces have few options for third party alternative , MSNBC ( March 4 , 2016 ) : `` ' I am the third party , ' former New Mexico Gov. Gary Johnson , the party 's 2012 nominee , told conservative gathering CPAC on Thursday . ' The Libertarian Party will be on the ballot in all 50 states . ' '' Jump up ^ Rogers , Ed ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` Who is Gary Johnson ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` As Between Trump and Clinton , Gary Johnson ( or Austin Petersen ) is the Best Choice for President '' . RedState . May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Eli . `` Libertarian candidate Gary Johnson : What Donald Trump says is ' ridiculous ' '' . CNN . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maggie Haberman ; Alexander Burns ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Gary Johnson Equates Syria Deaths Caused by Assad and West '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Gary Johnson gives a foreign policy speech and chides the media for giving him pop quizzes '' . The Washington Post . Johnson tried to put a string of foreign policy gaffes behind him on Friday ... ^ Jump up to : Wright , David . `` What is Aleppo ? '' . CNN . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Louis ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Libertarian candidate Gary Johnson : ' What is Aleppo ? ' '' . Politico . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I am Jill Stein , Green Party candidate for President , AMA ! / r / IAmA '' . reddit . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH / / Jill Stein : To stop Trump 's neofascism , we must stop Clinton 's neoliberalism '' . Haaretz.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Left Forum 2016 , Is Sanders the Answer to Building Left and Black Power ? '' . youtube . Open University of the Left . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Easley ; Ben Kamisar ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Democrats target Libertarian ticket '' . The Hill . ^ Jump up to : Leip , David ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` 2016 Presidential General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Newton , Massachusetts . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Camia , Catalina ; Moore , Martha A. ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Democrats pick Philadelphia for 2016 convention '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . 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Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mills , Glen ( April 14 , 2016 ) `` The Constitution Party hosts national convention in Salt Lake City '' , Good4Utah . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Presidential Race '' . OpenSecrets.org . Center for Responsive Politics . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Summary data for Hillary Clinton , 2016 Cycle '' . opensecrets.org. 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Details for Candidate ID : P00003392 '' . fec.gov . Federal Election Commission . 2016 . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Summary data for Donald Trump , 2016 Cycle '' . opensecrets.org. 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Details for Candidate ID : P80001571 '' . fec.gov . Federal Election Commission . 2016 . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Summary data for Gary Johnson , 2016 Cycle '' . opensecrets.org. 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Details for Candidate ID : P20002671 '' . fec.gov . Federal Election Commission . 2016 . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Details for Candidate ID : P60016342 '' . fec.gov . Federal Election Commission . 2016 . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Summary data for Jill Stein , 2016 Cycle '' . opensecrets.org. 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Details for Committee ID : C00581199 '' . fec.gov . Federal Election Commission . 2016 . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Details for Candidate ID : P60022654 '' . fec.gov . Federal Election Commission . 2016 . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Details for Candidate ID : P60021102 '' . fec.gov . Federal Election Commission . 2016 . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Details for Candidate ID : P80005572 '' . fec.gov . Federal Election Commission . 2016 . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Details for Committee ID : C00607788 '' . fec.gov . Federal Election Commission . 2016 . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ `` Daily News Editorial Board says Vote Hillary Clinton : She 's the best choice for President , while Donald Trump represents a clear and present danger to the republic '' . Daily News . New York . July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Diaz , John ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Trump strikes out on newspaper endorsements '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hod , Italy . `` Donald Trump Makes History With Zero Major Newspaper Endorsements '' . Yahoo News . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial : Donald Trump for president '' . Las Vegas Journal - Review . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial : Trump is the change agent America needs '' . jacksonville.com . Jump up ^ Cannon , Carl ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Trump 's tabloid '' . RealClearPolitics.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` We recommend Hillary Clinton for president '' . The Dallas Morning News . September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Endorsement Why Hillary Clinton is the safe choice for president '' . U-T San Diego . September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` For president : Trump unfit , Clinton is qualified '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Arizona Republic Editorial Board ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Endorsement : Hillary Clinton is the only choice to move America ahead '' . Jump up ^ `` Campaign 2016 updates : Another newspaper that has long backed GOP candidates bucks Donald Trump '' -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ `` USA Today 's Editorial Board : Trump is ' unfit for the presidency ' '' . Jump up ^ `` The Case for Hillary Clinton And Against Donald Trump '' . October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Diaz , Daniella ; Spodak , Cassie ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Union Leader breaks with 100 - year tradition , endorses Gary Johnson '' . CNN . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Endorsement : Libertarian Gary Johnson for president '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial : A principled option for U.S. president : Endorsing Gary Johnson , Libertarian '' . Chicago Tribune . September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FBI in agreement with CIA that Russia aimed to help Trump win White House '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Washington , Spencer Ackerman David Smith in ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` Barack Obama orders ' full review ' of possible Russian hacking in US election '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top U.S. intelligence official : Russia meddled in election by hacking , spreading of propaganda '' . The Washington Post . January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanger , David E. ( December 10 , 2016 ) . `` Trump , Mocking Claim That Russia Hacked Election , at Odds with G.O.P. '' The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Entous , Adam ; Nakashima , Ellen ; Miller , Greg ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` Secret CIA assessment says Russia was trying to help Trump win White House '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Damian Paletta & Kate O'Keeffe ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump 's Team Tones Down Skepticism on Russia Hacking Evidence '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Levine , Sam ( December 10 , 2016 ) . `` Chuck Schumer Calls For Investigation Into Russian Interference In The Election '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Jenna ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Build that wall ' has taken on a life of its own at Donald Trump 's rallies -- but he 's still serious '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Gass , Nick ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Trump insists after meeting : ' Mexico will pay for the wall ! ' '' . Politico . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Birdie Sanders ' Gets a Standing Ovation at Rally '' . Time . March 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gore , Will ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` What Trump calls fake news is usually an inconvenient fact . The media 's right to report must be protected '' . Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Drobnic Holan , Angie ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 Lie of the Year : Fake news '' . PolitiFact . Jump up ^ `` Here 's the Origin Story of Bernie Sanders ' ' Feel the Bern ' Hashtag '' . Time . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Rachel ( April 8 , 2017 ) . `` Donald Trump declares national prisoner of war day despite saying ' I like people who were n't captured ' '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Miller , Meg ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` The Story Behind `` I 'm With Her '' `` . Jump up ^ Krieg , Gregory ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump defends size of his penis '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Harrington , Rebecca ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Here 's what Trump means when he says ' drain the swamp ' -- even though it 's not an accurate metaphor '' . Business Insider . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How might Trump ' drain the swamp ' ? '' . BBC News . October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Commission on Presidential Debates : An Overview '' , Debates.org . Jump up ^ Hulsey , Lynn ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Hofstra University offers debate spots for WSU students '' . Dayton Daily News . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flores , Reena . `` Campaign manager : Trump will attend all three presidential debates '' . CBS News . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CPD Announces 2016 Debate Host Applicants '' . Commission on Presidential Debates . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Stephen M. `` Three Texas Locations Vie For 2016 Presidential Debates '' . San Antonio Daily News . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2015 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Commission on Presidential Debates announces sites and dates for 2016 general election debates '' . Commission on Presidential Debates . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lima , Cristiano ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` Trump wants three presidential debates , accuses Clinton of rigging schedule '' . Politico . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Free and Equal Announces Date and Location for General Election Presidential Debate '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UWS Festival '' . freeandequal.org . Free & Equal Elections Foundation . 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United We Stand Festival & People 's Presidential Debate Live Now from Boulder , CO ! '' . Free & Equal Elections Foundation . October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Johnson , Jill Stein debate on Tavis Smiley show '' . Independent Political Report . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zarroli , Jim ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` It 's All Over But The Voting , As Trump And Clinton Cast Their Ballots '' . NPR . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lloyd Gruber , `` How political scientists got Trump exactly wrong . '' USApp -- American Politics and Policy Blog ( 01 Jun 2016 ) Jump up ^ Fred Andrew Wright and Alec Aidan Wright , `` How Surprising Was Trump 's Victory ? Notes on Predictions in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election '' ( January 16 , 2017 ) . online at SSRN ^ Jump up to : Jacobs , Jennifer ; House , Billy ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Trump Says He Expected to Lose Election Because of Poll Results '' . Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Live Coverage : Election Night 2016 '' . Kansas Public Radio . November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Adams , Cindy ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` I know exactly who Trump is : A man who keeps his promises '' . New York Post . ^ Jump up to : `` Presidential Election Results : Donald J. Trump Wins '' . The New York Times . November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pace , Julie ; Furlow , Robert ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Trump claims astounding victory as America 's 45th president '' . Associated Press . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Press , Bill ( April 24 , 2017 ) . Inside Hillary Clinton 's Hotel Room on Election Night 2016 . Peter Ogburn , Amie Parnes , Jonathan Allen . YouTube . Event occurs at 1 : 45 . Jump up ^ Martosko , David ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Conway : Huma Abedin placed the call when Clinton conceded to Trump '' . Mail Online . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rappeport , Alan ; Burns , Alexander ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Highlights of Hillary Clinton 's Concession Speech and President Obama 's Remarks '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flegenheimer , Matt ; Barbaro , Michael ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump Is Elected President in Stunning Repudiation of the Establishment '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 November General Election Turnout Rates '' . United States Elections Project . Retrieved December 17 , 2016. ) Jump up ^ U.S. Census Bureau . ( 2016 ) . Population clock . Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/popclock/ ^ Jump up to : Azhar , Hamdan ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 Vs. 2012 : How Trump 's Win And Clinton 's Votes Stack Up To Romney And Obama '' . Forbes . New York City . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gregg , Christine . How many states did Trump win ? A state - by - state look back at the 2016 presidential election , AOL , July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 56 Interesting Facts About the 2016 Election '' , The Cook Political Report , December 16 , 2016 , archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 Jump up ^ Rozsa , Matthew ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` Jill Stein spoiled the 2016 election for Hillary Clinton '' . Salon . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/sov/2016-general/sov/06-sov-summary.pdf Jump up ^ http://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/sov/2016-general/sov/17-presidential-formatted.pdf Jump up ^ `` President of the United States - 2016 General Election - NHSOS '' . Jump up ^ `` : : Vermont Election Night Results : : '' . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina 2016 General Election '' . Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania State Elections Office Tallies Presidential Write - ins for Three Candidates : McMullin , Sanders , and Kasich '' . Ballot Access News . December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island Releases Write - ins for President from November 2016 Election - Ballot Access News '' . Jump up ^ CA : ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) NH : ( 3 ) VT : ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Dwilson , Stephanie Dube ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` How Many Write - In Votes Did Bernie Sanders Get in the Election ? '' . Jump up ^ Geier , Ben ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` The 2016 Presidential Election Could Have Two Spoiler Candidates '' . Fortune . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Presidential Ballot Access Map '' . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Election of 2016 '' . Jump up ^ Warner , Claire . `` Ralph Nader Got The Most Write - In Votes For President Ever , But Election Write - Ins Have A Long History '' . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schleifer , Theodore ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Trump stomps all over the Democrats ' Blue Wall '' . CNN . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Angst over the economy helps Trump flip Great Lakes states , Chicago Tribune , November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Donald Trump 's Promise of Bringing Back Jobs Worked With Many Michigan Voters , The Wall Street Journal , November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trump election : Wisconsin prepares for vote recount '' . BBC News . November 26 , 2016 . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Clinton campaign splits from White House in backing Jill Stein recount push '' . The Guardian . November 26 , 2016 . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Board to Hear Trump 's Challenge to Recount Effort '' . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Latest : 5 Nevada counties to recount presidential race '' . The Washington Post . November 30 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` State of Alabama : Canvass of Results '' ( PDF ) . November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 General Election Official Results '' . November 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Secretary of State '' ( PDF ) . November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arkansas Secretary of State '' . November 23 , 2016 . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Election results '' ( PDF ) . California Secretary of State . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Certified Results '' . Colorado Secretary of State . December 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Results , Statewide '' . Connecticut Secretary of State . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` State Of Delaware Elections System -- Official Election Results '' . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` State Of Delaware Elections System -- Write ‐ In Candidates Votes Cast '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Washington DC General Election 2016 -- Certified Results '' . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Florida President of the United States Results '' . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia General Election -- Official Results '' . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 votes cast for certified write - in candidates '' . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` General Election 2016 -- State of Hawaii -- Statewide '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Statewide Totals '' . Idaho Secretary of State . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Election Results '' . Illinois State Board of Elections . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Election Results '' . Indiana Secretary of State . December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Federal / Statewide Races '' . Iowa Secretary of State . December 5 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2016 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Vote Totals '' ( PDF ) . Kansas Secretary of State . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . 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Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` President of the United States -- 2016 General Election '' . New Hampshire Secretary of State . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Candidates for President -- For General Election 11 / 08 / 2016 '' ( PDF ) . State of New Jersey Department of State . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Results General Election '' . New Mexico Secretary of State . November 25 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New York State General Election Official Results '' ( PDF ) . New York State Board of Elections . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official General Election Results -- Statewide '' . North Carolina State Board of Elections . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Results General Election -- North Dakota '' . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State Election Board -- Official Results '' . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma State Election Board -- Official Results '' . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` November 8 , 2016 , General Election Abstract of Votes '' ( PDF ) . Oregon Secretary of State . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Presidential Election '' . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 General Election -- Presidential Electors For : '' . State of Rhode Island Board of Elections . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Statewide General Election -- South Carolina '' . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South Dakota certificate of ascertainment '' ( PDF ) . National archives . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` State of Tennessee November 8 , 2016 State General United States President '' ( PDF ) . Tennessee Secretary of State . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Race Summary Report , 2016 General Election '' . Texas Secretary of State . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Statewide Federal Election Results '' ( PDF ) . 2016 General Election - Statewide Canvass . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vermont US President and Vice President -- Official Results '' . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia President and Vice President -- Official Results '' . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` November 8 , 2016 General Election Results '' ( PDF ) . FEC Election Results . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Statewide Results '' . West Virginia Secretary of State . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` County by County Report '' ( PDF ) . WEC Canvass Reporting System . Wisconsin Elections Commission . December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wyoming Official Election Results '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maine Splits its Electoral Votes for First Time Since 1828 '' . ballot-access.org . Jump up ^ `` State of Maine Certificate of Ascertainment of Electors '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Results of Nebraska General Election -- November 6 , 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Donald Trump Had A Superior Electoral College Strategy '' . FiveThirtyEight . February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hellmann , Jessie ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Democratic elector in Hawaii votes for Sanders '' . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sean Collins Walsh , `` All but 2 Texas members of the Electoral College choose Donald Trump , '' Statesman.com ( December 19 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Texas electors cast 36 votes for Trump , 1 for Kasich , 1 for Ron Paul . Texas Tribune ( December 19 , 2016 ) . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anti-Trump protests continue across America '' . The Economist . November 10 , 2016 . ISSN 0013 - 0613 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gen. Colin Powell Sells His $2.8 M Upper West Side Condo '' . May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emails detail Colin Powell 's substantial role at City College '' . Jump up ^ `` General Colin L. Powell -- Informatio '' . December 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Powell has several homes , including one in NYC ( still ) and also one in DC , but is officially a VA resident per WikiLeaks emails , and per his ' verified ' social media account . ^ Jump up to : Rachel la Corte , `` 4 Washington state electors to be fined $1,000 for vote , '' bigstory.ap.org ( December 22 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Brunner , Jim ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Four Washington state electors break ranks and do n't vote for Clinton '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Faith Spotted Eagle , who received one Washington state elector 's presidential vote '' . December 19 , 2016 . 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( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` How the Media 's Election Predictions Badly Missed the Mark '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump 's Victory Is Met With Shock Across a Wide Political Divide '' . The New York Times . November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Arkin , Daniel ; Siemaszko , Corky ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 Election : Donald Trump Wins the White House in Upset '' . NBC News . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How Donald Trump swept to an unreal , surreal presidential election win '' . Guardian . November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldmacher , Shane ; Schreckinger , Ben ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Trump Pulls Off Biggest Upset in U.S. History '' . Politico . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bromwich , Jonah Engel ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Protests of Trump 's Election Continue Into Third Day '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Domonoske , Camila ; Overland , Martha Ann ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Across The Country , Thousands March In Protest Against Trump 's Victory : The Two - Way '' . NPR . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calvert , Scott ; McWhirter , Cameron ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Anti-Trump Protests Likely to Continue Friday and Saturday '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leah Sottile ; Samantha Schmidt ; Brian Murphy ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` As anti-Trump anger feeds protests and violence , Obama echoes appeals for unity '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Ratzlaff , Angela . `` Here are all the Southern California students who walked out of high schools to protest Donald Trump '' . Press Enterprise . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Galeano , Javier ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` In second day of anti-Trump protests , civil rights a top concern '' . Reuters . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oxnard students took to the streets protesting Trump '' . Ventura County Star . November 10 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' F * * k Trump ' : Protesters take to streets in pro-Hillary Oregon after election results '' . Russia Today . November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Meyjes , Toby ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Rioting breaks out in the US in reaction to Donald Trump 's shock victory '' . Metro . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chabba , Seerat ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump Elected President : Riots Break Out At University Campuses After Republican 's Win '' . International Business Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bitette , Nicole ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Madonna , Mark Ruffalo , T.I. and more celebrities join New York City anti-Trump protests '' . The New York Daily News . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gotty , John ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Cher , Madonna And T.I. Lend Their Support To NYC 's Anti-Trump Protests '' . UPROXX . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Cady ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Lady Gaga Protested Outside Trump Tower During the Election '' . TIME . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rand , Jory Rand bio , about Jory ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Thousands protest Trump election in LA , block 101 Freeway downtown '' . ABC7 Los Angeles . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ TEGNA. `` 6 arrested after march disrupts I - 5 Portland traffic '' . KGW . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ about , John Gregory , bio , ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Police fire rubber bullets at anti-Trump protesters in Santa Ana ; 10 arrested '' . ABC7 Los Angeles . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Not My President `` : Tens of Thousands Take to Streets , Block Freeways & Rally Against Trump '' . Democracy Now ! . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Serna , Joseph . `` Anti-Trump protests continue for second day in California following a night of vandalism and arrests '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Thomas ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Anti-Trump Demonstrators Take to the Streets in Several U.S. Cities '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwab , Nikki ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Rudy Giuliani calls college kids ' a bunch of spoiled crybabies ' -- as universities bring in therapy dogs and Play - Doh to soothe Hillary supporters '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` L.A. Mayor Praises Peaceful Anti-Trump Protests '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press . November 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CNN , Dan Merica . `` Computer scientists to Clinton campaign : Challenge election results '' . CNN . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Gabriel . `` Experts Urge Clinton Campaign to Challenge Election Results in 3 Swing States '' . Daily Intelligencer . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Halderman , J. Alex ( November 24 , 2016 ) . `` Want to Know if the Election was Hacked ? Look at the Ballots '' . Medium . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nate Silver on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sanger , David E. `` U.S. Officials Defend Integrity of Vote , Despite Hacking Fears '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sanger , David E. `` Hillary Clinton 's Team to Join Wisconsin Recount Pushed by Jill Stein '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( November 24 , 2016 ) . `` Why are people giving Jill Stein millions of dollars for an election recount ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stein Ends Recount Bid , but Says It Revealed Flaws in Voting System '' . The New York Times . December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Election recount process to begin in Wisconsin after Green Party petition '' . nbcnews.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marc Elias ( November 26 , 2016 ) . `` Listening and Responding To Calls for an Audit and Recount '' . Medium . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jill Stein files petition seeking Pennsylvania presidential election recount '' . pennlive.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jill Stein files for Michigan recount '' . Politico . November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Read : Trump Slams Jill Stein Over ' Ridiculous ' Vote Recount Effort '' . Fox News . November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trump Campaign Objects To Michigan Hand Recount '' . CBS Detroit . December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan attorney general files lawsuit to stop recount '' . CNN.com . December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan recount halted '' . CNN.com . December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. judge rejects Green Party 's Pennsylvania recount case ; Wisconsin recount finished '' . Chicago Tribune . Chicago , Illinois . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : Judge to Rule Monday on Pennsylvania Recount '' . ABC News . December 9 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Completed Wisconsin recount widens Donald Trump 's lead by 131 votes '' . Wisconsin State Journal . December 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nevada ballot recount changes just 15 Trump , Clinton votes '' . Fox 5 KVVU - TV . December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kathleen Gray ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` State audit : No evidence of fraud in Detroit vote '' . Detroit Free Press . Jump up ^ `` Green Party U.S. election recount bid comes to a close '' . Reuters . December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Electoral College voter : I 'm getting death threats CNN '' . cnn.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dentzer , Bill ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Electoral College : Are Idaho 's 4 electors being pressured to dump Trump , or harassed ? '' . The Idaho Statesman . Jump up ^ Kruesi , Kimberlee ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` Trump opponents ' campaign to beat him at the Electoral College is a long shot '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ O'Donnell , Lilly . `` Meet the ' Hamilton Electors ' Campaigning for an Electoral College Revolt '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hamilton Electors Facebook '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hamilton Electors '' . Hamilton Electors . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HamiltonElectors ( @ HamiltonElector ) Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cheney , Kyle . `` Lessig , lawyers to offer support to anti-Trump electors '' . Jump up ^ Cheney , Kyle . `` Colorado secretary of state slams rogue electors '' . Jump up ^ Cheney , Kyle ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Electors demand intelligence briefing before Electoral College vote '' . ^ Jump up to : Pelosi , Christine . `` Bipartisan Electors Ask James Clapper : Release Facts on Outside Interference in U.S. Election '' . Jump up ^ Mary , Kelly ( December 10 , 2016 ) . `` CIA Concludes Russian Interference Aimed To Elect Trump '' . Jump up ^ Pete Williams , Coming Soon : The ' Real ' Presidential Election , NBC News ( December 15 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` Electors wo n't get intelligence briefing : report '' . The Hill . December 16 , 2016 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Leigh Ann ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Despite Objections , Congress Certifies Donald Trump 's Election '' . NBC News . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Eason , Brian ; Frank , John ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Colorado 's electoral votes go to Hillary Clinton after one is replaced '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lord , Debbie ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Electoral College vote : Live updates on state - by - state voting '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andrews , Wilson ; Schmidt , Kiersten ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Tracking the Electoral College Vote '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Liebergen , Stephanie ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Georgia Elector Resigns After Publicly Refusing To Vote For Trump '' . Newsy . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : Hawaii electors cast votes for Clinton , Sanders '' . Associated Press . December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Capatides , Christina ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Both candidates from the same home state ? That 's pretty rare '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Further reading Berman , Ari . `` Rigged : How Voter Suppression Threw Wisconsin to Trump ; And possibly handed him the whole election . '' November - December 2017 Mother Jones issue Ott , Brian L. `` The age of Twitter : Donald J. Trump and the politics of debasement . '' Critical Studies in Media Communication 34.1 ( 2017 ) : 59 -- 68 . Patterson , Thomas E. `` News Coverage of the 2016 Presidential Primaries : Horse Race Reporting Has Consequences . '' ( 2016 ) . online Ross , Andrew S. , and Damian J. Rivers . `` Digital cultures of political participation : Internet memes and the discursive delegitimization of the 2016 US Presidential candidates . '' Discourse , Context & Media ( 2017 ) . Sabato , Larry , Kyle Kondik , Geoffrey Skelley , eds . Trumped : The 2016 Election That Broke All the Rules ( 2017 ) Schaffner , Brian , and John A. Clark . Making Sense of the 2016 Elections : A CQ Press Guide ( CQ Press , 2017 ) . ISBN 1506384188 Visser , Beth A. , Angela S. Book , and Anthony A. Volk . `` Is Hillary dishonest and Donald narcissistic ? A HEXACO analysis of the presidential candidates ' public personas . '' Personality and Individual Differences 106 ( 2017 ) : 281 -- 86 . online West , Darrell M. Air Wars : Television Advertising and Social Media in Election Campaigns , 1952 -- 2016 ( CQ Press , 2017 ) . 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"Voters selected members of the Electoral College in each state, in most cases by \"winner-takes-all\" plurality; those state electors in turn voted for a new president and vice president on December 19, 2016.[a] While Clinton received about 2.9 million more votes nationwide, a margin of 2.1%, Trump won 30 states with a total of 306 electors, or 57% of the 538 available. He won the three perennial swing states of Florida, Ohio, and Iowa, as well as the three \"blue wall\" stronghold states of Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. He also won Maine's 2nd congressional district, which had not been won by a Republican presidential candidate since 1988. Leading up to the election, a Trump victory was considered unlikely by almost all media forecasts. After his victory was assured, some commentators compared the election to President Harry S. Truman's victorious campaign in 1948 as one of the greatest political upsets in modern American history.[16][17]"
] | [
"Trump"
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7367408284177420887 | Oh! What a Lovely War | Oh ! What a Lovely war - wikipedia Oh ! What a Lovely war Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1969 film . For the original 1963 stage musical , see Oh , What a Lovely War ! Oh ! What a Lovely War Theatrical release poster Directed by Richard Attenborough Produced by Len Deighton Brian Duffy Written by Len Deighton ( uncredited ) Starring Maggie Smith Dirk Bogarde Phyllis Calvert Jean Pierre Cassel John Clements John Gielgud Jack Hawkins Kenneth More Laurence Olivier Michael Redgrave Vanessa Redgrave Ralph Richardson Susannah York John Mills Cinematography Gerry Turpin Edited by Kevin Connor Production company Accord Productions Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date 10 March 1969 ( UK release ) Running time 144 min Country United Kingdom Language English Oh ! What a Lovely War is a 1969 British comedy musical film directed by Richard Attenborough ( in his directorial debut ) , with an ensemble cast including Maggie Smith , Dirk Bogarde , John Gielgud , John Mills , Kenneth More , Laurence Olivier , Jack Hawkins , Corin Redgrave , Michael Redgrave , Vanessa Redgrave , Ralph Richardson , Ian Holm , Paul Shelley , Malcolm McFee , Jean - Pierre Cassel , Nanette Newman , Edward Fox , Susannah York , John Clements , Phyllis Calvert and Maurice Roëves . The film is based on the stage musical Oh , What a Lovely War ! , originated by Charles Chilton as a radio play , The Long Long Trail in December 1961 , and transferred to stage by Gerry Raffles in partnership with Joan Littlewood and her Theatre Workshop in 1963 . The title is derived from the music hall song Oh ! It 's a Lovely War , which is one of the major numbers in the film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast ( in credits order ) 2.1 Smith family 2.2 Also starring 2.3 Guest stars 3 Production 4 The song 5 Box office 6 Awards 7 References in popular culture 8 Notes 8.1 References 8.2 Sources 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Oh ! What A Lovely War summarises and comments on the events of the First World War using popular songs of the time , many of which were parodies of older popular songs , and using allegorical settings such as Brighton 's West Pier to criticise the manner in which the eventual victory was won . The diplomatic manoeuvrings and events involving those in authority are set in a fantasy location inside the pierhead pavilion , far from the trenches . In the opening scene various Foreign Ministers , generals and Heads of State walk over a huge map of Europe , reciting actual words spoken by these figures at the time . An unnamed photographer takes a picture of Europe 's rulers -- after handing two red poppies to the Archduke Ferdinand and his wife , the Duchess of Hohenberg , he takes their picture , ' assassinating ' them as the flash goes off . Many of the heads of state enjoy good personal relations and are reluctant to go to war : a tearful Emperor Franz Josef declares war on Serbia after being deceived by his Foreign Minister , whilst Czar Nicholas II and Kaiser Wilhelm II are shown as unable to overrule their countries ' military mobilisation schedules . The German invasion of Belgium leaves Sir Edward Grey little choice but to get involved . Italy reneges on her alliance with the Central Powers ( she joined the Allies in 1915 ) but Turkey joins them instead . The start of the war in 1914 is shown as a parade of optimism . The protagonists are an archetypal British family of the time , the Smiths , who are shown entering Brighton 's West Pier , with General Haig selling tickets -- the film later follows the young Smith men through their experiences in the trenches . A military band rouses holidaymakers from the beach to rally round and follow -- some even literally boarding a bandwagon . The first Battle of Mons is similarly cheerfully depicted yet more realistic in portrayal . Both scenes are flooded in pleasant sunshine . When the casualties start to mount , a theatre audience is rallied by singing `` Are We Downhearted ? No ! '' A chorus line dressed in frilled yellow dresses , recruits a volunteer army with `` We do n't want to lose you , but we think you ought to go '' . A music hall star ( Maggie Smith ) then enters a lone spotlight , and lures the still doubtful young men in the audience into `` taking the King 's Shilling '' by singing about how every day she ' walks out ' with different men in uniform , and that `` On Saturday I 'm willing , if you 'll only take the shilling , to make a man of any one of you . '' The young men take to the stage and are quickly moved offstage and into military life , and the initially alluring music hall singer is depicted on close - up as a coarse , over-made - up harridan . The red poppy crops up again as a symbol of impending death , often being handed to a soldier about to be sent to die . These scenes are juxtaposed with the pavilion , now housing the top military brass . There is a scoreboard ( a dominant motif in the original theatre production ) showing the loss of life and ' yards gained ' . Outside , Sylvia Pankhurst ( Vanessa Redgrave ) is shown addressing a hostile crowd on the futility of war , upbraiding them for believing everything they read in the newspapers . She is met with catcalls and jeered off her podium . 1915 is depicted as darkly contrasting in tone . Many shots of a parade of wounded men illustrate an endless stream of grim , hopeless faces . Black humour among these soldiers has now replaced the enthusiasm of the early days . `` There 's a Long , Long Trail a-Winding '' captures the new mood of despair , depicting soldiers filing along in torrential rain in miserable conditions . Red poppies provide the only bright colour in these scenes . In a scene of British soldiers drinking in an estaminet , a chanteuse ( Pia Colombo ) leads them in a jolly chorus of `` The Moon Shines Bright on Charlie Chaplin '' , a reworking of an American song then shifts the mood back to darker tone by singing a soft and sombre version of `` Adieu la vie '' . At the end of the year , amidst more manoeuvres in the pavilion , General ( later Field Marshal ) Douglas Haig replaces Field Marshal Sir John French as Commander - in - Chief of the British Forces . Haig is then mocked by Australian troops who see him inspecting British soldiers ; they sing `` They were only playing Leapfrog '' to the tune of `` John Brown '' . An interfaith religious service is held in a ruined abbey . A priest tells the gathered soldiers that each religion has endorsed the war by way of allowing soldiers to eat pork if Jewish , meat on Fridays if Catholic , and work through the sabbath if in service of the war for all religions . He also says the Dalai Lama has blessed the war effort . 1916 passes and the film 's tone darkens again . The songs contain contrasting tones of wistfulness , stoicism , and resignation ; including `` The Bells of Hell Go Ting - a-ling - a-ling '' , `` If The Sergeant Steals Your Rum , Never Mind '' and `` Hanging on the Old Barbed Wire '' . The wounded are laid out in ranks at the field station , a stark contrast to the healthy rows of young men who entered the War . The camera often lingers on Harry Smith 's silently suffering face . The Americans arrive , but are shown only in the ' disconnected reality ' of the pavilion , interrupting the deliberations of the British generals by singing `` Over There '' with the changed final line : `` And we wo n't come back -- we 'll be buried over there ! '' The resolute - looking American captain seizes the map from an astonished Haig . Jack notices with disgust that after three years of fighting , he is literally back where he started , at Mons . As the Armistice is sounding , Jack is the last one to die . There is a splash of red which at first glance appears to be blood , but which turns out to be yet another poppy out of focus in the foreground . Jack 's spirit wanders through the battlefield , and he eventually finds himself in the room where the elder statesmen of Europe are drafting the coming peace - but they are oblivious to his presence . Jack finally finds himself on a tranquil hillside , where he joins his friends for a lie down on the grass , where their figures morph into crosses . The film closes with a long slow pan out that ends in a dizzying aerial view of countless soldiers ' graves , as the voices of the dead sing `` We 'll Never Tell Them '' ( a parody of the Jerome Kern song `` They Did n't Believe Me '' ) . Cast ( in credits order ) ( edit ) Smith family ( edit ) Wendy Allnutt as Flo Smith Colin Farrell ( not to be confused with the later - born Irish actor of the same name ) as Harry Smith Malcolm McFee as Freddie Smith John Rae as Grandpa Smith Corin Redgrave as Bertie Smith Maurice Roëves as George Smith Paul Shelley as Jack Smith Kim Smith as Dickie Smith Angela Thorne as Betty Smith Mary Wimbush as Mary Smith At the time , the Beatles were also interested in making an anti-war film . At Bertrand Russell 's suggestion Paul McCartney met with the producer Len Deighton to discuss the opportunity of the band portraying the Smith family although in the end it was not possible to arrange . Also starring ( edit ) Vincent Ball as Australian Soldier Pia Colombo as Estaminet Singer Paul Daneman as Czar Nicholas II Isabel Dean as Sir John French 's Lady Christian Doermer as Fritz Robert Flemyng as Staff Officer in Gassed Trench Meriel Forbes as Lady Grey Frank Forsyth as Woodrow Wilson Ian Holm as President Poincaré David Lodge as Recruiting Sergeant Joe Melia as the Photographer Guy Middleton as Sir William Robertson Juliet Mills as Nurse Nanette Newman as Nurse Cecil Parker as Sir John Natasha Parry as Sir William Robertson 's Lady Gerald Sim as Chaplain Thorley Walters as Staff Officer in Ballroom Anthony Ainley as Third Aide Michael Bates as Drunk Lance Corporal Fanny Carby as Mill Girl Cecilia Darby as Sir Henry Wilson 's Lady Geoffrey Davies as Aide Edward Fox as Aide George Ghent as Heckler Peter Gilmore as Private Burgess Ben Howard as Private Garbett Norman Jones as Scottish Soldier Paddy Joyce as Irish Soldier Angus Lennie as Scottish Soldier Harry Locke as Heckler Clifford Mollison as Heckler Derek Newark as Shooting Gallery Proprietor John Owens as Seamus Moore Ron Pember as Corporal at Station Dorothy Reynolds as Heckler Norman Shelley as Staff Officer in Ballroom Marianne Stone as Mill Girl John Trigger as Officer at Station Kathleen Wileman as Emma Smith at Age 4 Penelope Allen as Solo Chorus Girl Maurice Arthur as Soldier Singer Freddie Ascott as ' Whizzbang ' Soldier Dinny Jones as Chorus Girl Carole Gray as Chorus Girl Bernard Jarvis as the whistling blowing soldier in the trench Guest stars ( edit ) Dirk Bogarde as Stephen Phyllis Calvert as Lady Haig Jean - Pierre Cassel as French Colonel John Clements as General von Moltke John Gielgud as Count Leopold Berchtold Jack Hawkins as Emperor Franz Josef I Kenneth More as Kaiser Wilhelm II Laurence Olivier as Field Marshal Sir John French Michael Redgrave as Sir Henry Wilson ( incorrectly shown as a full General , a rank he did not achieve until late 1917 ) Vanessa Redgrave as Sylvia Pankhurst Ralph Richardson as Sir Edward Grey Maggie Smith as Music Hall Star Susannah York as Eleanor John Mills as General ( later Field Marshal ) Sir Douglas Haig Production ( edit ) The producers were the novelist Len Deighton , photographer Brian Duffy , and Richard Attenborough , who was making his directorial debut . The Deighton Duffy production company had produced the film adaptation of Deighton 's Only When I Larf starring Richard Attenborough . Deighton wrote the screenplay for Oh ! What a Lovely War and the opening title sequence was created by Len Deighton 's lifelong friend Raymond Hawkey , the designer responsible for many of Deighton 's book covers in the 1960s . In an attempt to shame other people who he thought were claiming credit for things they had n't actually done , Deighton decided not to be listed in the film credits , a gesture he later described as `` stupid and infantile '' . The 1969 film transferred the mise - en - scène completely into the cinematic domain , with elaborate sequences shot at West Pier , Brighton , elsewhere in Brighton and on the South Downs , interspersed with motifs from the stage production . These included the ' cricket ' scoreboards showing the number of dead , but Deighton did not use the pierrot costumes . However , as many critics , including Pauline Kael , noted , the treatment diminished the effect of the numbers of deaths , which appear only fleetingly . Nonetheless , Deighton 's final sequence , ending in a helicopter shot of thousands of war graves is regarded as one of the most memorable moments of the film . According to Attenborough , sixteen thousand white crosses had to be hammered into individually dug holes due to the hardness of the soil . Although this is effective in symbolising the scale of death , the number of crosses was in fact less than the number of deaths in a single battle . The film was shot in the summer of 1968 in Sussex , mostly in the Brighton area . Many of the extras were local folk , but a great many were students from the University of Sussex , Falmer , on the outskirts of the city . The film 's locations included the West Pier ( now virtually demolished ) , Ditchling Beacon , Sheepcote Valley ( the trench sequences ) , Old Bayham Abbey , near Frant ( the church parade ) , Brighton station and Ovingdean ( where hundreds of crosses were erected for the classic finale ) . The song ( edit ) The song was written by J.P. Long and Maurice Scott in 1917 and was part of the repertoire of music hall star and male impersonator Ella Shields . The first verse and the chorus follow : Up to your waist in water , Up to your eyes in slush -- Using the kind of language , That makes the sergeant blush ; Who would n't join the army ? That 's what we all inquire , Do n't we pity the poor civilians sitting beside the fire . Chorus Oh ! Oh ! Oh ! it 's a lovely war , Who would n't be a soldier eh ? Oh ! It 's a shame to take the pay . As soon as reveille is gone We feel just as heavy as lead , But we never get up till the sergeant brings Our breakfast up to bed Oh ! Oh ! Oh ! it 's a lovely war , What do we want with eggs and ham When we 've got plum and apple jam ? Form fours ! Right turn ! How shall we spend the money we earn ? Oh ! Oh ! Oh ! it 's a lovely war . Two pre-musical renditions , one from 1918 , can be found at Firstworldwar.com . Almost all of the songs featured in the film also appear on the CD41 album series Oh ! It 's A Lovely War ( four volumes ) . Box office ( edit ) It was the 16th most popular film at the UK box office in 1969 . Awards ( edit ) Golden Globe , Best Cinematography ( Gerry Turpin ) 1969 BAFTA Film Award , Best Art Direction ( Donald M. Ashton ) 1970 BAFTA Film Award , Best Cinematography ( Gerry Turpin ) 1970 BAFTA Film Award , Best Costume Design ( Anthony Mendleson ) 1970 BAFTA Film Award , Best Sound Track ( Don Challis and Simon Kaye ) 1970 BAFTA Film Award , Best Supporting Actor ( Laurence Olivier ) 1970 References in popular culture ( edit ) BBC Radio 4 's 15 Minute Musical portrayed Tony Blair 's premiership in the style of Oh ! What a Lovely War in a September 2006 episode entitled `` Oh ! What a Lovely Blair '' . James Rado , one of the original writers and creators of Hair stated that `` what a Lovely War '' was what made him want to work on a musical dealing with war at a Google Talks event . `` @ Google : The Public Theatre 's Revival of Hair '' . youtube . Retrieved 26 August 2008 . The song The Bells of Hell Go Ting - a-ling - a-ling was used as the play - out music for Ned Sherrin 's 1964 BBC - TV show Not So Much a Programme , More a Way of Life . Babyshambles named their live album `` oh what a lovely tour '' after this film . Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Cambridge History of Twentieth - Century English Literature , ed Laura Marcus & Peter Nicholls , page 478 . Cambridge University Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82077 - 4 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 82077 - 6 . Jump up ^ Vincent Dowd ( 11 November 2011 ) . `` Witness : Oh what a lovely war '' . Witness . London . BBC World Service . Jump up ^ Banham ( 1998 , 645 ) , Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 493 ) , and Eyre and Wright ( 2000 , 266 -- 69 ) . Jump up ^ `` Len Deighton : The spy and I '' . The Independent . 4 January 2006 . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , Robert Dawson ( 4 January 2006 ) . `` Len Deighton : The spy and I '' . The Independent . UK . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Dempsey , Mike ( 2001 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Immaculate conception '' . Design Week . Archived from the original on 6 January 2009 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Nikkhah , Roya ( 5 June 2010 ) . `` Fashion and portrait photographer Brian Duffy dies aged 76 '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Books Obituaries : Raymond Hawkey '' . Daily Telegraph . 30 August 2010 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Kael , Pauline ( 1971 ) ' Off with the statues ' heads ! ' in Deeper into Movies , Calder Boyars Jump up ^ Max Arthur ( 2001 ) When This Bloody War Is Over . London , Piatkus : 47 Jump up ^ firstworldwar.com Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` The World 's Top Twenty Films . '' Sunday Times ( London , England ) 27 Sept. 1970 : 27 . The Sunday Times Digital Archive . accessed 5 Apr. 2014 Sources ( edit ) Banham , Martin , ed. 1998 . The Cambridge Guide to Theatre . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 43437 - 8 . Brockett , Oscar G. and Franklin J. Hildy. 2003 . History of the Theatre . Ninth edition , International edition . Boston : Allyn and Bacon . ISBN 0 - 205 - 41050 - 2 . Eyre , Richard and Nicholas Wright . 2000 . Changing Stages : A View of British Theatre in the Twentieth Century . London : Bloomsbury . ISBN 0 - 7475 - 4789 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Oh ! What a Lovely War on IMDb Oh ! It 's A Lovely War album series at CD41 Len Deighton article on producing the film , on the Deighton Dossier website Richard Attenborough Films directed Oh ! What a Lovely War ( 1969 ) Young Winston ( 1972 ) A Bridge Too Far ( 1977 ) Magic ( 1978 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) A Chorus Line ( 1985 ) Cry Freedom ( 1987 ) Chaplin ( 1992 ) Shadowlands ( 1993 ) In Love and War ( 1996 ) Grey Owl ( 1999 ) Closing the Ring ( 2007 ) Family Sheila Sim ( wife ) Michael Attenborough ( son ) Frederick Attenborough ( father ) David Attenborough ( brother ) John Attenborough ( brother ) Works by Len Deighton `` Unnamed hero '' novels The IPCRESS File ( 1962 ) Horse Under Water ( 1963 ) Funeral in Berlin ( 1964 ) Billion - Dollar Brain ( 1966 ) An Expensive Place to Die ( 1967 ) Spy Story ( 1972 ) Yesterday 's Spy ( 1975 ) Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Spy ( 1976 ) Bernard Samson novels Berlin Game ( 1983 ) Mexico Set ( 1984 ) London Match ( 1985 ) Winter ( 1987 ) Spy Hook ( 1988 ) Spy Line ( 1989 ) Spy Sinker ( 1990 ) Faith ( 1994 ) Hope ( 1995 ) Charity ( 1996 ) Other novels Only When I Larf ( 1968 ) Bomber ( 1970 ) Close - Up ( 1972 ) SS - GB ( 1978 ) XPD ( 1981 ) Goodbye , Mickey Mouse ( 1982 ) MAMista ( 1991 ) City of Gold ( 1992 ) Violent Ward , ( 1993 ) Short story collection Declarations of War ( 1971 ) Non-fiction Où Est le Garlic ( 1965 ) Len Deighton 's Action Cookbook ( 1965 ) Len Deighton 's London Dossier ( 1967 ) Fighter : The True Story of the Battle of Britain ( 1977 ) Airshipwreck ( 1978 ) Blitzkrieg : From the Rise of Hitler to the Fall of Dunkirk ( 1979 ) Battle of Britain ( 1980 ) Blood , Tears and Folly ( 1993 ) James Bond : My Long and Eventful Search for His Father ( 2012 ) Adaptations Harry Palmer The Ipcress File ( 1965 ) Funeral in Berlin ( 1966 ) Billion Dollar Brain ( 1967 ) Bullet to Beijing ( 1995 ) Midnight in Saint Petersburg ( 1996 ) Other Only When I Larf ( 1968 ) Oh ! What a Lovely War ( 1969 ) Spy Story ( 1976 ) Game , Set and Match ( 1988 ) SS - GB ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oh!_What_a_Lovely_War&oldid=800597207 '' Categories : English - language films 1969 films 1960s musical films 1960s war films British musical films British films British war films Western Front films ( World War I ) Anti-war films about World War I Films directed by Richard Attenborough Directorial debut films Films set in Brighton Films produced by Richard Attenborough Paramount Pictures films Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 14 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who starred in oh what a lovely war | [
"Oh! What a Lovely War is a 1969 British comedy musical film directed by Richard Attenborough (in his directorial debut), with an ensemble cast including Maggie Smith, Dirk Bogarde, John Gielgud, John Mills, Kenneth More, Laurence Olivier, Jack Hawkins, Corin Redgrave, Michael Redgrave, Vanessa Redgrave, Ralph Richardson, Ian Holm, Paul Shelley, Malcolm McFee, Jean-Pierre Cassel, Nanette Newman, Edward Fox, Susannah York, John Clements, Phyllis Calvert and Maurice Roëves.",
"Oh! What a Lovely War is a 1969 British comedy musical film directed by Richard Attenborough (in his directorial debut), with an ensemble cast including Maggie Smith, Dirk Bogarde, John Gielgud, John Mills, Kenneth More, Laurence Olivier, Jack Hawkins, Corin Redgrave, Michael Redgrave, Vanessa Redgrave, Ralph Richardson, Ian Holm, Paul Shelley, Malcolm McFee, Jean-Pierre Cassel, Nanette Newman, Edward Fox, Susannah York, John Clements, Phyllis Calvert and Maurice Roëves.",
"Oh! What a Lovely War is a 1969 British comedy musical film directed by Richard Attenborough (in his directorial debut), with an ensemble cast including Maggie Smith, Dirk Bogarde, John Gielgud, John Mills, Kenneth More, Laurence Olivier, Jack Hawkins, Corin Redgrave, Michael Redgrave, Vanessa Redgrave, Ralph Richardson, Ian Holm, Paul Shelley, Malcolm McFee, Jean-Pierre Cassel, Nanette Newman, Edward Fox, Susannah York, John Clements, Phyllis Calvert and Maurice Roëves.",
"Oh! What a Lovely War is a 1969 British comedy musical film directed by Richard Attenborough (in his directorial debut), with an ensemble cast including Maggie Smith, Dirk Bogarde, John Gielgud, John Mills, Kenneth More, Laurence Olivier, Jack Hawkins, Corin Redgrave, Michael Redgrave, Vanessa Redgrave, Ralph Richardson, Ian Holm, Paul Shelley, Malcolm McFee, Jean-Pierre Cassel, Nanette Newman, Edward Fox, Susannah York, John Clements, Phyllis Calvert and Maurice Roëves.",
"Oh! What a Lovely War is a 1969 British comedy musical film directed by Richard Attenborough (in his directorial debut), with an ensemble cast including Maggie Smith, Dirk Bogarde, John Gielgud, John Mills, Kenneth More, Laurence Olivier, Jack Hawkins, Corin Redgrave, Michael Redgrave, Vanessa Redgrave, Ralph Richardson, Ian Holm, Paul Shelley, Malcolm McFee, Jean-Pierre Cassel, Nanette Newman, Edward Fox, Susannah York, John Clements, Phyllis Calvert and Maurice Roëves.",
"Oh! What a Lovely War is a 1969 British comedy musical film directed by Richard Attenborough (in his directorial debut), with an ensemble cast including Maggie Smith, Dirk Bogarde, John Gielgud, John Mills, Kenneth More, Laurence Olivier, Jack Hawkins, Corin Redgrave, Michael Redgrave, Vanessa Redgrave, Ralph Richardson, Ian Holm, Paul Shelley, Malcolm McFee, Jean-Pierre Cassel, Nanette Newman, Edward Fox, Susannah York, John Clements, Phyllis Calvert and Maurice Roëves.",
"Oh! What a Lovely War is a 1969 British comedy musical film directed by Richard Attenborough (in his directorial debut), with an ensemble cast including Maggie Smith, Dirk Bogarde, John Gielgud, John Mills, Kenneth More, Laurence Olivier, Jack Hawkins, Corin Redgrave, Michael Redgrave, Vanessa Redgrave, Ralph Richardson, Ian Holm, Paul Shelley, Malcolm McFee, Jean-Pierre Cassel, Nanette Newman, Edward Fox, Susannah York, John Clements, Phyllis Calvert and Maurice Roëves.",
"Oh! What a Lovely War is a 1969 British comedy musical film directed by Richard Attenborough (in his directorial debut), with an ensemble cast including Maggie Smith, Dirk Bogarde, John Gielgud, John Mills, Kenneth More, Laurence Olivier, Jack Hawkins, Corin Redgrave, Michael Redgrave, Vanessa Redgrave, Ralph Richardson, Ian Holm, Paul Shelley, Malcolm McFee, Jean-Pierre Cassel, Nanette Newman, Edward Fox, Susannah York, John Clements, Phyllis Calvert and Maurice Roëves.",
"Oh! What a Lovely War is a 1969 British comedy musical film directed by Richard Attenborough (in his directorial debut), with an ensemble cast including Maggie Smith, Dirk Bogarde, John Gielgud, John Mills, Kenneth More, Laurence Olivier, Jack Hawkins, Corin Redgrave, Michael Redgrave, Vanessa Redgrave, Ralph Richardson, Ian Holm, Paul Shelley, Malcolm McFee, Jean-Pierre Cassel, Nanette Newman, Edward Fox, Susannah York, John Clements, Phyllis Calvert and Maurice Roëves.",
"Oh! What a Lovely War is a 1969 British comedy musical film directed by Richard Attenborough (in his directorial debut), with an ensemble cast including Maggie Smith, Dirk Bogarde, John Gielgud, John Mills, Kenneth More, Laurence Olivier, Jack Hawkins, Corin Redgrave, Michael Redgrave, Vanessa Redgrave, Ralph Richardson, Ian Holm, Paul Shelley, Malcolm McFee, Jean-Pierre Cassel, Nanette Newman, Edward Fox, Susannah York, John Clements, Phyllis Calvert and Maurice Roëves.",
"Oh! What a Lovely War is a 1969 British comedy musical film directed by Richard Attenborough (in his directorial debut), with an ensemble cast including Maggie Smith, Dirk Bogarde, John Gielgud, John Mills, Kenneth More, Laurence Olivier, Jack Hawkins, Corin Redgrave, Michael Redgrave, Vanessa Redgrave, Ralph Richardson, Ian Holm, Paul Shelley, Malcolm McFee, Jean-Pierre Cassel, Nanette Newman, Edward Fox, Susannah York, John Clements, Phyllis Calvert and Maurice Roëves.",
"Oh! What a Lovely War is a 1969 British comedy musical film directed by Richard Attenborough (in his directorial debut), with an ensemble cast including Maggie Smith, Dirk Bogarde, John Gielgud, John Mills, Kenneth More, Laurence Olivier, Jack Hawkins, Corin Redgrave, Michael Redgrave, Vanessa Redgrave, Ralph Richardson, Ian Holm, Paul Shelley, Malcolm McFee, Jean-Pierre Cassel, Nanette Newman, Edward Fox, Susannah York, John Clements, Phyllis Calvert and Maurice Roëves.",
"Oh! What a Lovely War is a 1969 British comedy musical film directed by Richard Attenborough (in his directorial debut), with an ensemble cast including Maggie Smith, Dirk Bogarde, John Gielgud, John Mills, Kenneth More, Laurence Olivier, Jack Hawkins, Corin Redgrave, Michael Redgrave, Vanessa Redgrave, Ralph Richardson, Ian Holm, Paul Shelley, Malcolm McFee, Jean-Pierre Cassel, Nanette Newman, Edward Fox, Susannah York, John Clements, Phyllis Calvert and Maurice Roëves.",
"Oh! What a Lovely War is a 1969 British comedy musical film directed by Richard Attenborough (in his directorial debut), with an ensemble cast including Maggie Smith, Dirk Bogarde, John Gielgud, John Mills, Kenneth More, Laurence Olivier, Jack Hawkins, Corin Redgrave, Michael Redgrave, Vanessa Redgrave, Ralph Richardson, Ian Holm, Paul Shelley, Malcolm McFee, Jean-Pierre Cassel, Nanette Newman, Edward Fox, Susannah York, John Clements, Phyllis Calvert and Maurice Roëves.",
"Oh! What a Lovely War is a 1969 British comedy musical film directed by Richard Attenborough (in his directorial debut), with an ensemble cast including Maggie Smith, Dirk Bogarde, John Gielgud, John Mills, Kenneth More, Laurence Olivier, Jack Hawkins, Corin Redgrave, Michael Redgrave, Vanessa Redgrave, Ralph Richardson, Ian Holm, Paul Shelley, Malcolm McFee, Jean-Pierre Cassel, Nanette Newman, Edward Fox, Susannah York, John Clements, Phyllis Calvert and Maurice Roëves.",
"Oh! What a Lovely War is a 1969 British comedy musical film directed by Richard Attenborough (in his directorial debut), with an ensemble cast including Maggie Smith, Dirk Bogarde, John Gielgud, John Mills, Kenneth More, Laurence Olivier, Jack Hawkins, Corin Redgrave, Michael Redgrave, Vanessa Redgrave, Ralph Richardson, Ian Holm, Paul Shelley, Malcolm McFee, Jean-Pierre Cassel, Nanette Newman, Edward Fox, Susannah York, John Clements, Phyllis Calvert and Maurice Roëves.",
"Oh! What a Lovely War is a 1969 British comedy musical film directed by Richard Attenborough (in his directorial debut), with an ensemble cast including Maggie Smith, Dirk Bogarde, John Gielgud, John Mills, Kenneth More, Laurence Olivier, Jack Hawkins, Corin Redgrave, Michael Redgrave, Vanessa Redgrave, Ralph Richardson, Ian Holm, Paul Shelley, Malcolm McFee, Jean-Pierre Cassel, Nanette Newman, Edward Fox, Susannah York, John Clements, Phyllis Calvert and Maurice Roëves.",
"Oh! What a Lovely War is a 1969 British comedy musical film directed by Richard Attenborough (in his directorial debut), with an ensemble cast including Maggie Smith, Dirk Bogarde, John Gielgud, John Mills, Kenneth More, Laurence Olivier, Jack Hawkins, Corin Redgrave, Michael Redgrave, Vanessa Redgrave, Ralph Richardson, Ian Holm, Paul Shelley, Malcolm McFee, Jean-Pierre Cassel, Nanette Newman, Edward Fox, Susannah York, John Clements, Phyllis Calvert and Maurice Roëves.",
"Oh! What a Lovely War is a 1969 British comedy musical film directed by Richard Attenborough (in his directorial debut), with an ensemble cast including Maggie Smith, Dirk Bogarde, John Gielgud, John Mills, Kenneth More, Laurence Olivier, Jack Hawkins, Corin Redgrave, Michael Redgrave, Vanessa Redgrave, Ralph Richardson, Ian Holm, Paul Shelley, Malcolm McFee, Jean-Pierre Cassel, Nanette Newman, Edward Fox, Susannah York, John Clements, Phyllis Calvert and Maurice Roëves.",
"Oh! What a Lovely War is a 1969 British comedy musical film directed by Richard Attenborough (in his directorial debut), with an ensemble cast including Maggie Smith, Dirk Bogarde, John Gielgud, John Mills, Kenneth More, Laurence Olivier, Jack Hawkins, Corin Redgrave, Michael Redgrave, Vanessa Redgrave, Ralph Richardson, Ian Holm, Paul Shelley, Malcolm McFee, Jean-Pierre Cassel, Nanette Newman, Edward Fox, Susannah York, John Clements, Phyllis Calvert and Maurice Roëves.",
"Oh! What a Lovely War is a 1969 British comedy musical film directed by Richard Attenborough (in his directorial debut), with an ensemble cast including Maggie Smith, Dirk Bogarde, John Gielgud, John Mills, Kenneth More, Laurence Olivier, Jack Hawkins, Corin Redgrave, Michael Redgrave, Vanessa Redgrave, Ralph Richardson, Ian Holm, Paul Shelley, Malcolm McFee, Jean-Pierre Cassel, Nanette Newman, Edward Fox, Susannah York, John Clements, Phyllis Calvert and Maurice Roëves."
] | [
"Maggie Smith",
"Dirk Bogarde",
"John Gielgud",
"John Mills",
"Kenneth More",
"Laurence Olivier",
"Jack Hawkins",
"Corin Redgrave",
"Michael Redgrave",
"Vanessa Redgrave",
"Ralph Richardson",
"Ian Holm",
"Paul Shelley",
"Malcolm McFee",
"Jean-Pierre Cassel",
"Nanette Newman",
"Edward Fox",
"Susannah York",
"John Clements",
"Phyllis Calvert",
"Maurice Roëves"
] |
5495211107598725807 | Corpus cavernosum penis | Corpus cavernosum penis - wikipedia Corpus cavernosum penis Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Corpus cavernosum penis Transverse section of the penis . The constituent cavernous cylinders of the penis . Details Identifiers Latin corpus cavernosum penis Dorlands / Elsevier 12260417 TA A09. 4.01. 014 FMA 19618 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) A corpus cavernosum penis ( singular ) ( cavernous body of the penis ) is one of a pair of sponge - like regions of erectile tissue , the corpora cavernosa ( plural ) ( cavernous bodies ) , which contain most of the blood in the penis during an erection . Such a corpus is homologous to the corpus cavernosum clitoridis in the female ; the body of the clitoris contains erectile tissue in a pair of corpora cavernosa ( literally `` cave - like bodies '' ) with a recognisably similar structure . Contents ( hide ) 1 Anatomy 2 Physiology 3 Additional images 4 References 5 External links Anatomy ( edit ) The two corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum ( also known as the corpus cavernosum urethrae in older texts and in the adjacent diagram ) are three expandable erectile tissues along the length of the penis , which fill with blood during penile erection . The two corpora cavernosa lie along the penis shaft , from the pubic bones to the head of the penis , where they join . These formations are made of a sponge - like tissue containing trabeculae , irregular blood - filled spaces lined by endothelium and separated by connective tissue septa . The male anatomy has no vestibular bulbs , but instead a corpus spongiosum , a smaller region along the bottom of the penis , which contains the urethra and forms the glans penis . Physiology ( edit ) In some circumstances , release of nitric oxide precedes relaxation of muscles in the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum , in a process similar to female arousal . The spongy tissue fills with blood , from arteries down the length of the penis . A little blood enters the corpus spongiosum ; the remainder engorges the corpora cavernosa , which expand to hold 90 % of the blood involved in an erection , increasing both in length and in diameter . The function of the corpus spongiosum is to prevent compression of the urethra during erection . Blood can leave the erectile tissue only through a drainage system of veins around the outside wall of the corpus cavernosum . The expanding spongy tissue presses against a surrounding dense tissue ( tunica albuginea ) constricting these veins , preventing blood from leaving . The penis becomes rigid as a result . The glans penis , the expanded cap of the corpus spongiosum , remains more malleable during erection because its tunica albuginea is much thinner than elsewhere in the penis . Additional images ( edit ) Structure of the penis The deeper branches of the internal pudendal artery . The penis in transverse section , showing the bloodvessels . Male pelvic organs seen from right side . Diagram of the arteries of the penis . Cross section of penis . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Embarrassing erections '' . 2007 - 01 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding a man 's erection '' . whitelotuseast . External links ( edit ) Anatomy photo : 42 : st - 1102 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - `` The Male Perineum and the Penis : Penis '' ( hide ) Male reproductive system Internal Seminal tract Testes layers Tunica vaginalis Tunica albuginea Tunica vasculosa Appendix Mediastinum Lobules Septa Leydig cell Sertoli cell Blood -- testis barrier Spermatogenesis Spermatogonium Spermatocytogenesis Spermatocyte Spermatidogenesis Spermatid Spermiogenesis Spermatozoon Other Seminiferous tubules Tubuli seminiferi recti Rete testis Efferent ducts Epididymis Appendix Stereocilia Paradidymis Spermatic cord Vas deferens Ampulla Ejaculatory duct Accessory glands Seminal vesicles excretory duct Prostate Urethral crest Seminal colliculus Prostatic utricle Ejaculatory duct Prostatic sinus Prostatic ducts Bulbourethral glands External Penis root Crus Bulb Fundiform ligament Suspensory ligament body Corpus cavernosum Corpus spongiosum glans Foreskin Frenulum Corona fascia superficial deep Tunica albuginea Septum of the penis Urinary tract Internal urethral orifice Urethra Prostatic Intermediate Spongy Navicular fossa External urethral orifice Lacunae of Morgagni Urethral gland Scrotum layers skin Dartos External spermatic fascia Cremaster Cremasteric fascia Internal spermatic fascia Perineal raphe Scrotal septum Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corpus_cavernosum_penis&oldid=795297063 '' Categories : Mammal male reproductive system Penis Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2009 All articles needing additional references Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Español Français Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2017 , at 09 : 20 . About Wikipedia | the location of the corpora cavernosa is the | [
"A corpus cavernosum penis (singular) (cavernous body of the penis) is one of a pair of sponge-like regions of erectile tissue, the corpora cavernosa (plural) (cavernous bodies), which contain most of the blood in the penis during an erection. Such a corpus is homologous to the corpus cavernosum clitoridis in the female; the body of the clitoris contains erectile tissue in a pair of corpora cavernosa (literally \"cave-like bodies\") with a recognisably similar structure."
] | [
"(cavernous body of the penis) is one of a pair of sponge-like regions of erectile tissue"
] |
770581279178120673 | Pam Beesly | Pam Beesly - wikipedia Pam Beesly hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pam Beesly Halpert The Office character Jenna Fischer as Pam Halpert First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` Finale '' Created by Greg Daniels Portrayed by Jenna Fischer Information Full name Pamela Morgan Beesly Gender Female Occupation Receptionist , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA ( August 2003 - June 2011 ) Secret Assistant to the Regional Manager , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA Temporary Worker , Dunder Mifflin Corporate , New York City , NY Sales Representative , Michael Scott Paper Company Sales Representative , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA Sales Representative , Dunder Mifflin Sabre , Scranton PA Office Administrator , Dunder Mifflin Sabre , Scranton PA Office Administrator , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA Freelance Mural Painter / Art Gallery Owner , Austin TX Family William Beesly ( father , Rick Overton ) Helene Beesly ( mother , Shannon Cochran and Linda Purl ) Penny Beesly ( sister , Anna Camp ) Sylvia Beesly ( grandmother , Peggy Stewart ) Jocelyne Webster ( cousin ) Betsy Halpert ( mother - in - law ) Gerald Halpert ( father - in - law ) Tom Halpert ( brother - in - law ) Pete Halpert ( brother - in - law ) Spouse ( s ) Jim Halpert ( m . 2009 ) Significant other ( s ) Roy Anderson ( ex-fiancé ) Children Cecelia `` CeCe '' Marie Halpert Philip Halpert Religion Presbyterian Nationality American Based on Dawn Tinsley Pamela Morgan Halpert ( née Beesly ) is a fictional character on the U.S. television sitcom The Office , played by Jenna Fischer . Her counterpart in the original UK series of The Office is Dawn Tinsley . Her character is initially the receptionist at the paper distribution company Dunder Mifflin , before becoming a saleswoman and eventually office administrator until she left in the series finale . Her character is shy , growing assertive but amiable , and artistically inclined , and shares romantic interest with Jim Halpert , whom she begins dating in the fourth season and marries and starts a family with as the series continues . Contents 1 Casting and character development 2 Character history 2.1 Seasons 1 -- 3 2.2 Seasons 4 -- 6 2.3 Season 7 2.4 Season 8 2.5 Season 9 3 Coworker relations 3.1 Jim Halpert 3.2 Roy Anderson 3.3 Michael Scott 3.4 Toby Flenderson 4 Appearances 5 Notes 6 References Casting and character development ( edit ) The character was originally created to be very similar to the British counterpart , Dawn Tinsley . Even minute details , such as how Pam wore her hair each day , were considered by executive producer , Greg Daniels . `` When I went in for The Office , the casting director said to me , ' Please look normal ' , '' recalls Jenna Fischer . `` Do n't make yourself all pretty , and dare to bore me with your audition . Those were her words . Dare to bore me . '' Heeding the advice , Fischer said little during the auditions , during which she was interviewed in character by show producers , in an improvisational format , to imitate the show 's documentary premise . `` My take on the character of Pam was that she did n't have any media training , so she did n't know how to be a good interview . And also , she did n't care about this interview , '' she told NPR . `` So , I gave very short one - word answers and I tried very hard not to be funny or clever , because I thought that the comedy would come out of just , you know , the real human reactions to the situation ... and they liked that take on it . '' `` When I went in to the audition , the first question that they asked me in the character of Pam -- they said , ' Do you like working as a receptionist ? ' I said , ' No . ' And that was it . I did n't speak any more than that . And they started laughing . '' Fischer found herself creating a very elaborate backstory for the character . For the first few seasons , she kept a list of the character history revealed on - screen by the creators , as well as her own imaginative thoughts on Pam 's history . She created a rule with the set 's hair and make - up department that it could n't look as though it took Pam more than 30 minutes to do her hair , and she formulated ideas as to who gave Pam each piece of jewelry she wore or where she went to college . Fischer also carefully crafted Pam 's quiet persona . `` Well , my character of Pam is really stuck , '' she explained to NPR . `` I mean , she 's a subordinate in this office . And so , I think that for her , the only way she can express herself is in the silences , but you can say so much by not saying anything . '' Originally meek and passive , the character grew more assertive as the seasons passed , prompting Fischer to reassess her portrayal . `` I have to approach Pam differently ( now ) , '' she explained in Season 4 , a defining season in which her character finally begins a long - awaited relationship with Jim and is accepted into the Pratt Institute . `` She is in a loving relationship , she has found her voice , she has started taking art classes . All of these things must inform the character and we need to see changes in the way she moves , speaks , dresses , etc . '' Character history ( edit ) Seasons 1 -- 3 ( edit ) At the beginning of the series , Pam and Roy have been dating for eight years and engaged for three years . Their open - ended engagement has become one of Michael 's running gags and a sore spot for Pam . Pam does not want her current job to become permanent , remarking that `` I do n't think it 's many little girls ' dream to be a receptionist . '' Pam is apathetic toward her work , evidenced by her frequent games of FreeCell on her office computer . However , in the pilot episode , she breaks down crying when Michael pulls an ill - advised prank by telling her that she will be fired . Michael has criticized Pam for simply forwarding calls to voice mail without answering and ( in a deleted scene ) for not sounding enthusiastic enough when speaking on the telephone . Pam is usually happy to abandon her work if asked to do something else by Jim . She will do extra , unnecessary work ( such as making a casket for a dead bird or paper doves for the Office Olympics ) to make other people happy . Despite the abuse she takes from Michael , she never goes any further than calling him a jerk in the pilot . In later seasons , however , she becomes more honest and forward with Michael and will often make sarcastic comments toward him . While engaged to Roy , Pam denies , or is in denial about , having any romantic feelings for Jim . When Jim confesses his love for her at the Dunder Mifflin `` Casino Night '' she turns him down . She later talks to her mom on the phone and says Jim is her best friend ( though she does n't say his name ) , and says `` Yeah , I think I am '' to an unheard question . She is interrupted by Jim , who enters and kisses her ; she responds by kissing back . Season three marks a turning point for Pam 's character : she gains self - confidence and appears less passive and more self - assured as the season progresses . In `` Gay Witch Hunt , '' the season 's opener , it is revealed that Pam got cold feet before her wedding and did not marry Roy after all , and that Jim transferred to a different Dunder Mifflin branch , in Stamford , shortly after Pam rejected him a second time , after their kiss . Pam moves into her own apartment , begins taking art classes , a pursuit that Roy had previously dismissed as a waste of time , and buys a new car , a blue Toyota Yaris . Jim returns to Scranton later on as a result of `` The Merger '' , and brings along a female co-worker , Karen Filippelli , whom he begins dating . Jim and Pam appeared to have ended all communication after Jim transfers to the Stamford branch ( aside from an episode in which Jim accidentally calls Pam at the end of the work day ) , and their episodes together following the branch merge are tense , despite both admitting to still harboring feelings for the other during the presence of the documentary cameras . Meanwhile , Roy vows to win Pam back . Roy 's efforts to improve his relationship with Pam are quite successful , but once Pam and Roy are back together , he falls back into old habits almost immediately . When Roy and Pam attend an after work get - together at a local bar with their co-workers , Pam , feeling that she should be more honest with Roy , tells him about Jim kissing her at `` Casino Night . '' Roy yells , smashes a mirror , and trashes the bar . Pam , frightened and embarrassed by his reaction , breaks up with Roy immediately . Roy vows to kill Jim and in `` The Negotiation '' , Roy unsuccessfully tries to attack Jim at work ( Jim is saved by Dwight 's intervention ) , and is subsequently fired . Pam later reluctantly agrees to meet Roy for coffee at his request , and after the polite but brief meeting , it appears that their relationship has ended amicably with Roy encouraging Pam to pursue Jim . Pam participates in an art show , but few people attend . Her co-worker , Oscar , brings his partner along who , not knowing that Pam is standing behind him , criticizes her work by proclaiming that `` real art requires courage . '' Oscar then goes on to say that courage is n't one of Pam 's strong points . Affected by this statement , Pam tells the documentary crew that she is going to be more honest , culminating in a dramatic coal walk during the next - to - last episode of the season , `` Beach Games '' , and a seemingly sincere speech to Jim in front of the entire office about their relationship . Michael also comes to the art show and reveals his erratically kind heart and loyalty by buying , framing and hanging Pam 's drawing of the Dunder Mifflin building in the office . In the season finale , `` The Job , '' she leaves a friendly note in Jim 's briefcase and an old memento depicting the ' gold medal ' yogurt lid from the Office Olympics , which he sees during an interview for a job at Corporate in New York City . While he is asked how he `` would function here in New York '' , Jim is shown to have his mind back in Scranton , still distracted by the thought of Pam . Jim withdraws his name from consideration and drives back to the office , where he interrupts a talking head Pam is doing for the documentary crew by asking her out for dinner . She happily accepts , visibly moved , abandoning a train of thought about how she would be fine if Jim got the job and never came back to Scranton . Karen quits soon after , becoming the regional manager at Dunder Mifflin 's Utica branch . Seasons 4 -- 6 ( edit ) In Season 4 , Pam retains the assertiveness she developed in the third season . She wears her hair down and has updated her old dowdy wardrobe . In the season 4 premiere , `` Fun Run '' , Jim and Pam confess that they have started dating after the camera crew catches them kissing . The office ultimately learns of their relationship in `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' . In `` Chair Model '' , after teasing Pam about his impending proposal , Jim tells the documentary crew he is not kidding around about an engagement and shows them a ring he bought a week after he and Pam started dating . In the next few episodes , Jim fake - proposes to Pam multiple times . In `` Goodbye , Toby '' , Pam discovers she 's been accepted at Pratt Institute , an art and design school in Brooklyn . In an interview later in the episode , Jim announces that he will propose to Pam that evening . Just as Jim is preparing to propose , however , Andy Bernard stands up and makes his own impromptu proposal to Angela . Having had his thunder stolen by Andy , Jim reluctantly puts the ring back in his jacket pocket , leaving Pam visibly disappointed as she was expecting Jim to propose that night . In the Season 5 premiere , `` Weight Loss '' , Pam begins her three - month course at the Pratt Institute . In this episode , Jim proposes in the pouring rain at a rest stop , saying that he `` ca n't wait '' . In `` Business Trip '' , Pam learns that she is failing one of her classes and will have to remain in New York another three months to retake it . Although Jim is supportive and tells her he will wait for her to come back `` the right way '' , she ultimately makes the decision to return home , saying that she realized she hated graphic design and missed Scranton . A deleted scene for the episode shows Jim looking through Pam 's graphic design projects , which he thinks are `` cool '' , as well as a notebook filled with pencil sketches , which he finds a lot more impressive than her graphic design projects , implying her talents lie in hand - drawn works . In `` Two Weeks '' , Pam agrees to become Michael 's first saleswoman in his not - yet - established company , The Michael Scott Paper Co. , as a supportive Jim looks on . When David Wallace makes an offer to buy the company Michael negotiates in order to get their jobs at Dunder Mifflin back instead , including adding Pam to the sales team . In `` Company Picnic '' , Pam , after dominating the company volleyball tournament , injures her ankle during a game and is taken to the hospital against her wishes . At the hospital , the camera crew is stationed outside an exam room while a doctor updates Jim and Pam on her condition . There is no audio as the camera shows Jim and Pam embrace , looking shocked and ecstatic . It is implied that she is pregnant and is confirmed in the Season 6 premiere , `` Gossip '' . Jim and Pam marry early in the season , at Niagara Falls , during the highly anticipated , hour long episode , `` Niagara '' . The ending of the episode , in which their co-workers dance down the aisle , is an imitation of a viral YouTube video -- JK Wedding Entrance Dance . Following the wedding , a multi-episode story arc begins in which it is revealed that Michael hooked up with Pam 's mother the night of the wedding . The two break up during `` Double Date '' , an episode that ends with Pam slapping Michael in response to his actions . In `` The Delivery '' of Season 6 , Pam and Jim have their first child , a daughter named Cecelia Marie Halpert . Jenna Fischer was granted naming rights by show producers , and chose to name her after her own niece . Season 7 ( edit ) In `` Counseling '' , Pam feels inadequate about her poor performance in sales and tricks Gabe into promoting her to a phony new salaried position called office administrator . In `` China '' , Pam tries to use her authority as office administrator to force building manager Dwight to stop his annoying cost - cutting measures . Pam threatens to move the office to a new building , which Dwight discovers does n't exist . Pam saves face , however , when Dwight secretly has his assistant provide her with a book on building regulations that proves Dwight 's measures were not allowed . The episode is another example of Dwight 's covert protectiveness and fondness for Pam ( as previously demonstrated in `` The Injury '' , `` Back from Vacation '' , `` The Job '' and `` Diwali '' ) ; Mindy Kaling said during an online Q&A session that Dwight has a soft spot for her that he does not extend to anyone else at the office . She also uses her position to buy Erin Hannon an expensive desktop computer to replace the terrible one she had to use for years , as well as discreetly giving Andy a new computer , and giving Daryll three sick days . At the end of the episode she proudly says that she is , `` Full on corrupt . '' In `` Goodbye , Michael '' , Pam almost misses saying good - bye to Michael , as she spends most of the day out of the office trying to price shredders . Jim figures out Michael 's plan to leave early and tells her by text . Pam reaches the airport in time and is the last person to see Michael before he leaves . Season 8 ( edit ) At the beginning of Season 8 , Pam is revealed to be pregnant with her and Jim 's second child , Philip Halpert . The child coincided with Jenna Fischer 's actual pregnancy . She begins her maternity leave after `` Gettysburg '' . Pam returns in `` Jury Duty '' , where she and Jim bring Cece and Phillip into the office . In both `` Tallahassee '' and `` Test the Store '' Pam is shown helping , and developing her friendship with Andy . Season 9 ( edit ) Early in season 9 , Jim is restless about his life in Scranton and helps a friend start a Sports Marketing business , Athlead , in Philadelphia but he keeps it a secret from Pam until the third episode `` Andy 's Ancestry '' . Although Pam is happy for his decision , she is concerned about the fact that he had kept it a secret from her and she is later disturbed to hear about just how much of their money he had invested . Jim begins spending part of each work week in Philadelphia , but in `` Customer Loyalty '' , the strain of this on Pam is evident when she breaks down in tears , and is comforted by Brian , the boom mic operator of the film crew . In `` Moving On '' , Pam interviews for a job in Philadelphia to be closer to Jim , but she is turned off by the idea when her prospective new boss bears a striking resemblance in behavior to Michael Scott . Over dinner , Pam reveals to Jim that she does n't really want to move to Philadelphia after all . However , in `` Livin ' the Dream '' , when Athlead is bought out and Jim is offered a large sum of money for 3 months to pitch the company across the country , Pam overhears Jim refuse the opportunity because of her and appears to have mixed feelings about this decision . In `` A.A.R.M. '' , Pam tells Jim that she 's afraid that he will resent her for making him stay and that she might not be enough for him . Jim asks the camera crew to compile documentary footage of the two of them to show her . When she finishes the montage , which shows Jim taking back a letter he intended to give her with his teapot gift during Christmas ; Jim finally gives her that letter , and she reads it , visibly moved . In the series finale , which takes place a year later , she reveals to Jim that she secretly put the house on the market , so that they can move to Austin , Texas , and take his job back at Athlead ( now Athleap ) . Co-worker relations ( edit ) From her years working the front desk , Pam has become well - acquainted with the Dunder - Mifflin staff and is consistently shown to have a thorough understanding of her coworkers ' personalities , including the more eccentric individuals Dwight Schrute and Michael Scott . She uses this familiarity to manipulate them , often for their and the company 's best interests ( such as her giving the staff elaborate instructions on how to handle a heartbroken Michael in `` The Chump '' ) but also occasionally for her own . This familiarity plays a large part in her efficiency as office administrator and was crucial to her being promoted to the previously non-existent position . Jim Halpert ( edit ) Main article : Jim Halpert The `` will they or wo n't they '' tension between Jim and Pam is a strong storyline in the early episodes of The Office , encompassing much of Seasons 1 to 3 . In the opener of Season 4 , the two characters are revealed to be dating , and as such , other character romances , such as the romance between fellow co-workers Dwight Schrute and Angela Martin , begin to move more toward the forefront of episodes . In Season 6 , Jim and Pam are married in the season 's 4th and 5th episodes ( hour long ) , a feat considered noteworthy by many television critics , as bringing together the two lead love interests in a television series is often thought to be a risky venture . Their child is born in the second half of the season , during another hour long , `` The Delivery '' . Pam and Jim 's second child is born during season 8 . In season 9 , their marriage becomes strained when Jim takes up a second job in Philadelphia . They ultimately decide to leave Dunder Mifflin together so Jim can pursue his dream job . Roy Anderson ( edit ) Main article : Roy Anderson ( The Office ) When the series begins , Pam is engaged to her high school sweetheart Roy Anderson ; this engagement is revealed to be three years old and running . They finally set a date , but Pam calls off the wedding at the last minute . They get back together once , briefly , but Pam is much more assertive , and finally breaks up with him after he has a violent outburst . Roy is deeply flawed - he is overbearing , neglectful , dismissive of her desire to be an artist , and offers her sex as a gift on Valentine 's Day . Jim comments in Season 2 that Pam does not like to `` bother '' Roy with her `` thoughts or feelings '' . He tells the camera crew that the only two problems in Pam 's life seemed to be Roy and her job at Dunder Mifflin . In the early seasons , there is a great deal of tension between Jim and Roy , with Roy often acting threateningly towards Jim . In `` Basketball '' , when Jim starts to impress Pam with his basketball skills , Roy elbows Jim in the nose . In season 2 , when Jim encourages Pam to pursue a graphic arts internship offered by Dunder Mifflin , Roy objects to the opportunity and eventually convinces her that the idea is foolish . Pam ultimately calls off her wedding to Roy , but they remain friendly and he is determined to win her back by being less of a jerk . She reconciles with Roy at Phyllis 's wedding as a response to watching Jim date Karen . In an attempt at a fresh start with Roy , Pam comes clean about Jim kissing her during `` Casino Night '' . Roy flies into a violent rage and Pam ends the relationship on the spot . The next day , Roy attempts to attack Jim in the office but is stopped by Dwight 's pepper spray and is summarily fired . After losing his job , Roy meets Pam for coffee and says that even though Jim is dating Karen , she should at least make an effort to date him ( inasmuch as she called off the wedding because of him ) . In season 5 , Jim and Roy run into each other at a bar and Roy learns that Jim and Pam are engaged . The mood is somewhat awkward , but Roy is congratulatory , but then makes a somewhat passive - aggressive comment , seemingly meant to make Jim feel insecure about his current role in Pam 's life , which tempts him to drive to Pratt , where she is attending art classes . Jim gets on the freeway , but changes his mind and remembers that he trusts Pam . Jim did n't want to treat Pam the same way Roy treated her . Michael Scott ( edit ) Main article : Michael Scott ( The Office ) In the series pilot , Michael is overtly rude to Pam and at one point fakes her firing , leaving her in tears . He often makes suggestive if harmless remarks about her beauty and general appearance , and at one point lies to the camera that they used to date ( inspiring a horrified `` WHAT ? ? ? '' from Pam when an interviewer relays the message to her ) . However , his impulsive attempt to kiss her during Diwali is shot down and marked the end of any romantic dreams for Michael with Pam . Over time , the combination of Michael being supportive of her goals , her transition from a bad relationship with Roy to a great one with Jim as well as her finding a job she not only enjoys but is effective at in the office administrator position and Michael finding his own soulmate in Holly Flax made Pam soften her stance towards Michael , and the experience at the Michael Scott Paper Company further bonded them ( as did Michael 's decision to choose Pam instead of Ryan Howard as the only MSPC salesman to keep that job when Michael returned as Branch Manager ) . Pam was furious at Michael for dating her mom Helene , and excoriated him at length during `` The Lover '' before eventually slapping him in `` Double Date '' , but they once again were able to be civil to each other afterward . Pam does set up boundaries around her personal life that Michael ca n't cross , like telling him that he was n't Cece 's godfather . By Season 7 , Pam acts as something of a guardian angel for Michael , steering him away from ( numerous ) bad ideas and towards his ( fewer but real ) good ones , such as his successful efforts to propose to Holly . In Michael 's finale `` Goodbye , Michael '' , Pam spends the whole day looking for a shredder , believing that the next day Michael was leaving . As Michael takes off his microphone and heads down the airport concourse , Pam runs to him with no shoes and hugs him as he kisses her cheek . The two have a nice moment and he walks off , leaving her holding her shoes . She then tells the camera that he was happy , wanting to be an advanced rewards member , and was glad to be going home to see Holly . She then is there to watch Michael 's plane take off . In a deleted scene from `` The Inner Circle '' , we learn Pam is flattered that Michael named his new puppy `` Pamela Beagsley '' , and in `` The List '' she playfully teases Jim by calling their second child `` Little Michael Scott '' , further proving that the two have developed a genuine friendship . Toby flenderson ( edit ) Main article : Toby Flenderson Toby , the Human Resources Representative for Dunder Mifflin in the Scranton branch , has a secret crush on Pam . In `` A Benihana Christmas '' she gives him her Dunder - Mifflin bathrobe , a display of friendly affection , after he spent the day feeling bad that Dwight took his . In Dunder Mifflin Infinity , Toby witnesses Pam kissing Jim Halpert in the break room , which prompts him to issue a memo about public displays of affection in the workplace . Later , when Jim and Pam admit they are dating and ask to fill out a disclosure form , he hesitates to give them a form saying they should wait and see . In `` Night Out '' , Toby awkwardly rubs her knee while they share a laugh ( and while Jim sits just on her other side ) , and the rest of the office watches in horror . In his mortification , Toby immediately announces that he is moving to Costa Rica before jumping over the locked gate and fleeing . In `` Goodbye , Toby '' , Toby purchases a DSLR camera just to get a picture with Pam . On the eve of his departure , Pam confesses to the cameras that she always thought Toby was `` kind of cute '' . In `` Niagara '' , Pam and Jim are late for their wedding and he is visibly excited at the prospect that the wedding might not happen . In `` Finale '' , Pam and Toby dance with each other at Dwight 's wedding , with Toby beginning to cry as Pam comforts him . When she asks , `` is it me ? '' , he replies that `` it 's everything ! '' . Appearances ( edit ) Pam Halpert has appeared in every episode with the exceptions of `` Business Ethics '' ( except for the deleted scenes ) , `` St. Patrick 's Day '' , and `` New Leads '' in which only her voice is heard , and several season 8 episodes from `` Mrs. California '' to `` Pool Party '' , where she did not appear at all as Fischer was on maternity leave . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pam Beesly 's full name is Pamela Morgan Beesly ( later Pamela Morgan Halpert ) . In `` The Lover '' Michael says to Pam , `` Pamela Morgan Beesly , you need to apologize to your mother right now . '' In `` Did I Stutter ? '' Jim says to Pam , `` You know what would energize me ? If you , Pamela Morgan Beesly ... '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Halpert Baby Blog '' . Halpertbeesly.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Season 6 -- Episode 06 : ' The Lover ' '' . OfficeQuotes.net . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Season 4 -- Episode 12 : ' Did I Stutter ? ' '' . OfficeQuotes.net . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Episode commentary , Season 2 , `` Valentine 's Day '' ^ Jump up to : `` For Jenna Fischer , ' Office ' Life Is A Great Act '' . NPR. 2008 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jenna Fischer rocks the OTCR '' . OfficeTally . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Season 2 DVD , `` Valentine 's Day '' , episode commentary ^ Jump up to : `` Pam Beesly ( Pam / Jenna ) op Myspace '' . Myspace.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` JK Wedding Entrance Dance '' . YouTube . 2009 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ People Magazine , Week of 03 / 05 / 2010 Jump up ^ `` The Office : Why Jim and Pam 's wedding is good for TV comedy '' . NJ.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` The Office Exclusive : ' Til Death 's Lindsey Broad Befriends Pam '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . hide The Office ( U.S. series ) Episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Characters Primary Michael Scott Dwight Schrute Jim Halpert Pam Beesly Ryan Howard Andy Bernard Secondary Jan Levinson Roy Anderson Stanley Hudson Kevin Malone Meredith Palmer Angela Martin Oscar Martinez Phyllis Vance Kelly Kapoor Toby Flenderson Creed Bratton Darryl Philbin Erin Hannon Gabe Lewis Robert California Holly Flax Nellie Bertram Pete Miller Clark Green Recurring Todd Packer David Wallace Other Dunder Mifflin Awards Worldwide editions Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pam_Beesly&oldid=857028661 '' Categories : Fictional receptionists Fictional secretaries Fictional American people of English descent The Office ( U.S. TV series ) characters Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from December 2015 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 02 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does pam get back from art school | [
"In the Season 5 premiere, \"Weight Loss\", Pam begins her three-month course at the Pratt Institute. In this episode, Jim proposes in the pouring rain at a rest stop, saying that he \"can't wait\". In \"Business Trip\", Pam learns that she is failing one of her classes and will have to remain in New York another three months to retake it. Although Jim is supportive and tells her he will wait for her to come back \"the right way\", she ultimately makes the decision to return home, saying that she realized she hated graphic design and missed Scranton. A deleted scene for the episode shows Jim looking through Pam's graphic design projects, which he thinks are \"cool\", as well as a notebook filled with pencil sketches, which he finds a lot more impressive than her graphic design projects, implying her talents lie in hand-drawn works. In \"Two Weeks\", Pam agrees to become Michael's first saleswoman in his not-yet-established company, The Michael Scott Paper Co., as a supportive Jim looks on. When David Wallace makes an offer to buy the company Michael negotiates in order to get their jobs at Dunder Mifflin back instead, including adding Pam to the sales team. In \"Company Picnic\", Pam, after dominating the company volleyball tournament, injures her ankle during a game and is taken to the hospital against her wishes. At the hospital, the camera crew is stationed outside an exam room while a doctor updates Jim and Pam on her condition. There is no audio as the camera shows Jim and Pam embrace, looking shocked and ecstatic. It is implied that she is pregnant and is confirmed in the Season 6 premiere, \"Gossip\". \n"
] | [
"\"Business Trip\""
] |
5036783153145393270 | Don't You (Forget About Me) | Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) - wikipedia Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' Standard international artwork Single by Simple Minds from the album The Breakfast Club ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) B - side `` A Brass Band in African Chimes '' Released 20 February 1985 ( US ) 8 April 1985 ( UK ) Format 12 '' 7 '' Recorded 10 July 1984 Genre New wave , synthpop , pop rock Length 4 : 20 6 : 32 ( extended version ) Label Virgin A&M ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Keith Forsey Steve Schiff Simple Minds singles chronology `` Up on the Catwalk '' ( 1984 ) `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' ( 1985 ) `` Alive and Kicking '' ( 1985 ) `` Up on the Catwalk '' ( 1984 ) `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' ( 1985 ) `` Alive and Kicking '' ( 1985 ) Audio sample file help Music video `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' on YouTube `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' is a 1985 pop song performed by Scottish rock band Simple Minds . The song is best known for being played during the opening and closing credits of the John Hughes film The Breakfast Club . It was written and composed by producer Keith Forsey and Steve Schiff , the latter of whom was a guitarist and songwriter from the Nina Hagen band . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recording history 2 Music video 3 Charts and certifications 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 3.3 Certifications 4 Notable Appearances in Other Media 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Recording history ( edit ) Forsey asked Cy Curnin from The Fixx , Bryan Ferry and Billy Idol to record the song , but all three declined ; Idol did later perform a cover of it on his 2001 compilation album Greatest Hits . Schiff then suggested Forsey ask Simple Minds who , after refusing as well , agreed under the encouragement of their label , A&M . According to frontman Jim Kerr , the band was reluctant to record the song as they felt they should only record their own material , relenting after persuasion from Kerr 's wife at the time , Chrissie Hynde of The Pretenders , and a phone call from Forsey in which he expressed his admiration for the band . According to one account , the band `` rearranged and recorded ' Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) ' in three hours in a north London studio and promptly forgot about it . '' Continuing the rock direction recently taken on Sparkle in the Rain but also glancing back at their melodic synthpop past , it caught the band at their commercial peak and , propelled by the success of The Breakfast Club , became a # 1 hit in the U.S. and around the world . It is also the band 's only # 1 hit on the U.S. Top Rock Tracks chart , staying atop for three weeks . While only reaching # 7 in the UK , it stayed on the charts from 1985 to 1987 , one of the longest time spans for any single in the history of the chart . The song did not appear on the band 's subsequent album Once Upon a Time , but it did appear on the 1992 best - of Glittering Prize 81 / 92 . It soon became a fixture of the band 's live sets - with an extended audience participation section during its inclusion on the 2015 tour to promote the band 's Big Music album . Two versions were created for release . A short version , 4 : 23 in duration , appeared on the single and the original motion picture soundtrack album of The Breakfast Club . A longer version , 6 : 32 in duration , was released as a 12 '' single . This version contains longer breakdowns and drum fills , a second appearance of the bridge and a longer ending . John Leland from Spin wrote that `` ' Do n't You Forget About Me , ' a romantic and melancholy dance track , therefore cuts ice both in the living room and on the dance floor . '' Music video ( edit ) The music video , directed by Daniel Kleinman , takes place on a dancing floor in a dark room with a chandelier , a rocking horse , and television sets displaying scenes from The Breakfast Club . The video on YouTube had been viewed over 75 million times as of July 26 , 2017 . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1985 ) Peak Position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 6 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada ( CHUM ) France ( SNEP ) 24 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 13 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 9 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) US Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 1988 ) Peak Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 100 Chart ( 2004 ) Peak Position Italy ( FIMI ) 16 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak Position US Rock Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 41 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1985 ) Position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 47 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 28 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 21 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 23 Italy ( FIMI ) 6 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 8 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 11 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 26 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 26 US Billboard Hot 100 16 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 33 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 10 US Cash Box Top 100 12 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 5,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Chart successions Preceded by `` Forever Man '' by Eric Clapton US Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one single 20 April 1985 -- 4 May 1985 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Trapped '' by Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band Preceded by `` Crazy for You '' by Madonna US Billboard Hot 100 number - one single 18 May 1985 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` Everything She Wants '' by Wham ! Preceded by `` We Are the World '' by USA for Africa Dutch Top 40 number - one single 1 June 1985 -- 15 June 1985 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Dancing in the Dark '' by Bruce Springsteen Preceded by `` Crazy for You '' by Madonna Canadian `` RPM '' Singles Chart number - one single 1 June 1985 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' by Tears for Fears Notable appearances in other media ( edit ) This song played on the British television soap EastEnders on 30th May 1985 , on 4th July 1985 , on 8th August 1985 , and on 9th August 2013 . This song played in the episode of the American animated comedy series Futurama on 11th March 2001 . This song played in the episode of the American medical comedy series Scrubs on 10th April 2003 . This song played in an episode of the American comedy series 30 Rock on 4th December 2008 . This song played in an episode of the British television soap Hollyoaks on 22nd May 2009 . This song played in an episode of the British chat show Loose Women on 15th July 2009 . This song played in an episiode of the American teen drama series Friday Night Lights on 16th December 2009 . This song played in the American comedy film Easy A in 2010 . This song played in an episode of the American crime drama series Cold Case on 2nd May 2010 . This song played in an episode of the American television series The Handmaid 's Tale on 26th April 2017 . See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles of 1985 ( Canada ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of the 1980s List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1985 List of Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one songs of the 1980s List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 1985 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Simpson , Dave ( 15 November 2016 ) . `` Simple Minds : how we made Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A History of Simple Minds '' . The Official Glasgow Barrowland & Barras Market Site . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Simple Minds -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Simple Minds . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Dave ( April 2015 ) . `` The Guardian '' . The Guardian ( 2 ) . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Leland , John ( June 1985 ) . `` Singles '' . Spin. 1 ( 2 ) : 37 . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ SimpleMindsVEVO ( 2010 - 12 - 03 ) , Simple Minds - Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) , retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 Jump up ^ bulion . `` Forum - ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts - CHART POSITIONS PRE 1989 '' . ARIA . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Simple Minds -- Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Simple Minds -- Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Radio 2 Top 30 '' ( in Dutch ) . Top 30 . Archived from the original on 31 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 0530 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CHART NUMBER 1485 -- Saturday , June 08 , 1985 '' . Archived from the original on 7 November 2006 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . CHUM . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Simple Minds -- Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Simple Minds -- Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia '' . HitParadeItalia ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 22 , 1985 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Simple Minds -- Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Simple Minds -- Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1965 -- 1989 Acts S '' . The South African Rock Encyclopedia . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Simple Minds -- Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Simple Minds -- Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Simple Minds -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for Simple Minds . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Simple Minds -- Chart history '' Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs for Simple Minds . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending MAY 18 , 1985 '' . Archived from the original on 1 October 2012 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Cash Box magazine . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Simple Minds -- Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Simple Minds - Chart History '' . Rock Digital Songs . for Simple Minds . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts - 1980s '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade Singles 1985 '' . Ö3 Austria Top 40 ( in German ) . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Jaaroverzichten 1985 '' . Ultratop 50 ( in Dutch ) . Archived from the original on 10 June 2014 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 0619 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts 1985 '' . GfK Entertainment Charts ( in German ) . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia - I singoli più venduti del 1985 '' . FIMI ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1985 '' . Dutch Top 40 ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Charts Jaaroverzichten Single 1985 '' . Single Top 100 ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Official NZ Music Charts - End of Year Charts 1985 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SWISS YEAR - END CHARTS 1985 '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Pop Singles '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Vol. 97 no . 52 . New York , NY , USA . 28 December 1985 . p . T - 21 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Dance Sales Singles '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Vol. 97 no . 52 . New York , NY , USA . 28 December 1985 . p . T - 23 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Rock Tracks '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Vol. 97 no . 52 . New York , NY , USA . 28 December 1985 . p . T - 30 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1985 '' . Archived from the original on 30 September 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 07 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Cash Box magazine . ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian single certifications -- Simple Minds -- Do n't You Forget About Me '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Simple Minds -- Do n't You Forget About Me '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Enter Do n't You Forget About Me in the search field and then press Enter . External links ( edit ) AllMusic : Keith Forsey Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Leave Right Now '' by Will Young American Idol Farewell Song Season 10 ( 2011 ) Succeeded by `` Please Remember Me '' by Scotty McCreery Simple Minds Jim Kerr Charlie Burchill Mel Gaynor Andy Gillespie Ged Grimes Brian McGee Tony Donald Duncan Barnwell Mick MacNeil Derek Forbes Kenny Hyslop Mike Ogletree John Giblin Eddy Duffy Albums Life in a Day Real to Real Cacophony Empires and Dance Sons and Fascination / Sister Feelings Call New Gold Dream ( 81 -- 82 -- 83 -- 84 ) Sparkle in the Rain Once Upon a Time Street Fighting Years Real Life Good News from the Next World Néapolis Our Secrets Are the Same Neon Lights Cry Black & White 050505 Graffiti Soul Big Music Acoustic Live albums Live in the City of Light Real Live 91 Sunday Express -- Live ( Volumes 1 & 2 ) 5X5 Live Live -- Big Music Tour 2015 Compilations Themes for Great Cities 79 / 81 Celebration Glittering Prize 81 / 92 The Promised The Best of Simple Minds Early Gold Silver Box Celebrate : The Greatest Hits Singles `` Love Song '' `` Promised You a Miracle '' `` Glittering Prize '' `` Someone Somewhere ( In Summertime ) '' `` Waterfront '' `` Speed Your Love to Me '' `` Up on the Catwalk '' `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' `` Alive and Kicking '' `` Sanctify Yourself '' `` All the Things She Said '' `` Ghost Dancing '' `` Belfast Child '' `` This Is Your Land '' `` Kick It In '' `` Let There Be Love '' `` Stand By Love '' Promo singles `` Mandela Day '' ( US ) Themes series Themes -- Volume 1 : March 79 -- April 82 Themes -- Volume 2 : August 82 -- April 85 Themes -- Volume 3 : September 85 -- June 87 Themes -- Volume 4 : February 89 -- May 90 Themes -- Volume 5 : March 91 -- September 92 Related articles Discography Lostboy ! AKA Jim Kerr Concert tours Simple Minds concert tours David Cook Discography Studio albums Analog Heart David Cook This Loud Morning Digital Vein Extended plays This Quiet Night Singles `` The Time of My Life '' `` Light On '' `` Come Back to Me / Bar - ba - sol '' `` Permanent '' `` The Last Goodbye '' `` Fade into Me '' `` The Last Song I 'll Write for You '' `` Laying Me Low '' Tours American Idols LIVE ! Tour 2008 The Declaration Tour -- 2009 Other songs `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' `` Dream Big '' `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' Related articles American Idol ( season 7 ) Axium `` Kiss You Tonight '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_You_(Forget_About_Me)&oldid=803638837 '' Categories : 1985 singles 1985 songs Simple Minds songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Keith Forsey Songs written for films Virgin Records singles A&M Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use British English from January 2014 Use dmy dates from January 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 18 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings don't you forget about me from the breakfast club | [
"\"Don't You (Forget About Me)\" is a 1985 pop song performed by Scottish rock band Simple Minds. The song is best known for being played during the opening and closing credits of the John Hughes film The Breakfast Club. It was written and composed by producer Keith Forsey and Steve Schiff, the latter of whom was a guitarist and songwriter from the Nina Hagen band."
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"Simple Minds"
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5297125102963289897 | Rotator cuff | Rotator cuff - wikipedia Rotator cuff Rotator cuff Identifiers MeSH D017006 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Shoulder joint . Posterior view at left . Anterior view at right . 1 . Clavicle , 2 . Scapula ( with 3 . Scapular spine , 4 . Coracoid process , 5. Acromion ) , 6 . Humerus ; Joints : 7 . Acromioclavicular ( AC ) , 8 . Glenohumeral ; 9 : Bursa ; 10 . Rotator cuff ( with 11 . Supraspinatus , 12 . Subscapularis , 13 . Infraspinatus , 14 . Teres minor ) , 15 . Biceps muscle In anatomy , the rotator cuff ) is a group of muscles and their tendons that act to stabilize the shoulder . Of the seven scapulohumeral muscles , four make up the rotator cuff . The four muscles are the supraspinatus muscle , the infraspinatus muscle , teres minor muscle , and the subscapularis muscle . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Muscles composing rotator cuff 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Rotator cuff tear 3.2 Rotator cuff impingement 3.3 Rotator interval inflammation and fibrosis 4 Pain management 4.1 Continuous passive motion 4.2 Capsular release 4.3 Orthotherapy exercises 5 Additional images 6 References Structure ( edit ) Muscles composing rotator cuff ( edit ) Muscle Origin on scapula Attachment on humerus Function Innervation Supraspinatus muscle supraspinous fossa superior facet of the greater tubercle abducts the humerus Suprascapular nerve ( C5 ) Infraspinatus muscle infraspinous fossa middle facet of the greater tubercle externally rotates the humerus Suprascapular nerve ( C5 - C6 ) Teres minor muscle middle half of lateral border inferior facet of the greater tubercle externally rotates the humerus Axillary nerve ( C5 ) Subscapularis muscle subscapular fossa lesser tubercle internally rotates the humerus Upper and Lower subscapular nerve ( C5 - C6 ) The supraspinatus muscle spreads out in a horizontal band to insert on the superior and middle facets of the greater tubercle . The greater tubercle projects as the most lateral structure of the humeral head . Medial to this , in turn , is the lesser tuberosity of the humeral head . The subscapularis muscle origin is divided from the remainder of the rotator cuff origins as it is deep to the scapula . The four tendons of these muscles converge to form the rotator cuff tendon . These tendinous insertions along with the articular capsule , the coracohumeral ligament , and the glenohumeral ligament complex , blend into a confluent sheet before insertion into the humeral tuberosities . The insertion site of the rotator cuff tendon at the greater tuberosity is often referred to as the footprint . The infraspinatus and teres minor fuse near their musculotendinous junctions , while the supraspinatus and subscapularis tendons join as a sheath that surrounds the biceps tendon at the entrance of the bicipital groove . The supraspinatus is most commonly involved in a rotator cuff tear . Function ( edit ) The rotator cuff muscles are important in shoulder movements and in maintaining glenohumeral joint ( shoulder joint ) stability . These muscles arise from the scapula and connect to the head of the humerus , forming a cuff at the shoulder joint . They hold the head of the humerus in the small and shallow glenoid fossa of the scapula . The glenohumeral joint has been analogously described as a golf ball ( head of the humerus ) sitting on a golf tee ( glenoid fossa ) . During abduction of the arm , moving it outward and away from the trunk , the rotator cuff compresses the glenohumeral joint , an action known as concavity compression , in order to allow the large deltoid muscle to further elevate the arm . In other words , without the rotator cuff , the humeral head would ride up partially out of the glenoid fossa , lessening the efficiency of the deltoid muscle . The anterior and posterior directions of the glenoid fossa are more susceptible to shear force perturbations as the glenoid fossa is not as deep relative to the superior and inferior directions . The rotator cuff 's contributions to concavity compression and stability vary according to their stiffness and the direction of the force they apply upon the joint . In addition to stabilizing the glenohumeral joint and controlling humeral head translation , the rotator cuff muscles also perform multiple functions , including abduction , internal rotation , and external rotation of the shoulder . The infraspinatus and subscapularis have significant roles in scapular plane shoulder abduction ( scaption ) , generating forces that are two to three times greater than the force produced by the supraspinatus muscle . However , the supraspinatus is more effective for general shoulder abduction because of its moment arm . The anterior portion of the supraspinatus tendon is submitted to significantly greater load and stress , and performs its mainfunctional role . Clinical significance ( edit ) Rotator cuff tear ( edit ) Main article : Rotator cuff tear The tendons at the ends of the rotator cuff muscles can become torn , leading to pain and restricted movement of the arm . A torn rotator cuff can occur following a trauma to the shoulder or it can occur through the `` wear and tear '' on tendons , most commonly the supraspinatus tendon found under the acromion . Rotator cuff injuries are commonly associated with motions that require repeated overhead motions or forceful pulling motions . Such injuries are frequently sustained by athletes whose actions include making repetitive throws , athletes such as baseball pitchers , softball pitchers , American football players ( especially quarterbacks ) , cheerleaders , weightlifters ( especially powerlifters due to extreme weights used in the bench press ) , rugby players , volleyball players ( due to their swinging motions ) , water polo players , rodeo team ropers , shot put throwers ( due to using poor technique ) , swimmers , boxers , kayakers , western martial artists , fast bowlers in cricket , tennis players ( due to their service motion ) and tenpin bowlers due to the repetitive swinging motion of the arm with the weight of a bowling ball . This type of injury also commonly affects orchestra conductors , choral conductors , and drummers ( due , again , to swinging motions ) . Treatment for a rotator cuff tear can include rest , ice , physical therapy , and / or surgery . A published review of 14 trials involving 829 patients found that there is insufficient evidence to demonstrate whether surgery is any better than non-surgical options . A review of manual therapy and exercise treatments found inconclusive evidence as to whether these treatments were any better than placebo , however `` High quality evidence from one trial suggested that manual therapy and exercise improved function only slightly more than placebo at 22 weeks , was little or no different to placebo in terms of other patient - important outcomes ( e.g. overall pain ) , and was associated with relatively more frequent but mild adverse events . '' Surgery is often recommended for patients with an acute , traumatic rotator cuff tear resulting in substantial weakness . Surgery can be performed open or arthroscopically , although the arthroscopic approach has become much more popular . If a surgical option is selected , the rehabilitation of the rotator cuff is necessary in order to regain maximum strength and range of motion within the shoulder joint . Physical therapy progresses through four stages , increasing movement throughout each phase . The tempo and intensity of the stages are solely reliant on the extent of the injury and the patient 's activity necessities . The first stage requires immobilization of the shoulder joint . The shoulder that is injured is placed in a sling and shoulder flexion or abduction of the arm is avoided for 4 to 6 weeks after surgery ( Brewster , 1993 ) . Avoiding movement of the shoulder joint allows the torn tendon to fully heal . Once the tendon is entirely recovered , passive exercises can be implemented . Passive exercises of the shoulder are movements in which a physical therapist maintains the arm in a particular position , manipulating the rotator cuff without any effort by the patient . These exercises are used to increase stability , strength and range of motion of the Subscapularis , Supraspinatus , Infraspinatus , and Teres minor muscles within the rotator cuff . Passive exercises include internal and external rotation of the shoulder joint , as well as flexion and extension of the shoulder . Physical therapy of shoulder As progression increases after 4 -- 6 weeks , active exercises are now implemented into the rehabilitation process . Active exercises allow an increase in strength and further range of motion by permitting the movement of the shoulder joint without the support of a physical therapist . Active exercises include the Pendulum exercise ( as shown in Image 2 ) , which is used to strengthen the Supraspinatus , Infraspinatus , and Subscapularis . External rotation of the shoulder with the arm at a 90 - degree angle is an additional exercise done to increase control and range of motion of the Infraspinatus and Teres minor muscles . Various active exercises are done for an additional 3 -- 6 weeks as progress is based on an individual case by case basis . At 8 -- 12 weeks , strength training intensity will increase as free - weights and resistance bands will be implemented within the exercise prescription . Rotator cuff impingement ( edit ) Main article : Impingement syndrome A systematic review of relevant research found that the accuracy of the physical examination is low . The Hawkins - Kennedy test has a sensitivity of approximately 80 % to 90 % for detecting impingement . The infraspinatus and supraspinatus tests have a specificity of 80 % to 90 % . A common cause of shoulder pain in rotator cuff impingement syndrome is Tendinosis , which is an age related and most often self limited condition . Rotator interval inflammation and fibrosis ( edit ) The rotator interval is a triangular space in the shoulder that is functionally reinforced externally by the coracohumeral ligament and internally by the superior glenohumeral ligament , and traversed by the intra-articular biceps tendon . On imaging , it is defined by the coracoid process at its base , the supraspinatus tendon superiorly and the subscapularis tendon inferiorly . Changes of adhesive capsulitis can be seen at this interval as edema and fibrosis . Pathology at the interval is also associated with glenohumeral and biceps instability . Pain management ( edit ) The rotator cuff includes muscles such as the supraspinatus muscle , the infraspinatus muscle , the teres minor muscle and the subscapularis muscle . The upper arm consists of the deltoids , biceps , as well as the triceps . Steps must be taken and precautions need to be made in order for the rotator cuffs to heal properly following surgery while still maintaining function to prevent any deteriorating effects on the muscles . In the immediate postoperative period ( within one week following surgery ) , pain can be treated with a standard ice wrap . There are also commercial devices available which not only cool the shoulder but also exert pressure on the shoulder ( `` compressive cryotherapy '' ) . However , one study has shown no significant difference in postoperative pain when comparing these devices to a standard ice wrap . Continuous passive motion ( edit ) Physiotherapy can help manage the pain , but utilizing a program that involves continuous passive motion will reduce the pain even further . Assisted passive motion at a low intensity allows the tissues to be stretched slightly without damaging them Continuous passive motion improves the shoulder range and enables the subject to expand their range of motion without experiencing additional pain . Easing into the motions will allow the person to continue working those muscles to keep them from undergoing atrophy , while also still maintaining that minimum level of function where daily function is allowed . Doing these exercises will also prevent tears in the muscles that will impair daily function further . Since injuries of the rotator cuff often tend to inhibit motion without first experience discomfort and pain , other methods can be done to help accommodate that . Capsular release ( edit ) A surgery procedure exists where the joint of the injured area will be freed in order to achieve a full range of motion without too much pain and discomfort , speeding up recovery time and allowing the person to better perform optimally . A study conducted by Jin - Young Park investigated the benefits of using capsular release to help relieve the stiffness of the shoulders that usually come whenever there is an injury in the rotator cuff . Some of the subjects had diabetes mellitus , which can also cause shoulder stiffness , impeding external rotation of the shoulders . Of the 49 subjects recruited for this trial , 21 went through only manipulation to relieve stiffness , while the other 28 underwent a capsular release surgery along with the manipulation to treat shoulder stiffness . Although , overall , no improvement in outcome was seen with regards to external rotation between the control and treatment group , the subjects that had diabetes mellitus benefited from the treatment that included the capsular release surgery . Their rotator cuff function improved significantly in both forward flexion and external rotation compared to the subjects that were not diagnosed with diabetes mellitus . Orthotherapy exercises ( edit ) Patients that suffer from pain in the rotator cuff may consider utilizing orthotherapy into their daily lives . Orthotherapy is an exercise program that aims to restore the motion and strength of the shoulder muscles . Patients can go through the three phases of orthotherapy to help manage pain and also recover their full range of motion in the rotator cuff . The first phase involves gentle stretches and passive all around movements , and people are advised not to go above 70 degrees of elevation to prevent any kind of further pain . The second phase of this regimen requires patients to implement exercises to strengthen the muscles that are surrounding the rotator cuff muscles , combined with the passive exercises done in the first phase to keep on stretching the tissues without overexerting them . Exercises include pushups and shoulder shrugs , and after a couple of weeks of this , daily activities are gradually added to the patient 's routine . This program does not require any sort of medication or surgery and can serve as a good alternative . The rotator cuff and the upper muscles are responsible for many daily tasks that people do in their lives . A proper recovery needs to be maintained and achieved to prevent limiting movement , and can be done through simple movements . Additional images ( edit ) Human shoulder joint , front view Human shoulder joint , back view Muscles on the dorsum of the scapula , and the triceps brachii . The scapular and circumflex arteries ( posterior view ) . Suprascapular and axillary nerves of right side , seen from behind . The suprascapular , axillary , and radial nerves . References ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Jump up ^ Hartman , B. ; Robertson , M. `` Push - Ups , Face Pulls , and Shrugs ... for Strong and Healthy Shoulders ! '' . Tnation . The rotator cuff , of course . ( Or for those of you from Indiana , that would be your `` rotary cup '' Jump up ^ Grays Anatomy 40th ^ Jump up to : Matava MJ , Purcell DB , Rudzki JR ( 2005 ) . `` Partial - thickness rotator cuff tears '' . Am J Sports Med. 33 ( 9 ) : 1405 -- 17 . doi : 10.1177 / 0363546505280213 . PMID 16127127 . Jump up ^ Morag Y , Jacobson JA , Miller B , De Maeseneer M , Girish G , Jamadar D ( 2006 ) . `` MR imaging of rotator cuff injury : what the clinician needs to know '' . Radiographics. 26 ( 4 ) : 1045 -- 65 . doi : 10.1148 / rg. 264055087 . PMID 16844931 . Jump up ^ Khazzam M , Kane SM , Smith MJ ( 2009 ) . `` Open shoulder stabilization procedure using bone block technique for treatment of chronic glenohumeral instability associated with bony glenoid deficiency '' ( PDF ) . Am J. Orthop. 38 ( 7 ) : 329 -- 35 . PMID 19714273 . ^ Jump up to : Escamilla RF , Yamashiro K , Paulos L , Andrews JR ( 2009 ) . `` Shoulder muscle activity and function in common shoulder rehabilitation exercises '' . Sports Med. 39 ( 8 ) : 663 -- 85 . doi : 10.2165 / 00007256 - 200939080 - 00004 . PMID 19769415 . Jump up ^ Arend , C.F. ( 2013 ) . `` 01.1 Rotator Cuff : Anatomy and Function '' . Ultrasound of the Shoulder . Master Medical Books . ShoulderUS.com ) Jump up ^ Itoi E , Berglund LJ , Grabowski JJ , Schultz FM , Growney ES , Morrey BF , An KN ( 1995 ) . `` Tensile properties of the supraspinatus tendon '' . J. Orthop . Res. 13 ( 4 ) : 578 -- 84 . doi : 10.1002 / jor. 1100130413 . PMID 7674074 . Jump up ^ `` Rotator cuff injury - Treatment '' . Mayo Clinic . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Coghlan , Jennifer A ; Buchbinder , Rachelle ; Green , Sally ; Johnston , Renea V ; Bell , Simon N ( 2008 - 01 - 23 ) . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . John Wiley & Sons , Ltd . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. cd005619. pub2 / abstract . Jump up ^ Page , Matthew J ; Green , Sally ; McBain , Brodwen ; Surace , Stephen J ; Deitch , Jessica ; Lyttle , Nicolette ; Mrocki , Marshall A ; Buchbinder , Rachelle ( 2016 ) . `` Manual therapy and exercise for rotator cuff disease Cochrane '' . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD012224 . ^ Jump up to : Brewster C , Schwab DR ( 1993 ) . `` Rehabilitation of the shoulder following rotator cuff injury or surgery '' . J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 18 ( 2 ) : 422 -- 6 . doi : 10.2519 / jospt. 1993.18. 2.422 . PMID 8364597 . Jump up ^ Kuhn JE ( 2009 ) . `` Exercise in the treatment of rotator cuff impingement : a systematic review and a synthesized evidence - based rehabilitation protocol '' . J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 18 ( 1 ) : 138 -- 60 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jse. 2008.06. 004 . PMID 18835532 . ^ Jump up to : Waltrip RL , Zheng N , Dugas JR , Andrews JR ( 2003 ) . `` Rotator cuff repair . A biomechanical comparison of three techniques '' . Am J Sports Med. 31 ( 4 ) : 493 -- 7 . doi : 10.1177 / 03635465030310040301 . PMID 12860534 . ^ Jump up to : Jobe FW , Moynes DR ( 1982 ) . `` Delineation of diagnostic criteria and a rehabilitation program for rotator cuff injuries '' . Am J Sports Med. 10 ( 6 ) : 336 -- 9 . doi : 10.1177 / 036354658201000602 . PMID 7180952 . ^ Jump up to : Hegedus EJ , Goode A , Campbell S , et al. ( February 2008 ) . `` Physical examination tests of the shoulder : a systematic review with meta - analysis of individual tests '' . British Journal of Sports Medicine . 42 ( 2 ) : 80 -- 92 . doi : 10.1136 / bjsm. 2007.038406 . PMID 17720798 . Jump up ^ ShoulderDoc.co.uk Shoulder & Elbow Surgery . `` Hawkins - Kennedy Test '' . Archived from the original on 15 October 2007 . Retrieved 12 September 2007 . ( video ) Jump up ^ Brukner P , Khan K , Kibler WB . `` Chapter 14 : Shoulder Pain '' . Archived from the original on 10 August 2007 . Retrieved 30 August 2007 . Jump up ^ ShoulderDoc.co.uk Shoulder & Elbow Surgery . `` Empty Can / Full Can Test '' . Archived from the original on 15 October 2007 . Retrieved 12 September 2007 . ( video ) Jump up ^ Mohamadi , Amin ; Chan , Jimmy J. ; Claessen , Femke M.A.P. ; Ring , David ; Chen , Neal C. ( January 2017 ) . `` Corticosteroid Injections Give Small and Transient Pain Relief in Rotator Cuff Tendinosis : A Meta - analysis '' . Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research . 475 ( 1 ) : 232 -- 243 . doi : 10.1007 / s11999 - 016 - 5002 - 1 . ISSN 1528 - 1132 . PMC 5174041 . PMID 27469590 . Jump up ^ Petchprapa , CN ; Beltran , LS ; Jazrawi , LM ; Kwon , YW ; Babb , JS ; Recht , MP ( September 2010 ) . `` The rotator interval : a review of anatomy , function , and normal and abnormal MRI appearance '' . AJR . American journal of roentgenology. 195 ( 3 ) : 567 -- 76 . doi : 10.2214 / ajr. 10.4406 . PMID 20729432 . Jump up ^ Kraeutler , MJ ; Reynolds , KA ; Long , C ; McCarty , EC ( Jun 2015 ) . `` Compressive cryotherapy versus ice - a prospective , randomized study on postoperative pain in patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair or subacromial decompression '' . Journal of Shoulder & Elbow Surgery . 24 ( 6 ) : 854 -- 859 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jse. 2015.02. 004 . PMID 25825138 . ^ Jump up to : Plessis , M. Du , E. Eksteen , A. Jenneker , E. Kriel , C. Mentoor , T. Stucky , D. Van Staden , and L. Morris . `` The Effectiveness of Continuous Passive Motion on Range of Motion , Pain and Muscle Strength following Rotator Cuff Repair : A Systematic Review . '' Clinical Rehabilitation ( 2011 ) : 291 - 302 Jump up ^ Park , J. - Y. , S.W. Chung , Z . Hassan , J. - Y. Bang , and K. - S. Oh . `` Effect of Capsular Release in the Treatment of Shoulder Stiffness Concomitant With Rotator Cuff Repair : Diabetes as a Predisposing Factor Associated With Treatment Outcome . '' The American Journal of Sports Medicine ( 2014 ) : 840 - 50 . SagePub ^ Jump up to : Wirth , Michael A. , Carl Basamania , and Charles A. Rockwood . `` Nonoperative Management Of Full - Thickness Tears Of The Rotator Cuff . '' Orthopedic Clinics of North America ( 1997 ) : 59 - 67 hide Muscles of the arm Shoulder deltoid rotator cuff supraspinatus infraspinatus teres minor subscapularis teres major fascia : deltoid fascia supraspinous fascia infraspinous fascia Arm ( compartments ) anterior coracobrachialis biceps brachialis posterior triceps brachii anconeus articularis cubiti fascia axillary sheath axillary fascia brachial fascia intermuscular septa lateral medial other spaces quadrangular space triangular space triangular interval Forearm anterior superficial : pronator teres palmaris longus flexor carpi radialis flexor carpi ulnaris flexor digitorum superficialis deep : pronator quadratus flexor digitorum profundus flexor pollicis longus posterior superficial : mobile wad brachioradialis extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis extensor digitorum extensor digiti minimi extensor carpi ulnaris deep : supinator anatomical snuff box abductor pollicis longus extensor pollicis brevis extensor pollicis longus extensor indicis fascia bicipital aponeurosis common tendons extensor flexor antebrachial fascia other cubital tunnel Hand lateral volar thenar opponens pollicis flexor pollicis brevis abductor pollicis brevis adductor pollicis medial volar hypothenar opponens digiti minimi flexor digiti minimi brevis abductor digiti minimi palmaris brevis intermediate lumbrical interossei dorsal palmar fascia posterior : extensor retinaculum extensor expansion anterior : flexor retinaculum palmar aponeurosis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotator_cuff&oldid=844069333 '' Categories : Rotator cuff Shoulder Upper limb anatomy Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Use dmy dates from July 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 June 2018 , at 11 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the rotator cuff located on the human body | [
"The rotator cuff muscles are important in shoulder movements and in maintaining glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint) stability.[4] These muscles arise from the scapula and connect to the head of the humerus, forming a cuff at the shoulder joint. They hold the head of the humerus in the small and shallow glenoid fossa of the scapula. The glenohumeral joint has been analogously described as a golf ball (head of the humerus) sitting on a golf tee (glenoid fossa).[5]\n"
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"shoulder joint"
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-8776899623429883235 | Azerbaijan | Azerbaijan - wikipedia Azerbaijan Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the independent country in the Caucasus . For other uses , see Azerbaijan ( disambiguation ) . Republic of Azerbaijan Azərbaycan Respublikası ( Azerbaijani ) Flag Emblem Anthem : Azərbaycan marşı `` March of Azerbaijan '' Location of Azerbaijan ( green ) and Nagorno - Karabakh ( light green ) . Capital Baku 40 ° 25 ′ N 49 ° 50 ′ E / 40.417 ° N 49.833 ° E / 40.417 ; 49.833 Official languages Azerbaijani Ethnic minority languages Armenian ( only in Nagorno - Karabakh ) , Avar , Budukh , Georgian , Juhuri , Khinalug , Kryts , Kurdish , Lezgian , Russian , Rutul , Talysh , Tat , Tsakhur and Udi Demonym Azerbaijani Government Unitary dominant - party semi-presidential republic President Ilham Aliyev Vice President Mehriban Aliyeva Prime Minister Artur Rasizade Legislature National Assembly Formation Democratic Republic 27 May 1918 Soviet Socialist Republic 28 April 1920 Independence from Soviet Union 30 August 1991 ( declared ) 18 October 1991 ( independence ) 25 December 1991 ( completed ) Constitution adopted 12 November 1995 Area Total 86,600 km ( 33,400 sq mi ) ( 112th ) Water ( % ) 1.6 Population 2017 estimate 9,823,667 ( 91st ) Density 113 / km ( 292.7 / sq mi ) ( 99th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2017 estimate Total $307.431 billion Per capita $30,498 GDP ( nominal ) 2017 estimate Total $108.583 billion Per capita $12,032 Gini ( 2008 ) 33.7 medium HDI ( 2015 ) 0.834 very high 46th Currency Manat ( ₼ ) ( AZN ) Time zone AZT ( UTC + 04 ) Drives on the right Calling code + 994 ISO 3166 code AZ Internet TLD . az Azerbaijan ( / ˌæzərbaɪˈʒɑːn / ( listen ) AZ - ər - by - ZHAHN ; Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan , officially the Republic of Azerbaijan ( Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan Respublikası ) ) , is a country in the South Caucasus region , situated at the crossroads of Southwest Asia and Southeastern Europe . It is bound by the Caspian Sea to the east , Russia to the north , Georgia to the northwest , Armenia to the west and Iran to the south . The exclave of Nakhchivan is bound by Armenia to the north and east , Iran to the south and west , while having an 11 km border with Turkey in the north west . The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence in 1918 and became the first democratic state in the Muslim - oriented world . The country was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1920 as the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic . The modern Republic of Azerbaijan proclaimed its independence on 30 August 1991 , prior to the official dissolution of the USSR in December 1991 . In September 1991 , the Armenian majority of the disputed Nagorno - Karabakh region seceded to form the Nagorno - Karabakh Republic . The region and seven adjacent districts outside it became de facto independent with the end of the Nagorno - Karabakh War in 1994 . These regions are internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan pending a solution to the status of the Nagorno - Karabakh , found through negotiations facilitated by the OSCE . Azerbaijan is a unitary semi-presidential republic . The country is a member state of the Council of Europe , the OSCE and the NATO Partnership for Peace ( PfP ) program . It is one of six independent Turkic states , an active member of the Turkic Council and the TÜRKSOY community . Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 158 countries and holds membership in 38 international organizations . It is one of the founding members of GUAM , the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) and the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons . A member of the United Nations since 1992 after its independence , Azerbaijan was elected to membership in the newly established Human Rights Council by the United Nations General Assembly on 9 May 2006 . Its term of office began on 19 June 2006 . Azerbaijan is also a member state of the Non-Aligned Movement , holds observer status in World Trade Organization , and is a correspondent at the International Telecommunication Union . The Constitution of Azerbaijan does not declare an official religion and all major political forces in the country are secularist . However , the majority of the population are of a Shiite Muslim background . Most Azerbaijanis , however , do not actively practice any religion , and the country has been seen to be one of the most irreligious countries in the Muslim world , with 53 % stating religion has little to no importance in their lives , according to Pew Research Center and Gallup polls . Azerbaijan has a high level of human development which ranks on par with most Eastern European countries . It has a high rate of economic development and literacy , as well as a low rate of unemployment . However , the ruling party , the New Azerbaijan Party , has been accused of authoritarianism and human rights abuses . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Antiquity 2.2 From the Sasanid period to the Safavid period 2.3 Contemporary history 2.4 Independence 3 Geography 3.1 Landscape 3.2 Biodiversity 4 Politics 4.1 Foreign relations 4.2 Administrative divisions 5 Military 6 Economy 6.1 Energy 6.2 Agriculture 6.3 Tourism 6.4 Transportation 6.5 Science and technology 7 Demographics 7.1 Ethnic groups 7.2 Urbanization 7.3 Language 7.4 Religion 7.5 Education 8 Culture 8.1 Music and folk dances 8.2 Literature 8.3 Folk art 8.4 Cuisine 8.5 Architecture 8.6 Visual art 8.7 Cinema 8.8 Media and media freedom 8.9 Human rights in Azerbaijan 8.10 Sports 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Etymology ( edit ) Azerbaijan and its main cities According to a modern etymology , the name of Azerbaijan derives from that of Atropates , a Persian satrap under the Achaemenid Empire , who was later reinstated as the satrap of Media under Alexander the Great . The original etymology of this name is thought to have its roots in the once - dominant Zoroastrianism . In the Avesta , Frawardin Yasht ( `` Hymn to the Guardian Angels '' ) , there is a mention of âterepâtahe ashaonô fravashîm ýazamaide , which literally translates from Avestan as `` we worship the fravashi of the holy Atropatene . '' The name `` Atropates '' itself is the Greek transliteration of an Old Iranian , probably Median , compounded name with the meaning `` Protected by the ( Holy ) Fire '' or `` The Land of the ( Holy ) Fire '' . The Greek name was mentioned by Diodorus Siculus and Strabo . Over the span of millennia the name evolved to Āturpātākān ( Middle Persian ) then to Ādharbādhagān , Ādharbāyagān , Āzarbāydjān ( New Persian ) and present - day Azerbaijan . Further information : Atropatene and Caucasian Albania In 1918 , the government of Musavat adopted the name `` Azerbaijan '' for the new Azerbaijan Democratic Republic , which was proclaimed on 28 May 1918 , for political reasons , even though the name of `` Azerbaijan '' had always been used to refer to the adjacent region of contemporary northwestern Iran . Thus , until 1918 , when the Musavat regime decided to name the newly - independent state Azerbaijan , the designation had been used exclusively to identify the Iranian province of Azerbaijan . During Soviet rule , the country was also spelled in English from the Russian transliteration as `` Azerbaydzhan '' . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Azerbaijan Antiquity ( edit ) Further information : Caucasian Albania Petroglyphs in Gobustan National Park dating back to the 10th millennium BC indicating a thriving culture . It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site considered to be of `` outstanding universal value '' . The earliest evidence of human settlement in the territory of Azerbaijan dates back to the late Stone Age and is related to the Guruchay culture of Azokh Cave . The Upper Paleolithic and late Bronze Age cultures are attested in the caves of Tağılar , Damcılı , Zar , Yataq - yeri and in the necropolises of Leylatepe and Saraytepe . Early settlements included the Scythians in the 9th century BC . Following the Scythians , Iranian Medes came to dominate the area to the south of the Aras . The Medes forged a vast empire between 900 -- 700 BC , which was integrated into the Achaemenid Empire around 550 BC . The area was conquered by the Achaemenids leading to the spread of Zoroastrianism . Later it became part of Alexander the Great 's Empire and its successor , the Seleucid Empire . During this period , Zoroastrianism spread in the Caucasus and Atropatene . Caucasian Albanians , the original inhabitants of northeastern Azerbaijan , ruled that area from around the 4th century BC , and established an independent kingdom . From the sasanid period to the Safavid period ( edit ) The Maiden Tower and The Palace of the Shirvanshahs in the Old City of Baku is a UNESCO World Heritage Site built in the 11th -- 12th century . The Sasanian Empire turned Caucasian Albania into a vassal state in 252 , while King Urnayr officially adopted Christianity as the state religion in the 4th century . Despite Sassanid rule , Albania remained an entity in the region until the 9th century , while fully subordinate to Sassanid Iran , and retained its monarchy . Despite being one of the chief vassals of the Sasanian emperor , the Albanian king had only a semblance of authority , and the Sasanian marzban ( military governor ) held most civil , religious , and military authority . In the first half of the 7th century , Caucasian Albania , as a vassal of the Sasanians , came under nominal Muslim rule due to the Muslim conquest of Persia . The Umayyad Caliphate repulsed both the Sasanians and Byzantines from Transcaucasia and turned Caucasian Albania into a vassal state after Christian resistance led by King Javanshir , was suppressed in 667 . The power vacuum left by the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate was filled by numerous local dynasties such as the Sallarids , Sajids , Shaddadids , Rawadids and Buyids . At the beginning of the 11th century , the territory was gradually seized by waves of Oghuz Turks from Central Asia . The first of these Turkic dynasties established was the Seljuk Empire , who entered the area now known as Azerbaijan by 1067 . The pre-Turkic population that lived on the territory of modern Azerbaijan spoke several Indo - European and Caucasian languages , among them Armenian and an Iranian language , Old Azeri , which was gradually replaced by a Turkic language , the early precursor of the Azerbaijani language of today . Some linguists have also stated that the Tati dialects of Iranian Azerbaijan and the Republic of Azerbaijan , like those spoken by the Tats , are descended from Old Azeri . Locally , the possessions of the subsequent Seljuk Empire were ruled by Eldiguzids , technically vassals of the Seljuk sultans , but sometimes de facto rulers themselves . Under the Seljuks , local poets such as Nizami Ganjavi and Khaqani gave rise to a blossoming of Persian literature on the territory of present - day Azerbaijan . The next ruling state , the Jalairid Sultanate , was short - lived and fell as a conquest of Timur . The local dynasty of the Shirvanshahs became a vassal state of Timur 's Empire , and assisted him in his war with the ruler of the Golden Horde Tokhtamysh . Following Timur 's death , two independent and rival states emerged : Kara Koyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu . The Shirvanshahs returned , maintaining a high degree of autonomy as local rulers and vassals from 861 , for numerous centuries to come . In 1501 , the Safavid dynasty of Iran subdued the Shirvanshahs , and gained its possessions . In the course of the next century , the Safavids converted the formerly Sunni population to Shia Islam , as they did with the population in what is modern - day Iran . The Safavids allowed the Shirvanshahs to remain in power , under Safavid suzerainty , until 1538 , when Safavid king Tahmasp I ( r . 1524 - 1576 ) completely deposed them , and made the area into the Safavid province of Shirvan . The Sunni Ottomans briefly managed to occupy parts of present - day Azerbaijan as a result of the Ottoman - Safavid War of 1578 - 1590 ; by the early 17th century , they were ousted by Safavid Iranian ruler Abbas I ( r . 1588 - 1629 ) . In the wake of the demise of the Safavid Empire , Baku and its environs were briefly occupied by the Russians as a consequence of the Russo - Persian War of 1722 - 1723 . Despite brief intermissions such as these by Safavid Iran 's neighboring rivals , the land of what is today Azerbaijan remained under Iranian rule from the earliest advent of the Safavids up to the course of the 19th century . Contemporary history ( edit ) Main articles : Russo - Persian Wars , Treaty of Gulistan , and Treaty of Turkmenchay See also : Azerbaijan Democratic Republic , Azerbaijan SSR , and Operation Edelweiss Territories of the khanates ( and sultanates ) in the 18th -- 19th century . After the Safavids , the area was ruled by the Iranian Afsharid dynasty . After the death of Nader Shah ( r . 1736 - 1747 ) , many of his former subjects capitalized on the eruption of instability . Numerous self - ruling khanates with various forms of autonomy emerged in the area . These rulers of these khanates were directly related to the ruling dynasties of Iran , and were vassals and subjects of the Iranian shah . The khanates exercised control over their affairs via international trade routes between Central Asia and the West . Thereafter , the area was under the successive rule of the Iranian Zands and Qajars . From the late 18th century , Imperial Russia switched to a more aggressive geo - political stance towards its two neighbors and rivals to the south , namely Iran and the Ottoman Empire . Russia now actively tried to gain possession of the Caucasus region which was , for the most part , in the hands of Iran . In 1804 , the Russians invaded and sacked the Iranian town of Ganja , sparking the Russo - Persian War of 1804 - 1813 . Militarily superior , the Russians ended the Russo - Persian War of 1804 - 1813 with a victory . The siege of Ganja Fortress in 1804 during the Russo - Persian War of 1804 - 1813 by Russian forces under the leadership of General Pavel Tsitsianov . Following Qajar Iran 's loss in the 1804 -- 1813 war , it was forced to concede suzerainty over most of the khanates , along with Georgia and Dagestan to the Russian Empire , per the Treaty of Gulistan . The area to the north of the river Aras , amongst which territory lies the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan , was Iranian territory until it was occupied by Russia in the 19th century . About a decade later , in violation of the Gulistan treaty , the Russians invaded Iran 's Erivan Khanate . This sparked the final bout of hostilities between the two , the Russo - Persian War of 1826 - 1828 . The resulting Treaty of Turkmenchay , forced Qajar Iran to cede sovereignty over the Erivan Khanate , the Nakhchivan Khanate and the remainder of the Lankaran Khanate , comprising the last parts of the soil of the contemporary Azerbaijani Republic that were still in Iranian hands . After incorporation of all Caucasian territories from Iran into Russia , the new border between the two was set at the Aras River , which , upon the Soviet Union 's disintegration , subsequently became part of the border between Iran and the Azerbaijan Republic . Qajar Iran was forced to cede its Caucasian territories to Russia in the 19th century , which thus included the territory of the modern - day Azerbaijan Republic , while as a result of that cession , the Azerbaijani ethnic group is nowadays parted between two nations : Iran and Azerbaijan . Nevertheless , the number of ethnic Azerbaijanis in Iran far outnumber those in neighbouring Azerbaijan . After the collapse of the Russian Empire during World War I , the short - lived Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic was declared , constituting what are the present - day republics of Azerbaijan , Georgia , and Armenia . It was followed by the March Days massacres that took place between 30 March and 2 April 1918 in the city of Baku and adjacent areas of the Baku Governorate of the Russian Empire . When the republic dissolved in May 1918 , the leading Musavat party declared independence as the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic ( ADR ) , adopting the name of `` Azerbaijan '' for the new republic ; a name that prior to the proclamation of the ADR was solely used to refer to the adjacent northwestern region of contemporary Iran . The ADR was the first modern parliamentary republic in the Muslim world . Among the important accomplishments of the Parliament was the extension of suffrage to women , making Azerbaijan the first Muslim nation to grant women equal political rights with men . Another important accomplishment of ADR was the establishment of Baku State University , which was the first modern - type university founded in the Muslim East . Map presented by delegation from Azerbaijan to Paris Peace Conference in 1919 . By March 1920 , it was obvious that Soviet Russia would attack Baku . Vladimir Lenin said that the invasion was justified as Soviet Russia could not survive without Baku 's oil . Independent Azerbaijan lasted only 23 months until the Bolshevik 11th Soviet Red Army invaded it , establishing the Azerbaijan SSR on 28 April 1920 . Although the bulk of the newly formed Azerbaijani army was engaged in putting down an Armenian revolt that had just broken out in Karabakh , Azerbaijanis did not surrender their brief independence of 1918 -- 20 quickly or easily . As many as 20,000 Azerbaijani soldiers died resisting what was effectively a Russian reconquest . On 13 October 1921 , the Soviet republics of Russia , Armenia , Azerbaijan , and Georgia signed an agreement with Turkey known as the Treaty of Kars . The previously independent Republic of Aras would also become the Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Azerbaijan SSR by the treaty of Kars . On the other hand , Armenia was awarded the region of Zangezur and Turkey agreed to return Gyumri ( then known as Alexandropol ) . During World War II , Azerbaijan played a crucial role in the strategic energy policy of the Soviet Union , with 80 percent of the Soviet Union 's oil on the Eastern Front being supplied by Baku . By the Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in February 1942 , the commitment of more than 500 workers and employees of the oil industry of Azerbaijan were awarded orders and medals . Operation Edelweiss carried out by the German Wehrmacht targeted Baku because of its importance as the energy ( petroleum ) dynamo of the USSR . A fifth of all Azerbaijanis fought in the Second World War from 1941 to 1945 . Approximately 681,000 people with over 100,000 of them women went to the front , while the total population of Azerbaijan was 3.4 million at the time . Some 250,000 people from Azerbaijan were killed on the front . More than 130 Azerbaijanis were named Heroes of the Soviet Union . Azerbaijani Major - General Azi Aslanov was twice awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union . Independence ( edit ) Red Army paratroops during the Black January tragedy in 1990 . Following the politics of glasnost , initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev , civil unrest and ethnic strife grew in various regions of the Soviet Union , including Nagorno - Karabakh , an autonomous region of the Azerbaijan SSR . The disturbances in Azerbaijan , in response to Moscow 's indifference to already heated conflict , resulted in calls for independence and secession , which culminated in Black January in Baku . Later in 1990 , the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR dropped the words `` Soviet Socialist '' from the title , adopted the Declaration of Sovereignty of the Azerbaijan Republic and restored flag of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic as the state flag . As an consequence of the failed coup that occurred in August in Moscow , on 18 October 1991 , the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan adopted a Declaration of Independence which was affirmed by a nationwide referendum in December 1991 , when the Soviet Union officially ceased to exist on 26 December 1991 . The early years of independence were overshadowed by the Nagorno - Karabakh war with the ethnic Armenian majority of Nagorno - Karabakh backed by Armenia . By the end of hostilities in 1994 , Armenians controlled up to 14 -- 16 percent of Azerbaijani territory , including Nagorno - Karabakh itself . During the war many atrocities were committed including the massacre at Malibeyli and Gushchular , the Garadaghly , Agdaban and the Khojaly massacres . Furthermore , an estimated 30,000 people had been killed and more than a million people had been displaced . Four United Nations Security Council Resolutions ( 822 , 853 , 874 , and 884 ) demand for `` the immediate withdrawal of all Armenian forces from all occupied territories of Azerbaijan . '' Many Russians and Armenians left Azerbaijan during the 1990s . According to the 1970 census , there were 510,000 ethnic Russians and 484,000 Armenians in Azerbaijan . In 1993 , democratically elected president Abulfaz Elchibey was overthrown by a military insurrection led by Colonel Surat Huseynov , which resulted in the rise to power of the former leader of Soviet Azerbaijan , Heydar Aliyev . In 1994 , Surat Huseynov , by that time a prime minister , attempted another military coup against Heydar Aliyev , but Huseynov was arrested and charged with treason . A year later , in 1995 , another coup was attempted against Aliyev , this time by the commander of the OMON special unit , Rovshan Javadov . The coup was averted , resulting in the killing of the latter and disbanding of Azerbaijan 's OMON units . At the same time , the country was tainted by rampant corruption in the governing bureaucracy . In October 1998 , Aliyev was reelected for a second term . Despite the much improved economy , particularly with the exploitations of Azeri - Chirag - Guneshli oil field and Shah Deniz gas field , Aliyev 's presidency was criticized due to suspected vote fraud and corruption . Ilham Aliyev , the son of Heydar Aliyev , became chairman of the New Azerbaijan Party as well as President of Azerbaijan when his father died in 2003 . He was reelected to a third term as president in October 2013 . Geography ( edit ) Azerbaijan map of Köppen climate classification . Main articles : Geography of Azerbaijan , Environment of Azerbaijan , State reserves of Azerbaijan , and National parks of Azerbaijan See also : Extreme points of Azerbaijan Caucasus Mountains in northern Azerbaijan . Geographically Azerbaijan is located in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia , straddling Western Asia and Eastern Europe . It lies between latitudes 38 ° and 42 ° N , and longitudes 44 ° and 51 ° E. The total length of Azerbaijan 's land borders is 2,648 km ( 1,645 mi ) , of which 1,007 kilometers are with Armenia , 756 kilometers with Iran , 480 kilometers with Georgia , 390 kilometers with Russia and 15 kilometers with Turkey . The coastline stretches for 800 km ( 497 mi ) , and the length of the widest area of the Azerbaijani section of the Caspian Sea is 456 km ( 283 mi ) . The territory of Azerbaijan extends 400 km ( 249 mi ) from north to south , and 500 km ( 311 mi ) from west to east . Three physical features dominate Azerbaijan : the Caspian Sea , whose shoreline forms a natural boundary to the east ; the Greater Caucasus mountain range to the north ; and the extensive flatlands at the country 's center . There are also three mountain ranges , the Greater and Lesser Caucasus , and the Talysh Mountains , together covering approximately 40 % of the country . The highest peak of Azerbaijan is mount Bazardüzü ( 4,466 m ) , while the lowest point lies in the Caspian Sea ( − 28 m ) . Nearly half of all the mud volcanoes on Earth are concentrated in Azerbaijan , these volcanoes were also among nominees for the New7Wonders of Nature . The main water sources are surface waters . However , only 24 of the 8,350 rivers are greater than 100 km ( 62 mi ) in length . All the rivers drain into the Caspian Sea in the east of the country . The largest lake is Sarysu ( 67 km2 ) , and the longest river is Kur ( 1,515 km ) , which is transboundary with Armenia . Azerbaijan 's four main islands in the Caspian Sea have a combined area of over thirty square kilometers . Since the independence of Azerbaijan in 1991 , the Azerbaijani government has taken drastic measures to preserve the environment of Azerbaijan . But national protection of the environment started to truly improve after 2001 when the state budget increased due to new revenues provided by the Baku - Tbilisi - Ceyhan pipeline . Within four years protected areas doubled and now make up eight percent of the country 's territory . Since 2001 the government has set up seven large reserves and almost doubled the sector of the budget earmarked for environmental protection . Landscape ( edit ) Main articles : Orography of Azerbaijan , Climate of Azerbaijan , and Water bodies of Azerbaijan Mount Bazarduzu , the highest peak of Azerbaijan , as seen from Mount Shahdagh The landscape of Khinalug valley . Azerbaijan is home to a vast variety of landscapes . Over half of Azerbaijan 's land mass consists of mountain ridges , crests , yailas , and plateaus which rise up to hypsometric levels of 400 -- 1000 meters ( including the Middle and Lower lowlands ) , in some places ( Talis , Jeyranchol - Ajinohur and Langabiz - Alat foreranges ) up to 100 -- 120 meters , and others from 0 -- 50 meters and up ( Qobustan , Absheron ) . The rest of Azerbaijan 's terrain consist of plains and lowlands . Hypsometric marks within the Caucasus region vary from about − 28 meters at the Caspian Sea shoreline up to 4,466 meters ( Bazardüzü peak ) . The formation of climate in Azerbaijan is influenced particularly by cold arctic air masses of Scandinavian anticyclone , temperate of Siberian anticyclone , and Central Asian anticyclone . Azerbaijan 's diverse landscape affects the ways air masses enter the country . The Greater Caucasus protects the country from direct influences of cold air masses coming from the north . That leads to the formation of subtropical climate on most foothills and plains of the country . Meanwhile , plains and foothills are characterized by high solar radiation rates . 9 out of 11 existing climate zones are present in Azerbaijan . Both the absolute minimum temperature ( − 33 ° C or − 27.4 ° F ) and the absolute maximum temperature ( 46 ° C or 114.8 ° F ) were observed in Julfa and Ordubad -- regions of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic . The maximum annual precipitation falls in Lankaran ( 1,600 to 1,800 mm or 63 to 71 in ) and the minimum in Absheron ( 200 to 350 mm or 7.9 to 13.8 in ) . Murovdag is the highest mountain range in the Lesser Caucasus . Rivers and lakes form the principal part of the water systems of Azerbaijan , they were formed over a long geological timeframe and changed significantly throughout that period ( what period would that be ? ? ) . This is particularly evidenced by remnants of ancient rivers found throughout the country . The country 's water systems are continually changing under the influence of natural forces and human introduced industrial activities . Artificial rivers ( canals ) and ponds are a part of Azerbaijan 's water systems . In terms of water supply , Azerbaijan is below the average in the world with approximately 100,000 cubic metres ( 3,531,467 cubic feet ) per year of water per square kilometer . All big water reservoirs are built on Kur . The hydrography of Azerbaijan basically belongs to the Caspian Sea basin . There are 8,350 rivers of various lengths within Azerbaijan . Only 24 rivers are over 100 kilometers long . The Kura and Aras are the major rivers in Azerbaijan , they run through the Kura - Aras Lowland . The rivers that directly flow into the Caspian Sea , originate mainly from the north - eastern slope of the Major Caucasus and Talysh Mountains and run along the Samur -- Devechi and Lankaran lowlands . Yanar Dag , translated as `` burning mountain '' , is a natural gas fire which blazes continuously on a hillside on the Absheron Peninsula on the Caspian Sea near Baku , which itself is known as the `` land of fire . '' Flames jet out into the air from a thin , porous sandstone layer . It is a tourist attraction to visitors to the Baku area . Biodiversity ( edit ) Main article : Wildlife of Azerbaijan Further information : Fauna of Azerbaijan and Flora of Azerbaijan The Karabakh horse is the national animal of Azerbaijan . The first reports on the richness and diversity of animal life in Azerbaijan can be found in travel notes of Eastern travelers . Animal carvings on architectural monuments , ancient rocks and stones survived up to the present times . The first information on the flora and fauna of Azerbaijan was collected during the visits of naturalists to Azerbaijan in the 17th century . There are 106 species of mammals , 97 species of fish , 363 species of birds , 10 species of amphibians and 52 species of reptiles which have been recorded and classified in Azerbaijan . The national animal of Azerbaijan is the Karabakh horse , a mountain - steppe racing and riding horse endemic to Azerbaijan . The Karabakh horse has a reputation for its good temper , speed , elegance and intelligence . It is one of the oldest breeds , with ancestry dating to the ancient world . However , today the horse is an endangered species . Azerbaijan 's flora consists of more than 4,500 species of higher plants . Due to the unique climate in Azerbaijan , the flora is much richer in the number of species than the flora of the other republics of the South Caucasus . About 67 percent of the species growing in the whole Caucasus can be found in Azerbaijan . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of Azerbaijan See also : Elections in Azerbaijan and Human rights in Azerbaijan Government building . The son of former President Heydar Aliyev , Ilham Aliyev succeeded his father and has remained in power since 2003 . The structural formation of Azerbaijan 's political system was completed by the adoption of the new Constitution on 12 November 1995 . According to Article 23 of the Constitution , the state symbols of the Azerbaijan Republic are the flag , the coat of arms , and the national anthem . The state power in Azerbaijan is limited only by law for internal issues , but for international affairs is additionally limited by the provisions of international agreements . The government of Azerbaijan is based on the separation of powers among the legislative , executive , and judicial branches . The legislative power is held by the unicameral National Assembly and the Supreme National Assembly in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic . Parliamentary elections are held every five years , on the first Sunday of November . The Yeni Azerbaijan Party , and independents loyal to the ruling government , currently hold almost all of the Parliament 's 125 seats . During the 2010 Parliamentary election , the opposition parties , Musavat and Azerbaijani Popular Front Party , failed to win a single seat . European observers found numerous irregularities in the run - up to the election and on election day . The executive power is held by the president , who is elected for a seven - year term by direct elections , and the prime minister . The president is authorized to form the Cabinet , a collective executive body , accountable to both the president and the National Assembly . The Cabinet of Azerbaijan consists primarily of the prime minister , his deputies , and ministers . The president does not have the right to dissolve the National Assembly , but he has the right to veto its decisions . To override the presidential veto , the parliament must have a majority of 95 votes . The judicial power is vested in the Constitutional Court , Supreme Court , and the Economic Court . The president nominates the judges in these courts . The European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice ( CEPEJ ) report refers to the Azerbaijani justice model on the selection of new judges as best practice that reflects the particular features and the course of development towards ensuring the independence and quality of the judiciary in a new democracy . The Security Council is the deliberative body under the president , and he organizes it according to the Constitution . It was established on 10 April 1997 . The administrative department is not a part of the president 's office but manages the financial , technical and pecuniary activities of both the president and his office . Although Azerbaijan has held several elections since regaining its independence and it has many of the formal institutions of democracy , it remains classified as `` not free '' ( on border with `` partly free '' ) by Freedom House . In recent years , large numbers of Azerbaijani journalists , bloggers , lawyers , and human rights activists have been rounded up and jailed for their criticism of President Aliyev and government authorities . A resolution adopted by the European Parliament in September 2015 described Azerbaijan as `` having suffered the greatest decline in democratic governance in all of Eurasia over the past ten years , '' noting as well that its dialogue with the country on human rights has `` not made any substantial progress . '' On 17 March 2016 , the President of Azerbaijan signed a decree pardoning more than a dozen of the persons regarded as political prisoners by some NGOs . This decree was welcomed as a positive step by the US State Department . On 16 March 2017 another pardon decree was signed , which led to the release of additional persons regarded as political prisoners . Azerbaijan has been harshly criticized for bribing foreign officials and diplomats in order to promote its causes abroad and legitimize its elections at home , a practice which has been termed as ' caviar diplomacy ' . However , on 6 March 2017 , ESISC ( European Strategic Intelligence and Security Center ) published a report called `` The Armenian Connection '' where it attacked human rights NGOs and research organisations criticising human rights violations and corruption in Azerbaijan . ESISC in that report asserted that `` Caviar diplomacy '' report elaborated by ESI aimed to create climate of suspicion based on slander to form a network of MPs that would engage in a political war against Azerbaijan , and that the network composed of European PMs , Armenian officials and some NGOs : Human Rights Watch , Amnesty International , `` Human Rights House Foundation '' , `` Open Dialog , European Stability Initiative , and Helsinki Committee for Human Rights , was financed by the Soros Foundation . According to Robert Coalson ( Radio Free Europe ) , ESISC is a part of Baku 's lobbying efforts to extend to the use of front think tanks to shift public opinion . Freedom Files Analytical Centre said that `` The report is written in the worst traditions of authoritarian propaganda '' . Foreign relations ( edit ) Main article : Foreign relations of Azerbaijan See also : Azerbaijan and the European Union Vladimir Putin in Azerbaijan in August 2013 The short - lived Azerbaijan Democratic Republic succeeded in establishing diplomatic relations with six countries , sending diplomatic representatives to Germany and Finland . The process of international recognition of Azerbaijan 's independence from the collapsing Soviet Union lasted roughly one year . The most recent country to recognize Azerbaijan was Bahrain , on 6 November 1996 . Full diplomatic relations , including mutual exchanges of missions , were first established with Turkey , Pakistan , the United States , Iran and Israel . Azerbaijan has placed a particular emphasis on its `` special relationship '' with Turkey . Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 158 countries so far and holds membership in 38 international organizations . It holds observer status in the Non-Aligned Movement and World Trade Organization and is a correspondent at the International Telecommunication Union . On 9 May 2006 Azerbaijan was elected to membership in the newly established Human Rights Council by the United Nations General Assembly . The term of office began on 19 June 2006 . Azerbaijan for the first time elected as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council in 2011 with the support of 155 countries . Ilham Aliyev attends the Caspian Sea Summit in Astrakhan , Russia , 29 September 2014 Foreign policy priorities of Azerbaijan include , first of all , the restoration of its territorial integrity ; elimination of the consequences of occupation of Nagorno - Karabakh and seven other regions of Azerbaijan surrounding Nagorno - Karabakh ; integration into European and Euro - Atlantic structure ; contribution to international security ; cooperation with international organizations ; regional cooperation and bilateral relations ; strengthening of defense capability ; promotion of security by domestic policy means ; strengthening of democracy ; preservation of ethnic and religious tolerance ; scientific , educational , and cultural policy and preservation of moral values ; economic and social development ; enhancing internal and border security ; and migration , energy , and transportation security policy . The Azerbaijani government , in late 2007 , stated that the long - standing dispute over the Armenian - occupied territory of Nagorno - Karabakh is almost certain to spark a new war if it remains unresolved . The Government is in the process of increasing its military budget . Azerbaijan is an active member of international coalitions fighting international terrorism . Azerbaijan was one of the first countries to offer support after the September 11 attacks . The country is contributing to peacekeeping efforts in Kosovo , Afghanistan and Iraq . Azerbaijan is an active member of NATO 's Partnership for Peace program . It also maintains good relations with the European Union and could potentially one day apply for membership . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main article : Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan Azerbaijan is divided into 10 economic regions ; 66 rayons ( rayonlar , singular rayon ) and 77 cities ( şəhərlər , singular şəhər ) of which 12 are under the direct authority of the republic . Moreover , Azerbaijan includes the Autonomous Republic ( muxtar respublika ) of Nakhchivan . The President of Azerbaijan appoints the governors of these units , while the government of Nakhchivan is elected and approved by the parliament of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic . Absheron Economic Region Absheron ( Abşeron ) Khizi ( Xızı ) Baku ( Bakı ) Sumqayit ( Sumqayıt ) Aran Economic Region Aghjabadi ( Ağcabədi ) Aghdash ( Ağdaş ) Barda ( Bərdə ) Beylagan ( Beyləqan ) Bilasuvar ( Biləsuvar ) Goychay ( Göyçay ) Hajigabul ( Hacıqabul ) Imishli ( İmişli ) Kurdamir ( Kürdəmir ) Neftchala ( Neftçala ) Saatly ( Saatlı ) Sabirabad ( Sabirabad ) Salyan ( Salyan ) Ujar ( Ucar ) Yevlakh ( Yevlax ) Zardab ( Zərdab ) Mingachevir ( Mingəçevir ) Shirvan ( Şirvan ) Yevlakh ( Yevlax ) Daghlig Shirvan Aghsu ( Ağsu ) Gobustan ( Qobustan ) Ismailly ( İsmayıllı ) Shamakhy ( Şamaxı ) Ganja - Gazakh Aghstafa ( Ağstafa ) Dashkasan ( Daşkəsən ) Gadabay ( Gədəbəy ) Gazakh ( Qazax ) Goygol ( Göygöl ) Goranboy ( Goranboy ) Samukh ( Samux ) Shamkir ( Şəmkir ) Tovuz ( Tovuz ) Ganja ( Gəncə ) Naftalan ( Naftalan ) Guba - Khachmaz Guba ( Quba ) Gusar ( Qusar ) Khachmaz ( Xaçmaz ) Shabran ( Şabran ) Siyazan ( Siyəzən ) Kalbajar - Lachin Gubadly ( Qubadlı ) Kalbajar ( Kəlbəcər ) Lachin ( Laçın ) Zangilan ( Zəngilan ) Lankaran Astara ( Astara ) Jalilabad ( Cəlilabad ) Lankaran ( Lənkəran ) Lerik ( Lerik ) Masally ( Masallı ) Yardimly ( Yardımlı ) Lankaran ( Lənkəran ) Nakhchivan Babek ( Babək ) Julfa ( Culfa ) Kangarli ( Kəngərli ) Ordubad ( Ordubad ) Sadarak ( Sədərək ) Shahbuz ( Şahbuz ) Sharur ( Şərur ) Nakhchivan ( Naxçıvan ) Shaki - Zaqatala Balakan ( Balakən ) Gabala ( Qəbələ ) Gakh ( Qax ) Oghuz ( Oğuz ) Shaki ( Şəki ) Zaqatala ( Zaqatala ) Shaki ( Şəki ) Yukhari Garabakh Aghdam ( Ağdam ) Fuzuli ( Füzuli ) Jabrayil ( Cəbrayıl ) Khojaly ( Xocalı ) Khojavend ( Xocavənd ) Shusha ( Şuşa ) Tartar ( Tərtər ) Khankendi ( Xankəndi ) Shusha ( Şuşa ) Azerbaijan is divided into 10 economic regions Note : The cities under the direct authority of the republic in italics . Military ( edit ) Main article : Azerbaijani Armed Forces Azerbaijani Navy fleet during the 2011 military parade in Baku . Azerbaijani Special Forces during military parade . The history of the modern Azerbaijan army dates back to Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918 , when the National Army of the newly formed Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was created on 26 June 1918 . When Azerbaijan gained independence after the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan were created according to the Law on the Armed Forces of 9 October 1991 . The original date of the establishment of the short - lived National Army is celebrated as Army Day ( 26 June ) in today 's Azerbaijan . As of 2002 , Azerbaijan had 95,000 active personnel in its armed forces . There are also 17,000 paramilitary troops . The armed forces have three branches : the Land Forces , the Air Forces and the Navy . Additionally the armed forces embrace several military sub-groups that can be involved in state defense when needed . These are the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the State Border Service , which includes the Coast Guard as well . The Azerbaijan National Guard is a further paramilitary force . It operates as a semi-independent entity of the Special State Protection Service , an agency subordinate to the President . Contingent from the Azerbaijani military during the Moscow Victory Day Parade , 9 May 2015 Azerbaijan adheres to the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe and has signed all major international arms and weapons treaties . Azerbaijan closely cooperates with NATO in programs such as Partnership for Peace and Individual Partnership Action Plan . Azerbaijan has deployed 151 of its Peacekeeping Forces in Iraq and another 184 in Afghanistan . The defense budget of Azerbaijan for 2011 was set at US $3.1 billion . In addition to that , $1.36 billion was planned to be used for the needs of the defense industry , which bring up the total military budget to 4.6 billion . Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev said on 26 June 2011 that the defence spending reached $3.3 billion that year . Azerbaijan 's defense budget for 2013 is $3.7 billion . Azerbaijani defense industry manufactures small arms , artillery systems , tanks , armors and noctovision devices , aviation bombs , pilotless vehicles , various military vehicles and military planes and helicopters . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Azerbaijan After gaining independence in 1991 , Azerbaijan became a member of the International Monetary Fund , the World Bank , the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development , the Islamic Development Bank and the Asian Development Bank . The banking system of Azerbaijan consists of the Central Bank of Azerbaijan , commercial banks and non-banking credit organizations . The National ( now Central ) Bank was created in 1992 based on the Azerbaijan State Savings Bank , an affiliate of the former State Savings Bank of the USSR . The Central Bank serves as Azerbaijan 's central bank , empowered to issue the national currency , the Azerbaijani manat , and to supervise all commercial banks . Two major commercial banks are UniBank and the state - owned International Bank of Azerbaijan , run by Dr. Jahangir Hajiyev . Pushed up by spending and demand growth , the 2007 Q1 inflation rate reached 16.6 % . Nominal incomes and monthly wages climbed 29 % and 25 % respectively against this figure , but price increases in non-oil industry encouraged inflation . Azerbaijan shows some signs of the so - called `` Dutch disease '' because of its fast - growing energy sector , which causes inflation and makes non-energy exports more expensive . In the early 2000s the chronically high inflation was brought under control . This led to the launch of a new currency , the new Azerbaijani manat , on 1 January 2006 , to cement the economic reforms and erase the vestiges of an unstable economy . In 2008 , Azerbaijan was cited as one of the top 10 reformers by the World Bank 's Doing Business Report . Azerbaijan led the world as the top reformer in 2007 / 08 , with improvements on seven out of 10 indicators of regulatory reform . Azerbaijan started operating a one - stop shop in January 2008 that halved the time , cost and number of procedures to start a business . Business registrations increased by 40 % in the first six months . Azerbaijan also eliminated the minimum loan cutoff of $1,100 , more than doubling the number of borrowers covered by the credit registry . Also , taxpayers can now file forms and pay their taxes online . Azerbaijan 's extensive reforms moved it far up the ranks , from 97 to 33 in the overall ease of doing business . Azerbaijan is also ranked 57th in the Global Competitiveness Report for 2010 -- 2011 , above other CIS countries . By 2012 the GDP of Azerbaijan had increased 20-fold from to its 1995 level . Energy ( edit ) Main article : Energy in Azerbaijan Further information : Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan A pumping unit for the mechanical extraction of oil on the outskirts of Baku . Two - thirds of Azerbaijan is rich in oil and natural gas . The history of the oil industry of Azerbaijan dates back to the ancient period . Arabian historian and traveler Ahmed Al - Belaruri mentioned about the economics of Absheron peninsula in the ancient times , oil lands , also , white and black oil in Absheron . The region of the Lesser Caucasus accounts for most of the country 's gold , silver , iron , copper , titanium , chromium , manganese , cobalt , molybdenum , complex ore and antimony . In September 1994 , a 30 - year contract was signed between the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic ( SOCAR ) and 13 oil companies , among them Amoco , BP , ExxonMobil , Lukoil and Statoil . As Western oil companies are able to tap deepwater oilfields untouched by the Soviet exploitation , Azerbaijan is considered one of the most important spots in the world for oil exploration and development . Meanwhile , the State Oil Fund of Azerbaijan was established as an extra-budgetary fund to ensure macroeconomic stability , transparency in the management of oil revenue , and safeguarding of resources for future generations . Azeriqaz , a sub-company of SOCAR , intends to ensure full gasification of the country by 2021 . Azerbaijan is one of the sponsors of the East -- West and North -- South energy transport corridors . Baku -- Tbilisi -- Kars railway line will connect the Caspian region with Turkey , is expected to be completed in July 2017 . The Trans - Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline ( TANAP ) and Trans - Adriatic Pipeline ( TAP ) will deliver natural gas from Azerbaijan 's Shah Deniz gas to Turkey and Europe . Agriculture ( edit ) Main article : Agriculture in Azerbaijan Azerbaijan has the largest agricultural basin in the region . About 54.9 percent of Azerbaijan is agricultural land . At the beginning of 2007 there were 4,755,100 hectares of utilized agricultural area . In the same year the total wood resources counted 136 million m3 . Azerbaijan 's agricultural scientific research institutes are focused on meadows and pastures , horticulture and subtropical crops , green vegetables , viticulture and wine - making , cotton growing and medicinal plants . In some areas it is profitable to grow grain , potatoes , sugar beets , cotton and tobacco . Livestock , dairy products , and wine and spirits are also important farm products . The Caspian fishing industry concentrates on the dwindling stocks of sturgeon and beluga . In 2002 the Azerbaijani merchant marine had 54 ships . Some products previously imported from abroad have begun to be produced locally . Among them are Coca - Cola by Coca - Cola Bottlers LTD , beer by Baki - Kastel , parquet by Nehir and oil pipes by EUPEC Pipe Coating Azerbaijan . Tourism ( edit ) Main article : Tourism in Azerbaijan Shahdag Mountain Resort is the country 's largest winter resort . Tourism is an important part of the economy of Azerbaijan . The country was a well - known tourist spot in the 1980s . However , the fall of the Soviet Union , and the Nagorno - Karabakh War during the 1990s , damaged the tourist industry and the image of Azerbaijan as a tourist destination . It was not until the 2000s that the tourism industry began to recover , and the country has since experienced a high rate of growth in the number of tourist visits and overnight stays . In the recent years , Azerbaijan has also become a popular destination for religious , spa , and health care tourism . During winter , the Shahdag Mountain Resort offers skiing with state of the art facilities . The government of Azerbaijan has set the development of Azerbaijan as an elite tourist destination as a top priority . It is a national strategy to make tourism a major , if not the single largest , contributor to the Azerbaijani economy . These activities are regulated by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Azerbaijan . There are 63 countries which have visa - free score . E-visa -- for a visit of foreigners of visa - required countries to the Republic of Azerbaijan . According to Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2015 of the World Economic Forum Azerbaijan holds 84th place . Azerbaijan placed among top ten countries due to the strongest growth in visitor exports in years of 2010 - 2016 according to the report prepared by the World Travel and Tourism Council . As well as , Azerbaijan is at the first place ( 46.1 % ) among the countries which have the fastest developing travel and tourism economies in addition with strong inbound international visitor spending last year . Transportation ( edit ) Main articles : Transportation in Azerbaijan and Rail transport in Azerbaijan The convenient location of Azerbaijan on the crossroad of major international traffic arteries , such as the Silk Road and the south -- north corridor , highlights the strategic importance of transportation sector for the country 's economy . The transport sector in the country includes roads , railways , aviation , and maritime transport . Azerbaijan is also an important economic hub in the transportation of raw materials . The Baku -- Tbilisi -- Ceyhan pipeline ( BTC ) became operational in May 2006 and extends more than 1,774 kilometers through the territories of Azerbaijan , Georgia and Turkey . The BTC is designed to transport up to 50 million tons of crude oil annually and carries oil from the Caspian Sea oilfields to global markets . The South Caucasus Pipeline , also stretching through the territory of Azerbaijan , Georgia and Turkey , became operational at the end of 2006 and offers additional gas supplies to the European market from the Shah Deniz gas field . Shah Deniz is expected to produce up to 296 billion cubic meters of natural gas per year . Azerbaijan also plays a major role in the EU - sponsored Silk Road Project . In 2002 , the Azerbaijani government established the Ministry of Transport with a broad range of policy and regulatory functions . In the same year , the country became a member of the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic . The highest priority being ; upgrading the transport network and transforming transportation services into one of the key comparative advantages of the country , as this would be highly conducive to the development of other sectors of the economy . In 2012 , the construction of Kars -- Tbilisi -- Baku railway expected to provide transportation between Asia and Europe through connecting the railways of China and Kazakhstan in the east with Turkey 's Marmaray to the European railway system in the west . Broad - gauge railways in 2010 stretched for 2,918 km ( 1,813 mi ) and electrified railways numbered 1,278 km ( 794 mi ) . By 2010 , there were 35 airports and one heliport . Science and technology ( edit ) Main articles : Communications in Azerbaijan , Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency , and List of Azerbaijani inventions and discoveries Shamakhi Astrophysical Observatory In the 21st century , a new oil and gas boom helped to improve the situation in Azerbaijan 's science and technology sectors , and the government launched a campaign aimed at modernization and innovation . The government estimates that profits from the information technology and communication industry will grow and become comparable with those from oil production . Azerbaijan has a large and steadily growing Internet sector , mostly uninfluenced by the global financial crisis ; rapid growth is forecast for at least five more years . The country has also been making progress in developing its telecoms sector . The Ministry of Communications & Information Technologies ( MCIT ) , as well as being an operator through its role in Aztelekom , is both a policy - maker and regulator . Public pay phones are available for local calls and require the purchase of a token from the telephone exchange or some shops and kiosks . Tokens allow a call of indefinite duration . As of 2009 , there were 1,397,000 main telephone lines and 1,485,000 internet users . There are four GSM providers : Azercell , Bakcell , Azerfon ( Nar Mobile ) , Nakhtel mobile network operators and one CDMA . In the 21st century a number of prominent Azerbaijani geodynamics and geotectonics scientists , inspired by the fundamental works of Elchin Khalilov and others , designed hundreds of earthquake prediction stations and earthquake - resistant buildings that now constitute the bulk of The Republican Center of Seismic Service . The Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency launched its first satellite AzerSat 1 into orbit on 7 February 2013 from Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana at orbital positions 46 ° East . The satellite will cover Europe and significant part of Asian countries and Africa and will have transmission for TV , radio broadcasting and the internet . The launch of its own satellite on orbit is Azerbaijan 's first action in realizing prospective projects to turn itself into a country with a space industry . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Azerbaijan Further information : Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan From the total population of 9.705. 600 people as of the beginning of 2016 , nearly 53 , 1 % was urban population , the remaining 46 , 9 % was the rural population . 50 , 2 % of the total population were female. The sex ratio for total population in that year was therefore 0.99 males per female . The 2011 population growth - rate was 0.85 % , compared to 1.09 % worldwide . A significant factor restricting the population growth is a high level of migration . In 2011 Azerbaijan saw migration of − 1.14 / 1,000 people . The Azerbaijani diaspora is found in 42 countries and in turn there are many centers for ethnic minorities inside Azerbaijan , including the German cultural society `` Karelhaus '' , Slavic cultural center , Azerbaijani - Israeli community , Kurdish cultural center , International Talysh Association , Lezgin national center `` Samur '' , Azerbaijani - Tatar community , Crimean Tatars society , etc . Ethnic groups ( edit ) Ethnic composition ( 2009 ) Azerbaijani 91.60 % Lezgian 2.02 % Armenian 1.35 % Russian 1.34 % Talysh 1.26 % Other nations 2.43 % The ethnic composition of the population according to the 2009 population census : 91.60 % Azerbaijanis , 2.02 % Lezgians , 1.35 % Armenians ( almost all Armenians live in the break - away region of Nagorno - Karabakh ) , 1.34 % Russians , 1.26 % Talysh , 0.56 % Avars , 0.43 % Turks , 0.29 % Tatars , 0.28 % Tats , 0.24 % Ukrainians , 0.14 % Tsakhurs , 0.11 % Georgians , 0.10 % Jews , 0.07 % Kurds , other 0.21 % . Iranian Azerbaijanis are by far the largest minority in Iran . The number of ethnic Azerbaijanis in Iran furthermore far outnumber those in neighboring Azerbaijan . The CIA World Factbook estimates Iranian Azerbaijanis as comprising at least 16 % of Iran 's population . Urbanization ( edit ) Main article : List of cities in Azerbaijan In total , Azerbaijan has 78 cities , 63 city districts , and one special legal status city . These are followed by 261 urban - type settlements and 4248 villages . Language ( edit ) Main article : Languages of Azerbaijan The official language is Azerbaijani ( Turkic language ) , which is spoken by approximately 92 % of the population as a mother tongue . It belongs to the Turkic language family . Russian and Armenian ( only in Nagorno - Karabakh ) are also spoken , and each are the mother tongue of around 1.5 % of the population respectively . Russian and English play significant roles as second or third languages of education and communication . There are a dozen other minority languages spoken natively in the country . Avar , Budukh , Georgian , Juhuri , Khinalug , Kryts , Lezgian , Rutul , Talysh , Tat , Tsakhur , and Udi are all spoken by small minorities . Some of these language communities are very small and their numbers are decreasing . Armenian is almost exclusively spoken in the break - away Nagorno - Karabakh region . Religion ( edit ) Religions in Azerbaijan Islam 97.4 % Christianity 1.1 % None 1.0 % Others 0.5 % Main articles : Religion in Azerbaijan and Freedom of religion in Azerbaijan The Bibi - Heybat Mosque before its destruction by the Bolsheviks in 1936 . The mosque was built over the tomb of a descendant of Muhammad . Around 98 % of the population are Muslims . 85 % of the Muslims are Shia Muslims and 15 % Sunni Muslims , and the Republic of Azerbaijan has the second highest Shia population percentage in the world . Other faiths are practised by the country 's various ethnic groups . Under article 48 of its Constitution , Azerbaijan is a secular state and ensures religious freedom . In a 2006 -- 2008 Gallup poll , only 21 % of respondents from Azerbaijan stated that religion is an important part of their daily lives . This makes Azerbaijan the least religious Muslim - majority country in the world . Of the nation 's religious minorities , Christians who estimated 280,000 ( 3.1 % ) are mostly Russian and Georgian Orthodox and Armenian Apostolic ( almost all Armenians live in the break - away region of Nagorno - Karabakh ) . In 2003 , there were 250 Roman Catholics . Other Christian denominations as of 2002 include Lutherans , Baptists and Molokans . There is also a small Protestant community . Azerbaijan also has an ancient Jewish population with a 2,500 - year history ; Jewish organizations estimate that 10,000 -- 20,000 Jews remain in Azerbaijan . Azerbaijan also is home to members of the Bahá'í , Hare Krishna and Jehovah 's Witnesses communities , as well as adherents of the other religious communities . Some religious communities have been unofficially restricted from religious freedom . A U.S. State Department report on the matter mentions detention of members of certain Muslim and Christian groups , and many groups have difficulty registering with the SCWRA . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Azerbaijan Classroom in Dunya School A relatively high percentage of Azerbaijanis have obtained some form of higher education , most notably in scientific and technical subjects . In the Soviet era , literacy and average education levels rose dramatically from their very low starting point , despite two changes in the standard alphabet , from Perso - Arabic script to Latin in the 1920s and from Roman to Cyrillic in the 1930s . According to Soviet data , 100 percent of males and females ( ages nine to forty - nine ) were literate in 1970 . According to the United Nations Development Program Report 2009 , the literacy rate in Azerbaijan is 99.5 percent . Since independence , one of the first laws that Azerbaijan 's Parliament passed to disassociate itself from the Soviet Union was to adopt a modified - Latin alphabet to replace Cyrillic . Other than that the Azerbaijani system has undergone little structural change . Initial alterations have included the reestablishment of religious education ( banned during the Soviet period ) and curriculum changes that have reemphasized the use of the Azerbaijani language and have eliminated ideological content . In addition to elementary schools , the education institutions include thousands of preschools , general secondary schools , and vocational schools , including specialized secondary schools and technical schools . Education through the eighth grade is compulsory . Culture ( edit ) The Azerbaijani carpet and Kalaghai , a UNESCO Masterpiece of Intangible Heritage of Humanity . Main articles : Culture of Azerbaijan and Literature of Azerbaijan The culture of Azerbaijan has developed as a result of many influences . Today , national traditions are well preserved in the country despite Western influences , including globalized consumer culture . Some of the main elements of the Azerbaijani culture are : music , literature , folk dances and art , cuisine , architecture , cinematography and Novruz Bayram . The latter is derived from the traditional celebration of the New Year in the ancient Iranian religion of Zoroastrianism . Novruz is a family holiday . The profile of Azerbaijan 's population consists , as stated above , of Azerbaijanis , as well as other nationalities or ethnic groups , compactly living in various areas of the country . Azerbaijani national and traditional dresses are the Chokha and Papakhi . There are radio broadcasts in Russian , Georgian , Kurdish , Lezgian and Talysh languages , which are financed from the state budget . Some local radio stations in Balakan and Khachmaz organize broadcasts in Avar and Tat . In Baku several newspapers are published in Russian , Kurdish ( Dengi Kurd ) , Lezgian ( Samur ) and Talysh languages . Jewish society `` Sokhnut '' publishes the newspaper Aziz . Music and folk dances ( edit ) Main articles : Music of Azerbaijan and Azerbaijani dances Uzeyir Hajibeyov merged traditional Azerbaijani music with Western styles in the early 20th century . Music of Azerbaijan builds on folk traditions that reach back nearly a thousand years . For centuries Azerbaijani music has evolved under the badge of monody , producing rhythmically diverse melodies . Azerbaijani music has a branchy mode system , where chromatization of major and minor scales is of great importance . Among national musical instruments there are 14 string instruments , eight percussion instruments and six wind instruments . According to The Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , `` in terms of ethnicity , culture and religion the Azerbaijani are musically much closer to Iran than Turkey . '' The Azerbaijani Mugam , a UNESCO Masterpiece of Intangible Heritage of Humanity , 16th - century miniature of Nizami Ganjavi 's Khosrow and Shirin tragic romance . Mugham , meykhana and ashiq art are among the many musical traditions of Azerbaijan . Mugham is usually a suite with poetry and instrumental interludes . When performing mugham , the singers have to transform their emotions into singing and music . In contrast to the mugham traditions of Central Asian countries , Azerbaijani mugham is more free - form and less rigid ; it is often compared to the improvised field of jazz . UNESCO proclaimed the Azerbaijani mugham tradition a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity on 7 November 2003 . Meykhana is a kind of traditional Azerbaijani distinctive folk unaccompanied song , usually performed by several people improvising on a particular subject . Ashiq combines poetry , storytelling , dance and vocal and instrumental music into a traditional performance art that stands as a symbol of Azerbaijani culture . It is a mystic troubadour or traveling bard who sings and plays the saz . This tradition has its origin in the Shamanistic beliefs of ancient Turkic peoples . Ashiqs ' songs are semi-improvised around common bases . Azerbaijan 's ashiq art was included in the list of Intangible Cultural Heritage by the UNESCO on 30 September 2009 . Since the mid-1960s , Western - influenced Azerbaijani pop music , in its various forms , that has been growing in popularity in Azerbaijan , while genres such as rock and hip hop are widely produced and enjoyed . Azerbaijani pop and Azerbaijani folk music arose with the international popularity of performers like Alim Qasimov , Rashid Behbudov , Vagif Mustafazadeh , Muslim Magomayev , Shovkat Alakbarova and Rubaba Muradova . Azerbaijan is an enthusiastic participant in the Eurovision Song Contest . Azerbaijan made its debut appearance at the 2008 Eurovision Song Contest . The country 's entry gained third place in 2009 and fifth the following year . Ell and Nikki won the first place at the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 with the song `` Running Scared '' , entitling Azerbaijan to host the contest in 2012 , in Baku . They have never missed a Grand Final . There are dozens of Azerbaijani folk dances . They are performed at formal celebrations and the dancers wear national clothes like the Chokha , which is well - preserved within the national dances . Most dances have a very fast rhythm . The national dance shows the characteristics of the Azerbaijani nation . Literature ( edit ) Main article : Azerbaijani literature Painting of Khurshidbanu Natavan , one of the most distinguished Azerbaijani poets . She was also the daughter of the last ruler of the Karabakh Khanate . Among the medieval authors born within the territorial limits of modern Azerbaijani Republic was Persian poet and philosopher Nizami , called Ganjavi after his place of birth , Ganja , who was the author of the Khamseh ( `` The Quintuplet '' ) , composed of five romantic poems , including `` The Treasure of Mysteries , '' `` Khosrow and Shīrīn , '' and `` Leyli and Mejnūn . '' The earliest known figure in Azerbaijani literature was Izzeddin Hasanoglu , who composed a divan consisting of Persian and Turkic ghazals . In Persian ghazals he used his pen - name , while his Turkic ghazals were composed under his own name of Hasanoghlu . Classical literature in Azerbaijani was formed in the 14th century based on the various Early Middle Ages dialects of Tabriz and Shirvan . Among the poets of this period were Gazi Burhanaddin , Haqiqi ( pen - name of Jahan - shah Qara Qoyunlu ) , and Habibi . The end of the 14th century was also the period of starting literary activity of Imadaddin Nesimi , one of the greatest Turkic Hurufi mystical poets of the late 14th and early 15th centuries and one of the most prominent early divan masters in Turkic literary history , who also composed poetry in Persian and Arabic . The divan and ghazal styles were further developed by poets Qasim al - Anvar , Fuzuli and Khatai ( pen - name of Safavid Shah Ismail I ) . The Book of Dede Korkut consists of two manuscripts copied in the 16th century , was not written earlier than the 15th century . It is a collection of 12 stories reflecting the oral tradition of Oghuz nomads . The 16th - century poet , Muhammed Fuzuli produced his timeless philosophical and lyrical Qazals in Arabic , Persian , and Azerbaijani . Benefiting immensely from the fine literary traditions of his environment , and building upon the legacy of his predecessors , Fizuli was destined to become the leading literary figure of his society . His major works include The Divan of Ghazals and The Qasidas . In the same century , Azerbaijani literature further flourished with the development of Ashik ( Azerbaijani : Aşıq ) poetic genre of bards . During the same period , under the pen - name of Khatāī ( Arabic : خطائی for sinner ) Shah Ismail I wrote about 1400 verses in Azerbaijani , which were later published as his Divan . A unique literary style known as qoshma ( Azerbaijani : qoşma for improvization ) was introduced in this period , and developed by Shah Ismail and later by his son and successor , Shah Tahmasp I . In the span of the 17th and 18th centuries , Fizuli 's unique genres as well Ashik poetry were taken up by prominent poets and writers such as Qovsi of Tabriz , Shah Abbas Sani , Agha Mesih Shirvani , Nishat , Molla Vali Vidadi , Molla Panah Vagif , Amani , Zafar and others . Along with Turks , Turkmens and Uzbeks , Azerbaijanis also celebrate the Epic of Koroglu ( from Azerbaijani : kor oğlu for blind man 's son ) , a legendary folk hero . Several documented versions of Koroglu epic remain at the Institute for Manuscripts of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan . Modern literature in Azerbaijan is based on the Shirvani dialect mainly , while in Iran it is based on the Tabrizi one . The first newspaper in Azerbaijani , Akinchi was published in 1875 . In the mid-19th century , it was taught in the schools of Baku , Ganja , Shaki , Tbilisi , and Yerevan . Since 1845 , it has also been taught in the University of Saint Petersburg in Russia . Folk art ( edit ) Main article : Azerbaijani folk art Traditional Azerbaijani clothing and musical instruments . Azerbaijanis have a rich and distinctive culture , a major part of which is decorative and applied art . This form of art is represented by a wide range of handicrafts , such as chasing , jeweler , engraving in metal , carving in wood , stone and bone , carpet - making , lasing , pattern weaving and printing , knitting and embroidery . Each of these types of decorative art , evidence of the endowments of the Azerbaijan nation , is very much in favor here . Many interesting facts pertaining to the development of arts and crafts in Azerbaijan were reported by numerous merchants , travelers and diplomats who had visited these places at different times . The Azerbaijani carpet is a traditional handmade textile of various sizes , with dense texture and a pile or pile-less surface , whose patterns are characteristic of Azerbaijan 's many carpet - making regions . In November 2010 the Azerbaijani carpet was proclaimed a Masterpiece of Intangible Heritage by UNESCO . Handwork coppery in Lahic . Azerbaijan has been since the ancient times known as a center of a large variety of crafts . The archeological dig on the territory of Azerbaijan testifies to the well developed agriculture , stock raising , metal working , pottery , ceramics , and carpet - weaving that date as far back as to the 2nd millennium BC . Archeological sites in Dashbulaq , Hasansu , Zayamchai , and Tovuzchai uncovered from the BTC pipeline have revealed early Iron Age artifacts . Azerbaijani carpets can be categorized under several large groups and a multitude of subgroups . Scientific research of the Azerbaijani carpet is connected with the name of Latif Kerimov , a prominent scientist and artist . It was his classification that related the four large groups of carpets with the four geographical zones of Azerbaijan , Guba - Shirvan , Ganja - Kazakh , Karabakh and Tabriz . Cuisine ( edit ) Main article : Azerbaijani cuisine Dushbara , a traditional Azerbaijani meal . Pakhlava and Badambura are traditional desserts , usually drunk with tea The traditional cuisine is famous for an abundance of vegetables and greens used seasonally in the dishes . Fresh herbs , including mint , cilantro ( coriander ) , dill , basil , parsley , tarragon , leeks , chives , thyme , marjoram , green onion , and watercress , are very popular and often accompany main dishes on the table . Climatic diversity and fertility of the land are reflected in the national dishes , which are based on fish from the Caspian Sea , local meat ( mainly mutton and beef ) , and an abundance of seasonal vegetables and greens . Saffron - rice plov is the flagship food in Azerbaijan and black tea is the national beverage . Azerbaijanis often use traditional armudu ( pear - shaped ) glass as they have very strong tea culture . Popular traditional dishes include bozbash ( lamb soup that exists in several regional varieties with the addition of different vegetables ) , qutab ( fried turnover with a filling of greens or minced meat ) and dushbara ( sort of dumplings of dough filled with ground meat and flavor ) . Architecture ( edit ) Main article : Architecture of Azerbaijan Momine Khatun Mausoleum in Nakhchivan built in the 12th century Azerbaijani architecture typically combines elements of East and West . Azerbaijiani architecture has heavy influences from Persian architecture . Many ancient architectural treasures such as the Maiden Tower and Palace of the Shirvanshahs in the Walled City of Baku survive in modern Azerbaijan . Entries submitted on the UNESCO World Heritage tentative list include the Ateshgah of Baku , Momine Khatun Mausoleum , Hirkan National Park , Binegadi National Park , Lökbatan Mud Volcano , Baku Stage Mountain , Caspian Shore Defensive Constructions , Shusha National Reserve , Ordubad National Reserve and the Palace of Shaki Khans . Among other architectural treasures are Quadrangular Castle in Mardakan , Parigala in Yukhary Chardaglar , a number of bridges spanning the Aras River , and several mausoleums . In the 19th and early 20th centuries , little monumental architecture was created , but distinctive residences were built in Baku and elsewhere . Among the most recent architectural monuments , the Baku subways are noted for their lavish decor . The task for modern Azerbaijani architecture is diverse application of modern aesthetics , the search for an architect 's own artistic style and inclusion of the existing historico - cultural environment . Major projects such as Heydar Aliyev Cultural Center , Flame Towers , Baku Crystal Hall , Baku White City and SOCAR Tower have transformed the country 's skyline and promotes its contemporary identity . Visual art ( edit ) Main article : Visual arts of Azerbaijan A miniature painting of a battle scene on the walls of the Palace of Shaki Khans , 18th century , city of Shaki . Azerbaijani art includes one of the oldest art objects in the world , which were discovered as Gamigaya Petroglyphs in the territory of Ordubad Rayon are dated back to the 1st to 4th centuries BC . About 1500 dislodged and carved rock paintings with images of deer , goats , bulls , dogs , snakes , birds , fantastic beings and also people , carriages and various symbols had been found out on basalt rocks . Norwegian ethnographer and adventurer Thor Heyerdahl was convinced that people from the area went to Scandinavia in about 100 AD and took their boat building skills with them , and transmuted them into the Viking boats in Northern Europe . Over the centuries , Azerbaijani art has gone through many stylistic changes . Azerbaijani painting is traditionally characterized by a warmth of colour and light , as exemplified in the works of Azim Azimzade and Bahruz Kangarli , and a preoccupation with religious figures and cultural motifs . Azerbaijani painting enjoyed preeminence in Caucasus for hundreds of years , from the Romanesque and Ottoman periods , and through the Soviet and Baroque periods , the latter two of which saw fruition in Azerbaijan . Other notable artists who fall within these periods include Sattar Bahlulzade , Togrul Narimanbekov , Tahir Salahov , Alakbar Rezaguliyev , Mirza Gadim Iravani , Mikayil Abdullayev and Boyukagha Mirzazade . Cinema ( edit ) Scene from the Azerbaijani film In the Kingdom of Oil and Millions , 1916 Main articles : Cinema of Azerbaijan , Azerbaijani animation , and Television in Azerbaijan The film industry in Azerbaijan dates back to 1898 . In fact , Azerbaijan was among the first countries involved in cinematography . Therefore , it 's not surprising that this apparatus soon showed up in Baku -- at the start of the 20th century , this bay town on the Caspian was producing more than 50 percent of the world 's supply of oil . Just like today , the oil industry attracted foreigners eager to invest and to work . In 1919 , during the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic , a documentary The Celebration of the Anniversary of Azerbaijani Independence was filmed on Azerbaijan 's independence day , 28 May , and premiered in June 1919 at several theatres in Baku . After the Soviet power was established in 1920 , Nariman Narimanov , Chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of Azerbaijan , signed a decree nationalizing Azerbaijan 's cinema . This also influenced the creation of Azerbaijani animation . In 1991 , after Azerbaijan gained its independence from the Soviet Union , the first Baku International Film Festival East - West was held in Baku . In December 2000 , the former President of Azerbaijan , Heydar Aliyev , signed a decree proclaiming 2 August to be the professional holiday of filmmakers of Azerbaijan . Today Azerbaijani filmmakers are again dealing with issues similar to those faced by cinematographers prior to the establishment of the Soviet Union in 1920 . Once again , both choice of content and sponsorship of films are largely left up to the initiative of the filmmaker . Media and media freedom ( edit ) Main articles : Media of Azerbaijan and Media freedom in Azerbaijan There are three state - owned television channels : AzTV , Idman TV and Medeniyyet TV . One public channel and 6 private channels : İctimai Television , ANS TV , Space TV , Lider TV , Azad Azerbaijan TV , Xazar TV and Region TV . Human Rights in Azerbaijan ( edit ) Main article : Human rights in Azerbaijan The Constitution of Azerbaijan claims to guarantee freedom of speech , but this is denied in practice . After several years of decline in press and media freedom , in 2014 the media environment in Azerbaijan deteriorated fast under a governmental campaign to silence any opposition and criticism , even while the country led the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe ( May -- November 2014 ) . Spurious legal charges and impunity in violence against journalists have remained the norm . All foreign broadcasts are banned in the country . According to the 2013 Freedom House Freedom of the Press report , Azerbaijan 's press freedom status is `` not free , '' and Azerbaijan ranks 177th out of 196 countries . Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty and Voice of America are banned in Azerbaijan . During the last few years , three journalists were killed and several prosecuted in trials described as unfair by international human rights organizations . Azerbaijan has the biggest number of journalists imprisoned in Europe and Central Asia in 2015 , according to the Committee to Protect Journalists , and is the 5th most censored country in the world , ahead of Iran and China . A report by an Amnesty International researcher in October 2015 points to ' ... the severe deterioration of human rights in Azerbaijan over the past few years . Sadly Azerbaijan has been allowed to get away with unprecedented levels of repression and in the process almost wipe out its civil society ' . Amnesty 's 2015 / 16 annual report on the country stated ' ... persecution of political dissent continued . Human rights organizations remained unable to resume their work . At least 18 prisoners of conscience remained in detention at the end of the year . Reprisals against independent journalists and activists persisted both in the country and abroad , while their family members also faced harassment and arrests . International human rights monitors were barred and expelled from the country . Reports of torture and other ill - treatment persisted . ' The Guardian reported 9 - 4 - 17 : `` Azerbaijan 's ruling elite operated a secret $2.9 bn ( £ 2.2 bn ) scheme to pay prominent Europeans , buy luxury goods and launder money through a network of opaque British companies , an investigation by the Guardian reveals . Leaked data shows that the Azerbaijani leadership , accused of serial human rights abuses , systemic corruption and rigging elections , made more than 16,000 covert payments from 2012 to 2014 . Some of this money went to politicians and journalists , as part of an international lobbying operation to deflect criticism of Azerbaijan 's president , Ilham Aliyev , and to promote a positive image of his oil - rich country . There is no suggestion that all the recipients were aware of the original source of the money . It arrived via a disguised route . '' Sports ( edit ) Main article : Sport in Azerbaijan Shakhriyar Mamedyarov was the 2013 World Rapid Chess and two - time European Team Chess champion . Freestyle wrestling has been traditionally regarded as Azerbaijan 's national sport , in which Azerbaijan won up to fourteen medals , including four golds since joining the National Olympic Committee . Currently , the most popular sports include football and wrestling . Football is the most popular sport in Azerbaijan , and the Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan with 9,122 registered players , is the largest sporting association in the country . The national football team of Azerbaijan demonstrates relatively low performance in the international arena compared to the nation football clubs . The most successful Azerbaijani football clubs are Neftchi Baku , Inter Baku , Qarabağ , and Khazar Lankaran . In 2012 , Neftchi Baku became the first Azerbaijani team to advance to the group stage of a European competition , beating APOEL of Cyprus 4 -- 2 on aggregate in the play - off round of the 2012 - 13 UEFA Europa League . In 2014 , Qarabağ became the second Azerbaijani club advancing to the group stage of UEFA Europa League . Futsal is another popular sport in Azerbaijan . The Azerbaijan national futsal team reached fourth place in the 2010 UEFA Futsal Championship , while domestic club Araz Naxçivan clinched bronze medals at the 2009 -- 10 UEFA Futsal Cup and 2013 -- 14 UEFA Futsal Cup . Azerbaijan was the main sponsor of Spanish football club Atlético de Madrid during seasons 2013 / 2014 and 2014 / 2015 , a partnership that the club described should ' promote the image of Azerbaijan in the world ' . Backgammon also plays a major role in Azerbaijani culture . The game is very popular in Azerbaijan and is widely played among the local public . There are also different variations of backgammon developed and analyzed by Azerbaijani experts . Baku National Stadium was used for the first European Games in June 2015 . Azerbaijan is one of the leading volleyball countries in the world and its Azerbaijan Women 's Volleyball Super League is one of strongest women leagues in world . Its women 's national team came fourth at the 2005 European Championship . Over the last years , clubs like Rabita Baku and Azerrail Baku achieved great success at European cups . Azerbaijani volleyball players include likes of Valeriya Korotenko , Oksana Parkhomenko , Inessa Korkmaz , Natalya Mammadova and Alla Hasanova . Other well - known Azerbaijani athletes are Namig Abdullayev , Toghrul Asgarov , Rovshan Bayramov , Sharif Sharifov , Mariya Stadnik and Farid Mansurov in wrestling , Nazim Huseynov , Elnur Mammadli , Elkhan Mammadov and Rustam Orujov in judo , Rafael Aghayev in karate , Magomedrasul Majidov and Aghasi Mammadov in boxing , Nizami Pashayev in Olympic weightlifting , Azad Asgarov in pankration , Eduard Mammadov in kickboxing , and K - 1 fighter Zabit Samedov . Azerbaijan has a Formula One race - track and the country hosted its first Formula One Grand Prix on 19 June 2016 . Other annual sporting events held in the country are the Baku Cup tennis tournament and the Tour d'Azerbaïdjan cycling race . Azerbaijan hosted several major sport competitions since the late 2000s , including the 2013 F1 Powerboat World Championship , 2012 FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup , 2011 AIBA World Boxing Championships , 2010 European Wrestling Championships , 2009 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships , 2014 European Taekwondo Championships , 2014 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships , 2016 World Chess Olympiad . On 8 December 2012 , Baku was selected to host the 2015 European Games , the first to be held in competition 's history . Baku is also set to host the fourth Islamic Solidarity Games in 2017 . See also ( edit ) Azerbaijan portal Europe portal Asia portal Book : Azerbaijan Outline of Azerbaijan Visa policy of Azerbaijan Index of Azerbaijan - related articles Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Nagorno - Karabakh Republic is a de facto independent state that is largely recognized as de jure part of Azerbaijan . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Аzərbаycаndа dеmоqrаfik vəziyyət '' ( in Azerbaijani ) . Azərbaycan Respublikasının Dövlət Statistika Komitəsi. 19 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 25 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Azerbaijan '' . International Monetary Fund . Jump up ^ `` Gini Index '' . World Bank . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Human Development Report 2016 -- `` Human Development for everyone '' '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ While often politically aligned with Europe , Azerbaijan is generally considered to be at least mostly in Southwest Asia geographically with its northern part bisected by the standard Asia - Europe divide , the Greater Caucasus . The United Nations classification of world regions places Azerbaijan in Western Asia ; the CIA World Factbook places it mostly in Southwest Asia ( 1 ) and Merriam - Webster 's Collegiate Dictionary places it in both ; NationalGeographic.com , and Encyclopædia Britannica also place Georgia in Asia . Conversely , some sources place Azerbaijan in Europe such as Worldatlas.com . ^ Jump up to : Swietochowski , Tadeusz ( 1995 ) . Russia and Azerbaijan : A Borderland in Transition . Columbia University Press . pp. 69 , 133 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 07068 - 3 . Jump up ^ Pipes , Richard ( 1997 ) . The Formation of the Soviet Union : Communism and Nationalism 1917 -- 1923 ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . pp. 218 -- 220 , 229 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 30951 - 7 . Jump up ^ King , David C. ( 2006 ) . Azerbaijan . Marshall Cavendish . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0761420118 . Jump up ^ Zürcher , Christoph ( 2007 ) . The Post-Soviet Wars : Rebellion , Ethnic Conflict , and Nationhood in the Caucasus ( ( Online - Ausg . ) . ed . ) . New York : New York University Press . p. 168 . ISBN 978 - 0814797099 . Jump up ^ Резолюция СБ ООН No 822 от 30 апреля 1993 года ( in Russian ) . United Nations . Archived from the original on 3 May 2011 . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Резолюция СБ ООН No 853 от 29 июля 1993 года ( in Russian ) . United Nations . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Резолюция СБ ООН No 874 14 октября 1993 года ( in Russian ) . United Nations . Archived from the original on 3 May 2011 . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Резолюция СБ ООН No 884 от 12 ноября 1993 года ( in Russian ) . United Nations . Archived from the original on 3 May 2011 . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Azerbaijan : Membership of international groupings / organisations '' . British Foreign & Commonwealth Office . Archived from the original on 9 June 2007 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Europa Publications Limited ( 1998 ) . Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States . Routledge . p. 154 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 058 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elections & Appointments -- Human Rights Council '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on 20 December 2008 . Retrieved 3 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The non-aligned engagement '' . The Jakarta Post . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Cornell , Svante E. ( 2010 ) . Azerbaijan Since Independence . M.E. Sharpe . pp. 165 , 284 . Indicative of general regional trends and a natural reemergence of previously oppressed religious identity , an increasingly popular ideological basis for the pursuit of political objectives has been Islam ... The government , for its part , has shown an official commitment to Islam by building mosques and respecting Islamic values ... Unofficial Islamic groups sought to use aspects of Islam to mobilize the population and establish the foundations for a future political struggle ... Unlike Turkey , Azerbaijan does not have the powerful ideological legacy of secularism ... the conflict with Armenia has bred frustration that is increasingly being answered by a combined Islamic and nationalist sentiment , especially among younger people ... All major political forces are committed to secularism and are based , if anything , on a nationalist agenda . Jump up ^ What Alabamians and Iranians Have in Common . Gallup . Retrieved on 2017 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Islam and Secularism : the Azerbaijani experience and its reflection in France . Prweb.com ( 2013 - 06 - 17 ) . Retrieved on 2017 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Muslims and Islam : Key findings in the U.S. and around the world Pew Research Center . Pewresearch.org ( 2017 - 05 - 26 ) . Retrieved on 2017 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Human Development Index and its components '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme . Jump up ^ `` Interactive Infographic of the World 's Best Countries '' . Newsweek. 15 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 22 July 2011 . Retrieved 24 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Literacy rate among schoolchildren in Azerbaijan is 100 % -- UN report '' . News.Az. 28 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Employment statistics in Azerbaijan '' . The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights Watch : Azerbaijan '' . Human Rights Watch . Retrieved 6 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Houtsma , M. Th. ( 1993 ) . First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913 -- 1936 ( reprint ed . ) . BRILL . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 09796 - 4 . Jump up ^ Schippmann , Klaus ( 1989 ) . Azerbaijan : Pre-Islamic History . Encyclopædia Iranica . pp. 221 -- 224 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 933273 - 95 - 5 . Jump up ^ Minahan , James ( 1998 ) . Miniature Empires : A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30610 - 5 . Jump up ^ Chamoux , François ( 2003 ) . Hellenistic Civilization . John Wiley and Sons . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 22241 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bosworth A.B. , Baynham E.J. ( 2002 ) . Alexander the Great in Fact and fiction . Oxford University Press . p. 92 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 925275 - 6 . Jump up ^ Nevertheless , `` despite being one of the chief vassals of Sasanian Shahanshah , the Albanian king had only a semblance of authority , and the Sassanid marzban ( military governor ) held most civil , religious , and military authority . ^ Jump up to : Swietochowski , Tadeusz ( 1999 ) . Historical Dictionary of Azerbaijan . Lanham , Maryland : The Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 3550 - 4 . Jump up ^ Darmesteter , James ( 2004 ) . `` Frawardin Yasht '' . Avesta Khorda Avesta : Book Of Common Prayer ( reprint ed . ) . Kessinger Publishing . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4191 - 0852 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Azerbaijan : Early History : Iranian and Greek Influences '' . U.S. Library of Congress . Retrieved 7 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Atabaki , Touraj ( 4 September 2006 ) . Iran and the First World War : Battleground of the Great Powers . I.B. Tauris . p. 132 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86064 - 964 - 6 . Jump up ^ Yilmaz , Harun ( 2015 ) . National Identities in Soviet Historiography : The Rise of Nations Under Stalin . Routledge . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 1317596646 . On May 27 , the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan ( DRA ) was declared with Ottoman military support . The rulers of the DRA refused to identify themselves as ( Transcaucasian ) Tatar , which they rightfully considered to be a Russian colonial definition ... Neighboring Iran did not welcome the DRA 's adoptation of the name of `` Azerbaijan '' for the country because it could also refer to Iranian Azerbaijan and implied a territorial claim . Jump up ^ Barthold , Vasily ( 1963 ) . Sochineniya , vol II / 1 . Moscow . p. 706 . ( ... ) whenever it is necessary to choose a name that will encompass all regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan , name Arran can be chosen . But the term Azerbaijan was chosen because when the Azerbaijan republic was created , it was assumed that this and the Persian Azerbaijan will be one entity , because the population of both has a big similarity . On this basis , the word Azerbaijan was chosen . Of course right now when the word Azerbaijan is used , it has two meanings as Persian Azerbaijan and as a republic , its confusing and a question rises as to which Azerbaijan is talked about . ^ Jump up to : Atabaki , Touraj ( 2000 ) . Azerbaijan : Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran . I.B. Tauris . p. 25 . ISBN 9781860645549 . ^ Jump up to : Dekmejian , R. Hrair ; Simonian , Hovann H. ( 2003 ) . Troubled Waters : The Geopolitics of the Caspian Region . I.B. Tauris . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 1860649226 . Until 1918 , when the Musavat regime decided to name the newly independent state Azerbaijan , this designation had been used exclusively to identify the Iranian province of Azerbaijan . ^ Jump up to : Rezvani , Babak ( 2014 ) . Ethno - territorial conflict and coexistence in the caucasus , Central Asia and Fereydan : academisch proefschrift . Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press . p. 356 . ISBN 978 - 9048519286 . The region to the north of the river Araxes was not called Azerbaijan prior to 1918 , unlike the region in northwestern Iran that has been called since so long ago . Jump up ^ Fragner , B.G. ( 2001 ) . Soviet Nationalism : An Ideological Legacy to the Independent Republics of Central Asia . I.B. Tauris and Company . pp. 13 -- 32 . In the post Islamic sense , Arran and Shirvan are often distinguished , while in the pre-Islamic era , Arran or the western Caucasian Albania roughly corresponds to the modern territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan . In the Soviet era , in a breathtaking manipulation , historical Azerbaijan ( northwestern Iran ) was reinterpreted as `` South Azerbaijan '' in order for the Soviets to lay territorial claim on historical Azerbaijan proper which is located in modern - day northwestern Iran . Jump up ^ Comrie , Bernard ( 1981 ) . The Languages of the Soviet Union . CUP Archive . p. 162 . GGKEY : 22A59ZSZFJ0 . Jump up ^ Azakov , Siyavush . `` National report on institutional landscape and research policy Social Sciences and Humanities in Azerbaijan '' ( PDF ) . Institute of Physics . Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Chaumont , M.L. ( 1984 ) . `` Albania '' . Encyclopædia Iranica . Jump up ^ Hewsen , Robert H. ( 2001 ) . `` Armenia : a Historical Atlas '' . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Missing or empty url = ( help ) map Caucasian Albania Jump up ^ Hewsen , Robert H. ( 1982 ) . Thomas J. Samuelian , ed . `` Ethno - History and the Armenian Influence upon the Caucasian Albanians '' . Classical Armenian Culture : Influences and Creativity . ( Philadelphia : Scholars Press . p. 45 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hewsen , Robert H. ( 2001 ) . Armenia : a Historical Atlas . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . pp. 32 -- 33 , map 19 ( shows the territory of modern Nagorno - Karabakh as part of the Orontids ' Kingdom of Armenia ) . Jump up ^ Моисей Хоренский . Армянская География VII в . Перевод Патканова К. П . СПб. , 1877 . стр. 40 , 17 Jump up ^ Hewsen , Robert H. `` The Kingdom of Artsakh , '' in T. Samuelian & M. Stone , eds . Medieval Armenian Culture . Chico , CA , 1983 Jump up ^ Yarshater , E. ( 1987 ) . `` The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan '' . Encyclopædia Iranica . III / 2 . Jump up ^ Ludwig , Paul ( 1998 ) . Proceedings of the Third European Conference of Iranian Studies . 1 ( Nicholas Sims - Williams ( ed . ) ed . ) . Cambridge : Wiesbaden : Reichert . ISBN 978 - 3 - 89500 - 070 - 6 . Jump up ^ Roy , Olivier ( 2007 ) . The new Central Asia : geopolitics and the birth of nations ( reprint ed . ) . I.B. Tauris . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 552 - 4 . Jump up ^ R. Ward , Steven ( 2009 ) . Immortal : a military history of Iran and its armed forces . Georgetown University Press . p. 43 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58901 - 258 - 5 . Jump up ^ Malcolm Wagstaff , John ( 1985 ) . The evolution of middle eastern landscapes : an outline to A.D. 1840 , Part 1840 . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 205 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 389 - 20577 - 7 . Jump up ^ L. Altstadt , Audrey ( 1992 ) . The Azerbaijani Turks : power and identity under Russian rule . Hoover Press . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8179 - 9182 - 1 . Jump up ^ Akiner , Shirin ( 2004 ) . The Caspian : politics , energy and security . RoutledgeCurzon . p. 158 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7007 - 0501 - 6 . Jump up ^ Walker , Christopher J. ( 1980 ) . Armenia , the survival of a nation . Croom Helm . p. 45 . Tsitsianov next moved against the semi-independent Iranian khanates . On the thinnest of pretexts he captured the Muslim town of Gandja , the seat of Islamic learning in the Caucasus ( ... ) Jump up ^ Saparov , Arsène ( 2014 ) . From Conflict to Autonomy in the Caucasus : The Soviet Union and the Making of Abkhazia , South Ossetia and Nagorno Karabakh . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1317637837 . Even though these principalities ( the khanates ) had not been under Iranian suzerainty since the assassination of Nadir Shah in 1747 , they were traditionally considered an inalienable part of Iranian domains . ( ... ) To the semi-independent Caucasian principalities the appearance of the new Great Power ( ... ) Jump up ^ Kashani - Sabet , Firoozeh ( May 1997 ) . `` Fragile Frontiers : The Diminishing Domains of Qajar Iran '' . International Journal of Middle East Studies . 29 ( 2 ) : 210 . doi : 10.1017 / s0020743800064473 . In 1795 , Ibrahim Khalil Khan , the wali of Qarabagh , warned Sultan Selim III of Aqa Muhammad Khan 's ambitions . Fearing for his independence , he informed the Sultan of Aqa Muhammad Khan 's ability to subdue Azerbaijan and later Qarabagh , Erivan , and Georgia . Jump up ^ Barker , Adele Marie ; Grant , Bruce ( 2010 ) . The Russia Reader : History , Culture , Politics . Duke University Press . p. 253 . ISBN 978 - 0822346487 . But they were relatively more accessible given the organization of small , centralized , semi-independent khanates that functioned through the decline of Iranian rule after the death of Nadir Shah in the mid-eighteenth century ( ... ) Jump up ^ Avery , Peter ; Hambly , Gavin ( 1991 ) . The Cambridge History of Iran . Cambridge University Press . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 20095 - 0 . Agha Muhammad Khan could now turn to the restoration of the outlying provinces of the Safavid kingdom . Returning to Tehran in the spring of 1795 , he assembled a force of some 60,000 cavalry and infantry and in Shawwal Dhul - Qa'da / May , set off for Azarbaijan , intending to conquer the country between the rivers Aras and Kura , formerly under Safavid control . This region comprised a number of khanates of which the most important was Qarabagh , with its capital at Shusha ; Ganja , with its capital of the same name ; Shirvan across the Kura , with its capital at Shamakhi ; and to the north - west , on both banks of the Kura , Christian Georgia ( Gurjistan ) , with its capital at Tiflis . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Soviet law By Ferdinand Joseph Maria Feldbrugge , Gerard Pieter van den Berg , William B. Simons , Page 457 Jump up ^ King , Charles ( 2008 ) . The ghost of freedom : a history of the Caucasus . University of Michigan . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517775 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hacikyan , Agop Jack ; Basmaijan , Gabriel ; Franchuk , Edward S. ; Ouzounian , Nourhan , eds. ( 2005 ) . The Heritage of Armenian Literature : From the eighteenth century to modern times . Detroit : Wayne State University Press . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 0814332214 . Jump up ^ Gabor Agoston , Bruce Alan Masters . Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire Infobase Publishing , 1 January 2009 ISBN 1438110251 p 125 Jump up ^ Multiple Authors . `` Caucasus and Iran '' . Encyclopædia Iranica . Retrieved 3 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer C. , ed. ( 2010 ) . `` Overview of 1800 - 1850 : Chronology '' . A Global Chronology of Conflict : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East . ABC - CLIO . p. 1035 . ISBN 978 - 1851096725 . January 1804 . ( ... ) Russo - Persian War . Russian invasion of Persia . ( ... ) In January 1804 Russian forces under General Paul Tsitsianov ( Sisianoff ) invade Persia and storm the citadel of Ganjeh , beginning the Russo - Persian War ( 1804 - 1813 ) . ^ Jump up to : Timothy C. Dowling Russia at War : From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan , Chechnya , and Beyond pp 728 -- 729 ABC - CLIO , 2 December 2014 ISBN 1598849484 Jump up ^ L. Batalden , Sandra ( 1997 ) . The newly independent states of Eurasia : handbook of former Soviet republics . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89774 - 940 - 4 . Jump up ^ E. Ebel , Robert , Menon , Rajan ( 2000 ) . Energy and conflict in Central Asia and the Caucasus . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 181 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 0063 - 1 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Elena ( 2010 ) . Russia and Iran in the great game : travelogues and orientalism ( reprint ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 78153 - 4 . Jump up ^ Çiçek , Kemal , Kuran , Ercüment ( 2000 ) . The Great Ottoman - Turkish Civilisation . University of Michigan . ISBN 978 - 975 - 6782 - 18 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ernest Meyer , Karl , Blair Brysac , Shareen ( 2006 ) . Tournament of Shadows : The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia . Basic Books . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 04576 - 1 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Stephanie , ed. ( 2013 ) . Iranian - Russian Encounters : Empires and Revolutions since 1800 . Routledge . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 0415624336 . Perhaps the most important legacy of Yermolov was his intention from early on to prepare the ground for the conquest of the remaining khanates under Iranian rule and to make the River Aras the new border . ( ... ) Another provocative action by Yermolov was the Russian occupation of the northern shore of Lake Gokcha ( Sivan ) in the Khanate of Iravan in 1825 . A clear violation of Golestan , this action was the most significant provocation by the Russian side . The Lake Gokcha occupation clearly showed that it was Russia and not Iran which initiated hostilities and breached Golestan , and that Iran was left with no choice but to come up with a proper response . Jump up ^ Dowling , Timothy C. , ed. ( 2015 ) . Russia at War : From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan , Chechnya , and Beyond . ABC - CLIO . p. 729 . ISBN 978 - 1598849486 . In May 1826 , Russia therefore occupied Mirak , in the Erivan khanate , in violation of the Treaty of Gulistan . Jump up ^ Swietochowski , Tadeusz . Eastern Europe , Russia and Central Asia 2003 Taylor and Francis , 2003 . ISBN 1857431375 p 104 Jump up ^ Russia and a Divided Azerbaijan : A Borderland in Transition , by Tadeusz Świętochowski , Columbia University Press , 1995 , p. 66 Jump up ^ Smith , Michael ( April 2001 ) . `` Anatomy of Rumor : Murder Scandal , the Musavat Party and Narrative of the Russian Revolution in Baku , 1917 -- 1920 '' . Journal of Contemporary History . 36 ( 2 ) : 228 . doi : 10.1177 / 002200940103600202 . The results of the March events were immediate and total for the Musavat . Several hundreds of its members were killed in the fighting ; up to 12,000 Muslim civilians perished ; thousands of others fled Baku in a mass exodus Jump up ^ Minahan , James B. Miniature Empires : A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States . p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30610 - 9 . The tensions and fighting between the Azerbaijanis and the Armenians in the federation culminated in the massacre of some 12,000 Azerbaijanis in Baku by radical Armenians and Bolshevik troops in March 1918 Jump up ^ Michael Smith . `` Pamiat ' ob utratakh i Azerbaidzhanskoe obshchestvo / Traumatic Loss and Azerbaijani . National Memory '' . Azerbaidzhan i Rossiia : obshchestva i gosudarstva ( Azerbaijan and Russia : Societies and States ) ( in Russian ) . Sakharov Center . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kazemzadeh , Firuz ( 1951 ) . The Struggle for Transcaucasia : 1917 -- 1921 . The New York Philosophical Library . pp. 124 , 222 , 229 , 269 -- 270 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8305 - 0076 - 5 . Jump up ^ Schulze , Reinhard . A Modern History of the Islamic World . I.B. Tauris , 2000 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86064 - 822 - 9 . Jump up ^ Горянин , Александр ( 28 August 2003 ) . Очень черное золото ( in Russian ) . GlobalRus . Archived from the original on 6 September 2003 . Retrieved 28 August 2003 . Jump up ^ Горянин , Александр . История города Баку . Часть 3 . ( in Russian ) . Window2Baku . Jump up ^ Pope , Hugh ( 2006 ) . Sons of the conquerors : the rise of the Turkic world . New York : The Overlook Press . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58567 - 804 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan celebrates day of victory over fascism '' . `` Contact.az '' . 9 May 2011 . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Victory over Nazis ' was impossible without Baku oil ' '' . `` AzerNEWS '' . 8 May 2010 . Retrieved 8 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael P. , Croissant ( 1998 ) . The Armenia - Azerbaijan Conflict : causes and implications . United States of America : Praeger Publishers . pp. 36 , 37 . 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Jump up ^ `` The Armenian Connection : How a secret caucus of MPs and NGOs , since 2012 , created a network within the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe to hide violations of international law '' . www.esisc.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Armenian Connection . Chapter 2 : '' Mr X `` , Nils Muižnieks , Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights '' . www.esisc.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Baku Smooths Over Its Rights Record With A Thick Layer Of Caviar / / Radio Free Europe , November 08 , 2013 Jump up ^ AN EXPLORATION INTO AZERBAIJAN 'S SOPHISTICATED SYSTEM OF PROJECTING ITS INTERNATIONAL INFLUENCE , BUYING WESTERN POLITICIANS AND CAPTURING INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS / / Freedom Files Analytical Centre ( Civic Solidarity Platform ) , March 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` Azerbaijan -- Foreign Relations '' . Country Studies . Retrieved 31 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bilateral relations '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 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Jump up ^ `` Rex Tillerson affirms US support for Azerbaijan 's efforts to diversify its economy '' . 29 March 2017 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan , Administrative and territorial units of Azerbaijan Republic '' . Azstat.org . Archived from the original on 12 May 2011 . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Azerbaijan : Short History of Statehood Archived 18 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , Embassy of Republic of Azerbaijan in Pakistan , 2005 , Chapter 3 . Jump up ^ Creation of National Army in 1918 ( in Russian ) . Jump up ^ Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Armed Forces , No. 210 - XII , 9 October 1991 ( in Russian ) . Jump up ^ Azerbaijan 's Army Day ( 26 June ) declared by Presidential Decree of 22 May 1998 . Jump up ^ C.W. Blandy Azerbaijan : Is War Over Nagornyy Karabakh a Realistic Option ? Advanced Research and Assessment Group . Caucasus Series 08 / 17 . -- Defense Academy of the United Kingdom , 2008 , p. 12 Jump up ^ Выступление Президента Азербайджанской Республики , Верховного Главнокомандующего Гейдара Алиева на церемонии , посвященной 5 - й годовщине образования Национальной гвардии -- Штаб Национальной гвардии Азербайджана ( in Russian ) . Heydar Aliyev Heritage Research Center . 25 December 1996 . Archived from the original on 24 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Abbasov , Shahin . `` Azerbaijan : Baku Can Leapfrog over Ukraine , Georgia for NATO Membership '' . EurasiaNet . Archived from the original on 6 June 2009 . Retrieved 3 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Владимир Мухин ( 24 January 2011 ) . `` Карабахский детонатор на взводе -- В Баку и Ереване все четче звучит воинственная риторика '' . Nezavisimaya Gazeta . Archived from the original on 14 May 2011 . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . 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Jump up ^ `` Uzeir Jafarov : `` Azerbaijan will be unable to produce competitive military technique in the next five years '' `` . Today.Az . Retrieved 26 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` President Ilham Aliyev attends the openings of several defense - related facilities '' . Today.Az . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Azerbaijan -- General Information '' . Heydar Aliyev Foundation . Archived from the original on 5 May 2007 . Retrieved 22 May 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Azerbaijan 's Q1 inflation rate 16.6 % , National Bank Chief says '' . Today.Az . Retrieved 29 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Mehdizade , Sevinj . `` Azerbaijan 's New Manats : Design and Transition to a New Currency '' . Azerbaijan International . Jump up ^ Ismayilov , Rovshan . `` Azerbaijan 's Manat Makeover : Good Times Ahead ? '' . EurasiaNet . Retrieved 7 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 reformers from Doing Business 2009 '' . World Bank Group . Doing Business . Archived from the original on 12 September 2008 . Retrieved 28 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` World Economic Forum -- The Global Competitiveness Report 2010 - 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 6 December 2010 . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Bibliothek der Friedrich - Ebert - Stiftung , http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id-moe/09454.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Azerbaijan -- General Information '' . Heydar Aliyev Foundation . Archived from the original on 28 May 2007 . Retrieved 22 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF OIL INDUSTRY '' . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan : Economy '' . globalEDGE . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 29 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` SOCAR plans to completed full gasification of Azerbaijan only by 2021 '' . Azerbaijan Business Center . Archived from the original on 3 October 2011 . Retrieved 6 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Natural resources '' . The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan . Archived from the original on 10 June 2007 . 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Central Asia - Caucasus Institute Silk Road Studies Program . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Zeyno Baran ( 2005 ) . `` The Baku - Tbilisi - Ceyhan Pipeline : Implications for Turkey '' ( PDF ) . The Baku - Tbilisi - Ceyhan Pipeline : Oil Window to the West . The Central Asia - Caucasus Institute , Silk Road Studies Program : 103 -- 118 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 30 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` SCP Commissioning Commences '' ( Press release ) . BP . 1 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 4 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` List of Contracting Parties to the Convention on Road Traffic '' ( PDF ) . UN Economic Commission for Europe . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 May 2011 . Retrieved 23 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan aims for hi - tech state '' . Euronews . Retrieved 19 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan is in TOP 10 of countries showing dynamic growth in Internet and mobile communications penetration '' . bakutel.az . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ CIA.gov , CIA World Factbook Telephones -- main lines in use , Azerbaijan 1,397,000 main lines Jump up ^ CIA.gov , CIA World Factbook Internet users , Azerbaijan Internet users : 1,485,000 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijani scientist invents earthquake - resistant building '' . News.Az . Retrieved 18 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` International Station for the Forecasting of Earthquakes Atropatena - AZ3 , Baku , Azerbaijan '' . Global Network for the Forecasting of Earthquakes . Jump up ^ Азербайджанский ученый изобрел метод оповещения о землетрясении ( in Russian ) . BlackSea News . Retrieved 29 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arianespace signs deal to launch Azerbaijani satellite '' . News.Az . Archived from the original on 8 November 2010 . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan signs deal with Arianespace to launch satellite '' . Space Travel . Archived from the original on 6 November 2010 . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Orbital Contracted to Build Azerbaijan 's First Satellite '' . SatelliteToday. 28 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2011 . Retrieved 1 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baku developing satellite to kick off national space program '' . Hurriyet Daily News and Economic Review . 3 December 2009 . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Meeting held to coordinate orbital slots for Azersat '' . News.Az. 16 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Азербайджан рассчитывает запустить спутник связи AzerSat '' ( in Russian ) . ComNews . Retrieved 29 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Azərbaycanın əhalisi Azərbaycan Respublikasının Dövlət Statistika Komitəsi . Stat.gov.az . Retrieved on 2017 - 07 - 01 . 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Studies in languages of Azerbaijan . Baku , Azerbaijan and Saint Petersburg , Russia : Institute of International Relations , Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan and North Eurasian Group , SIL International . Jump up ^ `` Berkley Center for Religion Peace and World Affairs '' . Georgetown University . July 2012 . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Sharifov , Azad . `` Legend of the Bibi - Heybat Mosque '' . Azerbaijan International . Retrieved 11 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mapping The Global Muslim Population '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 19 May 2011 . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan -- Presidential Library -- Religion . ( PDF ) . Retrieved on 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Mapping the Global Muslim Population Pew Research Center . Pewforum.org ( 2009 - 10 - 07 ) . Retrieved on 2017 - 07 - 01 . 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Caferoglu , `` Adhari ( azeri ) '' , in Encyclopedia of Islam , ( new edition ) , Vol. 1 , ( Leiden , 1986 ) Jump up ^ Tyrrell , Maliheh S. ( 2001 ) . Aesopian Literary Dimensions of Azerbaijani Literature of the Soviet Period , 1920 -- 1990 . Lexington Books . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 0169 - 8 . Jump up ^ Průšek , Jaroslav ( 1974 ) . Dictionary of Oriental Literatures . Basic Books . p. 138 . Jump up ^ Baldick , Julian ( 2000 ) . Mystical Islam : An Introduction to Sufism . I.B. Tauris . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86064 - 631 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Burrill , Kathleen R.F. ( 1972 ) . The Quatrains of Nesimi Fourteenth - Century Turkic Hurufi . Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co . KG . ISBN 978 - 90 - 279 - 2328 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lambton , Ann K.S. ; Holt , Peter Malcolm ; Lewis , Bernard ( 1970 ) . The Cambridge History of Islam . Cambridge University Press . p. 689 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 29138 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seyid Imadeddin Nesimi '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008 . Archived from the original on 18 January 2008 . Retrieved 1 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Babinger , Franz ( 2008 ) . `` Nesīmī , Seyyid ʿImād al - Dīn '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam . Brill Online . Retrieved 1 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael E. Meeker , `` The Dede Korkut Ethic '' , International Journal of Middle East Studies , Vol. 24 , No. 3 ( Aug. 1992 ) , 395 -- 417 . excerpt : The Book of Dede Korkut is an early record of oral Turkic folktales in Anatolia , and as such , one of the mythic charters of Turkish nationalist ideology . The oldest versions of the Book of Dede Korkut consist of two manuscripts copied in the 16th century . The twelve stories that are recorded in these manuscripts are believed to be derived from a cycle of stories and songs circulating among Turkic peoples living in northeastern Anatolia and northwestern Azerbaijan . According to Lewis ( 1974 ) , an older substratum of these oral traditions dates to conflicts between the ancient Oghuz and their Turkish rivals in Central Asia ( the Pecheneks and the Kipchaks ) , but this substratum has been clothed in references to the 14th - century campaigns of the Akkoyunlu Confederation of Turkic tribes against the Georgians , the Abkhaz , and the Greeks in Trebizond . Such stories and songs would have emerged no earlier than the beginning of the 13th century , and the written versions that have reached us would have been composed no later than the beginning of the 15th century . By this time , the Turkic peoples in question had been in touch with Islamic civilization for several centuries , had come to call themselves `` Turcoman '' rather than `` Oghuz , '' had close associations with sedentary and urbanized societies , and were participating in Islamized regimes that included nomads , farmers , and townsmen . Some had abandoned their nomadic way of life altogether . Jump up ^ Cemal Kafadar ( 1995 ) , `` in Between Two Worlds : Construction of the Ottoman states '' , University of California Press , 1995 . Excerpt : `` It was not earlier than the fifteenth century . Based on the fact that the author is buttering up both the Akkoyunlu and Ottoman rulers , it has been suggested that the composition belongs to someone living in the undefined border region lands between the two states during the reign of Uzun Hassan ( 1466 -- 78 ) . G. Lewis on the hand dates the composition `` fairly early in the 15th century at least . '' ^ Jump up to : İlker Evrım Bınbaş , Encyclopædia Iranica , `` Oguz Khan Narratives '' Encyclopædia Iranica Articles . Retrieved October 2010 . `` The Ketāb - e Dede Qorqut , which is a collection of twelve stories reflecting the oral traditions of the Turkmens in the 15th - century eastern Anatolia , is also called Oḡuz - nāma '' Jump up ^ Minorsky , Vladimir ( 1942 ) . `` The Poetry of Shah Ismail '' . Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , University of London . 10 ( 4 ) : 1053 . doi : 10.1017 / S0041977X00090182 . Jump up ^ Samuel , Geoffrey ; Gregor , Hamish ; Stutchbury , Elisabeth ( 1994 ) . Tantra and Popular Religion in Tibet . International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 85689 - 68 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The traditional art of Azerbaijani carpet weaving in the Republic of Azerbaijan '' . Unesco.org . Archived from the original on 5 December 2010 . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijani carpet entered UNESCO List of Intangible Cultural Heritage '' . Azerbaijan Press Agency . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient Heritage of the BTC -- SCP Pipeline Corridor '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved 21 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación , la Ciencia y la Cultura '' . UNESCO . Jump up ^ Once in a Lifetime Journey . `` The Best Azerbaijan Food '' . Jump up ^ Akhmedov , IA . Азербайджанская кухня ( in Russian ) . Издательство `` Ишыг '' . Jump up ^ `` Chaihana : culture in action '' . Aze.info . Retrieved 14 December 2012 . Jump up ^ The Azerbaijani Turks : power and identity under Russian rule . Audrey L. Altstadt . Hoover Institution Press . ISBN 9780817991821 . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Khanlou , Pirouz . `` Baku 's Architecture A Fusion of East and West '' . Azerbaijan International . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List '' . UNESCO . Jump up ^ `` World Heritage Sites in Azerbaijan '' . World Heritage Site . Jump up ^ `` Over 70 underground stations to be built in Baku '' . News.Az . Retrieved 18 February 2011 . Jump up ^ 1 February 2012 Jon Walton ( 1 February 2012 ) . `` $100 Billion Khazar Islands Taking Shape '' . Construction Digital . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Glass , Nick . `` Flame Towers light up Baku 's historic skyline '' . CNN . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Наскальные рисунки Гямигая . irs-az.com . Jump up ^ `` Ornaments Coming from Gobustan '' . Diva International . Jump up ^ `` Gobustan Rock Art '' . www.worldheritagesite.org . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijani Artists '' . www.arthistoryarchive.com . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Steps of Time & Art is not only ugly '' . universes-in-universe.org . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinema in Azerbaijan : Pre-Soviet Era '' . `` Azerbaijan International '' . Autumn 1997 . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Celebrating 100 Years in Film , not 80 by Aydin Kazimzade . Azerbaijan International , Autumn 1997 ^ Jump up to : `` Azerbaijani cinema in 1920 -- 1935 : Silent films '' . OCAZ.eu . Jump up ^ Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe , The Protection of media freedom in Europe. Background report prepared by Mr William Horsley , special representative for media freedom of the Association of European Journalists Jump up ^ Freedom House , Azerbaijan 2015 Press Freedom report Jump up ^ `` Freedom of the Press 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Freedom House . Jump up ^ `` Threat to retransmission of BBC , Voice of America and Radio Liberty / Radio Free Europe '' . Reporters Without Borders . Jump up ^ Ognianova , Nina . `` Baku 2015 : Press freedom , Azerbaijan , and the European Games '' . Committee to Protect Journalists . Jump up ^ Nozadze , Natalia . `` Azerbaijan closes its doors '' . News . Amnesty International . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Amnesty , International . `` Annual report on Azerbaijan '' . Amnesty International . Jump up ^ `` Azərbaycanda nə qədər futbolçu var ? '' . news.milli.az ( in Azerbaijani ) . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Football in Azerbaijan '' . www.fifa.com . FIFA . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Нефтчи '' стал первым азербайджанским футбольным клубом , вышедшим в групповой этап еврокубков -- ФОТО . 1news.az ( in Russian ) . Archived from the original on 1 September 2012 . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . Jump up ^ ЦСКА вылетел из еврокубков ( in Russian ) . UEFA . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Araz clinch third place on penalties '' . UEFA. 25 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 23 December 2010 . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan : Official Atlético sponsor '' . Club Atlético de Madrid . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ История нард ( in Russian ) . 1 - Kalyan . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Нарды -- игра , требующая сноровки и удачи ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ История Нард ( in Russian ) . Nards . Jump up ^ `` More than just Mammadova : Azerbaijan 's ladies cause World Championship upset '' . www.fivb.org ( Press release ) . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vakıfbank women achieve historic success , winning intercontinental volleyball trophy '' . www.hurriyetdailynews.com . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Sylt , Christian . `` F1 Will Race in Azerbaijan in 2016 Says Ecclestone '' . www.forbes.com . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan is a country known for its love of sport and sportsmanship . '' . www.baku2015.com . Archived from the original on 26 September 2013 . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Baku 2015 heralds new era in European sports movement '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Olukbasi , Suha . Azerbaijan : A Political History . I.B. Tauris ( 2011 ) . Focus on post-Soviet era . de Waal , Thomas . Black Garden . NYU ( 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 1945 - 7 Goltz , Thomas . Azerbaijan Diary : A Rogue Reporter 's Adventures in an Oil - Rich , War - Torn , Post-Soviet Republic . ME Sharpe ( 1998 ) . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 0244 - X External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Azerbaijan '' dated 2008 - 06 - 23 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles The Wikibook Wikijunior : Countries A-Z has a page on the topic of : Azerbaijan Find more aboutAzerbaijanat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity General information Azerbaijan International Heydar Aliyev Foundation Azerbaijan at DMOZ `` Azerbaijan '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 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-6632760007092176585 | List of Scandal episodes | List of Scandal episodes - wikipedia List of Scandal episodes Jump to : navigation , search Scandal is an American political thriller television series created by Shonda Rhimes , that ran on ABC from April 5 , 2012 until April 19 , 2018 . Kerry Washington stars as Olivia Pope , a former White House Communications Director who leaves to start her own crisis management firm , Pope and Associates , where she works to keep the secrets and protect the public images of the country 's most powerful and elite . On staff at the new firm are fresh - faced lawyer Quinn Perkins ( Katie Lowes ) ; smooth talking litigator Harrison Wright ( Columbus Short ) ; investigator Abby Whelan ( Darby Stanchfield ) ; and computer hacker with a CIA past Huck ( Guillermo Diaz ) . The show also focuses on President of the United States Fitzgerald Grant ( Tony Goldwyn ) ; First Lady Mellie Grant ( Bellamy Young ) ; White House Chief of Staff Cyrus Beene ( Jeff Perry ) ; Vice President and eventual presidential candidate Sally Langston ( Kate Burton ) ; U.S. Attorney David Rosen ( Joshua Malina ) ; Head of NSA , Jake Ballard ( Scott Foley ) ; chairwoman Elizabeth North ( Portia de Rossi ) ; activist Marcus Walker ( Cornelius Smith Jr . ) ; and head of B613 Eli Pope ( Joe Morton ) . During the course of the series , 124 episodes of Scandal aired , including one special . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2012 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2017 ) 2.7 Season 7 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 Specials 4 Webisodes 4.1 Gladiator Wanted 5 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Viewers ( in millions ) 7 April 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 05 ) May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) 62 8.21 22 September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 47 8.46 18 October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) April 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 17 ) 13 12.00 22 September 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) May 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) 8 12.66 5 21 September 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 24 ) May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 16 10.68 6 16 January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) May 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 18 ) 30 8.16 7 18 October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) TBA TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : Scandal ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Sweet Baby '' Paul McGuigan Shonda Rhimes April 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 05 ) 101 7.33 `` Dirty Little Secrets '' Roxann Dawson Heather Mitchell April 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 12 ) 102 7.28 `` Hell Hath No Fury '' Allison Liddi - Brown Matt Byrne April 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 19 ) 103 7.21 `` Enemy of the State '' Michael Katleman Richard E. Robbins April 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 26 ) 104 6.86 5 5 `` Crash and Burn '' Steve Robin Mark Wilding May 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 03 ) 105 6.69 6 6 `` The Trail '' Tom Verica Jenna Bans May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) 106 6.43 7 7 `` Grant : For the People '' Roxann Dawson Shonda Rhimes May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) 107 7.33 Season 2 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) Main article : Scandal ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 8 `` White Hat 's Off '' Tom Verica Jenna Bans September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) 201 6.74 9 `` The Other Woman '' Stephen Cragg Heather Mitchell October 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 04 ) 202 6.56 10 `` Hunting Season '' Ron Underwood Matt Byrne October 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 18 ) 203 6.17 11 `` Beltway Unbuckled '' Mark Tinker Mark Fish October 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 25 ) 204 6.11 12 5 `` All Roads Lead to Fitz '' Steve Robin Raamla Mohamed November 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 08 ) 205 6.06 13 6 `` Spies Like Us '' Bethany Rooney Chris Van Dusen November 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 15 ) 206 6.02 14 7 `` Defiance '' Tom Verica Peter Noah November 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 29 ) 207 6.64 15 8 `` Happy Birthday , Mr. President '' Oliver Bokelberg Shonda Rhimes December 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 06 ) 208 7.39 16 9 `` Blown Away '' Jessica Yu Mark Wilding December 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 13 ) 209 7.14 17 10 `` One for the Dog '' Steve Robin Heather Mitchell January 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 10 ) 210 8.37 18 11 `` A Criminal , a Whore , an Idiot and a Liar '' Stephen Cragg Mark Fish January 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 17 ) 211 7.93 19 12 `` Truth or Consequences '' Jeannot Szwarc Peter Noah January 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 31 ) 212 8.09 20 13 `` Nobody Likes Babies '' Tom Verica Mark Wilding February 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 07 ) 213 8.14 21 14 `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot '' Mark Tinker Matt Byrne February 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 14 ) 214 8.02 22 15 `` Boom Goes the Dynamite '' Randy Zisk Jenna Bans February 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 21 ) 215 7.68 23 16 `` Top of the Hour '' Steve Robin Heather Mitchell March 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 21 ) 216 8.51 24 17 `` Snake in the Garden '' Ron Underwood Raamla Mohamed March 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 28 ) 217 7.97 25 18 `` Molly , You in Danger , Girl '' Tom Verica Chris Van Dusen April 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 04 ) 218 8.04 26 19 `` Seven Fifty - Two '' Allison Liddi - Brown Mark Fish April 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 25 ) 219 7.90 27 20 `` A Woman Scorned '' Tony Goldwyn Zahir McGhee May 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 02 ) 220 8.07 28 21 `` Any Questions ? '' Mark Tinker Matt Byrne May 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 09 ) 221 8.87 29 22 `` White Hat 's Back On '' Tom Verica Shonda Rhimes May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 222 9.12 Season 3 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Main article : Scandal ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 30 `` It 's Handled '' Tom Verica Shonda Rhimes October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) 301 10.52 31 `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' Allison Liddi - Brown Heather Mitchell October 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 10 ) 302 9.01 32 `` Mrs. Smith Goes to Washington '' Jeannot Szwarc Matt Byrne October 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 17 ) 303 9.51 33 `` Say Hello to My Little Friend '' Oliver Bokelberg Mark Fish October 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 24 ) 304 8.62 34 5 `` More Cattle , Less Bull '' Randy Zisk Jenna Bans October 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 31 ) 305 9.18 35 6 `` Icarus '' Julie Anne Robinson Peter Noah November 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 07 ) 306 8.66 36 7 `` Everything 's Coming Up Mellie '' Michael Katleman Peter Nowalk November 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 14 ) 307 9.04 37 8 `` Vermont is for Lovers , Too '' Ava DuVernay Mark Wilding November 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 21 ) 308 8.93 38 9 `` YOLO '' Oliver Bokelberg Chris Van Dusen December 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 05 ) 309 8.27 39 10 `` A Door Marked Exit '' Tom Verica Zahir McGhee December 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 12 ) 310 9.22 40 11 `` Ride , Sally , Ride '' Tom Verica Raamla Mohamed February 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 27 ) 311 9.32 41 12 `` We Do Not Touch the First Ladies '' Oliver Bokelberg Heather Mitchell March 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 06 ) 312 8.53 42 13 `` No Sun on the Horizon '' Randy Zisk Matt Byrne March 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 13 ) 313 8.22 43 14 `` Kiss Kiss Bang Bang '' Paul McCrane Mark Fish March 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 20 ) 314 9.08 44 15 `` Mama Said Knock You Out '' Tony Goldwyn Zahir McGhee March 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 27 ) 315 9.01 45 16 `` The Fluffer '' Jeannot Szwarc Chris Van Dusen & Raamla Mohamed April 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 03 ) 316 9.13 46 17 `` Flesh and Blood '' Debbie Allen Severiano Canales & Miguel Nolla April 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 10 ) 317 9.23 47 18 `` The Price of Free and Fair Elections '' Tom Verica Shonda Rhimes & Mark Wilding April 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 17 ) 318 10.57 Season 4 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Main article : Scandal ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 48 `` Randy , Red , Superfreak and Julia '' Tom Verica Shonda Rhimes September 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) 401 11.96 49 `` The State of the Union '' Allison Liddi - Brown Heather Mitchell October 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) 402 10.34 50 `` Inside the Bubble '' Randy Zisk Matt Byrne October 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 09 ) 403 9.52 51 `` Like Father , Like Daughter '' Paul McCrane Mark Fish October 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 16 ) 404A 9.90 52 5 `` The Key '' Paul McCrane Chris Van Dusen October 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 23 ) 404B 9.98 53 6 `` An Innocent Man '' Jeannot Szwarc Zahir McGhee October 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 30 ) 405 9.32 54 7 `` Baby Made a Mess '' Oliver Bokelberg Jenna Bans November 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 06 ) 406 9.82 55 8 `` The Last Supper '' Julie Anne Robinson Allan Heinberg November 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 13 ) 407 10.05 56 9 `` Where the Sun Do n't Shine '' Tony Goldwyn Mark Wilding November 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 20 ) 408 10.14 57 10 `` Run '' Tom Verica Shonda Rhimes January 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 29 ) 409 10.48 58 11 `` Where 's the Black Lady ? '' Debbie Allen Raamla Mohamed February 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 05 ) 410 9.58 59 12 `` Gladiators Do n't Run '' Randy Zisk Paul Willam Davies February 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 12 ) 411A 9.32 60 13 `` No More Blood '' Randy Zisk Heather Mitchell February 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 19 ) 411B 9.62 61 14 `` The Lawn Chair '' Tom Verica Zahir McGhee March 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 05 ) 412 9.57 62 15 `` The Testimony of Diego Muñoz '' Allison Liddi - Brown Mark Fish March 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 12 ) 413 8.24 63 16 `` It 's Good to Be Kink '' Paul McCrane Matt Byrne March 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 19 ) 414 7.79 64 17 `` Put a Ring on It '' Regina King Chris Van Dusen March 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 26 ) 415 8.06 65 18 `` Honor Thy Father '' Jeannot Szwarc Severiano Canales April 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 02 ) 416 7.27 66 19 `` I 'm Just a Bill '' Debbie Allen Raamla Mohamed April 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 16 ) 417 7.86 67 20 `` First Lady Sings the Blues '' David Rodriguez Paul William Davies April 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 23 ) 418 7.79 68 21 `` A Few Good Women '' Oliver Bokelberg Severiano Canales & Jess Brownell May 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) 419 7.44 69 22 `` You Ca n't Take Command '' Tom Verica Shonda Rhimes & Mark Wilding May 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) 420 8.08 Season 5 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Main article : Scandal ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 70 `` Heavy Is the Head '' Tom Verica Shonda Rhimes September 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 24 ) 501 10.25 71 `` Yes '' Tony Goldwyn Heather Mitchell October 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 01 ) 502 9.12 72 `` Paris is Burning '' Jann Turner Matt Byrne October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) 503 8.76 73 `` Dog - Whistle Politics '' Zetna Fuentes Mark Fish October 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 15 ) 504 8.06 74 5 `` You Got Served '' Kevin Bray Zahir McGhee October 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 22 ) 505 8.28 75 6 `` Get Out of Jail , Free '' Chandra Wilson Chris Van Dusen October 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 29 ) 506 7.80 76 7 `` Even the Devil Deserves a Second Chance '' Oliver Bokelberg Raamla Mohamed November 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 05 ) 507 8.03 77 8 `` Rasputin '' John Terlesky Paul William Davies November 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 12 ) 508 7.70 78 9 `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Tom Verica Mark Wilding November 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 19 ) 509 8.13 79 10 `` It 's Hard Out Here for a General '' Tom Verica Severiano Canales February 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 11 ) 510 6.96 80 11 `` The Candidate '' Allison Liddi - Brown Alison Schapker February 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 18 ) 511A 6.09 81 12 `` Wild Card '' Allison Liddi - Brown & Tom Verica Mark Fish February 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 25 ) 511B 5.85 82 13 `` The Fish Rots from the Head '' Sharat Raju Heather Mitchell March 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 10 ) 512 5.97 83 14 `` I See You '' Paris Barclay Matt Byrne March 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 17 ) 513 6.31 84 15 `` Pencils Down '' Regina King Chris Van Dusen March 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 24 ) 514 6.15 85 16 `` The Miseducation of Susan Ross '' Scott Foley Raamla Mohamed March 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 31 ) 516 6.44 86 17 `` Thwack ! '' Tony Goldwyn Zahir McGhee April 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 07 ) 517 5.88 87 18 `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Steph Green Paul William Davies April 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) 518 6.00 88 19 `` Buckle Up '' Oliver Bokelberg Michelle Lirtzman April 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 28 ) 519 6.25 89 20 `` Trump Card '' Jann Turner Severiano Canales & Jess Brownell May 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 05 ) 520 6.06 90 21 `` That 's My Girl '' Tom Verica Shonda Rhimes & Mark Wilding May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 521 6.65 Season 6 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Scandal ( season 6 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 91 `` Survival of the Fittest '' Tom Verica Shonda Rhimes January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) 601 7.62 92 `` Hardball '' Allison Liddi - Brown Matt Byrne February 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) 602 6.54 93 `` Fates Worse Than Death '' Scott Foley Mark Fish February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) 603 6.22 94 `` The Belt '' Tom Verica Paul William Davies February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) 606 6.06 95 5 `` They All Bow Down '' Millicent Shelton Zahir McGhee March 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) 604 5.26 96 6 `` Extinction '' Tony Goldwyn Chris Van Dusen March 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 16 ) 605 5.63 97 7 `` A Traitor Among Us '' Tom Verica Alison Schapker March 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 23 ) 607 5.40 98 8 `` A Stomach for Blood '' Oliver Bokelberg Severiano Canales March 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 30 ) 608 6.57 99 9 `` Dead in the Water '' Nicole Rubio Michelle Lirtzman April 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) 609 5.10 100 10 `` The Decision '' Sharat Raju Johanna Lee April 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 13 ) 610 5.35 101 11 `` Trojan Horse '' Jann Turner Jess Brownell & Nicholas Nardini April 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 20 ) 611 5.11 102 12 `` Mercy '' Nzingha Stewart Severiano Canales & Ameni Rozsa April 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 27 ) 612 5.29 103 13 `` The Box '' Steph Green Raamla Mohamed & Austin Guzman May 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) 613 5.15 104 14 `` Head Games '' Zetna Fuentes Chris Van Dusen & Juan Carlos Fernandez May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 614 5.10 105 15 `` Tick Tock '' Salli Richardson - Whitfield Zahir McGhee & Michelle Lirtzman May 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 18 ) 615 5.23 106 16 `` Transfer of Power '' Tony Goldwyn Matt Byrne & Mark Fish May 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 18 ) 616 5.23 Season 7 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) Main article : Scandal ( season 7 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 107 `` Watch Me '' Jann Turner Shonda Rhimes October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 701 5.52 108 `` Pressing the Flesh '' Tony Goldwyn Matt Byrne October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 702 5.00 109 `` Day 101 '' Scott Foley Zahir McGhee October 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) 703 4.70 110 `` Lost Girls '' Nicole Rubio Ameni Rozsa & Austin Guzman October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 704 4.88 111 5 `` Adventures in Babysitting '' Oliver Bokelberg Serveriano Canales & Tia Napolitano November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 705 4.89 112 6 `` Vampires and Bloodsuckers '' Jann Turner Chris Van Dusen & Tia Napolitano November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 706 5.00 113 7 `` Something Borrowed '' Sharat Raju Mark Fish November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 707 4.97 114 8 `` Robin '' Daryn Okada Juan Carlos Fernandez January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 709 5.17 115 9 `` Good People '' Nzingha Stewart Shonda Rhimes , Jess Brownell & Nicholas Nardini January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 708 5.19 116 10 `` The People v. Olivia Pope '' Kerry Washington Ameni Rozsa February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 710 5.62 117 11 `` Army of One '' Allison Liddi - Brown Austin Guzman February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 711 4.63 118 12 `` Allow Me to Reintroduce Myself '' Tony Goldwyn Raamla Mohamed March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) 712 4.95 119 13 `` Air Force Two '' Valerie Weiss Severiano Canales March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) 713 4.67 120 14 `` The List '' Greg Evans Jess Brownell & Juan Carlos Fernandez March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) 714 4.74 121 15 `` The Noise '' Darby Stanchfield Raamla Mohamed & Jeremy Gordon March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) 715 3.71 122 16 `` People Like Me '' Joe Morton Chris Van Dusen April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 716 3.83 123 17 `` Standing in the Sun '' Jann Turner Mark Fish & Matt Byrne April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) 717 4.15 124 18 `` Over a Cliff '' Tom Verica Shonda Rhimes April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) 718 5.46 Specials ( edit ) No . Title Narrator Aired between Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` The Secret is Out '' Joshua Malina as David Rosen `` White Hat 's Back On '' ( season two ) `` It 's Handled '' ( season three ) October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) 5.75 Webisodes ( edit ) Gladiator wanted ( edit ) A web series debuted prior to the sixth - season premiere and features Guillermo Diaz as Huck , Katie Lowes as Quinn , Cornelius Smith Jr. as Marcus and George Newbern as Charlie . All of the episodes were directed by Darby Stanchfield , who portrays Abby in the show . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` So You Want to Be a Gladiator in a Suit '' Darby Stanchfield Juan Carlos Fernandez January 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 19 ) `` A Job to Kill For '' Darby Stanchfield Juan Carlos Fernandez January 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 19 ) `` Induction '' Darby Stanchfield Juan Carlos Fernandez January 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 19 ) `` Governments Fall '' Darby Stanchfield Juan Carlos Fernandez January 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 19 ) 5 5 `` By Dawn 's Early Light '' Darby Stanchfield Juan Carlos Fernandez January 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 19 ) 6 6 `` Exit Interview '' Darby Stanchfield Juan Carlos Fernandez January 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 19 ) Ratings ( edit ) Scandal : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Source : Nielsen Media Research References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Molloy , Tim ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Scandal , ' ' Apartment 23 ' Get Premiere Dates , ' Cougar Town ' Does n't '' . The Wrap . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Complete List Of 2012 - 13 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' NCIS , ' ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . ZAP2it . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2015 - 2016 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . May 26 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 6 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Person of Interest ' , ' Missing ' , ' Up All Night ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 13 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Office ' and ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 20 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Awake ' & ' Missing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' & ' Parks and Recreation ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 27 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Idol ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Mentalist ' & ' Missing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Secret Circle ' , ' The Mentalist ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Office ' , ' Secret Circle ' , ' Grey 's ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' 30 Rock ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Rec ' , ' Up All Night ' , ' SNL : Weekend Update ' , ' The Office ' , ' Glee ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 5 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' Last Resort ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' The Office ' Adjusted Up ; Two and a Half Men ' , ' Person of Interest ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Elementary ' ' Rock Center ' & ' The Next ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 19 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Ofifice ' Adjusted Up ; ' 30 Rock ' , ' Up All Night ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down Plus Final Baseball Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 26 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Rec ' , ' Up All Night ' , ' Rock Center ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' Person of Interest ' & ' Beauty & the Beast ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up , ' The Office ' , ' Parks & Rec ' , ' Scandal ' & ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Office ' Adjusted Up ; ' Last Resort & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' & ' Beauty and the Beast ' Adjusted Down '' . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' and ' Glee ' Adjusted Up ; ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Elementary ' , ' Person of Interest ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Down '' . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Last Resort ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Person of Interest ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' 30 Rock ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Scandal ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 18 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down , No Adjustment for ' American Idol ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments for ' Scandal ' , ' American Idol ' or ' Do No Harm ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 8 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Community ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Person of Interest ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Zero Hour ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Community ' , ' Idol ' , ' Elementary ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' Beauty and the Beast ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 22 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' 1600 Penn ' Adjusted Up ; ' Beauty and the Beast ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 29 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The Office ' , & ' Wife Swap ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 3 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Glee ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Hannibal ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Wipeout ' , & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' Glee ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hannibal ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Office ' Retrospective Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 4 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks And Recreation ' , ' Welcome to the Family ' , ' Sean Saves the World ' , ' Michael J. Fox Show ' , & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The X Factor ' & ' Glee ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Crazy Ones ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' and ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : The Vampire Diaries , The Millers & Elementary Adjusted Up ; Sean Saves the World & Parenthood Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Elementary ' , ' Scandal ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Voice ' , ' The Millers ' , ' Sean Saves the World ' , ' Parenthood ' , & ' The Michael J Fox Show ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' The X Factor ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' , ' The Millers ' , ' Sean Saves the World ' , ' Glee ' , ' The Michael J. Fox Show ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy Adjusted Up ; ' The X Factor ' , ' Reign ' & ' Glee ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' The Millers ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Sing - Off ' , ' Once Upon a Time in Wonderland ' , ' The Millers ' , ' The Crazy Ones ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Parks & Recreation ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Once Upon A Time in Wonderland ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' & ' Two and a Half Men ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' , ' The Crazy Ones ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' and ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Up Plus Final NCAA Tournament Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , ' Once Upon a Time in Wonderland ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy Adjusted Up + Final NCAA Basketball Ratings '' . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Scandal ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' American Idol ' , ' The Millers ' , ' The Crazy Ones ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Community ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Shark Tank ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 18 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gotham ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Gotham ' & ' Red Band Society ' Top Percentage Gains & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending September 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Parenthood ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending October 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : No Adjustement for ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Gracepoint ' or ' Reign ' + Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mom ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The McCarthys ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mom ' , ' The McCarthys ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Bad Judge ' , ' A to Z ' , ' Elementary ' , ' Parenthood ' & ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mom ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The McCarthys ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 21 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Gracepoint ' , ' Reign ' , ' Parenthood ' , ' Bad Judge ' , ' Mom ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' ' The Biggest Loser ' & ' A to Z ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up '' . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Blacklist ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Backstrom ' Adjusted Down , No Adjustment to ' The Blacklist ' , ' Scandal ' or ' The Vampire Diaries ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Scandal ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' & ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Scandal ' , ' American Idol ' , & ' Dateline ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Odd Couple ' , ' Mom ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Reign ' Adjusted Down & Final Basketball Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Crime ' Adjusted Up + Final Basketball Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Amanda ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Backstrom ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Odd Couple ' & ' Reign ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment to ' Scandal ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Heroes Reborn ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' & ' The Player ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjusted up , low CW premieres hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Scandal ' adjusted up , plus final NFL numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjusts up , ' Grey 's ' and others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' adjusts up , all others hold , plus final NFL numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Elementary ' and ' Mom ' adjust down considerably thanks to NFL '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' and CBS take NFL hit , ' Elementary ' below 1.0 , ' Blacklist ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Mom ' and ' 2 Broke Girls ' up even after adjusting down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Mom ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Scandal ' and ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Scandal ' adjusts up , 4 CBS shows adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : NCAA tourney has a soft start on CBS '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , plus final NCAA numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Scandal , ' ' Life in Pieces ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Odd Couple ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Bones ' adjust up , ' 2 Broke Girls ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up , ' Odd Couple , ' ' Mom ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Mom ' and ' Rush Hour ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Catch ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' My Kitchen Rules ' adjust down , Mary Tyler Moore special adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' adjusts down a little : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' adjusts up ; ' Great Indoors , ' ' Powerless , ' ' Mom , ' ' Chicago Med ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mom ' and NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blacklist : Redemption ' and ' The Catch ' adjust down , final NCAA numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` NCAA Sweet 16 up a little vs. last year : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Scandal , ' ' Mom , ' ' Powerless ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Blacklist : Redemption ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal , ' ' Superstore ' and all others hold : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up ; ' The Catch ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' Riverdale ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' finales , ' Amazing Race ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham ' and ' Supernatural ' adjust up , final NFL numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Four , ' ' Scandal ' and ' Great News ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' Big Bang Theory ' rerun adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Four ' adjust up , ' Mom ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superstore , ' ' SWAT , ' ' Scandal ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Young Sheldon , ' ' SWAT , ' all NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` AP Bio ' adjusts up , NCAA Tournament adjusts down but ahead of 2017 : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Fire ' adjust up , ' SWAT ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjust up , ' Mom , ' ' Supernatural , ' ' Arrow ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Superstore ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' SWAT , ' ' Supernatural ' & ' Arrow ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Scandal ' Sets Darby Stanchfield - Directed Web Series Ahead of Season 6 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scandal : 2011 - 12 Season TV Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 19 , 2012 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scandal : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scandal : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 9 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scandal : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 16 , 2015 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scandal : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scandal : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Scandal episodes on IMDb ( hide ) Scandal Episodes Season 1 `` Sweet Baby '' Season 2 `` Nobody Likes Babies '' `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot '' `` Boom Goes the Dynamite '' `` Top of the Hour '' `` Snake in the Garden '' `` Molly , You in Danger , Girl '' `` Seven Fifty - Two '' Season 3 `` It 's Handled '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Mrs. Smith Goes to Washington '' `` Say Hello to My Little Friend '' `` More Cattle , Less Bull '' `` Icarus '' `` Everything 's Coming Up Mellie '' `` Vermont is for Lovers , Too '' `` YOLO '' `` A Door Marked Exit '' `` The Price of Free and Fair Elections '' Season 4 `` Randy , Red , Superfreak and Julia '' `` Where the Sun Do n't Shine '' `` Run '' `` Where 's the Black Lady ? '' `` Gladiators Do n't Run '' `` No More Blood '' Season 5 `` Heavy is the Head '' `` Dog - Whistle Politics '' `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Season 6 `` Transfer of Power '' Season 7 `` Watch Me '' `` Day 101 '' `` Over a Cliff '' Characters Olivia Pope Abby Whelan Quinn Perkins See also Judy Smith Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Scandal_episodes&oldid=838576619 '' Categories : Lists of American drama television series episodes Scandal ( TV series ) episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Episode list using the default LineColor Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français हिन्दी Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 22 : 39 . About Wikipedia | when does scandal come back on february 2018 | [
"\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nProd.\ncode\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n107\n1\n\"Watch Me\"\nJann Turner\nShonda Rhimes\nOctober 5, 2017 (2017-10-05)\n701\n5.52[113]\n\n\n108\n2\n\"Pressing the Flesh\"\nTony Goldwyn\nMatt Byrne\nOctober 12, 2017 (2017-10-12)\n702\n5.00[114]\n\n\n109\n3\n\"Day 101\"\nScott Foley\nZahir McGhee\nOctober 19, 2017 (2017-10-19)\n703\n4.70[115]\n\n\n110\n4\n\"Lost Girls\"\nNicole Rubio\nAmeni Rozsa & Austin Guzman\nOctober 26, 2017 (2017-10-26)\n704\n4.88[116]\n\n\n111\n5\n\"Adventures in Babysitting\"\nOliver Bokelberg\nServeriano Canales & Tia Napolitano\nNovember 2, 2017 (2017-11-02)\n705\n4.89[117]\n\n\n112\n6\n\"Vampires and Bloodsuckers\"\nJann Turner\nChris Van Dusen & Tia Napolitano\nNovember 9, 2017 (2017-11-09)\n706\n5.00[118]\n\n\n113\n7\n\"Something Borrowed\"\nSharat Raju\nMark Fish\nNovember 16, 2017 (2017-11-16)\n707\n4.97[119]\n\n\n114\n8\n\"Robin\"\nDaryn Okada\nJuan Carlos Fernandez\nJanuary 18, 2018 (2018-01-18)\n709\n5.17[120]\n\n\n115\n9\n\"Good People\"\nNzingha Stewart\nShonda Rhimes, Jess Brownell & Nicholas Nardini\nJanuary 25, 2018 (2018-01-25)\n708\n5.19[121]\n\n\n116\n10\n\"The People v. Olivia Pope\"\nKerry Washington\nAmeni Rozsa\nFebruary 1, 2018 (2018-02-01)\n710\n5.62[122]\n\n\n117\n11\n\"Army of One\"\nAllison Liddi-Brown\nAustin Guzman\nFebruary 8, 2018 (2018-02-08)\n711\n4.63[123]\n\n\n118\n12\n\"Allow Me to Reintroduce Myself\"\nTony Goldwyn\nRaamla Mohamed\nMarch 1, 2018 (2018-03-01)\n712\n4.95[124]\n\n\n119\n13\n\"Air Force Two\"\nValerie Weiss\nSeveriano Canales\nMarch 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)\n713\n4.67[125]\n\n\n120\n14\n\"The List\"\nGreg Evans\nJess Brownell & Juan Carlos Fernandez\nMarch 15, 2018 (2018-03-15)\n714\n4.74[126]\n\n\n121\n15\n\"The Noise\"\nDarby Stanchfield\nRaamla Mohamed & Jeremy Gordon\nMarch 29, 2018 (2018-03-29)\n715\n3.71[127]\n\n\n122\n16\n\"People Like Me\"\nJoe Morton\nChris Van Dusen\nApril 5, 2018 (2018-04-05)\n716\n3.83[128]\n\n\n123\n17\n\"Standing in the Sun\"\nJann Turner\nMark Fish & Matt Byrne\nApril 12, 2018 (2018-04-12)\n717\n4.15[129]\n\n\n124\n18\n\"Over a Cliff\"\nTom Verica\nShonda Rhimes\nApril 19, 2018 (2018-04-19)\n718\n5.46[130]\n\n"
] | [
"February 1, 2018"
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-4311978100162020359 | Daniel Truhitte | Daniel Truhitte - Wikipedia Daniel Truhitte This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification , as it includes attribution to IMDb . IMDb may not be a reliable source for biographical information . Please help by adding additional , reliable sources for verification . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Daniel Truhitte ( 1943 - 09 - 10 ) September 10 , 1943 ( age 74 ) Sacramento , California Years active 1965 - present Spouse ( s ) Gabriele ( 1966 - ? ) ( divorced ) Mary ( divorced ) Tarealia Haney ( 1992 - present ) Daniel Lee Truhitte ( born September 10 , 1943 in Sacramento , California ) is an American actor , best known for his portrayal of Rolfe Gruber , the young Austrian telegraph delivery boy who performed `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' , in the film The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) . Truhitte is a singer , actor , dancer , and teacher of young performers . Career ( edit ) Daniel Truhitte began dance training at the age of 6 and began taking voice lessons at the age of 10 . When he was 15 years old , he received a scholarship to The Sacramento Ballet . After high school , Truhitte received a scholarship to the Pasadena Playhouse . He also attended Ambassador College in Pasadena , California . After filming The Sound of Music , he joined the Marine Corps . In 1989 , Truhitte moved to Weddington , North Carolina , and then finally to Concord , North Carolina and began teaching young performers . He appeared in an episode of Entertainment Tonight titled `` A Day in the Life of Dan Truhitte '' on September 10 , 1993 , after The Old Courthouse Theatre of Concord , North Carolina asked him to play Captain Von Trapp in their production of The Sound of Music . Truhitte portrayed Captain von Trapp once again in the Hudson , North Carolina Dinner Theatre Production of The Sound of Music in October 2013 . References ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2012 ) External links ( edit ) Daniel Truhitte on IMDb ISNI : 0000 0000 4546 1370 MusicBrainz : c13648d2 - fb61 - 48f7 - 8404 - 846ad74f34ff VIAF : 12141406 This article about a United States film actor or actress born in the 1940s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Truhitte&oldid=814315838 '' Categories : American male film actors 1943 births Living people Male actors from Sacramento , California 20th - century American male actors American film actor , 1940s birth stubs Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from August 2014 All articles lacking reliable references BLP articles lacking sources from August 2014 All articles sourced by IMDb Articles sourced by IMDb from August 2014 Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Infobox person using religion Articles with hCards Articles to be expanded from January 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from January 2012 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Nederlands Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 December 2017 , at 02 : 24 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who played rolf in the sound of music | [
"Daniel Lee Truhitte (born September 10, 1943 in Sacramento, California) is an American actor, best known for his portrayal of Rolfe Gruber, the young Austrian telegraph delivery boy who performed \"Sixteen Going on Seventeen\", in the film The Sound of Music (1965). Truhitte is a singer, actor, dancer, and teacher of young performers.\n"
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"Daniel Lee Truhitte"
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-5460512036722013936 | The Silence of the Lambs (film) | The Silence of the Lambs ( film ) - wikipedia The Silence of the Lambs ( film ) The Silence of the Lambs Theatrical release poster Directed by Jonathan Demme Produced by Kenneth Utt Edward Saxon Ron Bozman Screenplay by Ted Tally Based on The Silence of the Lambs by Thomas Harris Starring Jodie Foster Anthony Hopkins Scott Glenn Ted Levine Anthony Heald Music by Howard Shore Cinematography Tak Fujimoto Edited by Craig McKay Production company Strong Heart / Demme Production Distributed by Orion Pictures Release date January 30 , 1991 ( 1991 - 01 - 30 ) ( New York City ) February 14 , 1991 ( 1991 - 02 - 14 ) ( United States ) Running time 118 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $19 million Box office $272.7 million The Silence of the Lambs is a 1991 American psychological horror - thriller film directed by Jonathan Demme from a screenplay written by Ted Tally , adapted from Thomas Harris 's 1988 novel of the same name . The film stars Jodie Foster , Anthony Hopkins , Scott Glenn , Ted Levine , and Anthony Heald . In the film , Clarice Starling , a young FBI trainee , seeks the advice of the imprisoned Dr. Hannibal Lecter , a brilliant psychiatrist and cannibalistic serial killer to apprehend another serial killer , known only as `` Buffalo Bill '' , who skins his female victims ' corpses . The novel was Harris 's first and second respectively to feature the characters of Starling and Lecter , and was the second adaptation of a Harris novel to feature Lecter , preceded by the Michael Mann - directed Manhunter ( 1986 ) . The Silence of the Lambs was released on February 14 , 1991 , and grossed $272.7 million worldwide against its $19 million budget , becoming the fifth - highest grossing film of 1991 worldwide . The film premiered at the 41st Berlin International Film Festival , where it competed for the Golden Bear , while Demme received the Silver Bear for Best Director . Critically acclaimed upon release , it became only the third film , ( the other two being It Happened One Night and One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ) , to win Academy Awards in all the top five categories : Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor , Best Actress , and Best Adapted Screenplay . It is also the first ( and so far only ) Best Picture winner widely considered to be a horror film , and only the third such film to be nominated in the category , after The Exorcist ( 1973 ) and Jaws ( 1975 ) . It is regularly cited by critics , film directors , and audiences alike as one of the greatest and most influential films of all time . In 2018 , Empire ranked it 48th , on their list of 500 greatest movies of all time . The American Film Institute , ranked it as the 5th greatest and most influential thriller film of all time while the characters Clarice Starling and Hannibal Lecter were ranked as the greatest film heroine and villain respectively . The film is considered `` culturally , historically or aesthetically '' significant by the U.S. Library of Congress and was selected to be preserved in the National Film Registry in 2011 . A sequel titled Hannibal was released in 2001 , in which Hopkins reprised his role . It was followed by two prequels : Red Dragon ( 2002 ) and Hannibal Rising ( 2007 ) . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Accolades 5 Accusations of homophobia , transphobia and sexism 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot FBI trainee Clarice Starling , is pulled from her training at the FBI Academy at Quantico , Virginia by Jack Crawford of the Bureau 's Behavioral Science Unit . He assigns her to interview Hannibal Lecter , a former psychiatrist and incarcerated cannibalistic serial killer , whose insight might prove useful in the pursuit of a serial killer nicknamed `` Buffalo Bill '' , who skins his female victims ' corpses . Starling travels to the Baltimore State Hospital for the Criminally Insane , where she is led by Frederick Chilton to Lecter 's solitary quarters . Although initially pleasant and courteous , Lecter grows impatient with Starling 's attempts at `` dissecting '' him and rebuffs her . As she is leaving , one of the prisoners flicks semen at her . Lecter , who considers this act `` unspeakably ugly '' , calls Starling back and tells her to seek out an old patient of his . This leads her to a storage shed , where she discovers a man 's severed head with a sphinx moth lodged in its throat . She returns to Lecter , who tells her that the man is linked to Buffalo Bill . He offers to profile Buffalo Bill on the condition that he may be transferred away from Chilton , whom he detests . Buffalo Bill abducts a Senator 's daughter , Catherine Martin . Crawford authorizes Starling to offer Lecter a fake deal , promising a prison transfer if he provides information that helps them find Buffalo Bill and rescue Catherine . Instead , Lecter demands a quid pro quo from Starling , offering clues about Buffalo Bill in exchange for personal information . Starling tells Lecter about the murder of her father when she was ten years old . Chilton secretly records the conversation and reveals Starling 's deceit before offering Lecter a deal of Chilton 's own making . Lecter agrees and is flown to Memphis , where he verbally torments Senator Ruth Martin , and gives her misleading information on Buffalo Bill , including the name `` Louis Friend '' . Starling notices that `` Louis Friend '' is an anagram of `` iron sulfide '' -- fool 's gold . She visits Lecter , who is now being held in a cage - like cell in a Tennessee courthouse , and asks for the truth . Lecter tells her that all the information she needs is contained in the case file . Rather than give her the real name , he insists that they continue their quid pro quo and she recounts a traumatic childhood incident where she was awakened by the sound of spring lambs being slaughtered on a relative 's farm in Montana . Starling admits that she still sometimes wakes thinking she can hear lambs screaming , and Lecter speculates that she is motivated to save Catherine in the hope that it will end the nightmares . Lecter gives her back the case files on Buffalo Bill after their conversation is interrupted by Chilton and the police , who escort her from the building . Later that evening , Lecter kills his guards , escapes from his cell , and disappears . Starling analyzes Lecter 's annotations to the case files and realizes that Buffalo Bill knew his first victim personally . Starling travels to the victim 's hometown and discovers that Buffalo Bill was a tailor , with dresses and dress patterns identical to the patches of skin removed from each of his victims . She telephones Crawford to inform him that Buffalo Bill is trying to form a `` woman suit '' out of real skin , but Crawford is already en route to make an arrest , having cross-referenced Lecter 's notes with hospital archives and finding a transsexual woman named Jame Gumb , who once applied unsuccessfully for a sex - change operation . Starling continues interviewing friends of Buffalo Bill 's first victim in Ohio , while Crawford leads an FBI HRT team to Gumb 's address in Illinois . The house in Illinois is empty , and Starling is led to the house of `` Jack Gordon '' , who she realizes is actually Jame Gumb , again by finding a sphinx moth . She pursues him into his multi-room basement , where she discovers that Catherine is still alive , but trapped in a dry well . After turning off the basement lights , Gumb stalks Starling in the dark with night - vision goggles , but gives his position away when he cocks his revolver . Starling reacts just in time and fires all of her rounds at Gumb , killing him . Sometime later , at the FBI Academy graduation party , Starling receives a phone call from Lecter , who is at an airport in Bimini . He assures her that he does not plan to pursue her and asks her to return the favor , which she says she can not do . Lecter then hangs up the phone , saying that he is `` having an old friend for dinner '' , and starts following a newly arrived Chilton before disappearing into the crowd . Cast Jodie Foster as Clarice Starling Masha Skorobogatov as young Clarice Anthony Hopkins as Dr. Hannibal Lecter Scott Glenn as Jack Crawford Ted Levine as Jame `` Buffalo Bill '' Gumb Anthony Heald as Dr. Frederick Chilton Brooke Smith as Catherine Martin Diane Baker as U.S. Senator Ruth Martin Kasi Lemmons as Ardelia Mapp Frankie Faison as Barney Matthews Tracey Walter as Lamar Charles Napier as Lt. Boyle Danny Darst as Sgt . Tate Alex Coleman as Sgt . Jim Pembry Dan Butler as Roden Paul Lazar as Pilcher Ron Vawter as Paul Krendler Roger Corman as FBI Director Hayden Burke Chris Isaak as SWAT Commander Harry Northup as Mr. Bimmel Production Development The Silence of the Lambs is based on Thomas Harris ' 1988 novel of the same name and is the second film to feature the character Hannibal Lecter following the 1986 film Manhunter . Prior to the novel 's release , Orion Pictures partnered with Gene Hackman to bring the novel to the big screen . With Hackman set to direct and possibly star in the role of Crawford , negotiations were made to split the $500,000 cost of rights between Hackman and the studio . In addition to securing the rights to the novel , producers also had to acquire the rights to the name `` Hannibal Lecter '' , which were owned by Manhunter producer Dino De Laurentiis . Owing to the financial failure of the earlier film , De Laurentiis lent the character rights to Orion Pictures for free . In November 1987 , Ted Tally was brought on to write the adaptation ; Tally had previously crossed paths with Harris many times , with his interest in adapting The Silence of the Lambs originating from receiving an advance copy of the book from Harris himself . When Tally was about halfway through with the first draft , Hackman withdrew from the project and financing fell through . However , Orion Pictures co-founder Mike Medavoy assured Tally to keep writing as the studio itself took care of financing and searched for a replacement director . As a result , Orion Pictures sought director Jonathan Demme to helm the project . With the screenplay not yet completed , Demme signed on after reading the novel . From there , the project quickly took off , as Tally explained , `` ( Demme ) read my first draft not long after it was finished , and we met , then I was just startled by the speed of things . We met in May 1989 and were shooting in November . I do n't remember any big revisions . '' Casting Jodie Foster was interested in playing the role of Clarice Starling immediately after reading the novel . However , in spite of the fact that Foster had just won an Academy Award for her performance in the 1988 film The Accused , Demme was not convinced that she was right for the part . Having just collaborated on Married to the Mob , Demme 's first choice for the role of Starling was Michelle Pfeiffer , who turned it down , later saying , `` It was a difficult decision , but I got nervous about the subject matter '' . Still not convinced , he went to Meg Ryan who rejected it as well for its gruesome themes and then to Laura Dern , of whom the studio was skeptical as not being a bankable choice . As a result , Foster was awarded the role due to her passion towards the character . For the role of Dr. Hannibal Lecter , Demme originally approached Sean Connery . After the actor turned it down , Anthony Hopkins was then offered the part based on his performance in The Elephant Man . Other actors considered for the role included Al Pacino , Robert De Niro , Dustin Hoffman , Derek Jacobi and Daniel Day - Lewis . Gene Hackman was originally going to play Jack Crawford , the Agent - in - Charge of the Behavioral Science Unit of the FBI in Quantico , Virginia but he found the script `` too violent . '' Scott Glenn was then cast in the role . To prepare for the role , Glenn met with John E. Douglas , after whom the character is modeled . Douglas gave Glenn a tour of the Quantico facility and also played for him an audio tape containing various recordings that serial killers Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris had made of themselves raping and torturing a 16 - year - old girl . According to Douglas , Glenn wept as he experienced the recordings and even changed his liberal stance on the death penalty . Filming Principal photography for The Silence of the Lambs began on November 15 , 1989 and concluded on March 1 , 1990 . Filming primarily took place in and around Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , with some scenes shot in nearby northern West Virginia . The home of Buffalo Bill used for exterior scenes was in Layton , Pennsylvania . The exterior of the Western Center near Canonsburg , Pennsylvania served as the setting for Baltimore State Hospital for the Criminally Insane . In what was a rare act of cooperation at the time , the FBI allowed scenes to be filmed at the FBI Academy in Quantico ; some FBI staff members even acted in bit parts . Music The Silence of the Lambs : The Original Motion Picture Score Film score by Howard Shore Released February 5 , 1991 Recorded August , 1990 in Munich Length 57 : 09 Label MCA Records Producer Howard Shore Howard Shore chronology Big ( 1988 ) The Silence of the Lambs : The Original Motion Picture Score ( 1991 ) Naked Lunch ( 1991 ) Hannibal Lecter chronology Manhunter ( 1986 ) Manhunter 1986 The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) The Silence of the Lambs1991 Hannibal ( 2001 ) Hannibal 2001 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Filmtracks.com The musical score for The Silence of the Lambs was composed by Howard Shore , who would also go on to collaborate with Demme on Philadelphia . Recorded in Munich during the latter half of the summer of 1990 , the score was performed by the Munich Symphony Orchestra . `` I tried to write in a way that goes right into the fabric of the movie , '' explained Shore on his approach . `` I tried to make the music just fit in . When you watch the movie you are not aware of the music . You get your feelings from all elements simultaneously , lighting , cinematography , costumes , acting , music . Jonathan Demme was very specific about the music . '' A soundtrack album was released by MCA Records on February 5 , 1991 . Music from the film was later used in the trailers for its 2001 sequel , Hannibal . The Silence of the Lambs : The Original Motion Picture Score No . Title Length 1 . `` Main Title '' 5 : 04 2 . `` The Asylum '' 3 : 53 3 . `` Clarice '' 3 : 03 4 . `` Return to the Asylum '' 2 : 35 5 . `` The Abduction '' 3 : 01 6 . `` Quid Pro Quo '' 4 : 41 7 . `` Lecter in Memphis '' 5 : 41 8 . `` Lambs Screaming '' 5 : 34 9 . `` Lecter Escapes '' 5 : 06 10 . `` Belvedere , Ohio '' 3 : 32 11 . `` The Moth '' 2 : 20 12 . `` The Cellar '' 7 : 02 13 . `` Finale '' 4 : 50 Total length : 57 : 09 Release The Silence of the Lambs was released on February 14 , 1991 , grossing $14 million during its opening weekend . At the time it closed on October 10 , 1991 , the film had grossed $131 million domestically with a total worldwide gross of $273 million . It was the 5th - highest grossing film of 1991 worldwide . Critical reception The performances of Jodie Foster , Anthony Hopkins , Scott Glenn and Ted Levine received widespread praise . The Silence of the Lambs was a sleeper hit that gradually gained widespread success and critical acclaim . Foster , Hopkins , and Levine garnered much acclaim for their performances . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 95 % of 86 film critics have given the film a positive review , with an average rating of 8.7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads : `` Director Jonathan Demme 's smart , taut thriller teeters on the edge between psychological study and all - out horror , and benefits greatly from stellar performances by Anthony Hopkins and Jodie Foster . '' Metacritic , another review aggregator , assigned the film a weighted average score of 85 out of 100 , based on 19 reviews from mainstream critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A - '' on an A+ to F scale . Roger Ebert , of Chicago Sun - Times , specifically mentioned the `` terrifying qualities '' of Hannibal Lecter . Ebert later added the film to his list of The Great Movies , recognizing the film as a `` horror masterpiece '' alongside such classics as Nosferatu , Psycho , and Halloween . However , the film is also notable for being one of two multi-Academy Award winners ( the other being Unforgiven ) disapproved of by Ebert 's colleague , Gene Siskel . Writing for Chicago Tribune , Siskel said , `` Foster 's character , who is appealing , is dwarfed by the monsters she is after . I 'd rather see her work on another case . '' Accolades Academy Awards record Best Picture , Edward Saxon , Kenneth Utt , Ronald M. Bozman Best Director , Jonathan Demme Best Actor , Anthony Hopkins Best Actress , Jodie Foster Best Adapted Screenplay , Ted Tally Golden Globe Awards record Best Actress , Jodie Foster British Academy Film Awards record Best Actor , Anthony Hopkins Best Actress , Jodie Foster The film won the Big Five Academy Awards : Best Picture , Best Director ( Demme ) , Best Actor ( Hopkins ) , Best Actress ( Foster ) , and Best Adapted Screenplay ( Ted Tally ) , making it only the third film in history to accomplish that feat . It was also nominated for Best Sound ( Tom Fleischman and Christopher Newman ) and Best Film Editing , but lost to Terminator 2 : Judgment Day and JFK , respectively . Other awards include being named Best Film by the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures , CHI Awards and PEO Awards . Demme won the Silver Bear for Best Director at the 41st Berlin International Film Festival and was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Director . The film was nominated for the Grand Prix of the Belgian Film Critics Association . It was also nominated for the British Academy Film Award for Best Film . Screenwriter Ted Tally received an Edgar Award for Best Motion Picture Screenplay . The film was awarded Best Horror Film of the Year during the 2nd Horror Hall of Fame telecast , with Vincent Price presenting the award to the film 's executive producer Gary Goetzman . In 1998 , the film was listed as one of the 100 greatest films in the past 100 years by the American Film Institute . In 2006 , at the Key Art Awards , the original poster for The Silence of the Lambs was named best film poster `` of the past 35 years '' . The Silence of the Lambs placed seventh on Bravo 's The 100 Scariest Movie Moments for Lecter 's escape scene . The American Film Institute named Hannibal Lecter ( as portrayed by Hopkins ) the number one film villain of all time and Clarice Starling ( as portrayed by Foster ) the sixth - greatest film hero of all time . In 2011 , ABC aired a prime - time special , Best in Film : The Greatest Movies of Our Time , that counted down the best films chosen by fans based on results of a poll conducted by ABC and People magazine . The Silence of the Lambs was selected as the No. 1 Best Suspense / Thriller and Dr. Hannibal Lecter was selected as the No. 4 Greatest Film Character . The film and its characters have appeared in the following AFI `` 100 Years '' lists : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- # 65 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- # 5 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains : Clarice Starling -- # 6 Hero Hannibal Lecter -- # 1 Villain AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` A census taker once tried to test me . I ate his liver with some fava beans and a nice Chianti . '' -- # 21 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- # 74 In 2015 , Entertainment Weekly 's 25th anniversary year , it included The Silence of the Lambs in its list of the 25 best movies made since the magazine 's beginning . Organization / Association Award Actor / Crew Outcome Remarks 64th Academy Awards Best Picture Edward Saxon , Kenneth Utt , Ron Bozman Won Best Director Jonathan Demme Won Best Actor Anthony Hopkins Won Best Actress Jodie Foster Won Best Adapted Screenplay Ted Tally Won Adapted from The Silence of the Lambs by Thomas Harris Best Film Editing Craig McKay Nominated Best Sound Tom Fleischman , Christopher Newman Nominated 49th Golden Globe Awards Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama Jodie Foster Won Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama Anthony Hopkins Nominated Best Director Jonathan Demme Nominated Best Motion Picture -- Drama Kenneth Utt Nominated Best Screenplay Ted Tally Nominated 45th British Academy Film Awards Best Actor in a Leading Role Anthony Hopkins Won Best Actress in a Leading Role Jodie Foster Won Best Adapted Screenplay Ted Tally Nominated Best Cinematography Tak Fujimoto Nominated Best Direction Jonathan Demme Nominated Best Editing Craig McKay Nominated Best Film Ron Bozman , Edward Saxon , Kenneth Utt Nominated Best Film Music Howard Shore Nominated Best Sound Skip Lievsay , Christopher Newman , Tom Fleischman Nominated Accusations of homophobia , transphobia and sexism Upon its release , The Silence of the Lambs was criticized by members of the LGBT community for its portrayal of Buffalo Bill as bisexual and transsexual . In response to the critiques , Demme replied that Buffalo Bill `` was n't a gay character . He was a tormented man who hated himself and wished he was a woman because that would have made him as far away from himself as he possibly could be . '' Demme added that he `` came to realize that there is a tremendous absence of positive gay characters in movies '' . Much of the criticism was directed towards Foster , whom the critics alleged was herself a lesbian . In a 1992 interview with Playboy magazine , notable feminist and women 's rights advocate Betty Friedan stated , `` I thought it was absolutely outrageous that The Silence of the Lambs won four ( sic ) Oscars . ( ... ) I 'm not saying that the movie should n't have been shown . I 'm not denying the movie was an artistic triumph , but it was about the evisceration , the skinning alive of women . That is what I find offensive . Not the Playboy centerfold . '' See also List of films based on crime books Silence ! The Musical , an unauthorized parody musical adaptation of the film . List of Academy Award records United States portal Crime portal Film portal References Jump up ^ `` The Silence of the Lambs '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Psychological Horror Movies - Alternative Reel '' . Alternative Reel . Alternative Reel . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Silence of the Lambs '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Facts About ' The Silence of the Lambs ' You Did n't Know '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time -- # 400 -- 301 empireonline.com ; Empire Online . Retrieved 3 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Silence of the Lambs added to U.S. film archive '' . BBC . 28 December 2011 . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . 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New York City : Hyperion Books . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kapsis , Robert E. ( December 19 , 2008 ) . Jonathan Demme : Interviews ( Conversations With Filmmakers Series ) . Jackson , Mississippi : University Press of Mississippi . pp. 71 -- 75 . ISBN 1 - 60473 - 118 - 4 . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott , Kevin Conroy ( April 28 , 2006 ) . Screenwriters ' Masterclass : Screenwriters Discuss their Greatest Films . New York City : HarperCollins . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Total Film Interview -- Jodie Foster '' . Total Film . Future Publishing . December 1 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2014 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Davis , Cindy ( February 27 , 2012 ) . `` Mindhole Blowers : 20 Facts About The Silence of the Lambs That Might Make You Crave a Nice Chianti '' . Pajiba . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ Newton , Michael . `` Lawrence Bittaker & Roy Norris : Killing Time '' . Crime Library . TruTV . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2014 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kessler , Ronald ( October 1 , 1993 ) . The FBI . New York City : Pocket Books . p. 258 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 78657 - 1 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Douglas , John E. ; Mark Olshaker ( October 31 , 1995 ) . Mindhunter : Inside the FBI 's Elite Serial Crime Unit . New York City : Scribner . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80376 - 3 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) -- Miscellaneous Notes '' . Leonard Maltin 's Classic Movie Guide . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` City lands good share of movies '' . The Vindicator. 10 December 1995 . Retrieved 30 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Silence of the Lambs ' House Ca n't Find a Buyer '' . New York Times . January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 12 . 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External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Silence of the Lambs The Silence of the Lambs on IMDb The Silence of the Lambs at the TCM Movie Database The Silence of the Lambs at Box Office Mojo The Silence of the Lambs at Rotten Tomatoes The Silence of the Lambs at Metacritic The Silence of the Lambs an essay by Amy Taubin at the Criterion Collection Thomas Harris ' Hannibal Lecter Characters Hannibal Lecter Will Graham Clarice Starling Jack Crawford Frederick Chilton Francis Dolarhyde Buffalo Bill Mason Verger Freddy Lounds Bedelia Du Maurier Novels Red Dragon ( 1981 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1988 ) Hannibal ( 1999 ) Hannibal Rising ( 2006 ) Films Manhunter ( 1986 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Hannibal ( 2001 ) Red Dragon ( 2002 ) Hannibal Rising ( 2007 ) Television Hannibal ( 2013 -- 15 ) episodes `` Apéritif '' `` Amuse - Bouche '' `` Potage '' `` Oeuf '' Related productions The Silence of the Hams ( 1994 ) Silence ! The Musical ( 2005 ) Films directed by Jonathan Demme Caged Heat ( 1974 ) Crazy Mama ( 1975 ) Fighting Mad ( 1976 ) Handle with Care ( 1977 ) Last Embrace ( 1979 ) Melvin and Howard ( 1980 ) Who Am I This Time ? ( 1982 ) Swing Shift ( 1984 ) Stop Making Sense ( 1984 ) Something Wild ( 1986 ) Swimming to Cambodia ( 1987 ) Married to the Mob ( 1988 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Cousin Bobby ( 1992 ) Philadelphia ( 1993 ) Storefront Hitchcock ( 1998 ) Beloved ( 1998 ) The Truth About Charlie ( 2002 ) The Agronomist ( 2003 ) The Manchurian Candidate ( 2004 ) Neil Young : Heart of Gold ( 2006 ) Man from Plains ( 2007 ) Rachel Getting Married ( 2008 ) Neil Young Trunk Show ( 2009 ) Neil Young Journeys ( 2011 ) A Master Builder ( 2013 ) Ricki and the Flash ( 2015 ) Justin Timberlake + The Tennessee Kids ( 2016 ) Awards for The Silence of the Lambs Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Sting ( 1973 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Rocky ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Braveheart ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or : ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) The Crying Game ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave / Gravity ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) The Big Short ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Saturn Award for Best Horror Film Blacula ( 1972 ) The Exorcist ( 1973 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1974 / 75 ) Burnt Offerings ( 1976 ) The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane ( 1977 ) The Wicker Man ( 1978 ) Dracula ( 1979 ) The Howling ( 1980 ) An American Werewolf in London ( 1981 ) Poltergeist ( 1982 ) The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) Gremlins ( 1984 ) Fright Night ( 1985 ) The Fly ( 1986 ) The Lost Boys ( 1987 ) Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) Arachnophobia ( 1989 / 90 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1992 ) Army of Darkness ( 1993 ) Interview with the Vampire ( 1994 ) From Dusk till Dawn ( 1995 ) Scream ( 1996 ) The Devil 's Advocate ( 1997 ) Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) The Sixth Sense ( 1999 ) Final Destination ( 2000 ) The Others ( 2001 ) The Ring ( 2002 ) 28 Days Later ( 2003 ) Shaun of the Dead ( 2004 ) The Exorcism of Emily Rose ( 2005 ) The Descent ( 2006 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Hellboy II : The Golden Army ( 2008 ) Drag Me to Hell ( 2009 ) Let Me In ( 2010 ) The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) The Cabin in the Woods ( 2012 ) The Conjuring ( 2013 ) Dracula Untold ( 2014 ) Crimson Peak ( 2015 ) Do n't Breathe ( 2016 ) Get Out ( 2017 ) WorldCat Identities GND : 4324289 - 3 LCCN : n93121265 VIAF : 215347338 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Silence_of_the_Lambs_(film)&oldid=865959287 '' Categories : 1991 films English - language films Crime horror films 1990s crime drama films 1990s crime thriller films 1990s horror thriller films 1990s serial killer films 1991 horror films American crime drama films American crime thriller films American films American horror thriller films American serial killer films BAFTA winners ( films ) Best Picture Academy Award winners Cannibalism in fiction Edgar Award - winning works Federal Bureau of Investigation in fiction Films scored by Howard Shore Films about abduction Films about psychopaths Films based on thriller novels Films directed by Jonathan Demme Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Actress Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Drama Actress Golden Globe - winning performance Films set in Baltimore Films set in Illinois Films set in Memphis , Tennessee Films set in Ohio Films set in Virginia Films set in Washington , D.C. Films shot in Pennsylvania Films shot in West Virginia Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award Hannibal Lecter Johns Hopkins Hospital in fiction Orion Pictures films Police detective films United States National Film Registry films Transgender in film Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from September 2013 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 56 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 09 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won an oscar in silence of the lambs | [
"\n\n\nOrganization/Association\n\nAward\n\nActor/Crew\n\nOutcome\n\nRemarks\n\n\n64th Academy Awards\n\nBest Picture\n\nEdward Saxon, Kenneth Utt, Ron Bozman\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Director\n\nJonathan Demme\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Actor\n\nAnthony Hopkins\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Actress\n\nJodie Foster\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Adapted Screenplay\n\nTed Tally\n\nWon\n\nAdapted from The Silence of the Lambs by Thomas Harris\n\n\nBest Film Editing\n\nCraig McKay\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Sound\n\nTom Fleischman, Christopher Newman\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\n49th Golden Globe Awards\n\nBest Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama\n\nJodie Foster\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Actor – Motion Picture Drama\n\nAnthony Hopkins\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Director\n\nJonathan Demme\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Motion Picture – Drama\n\nKenneth Utt\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Screenplay\n\nTed Tally\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\n45th British Academy Film Awards\n\nBest Actor in a Leading Role\n\nAnthony Hopkins\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Actress in a Leading Role\n\nJodie Foster\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Adapted Screenplay\n\nTed Tally\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Cinematography\n\nTak Fujimoto\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Direction\n\nJonathan Demme\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Editing\n\nCraig McKay\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Film\n\nRon Bozman, Edward Saxon, Kenneth Utt\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Film Music\n\nHoward Shore\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Sound\n\nSkip Lievsay, Christopher Newman, Tom Fleischman\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n",
"\n\n\nOrganization/Association\n\nAward\n\nActor/Crew\n\nOutcome\n\nRemarks\n\n\n64th Academy Awards\n\nBest Picture\n\nEdward Saxon, Kenneth Utt, Ron Bozman\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Director\n\nJonathan Demme\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Actor\n\nAnthony Hopkins\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Actress\n\nJodie Foster\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Adapted Screenplay\n\nTed Tally\n\nWon\n\nAdapted from The Silence of the Lambs by Thomas Harris\n\n\nBest Film Editing\n\nCraig McKay\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Sound\n\nTom Fleischman, Christopher Newman\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\n49th Golden Globe Awards\n\nBest Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama\n\nJodie Foster\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Actor – Motion Picture Drama\n\nAnthony Hopkins\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Director\n\nJonathan Demme\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Motion Picture – Drama\n\nKenneth Utt\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Screenplay\n\nTed Tally\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\n45th British Academy Film Awards\n\nBest Actor in a Leading Role\n\nAnthony Hopkins\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Actress in a Leading Role\n\nJodie Foster\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Adapted Screenplay\n\nTed Tally\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Cinematography\n\nTak Fujimoto\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Direction\n\nJonathan Demme\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Editing\n\nCraig McKay\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Film\n\nRon Bozman, Edward Saxon, Kenneth Utt\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Film Music\n\nHoward Shore\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Sound\n\nSkip Lievsay, Christopher Newman, Tom Fleischman\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n",
"\n\n\nOrganization/Association\n\nAward\n\nActor/Crew\n\nOutcome\n\nRemarks\n\n\n64th Academy Awards\n\nBest Picture\n\nEdward Saxon, Kenneth Utt, Ron Bozman\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Director\n\nJonathan Demme\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Actor\n\nAnthony Hopkins\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Actress\n\nJodie Foster\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Adapted Screenplay\n\nTed Tally\n\nWon\n\nAdapted from The Silence of the Lambs by Thomas Harris\n\n\nBest Film Editing\n\nCraig McKay\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Sound\n\nTom Fleischman, Christopher Newman\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\n49th Golden Globe Awards\n\nBest Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama\n\nJodie Foster\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Actor – Motion Picture Drama\n\nAnthony Hopkins\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Director\n\nJonathan Demme\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Motion Picture – Drama\n\nKenneth Utt\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Screenplay\n\nTed Tally\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\n45th British Academy Film Awards\n\nBest Actor in a Leading Role\n\nAnthony Hopkins\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Actress in a Leading Role\n\nJodie Foster\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Adapted Screenplay\n\nTed Tally\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Cinematography\n\nTak Fujimoto\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Direction\n\nJonathan Demme\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Editing\n\nCraig McKay\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Film\n\nRon Bozman, Edward Saxon, Kenneth Utt\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Film Music\n\nHoward Shore\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Sound\n\nSkip Lievsay, Christopher Newman, Tom Fleischman\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n",
"\n\n\nOrganization/Association\n\nAward\n\nActor/Crew\n\nOutcome\n\nRemarks\n\n\n64th Academy Awards\n\nBest Picture\n\nEdward Saxon, Kenneth Utt, Ron Bozman\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Director\n\nJonathan Demme\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Actor\n\nAnthony Hopkins\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Actress\n\nJodie Foster\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Adapted Screenplay\n\nTed Tally\n\nWon\n\nAdapted from The Silence of the Lambs by Thomas Harris\n\n\nBest Film Editing\n\nCraig McKay\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Sound\n\nTom Fleischman, Christopher Newman\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\n49th Golden Globe Awards\n\nBest Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama\n\nJodie Foster\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Actor – Motion Picture Drama\n\nAnthony Hopkins\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Director\n\nJonathan Demme\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Motion Picture – Drama\n\nKenneth Utt\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Screenplay\n\nTed Tally\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\n45th British Academy Film Awards\n\nBest Actor in a Leading Role\n\nAnthony Hopkins\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Actress in a Leading Role\n\nJodie Foster\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Adapted Screenplay\n\nTed Tally\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Cinematography\n\nTak Fujimoto\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Direction\n\nJonathan Demme\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Editing\n\nCraig McKay\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Film\n\nRon Bozman, Edward Saxon, Kenneth Utt\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Film Music\n\nHoward Shore\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Sound\n\nSkip Lievsay, Christopher Newman, Tom Fleischman\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n",
"\n\n\nOrganization/Association\n\nAward\n\nActor/Crew\n\nOutcome\n\nRemarks\n\n\n64th Academy Awards\n\nBest Picture\n\nEdward Saxon, Kenneth Utt, Ron Bozman\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Director\n\nJonathan Demme\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Actor\n\nAnthony Hopkins\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Actress\n\nJodie Foster\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Adapted Screenplay\n\nTed Tally\n\nWon\n\nAdapted from The Silence of the Lambs by Thomas Harris\n\n\nBest Film Editing\n\nCraig McKay\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Sound\n\nTom Fleischman, Christopher Newman\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\n49th Golden Globe Awards\n\nBest Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama\n\nJodie Foster\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Actor – Motion Picture Drama\n\nAnthony Hopkins\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Director\n\nJonathan Demme\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Motion Picture – Drama\n\nKenneth Utt\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Screenplay\n\nTed Tally\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\n45th British Academy Film Awards\n\nBest Actor in a Leading Role\n\nAnthony Hopkins\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Actress in a Leading Role\n\nJodie Foster\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Adapted Screenplay\n\nTed Tally\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Cinematography\n\nTak Fujimoto\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Direction\n\nJonathan Demme\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Editing\n\nCraig McKay\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Film\n\nRon Bozman, Edward Saxon, Kenneth Utt\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Film Music\n\nHoward Shore\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Sound\n\nSkip Lievsay, Christopher Newman, Tom Fleischman\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n",
"\n\n\nOrganization/Association\n\nAward\n\nActor/Crew\n\nOutcome\n\nRemarks\n\n\n64th Academy Awards\n\nBest Picture\n\nEdward Saxon, Kenneth Utt, Ron Bozman\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Director\n\nJonathan Demme\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Actor\n\nAnthony Hopkins\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Actress\n\nJodie Foster\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Adapted Screenplay\n\nTed Tally\n\nWon\n\nAdapted from The Silence of the Lambs by Thomas Harris\n\n\nBest Film Editing\n\nCraig McKay\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Sound\n\nTom Fleischman, Christopher Newman\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\n49th Golden Globe Awards\n\nBest Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama\n\nJodie Foster\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Actor – Motion Picture Drama\n\nAnthony Hopkins\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Director\n\nJonathan Demme\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Motion Picture – Drama\n\nKenneth Utt\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Screenplay\n\nTed Tally\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\n45th British Academy Film Awards\n\nBest Actor in a Leading Role\n\nAnthony Hopkins\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Actress in a Leading Role\n\nJodie Foster\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Adapted Screenplay\n\nTed Tally\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Cinematography\n\nTak Fujimoto\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Direction\n\nJonathan Demme\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Editing\n\nCraig McKay\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Film\n\nRon Bozman, Edward Saxon, Kenneth Utt\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Film Music\n\nHoward Shore\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Sound\n\nSkip Lievsay, Christopher Newman, Tom Fleischman\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n",
"\n\n\nOrganization/Association\n\nAward\n\nActor/Crew\n\nOutcome\n\nRemarks\n\n\n64th Academy Awards\n\nBest Picture\n\nEdward Saxon, Kenneth Utt, Ron Bozman\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Director\n\nJonathan Demme\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Actor\n\nAnthony Hopkins\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Actress\n\nJodie Foster\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Adapted Screenplay\n\nTed Tally\n\nWon\n\nAdapted from The Silence of the Lambs by Thomas Harris\n\n\nBest Film Editing\n\nCraig McKay\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Sound\n\nTom Fleischman, Christopher Newman\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\n49th Golden Globe Awards\n\nBest Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama\n\nJodie Foster\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Actor – Motion Picture Drama\n\nAnthony Hopkins\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Director\n\nJonathan Demme\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Motion Picture – Drama\n\nKenneth Utt\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Screenplay\n\nTed Tally\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\n45th British Academy Film Awards\n\nBest Actor in a Leading Role\n\nAnthony Hopkins\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Actress in a Leading Role\n\nJodie Foster\n\nWon\n\n\n\n\nBest Adapted Screenplay\n\nTed Tally\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Cinematography\n\nTak Fujimoto\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Direction\n\nJonathan Demme\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Editing\n\nCraig McKay\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Film\n\nRon Bozman, Edward Saxon, Kenneth Utt\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Film Music\n\nHoward Shore\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nBest Sound\n\nSkip Lievsay, Christopher Newman, Tom Fleischman\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Edward Saxon",
"Kenneth Utt",
"Ron Bozman",
"Jonathan Demme",
"Anthony Hopkins",
"Jodie Foster",
"Ted Tally"
] |
-8212570271479809148 | I Can Only Imagine (film) | I Can Only Imagine ( film ) - wikipedia I Can Only Imagine ( film ) I Can Only Imagine Theatrical release poster Directed by Erwin Brothers Produced by Cindy Bond Kevin Downes Daryl Lefever Mickey Liddell Pete Shilaimon Raymond Harris Joe Knopp Screenplay by Jon Erwin Brent McCorkle Story by Alex Cramer Jon Erwin Brent McCorkle Based on The life story of Bart Millard Starring J. Michael Finley Madeline Carroll Trace Adkins Priscilla Shirer Cloris Leachman Dennis Quaid Tanya Clarke Music by Brent McCorkle Cinematography Kristopher Kimlin Edited by Andrew Erwin Brent McCorkle Production companies Kevin Downes Productions Mission Pictures International Distributed by Lionsgate Roadside Attractions Release date March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $7 million Box office $85.4 million I Can Only Imagine is a 2018 American Christian drama film directed by the Erwin Brothers and written by Alex Cramer , Jon Erwin , and Brent McCorkle , based on the story behind the MercyMe song of the same name , the best - selling Christian single of all time . The film stars J. Michael Finley as Bart Millard , the lead singer who wrote the song about his relationship with his father ( Dennis Quaid ) . Madeline Carroll , Priscilla Shirer , Cloris Leachman , and Trace Adkins also star . I Can Only Imagine was released in the United States on March 16 , 2018 . It grossed $85 million worldwide against a production budget of $7 million , and is the third highest - grossing music biopic of all - time in the United States . Some critics praised it as inspiring and noted it as an improvement compared to other faith - based films , while others called it flat and by - the - numbers . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Home media 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Coming from a home with an abusive father , 10 - year - old Bart Millard is dropped off at a Christian camp by his mother . While there , he meets Shannon . Upon his return from camp , Bart finds his mother has left and movers are removing her belongings . This leads to a physical confrontation with his father , Arthur , who takes custody of him . Years later , Bart is in Lakeside high school and dating Shannon . Hoping to impress his father , he begins playing football . However , he is injured , breaking both ankles and ending his career . In order to make up the credits he would miss from football , he signs up for music class , the only available class left . Initially , Bart is assigned to be a sound technician . After the director catches him singing in the empty auditorium of Lakeside high school , she casts him as Curly , the lead role in the school production of Oklahoma . He does n't tell his father of his role in the play , and while Bart has risen to the singing demands of the part , Arthur subsequently collapses with severe abdominal pain , but refuses to tell Bart or Shannon about his cancer diagnosis . The following morning , Bart voices his frustrations with Arthur and it ends with Arthur smashing a plate over his head in anger . Shannon presses Bart to open up , but he responds by breaking up with her and leaving to seek his fortune in the city after graduation . He then connects with the band who would become MercyMe , and eventually attracts the attention of Christian music producer Scott Brickell ( Trace Adkins ) , who coaches him and gets the band a showcase in Nashville . This leads to meetings with Amy Grant ( Nicole DuPort ) and Michael W. Smith ( Jake B. Miller ) . Bart has meanwhile been unable to reconcile with Shannon , who rejects his invitation to tour with the band to their upcoming Nashville showcase . While the band felt their performance was the best of their career , industry representatives reject them as not being good enough to sell records . In despair , Bart quits the band . After talking with Brickell , who encourages him to resolve his issues with his father , he rejoins the band but asks that they wait for him to confront his father and settle the conflict before they play again . Bart returns home and is greeted enthusiastically by his father , who prepares breakfast for him the next morning . His father claims to have become a Christian , but Bart is initially skeptical and rejects his father 's offer to start over . In anger , Arthur takes a baseball bat and hits his old Jeep , which he had hoped to repair with his son . As Bart prepares to leave , he finds out his father has terminal cancer . Bart reconciles with his father and the two form a deep bond before Arthur dies of his illness . After Arthur 's funeral , Bart rejoins the band and writes `` I Can Only Imagine '' . Brickell sends the demo tape to several artists , including Grant , who , deeply moved by the song , asks to record it herself as her next single . The band accepts Grant 's offer . Bart is seated in the audience when Grant intends to unveil the song live in concert . However , Grant decides that Bart should be the one to sing the song , and offers it back to him , calling him to the microphone to sing it before a large audience . Millard 's unexpected performance is wildly applauded and he reunites with Shannon , who had also been in attendance at the concert . The band releases the song as their first single , achieving success on Christian and mainstream radio . Cast ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . J. Michael Finley as Bart Millard Brody Rose as Young Bart Dennis Quaid as Arthur Millard , Bart 's father Tanya Clarke as Adele Cloris Leachman as Meemaw , Bart 's grandmother Madeline Carroll as Shannon , Bart 's girlfriend Taegen Burns as Young Shannon Trace Adkins as Scott Brickell , MercyMe 's manager Priscilla Shirer as Mrs. Fincher , Bart 's teacher Nicole DuPort as Amy Grant Jake B. Miller as Michael W. Smith Mark Furze as Nathan Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2018 ) The film was announced in December 2016 . Dennis Quaid joined the cast in January 2017 . Broadway actor J. Michael Finley makes his film debut as Bart Millard . The same month , it was announced that the film was slated for release in the spring of 2018 . In August 2017 , Lionsgate and Roadside Attractions signed on as distributors for the film for a nationwide release in the United States . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of June 24 , 2018 , I Can Only Imagine has grossed $83.4 million in the United States , and Canada and $1.8 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $85.2 million , against a production budget of $7 million . It is the third - highest grossing music biopic of all - time in the United States , behind Straight Outta Compton and Walk the Line . It is also the highest - grossing independent film of 2018 . I Can Only Imagine was released on March 16 , 2018 , alongside Tomb Raider and Love , Simon , and was originally projected to gross $2 -- 4 million from 1,620 theaters in its opening weekend . However , after making $6.2 million on its first day ( including $1.3 million from Thursday night previews ) , weekend estimates were increased to $14 million . It ended up grossing $17.1 million , exceeding expectations and finishing third at the box office behind Black Panther and Tomb Raider. 67 % of the opening weekend audience was female while 80 % was over the age of 35 . It was the fourth best - ever opening for a faith - based film , following The Passion of the Christ ( $83.8 million ) , Son of God ( $25.6 million ) and Heaven Is for Real ( $22.5 million ) . In its second weekend the film was added to 624 additional theaters and dropped just 19 % to $13.8 million , again finishing third . It was added to another 395 venues and finished fourth in its third weekend , making $10.4 million ( including $3 million on Easter Sunday ) . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 68 % based on 25 reviews , and an average rating of 6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` I Can Only Imagine 's message will have the most impact among Christian audiences , but overall , its performances and storytelling represent a notable evolution in faith - based cinema . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 29 out of 100 , based on 7 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale , one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to earn such a score . The Arizona Republic 's James Ward gave the film 4 / 5 stars and wrote , `` Too often faith - based films -- say anything with Kirk Cameron or the terrible God 's Not Dead series -- tend to preach to the choir or hector their audience . The Erwins ' films -- I Can Only Imagine definitely among them -- are more inclusive , charitable of spirit and hopeful , all qualities that are always appreciated , be they rooted in Christian faith or otherwise . '' David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a `` C -- '' saying : `` There 's a reason why all of these movies are so amateurishly made ; why they all end with links to religious websites ; why they all look like they were shot on an iPhone by a Walmart - brand Janusz Kaminski who lit each interior like the white light of heaven was streaming through every window ... Art can be affirmation , but affirmation can not be art . '' Home Media ( edit ) The film was released on iTunes and Google Play on June 5 , 2018 , and on DVD and Blu - ray on June 12 , 2018 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Anita , Busch ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Faith - Based ' I Can Only Imagine ' Picked Up By Lionsgate & Roadside Attractions '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Can Only Imagine ( 2018 ) '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Patrick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` How did ' I Can Only Imagine ' become the biggest Christian hit ever ( and inspire a movie ) ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff Reports ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` MercyMe hit song turning into Okie production '' . NewsOK . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Faith - Based Film ' I Can Only Imagine ' With Dennis Quaid , Cloris Leachman And Trace Adkins Eyes Spring 2018 Release '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Lionsgate , Roadside Acquire Faith - Based Drama ' I Can Only Imagine ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Biopic - Music Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Erbland , Kate . `` The 20 Highest Grossing Indies of 2018 ( A Running List ) -- IndieWire '' . IndieWire . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Will ' Tomb Raider ' Be the Movie to Finally Knock ' Black Panther ' From Box Office Perch ? '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Poised For $460 M+ In Profit ; ' I Can Only Imagine ' Surprises -- Box Office Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Keeps B.O. Treasure From ' Tomb Raider ' ; How ' I Can Only Imagine ' Hit A $17 M High Note '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' I Can Only Imagine ' Revives Faith - Based Genre '' . The Hollywood Reporter . March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Does ' Pacific Rim : Uprising ' Break Even At The Global B.O. ? ; ' Black Panther ' Sets Marvel Record -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` How Warner Bros. Sold ' Ready Player One ' On The Spielberg Spirit & Beat Tracking With $53 M+ 4 - Day -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` I Can Only Imagine ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` I Can Only Imagine Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ward , James ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Faith - based drama ' I Can Only Imagine ' does n't just preach to the choir '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , David ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' I Can Only Imagine ' Review : A Christian Rock Biopic Shows Why Faith - Based Films Struggle to Convert Secular Audiences '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ June 5 Blu - ray , DVD , and Digital Releases Comingsoon.net , Retrieved June 22 , 2018 Jump up ^ I Can Only Imagine Blu - ray Blu-ray.com , June 22 , 2018 External links ( edit ) Official website I Can Only Imagine on IMDb I Can Only Imagine at the TCM Movie Database I Can Only Imagine at AllMovie I Can Only Imagine at Box Office Mojo I Can Only Imagine at History vs. Hollywood Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can_Only_Imagine_(film)&oldid=853398909 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films American films American drama films 2010s drama films Drama films based on actual events Films based on actual events Roadside Attractions films Films shot in Oklahoma Hidden categories : Incomplete lists from March 2018 Articles to be expanded from March 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 14 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was i can only imagine movie made | [
"I Can Only Imagine is a 2018 American Christian drama film directed by the Erwin Brothers and written by Alex Cramer, Jon Erwin, and Brent McCorkle, based on the story behind the MercyMe song of the same name, the best-selling Christian single of all time.[3] The film stars J. Michael Finley as Bart Millard, the lead singer who wrote the song about his relationship with his father (Dennis Quaid). Madeline Carroll, Priscilla Shirer, Cloris Leachman, and Trace Adkins also star. \n"
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"2018"
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-5020967530524006916 | When You Say Nothing at All | When You Say Nothing at All - wikipedia When You Say Nothing at All Jump to : navigation , search `` When You Say Nothing at All '' Single by Keith Whitley from the album Do n't Close Your Eyes B - side `` Lucky Dog '' Released August 1988 Format 7 '' vinyl Recorded Genre Country Length 3 : 40 Label RCA Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Paul Overstreet Don Schlitz Producer ( s ) Garth Fundis , Keith Whitley Keith Whitley singles chronology `` Do n't Close Your Eyes '' ( 1988 ) `` When You Say Nothing at All '' ( 1988 ) `` I 'm No Stranger to the Rain '' ( 1989 ) `` Do n't Close Your Eyes '' ( 1988 ) `` When You Say Nothing at All '' ( 1988 ) `` I 'm No Stranger to the Rain '' ( 1989 ) `` When You Say Nothing at All '' is a country song written by Paul Overstreet and Don Schlitz . It is among the best - known hit songs for three different performers : Keith Whitley , who took it to the top of the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart on December 24 , 1988 ; Alison Krauss , whose version was her first solo top - 10 country hit in 1995 ; and Irish pop singer Ronan Keating , whose version was his first solo single and a chart - topper in the United Kingdom and Ireland in 1999 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Keith Whitley 2.1 Chart performance 3 Alison Krauss version 3.1 Track listing 3.2 Chart performance 3.3 Year - end charts 4 Ronan Keating version 4.1 Track listing 4.2 Charts and certifications 4.2. 1 Weekly charts 4.2. 2 Year - end charts 4.2. 3 Certifications 5 Other covers 6 References 7 External links Origin ( edit ) Overstreet and Schlitz came up with `` When You Say Nothing at All '' at the end of an otherwise unproductive day . Strumming a guitar , trying to write their next song , they were coming up empty . `` As we tried to find another way to say nothing , we came up with the song , '' Overstreet later told author Ace Collins . They thought the song was OK , but nothing special . When Keith Whitley heard it , he loved it , and was not going to let it get away . Earlier , he had recorded another Overstreet - Schlitz composition that became a No. 1 hit for another artist - Randy Travis ' `` On the Other Hand . '' Whitley did not plan to let `` When You Say Nothing at All '' meet the same fate . Keith Whitley ( edit ) RCA released `` When You Say Nothing at All '' as the follow - up single to the title song of Whitley 's Do n't Close Your Eyes album . The former song already had hit No. 1 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart , his first chart - topper after three prior singles made the top 10 . `` When You Say Nothing at All '' entered the Hot Country Singles chart on September 17 , 1988 , at No. 61 , and gradually rose to the top , where it stayed for two weeks at the end of the year . It was the second of five consecutive chart - topping singles for Whitley , who did not live to see the last two , as he died on May 9 , 1989 of alcohol poisoning . `` Keith did a great job singin ' that song , '' co-composer Schlitz told author Tom Roland . `` He truly sang it from the heart . '' In 2004 , Whitley 's original was ranked 12th among CMT 's 100 Greatest Love Songs . It was sung by Sara Evans on the show . As of February 2015 , the song has sold 599,000 digital copies in the US after it became available for download . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Canadian RPM Country Tracks Alison Krauss version ( edit ) `` When You Say Nothing at All '' Single by Alison Krauss & Union Station from the album Keith Whitley : A Tribute Album & Now That I 've Found You : A Collection B - side `` Charlotte 's in North Carolina '' by Keith Whitley Released 1995 Format 7 '' vinyl single Genre Country Length 4 : 20 Label BNA Songwriter ( s ) Paul Overstreet Don Schlitz Producer ( s ) Randy Scruggs Alison Krauss & Union Station singles chronology `` Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart '' ( 1995 ) `` When You Say Nothing at All '' ( 1995 ) `` Baby Now That I 've Found You '' ( 1995 ) `` Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart '' ( 1995 ) `` When You Say Nothing at All '' ( 1995 ) `` Baby Now That I 've Found You '' ( 1995 ) In 1995 , Alison Krauss covered the song with the group Union Station for a tribute album to Whitley titled Keith Whitley : A Tribute Album . The single release featured `` Charlotte 's in North Carolina , '' one of several previously - unreleased tracks sung by Whitley on the album , as the B - side . After Krauss 's cover began to receive unsolicited airplay , BNA Records , the label that had released the album , issued Krauss ' version to radio in January 1995 . That version , also featured on Krauss ' compilation Now That I 've Found You : A Collection , peaked at No. 3 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart , and a commercial single reached No. 2 on the same magazine 's Hot Country Singles Sales chart . The single 's B - side was a previously unreleased Whitley song titled `` Charlotte 's in North Carolina '' , which also appeared on the tribute album . Its success , as well as that of the album , caught Krauss by surprise . `` It 's a freak thing , '' she told a Los Angeles Times reporter in March 1995 . `` It 's kinda ticklin ' us all . We have n't had anything really chart before . At all . Is n't it funny though ? We do n't know what 's goin ' on ... The office said , ' Hey , it 's charting , ' and we 're like , ' Huh ? ' '' While Krauss ' version was on the charts , Mike Cromwell , then the production director at WMIL - FM in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , concocted a duet merging elements of Krauss ' version with Whitley 's original hit version . The `` duet '' garnered national attention , and it spread from at least Philadelphia to Albuquerque , and has been heard on radio stations in California as well . This `` duet '' was however never officially serviced to radio and has never been available commercially . Krauss ' recording won the 1995 CMA award for `` Single of the Year '' . The song has been featured a couple of times in the soap opera The Young and the Restless . Krauss ' version was also used in the 1999 motion picture `` The Other Sister '' . The song has sold 468,000 digital downloads as of May 2017 . Track listing ( edit ) `` When You Say Nothing at All '' `` Charlotte 's In North Carolina '' Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 91 US Billboard Hot 100 53 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 99 Ronan Keating version ( edit ) `` When You Say Nothing at All '' Single by Ronan Keating from the album Ronan , Notting Hill and By Request Released July 26 , 1999 Format CD single , cassette single Recorded 1999 ; Metropolis and the Aquarium ( London , United Kingdom ) Genre Pop adult contemporary Length 4 : 18 Label Polydor Songwriter ( s ) Paul Overstreet Don Schlitz Producer ( s ) Stephen Lipson Ronan Keating singles chronology `` When You Say Nothing at All '' ( 1999 ) `` Life Is a Rollercoaster '' ( 2000 ) `` When You Say Nothing at All '' ( 1999 ) `` Life Is a Rollercoaster '' ( 2000 ) `` When You Say Nothing at All '' was released as the debut solo single by Irish singer - songwriter Ronan Keating . The song was recorded in 1999 for the soundtrack to the film Notting Hill and also appeared on Keating 's debut solo album , Ronan . The song was released on July 26 , 1999 , in the United Kingdom . It peaked at number one in the UK , Ireland , and New Zealand . In the UK , the single was certified gold . In 2003 , Keating re-recorded the song as a duet with Mexican singer Paulina Rubio , which was released in Mexico and Latin America ( excluding Brazil ) to promote Keating 's second studio album , Destination . In Brazil , Ronan chose the Brazilian singer Deborah Blando to re-record the song for the 10 Years Of Hits album exclusive for that country ( an exclusive music video was recorded for this version with Deborah ) . Track listing ( edit ) UK CD single # 1 `` When You Say Nothing at All '' -- 4 : 18 `` When You Say Nothing at All '' ( acoustic version ) -- 3 : 30 `` This Is Your Song '' -- 4 : 03 `` When You Say Nothing at All '' ( music video ) -- 4 : 25 UK CD single # 2 `` When You Say Nothing At All '' -- 4 : 18 `` At The End Of A Perfect Day '' -- 4 : 37 `` I Will Miss You '' -- 3 : 05 UK Cassette single `` When You Say Nothing at All '' -- 4 : 18 `` This Is Your Song '' -- 4 : 03 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 38 Denmark ( IFPI ) 6 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 5 France ( SNEP ) 41 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 6 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Certifications ( edit ) Country Certifications Australia Platinum Norway Gold United Kingdom Platinum Other covers ( edit ) The Italian - Ukrainian - Brazilian singer Deborah Blando recorded `` When You Say Nothing at All '' in English and Portuguese for the Brazilian version of the song , which featured on the Brazilian version of Destination . The single reached the top 10 in the Latin charts . Burmese singer Zaw Paing also made a Burmese version cover . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Collins , Ace ( 1996 ) . The Stories Behind Country Music 's All - Time Greatest 100 Songs . New York : Boulevard . p. 268 . ISBN 1 - 57297 - 072 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Roland , Tom ( 1991 ) . The Billboard Book of Number One Country Hits . New York : Billboard . p. 539 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7553 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2005 ) . Top Country Songs 1944 - 2005 . Menomonee Falls , Wis. : Record Research . p. 416 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 165 - 9 . Jump up ^ CMT. `` 100 Greatest Love Songs '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Matt Bjorke ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Country Music 's Top 30 Digital Singles : Week of February 19 , 2015 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` Keith Whitley Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Horak , Terri ( 1995 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Rounder Goes All Out for Grammy - Nominated Krauss '' . Billboard . Accessed via ProQuest . Jump up ^ Cromelin , Richard ( 1995 - 03 - 25 ) . `` A Hit from Country 's Kinfolk / Bluegrass 's most prominent figure makes her way into country music 's Top 10 . Even Alison Krauss ca n't explain it '' . Los Angeles Times . p . F1 . Accessed via ProQuest . Jump up ^ Cave , Kathy ( 1995 - 05 - 05 ) . `` Whitley , Krauss blend grabs national attention '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . p . B8 . Accessed via ProQuest . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Singles Sales Report : May 3 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 9199 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . June 19 , 1995 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alison Krauss : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alison Krauss Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alison Krauss Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1995 '' . RPM . December 18 , 1995 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Billboard . Billboard September 25 , 1999 . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Ronan Keating : When You Say Nothing At All '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- KEATING , RONAN Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Irishcharts.ie . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Ronan Keating '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1999 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1999 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Norsk platebransje -- Trofeer '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . 1999 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` British Phonographic Industry '' . British Phonographic Industry . 1999 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` A Tender Lie '' by Restless Heart Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single ( Keith Whitley ) December 24 , 1988 -- December 31 , 1988 Succeeded by `` Hold Me '' by K.T. Oslin Preceded by `` Livin ' la Vida Loca '' by Ricky Martin UK Singles Chart number one single ( Ronan Keating ) August 1 , 1999 -- August 14 , 1999 Succeeded by `` If I Let You Go '' by Westlife Keith Whitley Studio albums A Hard Act to Follow L.A. to Miami Do n't Close Your Eyes I Wonder Do You Think of Me Kentucky Bluebird Wherever You Are Tonight Compilation albums Greatest Hits Notable singles `` Miami , My Amy '' `` Ten Feet Away '' `` Homecoming ' 63 '' `` Hard Livin ' '' `` Some Old Side Road '' `` Do n't Close Your Eyes '' `` When You Say Nothing at All '' `` I 'm No Stranger to the Rain '' `` I Wonder Do You Think of Me '' `` It Ai n't Nothin ' '' `` I 'm Over You '' `` ' Til a Tear Becomes a Rose '' ( with Lorrie Morgan ) `` Brotherly Love '' ( with Earl Thomas Conley ) `` Somebody 's Doin ' Me Right '' Related articles `` Hopelessly Yours '' Keith Whitley : A Tribute Album Alison Krauss & Union Station Alison Krauss Barry Bales Ron Block Jerry Douglas Dan Tyminski John Pennell Jeff White Brent Truitt Mike Harman Adam Steffey Tim Stafford Studio albums Different Strokes Too Late to Cry Two Highways I 've Got That Old Feeling Every Time You Say Goodbye I Know Who Holds Tomorrow So Long So Wrong Forget About It New Favorite Lonely Runs Both Ways Paper Airplane Windy City Compilation albums Now That I 've Found You : A Collection Live A Hundred Miles or More : A Collection Essential Alison Krauss With Robert Plant Raising Sand Singles `` When You Say Nothing at All '' `` Baby Now That I 've Found You '' `` Baby Mine '' `` The Lucky One '' `` Missing You '' `` Please Read the Letter '' `` Rich Woman '' Featured singles `` Teach Your Children '' `` Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart '' `` It 's Not Over '' `` Buy Me a Rose '' `` Whiskey Lullaby '' Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Alison Brown Robert Plant Viktor Krauss Up ! Close and Personal Ronan Keating Discography Studio albums Ronan ( 2000 ) Destination ( 2002 ) Turn It On ( 2003 ) Bring You Home ( 2006 ) Fires ( 2012 ) Time of My Life ( 2016 ) Cover albums Songs for My Mother ( 2009 ) Winter Songs ( 2009 ) Duet ( 2010 ) When Ronan Met Burt ( 2011 ) Compilation albums 10 Years of Hits ( 2004 ) Singles `` When You Say Nothing at All '' `` Life Is a Rollercoaster '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` In This Life '' `` Lovin ' Each Day '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' `` I Love It When We Do '' `` We 've Got Tonight '' `` The Long Goodbye '' `` Lost for Words '' `` She Believes ( In Me ) '' `` Last Thing on My Mind '' `` I Hope You Dance '' `` Father and Son '' `` Baby Can I Hold You '' `` All Over Again '' `` Iris '' `` Time After Time '' `` This Is Your Song '' `` Stay '' `` It 's Only Christmas '' `` Believe Again '' `` What The World Needs Now '' `` Fires '' `` Wasted Light '' Related articles Boyzone Paulina Rubio Studio albums La Chica Dorada 24 Kilates El Tiempo Es Oro Planeta Paulina Paulina Border Girl Pau - Latina Ananda Gran City Pop Brava ! Compilation albums Top Hits I 'm So in Love : Grandes Exitos Mio : Paulina Y Sus Éxitos Paulina Remixes Celebridades Pau Factor Extended plays Gran City Pop : The Remixes Television Pobre Niña Rica La Voz ... México La voz kids The X Factor Jane the Virgin La Apuesta Concerns and Tours Paulina Tour Pau - Latina Tour Amor , Luz y Sonido Tour Gran City Pop Tour Brava ! World Tour PauRubio Tour Related articles Discography Awards Timbiriche Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_You_Say_Nothing_at_All&oldid=832988807 '' Categories : 1988 singles 1995 singles 1999 singles Alison Krauss & Union Station songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles 1988 songs Keith Whitley songs Number - one singles in Italy Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand UK Singles Chart number - one singles Paulina Rubio songs Ronan Keating songs Songs written by Don Schlitz Songs written by Paul Overstreet Boyzone songs Song recordings produced by Garth Fundis Song recordings produced by Stephen Lipson RCA Records singles Polydor Records singles Pop ballads Music videos directed by Xavier Gens Country ballads Hidden categories : CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart used with UKchartstats that can not be substituted Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Kiswahili Nederlands Português Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 01 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was when you say nothing at all written | [
"\"When You Say Nothing at All\" is a country song written by Paul Overstreet and Don Schlitz. It is among the best-known hit songs for three different performers: Keith Whitley, who took it to the top of the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart on December 24, 1988; Alison Krauss, whose version was her first solo top-10 country hit in 1995; and Irish pop singer Ronan Keating, whose version was his first solo single and a chart-topper in the United Kingdom and Ireland in 1999."
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"1988"
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5567917109561747208 | Prison Break (season 5) | Prison Break ( season 5 ) - wikipedia Prison Break ( season 5 ) Jump to : navigation , search Prison Break ( season 5 ) DVD cover Starring Wentworth Miller Dominic Purcell Sarah Wayne Callies Paul Adelstein Rockmond Dunbar Robert Knepper Amaury Nolasco Mark Feuerstein Inbar Lavi Augustus Prew Country of origin United States No. of episodes 9 Release Original network Fox Original release April 4 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) -- May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 List of Prison Break episodes The fifth season of Prison Break ( also known as Prison Break : Resurrection ) is a limited event television series and the continuation of the original series created by Paul Scheuring that aired on Fox from 2005 to 2009 . The season is produced by 20th Century Fox Television in association with Adelstein / Parouse Productions and Original Film . Paul Scheuring serves as showrunner , with himself , Marty Adelstein , Neal H. Moritz and Dawn Olmstead , Vaun Wilmott , Michael Horowitz and Nelson McCormick serving as executive producers . McCormick also serves as director . The season premiered on April 4 , 2017 , and concluded on May 30 , 2017 , consisting of 9 episodes . Wentworth Miller and Dominic Purcell reprise their respective roles as Michael Scofield and Lincoln Burrows , while Sarah Wayne Callies , Amaury Nolasco , Paul Adelstein , Robert Knepper and Rockmond Dunbar also return from the original series . New cast additions include Mark Feuerstein , Inbar Lavi , Augustus Prew , Marina Benedict , Rick Yune and Steve Mouzakis . A pilot was ordered in August 2015 and the series was greenlit in January 2016 . Production on the series began in April 2016 and filming took place in Vancouver and the Moroccan cities of Rabat , Casablanca , and Ouarzazate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Filming 4.5 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 6 Home media release 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) Seven years after his apparent death , Michael Scofield resurfaces in the notorious Ogygia Prison in Sana'a , Yemen , under the name Kaniel Outis . As the country is engulfed by war , two of Michael 's old friends , his brother Lincoln Burrows and fellow Fox River escapee Benjamin `` C - Note '' Franklin , risk their lives by traveling to Yemen to bring Michael home . Back in the United States , Michael 's wife Sara , now remarried , is hunted by agents of an operative known as Poseidon , the one responsible for Michael 's disappearance . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Prison Break characters and List of Prison Break minor characters Main ( edit ) Wentworth Miller as Michael Scofield / Kaniel Outis Dominic Purcell as Lincoln Burrows Sarah Wayne Callies as Sara Tancredi - Scofield Paul Adelstein as Paul Kellerman Rockmond Dunbar as Benjamin Miles `` C - Note '' Franklin Robert Knepper as Theodore `` T - Bag '' Bagwell Amaury Nolasco as Fernando Sucre Mark Feuerstein as Jacob Anton Ness / Poseidon Inbar Lavi as Sheba Augustus Prew as David `` Whip '' Martin Recurring ( edit ) Rick Yune as Ja Marina Benedict as Emily `` A&W '' Blake Steve Mouzakis as Van Gogh Amin El Gamal as Cyclops Kunal Sharma as Sid Numan Acar as Abu Ramal Curtis Lum as Agent Kishida Crystal Balint as Heather Waleed Zuaiter as Mohammad al - Tunis TJ Ramini as Cross Akin Gazi as Omar Christian Michael Cooper as Mike Scofield Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Prison Break episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 82 `` Ogygia '' Nelson McCormick Paul Scheuring April 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) 1AZM01 3.83 T - Bag is released from incarceration just as he receives a picture of Michael in a new prison . T - Bag shows it to Lincoln , who finds the hidden word `` Ogygia '' , which is a prison in Sana'a , Yemen . Lincoln informs Sara , who has been raising her and Michael 's son , Mike , along with her husband , Jacob . She refuses to believe the news . However , Lincoln determines to travel to Yemen to be certain , asking help from C - Note , who has converted to Islam . Sucre offers to accompany Lincoln , who takes C - Note instead . The mysterious mercenaries who have been following and harassing Lincoln and Sara send Lincoln and C - Note 's pictures to their contacts in Sana'a , where the duo overpowers the attackers and meets a contact , who trades their visit to Ogygia for Lincoln 's United States passport . Lincoln learns that Michael 's fake identity is Kaniel Outis , a dangerous terrorist affiliated with ISIL . Michael ignores Lincoln , claiming not to know him . Meanwhile , T - Bag is contacted by a physician offering him a prosthetic hand as functional as a natural one . The procedure works ; and T - Bag learns that an anonymous person known only as Outis ( Greek for `` Nobody '' ) funded the operation and insisted on him being the patient . 83 `` Kaniel Outis '' Maja Vrvilo Paul Scheuring April 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) 1AZM02 3.18 Lincoln receives a message from Michael asking them to find the `` Sheik of Light . '' Sheba , the contact , agrees to help decode the message in exchange for money . Sara receives the video recording of Michael and meets up with Kellerman at the State Department . He deduces that Michael was the mastermind of changing his identity . Later , he sends Sara footage of Michael killing a CIA official . Michael acquires pills to give to his cellmate , Ja , who is suffering from withdrawals in exchange for a cell phone and credit card , using them to send a message to Sara . Lincoln 's team discovers that Mohammad El - Tunis , the Sheik , is a local electrical engineer trapped in an ISIL - controlled suburb with his daughter . They rescue the duo ; and Mohammad is revealed to be the father of Sid , Michael 's cellmate incarcerated for homosexuality . Mohammad gives Michael 's team a signal to reveal that the escape plan is on . Sara receives Michael 's message to get everyone to safety because `` a storm is coming '' . The solitary inmates , including Abu Ramal , the local ISIL leader , are released into the general sector . Ramal and Michael are revealed to be close friends . 84 `` The Liar '' Maja Vrvilo Josh Goldin & Rachel Abramowitz April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 1AZM03 2.44 Lincoln prepares for the escape by ordering forged passports . However , he and Sheba are caught by ISIL and Cyclops , who attempts to rape her until Lincoln frees himself and saves her . T - Bag runs into Sara , and tries to warn her about A&W and Van Gogh , two of Poseidon 's henchmen , who may be following her trail . A&W and Van Gogh hack into her phone , later discovered by Sara , who deduces Kellerman 's involvement . She asks T - Bag to investigate Kellerman . Cross , an inmate who refused to leave his brother , Muza , and participate in Michael 's escape , warns Whip that Michael can not be trusted . Michael obtains a gold watch from one of the guards , planting it on Ramal , so that he will be detained during the escape . Michael and Whip are revealed to have been working undercover for the CIA as Whip worries the line between Michael and Outis will be blurred . During the escape however , Ramal 's party , Cross and Muza race to Michael 's cell and are caught by the guards , leading to Muza 's death and the recapture of Michael 's team . Ramal vows to kill Michael in solitary while Michael uses the last remaining battery life on his cell phone to record a goodbye to Sara . 85 `` The Prisoner 's Dilemma '' Guy Ferland Michael Horowitz April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) 1AZM04 2.75 ISIL continues advancing in Sana'a . Cross rallies the other prisoners to capture Ramal and use him as a bargaining chip . Michael convinces a reluctant Ramal to help them out as he is the one inside of the solitary cell with escape tools . Ramal , Michael , Ja and Whip are able to escape just as Cross and his followers break into solitary . Sid stabs Cross in the chest , joining Michael 's party , which heads outside . They are all captured by ISIL . Ramal plans to behead Michael ; but Lincoln intervenes and kills the jihadists while Whip kills Ramal . Michael and Lincoln share an emotional reunion as a news report on Ramal 's death plays . Sid informs them that ISIL is now declaring war on them for Ramal 's death . Meanwhile , T - Bag confronts Kellerman , who denies being Poseidon , an unknown rogue CIA agent criticizing the U.S. foreign policy . They are attacked by Poseidon operatives . T - Bag manages to escape ; but Kellerman is killed by Van Gogh , who starts doubting Poseidon 's cause . T - Bag pursues A&W and Van Gogh and takes photos of them meeting with Jacob . 86 5 `` Contingency '' Guy Ferland Vaun Wilmott May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) 1AZM05 2.35 Lincoln forces Michael to reveal the truth : Michael was contacted by Poseidon before his wedding with Sara ; Poseidon revealed that Kellerman did not have any authority to exonerate Michael 's team , offering legitimate exonerations in exchange for Michael faking his death , keeping the truth hidden from everyone and working for Poseidon , accepted by Michael . While Lincoln offers going to the airport and rendezvousing with C - Note 's party , Michael decides to use the train station to leave Yemen . Cyclops deduces Michael 's plan and takes ISIL , intercepting Michael 's party , who escape to a facility where Ja ambushes ISIL . They escape the building ; but Sid is killed by Cyclops , whom the team handcuffs to his corpse before proceeding to the airport . Meanwhile , C - Note 's party arrives at the airport before ISIL attacks . C - Note and Sheba save a pilot , who agrees to fly them abroad . They board a plane ; but the pilot decides to fly before Michael 's party arrives , which Lincoln approves of on the phone . C - Note 's party takes off while Michael 's is chased by ISIL . In the meantime , T - Bag shows the pictures to Sara , who confronts Jacob , who later apparently proves his benevolence to her by having A&W and Van Gogh arrested . 87 6 `` Phaecia '' Kevin Tancharoen Michael Horowitz May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 1AZM06 2.37 Michael 's party confronts Omar , who alerts ISIL ; but they overpower ISIL and force Omar 's compliance , heading to Phaecia , a human settlement in the desert capable of sending Michael 's party abroad . A&W and Van Gogh are released on bail and convince a NSA insider to help track down Michael , whose party stops at a gas station , where Michael uses the internet to contact an unknown person in Portland , Maine , sending him a picture of his tattoos on his palms . Van Gogh alerts ISIL , who attack the gas station and kill Omar . Whip kills the ISIL operatives . Michael 's party continues in the desert before learning about Cyclops chasing them . Michael takes one of the cars and lures Cyclops to a trap , where Michael blinds Cyclops ' remaining eye but he is able to wound Michael with a poisoned blade . Ja helps the others find Phaecia , where they use fireworks to lead Michael to them , who falls unconscious after arriving . A&W and Van Gogh find Michael 's contact , revealed to be an Elvis impersonator . Meanwhile , Agent Kishida replaces Kellerman 's position , assigned to investigate his death . 88 7 `` Wine Dark Sea '' Kevin Tancharoen Vaun Wilmott May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 1AZM07 2.41 Ja decides to stay in Phaecia while the others leave on a boat to Crete , Greece . Lincoln calls Sara and tells her about Michael 's condition . She informs Jacob and goes to Crete by plane . She reunites with Michael and heals him . He reveals that Jacob is Poseidon , having framed the former for the murder of the CIA official . Sara returns to the U.S. to secure Mike , whom she entrusts to her friend ; but they are captured by Jacob and his operatives . Michael reunites with Sucre on board the commercial ship upon which he is working . The captain learns about Outis and alerts the authorities . Navy SEALs are dispatched to kill Michael . Sucre formulates a plan to force the SEALs away , which causes a frustrated Jacob to have a missile fired at the ship , which explodes just after Michael 's party jumps overboard . Meanwhile , Kellerman 's successor , Kishida , confronts A&W and Van Gogh for their clandestine operation , leading to the former 's murder . 89 8 `` Progeny '' Nelson McCormick Michael Horowitz May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 1AZM08 1.90 Michael 's party is rescued by a fishing boat that takes them to Marseille , France , where Michael contacts Sara , deduces their situation , and decides to go to the U.S. , using Lincoln 's conflict with Luca Abruzzi , John Abruzzi 's son , over a botched smuggling operation to their advantage . Michael and Lincoln enlist C - Note and Sheba 's help in disposing of Luca and his gang , then convincing C - Note and later Sheba to leave the conflict . They proceed with the plan of taking down 21 - Void and rescuing Sara and Mike , culminating in a lake house in Michigan , where Michael reunites with Mike but realizes that it was a ruse used by Jacob to lure him , and A&W confronts them , with an unknown person getting shot . Lincoln is found by Luca outside the house , and is shot . Meanwhile , Whip , whose real identity is David Martin , is sent to Chicago by Michael , meeting T - Bag , revealed to be his father . The analyst Theroux is revealed to be a 21 - Void agent , and Van Gogh expresses disdain for Jacob 's methods and vows to leave 21 - Void when the job with Michael is done . 90 9 `` Behind the Eyes '' Nelson McCormick Paul Scheuring May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 1AZM09 2.30 Van Gogh is revealed to be the one shot by A&W , having become skeptical of Michael 's involvement in Gaines ' murder . Mortally wounded , Van Gogh gives up Mike 's location to Sara . As Jacob works to brainwash Mike , Michael gathers his allies , including Blue Hawaii , to bring down Jacob . A wounded Lincoln escapes the hospital and ensures Luca 's arrest by the FBI . Michael enacts a plan where he lures Jacob and A&W to a warehouse to recreate Gaines ' murder and prove Jacob 's involvement . During the attempt , Whip is shot by A&W and dies before T - Bag kills her and is arrested . Michael succeeds in proving Jacob 's involvement and both are arrested . At the same time , Lincoln and Sara rescue Mike and capture Theroux . With the evidence planted by Michael and Theroux 's testimony , Michael is exonerated and his identity as Michael Scofield is restored . He refuses an offer to join the CIA and returns to a normal life with Sara and Mike . Jacob is sent to Fox River State Penitentiary , where he ends up with T - Bag as his cellmate , as requested by Michael . The other inmates cheer T - Bag on as he attacks Jacob . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On January 12 , 2015 , at the 2015 Winter TCA Press Tour , Wentworth Miller and Dominic Purcell revealed the possibility that Fox was interested in bringing back Prison Break , with Miller stating : `` We actually floated the idea to Fox very casually and they seemed very not casual about this interest . They seemed to think there was something there . '' Purcell concluded by adding , `` It 's something that Fox is , as Wentworth said , potentially excited about . '' On January 17 , 2015 , Fox Television Group chairman and CEO Gary Newman made it clear that they would love to bring Prison Break back for another run , although Fox had nothing to report . Newman himself stated , `` There 's some speculation in the press at Prison Break and we 've made it clear at the studio that we 'd bring Prison Break back at the studio ( ... ) It 's the perfect event series . But at the moment , we have nothing else to report . '' On June 2 , 2015 , it was reported that a limited series revival of Paul Scheuring 's Prison Break was in development at Fox . On August 6 , 2015 , Fox confirmed a 10 - episode order for the revival . The limited series is a sequel to the original series , taking place several years later , and features Miller and Purcell reprising their roles as well as the return of other original characters . Fox Television Group chairman and CEO Dana Walden herself stated that Prison Break has performed particularly well internationally and on SVOD platforms such as Netflix . Walden added that : `` a logical and believable explanation to why the characters are alive and still moving around the world ( ... ) '' Walden said . `` The brothers and some of the iconic characters will be back , and it will address some questions that were set up at the end of the series for a new audience . '' On January 15 , 2016 , Fox officially ordered the revival to series , with the episode order revised to nine episodes , though Fox declined to announce how many episodes the series will run . The original producing team of creator Paul Scheuring , Neal Moritz , Marty Adelstein and Dawn Olmstead were all confirmed as to return for the event series as executive producers , with Scheuring writing and serving as showrunner . Writing ( edit ) On August 7 , 2015 , it was announced that creator and executive producer Paul Scheuring would be writing the first episode as well as a style / tone bible for other writers to follow . Casting ( edit ) On January 15 , 2016 , stars Wentworth Miller and Dominic Purcell were confirmed to be reprising their roles as brothers Michael Scofield and Lincoln Burrows . On February 22 , 2016 , it was reported that Mark Feuerstein would play Scott Ness ( later changed to Jacob Ness ) , the husband of Dr. Sara Tancredi , a Professor of Economics ( game theory ) at Cornell who has been described as , `` dubious of the government but still has a bit of fight in him when it comes to taking them on . '' Additionally , on February 22 , 2016 , it was confirmed that Sarah Wayne Callies was in talks to reprise her role in the follow - up along with Robert Knepper , Rockmond Dunbar and Amaury Nolasco , although there were no deals in place with any of them at that time . On March 9 , 2016 , Augustus Prew , Rick Yune and Steve Mouzakis were cast for `` heavily recurring roles '' . Prew plays `` funny , crazy and pretty damn sharp '' Whip ; Yune plays Ja , who is described as a `` Korean identity thief , who disheveled appearance belies his genius '' ; and Mouzakis plays Van Gogh , `` a bad - ass nut - job '' . On March 9 , 2016 , Sarah Wayne Callies was confirmed to be returning as Sara Tancredi . On March 16 , 2016 , Amin El Gamal was cast in a recurring role , playing Cyclops . On March 17 , 2016 , it was announced that original stars Robert Knepper , Amaury Nolasco and Rockmond Dunbar would be reprising their respective roles as T - Bag , Sucre and C - Note , respectively . On March 21 , 2016 , Paul Adelstein was confirmed to be reprising his role as Paul Kellerman . On March 21 , 2016 , Inbar Lavi , Marina Benedict and Kunal Sharma were cast in major recurring roles . Lavi plays Sheba , an operator / fixer / activist who becomes involved with Burrows . Benedict is A&W , `` a crazed and fearless villainess who is unconcerned about her physical well - being but ruthless and efficient in completing her deadly goals '' , and Sharma plays Sid , a man in prison . On April 22 , 2016 , it was announced that Faran Tahir would play Jamil , whom Tahir describes as `` a man who has an inner conflict which again is something I love experimenting with . '' In July 2016 , it was revealed that William Fichtner would not be reprising his role as Alexander Mahone . Robert Knepper told Digital Spy that `` ( writer ) Paul Scheuring loves Bill Fichtner and I love Bill Fichtner . He 's a brilliant actor -- but Paul honestly said to me , ' I do n't know what to do with that character ' . He did n't want to just bring everybody back , so that the audience go , ' Oh , look , it 's Bill Fichtner again ! ' -- he honestly thought , ' I 'm not sure where to do that in the plot . ' So if someday there 's another chapter of this , maybe then Bill will be back . But I think the characters that are there , each of our moments that we have , are key to the storytelling , which is how it should be . '' Filming ( edit ) Production on the season began in April 7 , 2016 , in Vancouver , once Miller and Purcell completed filming for Legends of Tomorrow . Filming concluded in Vancouver on July 11 , 2016 . On June 1 , 2016 , Dominic Purcell was almost killed on set in Morocco , after an iron bar used as a set piece had fallen onto his head , which caused a broken nose and a head injury . Purcell was immediately airlifted from Marrakesh to Casablanca for treatment where he recovered . Filming of the series was not substantially disrupted due to the accident . Music ( edit ) Composer Ramin Djawadi stated that he would definitely like to return and work on the new season of Prison Break , after learning of the news of the possible revival , to which further stated , `` I literally just heard it , so it 's news for me . It 's very exciting because the show was such a good show but nobody has contacted me at this point . '' Djawadi later added , `` Most likely , if my schedule allows - that show was very close to me . I loved all the people involved . I thought it was an incredible show . Absolutely . '' In June 2016 , it was confirmed that Djawadi would return as composer for season five . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the season has an approval rating of 55 % based on 29 reviews , with an average score of 6.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Prison Break recaptures some of its old urgency in its return , but familiar faces and frenetic action are n't enough to make up for a plot that manages to bore while beggaring belief . '' On Metacritic , the season has a score of 48 out of 100 , based on 18 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Ogygia '' April 4 , 2017 1.5 / 5 3.83 0.8 1.86 2.3 5.68 `` Kaniel Outis '' April 11 , 2017 1.1 / 4 3.18 0.9 1.84 2.0 5.01 `` The Liar '' April 18 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.44 0.8 1.76 1.7 4.20 `` The Prisoner 's Dilemma '' April 25 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.75 N / A N / A N / A N / A 5 `` Contingency '' May 2 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.35 0.7 1.51 1.5 3.86 6 `` Phaecia '' May 9 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.37 0.6 1.33 1.5 3.70 7 `` Wine Dark Sea '' May 16 , 2017 0.9 / 4 2.41 0.7 1.41 1.6 3.81 8 `` Progeny '' May 23 , 2017 0.7 / 3 1.90 0.7 1.60 1.4 3.50 9 `` Behind the Eyes '' May 30 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.30 0.7 1.54 1.6 3.83 Home media Release ( edit ) The event series was released on Blu - ray and DVD on June 27 , 2017 . Special features include a behind - the - scenes featurette , `` A Return Home : The Making of Prison Break Event Series '' . 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Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Prison Break Revival : The Last Ship 's Inbar Lavi to Recur on Fox Event Series '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Faran Tahir cast as newest member of TV serial ' Prison Break ' '' . The Express Tribune . April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffrey , Morgan ; McCabe , Joseph ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Prison Break : Here 's the REAL reason that Mahone is n't back for the revival '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roffman , Marisa ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Prison Break 's ' Dominic Purcell Vows Reboot Will Be `` Amazing '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Current Productions : April 29 , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada , BC District Council . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Purcell , Dominic ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Dominic Purcell : I 'm good '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Dominic Purcell Injured On Set Of Fox 's Prison Break , Production Not Impacted '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Prison Break star Dominic Purcell almost killed on set after iron bar falls on his head '' . News.com.au . June 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Debnath , Neela ( July 24 , 2015 ) . `` Prison Break season 5 : Ramin Djawadi says he would ' absolutely ' return to the show '' . Daily Express . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ @ PBWritersRoom ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Yes ! Ramin is back , so expect some cool new music . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Prison Break : Season 5 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prison Break : Season 5 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' iZombie ' premiere gets decent bump in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` 6 shows double , led by ' Designated Survivor ' : Week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains : Week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Bull ' season finales lead week 36 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lucifer ' and ' Prison Break ' finales get good bumps : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for May 29 - June 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Prison Break - Fox Official Press Release : ' The Event Series ' and Blu ' Collector 's Set ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Prison Break on IMDb Prison Break at TV.com ( hide ) Prison Break Seasons Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Allen '' `` Cute Poison '' `` English , Fitz or Percy '' `` Riots , Drills and the Devil '' `` Manhunt '' `` Rendezvous '' `` Bolshoi Booze '' `` Disconnect '' `` The Killing Box '' `` John Doe '' `` The Message '' `` Chicago '' `` Panama '' `` Fin Del Camino '' `` Scylla '' `` Breaking & Entering '' `` Shut Down '' `` Eagles & Angels '' `` Safe & Sound '' `` Blow Out '' `` Five the Hard Way '' `` The Price '' `` Greatness Achieved '' `` The Legend '' `` Quiet Riot '' `` Selfless '' `` Ogygia '' `` Kaniel Outis '' `` The Liar '' `` The Prisoner 's Dilemma Characters Theodore `` T - Bag '' Bagwell Brad Bellick Lincoln Burrows Benjamin Miles `` C - Note '' Franklin Paul Kellerman Alexander Mahone Michael Scofield Fernando Sucre Sara Tancredi Minor characters Cast members Universe Fox River State Penitentiary Penitenciaría Federal de Sona The Company Other media The Final Break ( movie ) Proof of Innocence The Conspiracy Soundtracks Seasons 1 & 2 Seasons 3 & 4 Related Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prison_Break_(season_5)&oldid=803385578 '' Categories : Prison Break Prison Break episodes 2017 American television seasons Terrorism in fiction Yemen in fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español فارسی Français Italiano ქართული Magyar Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 05 : 44 . 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"The fifth season of Prison Break (also known as Prison Break: Resurrection[1]) is a limited event television series and the continuation of the original series created by Paul Scheuring that aired on Fox from 2005 to 2009. The season is produced by 20th Century Fox Television in association with Adelstein/Parouse Productions and Original Film. Paul Scheuring serves as showrunner, with himself, Marty Adelstein, Neal H. Moritz and Dawn Olmstead, Vaun Wilmott, Michael Horowitz and Nelson McCormick serving as executive producers. McCormick also serves as director.[2] The season premiered on April 4, 2017, and concluded on May 30, 2017, consisting of 9 episodes.[3]"
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-3547703728125561050 | The Last Guardian | The Last Guardian - Wikipedia The Last Guardian Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Last Guardian ( disambiguation ) . The Last Guardian Developer ( s ) SIE Japan Studio Publisher ( s ) Sony Interactive Entertainment Director ( s ) Fumito Ueda Producer ( s ) Kazunobu Sato Fumito Ueda Designer ( s ) Fumito Ueda Masanobu Tanaka Suchol Lee Programmer ( s ) Makoto Izawa Composer ( s ) Takeshi Furukawa Platform ( s ) PlayStation 4 Release JP : 6 December 2016 NA : 6 December 2016 PAL : 7 December 2016 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player The Last Guardian is an action - adventure video game developed by SIE Japan Studio and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment for the PlayStation 4 in December 2016 . In The Last Guardian , players control a boy who befriends a giant half - bird - half - mammal creature , Trico . Team Ico began developing The Last Guardian in 2007 . It was designed and directed by Fumito Ueda , and shares stylistic , thematic , and gameplay elements with his previous titles Ico ( 2001 ) and Shadow of the Colossus ( 2005 ) . He employed the `` design through subtraction '' approach he had used for his previous games , removing elements that did not contribute to the core theme of the connection between the boy and Trico . Sony announced The Last Guardian at the 2009 Electronic Entertainment Expo with a planned release in 2011 exclusively for the PlayStation 3 . It suffered numerous delays ; Ueda and other Team Ico members departed Sony , and hardware difficulties moved the game to the PlayStation 4 in 2012 , drawing speculation that the game would not see release . Ueda and his studio genDESIGN , composed of former Team Ico members , remained as creative consultants , with Ueda as director and Sony 's Japan Studio handling technical development . The Last Guardian was reintroduced at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2015 . It received praise for its art direction , story , and depiction of Trico , though some criticized the gameplay . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Plot 3 Development 3.1 Story and gameplay development 3.2 Technical development 3.3 Reintroduction , release and promotion 3.4 Reaction to delays 3.5 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Sales 5 Accolades 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Like its predecessors Ico ( 2001 ) and Shadow of the Colossus ( 2005 ) , The Last Guardian is a third - person game that combines action - adventure and puzzle elements . The player controls an unnamed boy who must cooperate with half - bird - half - mammal creature , Trico , to solve puzzles and explore areas . The name of the creature , Trico ( トリコ , Toriko ) , can be taken to mean `` prisoner '' ( 虜 , toriko ) , `` baby bird '' ( 鳥の子 , tori no ko ) , or a portmanteau of `` bird '' ( 鳥 , tori ) and `` cat '' ( 猫 , neko ) . The boy can climb on structures , carry objects such as barrels , and operate mechanisms such as levers . Trico 's size and agility allows it to reach areas that the boy can not reach alone , and fight off guards who attempt to capture the boy . Conversely , certain obstacles , such as gates , or glass eyes that frighten Trico , prevent Trico from progressing , and must be removed by the boy . The boy must also locate barrels to feed Trico when it is hungry , pet Trico to calm it after a battle , and remove spears thrown at Trico by enemies . Though the player initially has little command over Trico , the boy learns to command Trico to leap onto ledges or head in a certain direction , among other actions . Although players are encouraged to train Trico to move in the right direction , new areas can be discovered by letting Trico wander independently . At various points , the boy wields a reflective mirror that summons light from Trico 's tail , which can be used to break certain objects . The player is returned to the last checkpoint if the boy is captured by guards , or if he falls from too great a height . Multiple playthroughs unlock additional costumes based on previous Ueda games . Plot ( edit ) The player controls the boy , who must care for and work with the large creature , Trico , using its animal instincts to solve puzzles The Last Guardian 's story is framed as a flashback told by an older man recounting his experience as a boy . The boy awakens in a ruined castle in a deep valley known as the Nest . He discovers an enormous , winged , cat - like creature he names Trico , chained and wounded . Though Trico is hostile , after the boy removes the spears from its body and feeds it , it begins to accept him . The boy unchains Trico and they explore the area , discovering a mirror - like shield that summons energy from Trico 's tail . The pair make their way through the castle ruins , evading the ghostly soldiers , and Trico 's horns and wings slowly regrow . Some time earlier , Trico flies to the boy 's village and steals him from his dormitory . It flies back to the Nest , but is struck by lightning and chained up by the soldiers . In the present , Trico resuscitates the boy after a cave collapse . After fending off an attack from a second , armored creature , Trico and the boy enter a mysterious tower and discover a malevolent force , the `` master of the valley '' , which manipulates creatures and soldiers . It summons several creatures of the same kind as Trico , which regurgitate stolen children into the tower and savage Trico , tearing off its tail . The boy uses the mirror to summon energy from the severed tail and destroy the master of the valley , causing the creatures to plummet from the sky . Wounded , Trico takes the near - unconscious boy and flies to his village . When the terrified villagers attack him the boy instructs Trico to leave . Years later , the boy , now grown , discovers the shield and raises it to the sky , sending a beam of light to the Nest , where Trico and a second creature reside . Development ( edit ) Story and gameplay development ( edit ) In his previous game , Shadow of the Colossus , director Fumito Ueda had intended to create an emotional interaction between Mono , the character that Wander wants to save , and the colossi that Wander must fight to save her . He was surprised and inspired to find players felt a stronger connection between Wander and his horse Agro . Ueda wanted to make the relationship between a human and a creature the central concept for his next game . Ueda found that people were drawn to games with lifelike creatures , and felt The Last Guardian needed something similar to attract a broad audience . He wanted to create a virtual creature that behaved as realistically as possible , avoiding the unnatural behavior of other virtual animals . He based much of Trico 's behavior on his childhood experiences growing up in a home full of animals . The final version of Trico is an amalgam of several creatures ; the design was `` deliberately unbalanced because looking strange was important '' , according to Ueda . The team wanted to avoid making the animal cute , and instead focused on realistic - looking behavior with `` animal - like expressions '' . Trico 's ears react with a cat - like `` twitch '' if they touch ceilings or other tall features , using the game 's mesh - based collision detection . The team added the ability to summon lightning from Trico 's tail to have players understand Trico 's `` force and ferocity '' . Ueda described Trico as `` adolescent '' , allowing the developers to add humor through its actions . The team used programmed key frame animations instead of more common motion capture techniques , allowing them to capture subtleties that would be difficult using live animal subjects . As Trico functions similarly to the colossi the player climbs in Shadow of the Colossus , journalists have described The Last Guardian as a combination of Ico and Shadow of the Colossus ; Ueda stated there was `` a bit of each of those ( games ) in there '' . He described the relationship between the boy , Trico , and the guards as a game of rock - paper - scissors that changes throughout the game ; at times , the boy needs Trico to protect him , while at others the situation is reversed . Though Ico and Shadow of the Colossus have a similar changing connection between pairs of characters , Ueda said there was more `` dynamic range '' in The Last Guardian . The Last Guardian is the first Team Ico game to use voice - over narration . As much of the game relies on non-verbal communication between the boy and Trico , Ueda felt the voice - over helped immerse the player in the mindset of the boy . It also provided a way to provide gameplay hints and other context to the player . Whereas the team had designed the areas of previous games for the characters they had designed in advance , for The Last Guardian they made Trico as flexible as possible , allowing them to create levels and have Trico adapt to them . The size difference and interactions between the boy and Trico were informed by the limitations of the PlayStation ; if the characters were of the same size , the team would have needed to determine the animation interactions for both , whereas Trico 's size meant the boy 's animations would not need to affect him much . Although the boy is less detailed than Trico , he was also animated via key frame animation . He places hands on nearby walls , and reaches to pet Trico without player interaction . Ueda felt these animations were necessary to help convince the player of the game world . The animation system uses layers of animation that mimic real - life physics , taking advantage of the greater processing power of the PlayStation 4 . The team considered making the player character a girl , but felt it would not be realistic that a female character would have enough stamina to climb Trico . To create the game 's art and architecture , the team used the same `` design through subtraction '' method they had used to develop Ico and Shadow of the Colossus , removing elements they felt distracted from the core experience . Music is used sparingly to highlight key emotional moments , such as when Trico uses his tail to catch the boy as he falls from a collapsing platform . The game uses vertical space to emphasize the boy 's small size . The Last Guardian game engine builds on the team 's previous development of AI processing from Ico and transformative collisions from Shadow of the Colossus . It is the first Team Ico game to use a full physics engine , Havok . According to Uea , the effect of wind was modeled separately for each of Trico 's feathers . Yasuhide Kobayashi , vice president of Japan Studio , stated that the title The Last Guardian was chosen to appeal to the larger demographic markets in the United States and Europe for the PlayStation 3 , hoping to avoid the cultural problems in title and artwork that were attributed to Ico 's low sales in western countries . Technical development ( edit ) With initial ideas for The Last Guardian envisioned by Ueda since around 2005 after completing Shadow of the Colossus , the game was in active development since 2007 , a year after the release of the PlayStation 3 . The working title was Project Trico , revealed to the public due to a leaked video posted at PlayStation Lifestyle in 2008 that showed the current `` Target Render '' of the game at that time . Ueda had long considered the development time for Ico and Shadow of the Colossus , and had anticipated being able `` to create something good in a short period of time '' with The Last Guardian at the onset . By 2009 , the development team had completed enough of the game for it to be showcased during the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2009 , using an improved render of the same set pieces previously seen in the Target Render and later provided a short vertical slice of the game to the press for the Game Developers Conference in early March 2011 . Ueda had considered including this demo on the then - upcoming remastered The Ico & Shadow of the Colossus Collection , though it was ultimately not included . Behind the scenes , the development of The Last Guardian was considered slow by Shuhei Yoshida , the president of Sony Computer Entertainment Worldwide . Yoshida explained that the vision for The Last Guardian was based on a video prepared by Ueda to demonstrate the concepts and style of the game , a process Ueda had used for Ico , and Sony wanted to stay true to that vision . Team Ico , which is a small studio compared to other Sony studios in Japan or other Western developers , were struggling with achieving Ueda 's vision for the game on the PlayStation 3 hardware . In 2015 Yoshida revealed that the previous 2009 trailer was `` specced up '' , running at a much lower frame rate on the PlayStation 3 and sped up for the presentation . Around 2011 , Sony brought in many of their core development teams such as Santa Monica Studios to review the code and try to improve the performance . In 2012 , with Sony preparing to announce the PlayStation 4 and still recognizing the sluggish development of the PlayStation 3 version of the game , it was decided to change the target platform to the PlayStation 4 so that Ueda 's concept could be fully realized . Ueda stated that this choice was primarily Sony 's decision , speculating that the PlayStation 3 version of the game at this point would still have been sufficient to convey his concept . Following the target platform switch , Ueda and other members of Team Ico were not as involved with the process , as other teams worked to take the highly customized PlayStation 3 code to adapt it to the PlayStation 4 ; this included the help of PlayStation 4 lead architect Mark Cerny . With the reintroduction of the game at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2015 , Yoshida explained that the game engine is now fully running at speed on the PlayStation 4 and that the remainder of the development lies with the game designers to complete . Development was also hampered by Ueda 's departure from Sony in December 2011 . With Sony 's decision to delay the release of the game early that year , Ueda and other Sony and Team Ico employees opted to leave Sony . Ueda stated in 2013 interview that his departure from Sony was due to feeling `` a sense of crisis within myself about a lot of things '' on news of the delay . Some of those that departed Sony went on to other projects . For example , executive producer Yoshifusa Hayama joined Bossa Studios to work on social / mobile games , while two Team Ico artists joined an indie startup studio Friends & Foes to develop their first title , Vane , which has been compared visually to The Last Guardian . Ueda and other former Team Ico members , including Jinji Horagai , the lead programmer from Ico and Shadow of the Colossus , created a new studio , genDESIGN . In founding the studio , they were faced with a choice , according to Ueda : `` Do we try to create something new , or do we keep going , providing support on The Last Guardian ? '' genDESIGN opted to commit themselves to helping Sony complete The Last Guardian through contract and working alongside Sony 's internal studio , Japan Studio . Under this arrangement , genDESIGN developed the creative content for the game , such as character design and animation and level design , which was then put into place via Japan Studio , with Ueda maintaining oversight on the completed project . Ueda stated that the final game , as of June 2016 , still represents the initial vision he had for The Last Guardian at its onset . The transition from the PlayStation 3 to 4 only improved how the game looked , but did not change how it played . Ueda stressed it was important during the extended development cycle to keep the question `` what kind of game do I want to play ? '' at the forefront , and to remember that the game needed to be targeted to players experiencing the title for the first time rather than developers that had played it through over and over . Digital Foundry , in comparing the game from its initial Target Render from 2008 , the 2009 trailer , the 2015 trailer , and the final game , found very few changes in the game 's structure and nature , while observing several improvements and changes made to the rendering systems . Reintroduction , release and promotion ( edit ) Shawn Layden formally reintroduced The Last Guardian at the beginning of Sony 's E3 2015 conference . Sony affirmed that that game was now slated for release on the PlayStation 4 with a 2016 release date . Sony also assured fans that Ueda still remained a main developer of the game despite his prior departure from Sony . According to Chris Plante of Polygon , the gameplay presented shows the same gameplay from previous demos , where the young boy and the large creature work together to solve various platforming puzzles . The presentation at the 2015 E3 was based on the milestone of the game being fully playable , affirmed by selected members of the press , though Yoshida stated they did not do a live gameplay demo as the artificial intelligence behavior of the animal creature could be sporadic and impact the demonstration . Ueda said that the fundamentals of the gameplay had not changed from the original PlayStation 3 version to the PlayStation 4 , only that with the more - powerful PlayStation 4 , they were able to put more detail into the characters and the environment . Though the game demo was not playable at the 2015 Tokyo Game Show , part of Sony 's display for the game including a full - screen version of Trico that would respond in real time to the actions of the attendees as captured by a PlayStation Move camera . Yoshida stated that they had not shown much additional footage of the game since the E3 2015 announcement as they believed that The Last Guardian is story - heavy and feared showing too much beyond that the game does exist and is playable . The Last Guardian was announced for a 25 October 2016 release in Japan and North America during Sony 's presentation at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2016 in June , and was available in a playable form to attendees . In an interview with Kotaku during E3 2016 , Ueda commented that the game was fully complete , and the only work remaining was fine - tuning visuals and cut - scenes . A short delay was announced in September 2016 , pushing the title back to early December 2016 release , as the developers needed more time to fix bugs that had come up during the final production of the game , according to Yoshida . By 21 October 2016 , development of The Last Guardian concluded and the game was submitted for manufacturing . A patch enabled high dynamic range and added 4k resolution support for the PlayStation 4 Pro system . In addition to regular retail copies , Sony released a `` collector 's edition '' including the game , an artbook , a soundtrack , and a statue of a resting Trico and the boy . The week prior to release , Sony 's Joe Palmer stated that pre-order numbers were `` exceeding expectations '' , including high interest in the collector 's edition . Reaction to delays ( edit ) Because of the development delays in The Last Guardian and lack of updates from Sony , The Last Guardian was considered to have been in development hell over its eight - year development period . Ueda and Yoshida would regularly report progress on the game , but the title was notably absent from major video game conventions , including the Electronic Entertainment Expo and the Tokyo Game Show . Journalists also expressed concern with the potential release of the game when The Last Guardian trademark had hit some critical milestones . In August 2012 , about three years after the trademark had been filed in the United States , Sony had yet to produce a viable product under trademark law , and in February 2015 , Sony failed to renew the North American trademark for The Last Guardian . Sony re-registered the trademark , noting that lack of a renewal was an administrative oversight , and the game was still in development . Prior to the reintroduction in 2015 , some journalists expressed concern if The Last Guardian would be as much a landmark title as initially seen . Evan Narcisse for the website Kotaku opined that the lengthy delay of The Last Guardian 's release since the 2009 reveal may have been harming the title 's relevance on the contemporary market . Narcisse considered that the landscape of games had vastly changed since 2009 , during which `` by - the - numbers racers , shooters and action - adventure games dominated '' the market and the expected emotional impact of The Last Guardian would have made it a stand - out title . Since then , the rise of more artistic , independent games , such as Papo & Yo , Bastion , The Walking Dead , and Journey , have created experiences that take the place of what The Last Guardian would have filled , reducing the uniqueness of the title , according to Narcisse . Leigh Alexander of Boing Boing agreed , noting that the delay of The Last Guardian has now spanned a console generation , and other emotionally filled games have been offered in lieu of The Last Guardian . GamesIndustry.biz 's Rob Fahey considered that both The Last Guardian and Final Fantasy XV , which also had a protracted development cycle lasting nearly a decade , represent the last remnants of game development practices from the early 2000s , challenged by the rise of mobile gaming , independent game development , and more efficient software development practices that change the nature and role of auteurs like Ueda and Final Fantasy 's Tetsuya Nomura in game development . Journalists were able to play The Last Guardian at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2016 and the 2016 Tokyo Game Show in the months before the game 's release , and several expressed further concerns about the nature of the game 's lengthy development period . Patrick Garrett , writing for VG247 , found that the visuals felt flat and aged considering modern hardware capabilities , and expressed concern that while older gamers would readily purchase the title , The Last Guardian may not draw in enough newer gamers to be a commercial success . Philip Kollar for Polygon , though still impressed with the characters , graphics , and core gameplay , found controlling the character difficult and managing the game 's camera tricky , elements that made the game feel like a PlayStation 2 title rather than something on modern hardware . Wired 's Chris Kohler found much of the demo to require patient observation of Trico 's movements and puzzle solving , which , he commented , some players would appreciate but were elements that have slowly been phased out of action games over the last console generation , and other players may not have the patience for these . Brian Ashcroft of Kotaku also noted that the demo 's pace was often set by how fast Trico would respond or react , which may test the patience of players looking for a more action - based experience . Music ( edit ) The Last Guardian 's original score was written , orchestrated , conducted , and co-produced by Takeshi Furukawa . Furukawa had joined the soundtrack development around 2011 , near the same time that the game was being transitioned to the PlayStation 4 . Furukawa had been invited to participate by Tommy Kikuchi , the music director for Shadow of the Colossus . During the platform transition , much of the creative work had been put on hold , and Furukawa did not spend extensive effort on the composition until about 2013 , three years prior to release . He completed his compositions in early 2016 . Furakawa stated that Ueda trusted him with freedom to compose the music and providing only a broad direction of a cinematic soundtrack and some specific directorial notes . While he was aware of the reputation of the soundtracks by Michiru Oshima and Kow Otani for Ico and Shadow , respectively , and wanted to have The Last Guardian 's soundtrack to be similarly unique , Furukawa opted to avoid using these previous works and instead drew his own inspirations primarily from works with a `` muted aesthetic '' , such as Impressionist art and music and French cinema . Furakawa wanted to avoid overstating the emotional aspect of the game , which he felt was already sufficiently conveyed through the gameplay and animation , and instead kept the music restrained except during key narrative elements or in specific locales of the game work . Furukawa did not have to adapt his score significantly to account for changes in story and game direction since these elements were still made within Ueda 's vision . He worked with audio lead Tsubasa Ito frequently to review the status and use of his scored compositions . The performance of the soundtrack was conducted by Furukawa with the London Symphony Orchestra , the Trinity Boys Choir , and London Voices , and was recorded at Lyndhurst Hall . The 19 - track Composer 's Choice Edition soundtrack was released digitally alongside the game on the PlayStation 4 Music App , and later on other digital retailers . A 24 - track CD version of the soundtrack was released by TEAM Entertainment on December 21 , 2016 . In addition , a two - disc vinyl LP edition will be published by iam8bit sometime in 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic 82 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 8.5 / 10 Edge 9 / 10 EGM 7.5 / 10 Famitsu 38 / 40 Game Informer 8 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 9 / 10 GamesRadar IGN 7 / 10 Polygon 7.5 / 10 VideoGamer.com 9 / 10 The Guardian Time 5 / 5 US Gamer The Last Guardian received `` favorable '' reviews , according to video game review aggregator Metacritic . Most reviewers praised the game 's environment and story as some of its strongest elements , while the realism of the animal behavior that Trico was praised by some critics , yet others felt that the realism also hampered the gameplay causing impatience and frustration due to lack of immediate action by Trico when giving commands . GameSpot 's Pete Brown praised the characters , their relationship and the story as the important aspects to the game and overall experience , noting interactions with Trico and acting very independently at times by not knowing `` if it 's a concerted effort to test your patience for a lovable - yet - stubborn creature '' . However Brown felt that it added personality to Trico and `` sympathy for both characters '' in addition to their development within the story and for the player , `` culminating in an enrapturing series of revelations that cements your attachment to their personalities '' . Tom Senior of GamesRadar called Trico `` the greatest AI companion in games '' , in addition to the subtle use of visual and audio cues to add more character and its impact on the gameplay itself . Reviewing for The Guardian , Simon Parkin praised the design of Trico and its interactions with the world and puzzles , adding further emotional investment . He likened Trico to an `` abuse survivor '' due to being scared and imprisoned at the start of the game and the thoughtfulness and relationship development of its characters making it `` a game , as much as anything , about rehabilitation through kindness and companionship '' . Chris Carter of Destructoid felt that the detail and realistic behavior of Trico and the boy were `` emotive in a way that most developers would n't even attempt '' , potentially being the reason behind the long development , praising the effort put in by Fumito Ueda and the developers nonetheless . US Gamer 's Jermey Parish believed that Trico as an in - game character with its own apparent volition was revolutionary in character design , and that the emotional relationship between Trico and the boy was something that could only be effectively done with the interactivity of a video game . In contrast , Marty Sliva of IGN was critical of Trico 's behavior during puzzles combined with camera controls making sections of the game more frustrating , particularly during interiors due to the cramped nature of certain levels and the size of Trico detracting from the experience , calling it `` rare to even have to think about the camera in a third - person game in 2016 , but I found myself constantly being pulled out of the experience trying to wrestle with my point of view '' . Sliva however still felt that the game succeeded in the attachment with its characters and delivered memorable moments despite its issues . Game Revolution 's James Kozanitis found that there were moments that Trico would continue with traversing the environment and performing tasks even without player input , making the act of controlling Trico at times `` ineffective and unnecessary '' . Reviewers also noted performance problems with the game running on default PlayStation 4 hardware . Eurogamer 's Digital Foundry determined that the game ran into rendering issues and framerate drops on the PlayStation 4 , while running at 1080p on the newer PlayStation 4 Pro provided a stable framerate . Philip Kollar of Polygon compared technical aspects to its predecessors release on the PlayStation 2 due the long development across multiple generations of Sony consoles , stating that the game at times did take advantage of the PlayStation 4 hardware while in others , such as framerate and control issues made its age more noticeable . Sam Byford of The Verge commented that while framerate drops were common in Shadow of the Colossus , they were more acceptable based on the PlayStation 2 hardware of the time and the extent the game maximized out the console 's hardware , while such issues on PlayStation 4 for The Last Guardian were less forgivable , making it feel like `` a PS3 game that never really came together until the brute force of new hardware allowed the team to ship '' ; he contrasted this to Final Fantasy XV which had the game 's engine rebuilt after its target platform was switched to eighth - generation consoles . The game was named on several year - end Game of the Year lists , including The New Yorker , Engadget , GameSpot , VG247 , and Polygon . Sales ( edit ) In the UK , The Last Guardian suffered lower than expected sales , debuting at number 7 in the weekly game sales charts . It debuted at number four in the Japanese video game sales charts , with 82,260 copies sold . The following week , it sold an additional 10,754 copies in Japan , bringing the total number of copies sold in the country to 93,014 . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Result Ref 2016 Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences D.I.C.E. Awards Adventure Game of the Year Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Animation Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Art Direction Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Original Music Composition Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Sound Design Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Game Direction Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Character ( Trico ) Won Game Developers Choice Awards Best Narrative Nominated Best Visual Art Nominated Premio Drago d'Oro Videogioco dell'Anno ( Video Game of the Year ) Nominated Miglior Colonna Sonora ( Best Soundtrack ) Won Miglior Personaggio ( Best Character ) Won Miglior Videogioco di Azione / Avventura ( Best Game Action / Adventure ) Nominated SXSW Gaming Awards Excellence in Musical Score Nominated Excellence in Animation Nominated Most Memorable Character Trico Nominated Excellence in Narrative Nominated 13th British Academy Games Awards Artistic Achievement Nominated Audio Achievement Won Music Nominated Original Property Nominated 2017 National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Animation , Artistic Won Art Direction , Fantasy Won Game Design , New IP Won Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Known as Hitokui no Ōwashi Trico ( 人 喰い の 大鷲 トリコ , Hitokui no Ōwashi Toriko , literally `` Trico the Large Man - Eating Eagle '' ) in Japan . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ John , Tracey ( 25 March 2009 ) . `` New Game From Team ICO Will Be Like 『 Ico ' ( GDC 2009 ) '' . MTV Multiplayer . Retrieved 2 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Juba , Joe ( 5 December 2016 ) . `` Six Things The Last Guardian Borrows From Its Predecessors '' . Game Informer . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stuart , Keith ( 19 June 2015 ) . `` The Last Guardian : Fumito Ueda 's quest for epic minimalism '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Famitsū staff ( 2009 ) . `` Hitokue no Ōwashi Trico '' . Shūkan Famitsū ( in Japanese ) . Enterbrain . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Ross ( 14 June 2016 ) . `` I fell in love with The Last Guardian 's big friendly cat - dog - bird in less than a minute '' . The Verge . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Takana , John ( 3 June 2016 ) . `` Fumito Uedo Talk Trico '' . IGN . 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Jump up ^ Cullen , Johnny ( 3 March 2011 ) . `` Ueda `` considering '' Last Guardian demo inclusion with ICO and Shadow Collection `` . VG247 . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Method of Developing ICO '' . 1UP. 10 October 2000 . Archived from the original on 2 November 2015 . Retrieved 7 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Welsh , Oli ( 26 June 2015 ) . `` Shuhei Yoshida on saving The Last Guardian and PS4 in Japan '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tolito , Stephan ( 16 June 2015 ) . `` What Happened To The Last Guardian '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Kohler , Chris ( 21 February 2012 ) . `` Q&A : Sony 's Game Design Chief Talks PlayStation Vita '' . Wired . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Kato , Matthew ( 23 June 2015 ) . `` The Last Guardian 's Long Journey : An Interview With Fumito Ueda '' . Game Informer . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Rose , Mike ( 7 December 2011 ) . `` The Last Guardian Producer Leaves Sony For Social Games '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Matulef , Jeffery ( 24 June 2014 ) . `` Ex-The Last Guardian artists reveal Shadow of the Colossus - like adventure Vane '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Futter , Mike ( 19 June 2015 ) . `` Sony Clarifies Mark Cerny 's Role With The Last Guardian '' . Game Informer . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Tom ( 12 December 2011 ) . `` Confirmed : Ico Creator Fumito Ueda Leaves Sony '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Calvin , Alex ( 16 June 2015 ) . `` Last Guardian 's Ueda has set up a new studio '' . Market for Home Computing and Video Games . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What You Did n't Hear At E3 : PlayStation 's Shawn Layden On TV , VR , And Vita '' . Forbes . 25 June 2015 . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Kohler , Chris ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Sony Finally Re-Reveals The Last Guardian '' . Wired . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Plante , Chris ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` The Last Guardian is real and here 's what it looks like on PS4 '' . Polygon . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Kohler , Chris ( 23 June 2015 ) . `` The Last Guardian Looks Like It Was Worth Waiting For '' . Wired . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ McWheator , Michael ( 19 September 2015 ) . `` The Last Guardian is n't playable at TGS , but Sony will let you play with Trico '' . Polygon . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 2 November 2015 ) . `` Last Guardian Footage Purposefully Being Held Back , Here 's Why '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Bohn , Dieter ( 13 June 2016 ) . `` The Last Guardian is coming to PlayStation 4 on October 25th '' . The Verge . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Copeland , Wesley ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` The Last Guardian Delayed until December '' . IGN . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Matulef , Jeffrey ( 21 October 2016 ) . `` After nearly a decade The Last Guardian has gone gold '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Martin ( 10 November 2016 ) . `` The Last Guardian is getting PS4 Pro support '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 10 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Judge , Alysia ( 14 June 2016 ) . `` The Last Guardian Collector 's Edition Available for Pre-Order on Amazon '' . IGN . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Dealessandri , Marie ( 2 December 2016 ) . `` Pre-order for The Last Guardian exceed Sony 's expectations '' . The Market for Computer & Video Games . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Hillier , Brenna ( 16 June 2015 ) . `` The Last Guardian E3 2015 screens looks much better than 2009 ′ s '' . VG247 . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( 9 August 2012 ) . `` Sony Is n't Abandoning ' The Last Guardian ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( 15 August 2012 ) . `` Sony had to `` re-do '' work on The Last Guardian , still a PS3 game `` . Eurogamer . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Te , Zorine ( 16 February 2015 ) . `` The Last Guardian Trademark Abandoned '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 16 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Crossley , Rob ( 17 February 2015 ) . `` The Last Guardian Still in Development , Sony Assures '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Narcisse , Eric ( 10 June 2014 ) . `` Maybe I Do n't Need The Last Guardian Anymore '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Leigh ( 9 March 2015 ) . `` A game you can only dream of playing '' . Boing Boing . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Fahey , Rob ( 9 December 2016 ) . `` Final Fantasy XV and The Last Guardian : The Last of their Kind '' . GamesIndustry.biz . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Garrett , Patrick ( 22 June 2016 ) . `` Hands - on with The Last Guardian : this is not the game you thought it would be '' . VG247 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Kollar , Philip ( 15 September 2016 ) . `` After half an hour with The Last Guardian , I 'm concerned '' . Polygon . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Kohler , Chris ( 15 September 2016 ) . `` When You Finally Play The Last Guardian , Take Your Time '' . Wired . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Ashcroft , Brian ( 15 September 2016 ) . `` I Played The Last Guardian For 45 Minutes '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kerr , Chris ( 7 December 2016 ) . `` Q&A : Weaving together The Last Guardian 's emotional score '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hitokui No Oowashi Torico Original Soundtrack CDJapan page '' . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kawaguchi , Dais ( 27 October 2016 ) . `` The Sounds and Music of The Last Guardian '' . PlayStation Blog . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Guardian for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Chris ( 5 December 2016 ) . `` Review : The Last Guardian '' . Destructoid . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Famitsu Review Scores : Issue 1462 '' . Gematsu . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Guardian '' . Edge . No. 301 . Future . January 2017 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Emma ( 5 December 2016 ) . `` The Last Guardian review '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Juba , Joe ( 5 December 2016 ) . `` A Giant On Unstable Ground - The Last Guardian - PlayStation 4 '' . Game Informer . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kozanitis , James ( 5 December 2016 ) . `` The Last Guardian Review '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Peter ( 5 December 2016 ) . `` The Last Guardian Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Senior , Tom ( 5 December 2016 ) . `` The Last Guardian review : ' A fulfilling adventure , but framerate issues intrude ' '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sliva , Marty ( 5 December 2016 ) . `` The Last Guardian Review '' . IGN . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kollar , Philip ( 5 December 2016 ) . `` The Last Guardian review '' . Polygon . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Orry , Tom ( 5 December 2016 ) . `` The Last Guardian Review '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Parkin , Simon ( 5 December 2016 ) . `` The Last Guardian review -- a joyous meditation on companionship '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Peckham , Matt ( 5 December 2016 ) . `` Review : After Years in Development , The Last Guardian Is a Thing of Wonder '' . Time . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Parish , Jeremy ( 5 December 2016 ) . `` The Last Guardian PlayStation 4 Review : A Powerful Spirit Trapped in a Frail Vessel '' . US Gamer . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Brightman , James ( 5 December 2016 ) . `` The Last Guardian once again asks for your patience '' . GamesIndustry.biz . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Parish , Jeremy ( 8 December 2016 ) . `` The Last Guardian Wo n't Change Game Design -- But It 's a Revolution in Character Design '' . US Gamer . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Thomas ( 6 December 2016 ) . `` Face - Off : The Last Guardian '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Byford , Sam ( 8 December 2016 ) . `` First Click : The Last Guardian proves that the technical side of video games still matters '' . The Verge . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Video Games of 2016 '' . The New Yorker . 2016 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The best games of 2016 '' . Engadget . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Game of the Year 2016 Countdown - # 5 through # 2 '' . GameSpot. 21 December 2016 . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VG247 Games of the Year Awards , part 1 : The Obvious Picks We 're Not Even Sorry For '' . VG247. 26 December 2016 . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Leone , Matt ( 2 January 2017 ) . `` Polygon 's 2016 Games of the Year # 10 : The Last Guardian '' . Polygon . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Tamburro , Paul . `` THE LAST GUARDIAN 'S SALES ARE A DISAPPOINTMENT '' . Craveonline . EvolvemediaLLC . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Dunning , Jason ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` UK Sales Chart : The Last Guardian Ca n't Beat Dead Rising 4 , Debuts in 7th '' . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sato ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` This Week In Sales : Yakuza 6 Pummels Its Way To The Top '' . Siliconera . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sato ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` This Week In Sales : Yo - kai Watch 3 Cooks Up Its Sukiyaki Version '' . Siliconera . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ; Imms , Jason ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Overwatch Wins DICE Game of the Year , Full Nominees List '' . GameSpot . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inside , Overwatch & Firewatch lead GDC 2017 Choice Awards nominees '' . Gamasutra. 4 January 2017 . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nomination Premio Drago d'Oro '' . Premio Drago d'Oro. 3 February 2017 . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` All The 2017 SXSW Game Award Nominees '' . GameSpot . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ wbber , Jordan Erica ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Bafta games awards 2017 : Inside and Uncharted 4 lead the way '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Uncharted 4 wins best game at Bafta awards '' . BBC . April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NAVGTR Awards ( 2016 ) '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Team Ico / genDESIGN Video games Ico Shadow of the Colossus The Ico & Shadow of the Colossus Collection The Last Guardian People Fumito Ueda Kenji Kaido Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_Guardian&oldid=802944647 '' Categories : 2016 video games Action - adventure games Cancelled PlayStation 3 games PlayStation 4 games PlayStation 4 - only games PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games Sony Interactive Entertainment games Video games developed in Japan Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use dmy dates from June 2013 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 13 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | shadow of the colossus creator's new game | [
"Team Ico began developing The Last Guardian in 2007. It was designed and directed by Fumito Ueda, and shares stylistic, thematic, and gameplay elements with his previous titles Ico (2001) and Shadow of the Colossus (2005). He employed the \"design through subtraction\" approach he had used for his previous games, removing elements that did not contribute to the core theme of the connection between the boy and Trico."
] | [
"The Last Guardian"
] |
2365281335668911849 | Dot product | Dot product - wikipedia Dot product `` Scalar product '' redirects here . For the abstract scalar product , see Inner product space . For the product of a vector and a scalar , see Scalar multiplication . In mathematics , the dot product or scalar product is an algebraic operation that takes two equal - length sequences of numbers ( usually coordinate vectors ) and returns a single number . In Euclidean geometry , the dot product of the Cartesian coordinates of two vectors is widely used and often called inner product ( or rarely projection product ) ; see also inner product space . Algebraically , the dot product is the sum of the products of the corresponding entries of the two sequences of numbers . Geometrically , it is the product of the Euclidean magnitudes of the two vectors and the cosine of the angle between them . These definitions are equivalent when using Cartesian coordinates . In modern geometry , Euclidean spaces are often defined by using vector spaces . In this case , the dot product is used for defining lengths ( the length of a vector is the square root of the dot product of the vector by itself ) and angles ( the cosine of the angle of two vectors is the quotient of their dot product by the product of their lengths ) . The name `` dot product '' is derived from the centered dot `` '' that is often used to designate this operation ; the alternative name `` scalar product '' emphasizes that the result is a scalar , rather than a vector , as is the case for the vector product in three - dimensional space . Contents 1 Definition 1.1 Algebraic definition 1.2 Geometric definition 1.3 Scalar projection and first properties 1.4 Equivalence of the definitions 2 Properties 2.1 Application to the law of cosines 3 Triple product 4 Physics 5 Generalizations 5.1 Complex vectors 5.2 Inner product 5.3 Functions 5.4 Weight function 5.5 Dyadics and matrices 5.6 Tensors 6 Computation 6.1 Algorithms 6.2 Libraries 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Definition ( edit ) The dot product may be defined algebraically or geometrically . The geometric definition is based on the notions of angle and distance ( magnitude of vectors ) . The equivalence of these two definitions relies on having a Cartesian coordinate system for Euclidean space . In modern presentations of Euclidean geometry , the points of space are defined in terms of their Cartesian coordinates , and Euclidean space itself is commonly identified with the real coordinate space R. In such a presentation , the notions of length and angles are defined by means of the dot product . The length of a vector is defined as the square root of the dot product of the vector by itself , and the cosine of the ( non oriented ) angle of two vectors of length one is defined as their dot product . So the equivalence of the two definitions of the dot product is a part of the equivalence of the classical and the modern formulations of Euclidean geometry . Algebraic definition ( edit ) The dot product of two vectors a = ( a , a , ... , a ) and b = ( b , b , ... , b ) is defined as : a ⋅ b = ∑ i = 1 n a i b i = a 1 b 1 + a 2 b 2 + ⋯ + a n b n ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( \ color ( red ) a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( \ color ( blue ) b ) = \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) ( \ color ( red ) a ) _ ( i ) ( \ color ( blue ) b ) _ ( i ) = ( \ color ( red ) a ) _ ( 1 ) ( \ color ( blue ) b ) _ ( 1 ) + ( \ color ( red ) a ) _ ( 2 ) ( \ color ( blue ) b ) _ ( 2 ) + \ cdots + ( \ color ( red ) a ) _ ( n ) ( \ color ( blue ) b ) _ ( n ) ) where Σ denotes summation and n is the dimension of the vector space . For instance , in three - dimensional space , the dot product of vectors ( 1 , 3 , − 5 ) and ( 4 , − 2 , − 1 ) is : ( 1 , 3 , − 5 ) ⋅ ( 4 , − 2 , − 1 ) = ( 1 × 4 ) + ( 3 × − 2 ) + ( − 5 × − 1 ) = 4 − 6 + 5 = 3 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ ( ( \ color ( red ) 1 , 3 , - 5 ) ) \ cdot ( ( \ color ( blue ) 4 , - 2 , - 1 ) ) & = ( ( \ color ( red ) 1 ) \ times ( \ color ( blue ) 4 ) ) + ( ( \ color ( red ) 3 ) \ times ( \ color ( blue ) - 2 ) ) + ( ( \ color ( red ) - 5 ) \ times ( \ color ( blue ) - 1 ) ) \ \ & = 4 - 6 + 5 \ \ & = 3 \ end ( aligned ) ) ) If vectors are identified with row matrices , the dot product can also be written as a matrix product a ⋅ b = a b ⊤ , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( \ color ( red ) a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( \ color ( blue ) b ) = \ mathbf ( \ color ( red ) a ) \ mathbf ( \ color ( blue ) b ) ^ ( \ top ) , ) where b ⊤ ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( \ color ( blue ) b ) ^ ( \ top ) ) denotes the transpose of b ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( \ color ( blue ) b ) ) . Expressing the above example in this way , a 1 × 3 matrix ( row vector ) is multiplied by a 3 × 1 matrix ( column vector ) to get a 1 × 1 matrix that is identified with its unique entry : ( 1 3 − 5 ) ( 4 − 2 − 1 ) = 3 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) \ color ( red ) 1& \ color ( red ) 3& \ color ( red ) - 5 \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) \ color ( blue ) 4 \ \ \ color ( blue ) - 2 \ \ \ color ( blue ) - 1 \ end ( bmatrix ) ) = \ color ( purple ) 3 ) . Geometric definition ( edit ) Illustration showing how to find the angle between vectors using the dot product In Euclidean space , a Euclidean vector is a geometric object that possesses both a magnitude and a direction . A vector can be pictured as an arrow . Its magnitude is its length , and its direction is the direction that the arrow points . The magnitude of a vector a is denoted by ‖ a ‖ ( \ displaystyle \ left \ \ mathbf ( a ) \ right \ ) . The dot product of two Euclidean vectors a and b is defined by a ⋅ b = ‖ a ‖ ‖ b ‖ cos ( θ ) , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( b ) = \ \ mathbf ( a ) \ \ \ \ mathbf ( b ) \ \ cos ( \ theta ) , ) where θ is the angle between a and b . In particular , if a and b are orthogonal ( the angle between vectors is 90 ° ) then due to cos ( 90 ∘ ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ cos ( 90 ^ ( \ circ ) ) = 0 ) a ⋅ b = 0 . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( b ) = 0 . ) At the other extreme , if they are codirectional , then the angle between them is 0 ° and a ⋅ b = ‖ a ‖ ‖ b ‖ ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( b ) = \ left \ \ mathbf ( a ) \ right \ \ , \ left \ \ mathbf ( b ) \ right \ ) This implies that the dot product of a vector a with itself is a ⋅ a = ‖ a ‖ 2 , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( a ) = \ left \ \ mathbf ( a ) \ right \ ^ ( 2 ) , ) which gives ‖ a ‖ = a ⋅ a , ( \ displaystyle \ left \ \ mathbf ( a ) \ right \ = ( \ sqrt ( \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( a ) ) ) , ) the formula for the Euclidean length of the vector . Scalar projection and first properties ( edit ) Scalar projection The scalar projection ( or scalar component ) of a Euclidean vector a in the direction of a Euclidean vector b is given by a b = ‖ a ‖ cos θ , ( \ displaystyle a_ ( b ) = \ left \ \ mathbf ( a ) \ right \ \ cos \ theta , ) where θ is the angle between a and b . In terms of the geometric definition of the dot product , this can be rewritten a b = a ⋅ b ^ , ( \ displaystyle a_ ( b ) = \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot ( \ widehat ( \ mathbf ( b ) ) ) , ) where b ^ = b / ‖ b ‖ ( \ displaystyle ( \ widehat ( \ mathbf ( b ) ) ) = \ mathbf ( b ) / \ left \ \ mathbf ( b ) \ right \ ) is the unit vector in the direction of b . Distributive law for the dot product The dot product is thus characterized geometrically by a ⋅ b = a b ‖ b ‖ = b a ‖ a ‖ . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( b ) = a_ ( b ) \ left \ \ mathbf ( b ) \ right \ = b_ ( a ) \ left \ \ mathbf ( a ) \ right \ . ) The dot product , defined in this manner , is homogeneous under scaling in each variable , meaning that for any scalar α , ( α a ) ⋅ b = α ( a ⋅ b ) = a ⋅ ( α b ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ alpha \ mathbf ( a ) ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( b ) = \ alpha ( \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( b ) ) = \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot ( \ alpha \ mathbf ( b ) ) . ) It also satisfies a distributive law , meaning that a ⋅ ( b + c ) = a ⋅ b + a ⋅ c . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot ( \ mathbf ( b ) + \ mathbf ( c ) ) = \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( b ) + \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( c ) . ) These properties may be summarized by saying that the dot product is a bilinear form . Moreover , this bilinear form is positive definite , which means that a ⋅ a ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( a ) ) is never negative and is zero if and only if a = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) = \ mathbf ( 0 ) ) , the zero vector . Equivalence of the definitions ( edit ) If e , ... , e are the standard basis vectors in R , then we may write a = ( a 1 , ... , a n ) = ∑ i a i e i b = ( b 1 , ... , b n ) = ∑ i b i e i . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ mathbf ( a ) & = ( a_ ( 1 ) , \ dots , a_ ( n ) ) = \ sum _ ( i ) a_ ( i ) \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( i ) \ \ \ mathbf ( b ) & = ( b_ ( 1 ) , \ dots , b_ ( n ) ) = \ sum _ ( i ) b_ ( i ) \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( i ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) The vectors e are an orthonormal basis , which means that they have unit length and are at right angles to each other . Hence since these vectors have unit length e i ⋅ e i = 1 ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( i ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( i ) = 1 ) and since they form right angles with each other , if i ≠ j , e i ⋅ e j = 0 . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( i ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( j ) = 0 . ) Thus in general we can say that : e i ⋅ e j = δ i j . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( i ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( j ) = \ delta _ ( ij ) . ) Where δ is the Kronecker delta . Also , by the geometric definition , for any vector e and a vector a , we note a ⋅ e i = ‖ a ‖ ‖ e i ‖ cos θ = ‖ a ‖ cos θ = a i , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( i ) = \ left \ \ mathbf ( a ) \ right \ \ , \ left \ \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( i ) \ right \ \ cos \ theta = \ left \ \ mathbf ( a ) \ right \ \ cos \ theta = a_ ( i ) , ) where a is the component of vector a in the direction of e . Now applying the distributivity of the geometric version of the dot product gives a ⋅ b = a ⋅ ∑ i b i e i = ∑ i b i ( a ⋅ e i ) = ∑ i b i a i = ∑ i a i b i , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( b ) = \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ sum _ ( i ) b_ ( i ) \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( i ) = \ sum _ ( i ) b_ ( i ) ( \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( i ) ) = \ sum _ ( i ) b_ ( i ) a_ ( i ) = \ sum _ ( i ) a_ ( i ) b_ ( i ) , ) which is precisely the algebraic definition of the dot product . So the geometric dot product equals the algebraic dot product . Properties ( edit ) The dot product fulfills the following properties if a , b , and c are real vectors and r is a scalar . Commutative : a ⋅ b = b ⋅ a , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( b ) = \ mathbf ( b ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( a ) , ) which follows from the definition ( θ is the angle between a and b ) : a ⋅ b = ‖ a ‖ ‖ b ‖ cos θ = ‖ b ‖ ‖ a ‖ cos θ = b ⋅ a . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( b ) = \ left \ \ mathbf ( a ) \ right \ \ left \ \ mathbf ( b ) \ right \ \ cos \ theta = \ left \ \ mathbf ( b ) \ right \ \ left \ \ mathbf ( a ) \ right \ \ cos \ theta = \ mathbf ( b ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( a ) . ) Distributive over vector addition : a ⋅ ( b + c ) = a ⋅ b + a ⋅ c . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot ( \ mathbf ( b ) + \ mathbf ( c ) ) = \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( b ) + \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( c ) . ) Bilinear : a ⋅ ( r b + c ) = r ( a ⋅ b ) + ( a ⋅ c ) . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot ( r \ mathbf ( b ) + \ mathbf ( c ) ) = r ( \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( b ) ) + ( \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( c ) ) . ) Scalar multiplication : ( c 1 a ) ⋅ ( c 2 b ) = c 1 c 2 ( a ⋅ b ) . ( \ displaystyle ( c_ ( 1 ) \ mathbf ( a ) ) \ cdot ( c_ ( 2 ) \ mathbf ( b ) ) = c_ ( 1 ) c_ ( 2 ) ( \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( b ) ) . ) Not associative because the dot product between a scalar ( a ⋅ b ) and a vector ( c ) is not defined , which means that the expressions involved in the associative property , ( a ⋅ b ) ⋅ c or a ⋅ ( b ⋅ c ) are both ill - defined . Note however that the previously mentioned scalar multiplication property is sometimes called the `` associative law for scalar and dot product '' or one can say that `` the dot product is associative with respect to scalar multiplication '' because c ( a ⋅ b ) = ( c a ) ⋅ b = a ⋅ ( c b ) . Orthogonal : Two non-zero vectors a and b are orthogonal if and only if a ⋅ b = 0 . No cancellation : Unlike multiplication of ordinary numbers , where if ab = ac , then b always equals c unless a is zero , the dot product does not obey the cancellation law : If a ⋅ b = a ⋅ c and a ≠ 0 , then we can write : a ⋅ ( b − c ) = 0 by the distributive law ; the result above says this just means that a is perpendicular to ( b − c ) , which still allows ( b − c ) ≠ 0 , and therefore b ≠ c . Product Rule : If a and b are functions , then the derivative ( denoted by a prime ′ ) of a ⋅ b is a ′ ⋅ b + a ⋅ b ′ . Application to the law of cosines ( edit ) Triangle with vector edges a and b , separated by angle θ . Main article : Law of cosines Given two vectors a and b separated by angle θ ( see image right ) , they form a triangle with a third side c = a − b . The dot product of this with itself is : c ⋅ c = ( a − b ) ⋅ ( a − b ) = a ⋅ a − a ⋅ b − b ⋅ a + b ⋅ b = a 2 − a ⋅ b − a ⋅ b + b 2 = a 2 − 2 a ⋅ b + b 2 c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2 a b cos θ ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ mathbf ( \ color ( gold ) c ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( \ color ( gold ) c ) & = ( \ mathbf ( \ color ( red ) a ) - \ mathbf ( \ color ( blue ) b ) ) \ cdot ( \ mathbf ( \ color ( red ) a ) - \ mathbf ( \ color ( blue ) b ) ) \ \ & = \ mathbf ( \ color ( red ) a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( \ color ( red ) a ) - \ mathbf ( \ color ( red ) a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( \ color ( blue ) b ) - \ mathbf ( \ color ( blue ) b ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( \ color ( red ) a ) + \ mathbf ( \ color ( blue ) b ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( \ color ( blue ) b ) \ \ & = ( \ color ( red ) a ) ^ ( 2 ) - \ mathbf ( \ color ( red ) a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( \ color ( blue ) b ) - \ mathbf ( \ color ( red ) a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( \ color ( blue ) b ) + ( \ color ( blue ) b ) ^ ( 2 ) \ \ & = ( \ color ( red ) a ) ^ ( 2 ) - 2 \ mathbf ( \ color ( red ) a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( \ color ( blue ) b ) + ( \ color ( blue ) b ) ^ ( 2 ) \ \ ( \ color ( gold ) c ) ^ ( 2 ) & = ( \ color ( red ) a ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( \ color ( blue ) b ) ^ ( 2 ) - 2 ( \ color ( red ) a ) ( \ color ( blue ) b ) \ cos ( \ color ( purple ) \ theta ) \ \ \ end ( aligned ) ) ) which is the law of cosines . Triple product ( edit ) Main article : Triple product There are two ternary operations involving dot product and cross product . The scalar triple product of three vectors is defined as a ⋅ ( b × c ) = b ⋅ ( c × a ) = c ⋅ ( a × b ) . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot ( \ mathbf ( b ) \ times \ mathbf ( c ) ) = \ mathbf ( b ) \ cdot ( \ mathbf ( c ) \ times \ mathbf ( a ) ) = \ mathbf ( c ) \ cdot ( \ mathbf ( a ) \ times \ mathbf ( b ) ) . ) Its value is the determinant of the matrix whose columns are the Cartesian coordinates of the three vectors . It is the signed volume of the parallelogram defined by the three vectors . The vector triple product is defined by a × ( b × c ) = b ( a ⋅ c ) − c ( a ⋅ b ) . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) \ times ( \ mathbf ( b ) \ times \ mathbf ( c ) ) = \ mathbf ( b ) ( \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( c ) ) - \ mathbf ( c ) ( \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( b ) ) . ) This identity , also known as Lagrange 's formula may be remembered as `` BAC minus CAB '' , keeping in mind which vectors are dotted together . This formula finds application in simplifying vector calculations in physics . Physics ( edit ) In physics , vector magnitude is a scalar in the physical sense , i.e. a physical quantity independent of the coordinate system , expressed as the product of a numerical value and a physical unit , not just a number . The dot product is also a scalar in this sense , given by the formula , independent of the coordinate system . Examples include : Mechanical work is the dot product of force and displacement vectors , Magnetic flux is the dot product of the magnetic field and the vector area , Power is the dot product of force and velocity . Generalizations ( edit ) Complex vectors ( edit ) For vectors with complex entries , using the given definition of the dot product would lead to quite different properties . For instance the dot product of a vector with itself would be an arbitrary complex number , and could be zero without the vector being the zero vector ( such vectors are called isotropic ) ; this in turn would have consequences for notions like length and angle . Properties such as the positive - definite norm can be salvaged at the cost of giving up the symmetric and bilinear properties of the scalar product , through the alternative definition a ⋅ b = ∑ a i b i _̄ , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( b ) = \ sum ( a_ ( i ) ( \ overline ( b_ ( i ) ) ) ) , ) where a is the complex conjugate of a . Then the scalar product of any vector with itself is a non-negative real number , and it is nonzero except for the zero vector . However this scalar product is thus sesquilinear rather than bilinear : it is conjugate linear and not linear in a , and the scalar product is not symmetric , since a ⋅ b = b ⋅ a _̄ . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( b ) = ( \ overline ( \ mathbf ( b ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( a ) ) ) . ) The angle between two complex vectors is then given by cos θ = Re ( a ⋅ b ) ‖ a ‖ ‖ b ‖ . ( \ displaystyle \ cos \ theta = ( \ frac ( \ operatorname ( Re ) ( \ mathbf ( a ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( b ) ) ) ( \ left \ \ mathbf ( a ) \ right \ \ , \ left \ \ mathbf ( b ) \ right \ ) ) . ) This type of scalar product is nevertheless useful , and leads to the notions of Hermitian form and of general inner product spaces . Inner product ( edit ) Main article : Inner product space The inner product generalizes the dot product to abstract vector spaces over a field of scalars , being either the field of real numbers R ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( R ) ) or the field of complex numbers C ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( C ) ) . It is usually denoted using angular brackets by ⟨ a , b ⟩ ( \ displaystyle \ left \ langle \ mathbf ( a ) \ , , \ mathbf ( b ) \ right \ rangle ) . The inner product of two vectors over the field of complex numbers is , in general , a complex number , and is sesquilinear instead of bilinear . An inner product space is a normed vector space , and the inner product of a vector with itself is real and positive - definite . Functions ( edit ) The dot product is defined for vectors that have a finite number of entries . Thus these vectors can be regarded as discrete functions : a length - n vector u is , then , a function with domain ( k ∈ N ∣ 1 ≤ k ≤ n ) , and u is a notation for the image of i by the function / vector u . This notion can be generalized to continuous functions : just as the inner product on vectors uses a sum over corresponding components , the inner product on functions is defined as an integral over some interval a ≤ x ≤ b ( also denoted ( a , b ) ) : ⟨ u , v ⟩ = ∫ a b u ( x ) v ( x ) d x ( \ displaystyle \ left \ langle u , v \ right \ rangle = \ int _ ( a ) ^ ( b ) u ( x ) v ( x ) dx ) Generalized further to complex functions ψ ( x ) and χ ( x ) , by analogy with the complex inner product above , gives ⟨ ψ , χ ⟩ = ∫ a b ψ ( x ) χ ( x ) _̄ d x . ( \ displaystyle \ left \ langle \ psi , \ chi \ right \ rangle = \ int _ ( a ) ^ ( b ) \ psi ( x ) ( \ overline ( \ chi ( x ) ) ) dx . ) Weight function ( edit ) Inner products can have a weight function , i.e. a function which weights each term of the inner product with a value . Dyadics and matrices ( edit ) Matrices have the Frobenius inner product , which is analogous to the vector inner product . It is defined as the sum of the products of the corresponding components of two matrices A and B having the same size : A : B = ∑ i ∑ j A i j B i j _̄ = t r ( B H A ) = t r ( A B H ) . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( A ) : \ mathbf ( B ) = \ sum _ ( i ) \ sum _ ( j ) A_ ( ij ) ( \ overline ( B_ ( ij ) ) ) = \ mathrm ( tr ) ( \ mathbf ( B ) ^ ( \ mathrm ( H ) ) \ mathbf ( A ) ) = \ mathrm ( tr ) ( \ mathbf ( A ) \ mathbf ( B ) ^ ( \ mathrm ( H ) ) ) . ) A : B = ∑ i ∑ j A i j B i j = t r ( B T A ) = t r ( A B T ) = t r ( A T B ) = t r ( B A T ) . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( A ) : \ mathbf ( B ) = \ sum _ ( i ) \ sum _ ( j ) A_ ( ij ) B_ ( ij ) = \ mathrm ( tr ) ( \ mathbf ( B ) ^ ( \ mathrm ( T ) ) \ mathbf ( A ) ) = \ mathrm ( tr ) ( \ mathbf ( A ) \ mathbf ( B ) ^ ( \ mathrm ( T ) ) ) = \ mathrm ( tr ) ( \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( \ mathrm ( T ) ) \ mathbf ( B ) ) = \ mathrm ( tr ) ( \ mathbf ( B ) \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( \ mathrm ( T ) ) ) . ) ( For real matrices ) Dyadics have a dot product and `` double '' dot product defined on them , see Dyadics ( Product of dyadic and dyadic ) for their definitions . Tensors ( edit ) The inner product between a tensor of order n and a tensor of order m is a tensor of order n + m − 2 , see tensor contraction for details . Computation ( edit ) Algorithms ( edit ) The straightforward algorithm for calculating a floating - point dot product of vectors can suffer from catastrophic cancellation . To avoid this , approaches such as the Kahan summation algorithm are used . Libraries ( edit ) A dot product function is included in BLAS level 1 . See also ( edit ) Cauchy -- Schwarz inequality Cross product Matrix multiplication Metric tensor Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The term scalar product is often also used more generally to mean a symmetric bilinear form , for example for a pseudo-Euclidean space . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : S. Lipschutz ; M. Lipson ( 2009 ) . Linear Algebra ( Schaum 's Outlines ) ( 4th ed . ) . McGraw Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 154352 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : M.R. Spiegel ; S. Lipschutz ; D. Spellman ( 2009 ) . Vector Analysis ( Schaum 's Outlines ) ( 2nd ed . ) . McGraw Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 161545 - 7 . Jump up ^ AI Borisenko ; IE Taparov ( 1968 ) . Vector and tensor analysis with applications . Translated by Richard Silverman . Dover . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Arfken , G.B. ; Weber , H.J. ( 2000 ) . Mathematical Methods for Physicists ( 5th ed . ) . Boston , MA : Academic Press . pp. 14 -- 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 059825 - 0 ... Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. `` Dot Product . '' From MathWorld -- A Wolfram Web Resource . http://mathworld.wolfram.com/DotProduct.html Jump up ^ T. Banchoff ; J. Wermer ( 1983 ) . Linear Algebra Through Geometry . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4684 - 0161 - 5 . Jump up ^ A. Bedford ; Wallace L. Fowler ( 2008 ) . Engineering Mechanics : Statics ( 5th ed . ) . Prentice Hall . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 612915 - 8 . Jump up ^ K.F. Riley ; M.P. Hobson ; S.J. Bence ( 2010 ) . Mathematical methods for physics and engineering ( 3rd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 86153 - 3 . Jump up ^ M. Mansfield ; C. O'Sullivan ( 2011 ) . Understanding Physics ( 4th ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 47 - 0746370 . Jump up ^ Berberian , Sterling K. ( 2014 ) ( 1992 ) , Linear Algebra , Dover , p. 287 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 78055 - 9 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scalar product . Hazewinkel , Michiel , ed. ( 2001 ) ( 1994 ) , `` Inner product '' , Encyclopedia of Mathematics , Springer Science + Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55608 - 010 - 4 Weisstein , Eric W. `` Dot product '' . MathWorld . Explanation of dot product including with complex vectors `` Dot Product '' by Bruce Torrence , Wolfram Demonstrations Project , 2007 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the dot product of two vectors results in a | [
"The name \"dot product\" is derived from the centered dot \" · \" that is often used to designate this operation; the alternative name \"scalar product\" emphasizes that the result is a scalar, rather than a vector, as is the case for the vector product in three-dimensional space.\n"
] | [
"a vector"
] |
-3091868961517512413 | Shortland Street | Shortland Street - wikipedia Shortland Street Jump to : navigation , search Shortland Street Genre Medical drama Soap opera Created by Bettina Hollings Caterina De Nave Jason Daniel Directed by Oliver Driver Kiel McNaughton Katherine McRae Ian Hughes Richard Barr Geoff Cawthorn Starring ( Ensemble ) Opening theme Graham Bollard Ending theme Graham Bollard Country of origin New Zealand Original language ( s ) Primary : English Secondary : Maori , Samoan No. of seasons 26 ( as of 29 September 2017 ) No. of episodes 6,335 ( as of 29 September 2017 ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Don Reynolds Alan Coleman Caterina De Nave Rachel Lang Tony Holden Simon Bennett John Barnett Producer ( s ) Caterina De Nave ( 1992 ) Brian Lennane ( 1992 -- 93 ) Tony Holden ( 1994 -- 95 ) Gavin Srawhan ( 1995 -- 96 ) Alan Coleman ( 1995 ) Judith Trye ( 1996 -- 97 ) Lisa Page ( 2000 -- 01 ) Harriet Crampton ( 2001 -- 05 ) Katie Wolfe ( 2005 ) Jason Daniel ( 2005 -- 08 ) Steven Zanoski ( 2009 -- 13 ) Simon Bennett ( 1997 -- 2000 , 2013 -- 2016 ) Maxine Fleming ( 2016 -- ) Location ( s ) 8 Tolich Pl , Lincoln North , Waitakere , Auckland 0610 New Zealand Editor ( s ) Anna Benedikter Matthew Allison Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 30 minutes ( inc . adverts ) Production company ( s ) South Pacific Pictures Grundy Television FremantleMedia Australia Distributor TVNZ Release Original network TVNZ 2 Picture format 576i 4 : 3 ( 1992 -- 2007 ) 576i 16 : 9 widescreen ( 2007 -- 2011 ) 1080i ( 2011 -- Present ) Audio format Stereo Original release 25 May 1992 ( 1992 - 05 - 25 ) -- Present External links Website tvnz.co.nz/shortland-street Shortland Street is a New Zealand prime - time soap opera centring on the fictitious Shortland Street Hospital , first broadcast on TVNZ 2 on 25 May 1992 . It is the country 's longest - running drama and soap opera , being broadcast continuously for over 6,000 episodes and 25 years , and is one of the most watched television programmes in New Zealand . The show was originally screened as five half - hour episodes each week and initially receiving mixed reviews on its premiere . After its launch it dropped in ratings and would have been cancelled if TVNZ had not ordered a year 's worth of episodes in advance . TVNZ renewed the production in early 1993 when the show 's rating had picked up , and it now has `` long - term public enthusiasm '' . Today , it is one of New Zealand 's highest - rated shows , frequently making AGB Nielsen Media Research 's top 5 programmes of the week . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Characters 3 Notable alumni 4 Production 5 Controversy 6 International 6.1 Australia 6.2 Ireland 6.3 Pacific 6.4 UK 6.5 South Africa 6.6 Ukraine 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) After the cancellation of Gloss , Television New Zealand noticed the lack of New Zealand content on their channel and in 1990 set about creating a local equivalent of the Australian soap Neighbours . Greg McGee at South Pacific Pictures wanted to do a series about the new private clinics emerging under New Zealand 's Labour government , and suggested the idea to scriptwriter Dean Parker , who declined due to a dislike of private medicine , so TV2 and South Pacific Pictures purchased a formula from Grundy Television , who get a royalty cheque for every broadcast . $10 million was given for an initial 230 episodes . Caterina De Nave was hired as the show 's producer and subsequently travelled to Australia to work with Grundy Television to work out an idea for the five times a week soap . TV2 programmer Bettina Hollings suggested the setting of a hospital after reading an article detailing ideal locations of a drama , which included a hospital , a police station and a school . De Nave worked with several storyliners including Jason Daniel and they worked out an outline of the show . De Nave noticed Neighbours and Home and Away had a generally straightforward Australian cast and wished for the cast of her show to be culturally diverse to reflect New Zealand . She also wanted the cast to have strong female characters to attract the necessary female audience . Daniel created the character of Kirsty while De Nave created Meredith and Ken Catran created Hone . The character of Stuart was originally planned to be gay but the plans made TVNZ nervous and were scrapped . De Nave also wished to counter-stereotype races and made Polynesian Sam Aleni a paramedic as there was only one paramedic of Polynesian descent throughout New Zealand . De Nave decided to make the setting that of a private hospital as it reflected New Zealand medicine at the time . The longest running characters Chris and Rachel as they were in 1993 and 16 years later in 2009 The working title was The Shortland Street Project after its planned filming location in a TVNZ - owned studio at 74 Shortland Street in Auckland Central . However , the studio was found to be too small for the required sets , and the production studio was moved to a warehouse in Browns Bay . After running through many name options , the original working - title was chosen and subsequently truncated to simply Shortland Street . The name subsequently is a homage to the Shortland Street studios , which were home to New Zealand 's first regular television broadcast in 1960 , and were home to TVNZ and its predecessors ' Auckland operations until TVNZ moved to its new purpose - built television centre on Victoria Street West in 1990 . Shortland Street 's first episode aired on 25 May 1992 to mixed reviews . Ratings were originally high after a successful marketing campaign but fell steadily throughout the year until 1993 when they rose dramatically . The show would have been cancelled in the first year if it was not for the fact TVNZ ordered a year 's worth of episodes . With high public interest in the show and a viewing figure of a constant 600,000 , Shortland Street received more sets and the nursing uniform which was considered outdated was redone . In 2000 an Australian consultant drastically changed the show so that it would suit the 21st century tone of New Zealand . This included transitioning the hospital to a public hospital , bringing in low income families and writing off 14 characters . Michael Galvin and Angela Bloomfield were brought back as their characters Chris Warner and Rachel McKenna and the show received a new producer . The show reached huge ratings in 2007 when a serial killer storyline was introduced , with five characters meeting their demise . Episode 4000 saw the return of series original Dr. Hone Ropata for a six - week stint in 2008 . Shortland Street aired its first ever 90 minute episode on 2 August 2010 . The episode featured Chris discovering he had a son with series original Alison Raynor in 1996 , and the conclusion to the three - year Kieran Mitchell storyline which saw the shows second highest ever ratings . Shortland Street has since made the 90 - minute episode an annual feature . On 18 April 2011 , Shortland Street screened its first episode in high definition . In July 2011 , Shortland Street achieved a New Zealand first when it made its 2011 feature - length episode available to purchase via Facebook , becoming the second ever TV show in the world to use this technology . In August 2011 All Blacks Keven Mealamu , Anthony Boric and Jerome Kaino filmed a scene that aired on the opening night of the 2011 Rugby World Cup on 9 September . The show added short transition scenes in which two characters in the hospital elevator discussed the wins or losses ( the latter never actually happening ) the All Blacks endured during the tournament . On the 15th December 2016 , Shortland Street released a charity single featuring Lionel Wellington and J.J. Fong to raise money for Starship Children 's Health hospital . On 25 May 2017 , Shortland Street celebrated 25 years on New Zealand television . Characters ( edit ) See also : Current Shortland Street Characters , List of Shortland Street characters , and List of original Shortland Street characters Shortland Street stars an ensemble cast . Most of the characters either work at Shortland Street Hospital , or are relations to employees of the hospital . Since 1992 many notable faces have appeared on the soap . Only one character remains from the original cast : Chris Warner Though taking a 4 - year break , Chris has featured in the show the longest of the current cast , outstaying all of his family , who either died or left . Rachel McKenna , another long - standing character as of 2014 , first appeared in the soap in 1993 and has made regular appearances since . Nick Harrison , another long - running character , disappeared from the show in 2005 . Characters on the show attribute and portray several different demographics found in New Zealand . These range from the rich and well - off ( such as Chris Warner ) to the struggling and poor ( Wendy Cooper ) . Other areas covered include different ethnicities , with Asian , Polynesian , Romanian people and even Zimbabwean characters appearing on the show . In the first year of the show , it was decided that CEO Michael McKenna 's personal assistant , Jenny , should be a solo mother to help draw in that demographic , who statistically would be watching TV at 7 pm . The show has also had a long string of families , such as the Warners , McKennas , Harrisons , Crombies , Hudsons , Jeffries , Valentines , McKays , Coopers , Avia - Levis , and Hannahs , and various teenagers , helping young audiences and families relate to the show . Notable alumni ( edit ) Several past cast - members have made a name for themselves on the international scene : Temuera Morrison ( who portrayed Dr. Hone Ropata from 1992 to 1995 and who made a guest appearance in 2008 ) appeared in several Hollywood films and played Jango Fett in Star Wars as well as Jake Heke in Once Were Warriors . Martin Henderson , who portrayed Stuart Neilson from 1992 to 1995 , went on to star in The Ring and starred alongside James Franco in Flyboys and alongside Cate Blanchett in Little Fish . He returned in 2017 for the 25 year anniversary episode . Robyn Malcolm , who portrayed Nurse Ellen Crozier from 1994 to 1999 who went on to star in many Australian television productions such as Upper Middle Bogan and The Code and has also appeared on American and British television with the programme Top of the Lake . Although she is probably best known to this day for her role as Cheryl West on the widely popular New Zealand programme Outrageous Fortune . Karl Urban , who portrayed the recurring role of gay paramedic Jamie Forrest , went on to play Dr. Leonard `` Bones '' McCoy in the 2009 Star Trek remake , the TV programme Xena : Warrior Princess and Hercules : The Legendary Journeys , Éomer in The Lord of the Rings trilogy , Vaako in the Riddick film series , and played the title role of Judge Dredd in the movie Dredd . Marton Csokas , who played Leonard Rossi - Dodds from 1993 to 1994 and then again from late 1994 to 1995 , went on to star in films such as The Bourne Supremacy ( alongside the previously mentioned Karl Urban ) and Alice in Wonderland Kieren Hutchison , who played the recurring role of Jonathon McKenna from 1993 to 1996 and again in 2011 , went on to star as Andy Hargrove on One Tree Hill , as Kerry Connelly on Wildfire and as Jake Preston on Monarch Cove ( 2006 ) Kimberley Crossman , who played Sophie McKay from 2006 to 2011 , has also become famous both nationally in New Zealand and internationally with her work in America as a journalist , interviewing stars such as Selena Gomez , and featuring as Lauren Shiba / Red Samurai Ranger in Power Rangers Samurai ( 2012 ) Danielle Cormack , who played Alison Raynor from 1992 -- 1993 , played the leading role of Bea Smith in the critically acclaimed and internationally successful Australian TV programme Wentworth . Sally Martin , who plays HOD of Nursing Nicole Kruse - Miller , played the role of Tori Hanson / Blue Wind Ninja Storm Ranger on Power Rangers Ninja Storm . K.J. Apa ( who portrayed Kane Jenkins from 2013 to 2015 ) , has now found fame as the series lead of the popular American television programme Riverdale . Craig Parker who played Guy Warner from 1992 , 1993 - 1996 , and 2007 - 2008 gained international fame for being in The Lord of the Rings films in the role of Haldir . As well as the television programmes Legend of the Seeker , Reign , and Spartacus . Manu Bennett portrayed the recurring character Jack Hewitt from 2001 to 2002 found fame internationally for the American television programmes Spartacus , Arrow and The Shannara Chronicles . Although he is especially known for The Hobbit films . Anna Hutchison who portrayed Delphi Greenlaw from 2002 to 2004 has became famous internationally for the television programmes Power Rangers Jungle Fury , Underbelly : A Tale of Two Cities , Spartacus : War of the Damned , Anger Management and the film The Cabin in the Woods . Robbie Magasiva who played the character Dr. Maxwell Avia from 2009 to 2012 and 2015 , is now a regular on the popular Australian TV programme Wentworth . Pua Magasiva who portrays Vinnie Kruse played the lead role of Shane Clarke / Red Wind Ninja Storm Ranger on Power Rangers Ninja Storm . Rose McIver who portrayed Holly from 1992 to 1993 has gone on to find success with the film The Lovely Bones and roles on the TV programmes Power Rangers RPM , Masters of Sex , Once Upon a Time and as the lead in iZombie . Dean O'Gorman who played Nurse Harry Martin in 1996 is known for the role of Fíli in the Hobbit trilogy and his roles in The Almighty Johnsons and McLeod 's Daughters . Antony Starr who portrayed Stratford Wilson from 2000 to 2002 , He was the leading actor of the American TV programme Banshee . Production ( edit ) Shortland Street is produced by South Pacific Pictures , with assistance from FremantleMedia and Television New Zealand . In the first few years , the production was also assisted by New Zealand On Air . Today , most of the filming for Shortland Street occurs at South Pacific Pictures Waitakere City studios , with Ferndale High School scenes being filmed at the nearby Waitakere College . The exterior shots of the Hospital are filmed on location at the Waitakere Studios at an existing section of a building dressed up to appear as the facade of a hospital entrance . Location scenes are filmed in Auckland , but other locations , including Fiji , Mt Ruapehu , Rotorua and Rarotonga have been used . Originally , Shortland Street was filmed in North Shore City at South Pacific Pictures Browns Bay studios until their relocation to purpose built studios in Waitakere City in 2000 . The original Ferndale High School was played by a North Shore college until the studio relocated . When cast members are hired their contracts are either 4 days , 1 week , 2 weeks , 6 weeks , 6 months or a year . High definition production of Shortland Street started in early 2011 , with the first HD episode broadcast on 18 April 2011 on the Freeview HD and Sky platforms . Controversy ( edit ) The show has had a reputation for being raunchy and controversial with the very first episode of the show featuring a sex scene between resident `` Dr. Love '' Chris Warner and his aerobics instructor . Another early controversy was that of a lesbian kiss between Meredith Fleming and Annie Flynn with several complaints made to the Broadcasting Standards Authority ( BSA ) but it went no further . It was not until 2008 that the show received its first ever BSA warning , when it featured an oral sex scene in mid-2008 between sexually confused Gerald and a fellow man . A few months later , the show received a second warning for an episode in August 2008 depicting the brutal murder of Craig Valentine , who was beaten unconscious , then set alight in his car . Again , a few months later , the show received yet another warning about a scene in January 2009 where Tania Jeffries hit a gang leader in the head with a hammer . Scenes aired in April 2010 sparked criticism when Leanne Miller and her daughter Nicole stated that the city of Tauranga was not `` gay friendly '' . The show caused controversy in August 2010 when the character of Sophie McKay was shown to be being stalked by her university lecturer who she had been dating . This upset the family of murdered girl Sophie Elliott who was killed by her university tutor , Clayton Weatherston , who she had been dating . The similarities upset the families with producer Steven Zanoski saying : `` the storyline was a classic and not inspired by real events . '' The show 's production department received several complaints following the lesbian love storyline involving Maia Jeffries and Jennifer Mason . A storyline aired in April 2011 which featured the Cooper Family try to go to the beach , but they get confronted by a group of Maori who demand money . This sparked criticism with some saying it was discrimination against Maori people . Maori adviser Ngamaru Raerino stated that viewers should n't have jumped to conclusions and should have let the storyline completely unfold which reveals the group of Maori are protesting against a corrupt camp owner who had been polluting the beach . In September 2011 , Shortland Street was identified as one of the main influences to people who self - harm , airing two storylines involving suicide attempts . International ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) In Australia , it airs on Foxtel 's Arena channel weekdays at 11.30 am . Episodes are six weeks behind New Zealand . Free - to - air digital channel 7TWO was airing episodes about three years behind however no longer airs episodes as of August 2015 . Previous Australian broadcasters include : ABC1 2010 -- 2011 , UKTV 1997 -- 2000 , and SBS TV briefly between 1994 -- 1995 . Ireland ( edit ) In Ireland , it airs on RTÉ One weekdays at around noon and 03 : 00 am . Episodes are four years behind current New Zealand episodes . RTÉ has broadcast Shortland Street since 1996 . Pacific ( edit ) In Fiji , the show has been on air since 1994 screening weekdays on Fiji One usually around 8 : 30 pm weekdays . It is one of the most popular shows in Fiji. The show is screened on Cook Island Television at 8.00 pm weekdays . It is one of the most popular shows in the Cook Islands . Uk ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , the series was originally screened on various regions of the ITV network from 1993 to 2003 . From 29 March 1993 , Central Television were the first ITV region to screen the soap , beginning in an afternoon timeslot , 1520 -- 1550 . From April 1994 to 2000 , it was shown in an early evening timeslot , at either 1710 -- 1740 and , later at 1730 -- 1800 . Eventually the serial was moved to a lunchtime slot , 1300 -- 1330 from 12 June 2000 and it remained here for over two years . Meridian become the second region to start the series in mid 1993 around early afternoons until late 2002 . Anglia start in April 1994 and followed central pattern , of the 17.10 slot , dropped the series around 2000 . From May 1994 , Border , Granada started showing the series as a replacement for A Country Practice , broadcast in the afternoons , at the own piece , although did use the early - evening example . In January 1995 , Tyne tees and Yorkshire started the series as a replacement for The Young Doctors . By 1999 , Granada , Yorkshire Television and Tyne tees dropped the series entirely , opting for local programming instead , while Border switched the series to 17.10 slot by 2001 it was back in the afternoon slot until it dropped in the summer of 2003 . Grampian Television also started the series in 1994 but it was dropped in late 1998 . Scottish Television have never shown Shortland Street . HTV started the series in August 1994 , showing the series in the afternoons , at the own piece , including early - evening example for a short time . The series was dropped in early 2000 but reappeared in by May 2000 . From January 2003 , the Carlton - owned ITV regions including Central Television , Westcountry , HTV and Carlton - London networked Shortland Street in an afternoon slot , 1430 -- 1500 , Monday to Wednesday , with a Thursday episode added a few months later . A special programme was aired ( presented by Michael Galvin and Angela Bloomfield ) introducing new viewers from Westcountry and Carlton - London to the show . However , Shortland Street failed to attract a significant audience in its new afternoon slot and it was axed completely by ITV and was last shown on 28 August 2003 , finishing at episode 2367 . Central had shown the serial consecutively for over 10 years . Shortland Street returned to British screens on 23 August 2010 , when Living began airing two episodes a day from the 2007 season with episodes 3736 / 3737 which originally aired in New Zealand on 21 / 22 May 2007 beginning on 23 August 2010 at 15.00 -- 16.00 ( and repeated at 10.00 the following morning ) . However four weeks into its run , the morning repeats were dropped by Living , and as of Monday 20 September moving from 15.00 -- 16.00 and 12.00 -- 13.00 . As from Monday 27 September 2010 , it was shown on Living Loves from 18.00 -- 19.00 Monday to Friday with five repeat episodes shown on Saturday and Sunday mornings . After just over two months on - air , it was cancelled by Sky with the final episode shown on 29 October 2010 . South africa ( edit ) In previous years South Pacific Pictures publicity has claimed the show was sold to the South African black homeland of Bophuthatswana , which journalists have used to demonstrate Shortland Street 's interracial appeal . Ukraine ( edit ) A licensed version of the show started production in Ukraine in 2016 called `` Central Hospital '' ( ЦЕНТРАЛЬНА ЛІКАРНЯ ) with an initial run of 60 episodes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shortland Street '' . TVNZ Ondemand . Jump up ^ Promotion of Maori Language Week Jump up ^ TAGATA PASIFIKA - Shortland Street 25 year Anniversary Jump up ^ `` Shortland Street producer Maxine Fleming '' . 20 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` And they said it would n't last -- Shortland Street -- tvnz.co.nz '' . Retrieved 11 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Horrocks , Roger & Nick Perry ( 2004 ) . Television in New Zealand : Programming the Nation p23 Auckland , N.Z. : Oxford University Press ^ Jump up to : Barbara Cairns & Helen Martin ( 1996 ) . Shortland Street -- Production , Text and Audience ( First ed . ) . Auckland : Macmillan Publishers New Zealand . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Hay , Natasha ( 27 October 2012 ) . `` Dean Parker 's The Tigers of Wrath '' . NZ Listener . APN Holdings NZ Ltd . Retrieved 9 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bennett , Cath ( 23 May 2010 ) . `` Shorty road to success '' . stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 1 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shortland Street 's secrets '' . The New Zealand Herald . 17 January 2011 . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` And they said it would n't last -- Shortland Street '' . Television New Zealand . May 2012 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cleave , Louisa ( 5 April 2001 ) . `` Shortland Street gets real '' . The New Zealand Herald . APN News & Media . Retrieved 5 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` We 're rating through the roof ! '' SHORTLAND STREET FEATURES `` tvnz.co.nz '' . Retrieved 25 February 2008 . Jump up ^ TVNZ . `` Shortland Street goes viral Shortland Street '' . Throng . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Players get in on the action with Shortland Street '' . The New Zealand Herald . August 2011 . Retrieved August 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` All Blacks film Shortland Street cameo '' . Throng . August 2011 . Retrieved August 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Shortland Street to acknowledge RWC results as they happen '' . Throng . August 2011 . Retrieved August 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` All Blacks to star in Shortland Street '' . TVNZ . August 2011 . Retrieved 31 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Dann , Jennifer ( 2016 - 12 - 13 ) . `` Twelve Questions with JJ Fong : Shortland Street 's newest nurse is here to cause some drama '' . New Zealand Herald . ISSN 1170 - 0777 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Shortland Street stars who made it big '' . Stuff ( Fairfax Media ) . 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben . `` Dredd sequel : he ought to be sent back where he came from '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shortland Street Gay Scene Breaches BSA Scoop News '' . Scoop.co.nz. 8 December 2008 . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ regan . `` BSA deals Shortland Street its second ruling Shortland Street '' . Throng . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shortland Street in trouble with BSA again '' . Throng forum . Jump up ^ `` Shortland St gay remarks outrage Tauranga locals '' . 3 News . 30 April 2010 . Retrieved 9 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Grunwell , Rachel ( 1 August 2010 ) . `` Shortland Street stalker storyline shocks fans , family '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 9 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Brad Kreft . `` Shortland Street storyline upsets Sophie Elliott 's family Shortland Street '' . Throng . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Increased Mother figures '' . Throng . January 2011 . Retrieved September 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Tahana , Yvonne ( 28 April 2011 ) . `` Shortland St defends Maori beach levy plot '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 9 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Brad Kreft ( 28 April 2011 ) . `` Shortland Street defends Maori beach storyline Shortland Street '' . Throng . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TV soap linked to suicide bids '' . The New Zealand Herald . September 2011 . Retrieved September 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Shortland Street '' . arenatv.com.au . Jump up ^ The SBS Story : The Challenge of Diversity , Ien Ang , Gay Hawkins , Lamia Dabboussy , UNSW Press , 2008 , page 154 Jump up ^ `` Shortland Street News '' . blueyonder.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` ATV Network Today '' . Atvnewsnetwork.co.uk . Archived from the original on 9 October 2011 . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Grant , Frances `` Now We Are '' The New Zealand Herald 16 May 1998 p . D2 Jump up ^ Wilson , Tim `` Street Cred '' Metro May 1999 pp. 71 -- 77 Jump up ^ McKee , Hannah ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) . `` Ukraine 's own Shortland Street proves a hit '' . Stuff.co.nz . New Zealand : Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 12 ... and now it 's got the first international version of our most loved soap opera . External links ( edit ) Official Website ( TVNZ ) Official Facebook Official Twitter ( 1 ) Shortland Street -- at the RetroJunk Shortland Street -- TVNZ ondemand ( only available to New Zealand due to copyright reasons ) Shortland Street on IMDb Shortland Street at TV.com Ferndale Talk ( hide ) Shortland Street Present and future characters Alison Raynor Chris Warner Frank Connelly Finn Connelly Sass Connelly Harry Warner Vinnie Kruse - Miller TK Samuels Nicole Kruse - Miller Leanne Black Tillie Potts Boyd Rolleston Kylie Brown Harper Whitley Jack Hannah Michael Hampton - Rees Lucy Rickman Mo Hannah Damo Johnson Drew McCaskill Ali Karim Esther Samuels Blue Nathan Kate Nathan Leroy Raumati Past characters Sam Aleni Marj Brasch Judy Brownlee Caroline Buxton Moira Crombie Jay Copeland Carla Crozier Ellen Crozier Minnie Crozier Murray Cooper Wendy Cooper Bella Durville Luke Durville Greg Feeney Jamie Forrest Josh Gallagher Delphi Greenlaw Bree Hamilton Jenny Harrison Nick Harrison Waverley Harrison Donna Heka Joey Henderson Oscar Henry Rangi Heremaia Adam Heywood Joe Hudson Tama Hudson Te Hana Hudson Gabrielle Jacobs Libby Jeffries Maia Jeffries Yvonne Jeffries Kane Jenkins Justine Jones Anne Kahu Victor Kahu David Kearney Fergus Kearney Kirsty Knight Grace Kwan Ula Levi Sophie McKay Hunter McKay Jonathon McKenna Michael McKenna Rachel McKenna Steve Mills Kieran Mitchell Darryl Neilson Stuart Neilson Tom Neilson Roimata Ngatai Daniel Potts Sarah Potts Tiffany Pratt Phoenix Raynor Brooke Rolleston Hone Ropata Huia Samuels Lionel Skeggins Zac Smith Dominic Thompson Craig Valentine Bruce Warner Guy Warner Toni Warner Lists of characters 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Original characters Storylines and related topics 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2016 Births Deaths Marriages Cliffhangers First episode 20th anniversary Warner Family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shortland_Street&oldid=802147659 '' Categories : Shortland Street New Zealand television soap operas 1992 New Zealand television series debuts 1990s New Zealand television series 2000s New Zealand television series 2010s New Zealand television series Medical television series Television programmes funded by NZ on Air Television series by FremantleMedia Fictional streets and roads TVNZ 2 programmes Television shows set in Auckland Television shows set in New Zealand Television series by All3Media Television series by South Pacific Pictures English - language television programs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 errors : dates All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 EngvarB from November 2015 Use dmy dates from November 2015 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 日本 語 Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 08 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what channel is shortland street on in australia | [
"In Australia, it airs on Foxtel's Arena channel weekdays at 11.30 am. Episodes are six weeks behind New Zealand.[32] Free-to-air digital channel 7TWO was airing episodes about three years behind however no longer airs episodes as of August 2015. Previous Australian broadcasters include: ABC1 2010–2011, UKTV 1997–2000, and SBS TV briefly between 1994–1995.[33]"
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-5004135488075453818 | David Wenham | David Wenham - Wikipedia David Wenham This article is about the actor . For the theologian , see David Wenham ( theologian ) . David Wenham Wenham at the premiere of the film The Turning at the 2014 Berlin Film Festival ( 1965 - 09 - 21 ) 21 September 1965 ( age 52 ) Marrickville , Sydney , Australia Occupation Actor Years active 1987 -- present Partner ( s ) Kate Agnew ( 1994 -- present ) Children David Wenham ( born 21 September 1965 ) is an Australian actor who has appeared in movies , television series and theatre productions . He is known in Hollywood for his roles as Faramir in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy , Carl in Van Helsing , Dilios in 300 and its sequel 300 : Rise of an Empire , Neil Fletcher in Australia , Al Parker in Top of the Lake , and Lieutenant John Scarfield in Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales . He is also known in his native Australia for his role as Diver Dan in SeaChange . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Wenham was born in Marrickville , Sydney , the son of Kath and Bill Wenham . He has five older sisters ; Helen , Anne , Carmel , Kathryn , and Maree ; and one older brother , Peter . He was raised in the Roman Catholic faith and attended Christian Brothers ' High School , Lewisham . Career ( edit ) Wenham started his career as an actor after graduating from Theatre Nepean at the University of Western Sydney with a Bachelor of Arts ( Performing Arts ) in 1987 . Wenham 's television credits include several telemovies , such as his AFI award - winning role in the 1996 telemovie Simone de Beauvoir 's Babies ; and his role as the outwardly laid back but deeply enigmatic diver Dan Della Bosca in the 1998 and 1999 seasons of the highly successful ABC television series SeaChange . His role as `` Diver Dan '' has made the actor something of a sex symbol , although he dislikes thinking of himself as such , and he has been voted Australia 's `` sexiest man alive '' . A portrait of Wenham by artist Adam Cullen won the Archibald Prize in 2000 . Wenham is signed to Storm Model Management in London . Australian films Wenham has starred in include the critically acclaimed The Boys ( 1998 ) based on the play of the same name premiered at Griffin Theatre Company and in turn based on the murder of Anita Cobby ; Molokai ( 1999 ) , based on the life of Father Damien ; The Bank ( 2001 ) ; Gettin ' Square ( 2003 ) ; Stiff ( 2004 ) ; The Brush Off ( 2004 ) and Three Dollars ( 2005 ) . Wenham has periodically appeared in Hollywood films ; he is known for playing Faramir , son of Denethor II , in New Line Cinema 's The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers and The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King . He was also seen in Van Helsing playing Hugh Jackman 's sidekick , Friar Carl . His character , Dilios , narrated and appeared in the movie 300 . Minor roles of Wenham 's in overseas films include in The Crocodile Hunter as a park ranger , and briefly in Moulin Rouge ! as Audrey . Wenham stars in the music video for Alex Lloyd 's single `` Brand New Day '' . In 2008 's Australia , he reunited with Hugh Jackman playing antagonist Neil Fletcher who seeks to acquire the ranch Jackman 's character is employed with . In both Lord of the Rings : Return of the King and 300 , Wenham 's character is the sole survivor returned from an ill - fated battle ( the Battle at Osgiliath and the Battle of Thermopylae , respectively ) . He reprises his role of Dilios in the videogame 300 : March to Glory for Sony PlayStation Portable , which contains a substantial amount of new dialogue . In 2009 , he again took to the stage , this time as the lead actor , Jerry Springer , in the British musical Jerry Springer : The Opera . During its 6 - day run at the Sydney Opera House he played in sold - out performances alongside ARIA award - winning singer Kate Miller - Heidke . In 2010 , Wenham starred as the disgraced Melbourne lawyer Andrew Fraser in the Australian TV series Killing Time . This ten - part series shows Fraser 's fall from grace as he defends many Melbourne criminals during the 1980s and 1990s . It was shown on TV1 in late 2011 . Wenham plays New Zealand detective Al Parker alongside Elisabeth Moss in the 2013 BBC series Top of the Lake . In 2013 , Wenham returned to the stage to play the lead role of John Proctor , in the Melbourne Theatre Company 's mid-year production of Arthur Miller 's The Crucible . In 2014 , Wenham starred as Patrick Jones in Paper Planes , released on 15 January 2015 . That same year , Wenham voiced the role Jacko a frilled - neck lizard , in Blinky Bill the Movie . Wenham played the role of Harold Meachum in the Netflix original TV series Iron Fist , which premiered in March 2017 . Personal life ( edit ) He has two daughters , Eliza Jane and Millie , with his longtime girlfriend , Kate Agnew . Wenham read a poem by Rupert McCall at the memorial service for Steve Irwin . The poem was entitled `` The Crocodiles are Crying '' . Wenham is a Sydney Swans supporter . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1992 Greenkeeping Trevor 1992 Seeing Red Frank 1994 Gino Trevor 1994 Tran the Man Raymond `` Tran '' Moss Short film 1994 No Escape Hotel Guard No. 2 1995 Roses Are Red Brian Cosi Doug Idiot Box Bank Teller 1998 The Boys Brett Sprague 1998 Dark City Schreber 's Assistant 1998 A Little Bit of Soul Dr. Richard Shorkinghorn 1999 Molokai : The Story of Father Damien Father Damien 2000 Better Than Sex Josh 2001 Russian Doll Ethan 2001 Moulin Rouge ! Audrey 2001 The Bank Jim Doyle 2001 Dust Luke 2002 The Crocodile Hunter : Collision Course Sam Flynn 2002 Pure Lenny 2002 The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers Faramir 2003 Gettin ' Square Johnny Spitieri 2003 Basilisk Stare Dave 2003 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Faramir Van Helsing Carl 2005 Three Dollars Eddie Harnovey 2005 The Proposition Eden Fletcher 2007 300 Dilios 2008 Married Life John O'Brien 2008 The Children of Huang Shi Barnes 2008 Australia Neil Fletcher 2009 Public Enemies Harry Pierpont 2009 Pope Joan Gerold Legend of the Guardians : The Owls of Ga'Hoole Digger ( voice ) Oranges and Sunshine Len 2014 300 : Rise of an Empire Dilios 2015 Paper Planes Patrick 2015 Blinky Bill the Movie Jacko ( voice ) 2015 Force of Destiny Robert Filming 2016 Goldstone Johnny 2016 Lion John Brierley 2017 Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Lieutenant John Scarfield 2017 Ellipsis ( Director ) Director 2018 Peter Rabbit Johnny Town - Mouse ( voice ) Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes A Country Practice Ambulanceman 1 Episode : `` Mozart Rules -- Part 1 '' Sons and Daughters Debt Collector Episode : `` # 1.954 '' A Country Practice Scott Galbraith 2 episodes Come In Spinner Australian soldier Mini-series 1991 Police Rescue Ferret Episode : `` The Cosmic Lightbeam '' 1992 A Country Practice David Cornish 2 episodes 1994 Blue Heelers William Cassidy Episode : `` The Folly of Youth '' Blue Heelers Robbie Doyle Episode : `` Happy Families '' Return to Jupiter Dr. Ghrobak 2 episodes 1998 -- 1999 SeaChange Dan Della Bosca 15 episodes The Brush - Off Murray Whelan Telemovie 2006 Answered by Fire Mark Waldman Two - part mini-series 2009 Deadliest Warrior Narrator Credited as `` Drew Skye '' 2011 Killing Time Andrew Fraser 10 episodes 2012 Dripping in Chocolate Bennett O'Mara 2013 , 2017 Top of the Lake Al Parker 7 episodes 2013 Better Man Julian McMahon 4 episodes 2014 The Code Ian Bradley 6 episodes 2015 Banished Captain Arthur Phillip , 1st Governor of New South Wales 2015 Who Do You Think You Are ? Himself Series 7 , Episode 4 2017 Iron Fist Harold Meachum 10 episodes Awards and nominations ( edit ) Australian Film Institute Award for Best Lead Actor in Television Drama for Simone de Beauvoir 's Babies ( 1997 ) -- winner Australian Film Institute Award for Best Lead Actor in Television Drama for Answered by Fire ( 2006 ) -- winner References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Spittin ' image '' . The Age . Melbourne . 5 October 2003 . Jump up ^ Fr Damien role is ' uplifting ' -- actor Archived 3 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mendelssohn , Joanna ( 13 February 2008 ) . `` Want to go to art school ? Do n't live in Western Sydney '' . Crikey . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Field , Melissa ( 1 April 2007 ) . `` The star of David '' . Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 14 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` David Wenham AgeOfTheRing Biography '' . Jump up ^ `` Biography '' . David Wenham appreciation site . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Edmond , Martin ( 30 September 2014 ) . `` Declivities and eminences '' . Sydney Review of Books . Writing and Society Research Centre at the University of Western Sydney . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Storm Model Management , Special Bookings Archived 2 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment : Top of the Lake '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax. 18 March 2013 . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mad Woman , Bad Girl '' . New York Post . 8 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 9 March 2012 . Retrieved 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Opam , Kwame. `` 6 problems that make Iron Fist so frustrating '' . TheVerge.com . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ David Wenham -- Yahoo ! TV Archived 25 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Crocodile Hunter : A Tribute to Steve Irwin on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Kidman heads army of Swans ' true believers ' '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 27 March 2005 . Jump up ^ Jenah Paclibar Sep 19 , 2015 10 : 02 AM ( 2015 - 09 - 19 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 movie news : Orlando Bloom reprises role as Will Turner as franchise goes back to its roots '' . Vinereport.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Past Winners , Television 1986 -- 2006 '' ( PDF ) . AFI Television Awards . Australian Film Institute . 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 November 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to David Wenham . David Wenham on IMDb Urban Cinefile Awards for David Wenham AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Bruce Spence ( 1972 ) Robert McDarra ( 1973 ) Jack Thompson ( 1974 ) Martin Vaughan ( 1975 ) Simon Burke and Nick Tate ( 1976 ) John Meillon ( 1977 ) Bill Hunter ( 1978 ) Mel Gibson ( 1979 ) Jack Thompson ( 1980 ) Mel Gibson ( 1981 ) Ray Barrett ( 1982 ) Norman Kaye ( 1983 ) John Hargreaves ( 1984 ) Chris Haywood ( 1985 ) Colin Friels ( 1986 ) Leo McKern ( 1987 ) John Waters ( 1988 ) Sam Neill ( 1989 ) Max von Sydow ( 1990 ) Hugo Weaving ( 1991 ) Russell Crowe ( 1992 ) Harvey Keitel ( 1993 ) Nicholas Hope ( 1994 ) John Lynch ( 1995 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 1996 ) Richard Roxburgh ( 1997 ) Hugo Weaving ( 1998 ) Russell Dykstra ( 1999 ) Eric Bana ( 2000 ) Anthony LaPaglia ( 2001 ) David Gulpilil ( 2002 ) David Wenham ( 2003 ) Sam Worthington ( 2004 ) Hugo Weaving ( 2005 ) Shane Jacobson ( 2006 ) Eric Bana ( 2007 ) William McInnes ( 2008 ) Anthony LaPaglia ( 2009 ) Ben Mendelsohn ( 2010 ) Daniel Henshall ( 2011 ) Chris O'Dowd ( 2012 ) Leonardo DiCaprio ( 2013 ) David Gulpilil ( 2014 ) Michael Caton ( 2015 ) Andrew Garfield ( 2016 ) Sunny Pawar ( 2017 ) AACTA Award for Best Lead Actor in a Television Drama Simon Chilvers ( a ) and Peter Kowitz ( b ) ( 1986 ) Nicholas Eadie ( a ) and Steve Jacobs ( b ) ( 1987 ) Ed Devereaux ( a ) and Ernie Dingo ( b ) ( 1988 ) Peter Kowitz ( a ) and Bill Hunter ( b ) ( 1989 ) Frankie J. Holden ( c ) ( 1990 ) Gary Sweet ( 1991 ) Gary Sweet ( 1992 ) Peter Phelps ( 1993 ) Aaron Blabey ( 1994 ) Colin Friels and Steven Vidler ( 1995 ) Tony Martin ( 1996 ) David Wenham ( 1997 ) Stephen Dillane ( 1998 ) Jeremy Sims ( 1999 ) Geoff Morrell and Andy Anderson ( c ) ( 2000 ) Samuel Johnson and David Field ( c ) ( 2001 ) Joel Edgerton ( 2002 ) Shane Bourne ( d ) ( 2003 ) Abe Forsythe ( d ) ( 2004 ) Shane Bourne ( e ) ( 2005 ) David Wenham ( 2006 ) Stephen Curry ( 2007 ) Gyton Grantley ( 2008 ) Roy Billing ( 2009 ) Richard Roxburgh ( 2010 ) Alex Dimitriades ( 2011 ) Richard Roxburgh ( 2012 ) Lachy Hulme ( 2013 ) Ashley Zukerman ( 2014 ) Joel Jackson ( 2015 ) Samuel Johnson ( 2016 ) Key : ( a ) = Winner of Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Mini Series ( b ) = Best Actor in a Actor in a Leading Role in a Telefeature ( c ) = Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role , in a Mini-Series or Telefeature ( d ) = Best Actor in a Leading Role in a Television Drama or Comedy ( e ) = Best Lead Actor in Television All other names , which are n't marked with a letter next to their name , have won the current Lead Actor in a Television Drama award . Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble Gosford Park ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) Hairspray ( 2007 ) Milk ( 2008 ) Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) The Fighter ( 2010 ) The Help ( 2011 ) Silver Linings Playbook ( 2012 ) American Hustle ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) Equity Award for Most Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Television Movie or Miniseries The Slap ( 2011 ) : Costabile ; B. Davis ; E. Davis ; Dimitriades ; George ; Glenn ; Hayes ; LaPaglia ; Lowe ; Marinos ; McInnes ; Okonedo ; Townsend ; Yianni Devil 's Dust ( 2012 ) : Foulkes ; Hany ; Hayes ; Hegney ; Leslie ; Schepisi Top of the Lake ( 2013 ) : Buchanan ; Hunter ; Joe ; Lemon ; Malcolm ; Moss ; Mullan ; Nevin ; Ryan ; Wenham ; Wright ANZAC Girls ( 2014 ) : Brent ; Clare ; Craig ; Debelle ; Flood ; Lasance ; Mayer ; McClelland ; McGahan ; Prebble Peter Allen : Not the Boy Next Door ( 2015 ) : Baldwin ; Farnell ; Gibney ; Jackson ; Mills , Szeps ; Thornton ; West Barracuda ( 2016 ) : Anton ; Cobham - Hervey ; Creer ; Griffiths ; Haralabidou ; Kindon ; Nable ; Taylor Seven Types of Ambiguity ( 2017 ) : Demitriades ; Dimitriades ; Hayes ; Molloy ; Peirse ; Porter ; Samuel ; Walsman ; Weaving BNF : cb14238575w ( data ) GND : 136950922 ISNI : 0000 0001 1458 2441 LCCN : no2003071670 SUDOC : 144092298 VIAF : 164024577 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Wenham&oldid=851321737 '' Categories : 1965 births Living people Australian male film actors Australian male stage actors Australian male television actors Australian male voice actors Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners People from Marrickville 20th - century Australian male actors 21st - century Australian male actors Male actors from Sydney University of Western Sydney alumni Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from September 2014 Use Australian English from January 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 14 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played faramir in the lord of the rings | [
"David Wenham (born 21 September 1965) is an Australian actor who has appeared in movies, television series and theatre productions. He is known in Hollywood for his roles as Faramir in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, Carl in Van Helsing, Dilios in 300 and its sequel 300: Rise of an Empire, Neil Fletcher in Australia, Al Parker in Top of the Lake, and Lieutenant John Scarfield in Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales. He is also known in his native Australia for his role as Diver Dan in SeaChange.\n"
] | [
"David Wenham"
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-2761219366903641261 | National Open University of Nigeria | National Open University of Nigeria - wikipedia National Open University of Nigeria Jump to : navigation , search National Open University of Nigeria Motto Work and Learn Type Public Established 2002 ( 1983 ) Vice-Chancellor Prof. Abdalla Uba Adamu Students 150,000 ( 2011 ) Location Abuja , Nigeria Campus several across Nigeria Nickname NOUN Affiliations AAU , NUC Website www.nouonline.net The National Open University of Nigeria is a Federal Open and Distance Learning ( ODL ) institution , the first of its kind in the West African sub-region info 08027024688 . It is Nigeria 's largest tertiary institution in terms of student numbers and is popularly referred to as ' NOUN ' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Organisation 3 Faculties and courses 3.1 Faculties of Science and Technology 3.2 Faculties of Health Science 3.3 Faculties of Arts and Social Sciences 3.4 Faculties of Education 3.5 Faculty of Management Sciences 3.6 Centre for Life - Long Learning and Workplace Training 3.7 Academic Certificate Programmes 4 Students 4.1 Requirements 4.2 Undergraduates 4.3 Immunity to strikes 5 Rankings and achievements 5.1 Convocated prison inmates 6 Technological platforms 6.1 NOUNiLearn 7 Examination 7.1 Assessment 7.2 Final examination and grading 8 Facilities 8.1 E-library 8.2 Radio station 8.3 E-courseware 9 Scholarships 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) National Open University Of Nigeria Headquarters in Lagos National Open University of Nigeria Heaquarters The National Open University was initially established on 22 July 1983 as springboard for open and distance learning in Nigeria . It was suspended by the government on 25 April 1984 . However , its resuscitation was begun on 12 April 2001 by the former President of Nigeria , Gen. Olusegun Obasanjo . At take off of the university , pioneer student enrollment stood at 32,400 . Organisation ( edit ) In 2011 , NOUN had about 57,759 students . The Vice Chancellor at the time was Prof. Vincent Tenebe . The university was for years operating from its Administrative Headquarters in Victoria Island , Lagos , before its current VC , Professor Abdalla Uba Adamu , moved it to its permanent headquarters in Jabi , Abuja , in 2016 . It has over 75 Study Centres throughout the country . It offers over 50 programmes and 750 courses . By its nature as an ODL institution , NOUN does not provide lectures to students in normal classrooms except some certain study centres . The study centre in Lagos for instance provides lectures to all its Law undergraduates and supplies necessary course materials to all students after the payment of tuition fees . All the courses being offered by the university have been accredited by the National Universities Commission ( NUC ) . The Registrar serves as the Secretary to Council and Senate bodies . The Registry Department 's primary responsibility is to provide support services in the General Administration of the university with emphasis on Council affairs , Senate matters , recruitment of staff , students ' admission / welfare , staff welfare and other related activities . The current Registrar is Mr. Felix Edoka . Faculties and courses ( edit ) Faculties of Science and Technology ( edit ) Postgraduate Programmes - Information Technology - Digital Communication - Mobile ( Wireless ) Communication Technology - HIV / AIDS - Agriculture and Extension Undergraduate Programs - Mathematics - Computer and Mathematics ( Combined Hons ) - Computer Science - Data Management - Communications Technology - Agricultural Extension and Management - Nursing Science - Community Health - Environmental Science and Resource Management ( ESM ) - Financial Mathematics - Physics - Chemistry - Biology Faculties of Health Science ( edit ) - Nursing - Public Health Faculties of Arts and Social Sciences ( edit ) - French And International Studies - Mass Communication - Peace , Conflict and Resolution - English Language - Economics - Political Science - Criminology and security studies Faculties of Education ( edit ) Undergraduate programmes : - Agriculture Science - Biology - Chemistry - Computer Science - Physics - Integrated Science - Mathematics - Business Education - Primary Education - Early Childhood Education - English - French Masters Programmes - Admin and Planning - Science Education - Education Technology Faculty of Management Sciences ( edit ) Undergraduate Courses - Marketing - Entrepreneurial and Business Management - Accounting in collaboration with the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria Postgraduate courses - Financial Management - Business Administration - Public Administration - Master of Business Administration - Public Administration - Public Sector Management Centre for Life - Long Learning and Workplace Training ( edit ) Diploma Programmes Business Communication Medical Office Practice Entrepreneurship Financial Management Marketing Academic Certificate Programmes ( edit ) Dental Office Practice Computer Literacy Returning Students Medical Office Practice Financial Management Entrepreneurship Marketing Students ( edit ) Requirements ( edit ) A diverse range of students from all walks of life are attracted to the National Open University of Nigeria just like other prominent Open Universities such as the Open University of United Kingdom ( OU ) ; for most courses there are no stringent entry requirements other than the ability to study at an appropriate level such as the West African Examination , and other National Diplomas to qualify for a Direct entry admission . Though most postgraduate courses require evidence of previous study and / or equivalent life experience . This fundamental open admissions policy makes undergraduate university study accessible to all . Undergraduates ( edit ) While most of those studying are mature students , an increasingly large proportion of new undergraduates are aged between 17 and 25 , the reduction in financial support for those attending traditional universities , coupled with the use of technologies such as and YouTube that appeal to this demographic , is believed to be behind this growth . Immunity to strikes ( edit ) Another reason is the Act of Parliament which established the University prohibiting any form of union either within staff or students . This has made the NOUN to be unaffected by strikes such as the ASUU strikes ( which lasted for eight months ) in Nigeria which ultimately extends students course duration in school unnecessarily . NOUN students have always and will continue to be immune to any form of strike . National Youths Service Corps Stand . The NOUN made efforts to ensure its graduates below age 30 ( the maximum age limit ) participate in the National Youth Service Corps and Law graduates proceed to the Nigerian Law School . However , efforts have of recent , materialized . The University released a statement where it affirmed that students of NOUN can now enroll and be part of the NYSC program . Rankings and achievements ( edit ) Latest results of University Rankings released by Ranking Web of Universities ( popularly known as Webometrics ) revealed another list of 100 Best Universities in Nigeria for 2015 . Just as done in every other web ranking , webometrics ranking 2015 adopted search queries from search engines to rank the top universities which the National Open University ranked 23rd . See : List of Nigerian Universities Convocated prison inmates ( edit ) The decision of the management and senate of National Open University Nigeria ( NOUN ) to establish study centres in some of the nation 's prisons has started yielding fruits as three inmates were among the over 7,000 that recently graduated from the 13 - year - old institute . At its 4th convocation held in the Main Exhibition Hall of the National Theatre , Iganmu , Lagos , and witnessed by the representative of President , Goodluck Jonathan many Vice Chancellors governing council and Senates members and key stakeholders , the two inmates from the Kirikiri Maximum Prisons ended up as star attraction aside the two First - Class graduates produced by the institute for the first time . But attempts by Education Review to speak with them ( inmates ) were strongly resisted by a female prison official . However , the Deputy Controller in charge of Kirikiri Maximum told Education Review that one of the inmates , is serving life imprisonment while the second inmate whom he could not give his name was released two weeks ago after serving his jail term . Oladapo and the other inmates just discharged were awarded BSc in Peace and Conflict Resolution , the same course the best overall student , Mrs. Anthonia Okoye ( a 43 - year - old mother who is one of the first two graduates to graduate with a First - Class degree at the institution ) studied . Technological platforms ( edit ) Nounilearn ( edit ) The National Open University of Nigeria in its effort to take education to the doorstep of the Nigerian populace irrespective of their social status and the developing Economy of Nigeria has deployed and implemented iLearn portal technology to enhance student 's learning experience . The NOUN iLearn platform has been created to ease access to excellent quality education . The platform provides amongst many , the following : Online class discussions organized by NOUN facilitators thereby creating a virtual classroom environment . Facility for students to get answers to any questions or areas of difficulty pertaining to their course of study . Networking and collaboration tools to help in community of interaction among students , facilitators , academic staff and faculty members . Better study tools such as the Smart e-Book Digitized lecture video and audio materials for an enhanced student ' learning experience available on the platform . Access to assignments , quizzes and self - study assessment tools . Examination ( edit ) The university administers the Computer - Based - Test ( CBT ) form of examination to its students in their first and second years . However , Law undergraduates participate in the standard Pen - On - Paper examinations ( POP ) beginning from their first year of admission , with LAW111 - Legal Methods in First Semester of the first year . Other undergraduates also participate in the CBT system of examination in their first and second years and commence the POP examinations from their third year till the end of their respective course durations . The POP examination system applies to Post Graduate students also . The CBT system of examination has however been criticised by some of the students . The CBT examination is in two categories ; the multiple choice questions and fill in the gap - which is the most dreaded examination type by students all around the world . The CBT system requires students to most times , memorize their textbooks in accordance with the programmed answers stored on the school 's server in order to obtain full marks as computers will reject answers that do not match its programmed content . Assessment ( edit ) Tutor - Marked Assignments ( TMAs ) are continuous assessments in form of Tutor Marked Assignment and it accounts for 30 % of student 's total score . Students are expected to answer at least four TMAs , three of which must be answered and submitted before students sit for the end of course examination Final examination and grading ( edit ) With examinations written successfully , The ' end of course examinations ' would earn students 70 % which would be added to their TMA score ( 30 % ) . The time for this examination is always communicated to students . Facilities ( edit ) E-library ( edit ) The NOUN operates an e-library at the headquarters situated at Victoria Island , Lagos , Nigeria which all students have access to after providing a valid student 's identity card . Students have access to both Internet facilities , books , journals , projects , thesis of past students and other educational materials . Radio station ( edit ) The radio station broadcasts at the frequency 105.9 NOUN FM . Mass Communication students also have the opportunity to intern at the studio which broadcasts on all working days . E-Courseware ( edit ) The NOUN also provides a platform for students that needs to access its database of educational materials NOUN e-Courseware Free Download strictly for educational purposes rather than financial or commercial purposes . Books can be downloaded in PDF formats at no cost . Scholarships ( edit ) In May 2014 , Ini Edo , one of the stars in the Nigerian movie industry , Nollywood made headlines when she was offered a scholarship to study Law at the National Open University . More Nollywood actresses and actors including Desmond Elliot have also been offered scholarships . Chioma Chukwuka - Akpotha , Francis Duru , Doris Simeon and Sani Danja were announced as ambassadors for the NOUN . All four were presented by the Vice Chancellor Prof. Vincent A. Tenebe , with scholarships to study their courses of choice . is for Candidates who are looking to apply for admission into the Institution . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` National Open University of Nigeria - WHED - IAU 's World Higher Education Database '' . www.whed.net . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Principal Officers - National Open University of Nigeria '' . www.nou.edu.ng . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : COMMITTEE ON NEEDS ASSESSMENT OF NIGERIAN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES Presentation to the Council Chamber State House , Abuja Thursday 1 November 2012 Jump up ^ Members ( Nigeria ) Association of African Universities ^ Jump up to : `` National Open University of Nigeria - WHED - IAU 's World Higher Education Database '' . www.whed.net . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 15 March 2015 . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 17 March 2015 . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NOUN Sudent Portal - National Open University of Nigeria '' . www.nounstudentportal.org . Jump up ^ `` NOUN VC : strikes will soon go extinct - The Nation Nigeria '' . 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Open University , NOUN Registration Form - 2018 / 2019 '' . 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` 100 Best Universities in Nigeria by - 2015 Webometrics '' . 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ sunnewsonline.com/new/ ? p = 103011 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 9 January 2015 . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JAMB UTME / DE Registration 2018 / 19 Form and Closing Date '' . www.nigeriaschool.com.ng . Jump up ^ nounfm.caster.fm/ Jump up ^ thenationonlineng.net/new/ini-edo-desmond-elliot-admitted-for-law-at-noun/ Jump up ^ `` Chioma Chukwuka - Akpotha , Doris Simeon Get Scholarships to Study at National Open University - BellaNaija '' . www.bellanaija.com . External links ( edit ) National Open University of Nigeria Official Website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Open_University_of_Nigeria&oldid=843518995 '' Categories : Universities and colleges in Lagos Distance education institutions based in Nigeria Uyo 1983 establishments in Nigeria Educational institutions established in 1983 Universities and colleges in Nigeria Open universities Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2018 Instances of Infobox university using image size Pages using infobox university with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 17 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is national open university located in abuja | [
"In 2011, NOUN had about 57,759 students.[3] The Vice Chancellor at the time was Prof. Vincent Tenebe .[2] The university was for years operating from its Administrative Headquarters in Victoria Island, Lagos, before its current VC, Professor Abdalla Uba Adamu, moved it to its permanent headquarters in Jabi, Abuja, in 2016. It has over 75 Study Centres throughout the country.[5] It offers over 50 programmes and 750 courses.[5]"
] | [
"Jabi"
] |
5228504951887256626 | Beauty and the Beast (1991 film) | Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 film ) - wikipedia Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Beauty and the Beast Theatrical release poster by John Alvin Directed by Gary Trousdale Kirk Wise Produced by Don Hahn Screenplay by Linda Woolverton Story by Roger Allers Brenda Chapman Chris Sanders Burny Mattinson Kevin Harkey Brian Pimental Bruce Woodside Joe Ranft Tom Ellery Kelly Asbury Robert Lence Based on Beauty and the Beast by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont Starring Paige O'Hara Robby Benson Richard White Jerry Orbach David Ogden Stiers Angela Lansbury Rex Everhart Jesse Corti Narrated by David Ogden Stiers ( prologue ) Music by Alan Menken Edited by John Carnochan Production companies Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Feature Animation Silver Screen Partners IV Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date September 29 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 29 ) ( New York Film Festival ) November 22 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 84 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $25 million Box office $425 million Beauty and the Beast is a 1991 American animated musical romantic fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures . The 30th Disney animated feature film and the third released during the Disney Renaissance period , it is based on the French fairy tale of the same name by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont ( who was also credited in the English version as well as in the French version ) , and ideas from the 1946 French film of the same name directed by Jean Cocteau . Beauty and the Beast focuses on the relationship between the Beast ( voice of Robby Benson ) , a prince who is magically transformed into a monster and his servants into household objects as punishment for his arrogance , and Belle ( voice of Paige O'Hara ) , a young woman whom he imprisons in his castle . To become a prince again , Beast must learn to love Belle and earn her love in return before the last petal from the enchanted rose that the enchantress who cursed the Beast had offered falls , or else the Beast will remain a monster forever . The film also features the voices of Richard White , Jerry Orbach , David Ogden Stiers , and Angela Lansbury . Walt Disney first attempted unsuccessfully to adapt Beauty and the Beast into an animated film during the 1930s and 1950s . Following the success of The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) , Walt Disney Pictures decided to adapt the fairy tale , which Richard Purdum originally conceived as a non-musical . Disney chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg eventually dismissed Purdum 's idea and ordered that the film be a musical similar to The Little Mermaid instead . The film was directed by Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise , with a screenplay by Linda Woolverton story first credited to Roger Allers . Lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken wrote the film 's songs . Ashman , who additionally served as the film 's executive producer , died of AIDS - related complications eight months before the film 's release , and the film is thus dedicated to his memory . Beauty and the Beast premiered as an unfinished film at the New York Film Festival on September 29 , 1991 , followed by its theatrical release as a completed film at the El Capitan Theatre on November 13 . The film was a box office success , grossing $425 million worldwide on a $25 million budget . Beauty and the Beast won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy , the first animated film to ever win that category . It also became the first animated film to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture at the 64th Academy Awards , where it won the Academy Award for Best Original Score and Best Original Song for its title song and received additional nominations for Best Original Song and Best Sound . In April 1994 , Beauty and the Beast became Disney 's first animated film to be adapted into a Broadway musical . The success of the film spawned two direct - to - video follow - ups : Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) and Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) , both of which take place in the timeline of the original . This was followed by a spin - off television series , Sing Me a Story with Belle . An IMAX version of the film was released in 2002 , and included `` Human Again '' , a new five - minute musical sequence . That same year , the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . After the success of the 3D re-release of The Lion King , the film was reissued in 3D in 2012 . A live - action remake of the film directed by Bill Condon was released on March 17 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Early versions 3.2 Script rewrite and musicalization 3.3 Casting and recording 3.4 Animation 3.5 Music 4 Release 4.1 Re-issues 4.2 Home media 5 Reception and legacy 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 5.3 Accolades 6 Adaptations 6.1 Broadway musical 6.2 Live - action film 7 Merchandise 7.1 Video games 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) One winter 's night , an enchantress disguised as a beggar offers a cold - hearted prince a rose in exchange for shelter from the bitter cold . When he refuses , she transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects . She bestows the Beast with a magic mirror before hexing the rose and warning him that , unless he learns to love another and earns their love in return by the time the last petal falls , he and his servants will lose their humanity forever . Ten years later , a beautiful girl named Belle dreams of adventure and brushes off advances from Gaston , an arrogant hunter . Lost in the forest while traveling to a fair to present his latest invention , Belle 's father Maurice seeks refuge in the Beast 's castle . After Maurice befriends the castle 's servants , however , the Beast discovers and imprisons him . Belle ventures out in search for him and finds him locked in the castle 's dungeon . The Beast agrees to let her take Maurice 's place . Befriending the castle 's servants , Belle is treated to a spectacular dinner . When she wanders into the forbidden West Wing where the rose is kept , the Beast flies into a rage , causing Belle to flee the castle and into the woods . She is attacked by wolves , but the Beast rescues Belle and gets injured in the process . He begins to develop feelings for her while she nurses his wounds and he delights her by showing his extensive library . Returning to the village , Maurice tells the townsfolk of Belle 's predicament , but Gaston convinces the townsfolk to send Maurice to an insane asylum if Belle refuses to marry Gaston . After sharing a romantic dance with the Beast , Belle discovers her father 's predicament using the magic mirror . The Beast releases her to save Maurice , giving her the mirror to remember him with . Back at the village , Belle proves Maurice 's sanity by revealing the Beast in the mirror to the townsfolk . Realizing that Belle loves the Beast , Gaston has her thrown into the basement with her father and rallies the villagers to follow him to the castle to kill the Beast . With Chip 's aid , Maurice and Belle escape and rush back to the castle . The servants battle the invading villagers , driving them out of the castle . Gaston attacks the Beast in his tower , who is too depressed to fight back , but regains his will upon seeing Belle return . He spares Gaston 's life before reuniting with Belle . Gaston stabs the Beast , but he loses his footing and falls to his death . The Beast dies from Gaston 's stab before the last petal falls . When Belle tearfully professes her love to him , the curse is broken , repairing the castle and restoring the Beast 's and servants ' human forms . The Prince and Belle host a ball for the kingdom , where they dance happily . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Disney 's Beauty and the Beast characters Paige O'Hara as Belle -- A bibliophilic young woman who seeks adventure , and offers her own freedom to the Beast in return for her father 's . In their effort to enhance the character from the original story , the filmmakers felt that Belle should be `` unaware '' of her own beauty and made her `` a little odd '' . Wise recalls casting O'Hara because of a `` unique tone '' she had , `` a little bit of Judy Garland '' , after whose appearance Belle was modeled . James Baxter and Mark Henn served as the supervising animators for Belle . Robby Benson as Beast -- A young prince who is transformed into a beast by an enchantress as punishment for his arrogance . The animators drew him with the head structure and horns of an American bison , the arms and body of a bear , the ears of a deer , the eyebrows of a gorilla , the jaws , teeth , and mane of a lion , the tusks of a wild boar , and the legs and tail of a wolf . Chris Sanders , one of the film 's storyboard artists , drafted the designs for the Beast and came up with designs based on birds , insects , and fish before coming up with something close to the final design . Glen Keane , supervising animator for the Beast , refined the design by going to the zoo and studying the animals on which the Beast was based . Benson commented , `` There 's a rage and torment in this character I 've never been asked to use before . '' The filmmakers commented that `` everybody was big fee - fi - fo - fum and gravelly '' while Benson 's voice had the `` big voice and the warm , accessible side '' and that `` you could hear the prince beneath the fur '' . Richard White as Gaston -- A vain hunter who vies for Belle 's hand in marriage and is determined not to let anyone else win her heart . He serves as a foil personality to the Beast , who was once as egotistic as Gaston prior to his transformation . Gaston 's supervising animator , Andreas Deja , was pressed by Jeffrey Katzenberg to make Gaston handsome in contrast to the traditional appearance of a Disney villain , an assignment he found difficult at first . In the beginning , Gaston is depicted as more of a narcissist than a villain , but later he leads all the villagers to kill the beast , enraged that Belle would love a Beast more than him . Jerry Orbach as Lumière -- The kind - hearted but rebellious valet of the Beast 's , who has been transformed into a candlestick . He has a habit of disobeying his master 's strict rules , sometimes causing tension between them , but the Beast often turns to him for advice . He is depicted as flirtatious , as he is frequently seen with the Featherduster and immediately takes a liking to Belle . A running gag throughout the movie is Lumière burning Cogsworth . Nik Ranieri served as the supervising animator for Lumière . David Ogden Stiers as Cogsworth -- Majordomo , the head of the household staff and Lumière 's best friend , who has been transformed into a clock . He is extremely loyal to the Beast so as to save himself and anyone else any trouble , often leading to friction between himself and Lumière . Will Finn served as the supervising animator for Cogsworth . Stiers also narrates the prologue . Angela Lansbury as Mrs. Potts -- The castle cook , turned into a teapot , who takes a motherly attitude toward Belle . The filmmakers went through several names for Mrs. Potts , such as `` Mrs. Chamomile '' , before Ashman suggested the use of simple and concise names for the household objects . David Pruiksma served as the supervising animator for Mrs. Potts . Bradley Pierce as Chip -- Mrs. Potts ' son , who has been turned into a teacup . Originally intended to only have one line , the filmmakers were impressed with Pierce 's performance and expanded the character 's role significantly , eschewing a mute Music Box character . Pruiksma also served as the supervising animator for Chip . Rex Everhart as Maurice -- Belle 's inventor father . The villagers see him as insane for crafting devices believed impossible to construct in reality , but his loyal daughter believes he will be famous one day . Ruben A. Aquino served as the supervising animator for Maurice . Jesse Corti as Lefou -- Gaston 's often abused yet loyal sidekick . Chris Wahl served as the supervising animator for Lefou . Hal Smith as Philippe -- Belle 's Belgian horse . Russ Edmonds served as the supervising animator for Philippe . Jo Anne Worley as the Wardrobe -- The castle 's authority over fashion , and a former opera singer , who has been turned into a wardrobe . The character of Wardrobe was introduced by visual development person Sue C. Nichols to the then entirely male cast of servants , and was originally a more integral character named `` Madame Armoire '' . Wardrobe is known as `` Madame de la Grande Bouche '' ( Madame Big Mouth ) in the stage adaptation of the film and is the only major enchanted object character whose human form does not appear in the film . Tony Anselmo served as the supervising animator for the Wardrobe . Mary Kay Bergman and Kath Soucie as the Bimbettes -- A trio of village maidens who constantly fawn over Gaston , known as the `` Silly Girls '' in the stage adaptation . Brian Cummings as the Stove -- The castle 's chef who has been transformed into a stove . He is named Chef Bouche in 1998 's Belle 's Magical World . Alvin Epstein as the Bookseller -- The owner of a book shop in Belle 's home town . Tony Jay as Monsieur D'Arque -- The sadistic warden of the Asylum de Loons . Gaston bribes him to help in his plan to blackmail Belle . Alec Murphy as the Baker -- The owner of a bakery in Belle 's home town . Kimmy Robertson as the Featherduster -- A maid and Lumière 's sweetheart , who has been turned into a feather duster . She is unnamed in the 1991 film ( listed as Featherduster in the credits ) ; Babette is the name given to this character later in the 1994 stage adaptation of the film ; Fifi in the 1998 animated musical film Belle 's Magical World and Plumette in the 2017 live - action remake . Frank Welker as Sultan -- The castle 's pet dog turned into a footstool . Production ( edit ) Early versions ( edit ) After the success of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in 1937 , Walt Disney sought out other stories to adapt into feature films , with Beauty and the Beast being among the stories he considered . Attempts to develop the Beauty and the Beast story into a film were made in the 1930s and 1950s , but were ultimately given up because it `` proved to be a challenge '' for the story team . Peter M. Nichols states Disney may later have been discouraged by Jean Cocteau having already done his 1946 version . Decades later , during the production of Who Framed Roger Rabbit in 1987 , the Disney studio resurrected Beauty and the Beast as a project for the satellite animation studio it had set up in London , England to work on Roger Rabbit . Richard Williams , who had directed the animated portions of Roger Rabbit , was approached to direct but declined in favor of continuing work on his long - gestating project The Thief and the Cobbler . In his place , Williams recommended his colleague , English animation director Richard Purdum , and work began under producer Don Hahn on a non-musical version of Beauty and the Beast set in 19th - century France . At the behest of Disney CEO Michael Eisner , Beauty and the Beast became the first Disney animated film to use a screenwriter . This was an unusual production move for an animated film , which is traditionally developed on storyboards rather than in scripted form . Linda Woolverton wrote the original draft of the story before storyboarding began , and worked with the story team to retool and develop the film . Script re-write and musicalization ( edit ) Upon seeing the initial storyboard reels in 1989 , Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg ordered that the film be scrapped and started over from scratch . Upon seeing the initial storyboard reels in 1989 , Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg ordered that the film be scrapped and started over from scratch . A few months after starting anew , Purdum resigned as director . The studio had approached Ron Clements and John Musker to direct the film , but they turned down the offer , saying they were `` tired '' after just having finished directing Disney 's recent success The Little Mermaid . Disney then hired first - time feature directors Kirk Wise and Gary Trousdale . Wise and Trousdale had previously directed the animated sections of Cranium Command , a short film for a Disney EPCOT theme park attraction . In addition , Katzenberg asked songwriters Howard Ashman and Alan Menken , who had written the song score for The Little Mermaid , to turn Beauty and the Beast into a Broadway - style musical film in the same vein as Mermaid . Ashman , who at the time had learned he was dying of complications from AIDS , had been working with Disney on a pet project of his , Aladdin , and only reluctantly agreed to join the struggling production team . To accommodate Ashman 's failing health , pre-production of Beauty and the Beast was moved from London to the Residence Inn in Fishkill , New York , close to Ashman 's New York City home . Here , Ashman and Menken joined Wise , Trousdale , Hahn , and Woolverton in retooling the film 's script . Since the original story had only two major characters , the filmmakers enhanced them , added new characters in the form of enchanted household items who `` add warmth and comedy to a gloomy story '' and guide the audience through the film , and added a `` real villain '' in the form of Gaston . These ideas were somewhat similar to elements of the 1946 French film version of Beauty and the Beast , which introduced the character of Avenant , an oafish suitor somewhat similar to Gaston , as well as inanimate objects coming to life in the Beast 's castle . The animated objects were , however , given distinct personalities in the Disney version . By early 1990 , Katzenberg had approved the revised script , and storyboarding began again . The production flew story artists back and forth between California and New York for storyboard approvals from Ashman , though the team was not told the reason why . Casting and recording ( edit ) Disney had originally considered casting Jodi Benson from The Little Mermaid as Belle . They eventually decided upon Broadway actress and singer Paige O'Hara in favor of having a heroine who sounded `` more like a woman than a girl '' . According to co-director Kirk Wise , O'Hara was given the role because she `` had a unique quality , a tone she would hit that made her special '' , reminiscent to that of American actress and singer Judy Garland . O'Hara , who , after reading about the film in The New York Times , competed for the role against 500 hopefuls , believes the fact that lyricist Howard Ashman admired her cast recording of the musical Show Boat proved integral in her being cast . Animation ( edit ) A frame from the `` Beauty and the Beast '' ballroom dance sequence . The background is animated using computer generated imagery which , when the traditionally animated characters are composited against it using Pixar 's CAPS system , gives the illusion of a dollying film camera . Production of Beauty and the Beast was to be completed on a compressed timeline of two years rather than the traditional four - year Disney Feature Animation production schedule ; this was due to the loss of production time spent developing the earlier Purdum version of the film . Most of the production was done at the main Feature Animation studio , housed in the Air Way facility in Glendale , California . A smaller team at the Disney - MGM Studios theme park in Lake Buena Vista , Florida assisted the California team on several scenes , particularly the `` Be Our Guest '' number . Beauty and the Beast was the second film , after The Rescuers Down Under , produced using CAPS ( Computer Animation Production System ) , a digital scanning , ink , paint , and compositing system of software and hardware developed for Disney by Pixar . The software allowed for a wider range of colors , as well as soft shading and colored line effects for the characters , techniques lost when the Disney studio abandoned hand inking for xerography in the late 1950s . CAPS also allowed the production crew to simulate multiplane effects : placing characters and / or backgrounds on separate layers and moving them towards / away from the camera on the Z - axis to give the illusion of depth , as well as altering the focus of each layer . In addition , CAPS allowed an easier combination of hand - drawn art with computer - generated imagery , which before had to be plotted to animation paper and then xeroxed and painted traditionally . This technique was put to significant use during the `` Beauty and the Beast '' waltz sequence , in which Belle and Beast dance through a computer - generated ballroom as the camera dollies around them in simulated 3D space . The filmmakers had originally decided against the use of computers in favor of traditional animation , but later , when the technology had improved , decided it could be used for the one scene in the ballroom . The success of the ballroom sequence helped convince studio executives to further invest in computer animation . Music ( edit ) See also : Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 soundtrack ) Ashman and Menken wrote the Beauty song score during the pre-production process in Fishkill , the opening operetta - styled `` Belle '' being their first composition for the film . Other songs included `` Be Our Guest , '' sung ( in its original version ) to Maurice by the objects when he becomes the first visitor to eat at the castle in a decade , `` Gaston , '' a solo for the swaggering villain , `` Human Again , '' a song describing Belle and Beast 's growing love from the objects ' perspective , the love ballad `` Beauty and the Beast ( Tale as Old as Time ) '' and the climactic `` The Mob Song . '' As story and song development came to a close , full production began in Burbank while voice and song recording began in New York City . The Beauty songs were mostly recorded live with the orchestra and the voice cast performing simultaneously rather than overdubbed separately , in order to give the songs a cast album - like `` energy '' the filmmakers and songwriters desired . During the course of production , many changes were made to the structure of the film , necessitating the replacement and re-purposing of songs . After screening a mostly animated version of the `` Be Our Guest '' sequence , story artist Bruce Woodside suggested that the objects should be singing the song to Belle rather than her father . Wise and Trousdale agreed , and the sequence and song were retooled to replace Maurice with Belle . The film 's title song went through a noted bit of uncertainty during production . Originally conceived as a rock - oriented song , it was changed to a slow , romantic ballad . Howard Ashman and Alan Menken asked Angela Lansbury to perform the song , but she did not think her voice was suited for the melody . When she voiced her doubts , Menken and Ashman asked her for at least one take and told her to perform the song as she saw fit . Lansbury reportedly reduced everyone in the studio to tears with her rendition , nailing the song in the one take asked of her . This version went on to win the Oscar for Best Original Song . `` Human Again '' was dropped from the film before animation began , as its lyrics caused story problems about the timeline over which the story takes place . This required Ashman and Menken to write a new song in its place . `` Something There , '' in which Belle and Beast sing ( via voiceover ) of their growing fondness for each other , was composed late in production and inserted into the script in place of `` Human Again . '' Menken would later revise `` Human Again '' for inclusion in the 1994 Broadway stage version of Beauty and the Beast , and another revised version of the song was added to the film itself in a new sequence created for the film 's Special Edition re-release in 2002 . Ashman died of AIDS - related complications at the age of 40 on March 14 , 1991 , eight months before the film 's release . He never saw the finished film , though he did get to see it in its unfinished format . Ashman 's work on Aladdin was completed by another lyricist , Tim Rice . Before Ashman 's death , members of the film 's production team visited him after the film 's well - received first screening , with Don Hahn commenting that `` the film would be a great success . Who 'd have thought it ? '' , to which Ashman replied with `` I would . '' A tribute to the lyricist was included at the end of the credits crawl : `` To our friend , Howard , who gave a mermaid her voice , and a beast his soul . We will be forever grateful . Howard Ashman : 1950 -- 1991 . '' A pop version of the `` Beauty and the Beast '' theme , performed by Céline Dion and Peabo Bryson over the end credits , was released as a commercial single from the film 's soundtrack , supported with a music video . The Dion / Bryson version of `` Beauty and the Beast '' became an international pop hit and performed considerably well on charts around the world . The song became Dion 's second single to land within the top - 10 of the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at number nine . The song peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary chart . In Canada , `` Beauty and the Beast '' peaked at number two . Outside of North America , the song peaked within the top ten in New Zealand and the United Kingdom , while peaking within the top twenty in Australia , Netherlands , and Ireland . The song sold over a million copies worldwide . This version of the song was also nominated for Record of the Year and Song of the Year at the Grammys , and it won the Grammy for Dion and Bryson for Best Pop Duo / Group Vocal Performance . Release ( edit ) In a first - time accomplishment for The Walt Disney Company , an unfinished version of Beauty and the Beast was shown at the New York Film Festival on September 29 , 1991 . The film was deemed a `` work in progress '' because roughly only 70 % of the animation had been completed ; storyboards and pencil tests were used in replacement of the remaining 30 % . Additionally , certain segments of the film that had already been finished were reverted to previous stages of completion . At the end of the screening , Beauty and the Beast received a ten - minute - long standing ovation from the film festival audience . The completed film was also screened out of competition at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival . The finished film premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on November 13 , 1991 , beginning a limited release before expanding wide on November 22 . Reissues ( edit ) The film was restored and remastered for its New Year 's Day , 2002 re-release in IMAX theatres in a special - edition edit , including a new musical sequence . For this version of the film , much of the animation was cleaned up , a new sequence set to the deleted song `` Human Again '' was inserted into the film 's second act , and a new digital master from the original CAPS production files was used to make the high - resolution IMAX film negative . A sing along edition of the film , hosted by Jordin Sparks , was released in select theaters on September 29 and October 2 , 2010 . Prior to the showing of the film , Sparks showed an exclusive behind - the - scenes look at the newly restored film and the making of her new Beauty and the Beast music video . There was also commentary from producer Don Hahn , interviews with the cast and an inside look at how the animation was created . A Disney Digital 3D version of the film , the second of a traditionally animated film , was originally scheduled to be released in US theatres on February 12 , 2010 , but the project was postponed . On August 25 , 2011 , Disney announced that the 3D version of the film would make its American debut at Hollywood 's El Capitan Theatre from September 2 -- 15 , 2011 . Disney spent less than $10 million on the 3D conversion . After the successful 3D re-release of The Lion King , Disney announced a wide 3D re-release of Beauty and the Beast in North America beginning January 13 , 2012 . Home Media ( edit ) Blu - ray Diamond edition cover The film was released to VHS on October 30 , 1992 as part of the Walt Disney Classics series , and was later put on moratorium on April 30 , 1993 ; it was not included in the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection line . This version contains a minor edit to the film : skulls that appear in Gaston 's pupils for two frames during his climactic fall to his death were removed for the original home video release . No such edit was made to later reissues of the film . The `` work - in - progress '' version screened at the New York Film Festival was also released on VHS and LaserDisc at this time ; however , said version was the only one available on the latter format until the fall of 1993 , when the completed theatrical version was released . This measure was to diminish the threat of video pirates making copies derived from the LaserDisc ( which are not copy - protected ) and selling them in international markets , where the film was yet to be available for home release . Beauty and the Beast : Special Edition , as the enhanced version of the film released in IMAX / large - format is called , was released on two - disc `` Platinum Edition '' DVD and VHS on October 8 , 2002 . The DVD set features three versions of the film : the extended IMAX Special Edition with the `` Human Again '' sequence added , the original theatrical version , and the New York Film Festival `` work - in - progress '' version . This release went to `` Disney Vault '' moratorium status in January 2003 , along with its direct - to - video follow - ups Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas and Belle 's Magical World . The film was released from the vault on October 5 , 2010 as the second of Disney 's Diamond Editions , in the form of a three - disc Blu - ray Disc and DVD combination pack -- the first release of Beauty and the Beast on home video in high - definition format . This edition consists of four versions of the film : the original theatrical version , an extended version , the New York Film Festival storyboard - only version , and a fourth iteration displaying the storyboards via picture - in - picture alongside the original theatrical version . Upon its first week of release , the Blu - ray sold 1.1 million units , topping the Blu - ray sales chart and finishing in third place on the combined Blu - ray and DVD sales chart for the week ending on October 10 , 2010 . It was the second - best - selling Blu - ray of 2010 , behind Avatar . A two - disc DVD edition was released on November 23 , 2010 . A five - disc combo pack , featuring Blu - ray 3D , Blu - ray 2D , DVD and a digital copy , was released on October 4 , 2011 . The 3D combo pack is identical to the original Diamond Edition , except for the added 3D disc and digital copy . The Blu - ray release went into the Disney Vault along with the two sequels on April 30 , 2012 . A 25th - anniversary Signature Edition was released on Digital HD September 6 , 2016 and was followed by Blu - ray / DVD combo pack on September 20 , 2016 . Upon its first week of release on home media in the U.S. , the film topped the Blu - ray Disc sales chart , and debuted at number 3 in the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert chart , which tracks overall disc sales , behind Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows and Captain America : Civil War . Reception and legacy ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 94 % based on reviews from 110 critics , with an average rating of 8.5 out of 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Enchanting , sweepingly romantic , and featuring plenty of wonderful musical numbers , Beauty and the Beast is one of Disney 's most elegant animated offerings . '' The film also holds a 95 / 100 on Metacritic . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare `` A + '' grade . Janet Maslin of The New York Times praised the film with the following statement , `` Two years ago , Walt Disney Pictures reinvented the animated feature , not only with an eye toward pleasing children , but also with an older , savvier audience in mind . Disney truly bridged a generation gap with The Little Mermaid ... Now , lightning has definitely struck twice with Beauty and the Beast . '' Awarding the film a perfect score of four stars , Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times compared Beauty and the Beast positively to Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Pinocchio , writing , `` Beauty and the Beast reaches back to an older and healthier Hollywood tradition in which the best writers , musicians and filmmakers are gathered for a project on the assumption that a family audience deserves great entertainment , too . '' In 2001 Ebert again gave the IMAX re-release a full 4 out of 4 stars . James Berardinelli of ReelViews rated the film similarly while hailing it as `` the finest animated movie ever made '' , writing , `` Beauty and the Beast attains a nearly - perfect mix of romance , music , invention , and animation . '' The use of computer animation , particularly in the ballroom sequence , was singled out in several reviews as one of the film 's highlights . Hal Hinson of The Washington Post gave the film a positive review , calling the film `` A delightfully satisfying modern fable , a near - masterpiece that draws on the sublime traditions of the past while remaining completely in sync with the sensibility of its time . '' Janet Maslin of The New York Times gave the film a positive review , saying `` It is a surprise , in a time of sequels and retreads , that the new film is so fresh and altogether triumphant in its own right . '' Dave Kehr of the Chicago Tribune gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` Beauty and the Beast is certainly adequate holiday entertainment for children and their more indulgent parents ... But the film has little of the technical facility , vivid characterization and emotional impact of Disney past . '' Jay Boyar of the Orlando Sentinel gave the film four out of five stars , saying `` It 's not an especially scary movie , but right from the start , you can tell that this Beauty and the Beast has a beauty of a bite . '' John Hartl of The Seattle Times gave the film three - and - a-half stars out of four , saying `` It 's exceptionally difficult to make an audience care for animated characters unless they 're mermaids or anthropomorphized animals or insects , yet the Disney animators , with a big assist from the vocal talents of a superb cast , have pulled it off . '' Gene Siskel , also of the Chicago Tribune , gave the film four out of four stars , saying `` Beauty and the Beast is one of the year 's most entertaining films for both adults and children . '' On their Beauty and the Beast edition of Siskel & Ebert , both Siskel and Roger Ebert proclaimed that the film is `` a legitimate contender for Oscar consideration as Best Picture of the Year . '' Michael Sragow of The New Yorker gave the film a positive review , saying `` It 's got storytelling vigor and clarity , bright , eclectic animation , and a frisky musical wit . '' Eric Smoodin writes in his book Animating Culture that the studio was trying to make up for earlier gender stereotypes with this film . Smoodin also states that , in the way it has been viewed as bringing together traditional fairy tales and feminism as well as computer and traditional animation , the film 's `` greatness could be proved in terms of technology narrative or even politics '' . Animation legend Chuck Jones praised the film , in a 1992 guest appearance on Later with Bob Costas he claimed he `` Loved it . I think it should have won ( Best Picture ) ... I think the animation on the beast is one of the greatest pieces of animation I 've seen '' . Animation historian Michael Barrier wrote that Belle `` becomes a sort of intellectual less by actually reading books , it seems , than by hanging out with them '' , but says that the film comes closer than other `` Disney - studio '' films to `` accepting challenges of the kind that the finest Walt Disney features met '' . David Whitley writes in The Idea of Nature in Disney Animation that Belle is different from earlier Disney heroines in that she is mostly free from the burdens of domestic housework , although her role is somewhat undefined in the same way that `` contemporary culture now requires most adolescent girls to contribute little in the way of domestic work before they leave home and have to take on the fraught , multiple responsibilities of the working mother '' . Whitley also notes other themes and modern influences , such as the film 's critical view of Gaston 's chauvinism and attitude towards nature , the cyborg - like servants , and the father 's role as an inventor rather than a merchant . In 2010 , IGN named Beauty and the Beast as the greatest animated film of all time , directly ahead of WALL - E , The Incredibles , Toy Story 2 , and The Iron Giant . Several critics regard the 1991 animated film as superior to the 2017 live - action remake . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune said that the 1991 film `` worked wonderfully because it was pure Broadway , written for the screen , blending comedy and romance and magic and just enough snark in the margins '' , while the 2017 remake got lost in translation since `` The movie takes our knowledge and our interest in the material for granted . It zips from one number to another , throwing a ton of frenetically edited eye candy at the screen , charmlessly . '' Phillips also wrote of the 2017 film that `` too often we 're watching highly qualified performers , plus a few less conspicuously talented ones ( Watson , primarily ) , stuck doing karaoke , or motion - capture work of middling quality '' . Dana Schwartz of the Observer criticized some of the 2017 film changes to the characters like Gaston and the Beast as regressive by watering down their distinguishing personalities from the 1991 film , also arguing that the added backstory to the characters in the 2017 version failed to `` advance the plot or theme in any meaningful way '' . David Sims of The Atlantic wrote that the 2017 film `` feels particularly egregious , in part , because it 's so slavishly devoted to the original ; every time it falls short of its predecessor ( which is quite often ) , it 's hard not to notice '' . Box Office ( edit ) During its initial release in 1991 , the film grossed $145.9 million in revenues in North America and $351.9 million worldwide . It ranked as the third-most successful film of 1991 in North America , surpassed only by the summer blockbusters Terminator 2 : Judgment Day and Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves . At the time Beauty and the Beast was the most successful animated Disney film release , and the first animated film to reach $100 million in the United States and Canada in its initial run . In its IMAX re-release , it earned $25.5 million in North America and $5.5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $31 million . It also earned $9.8 million from its 3D re-release overseas . During the opening weekend of its North American 3D re-release in 2012 , Beauty and the Beast grossed $17.8 million , coming in at the No. 2 spot , behind Contraband , and achieved the highest opening weekend for an animated film in January . The film was expected to make $17.5 million over the weekend ; however , the results topped its forecast and the expectations of box office analysts . The re-release ended its run on May 3 , 2012 , and earned $47.6 million , which brought the film 's total gross in North America to $219 million . It made an estimated $206 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $425 million . Accolades ( edit ) Alan Menken and Howard Ashman 's song `` Beauty and the Beast '' won the Academy Award for Best Original Song , while Menken 's score won the award for Best Original Score . Two other Menken and Ashman songs from the film , `` Belle '' and `` Be Our Guest '' , were also nominated for Best Original Song . Beauty and the Beast was the first picture to receive three Academy Award nominations for Best Original Song , a feat that would be repeated by The Lion King ( 1994 ) , Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) , and Enchanted ( 2007 ) . Academy rules have since been changed to limit each film to two nominations in this category , due to the consecutive unintentional failures of Dreamgirls and Enchanted to win the award . The film was also nominated for Best Picture and Best Sound . It was the first animated film ever to be nominated for Best Picture , and remained the only animated film nominated until 2009 when the Best Picture field was widened to ten nominees , and it remains the only animated film nominated for the award when it had five nominees . It became the first musical in twelve years to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture of the Year , following All That Jazz ( 1979 ) , and the last one to be nominated until Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) , ten years later . It lost the Best Picture award to The Silence of the Lambs . With six nominations , the film currently shares the record for the most nominations for an animated film with WALL - E ( 2008 ) , although , with three nominations in the Best Original Song category , Beauty and the Beast 's nominations span only four categories , while WALL - E 's nominations cover six individual categories . While The Little Mermaid was the first to be nominated , Beauty and the Beast became the first animated film to win the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy . This feat was later repeated by The Lion King and Toy Story 2 . List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipients and nominees Result Academy Awards March 30 , 1992 Best Picture Don Hahn Nominated Best Sound Terry Porter , Mel Metcalfe , David J. Hudson & Doc Kane Best Original Score Alan Menken Won Best Original Song Alan Menken & Howard Ashman for `` Be Our Guest '' Nominated Alan Menken & Howard Ashman for `` Beauty and the Beast '' Won Alan Menken & Howard Ashman for `` Belle '' Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association February 1992 Best Picture Nominated Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association Best Film 3rd place Best Animated Film Won Golden Globe Awards January 18 , 1992 Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Don Hahn Best Original Score -- Motion Picture Alan Menken Best Original Song -- Motion Picture Alan Menken and Howard Ashman For the song `` Be Our Guest '' Nominated Alan Menken and Howard Ashman For the song `` Beauty and the Beast '' Won Grammy Awards February 18 , 1993 Album of the Year Nominated Record of the Year Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson For the song `` Beauty and the Beast '' Nominated Best Album for Children Won Best Pop Performance by a Group or Duo With Vocal For `` Beauty and the Beast '' Song of the Year For `` Beauty and the Beast '' Nominated Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture Alan Menken Won Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for Television For `` Beauty and the Beast '' Best Pop Instrumental Performance For `` Beauty and the Beast '' Los Angeles Film Critics Association December 14 , 1991 Best Animated Film Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise Producers Guild of America March 4 , 1992 Darryl F. Zanuck Award for Outstanding Producer of Theatrical Motion Pictures Don Hahn Nominated In 2002 , Beauty and the Beast was added to the United States National Film Registry as being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' In June 2008 , the American Film Institute revealed its `` Ten Top Ten '' lists of the best ten films in ten `` classic '' American film genres , based on polls of over 1,500 people from the creative community . Beauty and the Beast was acknowledged as the seventh - best film in the animation genre . In previous lists , it ranked number 22 on the Institutes 's list of best musicals and number 34 on its list of the best romantic American films . On the list of the greatest songs from American films , Beauty and the Beast ranked number 62 . American Film Institute recognition : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- No. 34 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : Belle -- Nominated Hero AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Beauty and the Beast '' -- No. 62 `` Be Our Guest '' -- Nominated AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- No. 22 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Nominated AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- No. 7 Animated film Adaptations ( edit ) Broadway musical ( edit ) Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) According to an article in the Houston Chronicle , `` The catalyst for Disney 's braving the stage was an article by The New York Times theater critic Frank Rich that praised Beauty and the Beast as 1991 's best musical ... Theatre Under The Stars executive director Frank Young had been trying to get Disney interested in a stage version of Beauty about the same time Eisner and Katzenberg were mulling over Rich 's column . But Young could n't seem to get in touch with the right person in the Disney empire . Nothing happened till the Disney execs started to pursue the project from their end ... When they asked George Ives , the head of Actors Equity on the West Coast , which Los Angeles theater would be the best venue for launching a new musical , Ives said the best theater for that purpose would be TUTS . Not long after that , Disney 's Don Frantz and Bettina Buckley contacted Young , and the partnership was under way . '' A stage condensation of the film , directed by Robert Jess Roth and choreographed by Matt West , both of whom moved on to the Broadway development , had already been presented at Disneyland at what was then called the Videopolis stage . Beauty and the Beast premiered in a joint production of Theatre Under The Stars and Disney Theatricals at the Music Hall , Houston , Texas , from November 28 , 1993 , through December 26 , 1993 . On Monday , April 18 , 1994 , Beauty and the Beast premiered on Broadway at the Palace Theatre in New York City to mixed reviews . The show transferred to the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre on November 11 , 1999 . The commercial ( though not critical ) success of the show led to productions in the West End , Toronto , and all over the world . The Broadway version , which ran for over a decade , received a Tony Award , and became the first of a whole line of Disney stage productions . The original Broadway cast included Terrence Mann as the Beast , Susan Egan as Belle , Burke Moses as Gaston , Gary Beach as Lumière , Heath Lamberts as Cogsworth , Tom Bosley as Maurice , Beth Fowler as Mrs. Potts , and Stacey Logan as Babette the feather duster . Many well - known actors and singers also starred in the Broadway production during its thirteen - year run , including Kerry Butler , Debbie Gibson , Toni Braxton , Andrea McArdle , Jamie - Lynn Sigler , Christy Carlson Romano , Ashley Brown , and Anneliese van der Pol as Belle ; Chuck Wagner , James Barbour , and Jeff McCarthy as the Beast ; Meshach Taylor , Patrick Page , Bryan Batt , Jacob Young , and John Tartaglia as Lumière ; and Marc Kudisch , Christopher Sieber , and Donny Osmond as Gaston . The show ended its Broadway run on July 29 , 2007 after 46 previews and 5,461 performances . As of 2017 , it is Broadway 's tenth - longest - running show in history . Live - action film ( edit ) Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) In June 2014 , Walt Disney Pictures announced that a live - action film adaptation of the original film was in the works , with Bill Condon directing and Evan Spiliotopoulos writing the script . Condon originally planned on not only drawing inspiration from the original film , but also to include most , if not all , of the Menken / Rice songs from the Broadway musical , with the intention of making the film as a `` straight - forward , live - action , large - budget movie musical '' . In September 2014 , it was announced that Stephen Chbosky ( The Perks of Being a Wallflower ) would re-write the script . In January 2015 , Emma Watson announced on her Facebook page that she would portray Belle in the new live action remake film . In March 2015 , Dan Stevens , Luke Evans , Emma Thompson , Josh Gad , Audra McDonald , and Kevin Kline joined the film as the Beast , Gaston , Mrs. Potts , Lefou , Garderobe , and Maurice , respectively . The following month , Ian McKellen , Ewan McGregor , Stanley Tucci , and Gugu Mbatha - Raw joined the cast , as Cogsworth , Lumière , Cadenza , and Plumette , respectively . Composer Alan Menken returned to score the film 's music , with new material written by Menken and Tim Rice . In June 2015 , Menken said the film would not include the songs that were written for the Broadway musical . Filming began on May 18 , 2015 in London , and production officially wrapped in August 2015 . The film was released on March 17 , 2017 . Merchandise ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast merchandise cover a wide variety of products , among them storybook versions of the film 's story , a comic book based on the film published by Disney Comics , toys , children 's costumes , and other items . In addition , the character of Belle has been integrated into the `` Disney Princess '' line of Disney 's Consumer Products division , and appears on merchandise related to that franchise . In 1995 , a live - action children 's series entitled Sing Me a Story with Belle began running in syndication , remaining on the air through 1999 . Two direct - to - video followups ( which take place during the timeline depicted in the original film ) were produced by Walt Disney Television Animation : Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas in 1997 and Belle 's Magical World in 1998 ; in contrast to the universal acclaim of the original , reception to the sequels was extremely negative . Disney on Ice produced an ice version of the movie that opened in 1992 in Lakeland , Florida . The show was such a huge commercial and critical success , touring around the world to sell - out crowds , that a television special was made when it toured Spain in 1994 . The show ended its run in 2006 , after 14 years . Video games ( edit ) `` Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) '' redirects here . For the 1996 sequel to The Last Ninja , see Beauty and the Beast ( Commodore 64 ) . There are several video games that are loosely based on the film : The first video game based on the film was titled Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Quest and is an action platformer for the Sega Genesis . Developed by Software Creations , the game was released in North America in 1993 . It is one of two video games based on the film that Sunsoft published for the Genesis , the other being Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast . Characters from the film like Gaston can help the player past tricky situations . As Belle , the player must reach the Beast 's castle and break the spell to live happily ever after . To succeed , she must explore the village , forest , castle , and snowy forest to solve puzzles and mini-games while ducking or jumping over enemies . Belle 's health is represented by a stack of blue books , which diminishes when she touches bats , rats , and other hazards in the game . Extra lives , keys and other items are hidden throughout the levels . While there is no continue or game saving ability , players can use a code to start the game at any of the seven levels . The second video game based on the film was titled ' Beauty and the Beast : Roar of the Beast and is a side - scrolling video game for the Genesis . As the Beast , the player must successfully complete several levels , based on scenes from the film , in order to protect the castle from invading villagers and forest animals and rescue Belle from Gaston . The third and fourth video games based on the film are action platformers developed by Probe Software and published by Hudson Soft . One , titled Beauty and the Beast , was released in Europe in 1994 for the NES , while the other , Disney 's Beauty and the Beast , was released in North America in July 1994 and in Europe on February 23 1995 for the SNES . The entire games are played through the perspective of the Beast . As the Beast , the player must get Belle to fall in love so that the curse cast upon him and his castle will be broken . The final boss of the game is Gaston . The Beast can walk , jump , swipe , stomp , super stomp , and roar , the last of which is used to both damage enemies and reveal hidden objects . The fifth video game based on the film was titled Disney 's Beauty and the Beast : A Boardgame Adventure and is a Disney Boardgame adventure for the Game Boy Color . It was released on October 25 , 1999 . The video game series Kingdom Hearts features a world based on the film , named `` Beast 's Castle '' , along with several of the film 's characters . In the first game , the world has been destroyed and Belle kidnapped by the Heartless , led by Maleficent , but the Beast travels to Maleficent 's stronghold and works with Sora to defeat Maleficent and rescue Belle and the other captured princesses . In Kingdom Hearts II , the world has since been restored following Ansem 's defeat , but Beast and Belle are having difficulties due to the enigmatic Xaldin of Organization XIII attempting to bring out the Beast 's darker side in order to turn him into a Heartless and a Nobody , but the Beast eventually comes to his senses and works with Sora once again to defeat Xaldin once and for all . In the game 's ending credits , the Beast turns back into the Prince . In Kingdom Hearts : 358 / 2 Days , the world is featured as a playable level but the story is not essential to the main plot . In Kingdom Hearts χ , the world is featured again , this time as a hallucination that follows the plot of the movie more closely . The characters featured in the series are Beast , Belle , Lumiere , Gaston , Cogsworth , Mrs. Potts , Chip , Maurice , and the Wardrobe . After Gaston is defeated , the Beast transforms back into the Prince . Gaston does not appear in Kingdom Hearts II , the world 's primary antagonist being Xaldin , an original character created for the series , but who shares several traits with Forte , the main antagonist of Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas . See also ( edit ) Disney portal Cartoon portal Animation portal 1990s portal List of Disney animated features List of Disney animated films based on fairy tales Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Speaking together , with some crosstalk , Gary Trousdale , Kirk Wise , Don Hahn , and Alan Menken confirmed on the audio commentary that Gaston died after he fell off the rooftops . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stewart , Jocelyn ( February 10 , 2008 ) . `` Artist created many famous film posters '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2010 . Retrieved February 10 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) '' . 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Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` You Cannot Resist The Joy Of ' Disney On Ice ' -- So Do n't Even Think About It ARTery '' . Artery.wbur.org . February 15 , 2014 . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Release information '' . GameFAQs . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2009 . Retrieved August 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) screenshots '' . MobyGames . Retrieved August 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Beauty and the Beast : Roar of the Beast for Genesis ( 1993 ) '' . MobyGames . Retrieved August 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Release information '' . MobyGames . Retrieved May 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Release information '' . GameFAQs . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2009 . Retrieved May 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ProReview : Disney 's Beauty and the Beast '' . GamePro ( 61 ) . IDG . August 1994 . p. 58 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Beauty and the Beast : A Board Game Adventure : Video Games '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Part 1 - Beast 's Castle - Kingdom Hearts 2 Wiki Guide '' . IGN . March 28 , 2006 . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Part 2 - Beast 's Castle - Kingdom Hearts 2 Wiki Guide '' . IGN . March 28 , 2006 . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 film ) . Official website Beauty and the Beast on IMDb Beauty and the Beast at the American Film Institute Catalog Beauty and the Beast at AllMovie Beauty and the Beast at Rotten Tomatoes Beauty and the Beast at Metacritic Beauty and the Beast at TV.com Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo Beauty and the Beast at the TCM Movie Database Beauty and the Beast at The Big Cartoon DataBase Gabrielle - Suzanne de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney Characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Films directed by Gary Trousdale Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper ( 2005 ) Shrek the Halls ( 2007 ) Scared Shrekless ( 2010 ) Rocky & Bullwinkle ( 2014 ) Annie Award for Best Animated Feature 1990s Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) Toy Story ( 1996 ) Cats Do n't Dance ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) The Iron Giant ( 1999 ) 2000s Toy Story 2 ( 2000 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Spirited Away ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) 2010s How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Rango ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy An American in Paris ( 1951 ) With a Song in My Heart ( 1952 ) Carmen Jones ( 1954 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) The King and I ( 1956 ) Les Girls ( 1957 ) Gigi / Auntie Mame ( 1958 ) Porgy and Bess / Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) Song Without End / The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story / A Majority of One ( 1961 ) The Music Man / That Touch of Mink ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) The Russians Are Coming , the Russians Are Coming ( 1966 ) The Graduate ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) The Secret of Santa Vittoria ( 1969 ) MASH ( 1970 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) American Graffiti ( 1973 ) The Longest Yard ( 1974 ) The Sunshine Boys ( 1975 ) A Star Is Born ( 1976 ) The Goodbye Girl ( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) Breaking Away ( 1979 ) Coal Miner 's Daughter ( 1980 ) Arthur ( 1981 ) Tootsie ( 1982 ) Yentl ( 1983 ) Romancing the Stone ( 1984 ) Prizzi 's Honor ( 1985 ) Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) Hope and Glory ( 1987 ) Working Girl ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Green Card ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) The Player ( 1992 ) Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Evita ( 1996 ) As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Almost Famous ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Walk the Line ( 2005 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Vicky Cristina Barcelona ( 2008 ) The Hangover ( 2009 ) The Kids Are All Right ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) American Hustle ( 2013 ) The Grand Budapest Hotel ( 2014 ) The Martian ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Lady Bird ( 2017 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Alan Menken Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Weird Romance ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) King David ( 1997 ) The Bellringer of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Sister Act ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Leap of Faith ( 2010 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 2015 ) A Bronx Tale ( 2016 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Newsies ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Songs `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Kiss the Girl '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Friend Like Me '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Just Around the Riverbend '' `` Colors of the Wind '' `` If I Never Knew You '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Hellfire '' `` Someday '' `` Go the Distance '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' `` Happy Working Song '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` So Close '' `` Ever Ever After '' `` Mother Knows Best '' `` I See the Light '' Howard Ashman Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Smile ( 1986 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Related articles Alan Menken Howard Sings Ashman Disney portal Film in the United States portal 1990s portal Animation portal Cartoon portal United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_film)&oldid=835648203 '' Categories : 1991 films English - language films 1990s American animated films 1990s comedy - drama films 1990s fantasy films 1990s musical films 1990s romantic musical films 1991 animated films 3D re-releases American animated films American children 's animated fantasy films American comedy - drama films American films American musical fantasy films American romantic fantasy films American romantic musical films Animated musical films Animated romance films Annie Award winners Best Animated Feature Annie Award winners Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners Directorial debut films Disney Renaissance Beauty and the Beast ( franchise ) Feminist films Films scored by Alan Menken Films about curses Films about royalty Films about shapeshifting Films based on Beauty and the Beast Films based on fairy tales Films directed by Gary Trousdale Films directed by Kirk Wise Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films produced by Don Hahn Films set in castles Films set in France Films set in the 18th century Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award IMAX films Screenplays by Joe Ranft Screenplays by Linda Woolverton United States National Film Registry films Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Good articles Use mdy dates from October 2015 Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Latina Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 中文 56 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 23 : 12 . 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"\n\nBeauty and the Beast\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster by John Alvin[1]\n\n\n\nDirected by\n\n\n\nGary Trousdale\nKirk Wise\n\n\n\n\n\nProduced by\nDon Hahn\n\n\nScreenplay by\nLinda Woolverton\n\n\nStory by\n\n\n\nRoger Allers\nBrenda Chapman\nChris Sanders\nBurny Mattinson\nKevin Harkey\nBrian Pimental\nBruce Woodside\nJoe Ranft\nTom Ellery\nKelly Asbury\nRobert Lence\n\n\n\n\n\nBased on\nBeauty and the Beast\nby Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nPaige O'Hara\nRobby Benson\nRichard White\nJerry Orbach\nDavid Ogden Stiers\nAngela Lansbury\nRex Everhart\nJesse Corti\n\n\n\n\n\nNarrated by\nDavid Ogden Stiers (prologue)\n\n\nMusic by\nAlan Menken\n\n\nEdited by\nJohn Carnochan\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompanies\n\n\n\n\n\nWalt Disney Pictures[2]\nWalt Disney Feature Animation[3]\nSilver Screen Partners IV[2]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDistributed by\nBuena Vista Pictures[2]\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nSeptember 29, 1991 (1991-09-29) (New York Film Festival)\nNovember 22, 1991 (1991-11-22) (United States)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n84 minutes[4]\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBudget\n$25 million[5]\n\n\nBox office\n$425 million[5]\n\n"
] | [
"September 29, 1991"
] |
-7744770484545605056 | Theme from Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To) | Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going to ) - wikipedia Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going to ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' Single by Diana Ross from the album Mahogany B - side `` No One 's Gonna Be a Fool Forever '' Released September 24 , 1975 Format 7 '' Genre Pop soul R&B Length 3 : 25 Label Motown Songwriter ( s ) Michael Masser Gerald Goffin Producer ( s ) Michael Masser Diana Ross singles chronology `` Sorry Does n't Always Make It Right '' ( 1975 ) `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' ( 1975 ) `` I Thought It Took a Little Time ( But Today I Fell in Love ) '' ( 1976 ) `` Sorry Does n't Always Make It Right '' ( 1975 ) `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' ( 1975 ) `` I Thought It Took a Little Time ( But Today I Fell in Love ) '' ( 1976 ) 45 RPM promotional copy Special issue colored vinyl single `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' is a song written by Michael Masser and Gerald Goffin , and initially recorded by American singer Thelma Houston in 1973 , and then most notably by Diana Ross as the theme to the 1975 Motown / Paramount film Mahogany . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personnel 2 Production notes 3 Release and track listing 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Later versions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Personnel ( edit ) Diana Ross - vocals Hal Blaine - drums Lee Holdridge - arranger Production notes ( edit ) Produced by Masser , the song is a ballad that portrays its protagonist ( Ross ) as a black woman who becomes a successful Rome fashion designer . Recorded with a full orchestral accompaniment , `` Theme from Mahogany '' became one of the most recognizable elements of the film , receiving praise from many critics . Later released as a single , `` Theme from Mahogany '' became a number - one hit on both the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , and the Easy Listening charts . The song was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song . Ross performed the song live at the Academy Awards ceremony via satellite from the Netherlands . Release and track listing ( edit ) 7 '' vinyl single - US No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' Gerry Goffin , Michael Masser 3 : 19 2 . `` No One 's Gonna Be a Fool Forever '' Michael Masser , Pam Sawyer 3 : 18 Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 -- 76 ) Peak position Canadian RPM Top Singles Ireland ( IRMA ) UK 5 US Billboard Hot 100 US Cashbox Top 100 US Billboard Hot Soul Singles 14 US Billboard Easy Listening Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Rank Canada 56 UK 73 US Billboard Hot 100 43 US Billboard Easy Listening 29 US Cash Box Top 100 51 Later versions ( edit ) French singer Nicole Rieu released a French - language version the song ( titled `` En courant '' ) as a single in 1976 . Dinah Shore recorded the song for her album Dinah ! in 1976 . Taiwanese singer Tracy Huang ( zh ) included the song on the album Feelings in 1976 . Johnny Mathis included the song on his album I Only Have Eyes for You in 1976 . Elaine Paige included the song on her album Cinema in 1984 . Slick Rick sang the chorus of the song near the end of his 1988 song , `` Teenage Love '' . Pinhead Gunpowder included the song on their E.P Carry the Banner in 1994 . Shirley Bassey included the song on her album Sings The Movies in 1995 . Kelly Price used it as a hook on Diddy 's `` Do You Know '' from his 1997 album No Way Out . Mariah Carey included the song on her 1998 compilation album , # 1 's , as an international bonus track . Jennifer Lopez included the song on her 1999 album On the 6 , as an international bonus track . TobyMac sampled the hook for the song `` Do You Know '' on his 2001 album Momentum . Italian singer Amalia Gré ( it ) included the song on her album Amalia Grè in 2003 . Hong Kong singer Janice Vidal included the song in her album Do U Know ( album ) in 2006 . Tina Arena included the song in her album Songs of Love & Loss in 2007 . Me First and the Gimme Gimmes included the song on their album Have Another Ball in 2008 . Belgian singer Andrei Lugovski ( nl ) included the song on his 2009 album My World . Lara Fabian included the song for her acoustic album Every Woman in me in 2009 . Fictional singer Steven Clark performed the song in the 2012 film God Bless America . Filipina singer Juris Fernandez included the song on the album Dreaming of You in 2012 . Jake Zyrus included the song on the album Chapter 10 in 2013 . Pianist Richard Clayderman included the song on his album Essential Love Songs in 2015 . Rapper Big Sean and producer Metro Boomin sampled the song on their 2017 album Double or Nothing . See also ( edit ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1975 ( U.S. ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1976 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas ( 2003 ) . `` Diana Ross '' . In Bogdanov , Vladimir ; Woodstra , Chris ; Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . All Music Guide to Soul . Allmusic . San Francisco : Backbeat Books . p. 587 . ISBN 0 - 87930 - 744 - 7 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 210 . Jump up ^ `` CAN Charts > Diana Ross '' . RPM . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Do You Know Where You 're Going To '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UK Charts > Diana Ross '' . Official Charts . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 9780898200898 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Music Chart '' . Billboard. 1975 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1976 - UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1976 / Top 100 Songs of 1976 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Top 50 Adult Contemporary Hits of 1976 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` I Write the Songs '' by Barry Manilow Billboard Hot 100 number - one single January 24 , 1976 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Love Rollercoaster '' by Ohio Players Diana Ross singles Discography 1970s singles `` Reach Out and Touch ( Somebody 's Hand ) '' `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' `` Remember Me '' `` Reach Out ( I 'll Be There ) '' `` Surrender '' `` I 'm Still Waiting '' `` Good Morning Heartache '' `` Touch Me in the Morning '' `` You 're a Special Part of Me '' `` Last Time I Saw Him '' `` My Mistake ( Was to Love You ) '' `` You Are Everything '' `` Do n't Knock My Love '' `` Stop , Look , Listen ( To Your Heart ) '' `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' `` Love Hangover '' `` Gettin ' Ready for Love '' `` Ease on Down the Road '' `` Pops , We Love You ( A Tribute to Father ) '' `` What You Gave Me '' `` The Boss '' `` It 's My House '' 1980s singles `` Upside Down '' `` I 'm Coming Out '' `` My Old Piano '' `` It 's My Turn '' `` Endless Love '' `` Why Do Fools Fall in Love '' `` Mirror , Mirror '' `` Muscles '' `` Pieces of Ice '' `` All of You '' `` Swept Away '' `` Missing You '' `` Eaten Alive '' `` Chain Reaction '' 1990 -- 2000s singles `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' ( Remix ) `` Take Me Higher '' `` I Will Survive '' `` Not Over You Yet '' `` Goin ' Back '' `` I 've Got a Crush on You '' Featured singles `` A Brand New Day '' `` We Are the World '' Book Category Template Mariah Carey songs Singles discography Songs recorded 1990s songs `` Vision of Love '' `` Love Takes Time '' `` Someday '' `` I Do n't Wanna Cry '' `` There 's Got to Be a Way '' `` Emotions '' `` Ca n't Let Go '' `` Make It Happen '' `` If It 's Over '' `` I 'll Be There '' `` Dreamlover '' `` Hero '' `` Anytime You Need a Friend '' `` Without You '' `` Never Forget You '' `` Endless Love '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' `` O Holy Night '' `` Joy to the World '' `` Fantasy '' `` Underneath the Stars '' `` One Sweet Day '' `` Open Arms '' `` Always Be My Baby '' `` Forever '' `` Honey '' `` My All '' `` Butterfly '' `` The Roof '' `` Breakdown '' `` Close My Eyes '' `` The Beautiful Ones '' `` Sweetheart '' `` When You Believe '' `` I Still Believe '' `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Thank God I Found You '' `` Ca n't Take That Away ( Mariah 's Theme ) '' `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) '' `` Crybaby '' 2000s songs `` Loverboy '' `` Do n't Stop ( Funkin ' 4 Jamaica ) '' `` Reflections ( Care Enough ) '' `` Last Night a DJ Saved My Life '' `` Never Too Far '' `` Never Too Far / Hero Medley '' `` Through the Rain '' `` Boy ( I Need You ) '' `` Bringin ' On the Heartbreak '' `` I Know What You Want '' `` It 's Like That '' `` We Belong Together '' `` Shake It Off '' `` Mine Again '' `` Say Somethin ' '' `` Get Your Number '' `` Fly Like a Bird '' `` Do n't Forget About Us '' `` So Lonely '' `` Migrate '' `` Touch My Body '' `` I Stay in Love '' `` Side Effects '' `` I 'm That Chick '' `` I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time '' `` Bye Bye '' `` Hero '' ( 2008 version ) `` Betcha Gon ' Know ( The Prologue ) '' `` Obsessed '' `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' `` H.A.T.E.U. '' 2010s songs `` Up Out My Face '' `` Angels Cry '' `` Oh Santa ! '' `` Christmas Time Is in the Air Again '' `` When Christmas Comes '' `` One Child '' `` Auld Lang Syne ( The New Year 's Anthem ) '' `` # Beautiful '' `` Thirsty '' `` You 're Mine ( Eternal ) '' `` You Do n't Know What to Do '' `` Meteorite '' `` The Art of Letting Go '' `` Infinity '' `` I Do n't '' Other releases `` 100 % '' `` Almost Home '' `` Every Time I Close My Eyes '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Lil ' L.O.V.E. '' `` My Love '' `` Right to Dream '' `` So Lonely '' `` Things That U Do '' `` Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) '' `` U Make Me Wanna '' `` What More Can I Give '' Jennifer Lopez songs Discography On the 6 `` If You Had My Love '' `` Feelin ' So Good '' `` Let 's Get Loud '' `` No Me Ames '' `` Waiting for Tonight '' `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' J. Lo `` Love Do n't Cost a Thing '' `` I 'm Real '' `` Play '' `` Ai n't It Funny '' `` Cariño '' `` I 'm Gonna Be Alright '' `` I 'm Real ( Murder Remix ) '' J to tha L -- O ! The Remixes `` Ai n't It Funny ( Murder Remix ) '' `` I 'm Gonna Be Alright ( Track Masters Remix ) '' `` Alive '' This Is Me ... Then `` I 'm Glad '' `` All I Have '' `` Jenny from the Block '' `` You Belong to Me '' `` Baby I Love U ! '' Rebirth `` Get Right '' `` Hold You Down '' Como Ama una Mujer `` Qué Hiciste '' `` Me Haces Falta '' Brave `` Hold It Do n't Drop It '' `` Do It Well '' Love ? `` On the Floor '' `` I 'm Into You '' `` ( What Is ) Love ? '' `` Run the World '' `` Papi '' `` Until It Beats No More '' `` One Love '' `` Invading My Mind '' `` Hypnotico '' Dance Again ... the Hits `` Dance Again '' `` Goin ' In '' A.K.A. `` First Love '' `` I Luh Ya Papi '' `` Booty '' `` Same Girl '' `` Girls '' Por Primera Vez `` Ni Tú Ni Yo '' `` Amor , Amor , Amor '' Collaborations `` Adrenalina '' `` Back It Up '' `` Control Myself '' `` El Mismo Sol '' `` El Ultimo Adios ( The Last Goodbye ) '' `` Follow the Leader '' `` Quizás , Quizás , Quizás '' `` Se Acabó El Amor '' `` Sweet Spot '' `` T.H.E. ( The Hardest Ever ) '' `` This Boy 's Fire '' `` Try Me '' `` We Are One ( Ole Ola ) '' `` What 's Going On '' Other songs `` A Selena Tribute '' `` Ai n't Your Mama '' `` Chegaste '' `` Dinero '' `` El Anillo '' `` Feel the Light '' `` Fresh Out the Oven '' `` Live It Up '' `` Louboutins '' `` Love Make the World Go Round '' `` Olvídame y Pega la Vuelta '' `` Us '' Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theme_from_Mahogany_(Do_You_Know_Where_You%27re_Going_To)&oldid=845694047 '' Categories : 1973 songs 1975 singles 1976 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Diana Ross songs Thelma Houston songs Pop ballads Songs written for films Songs with lyrics by Gerry Goffin Songs written by Michael Masser 1975 songs Motown singles Soul ballads Rhythm and blues ballads Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Magyar Polski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 13 June 2018 , at 14 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the song do you know where you're going to | [
"\"Theme from Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To)\" is a song written by Michael Masser and Gerald Goffin, and initially recorded by American singer Thelma Houston in 1973, and then most notably by Diana Ross as the theme to the 1975 Motown/Paramount film Mahogany.[1]",
"\"Theme from Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To)\" is a song written by Michael Masser and Gerald Goffin, and initially recorded by American singer Thelma Houston in 1973, and then most notably by Diana Ross as the theme to the 1975 Motown/Paramount film Mahogany.[1]"
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"Michael Masser",
"Gerald Goffin"
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219689462061815935 | Lisa Whelchel | Lisa Whelchel - wikipedia Lisa Whelchel Jump to : navigation , search Lisa Whelchel Lisa Diane Whelchel ( 1963 - 05 - 29 ) May 29 , 1963 ( age 54 ) Littlefield , Texas , U.S. Other names Lisa Cauble Occupation Actress , singer , songwriter , author , public speaker Years active 1977 -- present Organization Women of Faith Notable work The Facts of Life The New Mickey Mouse Club All Because of You Survivor : Philippines Style Contemporary Christian Spouse ( s ) Steven Cauble ( m . 1988 -- 2012 ) Children Website lisawhelchel.com Lisa Diane Whelchel ( born May 29 , 1963 ) is an American actress , singer , songwriter , author , and public speaker . She is known for her appearances as a Mouseketeer on The New Mickey Mouse Club and her nine - year role as the preppy and wealthy Blair Warner on The Facts of Life . In 1984 , she was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Inspirational Performance for her contemporary Christian album , All Because of You . Since 2009 , she has been a regular speaker with Women of Faith Christian conferences . In 2012 , Whelchel participated as a contestant on the CBS competitive reality series Survivor : Philippines and tied for second place . She was also voted fan favorite and was awarded $100,000 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal background 2 Acting career 2.1 The New Mickey Mouse Club 2.2 The Facts of Life 3 Music career 4 Speaking 5 Writing 6 Survivor 7 Hosting duties 8 Published works 9 Filmography 10 Accolades 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Personal background ( edit ) Lisa Whelchel was born on May 29 , 1963 , in Littlefield , Texas . She is the daughter of Virginia `` Genny '' ( née French ) , a real estate agent , and James `` Jimmy '' Whelchel Sr. , an electrician . Her parents divorced in 1981 , and her mother married Roy Coleman in 1983 . Lisa is the elder sister of James `` Cody '' Whelchel Jr. , and the elder half - sister of Casey Justice Coleman . She also has a nephew , Chasin ( Cody 's son ) . Lisa and Cody were raised for most of their childhood in Fort Worth , Texas . When Whelchel was ten years old , she became a born - again Christian and has devoted her life to her Christian faith . On July 9 , 1988 , Whelchel married Steven Cauble , who was an associate pastor at The Church on the Way in Van Nuys , California , which Whelchel attended at the time . The couple , who have three adult children , divorced in March 2012 . Acting career ( edit ) The New Mickey Mouse Club ( edit ) At age 12 , Whelchel was recruited in Texas by talent scouts who were looking for children interested in working with Disney Studios as a Mouseketeer on The New Mickey Mouse Club . She moved to California the next year and appeared on the show in syndication from 1977 to 1978 . The Facts of Life ( edit ) As a cast member of The Facts of Life , Whelchel once refused a storyline that would have made her character the first among the four main young women on the show to lose her virginity . Having become a Christian when she was ten years old , Whelchel refused because of her Christian convictions , and the storyline was rewritten for the character of `` Natalie , '' portrayed by Mindy Cohn . Whelchel appeared in every episode of the series except that one . In 2001 , Whelchel reprised her role as Blair Warner for the made - for - television movie , The Facts of Life Reunion . On March 7 , 2004 , Whelchel was reunited with Charlotte Rae to perform The Facts of Life theme song at the 2nd Annual TV Land Awards at the Hollywood Palladium in Hollywood . In spring 2006 , she appeared with two of her Facts of Life co-stars on The Today Show to promote the show 's DVD releases of the first and second seasons , admitting to being `` really bummed out '' that Kim Fields was unable to attend . On February 1 , 2007 , Whelchel was reunited with Kim Fields on WFAA - TV 's Good Morning Texas . Fields was in Dallas to promote her appearance in the production Issues : We 've All Got ' Em ' , when Whelchel was introduced as a surprise guest . On April 10 , 2011 , Whelchel and the cast of The Facts of Life , including Charlotte Rae , Nancy McKeon , Mindy Cohn , Kim Fields , Geri Jewell , and Cloris Leachman were honored with the Pop Culture Award at the 9th Annual TV Land Awards at the Javits Center in New York City . Music career ( edit ) In 1984 , Whelchel released a Christian pop album entitled All Because of You . The album reached No. 17 on the Billboard Contemporary Christian music charts . She was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Inspirational Performance and was recognized as the writer of the title song , `` All Because of You '' . Among the songs featured on the album were `` All Because of You '' , `` Just Obey '' , `` Cover Me Lord '' , and `` Good Girl '' . She did not record a second album . While she was appearing on The Facts of Life , she made a cameo appearance in the music video for contemporary Christian music singer - songwriter Steve Taylor 's song `` Meltdown ( at Madame Tussaud 's ) '' . The song was the title track from the album Meltdown . Speaking ( edit ) Whelchel has been a regular inspirational speaker at churches and conferences nationwide since 2004 . In 2000 , she founded Momtime Ministries , a religious network of mothers ' groups who meet weekly to `` equip and refresh and encourage '' each other . In 2009 , she began touring with the Women of Faith conferences , speaking on various issues including motherhood , child discipline , and friendship . Writing ( edit ) Whelchel has written ten books on motherhood , child discipline , adult friendships , homeschooling , and finding Jesus through the development of holiday traditions . Additional topics from a spiritual point of view include prayer and wisdom . She is the bestselling author of So You 're Thinking About Homeschooling and The Facts of Life ( and Other Lessons My Father Taught Me ) . While Whelchel has been honored as a Gold Medallion nominee for her book on child discipline , entitled Creative Correction , she has received negative press and criticism by both Christian and non-Christian parenting groups for her views . In an 2005 interview with talk show host Drew Marshall , Whelchel spoke about her books on motherhood and shared her ideas on child discipline presented in the book . Survivor ( edit ) On August 20 , 2012 , Whelchel was announced as a contestant in Survivor : Philippines as a member of the Tandang tribe . She joined retired Major League Baseball star Jeff Kent as one of the season 's two `` celebrity '' contestants . She elected to keep her true identity , as a former television star , a secret from the other contestants , many of whom were too young to have watched The Facts of Life during its original run and thus did not recognize her . On November 14 , 2012 , Whelchel announced via her Twitter account that she was suffering from West Nile Virus and had been advised by her doctor that recovery would take approximately one year . She did not specify whether she had contracted the arbovirus while in the Philippines shooting Survivor . On December 16 , 2012 , Whelchel made it to the Final Tribal Council , where fellow contestant and jury member Jonathan Penner revealed to the rest of the jury that she was a former child star . In the end , she received one jury vote from RC Saint - Amour and tying with returning contestant Michael Skupin for runner - up . She was also voted the Sprint Player of the Season , winning $100,000 by a margin of about . 07 percent against Malcolm Freberg . Hosting duties ( edit ) On January 14 , 2013 , Whelchel co-hosted several episodes of The Jeff Probst Show with Survivor host , Jeff Probst . Published works ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately . Find sources : `` Lisa Whelchel '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Whelchel , Lisa . Creative Correction , Tyndale House Publishers , 320 pages , 2000 . ISBN 978 - 1561799015 Whelchel , Lisa . The Facts of Life ( and Other Lessons My Father Taught Me ) , Multnomah Books , 192 pages , 2001 . ISBN 978 - 1590521489 Whelchel , Lisa . So You 're Thinking About Homeschooling : Fifteen Families Show How You Can Do It ( 2nd edition ) , Multnomah Books , 224 pages , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 1590525111 Whelchel , Lisa . How to Start Your Own Mom Time The ADVENTure of Christmas : Helping Children Find Jesus in Our Holiday Traditions Taking Care of the Me in Mommy The Busy Mom 's Guide to Prayer The Busy Mom 's Guide to Wisdom The Busy Grandma 's Guide to Prayer Speaking Mom - ese : Moments of Peace & Inspiration in the Mother Tongue from One Mom 's Heart to Yours Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1977 -- 78 The New Mickey Mouse Club Herself ( Mouseketeer ) Main cast ( 130 episodes ) 1977 The Wonderful World of Disney Herself ( Mouseketeer ) Episode : `` The Mouseketeers at Walt Disney World '' 1978 Family Cathy Connelly Episode : `` All for Love '' 1979 The Wonderful World of Disney Robin Lapp Episode : `` Shadow of Fear '' ( Parts 1 & 2 ) 1979 Diff'rent Strokes Blair Warner Episode : `` The Girls School '' 1979 The Double McGuffin Jody Feature film 1979 The Magician of Lublin Halina Feature film 1979 -- 88 The Facts of Life Blair Warner Main cast ( 200 episodes ) 1980 Skyward Lisa Ward NBC television film 1981 Diff'rent Strokes Blair Warner Episode : `` The Older Man '' 1981 Twirl Jill Moore NBC television film 1982 The Facts of Life Goes to Paris Blair Warner NBC television film 1982 The Wild Women of Chastity Gulch Amy Cole ABC television film The Love Boat Caroline Shea Episode : `` The Dean and the Flunkee '' ( Parts 1 & 2 ) 1985 The Love Boat Kelly Barrett Episode : `` The Racer 's Edge '' ( Parts 1 & 2 ) The Facts of Life Down Under Blair Warner NBC television film Where the Red Fern Grows : Part Two Sara Coleman Direct - to - video film The Facts of Life Reunion Blair Warner ABC television film ( The Wonderful World of Disney ) 2012 Survivor : Philippines Herself ( Contestant ) 14 episodes 2013 The Jeff Probst Show Herself ( Co-host ) 16 episodes A Madea Christmas Nancy Porter Feature film 2014 For Better or For Worse Wendy Hallmark television film 2016 Hearts of Spring Carly Ashby Hallmark television film 2016 A Snow Capped Christmas Dale ( Claire 's Mom ) UP television film Accolades ( edit ) Young Artist Awards 1982 : Nominated , `` Best Young Comedienne in a Motion Picture or Television '' -- The Facts of Life 1982 : Nominated , `` Best Young Actress in a Television Special '' -- Twirl 1983 : Nominated , `` Best Young Actress in a Comedy Series '' -- The Facts of Life 1984 : Nominated , `` Best Young Actress in a Comedy Series '' -- The Facts of Life See also ( edit ) Biography portal Christianity portal Christian music portal Film portal Television in the United States portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Survivor . `` Survivor Cast : Lisa '' . Cbs.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Leslie . `` Flower Mound 's Lisa Whelchel voted fan favorite in ' Survivor : Philippines ' ; gets $100 K prize '' . Dallas News . Jump up ^ `` Lisa Whelchel Biography ( 1963 -- ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lisa Whelchel . `` Lisa Whelchel : My Faith '' . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2008 . Retrieved February 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Steve Helling ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` Lisa Whelchel Is Divorced '' . Retrieved September 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Ken ; Vlastnick , Frank ( 2007 ) Sitcoms : The 101 Greatest TV Comedies of All Time p. 98 Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers Jump up ^ Carolyn A. Burns . `` Lisa Whelchel Lisa Whelchel '' . TodaysChristianMusic.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lisa Whelchel Biography at Simon & Schuster '' . Authors.simonandschuster.com . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2012 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The State ( Columbia , S.C. ) ( January 25 , 2008 ) . `` Q&A / Lisa Whelchel '' . Retrieved February 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin . `` ' Survivor : Philippines ' cast includes Lisa Whelchel and Jeff Kent Inside TV EW.com '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lisa Whelchel has West Nile Virus , ' Survivor ' star reveals '' . Fox News . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carrie `` Spicy '' Milburn ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` Survivor 's Lisa Whelchel to Join Jeff Probst on Talk Show '' . Reality Nation . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website Lisa Whelchel on IMDb Lisa Whelchel at the TCM Movie Database ( hide ) Survivor contestants Winners of Survivor Richard Hatch ( Borneo ) Tina Wesson ( The Australian Outback ) Ethan Zohn ( Africa ) Vecepia Towery ( Marquesas ) Brian Heidik ( Thailand ) Jenna Morasca ( The Amazon ) Sandra Diaz - Twine ( Pearl Islands and Heroes vs. Villains ) Amber Brkich ( All - Stars ) Chris Daugherty ( Vanuatu ) Tom Westman ( Palau ) Danni Boatwright ( Guatemala ) Aras Baskauskas ( Panama ) Yul Kwon ( Cook Islands ) Earl Cole ( Fiji ) Todd Herzog ( China ) Parvati Shallow ( Micronesia ) Bob Crowley ( Gabon ) J.T. Thomas ( Tocantins ) Natalie White ( Samoa ) Jud `` Fabio '' Birza ( Nicaragua ) Rob Mariano ( Redemption Island ) Sophie Clarke ( South Pacific ) Kim Spradlin ( One World ) Denise Stapley ( Philippines ) John Cochran ( Caramoan ) Tyson Apostol ( Blood vs. Water ) Tony Vlachos ( Cagayan ) Natalie Anderson ( San Juan del Sur ) Mike Holloway ( Worlds Apart ) Jeremy Collins ( Cambodia ) Michele Fitzgerald ( Kaôh Rōng ) Adam Klein ( Millennials vs. Gen X ) Sarah Lacina ( Game Changers ) Other contestants Single season Alan Ball Alexis Jones Ashley Massaro Candace Smith Chase Rice Chris Hammons Christy Smith Cliff Robinson Colleen Haskell Crystal Cox Dan Barry David Samson Elisabeth Filarski Elyse Umemoto Gary Hogeboom Grant Mattos Hayden Moss Helen Glover Holly Hoffman Hunter Ellis J.P. Calderon Jean - Robert Bellande Jeff Kent Jessica Lewis Jennifer Lyon Jimmy Johnson Joe Del Campo John Rocker Julia Landauer Julie Berry Katrina Radke Keith Famie Kelly Bruno Ken Hoang Kim Mullen Lisa Whelchel Matt Elrod Nadiya Anderson Rafe Judkins Rita Verreos Scot Pollard Sean Kenniff Steve Wright Tamara `` Taj '' Johnson - George Tammy Leitner Tyler Fredrickson Whitney Duncan Multiple seasons Amanda Kimmel Ami Cusack Andrea Boehlke Bobby Jon Drinkard Brad Culpepper Caleb Reynolds Benjamin `` Coach '' Wade Colby Donaldson Gervase Peterson Jeff Varner Jenna Lewis Jerri Manthey Jonathan Penner Jonny Fairplay Laura Morett Michael Skupin Ozzy Lusth Phillip Sheppard Rob Cesternino Rudy Boesch Rupert Boneham Russell Hantz Stephenie LaGrossa Jessica `` Sugar '' Kiper Susan Hawk Terry Deitz Yau - Man Chan VIAF : 31238208 LCCN : n95010215 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisa_Whelchel&oldid=799022371 '' Categories : 1963 births Actresses from Texas American bloggers American child actresses American television talk show hosts American television actresses American television personalities 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses American Christians Living people Mouseketeers People from Fort Worth , Texas American performers of Christian music Singers from Texas Writers from Texas People from Lamb County , Texas Survivor ( U.S. TV series ) contestants Participants in American reality television series Women bloggers Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Use mdy dates from October 2013 Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Infobox person using religion Articles with hCards BLP articles lacking sources from September 2016 All BLP articles lacking sources Turner Classic Movies person ID not in Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Português Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 05 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played blair in the facts of life | [
"Lisa Diane Whelchel (born May 29, 1963) is an American actress, singer, songwriter, author, and public speaker. She is known for her appearances as a Mouseketeer on The New Mickey Mouse Club and her nine-year role as the preppy and wealthy Blair Warner on The Facts of Life. In 1984, she was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Inspirational Performance for her contemporary Christian album, All Because of You. Since 2009, she has been a regular speaker with Women of Faith Christian conferences. In 2012, Whelchel participated as a contestant on the CBS competitive reality series Survivor: Philippines and tied for second place.[1] She was also voted fan favorite and was awarded $100,000.[2]"
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"Lisa Diane Whelchel"
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4938830963404954335 | Indian reservation | Indian reservation - wikipedia Indian reservation Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Native American reservations in the United States . For a similar concept in Canada , see Indian reserve . For other uses , see Indian reservation ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Reservation in India . Indian reservations Also known as : Domestic Dependent Nation Autonomous administrative divisions Location United States of America Created 1658 ( Powhatan Tribes ) Number 326 ( map includes the 310 as of May 1996 ) Populations 123 ( several ) - 173,667 ( Navajo Nation ) Areas ranging from the 1.32 - acre ( 0.534 hectares ) Pit River Tribe 's cemetery in California to the 16 million - acre ( 64 750 square kilometers ) Navajo Nation Reservation located in Arizona , New Mexico , and Utah Administrative divisions of the United States First level State ( Commonwealth ) Federal district Territory ( Commonwealth ) Indian reservation ( list ) / Hawaiian home land / Alaska Native tribal entity / Pueblo / Off - reservation trust land Second level County / Parish / Borough Unorganized Borough / Census area / Villages / District ( USVI ) / District ( AS ) Consolidated city - county Independent city Municipality Unorganized atoll State - recognized tribes Third level Township Cities , towns , and villages Coterminous municipality Barrio Chapter Fourth level Ward Other areas Protected areas ( Conservation district , National Monument , National Park ) Congressional district Homeowner association Associated state Military base Federal enclave Unincorporated area Ghost town An Indian reservation is a legal designation for an area of land managed by a federally recognized Native American tribe under the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs rather than the state governments of the United States in which they are physically located . Each of the 326 Indian reservations in the United States is associated with a particular Native American nation . Not all of the country 's 567 recognized tribes have a reservation -- some tribes have more than one reservation , while some share reservations . In addition , because of past land allotments , leading to some sales to non-Native Americans , some reservations are severely fragmented , with each piece of tribal , individual , and privately held land being a separate enclave . This jumble of private and public real estate creates significant administrative , political , and legal difficulties . The collective geographical area of all reservations is 56,200,000 acres ( 22,700,000 ha ; 87,800 sq mi ; 227,000 km ) , approximately the size of Idaho . While most reservations are small compared to U.S. states , there are 12 Indian reservations larger than the state of Rhode Island . The largest reservation , the Navajo Nation Reservation , is similar in size to West Virginia . Reservations are unevenly distributed throughout the country ; the majority are west of the Mississippi River and occupy lands that were first reserved by treaty or ' granted ' from the public domain . Because tribes possess the concept of tribal sovereignty , even though it is limited , laws on tribal lands vary from those of the surrounding area . These laws can permit legal casinos on reservations , for example , which attract tourists . The tribal council , not the local government or the United States federal government , often has jurisdiction over reservations . Different reservations have different systems of government , which may or may not replicate the forms of government found outside the reservation . Most Native American reservations were established by the federal government ; a limited number , mainly in the East , owe their origin to state recognition . The name `` reservation '' comes from the conception of the Native American tribes as independent sovereigns at the time the U.S. Constitution was ratified . Thus , the early peace treaties ( often signed under duress ) in which Native American tribes surrendered large portions of land to the U.S. also designated parcels which the tribes , as sovereigns , `` reserved '' to themselves , and those parcels came to be called `` reservations . '' The term remained in use even after the federal government began to forcibly relocate tribes to parcels of land to which they had no historical connection . Today a majority of Native Americans and Alaska Natives live somewhere other than the reservations , often in larger western cities such as Phoenix and Los Angeles . In 2012 , there were over 2.5 million Native Americans with about 1 million living on reservations . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Colonial and early US history 1.2 Rise of Indian removal policy ( 1830 -- 1868 ) 1.3 Forced assimilation ( 1868 -- 1887 ) 1.4 Individualized reservations ( 1887 -- 1934 ) 1.5 Indian New Deal ( 1934 -- present ) 2 Land tenure and federal Indian law 3 Disputes over land sovereignty 3.1 Black Hills land dispute 3.2 Iroquois land claims in Upstate New York 3.3 Navajo -- Hopi land dispute 3.4 The Standing Rock Sioux tribe and the Dakota Access Pipeline 4 Life and culture 5 Gambling 6 Law enforcement and crime 6.1 Violence and substance abuse 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Colonial and early U.S. history ( edit ) From the beginning of the European colonization of the Americas , Europeans often removed native peoples from lands they wished to occupy . The means varied , including treaties made under considerable duress , forceful ejection , and violence , and in a few cases voluntary moves based on mutual agreement . The removal caused many problems such as tribes losing means of livelihood by being subjected to a defined area , farmers having inadmissible land for agriculture , and hostility between tribes . In 1764 the `` Plan for the Future Management of Indian Affairs '' was proposed by the Board of Trade . Although never adopted formally , the plan established the imperial government 's expectation that land would only be bought by colonial governments , not individuals , and that land would only be purchased at public meetings . Additionally , this plan dictated that the Indians would be properly consulted when ascertaining and defining the boundaries of colonial settlement . For much of North America , the American Revolution was more of a battle against the Indians than a war against the British . So when the war was brought to an end with the 1783 Treaty of Paris , the treaty was generally understood by American officials to strip the Indians of all property rights east of the Mississippi River . The treaty was seen by Americans as a confirmation of their conquest of Indian land . The private contracts that once characterized the sale of Indian land to various individuals and groups -- from farmers to towns -- were replaced by treaties between sovereigns . This protocol was adopted by the United States Government after the American Revolution . On March 11 , 1824 , John C. Calhoun founded the Office of Indian Affairs ( now the Bureau of Indian Affairs ) as a division of the United States Department of War ( now the United States Department of Defense ) , to solve the land problem with 38 treaties with American Indian tribes . Rise of Indian Removal policy ( 1830 -- 1868 ) ( edit ) Main article : Indian removal The passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 marked the systematization of a U.S. federal government policy of forcibly moving Native populations away from European - populated areas . One example was the Five Civilized Tribes , who were removed from their native lands in the southern United States and moved to modern - day Oklahoma , in a mass migration that came to be known as the Trail of Tears . Some of the lands these tribes were given to inhabit following the removals eventually became Indian reservations . In 1851 , the United States Congress passed the Indian Appropriations Act which authorized the creation of Indian reservations in modern - day Oklahoma . Relations between settlers and natives had grown increasingly worse as the settlers encroached on territory and natural resources in the West . Forced assimilation ( 1868 -- 1887 ) ( edit ) Most Indian reservations , like the Laguna Indian reservation in New Mexico ( pictured here in 1943 ) , are in the western United States , often in regions suitable more for ranching than farming . In 1868 , President Ulysses S. Grant pursued a `` Peace Policy '' as an attempt to avoid violence . The policy included a reorganization of the Indian Service , with the goal of relocating various tribes from their ancestral homes to parcels of lands established specifically for their inhabitation . The policy called for the replacement of government officials by religious men , nominated by churches , to oversee the Indian agencies on reservations in order to teach Christianity to the native tribes . The Quakers were especially active in this policy on reservations . The policy was controversial from the start . Reservations were generally established by executive order . In many cases , white settlers objected to the size of land parcels , which were subsequently reduced . A report submitted to Congress in 1868 found widespread corruption among the federal Native American agencies and generally poor conditions among the relocated tribes . Many tribes ignored the relocation orders at first and were forced onto their limited land parcels . Enforcement of the policy required the United States Army to restrict the movements of various tribes . The pursuit of tribes in order to force them back onto reservations led to a number wars with Native Americans which included some massacres . The most well - known conflict was the Sioux War on the northern Great Plains , between 1876 and 1881 , which included the Battle of Little Bighorn . Other famous wars in this regard included the Nez Perce War . By the late 1870s , the policy established by President Grant was regarded as a failure , primarily because it had resulted in some of the bloodiest wars between Native Americans and the United States . By 1877 , President Rutherford B. Hayes began phasing out the policy , and by 1882 all religious organizations had relinquished their authority to the federal Indian agency . Individualized reservations ( 1887 -- 1934 ) ( edit ) In 1887 , Congress undertook a significant change in reservation policy by the passage of the Dawes Act , or General Allotment ( Severalty ) Act . The act ended the general policy of granting land parcels to tribes as - a-whole by granting small parcels of land to individual tribe members . In some cases , for example , the Umatilla Indian Reservation , after the individual parcels were granted out of reservation land , the reservation area was reduced by giving the `` excess land '' to white settlers . The individual allotment policy continued until 1934 when it was terminated by the Indian Reorganization Act . Indian New deal ( 1934 -- present ) ( edit ) The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 , also known as the Howard - Wheeler Act , was sometimes called the Indian New Deal . It laid out new rights for Native Americans , reversed some of the earlier privatization of their common holdings , and encouraged tribal sovereignty and land management by tribes . The act slowed the assignment of tribal lands to individual members and reduced the assignment of ' extra ' holdings to nonmembers . For the following 20 years , the U.S. government invested in infrastructure , health care , and education on the reservations . Likewise , over two million acres ( 8,000 km2 ) of land were returned to various tribes . Within a decade of John Collier 's retirement ( the initiator of the Indian New Deal ) the government 's position began to swing in the opposite direction . The new Indian Commissioners Myers and Emmons introduced the idea of the `` withdrawal program '' or `` termination '' , which sought to end the government 's responsibility and involvement with Indians and to force their assimilation . The Indians would lose their lands but were to be compensated , although many were not . Even though discontent and social rejection killed the idea before it was fully implemented , five tribes were terminated : the Coushatta , Ute , Paiute , Menominee and Klamath , and 114 groups in California lost their federal recognition as tribes . Many individuals were also relocated to cities , but one - third returned to their tribal reservations in the decades that followed . Land tenure and federal Indian law ( edit ) With the establishment of reservations , tribal territories diminished to a fraction of original areas and indigenous customary practices of land tenure sustained only for a time , and not in every instance . Instead , the federal government established regulations that subordinated tribes to the authority , first , of the military , and then of the Bureau ( Office ) of Indian Affairs . Under federal law , the government patented reservations to tribes , which became legal entities that at later times have operated in a corporate manner . Tribal tenure identifies jurisdiction over land - use planning and zoning , negotiating ( with the close participation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs ) leases for timber harvesting and mining . Tribes generally have authority over other forms of economic development such as ranching , agriculture , tourism , and casinos . Tribes hire both members , other Indians and non-Indians in varying capacities ; they may run tribal stores , gas stations , and develop museums ( e.g. , there is a gas station and general store at Fort Hall Indian Reservation , Idaho , and a museum at Foxwoods , on the Mashantucket Pequot Indian Reservation in Connecticut ) . Tribal members may utilize a number of resources held in tribal tenures such as grazing range and some cultivable lands . They may also construct homes on tribally held lands . As such , members are tenants - in - common , which may be likened to communal tenure . Even if some of this pattern emanates from pre-reservation tribal custom , generally the tribe has the authority to modify tenant in - common practices . Wagon loaded with squash , Rosebud Indian Reservation , ca . 1936 With the General Allotment Act ( Dawes ) , 1887 , the government sought to individualize tribal lands by authorizing allotments held in individual tenure . Generally , the allocation process led to grouping family holdings and , in some cases , this sustained pre-reservation clan or other patterns . There had been a few allotment programs ahead of the Dawes Act . However , the vast fragmentation of reservations occurred from the enactment of this act up to 1934 , when the Indian Reorganization Act was passed . However , Congress authorized some allotment programs in the ensuing years , such as on the Palm Springs / Agua Caliente Indian Reservation in California . Allotment set in motion a number of circumstances : individuals could sell ( alienate ) the allotment -- under the Dawes Act , it was not to happen until after twenty - five years . individual allottees who would die intestate would encumber the land under prevailing state devisement laws , leading to complex patterns of heirship . Congress has attempted to mollify the impact of heirship by granting tribes the capacity to acquire fragmented allotments owing to heirship by financial grants . Tribes may also include such parcels in long - range land use planning . With alienation to non-Indians , their increased presence on numerous reservations has changed the demography of Indian Country . One of many implications of this fact is that tribes can not always effectively embrace the total management of a reservation , for non-Indian owners and users of allotted lands contend that tribes have no authority over lands that fall within the tax and law - and - order jurisdiction of local government . The demographic factor , coupled with landownership data , led , for example , to litigation between the Devils Lake Sioux and the State of North Dakota , where non-Indians owned more acreage than tribal members even though more Native Americans resided on the reservation than non-Indians . The court decision turned , in part , on the perception of Indian character , contending that the tribe did not have jurisdiction over the alienated allotments . In a number of instances -- e.g. , the Yakama Indian Reservation -- tribes have identified open and closed areas within reservations . One finds the majority of non-Indian landownership and residence in the open areas and , contrariwise , closed areas represent exclusive tribal residence and related conditions . Spring roundup of Paiute - owned cattle begins at Pyramid Lake Indian Reservation , 1973 . Indian Country today consists of tripartite government -- i.e. , federal , state and / or local , and tribal . Where state and local governments may exert some , but limited , law - and - order authority , tribal sovereignty is diminished . This situation prevails in connection with Indian gaming because federal legislation makes the state a party to any contractual or statutory agreement . Finally , other - occupancy on reservations may be by virtue of tribal or individual tenure . There are many churches on reservations ; most would occupy tribal land by consent of the federal government or the tribe . BIA agency offices , hospitals , schools , and other facilities usually occupy residual federal parcels within reservations . Many reservations include one or more sections ( about 640 acres ) of school lands , but those lands typically remain part of the reservation ( e.g. , Enabling Act of 1910 at Section 20 ) . As a general practice , such lands may sit idle or be grazed by tribal ranchers . Disputes over land sovereignty ( edit ) When the Europeans discovered the `` New World '' in the fifteenth century , the land that was new to them had been home to Native Peoples for thousands of years . The American colonial government determined a precedent of establishing the land sovereignty of North America through treaties between sovereigns . This precedent was upheld by the United States government . As a result , most Native American land was purchased by the United States government , a portion of which was designated to remain under Native sovereignty . The United States government and Native Peoples do not always agree on how land should be governed , which has resulted in a series of disputes over sovereignty . Black Hills land dispute ( edit ) Main article : Black Hills Land Claim The Federal Government and The Lakota Sioux tribe members have been involved in sorting out a legal claim for the Black Hills since signing the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty , which created what is known today as the Great Sioux Nation covering the Black Hills and nearly half of western South Dakota . This treaty was acknowledged and respected until 1874 , when General George Custer discovered gold , sending a wave of settlers into the area and leading to the realization of the value of the land from United States President Grant . President Grant used tactical military force to remove the Sioux from the land and assisted in the development of the Congressional appropriations bill for Indian Services in 1876 , a `` starve or sell '' treaty signed by only 10 % of the 75 % tribal men required based on specifications from the Fort Laramie Treaty that relinquished the Sioux 's rights to the Black Hills . Following this treaty , the Agreement of 1877 was passed by Congress to remove the Sioux from the Black Hills , stating that the land was purchased from the Sioux despite the insufficient number of signatures , the lack of transaction records , and the tribe 's claim that the land was never for sale . The Black Hills are sacred to the Sioux as a place central to their spirituality and identity , and contest of ownership of the land has been pressured in the courts by the Sioux Nation since they were allowed legal avenue in 1920 . Beginning in 1923 , the Sioux made legal claim that their relinquishment from the Black Hills was illegal under the Fifth Amendment , and no amount of money can make up for the loss of their sacred land . This claim went all the way up to the Supreme Court United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians case in 1979 after being revived by Congress , and the Sioux were awarded over $100 million as they ruled that the seizure of the Black Hills was in fact illegal . The Sioux have continually rejected the money , and since then the award has been accruing interest in trust accounts , and amounts to about $1 billion in 2015 . During President Barack Obama 's campaign he made indications that the case of the Black Hills was going to be solved with innovate solutions and consultation , but this was questioned when White House Counsel Leonard Garment sent a note to The Ogala people saying , `` The days of treaty making with the American Indians ended in 1871 ; ... only Congress can rescind or change in any way statutes enacted since 1871 . '' The He Sapa Reparations Alliance was established after Obama 's inauguration to educate the Sioux people and propose a bill to Congress that would allocate 1.3 million acres of federal land within the Black Hills to the tribe . To this day , the dispute of the Black Hills is ongoing with the trust estimated to be worth nearly $1.3 billion and sources believe principles of restorative justice may be the best solution to addressing this century old dispute . Iroquois land claims in upstate New York ( edit ) Fort Stanwix , NY While 1783 Treaty of Paris that ended the American Revolution addressed land sovereignty disputes between the British Crown and the colonies , it neglected to settle hostilities between indigenous people -- specifically those who fought on the side of the British , as four of the members of the Haudenosaunee did -- and colonists . In October 1784 the newly formed United States government facilitated negotiations with representatives from the Six Nations in Fort Stanwix , New York . The treaty produced in 1784 resulted in Indians giving up their territory within the Ohio River Valley and the U.S. guaranteeing the Haudenosaunee six million acres -- about half of what is present day New York -- as permanent homelands . Unenthusiastic about the treaty 's conditions , the state of New York secured a series of twenty - six `` leases , '' many of them lasting 999 years on all native territories within its boundaries . Led to believe that they had already lost their land to the New York Genesee Company , the Haudenosaunee agreed to land leasing which was presented by New York Governor George Clinton as a means by which the indigenous could maintain sovereignty over their land . On August 28 , 1788 , the Oneidas leased five million acres to the state in exchange for $2,000 in cash , $2,000 in clothing , $1,000 in provisions and $600 annual rent . The other two tribes followed with similar arrangements . The Holland Land Company gained control over all but ten acres of the native land leased to the state on September 15 , 1797 . These 397 square miles were subsequently parceled out and subleased to whites , allegedly ending the native title to land . Despite Iroquois protests , federal authorities did virtually nothing to correct the injustice . Certain of losing all of their land , in 1831 most of the Oneidas asked that what was left of their holdings be exchanged for 500,000 acres purchased from the Menominees in Wisconsin . President Andrew Jackson , committed to Indian Removal west of the Mississippi , agreed . The Treaty of Buffalo Creek , signed on January 15 , 1838 , directly ceded 102,069 acres of Seneca land to the Ogden company for $202,000 , a sum that was divided evenly between the government -- to hold in trust for Indians -- and non-Indian individuals who wanted to buy and improve the plots . All that was left of the Cayuga , Oneida , Onondaga and Tuscarora holding was extinguished at a total cost of $400,000 to Ogden . After Indian complaints , a second Treaty of Buffalo was written in 1842 in attempts to mediate tension . Under this treaty the Haudenosaunee were given the right to reside in New York and small areas of reservations were restored by the U.S. government . These agreements were largely ineffective in protecting Native American land . By 1889 eighty percent of all Iroquois reservation land in New York was leased by non-Haudenosaunees . Navajo -- Hopi land dispute ( edit ) See also : Hopi § Hopi -- Navajo land disputes The modern - day Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations are located in Northern Arizona , near the Four Corners area . The Hopi reservation is 2,531.773 square miles within Arizona and lies surrounded by the greater Navajo reservation which spans 27,413 square miles and extends slightly into the states of New Mexico and Utah . The Hopi , also known as the Pueblo people , made many spiritually motivated migrations throughout the Southwest before settling in present - day Northern Arizona . The Navajo people also migrated throughout western North America following spiritual commands before settling near the Grand Canyon area . The two tribes peacefully coexisted and even traded and exchanged ideas with each other ; However , their way of lives were threatened when the `` New people '' , what the Navajo called white settlers , began executing Natives across the continent and claiming their land , as a result of Andrew Jackson 's Indian Removal Act . War ensued between the Navajo people , who call themselves the Diné , and new Americans . The end result was the Long Walk in the early 1860s in which the entire tribe was forced to walk roughly 400 miles from Fort Canby ( present day Window Rock , Arizona ) to Bosque Redondo in New Mexico . This march is similar to the well known Cherokee `` Trail of Tears '' and like it , many tribe did not survive the trek . The roughly 11,000 tribe members were imprisoned here in what the United States government deemed an experimental Indian reservation that failed because it became too expensive , there were too many people to feed , and they were continuously raided by other native tribes . Consequently , in 1868 , the Navajo were allowed to return to their homeland after signing the Treaty of Bosque Redondo . The treaty officially established the `` Navajo Indian Reservation '' in Northern Arizona . The term reservation is one which creates territorialities or claims on places . This treaty gave them the right to the land and semi-autonomous governance of it . The Hopi reservation , on the other hand , was created through an executive order by President Arthur in 1882 . A few years after the two reservations were established , the Dawes Allotment Act was passed under which communal tribal land was divvied up and allocated to each household in attempt to enforce European - American farming styles where each family owns and works their own plot of land . This was a further act of enclosure by the US government . Each family received 640 acres or less and the remaining land was deemed `` surplus '' because it was more than the tribes needed . This `` surplus '' land was then made available for purchase by American citizens . The land designated to the Navajo and Hopi reservation was originally considered barren and unproductive by white settlers until 1921 when prospectors scoured the land for oil . The mining companies pressured the US government to set up Native American councils on the reservations so that they could agree to contracts , specifically leases , in the name of the tribe . During World War II , uranium was mined from their land as well though the companies and government neglected to inform the people of the dangers of radiation exposure . Some people had even built their houses out of mine waste . The companies also failed to properly dispose of the radioactive waste which did and will continue to pollute the environment , including the natives ' water sources . Many years later , these same men who worked the mines died from lung cancer and their families received no form of financial compensation . In 1979 , the Church Rock uranium mill spill was the largest release of radioactive waste in US history . The spill contaminated the Puerco River with 1,000 tons of solid radioactive waste and 93 million gallons of acidic , radioactive tailings solution which flowed downstream into the Navajo Nation . The Navajos used the water from this river for irrigation and their livestock but were not immediately informed about the contamination and its danger . After the war ended , the American population boomed and energy demands soared . The utility companies needed a new source of power so they began the construction of coal - fired power plants . They placed these power plants in the four corners region . In the 1960s , John Boyden , an attorney working for both Peabody Coal and the Hopi tribe , the nation 's largest coal producer , managed to gain rights to the Hopi land , including Black Mesa , a sacred location to both tribes which lay partially within the Joint Use Area of both tribes . This case is an example of environmental racism and injustice , per the principles established by the Participants of the First National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit , because the Navajo and Hopi people , which are communities of color low income and political alienation , were disproportionately affected by the proximity and resulting pollution of these power plants which disregard their right to clean air , their land was degraded , and because the related public policies are not based on mutual respect of all people . The mining companies wanted more land but the joint ownership of the land made negotiations difficult . At the same time , Hopi and Navajo tribes were squabbling over land rights while Navajo livestock continuously grazed on Hopi land . Boyden took advantage of this situation , presenting it to the House Subcommittee on Indian Affairs claiming that if the government did not step in and do something , a bloody war would ensue between the tribes . Congressmen agreed to pass the Navajo - Hopi Land Settlement Act of 1974 which forced any Hopi and Navajo people living on the other 's land to relocate . This affected 6,000 Navajo people and ultimately benefitted coal companies the most who could now more easily access the disputed land . Instead of using military violence to deal with those who refused to move , the government passed what became known as the Bennett Freeze to encourage the people to leave . Under the Bennett Freeze , 1.5 million acres of Navajo land were banned from any type of development , including paving roadways and even fixing roofs . This was meant to only be a temporary incentive to push tribe negotiations but wound up lasting over 40 years until 2009 when President Obama lifted the moratorium . Still , The legacy of the Bennett Freeze still looms over the region as seen by the nearly 3rd world conditions on the reservation - 75 % of people do not have access to electricity and housing situations are poor . The Standing Rock Sioux tribe and the Dakota Access pipeline ( edit ) Dakota Access Oil Pipeline in North Dakota The construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline , a 1,172 - mile pipeline that delivers crude oil from North Dakota to Iowa , has been in contest with the Standing Rock Sioux tribe , who claim that construction and usage of the pipeline threatens native lands , sacred burial grounds , water supplies provided by Lake Oahe , and environmental health . The pipeline was originally proposed to be built through the northern area of Bismarck , but was rerouted to an area near the Standing Rock Sioux reservation with push back from members of the Bismarck community afraid of the damages the pipeline may bring to their water supply . Bismarck has a 92.4 % white - alone demographic , and opponents of the pipeline have been cited in saying that the rerouting of the oil pipeline to the area that may impact indigenous land is racist . Beginning in April 2016 , native and non-native protesters gather on land near Dakota Access Pipeline construction sites to protest the pipeline . Conflict between the tribe members and the government have been occurring since the signing of the Fort Laramie Treaty in 1868 , which created the Great Sioux nation and followed with later contention regarding ownership of The Black Hills . In December 2016 , the pipeline was temporarily halted and denied easement under President Obama , but President Trump signed an executive order on January 24 , 2017 ; which allowed for continuation of construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline . Currently , after the forced evacuation of Oceti Sakowin , the Standing Rock Sioux are continuing to contest the construction and continued usage of the pipeline within the United States court system . Life and Culture ( edit ) See also : Modern social statistics of Native Americans Red Cliff Indian Reservation in Wisconsin during their annual pow wow Many Native Americans who live on reservations deal with the federal government through two agencies : the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Indian Health Service . The standard of living on some reservations is comparable to that in the developing world , with issues of infant mortality , life expectancy , poor nutrition , poverty , and alcohol and drug abuse . The two poorest counties in the United States are Buffalo County , South Dakota , home of the Lower Brule Indian Reservation , and Oglala Lakota County , South Dakota , home of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation , according to data compiled by the 2000 census . It is a common conception that environmentalism and a connectedness to nature is ingrained in the Native American culture . In recent years , cultural historians have set out to reconstruct this notion as what they claim to be a culturally inaccurate romanticism . Others recognize the differences between the attitudes and perspectives that emerge from a comparison of Western European philosophy and Traditional Ecological Knowledge ( TEK ) of Indigenous peoples , especially when considering natural resource conflicts and management strategies involving multiple parties . Gambling ( edit ) Main article : Native American gaming In 1979 , the Seminole tribe in Florida opened a high - stakes bingo operation on its reservation in Florida . The state attempted to close the operation down but was stopped in the courts . In the 1980s , the case of California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians established the right of reservations to operate other forms of gambling operations . In 1988 , Congress passed the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act , which recognized the right of Native American tribes to establish gambling and gaming facilities on their reservations as long as the states in which they are located have some form of legalized gambling . Today , many Native American casinos are used as tourist attractions , including as the basis for hotel and conference facilities , to draw visitors and revenue to reservations . Successful gaming operations on some reservations have greatly increased the economic wealth of some tribes , enabling their investment to improve infrastructure , education and health for their people . Law enforcement and crime ( edit ) Serious crime on Indian reservations has historically been required ( by the 1885 Major Crimes Act , 18 U.S.C. § § 1153 , 3242 , and court decisions ) to be investigated by the federal government , usually the Federal Bureau of Investigation , and prosecuted by United States Attorneys of the United States federal judicial district in which the reservation lies . Tribal courts were limited to sentences of one year or less , until on July 29 , 2010 , the Tribal Law and Order Act was enacted which in some measure reforms the system permitting tribal courts to impose sentences of up to three years provided proceedings are recorded and additional rights are extended to defendants . The Justice Department on January 11 , 2010 , initiated the Indian Country Law Enforcement Initiative which recognizes problems with law enforcement on Indian reservations and assigns top priority to solving existing problems . The Department of Justice recognizes the unique legal relationship that the United States has with federally recognized tribes . As one aspect of this relationship , in much of Indian Country , the Justice Department alone has the authority to seek a conviction that carries an appropriate potential sentence when a serious crime has been committed . Our role as the primary prosecutor of serious crimes makes our responsibility to citizens in Indian Country unique and mandatory . Accordingly , public safety in tribal communities is a top priority for the Department of Justice . Emphasis was placed on improving prosecution of crimes involving domestic violence and sexual assault . Passed in 1953 , Public Law 280 ( PL 280 ) gave jurisdiction over criminal offenses involving Indians in Indian Country to certain States and allowed other States to assume jurisdiction . Subsequent legislation allowed States to retrocede jurisdiction , which has occurred in some areas . Some PL 280 reservations have experienced jurisdictional confusion , tribal discontent , and litigation , compounded by the lack of data on crime rates and law enforcement response . As of 2012 , a high incidence of rape continued to impact Native American women . Violence and substance abuse ( edit ) Further information : American Indian alcoholism and Methamphetamine and Native Americans A survey of death certificates over a four - year period showed that deaths among Indians due to alcohol are about four times as common as in the general US population and are often due to traffic collisions and liver disease with homicide , suicide , and falls also contributing . Deaths due to alcohol among American Indians are more common in men and among Northern Plains Indians . Alaska Natives showed the least incidence of death . Under federal law , alcohol sales are prohibited on Indian reservations unless the tribal councils choose to allow it . Gang violence is becoming a major social problem . A December 13 , 2009 , The New York Times article about growing gang violence on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation estimated that there were 39 gangs with 5,000 members on that reservation alone . As opposed to traditional `` Most Wanted '' lists , Native Americans are often placed on regional Crime Stoppers lists offering rewards for their whereabouts . See also ( edit ) Hawaiian home land Indian Claims Commission Indian colony Indian country List of historical Indian reservations in the United States List of Indian reservations in the United States Native American reservation politics Reservation poverty Reservations in Nebraska International : Ranchería Rancherie ( term used in British Columbia ) Indigenous Protected Area in Australia Native Community Lands in Bolivia Indigenous territory ( Brazil ) Indian reserve in Canada Indigenous territory ( Colombia ) Indigenous territories of Costa Rica References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions , Bureau of Indian Affairs '' . Department of the Interior . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFF Table - Navajo Population '' ( PDF ) . Arizona Commission of Indian Affairs . Retrieved 13 Nov 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Register , Volume 80 , Number 9 dated January 14 , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Federal Acknowledgment of the Pamunkey Indian Tribe '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Sutton , 199 . Jump up ^ Kinney , 1937 ; Sutton , 1975 Jump up ^ Davies & Clow ; Sutton 1991 . Jump up ^ For general data , see Tiller ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , United States v. Dion , 476 U.S. 734 ( 1986 ) ; Francis v. Francis , 203 U.S. 233 ( 1906 ) . Jump up ^ `` Racial and Ethnic Residential Segregation in the United States : 1980 - 2000 '' . Census.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ For Los Angeles , see Allen , J.P. and E. Turner , 2002 . Text and map of the metropolitan area show the widespread urban distribution of California and other Native Americans . Jump up ^ `` US should return stolen land to Indian tribes , says United Nations '' . The Guardian . May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Native American reservation background '' . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Remarks on the Plan for Regulating the Indian Trade , September 1766 - October 1766 , Founders Online Jump up ^ Belko , William S. ( 2004 ) . `` John C. Calhoun and the Creation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs : an Essay on Political Rivalry , Ideology , and Policymaking in the Early Republic '' . South Carolina Historical Magazine . 105 ( 3 ) : 170 -- 197 . JSTOR 27570693 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Elmer ( 2008 ) . Federal Indian Law . The Lawbook Exchange . pp. 201 -- 203 . ISBN 9781584777762 . Jump up ^ `` President Grant advances `` Peace Policy '' with tribes `` . US National Library of Medicine . Retrieved 15 Nov 2014 . Jump up ^ Miller Center , University of Virginia Archived 2014 - 04 - 08 at the Wayback Machine. , Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kinney 1937 ^ Jump up to : Tiller ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Getches et al , pp. 140 -- 190 . Jump up ^ The Equalization Act , 1959 . Jump up ^ Sutton , ed. , 1991 . Jump up ^ Wishart and Froehling Jump up ^ Indian Gaming Regulatory Act , 1988 Jump up ^ `` Enabling Act of 1910 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' It does n't seem very fair , because we were here first ' : resolving the Siou ... : Start Your Search ! '' . eds.a.ebscohost.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Black Hills Land Claim '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Saying no to $1 billion : why the impoverished Sioux nation wo n't take feder ... : Start Your Search ! '' . eds.a.ebscohost.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Why the Sioux Are Refusing $1.3 Billion '' . PBS NewsHour . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Treaty and Land Transaction of 1784 , National Park Service ^ Jump up to : `` Hopi Reservation '' . Wikipedia . 2016 - 08 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Navajo Nation '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Dongoske , Kurt E. ( 1996 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act : A New Beginning , Not the End , for Osteological Analysis -- A Hopi Perspective '' . American Indian Quarterly . 20 ( 2 ) : 287 -- 296 . doi : 10.2307 / 1185706 . Jump up ^ DeAngelis , T. ( 2004 ) . The Navajo : Weavers of the Southwest . Mankato , MN : Blue Earth Books . Jump up ^ Reidhead , S. ( 2001 ) . Wild West . Jump up ^ Mudd , V. ( Director ) . ( 1985 ) . Broken Rainbow ( DVD ) . United States : Earthworks Films . Jump up ^ Pasternak , J. ( 2010 ) . Yellow dirt : An American story of a poisoned land and a people betrayed . New York , NY : Free Press . Jump up ^ Mohai , Paul ; Pellow , David ; Roberts , J. Timmons ( 2009 - 10 - 15 ) . `` Environmental Justice '' . https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-082508-094348 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - environ - 082508 - 094348 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 19 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Congress.gov Library of Congress '' . congress.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ : Standing Rock Litigation '' . Earthjustice. 2017 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Supporters '' . Stand With Standing Rock . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Service , Amy Dalrymple Forum News . `` Pipeline route plan first called for crossing north of Bismarck '' . Bismarck Tribune . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Population estimates , July 1 , 2015 , ( V2015 ) '' . www.census.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Dakota Access Pipeline And Environmental Racism '' . WBEZ . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Savransky , Rebecca ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) . `` Feds deny permit for Dakota Access pipeline '' . TheHill . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Memorandum Regarding Construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline '' . whitehouse.gov. 2017 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ CNN , Mayra Cuevas , Sara Sidner and Darran Simon . `` Dakota Access Pipeline protest site is cleared '' . CNN . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ News , A.B.C. ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) . `` Standing Rock Sioux Ask Court to Halt DAPL Work '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` FastStats '' . www.cdc.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Johansen , Bruce E. , and Barry Pritzker. 2008 . Encyclopedia of American Indian history . Santa Barbara , Calif : ABC - CLIO . p. 156 . ISBN 9781851098170 . Jump up ^ Lee. , Schweninger , ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ) . Listening to the land : Native American literary responses to the landscape . University of Georgia Press . ISBN 9780820330587 . OCLC 812757112 . Jump up ^ Goode , Ron W. `` Tribal - Traditional Ecological Knowledge . '' News from Native California , vol. 28 , no . 3 , Spring2015 , p. 23 . EBSCOhost , search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx ? direct = true&db = f5h&AN = 102474325&site = eds - live . Jump up ^ `` Native Americans in South Dakota : An Erosion of Confidence in the Justice System '' . Usccr.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Lawless Lands '' Archived 2016 - 03 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , a four - part series in The Denver Post last updated November 21 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Expansion of tribal courts ' authority passes Senate '' Archived 2016 - 03 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . article by Michael Riley in The Denver Post Posted : 25 June 2010 01 : 00 : 00 AM MDT Updated : 25 June 2010 02 : 13 : 47 AM MDT Accessed June 25 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` President Obama signs tribal - justice changes '' Archived 2016 - 03 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . article by Michael Riley in The Denver Post , Posted : 30 July 2010 01 : 00 : 00 AM MDT , Updated : 30 July 2010 06 : 00 : 20 AM MDT , accessed July 30 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` MEMORANDUM FOR UNITED STATES ATTORNEYS WITH DISTRICTS CONTAINING INDIAN COUNTRY '' Memorandum by David W. Ogden Deputy Attorney General , Monday , January 11 , 2010 , Accessed August 12 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Public Law 280 and Law Enforcement in Indian Country -- Research Priorities December 2005 '' , accessed August 12 , 2010 Jump up ^ Timonthy Williams ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` For Native American Women , Scourge of Rape , Rare Justice '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Study : 12 percent of Indian deaths due to alcohol '' Associated Press article by Mary Clare Jalonick Washington , D.C. ( AP ) 9 - 08 News From Indian Country accessed October 7 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Native American reservation lifts alcohol ban '' . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Gang Violence On The Rise On Indian Reservations '' . NPR : National Public Radio . August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Gangs Grow , Bringing Fear and Violence to Reservation '' . The New York Times . December 13 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Most Wanted - City of Great Falls Montana '' . greatfallsmt.net . Further reading ( edit ) J.P. Allen and E. Turner , Changing Faces , Changing Places : Mapping Southern Californians ( Northridge , CA : The Center for Geographical Studies , California State University , Northridge , 2002 ) . George Pierre Castle and Robert L. Bee , eds. , State and Reservation : New Perspectives on Federal Indian Policy ( Tucson : University of Arizona Press , 1992 ) Richmond L. Clow and Imre Sutton , eds. , Trusteeship in Change : Toward Tribal Autonomy in Resource Management ( Boulder : University Press of Colorado , 2001 ) . Wade Davies and Richmond L. Clow , American Indian Sovereignty and Law : An Annotated Bibliography ( Lanham , MD : Scarecrow Press , 2009 ) . T.J. Ferguson and E. Richard Hart , A Zuni Atlas ( Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1985 ) David H. Getches , Charles F. Wilkinson , and Robert A. Williams , Cases and Materials on Federal Indian Law , 4th ed . ( St. Paul : West Group , 1998 ) . Klaus Frantz , `` Indian Reservations in the United States '' , Geography Research Paper 241 ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1999 ) . James M. Goodman , The Navajo Atlas : Environments , Resources , People , and History of the Diné Bikeyah ( Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1982 ) . J.P. Kinney , A Continent Lost : A Civilization Won : Indian Land Tenure in America ( Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1937 ) Francis Paul Prucha , Atlas of American Indian Affairs ( Norman : University of Nebraska Press , 1990 ) . C.C. Royce , comp. , Indian Land Cessions in the United States , 18th Annual Report , 1896 -- 97 , pt. 2 ( Wash. , D.C. : Bureau of American Ethnology ; GPO 1899 ) Imre Sutton , `` Cartographic Review of Indian Land Tenure and Territoriality : A Schematic Approach '' , American Indian Culture and Research Journal , 26 : 2 ( 2002 ) : 63 -- 113 ... Imre Sutton , Indian Land Tenure : Bibliographical Essays and a Guide to the Literature ( NY : Clearwater Publ. 1975 ) . Imre Sutton , ed. , `` The Political Geography of Indian Country '' , American Indian Culture and Resource Journal , 15 ( ) 2 ) : 1 -- 169 ( 1991 ) . Imre Sutton , `` Sovereign States and the Changing Definition of the Indian Reservation '' , Geographical Review , 66 : 3 ( 1976 ) : 281 -- 295 . Veronica E. Velarde Tiller , ed. , Tiller 's Guide to Indian Country : Economic Profiles of American Indian Reservations ( Albuquerque : BowArrow Pub. , 1996 / 2005 ) David J. Wishart and Oliver Froehling , `` Land Ownership , Population and Jurisdiction : the Case of the ' Devils Lake Sioux Tribe v. North Dakota Public Service Commission ' , '' American Indian Culture and Research Journal , 20 ( 2 ) : 33 -- 58 ( 1996 ) . Laura Woodward - Ney , Mapping Identity : The Coeur d'Alene Indian Reservation , 1803 -- 1902 ( Boulder : University Press of Colorado , 2004 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indian reservations . BIA full - size map of Indian reservations in the continental United States BIA index to map of Indian reservations in the continental United States US Census tallies for Indian reservations Chapter 5 : American Indian and Alaska Native Areas , U.S. Census Bureau , Geographic Areas Reference manual ( PDF ) FEMA : Federally recognized Indian reservations Tribal Leaders Directory Wheeler - Howard Act ( Indian Reorganization Act ) 1934 Native American Technical Corrections Act of 2003 Gambling on the reservation April 2004 Christian Science Monitor article with links to other Monitor articles on the topic Henry Red Cloud of Oglala Lakota Tribe on the Recession 's Toll on Reservations -- video report by Democracy Now ! TribalJusticeandSafety.gov U.S. Department of Justice website devoted to Indian issues `` Public Law 280 and Law Enforcement in Indian Country -- Research Priorities '' Indian land cession by years Aboriginal title in the United States Statutes Colonial era Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions ( 1629 New Netherland ) Royal Proclamation of 1763 ( British North America ) Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783 United States Northwest Ordinance ( 1787 ) Nonintercourse Act ( 1790 , 1793 , 1796 , 1799 , 1802 , and 1834 ) Removal Act ( 1830 ) Dawes Act ( 1887 ) Diminishment Curtis Act of 1898 Reorganization Act ( 1934 ) Indian Claims Commission Act ( 1946 ) Indian Land Claims Settlements ( 1978 -- 2006 ) Indian Claims Limitations Act ( 1982 ) Precedents Marshall Court Johnson v. M'Intosh ( 1823 ) Cherokee Nation v. Georgia ( 1831 ) Taney Court Fellows v. Blacksmith ( 1857 ) New York ex rel . Cutler v. Dibble ( 1858 ) 1890 -- 1950 Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy ( 1896 ) United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co. ( 1941 ) Warren Court Tee - Hit - Ton Indians v. United States ( 1955 ) Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation ( 1960 ) Burger Court Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida ( 1974 ) Wilson v. Omaha Indian Tribe ( 1979 ) County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State ( 1985 ) South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe ( 1986 ) Rehnquist Court Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho ( 1997 ) Idaho v. United States ( 2001 ) City of Sherrill v. 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French terms for country subdivisions arrondissement département préfecture subprefectures Greek terms for country subdivisions Modern apokentromenes dioikiseis / geniki dioikisis / diamerisma / periphereia nomos / periphereiaki enotita demos / eparchia / koinotita Historical archontia / archontaton bandon demos despotaton dioikesis doukaton droungos eparchia exarchaton katepanikion kephalatikion kleisoura meris naukrareia satrapeia strategis thema toparchia tourma signifies a defunct institution Portuguese terms for country subdivisions Regional subdivisions Estado Distrito federal Província Região Distrito Comarca Capitania Local subdivisions Município Concelho Freguesia Comuna Circunscrição Settlements Cidade Vila Aldeia Bairro Lugar Historical subdivisions in italics . 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Turkish terms for country subdivisions Modern il ( province ) ilçe ( district ) şehir ( city ) kasaba ( town ) belediye ( municipality ) belde ( community ) köy ( village ) mahalle ( neighbourhood / quarter ) Historical ağalık ( feudal district ) bucak ( subdistrict ) beylerbeylik ( province ) kadılık ( subprovince ) kaza ( sub-province ) hidivlik ( viceroyalty ) mutasarrıflık ( subprovince ) nahiye ( nahiyah ) paşalık ( province ) reya ( Romanian principalities ) sancak ( prefecture ) vilayet ( province ) voyvodalık ( Romanian provinces ) Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms . Historical derivations in italics . See also : Census division , Electoral district , Political division , and List of administrative divisions by country Indigenous and minority rights Rights Ancestral domain Free , prior and informed consent Intellectual property Land rights Language Self - determination in Australia in Canada in the United States Traditional knowledge Treaty rights Governmental organizations African Commission on Human and Peoples ' Rights Arctic Council Bureau of Indian Affairs Council of Indigenous Peoples ( Taiwan ) Fundação Nacional do Índio Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples National Commission on Indigenous Peoples ( Philippines ) United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues Non-governmental and political organizations Amazon Watch Assembly of First Nations Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador Congress of Aboriginal Peoples Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin Cultural Survival Indigenous Environmental Network Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs National Indigenous Organization of Colombia Native American Rights Fund Survival International Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization Zapatista Army of National Liberation ( more ... ) Issues Civilizing mission Colonialism Internal colonialism Settler colonialism Cultural appropriation Sports mascots Redface Dakota Access Pipeline protests Discovery doctrine Homeland Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples Bantustan American Indian reservation Indian reserve Ranchería Manifest destiny Plastic shaman Rainbow Warriors Two - Spirit Legal representation Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention , 1989 Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples , 2007 Historical cases 2009 Peruvian political crisis Alta controversy Chiapas conflict Depopulation of Diego Garcia High Arctic relocation Indian removal Mapuche conflict Oka Crisis Residential schools Canada New Zealand South Africa United States Rubber boom San controversy Stolen Generations Human rights Indigenous rights Minority rights NARA : 10640050 NDL : 00564193 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_reservation&oldid=839484467 '' Categories : American Indian reservations Native American topics Aboriginal title in the United States Native American history Native American culture Types of country subdivisions History of racial segregation in the United States Subdivisions of the United States United States Bureau of Indian Affairs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : external links Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Башҡортса Български Čeština Dansk فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Magyar 日本 語 Português Română Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 18 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many indian reservations are in the us | [
"An Indian reservation is a legal designation for an area of land managed by a federally recognized Native American tribe under the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs rather than the state governments of the United States in which they are physically located. Each of the 326[1] Indian reservations in the United States is associated with a particular Native American nation. Not all of the country's 567[3][4] recognized tribes have a reservation—some tribes have more than one reservation, while some share reservations. In addition, because of past land allotments, leading to some sales to non-Native Americans, some reservations are severely fragmented, with each piece of tribal, individual, and privately held land being a separate enclave. This jumble of private and public real estate creates significant administrative, political, and legal difficulties.[5]"
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"326[1] Indian reservations in the United States"
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4783116370739403231 | The Time Traveler's Wife (film) | The Time Traveler 's Wife ( film ) - wikipedia The Time Traveler 's Wife ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the book , see The Time Traveler 's Wife . The Time Traveler 's Wife Directed by Robert Schwentke Produced by Nick Wechsler Dede Gardner Screenplay by Bruce Joel Rubin Based on The Time Traveler 's Wife by Audrey Niffenegger Starring Eric Bana Rachel McAdams Ron Livingston Music by Mychael Danna Cinematography Florian Ballhaus Edited by Thom Noble Production company Plan B Entertainment Distributed by New Line Cinema Release date August 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 14 ) Running time 108 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $39 million Box office $101.3 million The Time Traveler 's Wife is a 2009 American romantic science fiction drama film based on Audrey Niffenegger 's 2003 novel of the same name . Directed by Robert Schwentke , the film stars Eric Bana , Rachel McAdams , and Ron Livingston . The story follows Henry DeTamble ( Bana ) , a Chicago librarian with a paranormal genetic disorder that causes him to randomly time travel as he tries to build a romantic relationship with Clare Abshire ( McAdams ) , who would become his wife . Filming began in September 2007 , originally in anticipation of an autumn 2008 release . The film 's release was postponed with initially no official explanation from the studio . McAdams later noted that the delay was due to additional scenes and reshoots that could not be completed until the season at their outdoor location matched previously filmed footage , and Bana had regrown his hair following his work on the 2009 film Star Trek . The film was released on August 14 , 2009 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 4.1 Soundtrack 4.2 Additional songs 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 6 Home media 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In the early 1970s , Henry DeTamble is in a car accident that kills his mother but which he survives by inadvertently time traveling back two weeks . Moments later , Henry is helped by an older version of himself who has also traveled back . Unable to control the timing or destinations of his traveling , Henry finds himself drawn to significant people , places , and events in his life but is incapable of changing events beyond the minor differences his presence creates . In 1991 , Henry meets Clare Abshire in the library where he works . She is overjoyed to see him although he is actually meeting her for the first time . Clare explains that she met Henry 's future self when she was a child , and that he informed her then that they would meet in the future , which is happening at the moment . Since childhood , Henry has been Clare 's best friend and has visited her . As a child , Clare develops a crush on Henry , and she is upset to learn that he is married . When Clare turns 18 , two years before their meeting at the library , the older Henry kisses her , leading her to realize that he is her husband in the future . They begin a relationship , which is challenged by Henry 's disorder . His sporadic time traveling is further complicated by the fact that he arrives at his destinations completely naked . From an early age , he had learned how to pick locks and to steal clothing to endure his travels . Among his getaways are many visits to young Clare . From present - day Clare 's diary , he gets a list of dates when he visited her , and gives those to young Clare so that she can be waiting for him with clothes . Falling in love , Henry and Clare eventually marry , though he actually time travels away before the ceremony and a visibly older version of himself arrives in time to step in , slightly confusing the guests . Henry 's disappearances allow him to win the lottery by having the numbers in advance , but his disorder takes a toll on his relationship with Clare . It also makes having a child with Clare seemingly impossible , as Henry 's genes cause their unborn fetuses to time travel . They seek a renowned doctor 's help , but after numerous similar miscarriages , Henry has a secret vasectomy to end their suffering . However , soon after , Clare gets pregnant one last time -- by a visiting younger version of Henry -- and carries the baby to full term . Before the child is born , Henry travels forward in time and happily meets their pre-teen daughter , Alba . She tells him that she is a time traveler , too , but has increasing control over when and where she travels . Alba tells Henry that he will die when she is five years old , a fact that Henry subsequently hides from Clare . Alba 's pre-teen self , who ultimately tries to prepare her younger self for Henry 's death , visits young Alba sporadically . Clare is devastated to discover Henry 's impending death . Later , Henry time travels and is accidentally shot by Clare 's father , who is hunting elk . Henry returns in time to die in Clare 's arms . Some years later , a younger Henry visits Alba and Clare , giving Clare hope that he will visit again , though he tells her not to spend her life waiting for him , hoping this encounter would provide a proper closure for both Clare and Alba . Cast ( edit ) Eric Bana as Henry DeTamble , a Chicago librarian Alex Ferris as Henry at Six Rachel McAdams as Clare Abshire DeTamble , an artist Brooklynn Proulx as Clare at Six and Eight Ron Livingston as Gomez , Henry and Clare 's friend and Charisse 's boyfriend Jane McLean as Charisse , Clare 's best friend and roommate Stephen Tobolowsky as Dr. Kendrick Arliss Howard as Richard DeTamble , Henry 's father , a professional violinist Hailey McCann as Alba DeTamble at Nine and Ten , Henry and Clare 's daughter Tatum McCann as Alba at Four and Five Michelle Nolden as Annette DeTamble , Henry 's mother Maggie Castle as Alicia Abshire , Clare 's younger sister Fiona Reid as Lucille Abshire , Clare 's mother Philip Craig as Philip Abshire , Clare 's father Brian Bisson as Mark Abshire , Clare 's brother Production ( edit ) The film rights for Audrey Niffenegger 's 2003 novel The Time Traveler 's Wife were optioned by Jennifer Aniston and Brad Pitt 's production company Plan B Entertainment , in association with New Line Cinema , before the work was even published . Niffenegger stated in an interview that as she was writing the book , she had thoughts of how a film version of the book would appear . When asked about the prospect of her novel being turned into a film , Niffenegger said , `` I 've got my little movie that runs in my head . And I 'm kind of afraid that will be changed or wiped out by what somebody else might do with it . And it is sort of thrilling and creepy , because now the characters have an existence apart from me . '' In September 2003 , the studio hired screenwriter Jeremy Leven to write an adapted screenplay of the novel . Directors Steven Spielberg and David Fincher briefly expressed interest in the project , though no negotiations took place . In March 2005 , director Gus Van Sant entered negotiations with the studio to helm the project . The negotiations did not hold , and in November 2006 , director Robert Schwentke was instead hired to take over the project . In January 2007 , New Line hired screenwriter Bruce Joel Rubin to rewrite Leven 's script . Eric Bana and Rachel McAdams were cast in April 2007 . Filming began in Toronto on September 10 , 2007 . It was also shot in Hamilton , Ontario . The film was originally planned for a fall 2008 release , but it was postponed with no official explanation from the studio . When asked about the delay , McAdams said , `` We wound up doing a reshoot , and Eric was the holdup ... He had to shave his head for a different role , for Star Trek , I think ... We did an additional scene in the meadow , so we were also waiting on the meadow to look the way it did ( the first time we shot ) . So we were waiting on the seasons . Basically we were waiting on nature and Eric 's hair . '' The film was released by Warner Bros. on August 14 , 2009 . Music ( edit ) The score to The Time Traveler 's Wife was composed by Mychael Danna , who recorded his score with the Hollywood Studio Symphony at the Ocean Way Studios during the fall of 2008 . The movie repeatedly features the musical theme of an old German hymn , `` Es ist ein Ros entsprungen '' , whose familiar harmonization was written by German composer Michael Praetorius . This is heard just prior to the early car accident , is played at holiday gatherings , and is otherwise interwoven into the score . The trailer featured the song `` Broken '' , by Lifehouse , which is in the film and the promotional music video . A television commercial for the film featured the song `` Show Me What I 'm Looking For '' , by Carolina Liar , although it was not included within the soundtrack . The film also features a cover of Joy Division 's `` Love Will Tear Us Apart '' , performed by Canadian indie rock band Broken Social Scene . The official motion picture soundtrack was released as a download on August 11 , 2009 by New Line Records . A CD version was released by Decca Records , but is generally only available from vendors outside the United States . Soundtrack ( edit ) The Time Traveler 's Wife ( Music from the Motion Picture ) Soundtrack album ( Digital download ) by Mychael Danna Released August 11 , 2009 Length 55 : 02 Label New Line Records Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Filmtracks.com All music composed by Mychael Danna . The Time Traveler 's Wife ( Music From the Motion Picture ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Original artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Es ist ein Ros entsprungen '' ( performed by Isabel Bayrakdarian ) 0 : 51 2 . `` I 'm You Henry '' 2 : 30 3 . `` Meadow '' 3 : 19 4 . `` How Does It Feel ? '' 1 : 59 5 . `` Diary '' 1 : 21 6 . `` Train '' 1 : 43 7 . `` I Do n't Feel Alone Anymore '' 2 : 22 8 . `` Love Will Tear Us Apart '' Ian Curtis Peter Hook Stephen Morris Bernard Sumner Broken Social Scene 4 : 44 9 . `` Married to Me '' 1 : 04 10 . `` Home '' 1 : 36 11 . `` Do You Know When ? '' 2 : 09 12 . `` Testing '' 1 : 04 13 . `` Alba '' 2 : 33 14 . `` I Never Had a Choice '' 2 : 58 15 . `` Who Would Want That '' 2 : 29 16 . `` I Left Him Sleeping '' 1 : 30 17 . `` It 's a Girl '' 2 : 58 18 . `` Five Years '' 2 : 03 19 . `` Try to Stay '' 1 : 40 20 . `` New Year 's Eve '' 1 : 55 21 . `` No Tracks in the Snow '' 1 : 48 22 . `` See You Again '' 5 : 42 23 . `` Broken '' Jason Wade Lifehouse 4 : 47 Total length : 55 : 02 Additional songs ( edit ) There were three songs appearing in the film , but not included with the release of the soundtrack . `` Show Me What I 'm Looking For '' -- Performed by Carolina Liar -- 4 : 00 `` Clocks '' -- Performed by Coldplay -- 5 : 07 `` Gone to Earth '' -- Performed by The American Analog Set -- 7 : 03 Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film has received mixed reviews from critics for the same reasons as the novel , praising the characterization of the couple , applauding their emotional depth ; others criticized the melodramatic style and the plot as emotionally trite . Based on 157 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes , The Time Traveler 's Wife has a 38 % approval rating from critics , with an average score of 5.1 / 10 saying , `` Though it may satisfy fans of the novel , The Time Traveler 's Wife 's plot 's contrivances and illogical narrative hamper its big screen effectiveness '' . Metacritic , another review aggregator which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 top reviews from mainstream critics , gives the film an average score of 47 based on 31 reviews . Box Office ( edit ) The film opened third behind District 9 and G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra , grossing $19.2 million on its opening weekend . Grossing $101,229,792 worldwide ( over $63,000,000 of which was grossed in the United States ) on a $39,000,000 budget , the film was a financial success . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD and Blu - ray on February 9 , 2010 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Time Traveler 's Wife ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( August 21 , 2009 ) . `` Movie Review : The Time Traveler 's Wife '' . Entertainment Weekly . # 1061 / 1062 . p. 94 . Retrieved August 18 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Fleming ; Dave McNary ( 2007 - 04 - 17 ) . `` New Line finds its cast on ' Time ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Justin Strout ( 2009 - 01 - 07 ) . `` Beyond The Cape '' . San Antonio Current . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Fred Topel ( 2009 - 03 - 27 ) . `` How Eric Bana 's shaved Trek head held up Time Traveler 's Wife '' . Sci Fi Wire . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Valby , Karen ( 2009 - 04 - 24 ) . `` Spotlight on Rachel McAdams '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( 2009 - 03 - 12 ) . `` The Time Traveler 's Wife Will Finally See Release in August '' . / Film . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( 2007 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Livingston married to NL 's ' Wife ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood star on the rise Canadian actress Jane McLean hits the big screen in the upcoming drama The Time Traveler 's Wife '' . Tribute.ca . Retrieved August 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Suzanne ( June 3 , 2008 ) Actress Michelle Nolden Recalls ' Time Travelling ' With Eric Bana , Citynews.ca Toronto television station Jump up ^ Dave McNary , `` Rubin rewriting ' Time ' '' , Variety ( January 2 , 2007 ) . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Dave McNary ( 2007 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Rubin rewriting ' Time ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Audrey Niffenegger '' . Chicagoist. 2007 - 05 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ James Cowan , `` Niffenegger 's first book , and it 's about time '' , National Post ( December 3 , 2003 ) . LexisNexis ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( 2003 - 09 - 07 ) . `` Feud for thought '' . Variety . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Borys Kit ; Nicole Sperling ( 2006 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Schwentke finds time for NL 's ' Wife ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Van Sant Helming Time Traveler 's Wife '' . ComingSoon.net. 2005 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Domestic film : In production '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Movie Database -- List of Films shot in Hamilton , Ontario '' . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Carl DiOrio , `` Warners moves up ' Traveler 's '' , The Hollywood Reporter ( March 16 , 2009 ) . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dan Goldwasser ( 2008 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Mychael Danna scores The Time Traveler 's Wife '' . ScoringSessions.com . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Clemmensen , Christian . `` The Time Taveler 's Wife '' . Filmtracks.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Time Traveler 's Wife ( 2009 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Time Traveler 's Wife Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Young , John ( 2009 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Box Office Report : District 9 conquers competition with $37 million '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ ASIN B001HN69C2 , The Time Traveler 's Wife ( 2009 ) External links ( edit ) Film portal The Time Traveler 's Wife on IMDb The Time Traveler 's Wife at AllMovie The Time Traveler 's Wife at Box Office Mojo The Time Traveler 's Wife at Metacritic ( hide ) Films directed by Robert Schwentke Tattoo ( 2002 ) Eierdiebe ( 2003 ) Flightplan ( 2005 ) The Time Traveler 's Wife ( 2009 ) Red ( 2010 ) R.I.P.D. ( 2013 ) The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) The Captain ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Time_Traveler%27s_Wife_(film)&oldid=832872899 '' Categories : English - language films 2009 films 2000s romantic drama films 2000s romantic fantasy films 2000s science fiction films American films American romantic drama films American romantic fantasy films Films based on American novels Films based on romance novels Films based on science fiction novels Films directed by Robert Schwentke Films set in Chicago Films set in the 1970s Films set in the 1990s Films shot in Chicago Films shot in Hamilton , Ontario Films shot in Toronto Plan B Entertainment films Screenplays by Bruce Joel Rubin Teleportation in films Time travel films Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Simple English ไทย Türkçe 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 13 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays alba in the time traveler's wife | [
"Hailey McCann as Alba DeTamble at Nine and Ten, Henry and Clare's daughter\n\nTatum McCann as Alba at Four and Five\n\n",
"Hailey McCann as Alba DeTamble at Nine and Ten, Henry and Clare's daughter\n\nTatum McCann as Alba at Four and Five\n\n"
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"Hailey McCann as Alba DeTamble at Nine and Ten",
"Tatum McCann as Alba at Four and Five"
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8359900070786013992 | Fixation (histology) | Fixation ( histology ) - wikipedia Fixation ( histology ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the cellular preservation method . For the physical immobilization device , see external fixation . In the fields of histology , pathology , and cell biology , fixation is a critical step in the preparation of histological sections by which biological tissues are preserved from decay , thereby preventing autolysis or putrefaction . The structure of a tissue is determined by the shapes and sizes of macromolecules in and around cells . The principal macromolecules inside a cell are proteins and nucleic acids . Fixation terminates any ongoing biochemical reactions , and may also increase the mechanical strength or stability of the treated tissues . The broad objective of tissue fixation is to preserve cells and tissue components and to do this in such a way as to allow for the preparation of thin , stained sections . Contents ( hide ) 1 Purposes 2 Process 3 Types 4 Chemical fixation 5 Types of chemical fixatives 5.1 Crosslinking fixatives - aldehydes 5.2 Precipitating fixatives - alcohols 5.3 Oxidizing agents 5.4 Mercurials 5.5 Picrates 5.6 HOPE fixative 6 Frozen sections 6.1 Advantages 6.2 Disadvantages 7 Target and chemical fixative do 's and don'ts 8 Factors affecting fixation 8.1 Acidity or basicity 8.2 Osmolarity 8.3 Size of the specimen 8.4 Volume of the fixative 8.5 Temperature 8.6 Duration 8.7 Time from removal to fixation 9 External links 10 References Purposes ( edit ) In performing their protective role , fixatives denature proteins by coagulation , by forming additive compounds , or by a combination of coagulation and additive processes . A compound that adds chemically to macromolecules stabilizes structure most effectively if it is able to combine with parts of two different macromolecules , an effect known as cross-linking . Fixation of tissue is done for several reasons . One reason is to kill the tissue so that postmortem decay ( autolysis and putrefaction ) is prevented . Fixation preserves a sample of biological material ( tissue or cells ) as close to its natural state as possible in the process of preparing tissue for examination . To achieve this , several conditions usually must be met . First , a fixative usually acts to disable intrinsic biomolecules -- particularly proteolytic enzymes -- which otherwise digest or damage the sample . Second , a fixative typically protects a sample from extrinsic damage . Fixatives are toxic to most common microorganisms ( bacteria in particular ) that might exist in a tissue sample or which might otherwise colonize the fixed tissue . In addition , many fixatives chemically alter the fixed material to make it less palatable ( either indigestible or toxic ) to opportunistic microorganisms . Finally , fixatives often alter the cells or tissues on a molecular level to increase their mechanical strength or stability . This increased strength and rigidity can help preserve the morphology ( shape and structure ) of the sample as it is processed for further analysis . Even the most careful fixation does alter the sample and introduce artifacts that can interfere with interpretation of cellular ultrastructure . A prominent example is the bacterial mesosome , which was thought to be an organelle in gram - positive bacteria in the 1970s , but was later shown by new techniques developed for electron microscopy to be simply an artifact of chemical fixation . Standardization of fixation and other tissue processing procedures takes this introduction of artifacts into account , by establishing what procedures introduce which kinds of artifacts . Researchers who know what types of artifacts to expect with each tissue type and processing technique can accurately interpret sections with artifacts , or choose techniques that minimize artifacts in areas of interest . Process ( edit ) Fixation is usually the first stage in a multistep process to prepare a sample of biological material for microscopy or other analysis . Therefore , the choice of fixative and fixation protocol may depend on the additional processing steps and final analyses that are planned . For example , immunohistochemistry uses antibodies that bind to a specific protein target . Prolonged fixation can chemically mask these targets and prevent antibody binding . In these cases , a ' quick fix ' method using cold formalin for around 24 hours is typically used . Methanol ( 100 % ) can also be used for quick fixation , and that time can vary depending on the biological material . For example , MDA - MB 231 human breast cancer cells can be fixed for only 3 minutes with cold methanol ( - 20 ° C ) . For enzyme localization studies , the tissues should either be pre-fixed lightly only , or post-fixed after the enzyme activity product has formed . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2008 ) Types ( edit ) There are generally three types of fixation processes depending on the initial specimen : Heat fixation : After a smear has dried at room temperature , the slide is gripped by tongs or a clothespin and passed through the flame of a Bunsen burner several times to heat - kill and adhere the organism to the slide . Routinely used with bacteria and archaea . Heat fixation generally preserves overall morphology but not internal structures . Heat denatures the proteolytic enzyme and prevents autolysis . Heat fixation can not be used in the capsular stain method as heat fixation will shrink or destroy the capsule ( glycocalyx ) and can not be seen in stains . Immersion : The sample of tissue is immersed in fixative solution of volume at a minimum of 20 times greater than the volume of the tissue to be fixed . The fixative must diffuse through the tissue to fix , so tissue size and density , as well as type of fixative must be considered . This is a common technique for cellular applications . Using a larger sample means it takes longer for the fixative to reach the deeper tissue . Perfusion : Fixation via blood flow . The fixative is injected into the heart with the injection volume matching cardiac output . The fixative spreads through the entire body , and the tissue does n't die until it is fixed . This has the advantage of preserving perfect morphology , but the disadvantages are that the subject dies and the cost of the volume of fixative needed for larger organisms is high . Chemical fixation ( edit ) In both immersion and perfusion fixation processes , chemical fixatives are used to preserve structures in a state ( both chemically and structurally ) as close to living tissue as possible . This requires a chemical fixative . Types of chemical fixatives ( edit ) Crosslinking fixatives - aldehydes ( edit ) Crosslinking fixatives act by creating covalent chemical bonds between proteins in tissue . This anchors soluble proteins to the cytoskeleton , and lends additional rigidity to the tissue . By far the most commonly used fixative in histology is formaldehyde . It is usually used as a 10 % neutral buffered formalin ( NBF ) , that is approx . 3.7 % - 4.0 % formaldehyde in phosphate - buffered saline . Because formaldehyde is a gas at room temperature , formalin - formaldehyde gas dissolved in water ( ~ 37 % w / v ) is used when making the former fixative . Paraformaldehyde is a polymerized form of formaldehyde , usually obtained as a fine white powder , which depolymerises back to formalin when heated . Formaldehyde fixes tissue by cross-linking the proteins , primarily the residues of the basic amino acid lysine . Its effects are reversible by excess water and it avoids formalin pigmentation . Other benefits include : Long term storage and good tissue penetration . It is particularly good for immunohistochemistry techniques . Also the formaldehyde vapor can be used as a fixative for cell smears . Another popular aldehyde for fixation is glutaraldehyde . It operates in a similar way to formaldehyde by causing deformation of the alpha - helix structures in proteins . However glutaraldehyde is a larger molecule , and so its rate of diffusion across membranes is slower than formaldehyde . Consequently , glutaraldehyde fixation on thicker tissue samples may be hampered , but this problem can be overcome by reducing the size of the tissue sample . One of the advantages of glutaraldehyde fixation is that it may offer a more rigid or tightly linked fixed product -- its greater length and two aldehyde groups allow it to ' bridge ' and link more distant pairs of protein molecules . It causes rapid and irreversible changes , fixes quickly , is well suited for electron microscopy , fixes well at 4 C , and gives best overall cytoplasmic and nuclear detail . However it is not ideal for immunohistochemistry staining . Some fixation protocols call for a combination of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde so that their respective strengths complement one another . These crosslinking fixatives -- especially formaldehyde -- tend to preserve the secondary structure of proteins and may protect significant amounts of tertiary structure as well . Precipitating fixatives - alcohols ( edit ) Precipitating ( or denaturing ) fixatives act by reducing the solubility of protein molecules and ( often ) by disrupting the hydrophobic interactions that give many proteins their tertiary structure . The precipitation and aggregation of proteins is a very different process from the crosslinking that occurs with the aldehyde fixatives . The most common precipitating fixatives are ethanol and methanol . They are commonly used to fix frozen sections and smears . Acetone is also used and has been shown to produce better histological preservation than frozen sections when employed in the Acetone Methylbenzoate Xylene ( AMEX ) technique . The protein denaturants - methanol , ethanol and acetone - are rarely used alone for fixing blocks unless studying nucleic acids . Acetic acid is a denaturant that is sometimes used in combination with the other precipitating fixatives , such as Davidson 's AFA . The alcohols , by themselves , are known to cause considerable shrinkage and hardening of tissue during fixation while acetic acid alone is associated with tissue swelling ; combining the two may result in better preservation of tissue morphology . Oxidizing Agents ( edit ) The oxidizing fixatives can react with various side chains of proteins and other biomolecules , allowing formation of crosslinks that stabilize tissue structure . However they cause extensive denaturation despite preserving fine cell structure and are used mainly as secondary fixatives . Osmium tetroxide is often used as a secondary fixative when samples are prepared for electron microscopy . ( It is not used for light microscopy as it penetrates thick sections of tissue very poorly . ) Potassium dichromate , chromic acid , and potassium permanganate all find use in certain specific histological preparations . Mercurials ( edit ) Mercurials such as B - 5 and Zenker 's fixative have an unknown mechanism that increases staining brightness and give excellent nuclear detail . Despite being fast , mercurials penetrate poorly and produce tissue shrinkage . Their best application is for fixation of hematopoietic and reticuloendothelial tissues . Also note that since they contain mercury care must be taken with disposal . Picrates ( edit ) Picrates penetrate tissue well to react with histones and basic proteins to form crystalline picrates with amino acids and precipitate all proteins . It is a good fixative for connective tissue , preserves glycogen well , and extracts lipids to give superior results to formaldehyde in immunostaining of biogenic and polypeptide hormones However , it causes a loss of basophils unless the specimen is thoroughly washed following fixation . HOPE fixative ( edit ) Hepes - glutamic acid buffer - mediated organic solvent protection effect ( HOPE ) gives formalin - like morphology , excellent preservation of protein antigens for immunohistochemistry and enzyme histochemistry , good RNA and DNA yields and absence of crosslinking proteins . Frozen sections ( edit ) Small pieces of tissue ( 5 × 5 × 3mm ) are placed in a cryoprotective embedding medium -- OCT , TBS , or cryogel -- then snap frozen in isopentane cooled by liquid nitrogen . Tissue is then sectioned in a freezing microtome or cryostat and sections are fixed in one of the following fixatives : absolute acetone for 10 -- 15 seconds 95 % ethanol for 10 -- 15 seconds absolute acetone 10 seconds followed by 95 % ethanol for 10 seconds . Advantages ( edit ) Better preservation of antigenicity Minimal exposure to fixative Not exposed to the organic solvents Much faster than other forms of fixations Disadvantages ( edit ) Lack of morphological detail Potential biohazard Target and chemical fixative do 's and don'ts ( edit ) This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( September 2013 ) Target Fixative of choice Fixative to avoid Proteins Neutral buffered formalin , paraformaldehyde Osmium tetroxide Enzymes Frozen sections Chemical fixatives Lipids Frozen sections * , glutaraldehyde / osmium tetroxide Alcoholic fixatives , neutral buffered formalin Nucleic acids Alcoholic fixatives , HOPE Aldehyde fixatives Mucopolysaccharides Frozen sections Chemical fixatives Biogenic amines Bouin solution , neutral buffered formalin Glycogen Alcoholic based fixatives Osmium tetroxide Frozen sections preserve RNA and Lipids despite poor morphology . Compare to paraffin sections , synonymous to chemical fixatives in the table , which destroy RNA and affect some antigens BUT give good morphology . ~ A picrate Factors affecting fixation ( edit ) Acidity or basicity ( edit ) Should be kept in the physiological range , between pH 4 - 9 . The pH for the ultrastructure preservation should be buffered between 7.2 to 7.4 Osmolarity ( edit ) Hypertonic solutions give rise to cell shrinkage . Hypotonic solutions result in cell swelling and poor fixation . 10 % neutral buffer formalin is 4 % formaldehyde ( 1.33 osmolar ) in PBS buffer ( 0.3 osmolar ) sums to 1.63 osmolar . This is a very hypertonic solution yet it has worked well as a general tissue fixation condition for many years in pathology labs . The size of tissue can also affect the fixation process . Size of the specimen ( edit ) 1 -- 4 mm thickness ( 0.5 cm ) Volume of the fixative ( edit ) At least 15 - 20 times greater than tissue volume Temperature ( edit ) Increasing the temperature increases speed of fixation . However , care is required to avoid cooking the specimen . Fixation is routinely carried out at room temperature . Duration ( edit ) As a general rule , 1 hour per millimetre of tissue paraformaldehyde ( PFA ) must penetrate . So if we have a three - dimensional tissue block , it is the shortest dimension that determines fixation time . Time from removal to fixation ( edit ) Fixation is a chemical process , and time must be allowed for the process to complete . Although `` over fixation '' can be detrimental , under - fixation has recently been appreciated as a significant problem and may be responsible for inappropriate results for some assays . External links ( edit ) Library resources about Fixation ( histology ) Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Fixing specimens for making permanent slides Fixation strategies and formulations for immunohistochemical staining References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carson , Freida L ; Christa Hladik ( 2009 ) . Histotechnology : A Self - Instructional Text ( 3 ed . ) . Hong Kong : American Society for Clinical Pathology Press . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89189 - 581 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ryter A ( 1988 ) . `` Contribution of new cryomethods to a better knowledge of bacterial anatomy '' . Ann . Inst . Pasteur Microbiol. 139 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 44 . doi : 10.1016 / 0769 - 2609 ( 88 ) 90095 - 6 . PMID 3289587 . Jump up ^ Friedrich , CL ; D Moyles ; TJ Beveridge ; REW Hancock ( 2000 ) . `` Antibacterial Action of Structurally Diverse Cationic Peptides on Gram - Positive Bacteria '' . Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 44 ( 8 ) : 2086 -- 2092 . doi : 10.1128 / AAC. 44.8. 2086 - 2092.2000 . PMC 90018 . PMID 10898680 . Jump up ^ http://microvet.arizona.edu/research/aquapath/davidson.htm Davidson 's AFA formulation at University of Arizona , Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology website ( accessed , Feb. 22 , 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fixation_(histology)&oldid=810183826 '' Categories : Pathology Histology Biotechnology Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from June 2008 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from September 2013 All articles needing rewrite Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Eesti فارسی Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 20 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | commonly used as a preservative for tissue specimens | [
"By far the most commonly used fixative in histology is formaldehyde. It is usually used as a 10% neutral buffered formalin (NBF), that is approx. 3.7%-4.0% formaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline. Because formaldehyde is a gas at room temperature, formalin-formaldehyde gas dissolved in water (~37% w/v) is used when making the former fixative. Paraformaldehyde is a polymerized form of formaldehyde, usually obtained as a fine white powder, which depolymerises back to formalin when heated. Formaldehyde fixes tissue by cross-linking the proteins, primarily the residues of the basic amino acid lysine. Its effects are reversible by excess water and it avoids formalin pigmentation. Other benefits include: Long term storage and good tissue penetration. It is particularly good for immunohistochemistry techniques. Also the formaldehyde vapor can be used as a fixative for cell smears."
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8421692685288978221 | Michelle Tanner | Michelle Tanner - wikipedia Michelle Tanner Michelle Tanner Full House character Michelle with Comet First appearance September 22 , 1987 ( episode 1.01 ; `` Our Very First Show ! '' ) Last appearance May 23 , 1995 ( episode 8.24 ; `` Michelle Rides Again ( Part 2 ) '' ) Created by Jeff Franklin Portrayed by Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen Information Full name Michelle Elizabeth Tanner Nickname ( s ) Munchkin , Shorty and Rugrat ( by Jesse ) Gender Female Occupation Fashion designer Family Danny Tanner ( father ) Pam Tanner ( mother ; deceased ) Teri Tanner ( ex-stepmother ) D.J. Tanner - Fuller ( sister ) Stephanie Tanner ( sister ) Tommy Fuller , Sr. ( brother - in - law , deceased ) Jackson Fuller ( nephew ) Max Fuller ( nephew ) Tommy Fuller , Jr. ( nephew ) Relatives John Tanner ( paternal grandfather ) Claire Tanner ( paternal grandmother ) Wendy Tanner ( paternal - aunt ) Steve ( paternal - cousin ) Iorgos Katsopolis ( great - grandfather ; deceased ) Gina Katsopolis ( great - grandmother ) Nick Katsopolis ( maternal grandfather ) Irene Katsopolis ( maternal - grandmother ) Jesse Katsopolis ( maternal - uncle ) Rebecca Katsopolis ( maternal aunt ) Nicky Katsopolis ( maternal cousin ) Alex Katsopolis ( maternal cousin ) Pamela Katsopolis ( maternal adoptive cousin ) Michelle Elizabeth Tanner is a fictional character on the long - running ABC sitcom Full House , who was portrayed by Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen . She first appeared in the show 's pilot , `` Our Very First Show '' , which aired in 1987 , and continued to appear throughout up to the two - part series finale , `` Michelle Rides Again '' in 1995 . The character of Michelle was the Olsen twins ' first acting role ; the two were infants when they started working on the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character 1.1 Friendships 2 Comet the dog 3 Crediting 4 Reception 5 Book series 6 Fuller House 7 References 8 External links Character ( edit ) Michelle Tanner is the youngest member of the Tanner family , and is notable in the series for saying a string of precocious catchphrases such as `` you got it dude '' , `` you 're in big trouble , mister '' , `` no way , José ! '' and `` aw nuts ! '' . Raised by her father Danny Tanner , her uncle Jesse Katsopolis , and her father 's friend Joey Gladstone after her mother Pam 's death in a car accident caused by a drunk driver , Michelle debuted during her character 's infancy , maturing throughout the progression of the series . She is depicted as being slightly mischievous , though her status as the youngest daughter of the family leaves many of her misdeeds undisciplined and spares her from punishment -- much to the chagrin of her older sisters . Michelle is quite playful , being a young child ; however many episodes end with her realization of a vital moral . Having never interacted with her deceased mother , Michelle occasionally yearns for a mother of her own , and episode plots have surrounded her desire for a mother and her plans to attempt to gain one through her father Danny remarrying . She forms a very strong familial bond with Jesse and enjoys his company and playful teasing . She was the flower girl at his and Becky 's wedding . Their relationship is so strong that she becomes crestfallen upon learning of Jesse 's intended relocation from the Tanner household after his marriage to Rebecca Donaldson in the season four episode `` Fuller House '' . She holds a tendency to scheme when met with a new desire as an enhancement to the comedy of the series , but she eventually realizes the errors of her ways by the episode 's conclusion . From seasons six through eight ( as first established in `` Lovers and Other Tanners '' ) , Michelle is a `` Honey Bee '' in an organization which her sisters D.J. and Stephanie had previously participated in . Michelle attends Meadowcrest Preschool through seasons 3 - 4 and later , Frasier Street Elementary School through seasons 5 - 8 . Friendships ( edit ) In the season three episode `` Bye , Bye Birdie '' , on Michelle 's first day of preschool , she meets a boy named Aaron Bailey , who , that day , is able to wear the sharing crown because he brought his toys in . That day , the teacher calls the kids to the reading carpet for storytime and Michelle tells the class bird to come to participate , opening the cage and consequently resulting in the bird flying out the open window . A saddened Michelle tries desperately to get the bird back , but at the end of the episode , Danny gets her a new bird for her class . When she brings it in , all the kids love it , and Aaron lets Michelle wear the sharing crown for bringing the bird to be the class pet ; the two eventually become friends and stay friends throughout the series . In seasons five and six , she is friends with a boy named Teddy , whom she meets on her first day of kindergarten in the season five premiere `` Double Trouble '' . The two enjoy doing many things together ; it is revealed in `` The Long Goodbye '' that they enjoy dotting each other 's `` I '' 's on their papers . When the two are in first grade , Teddy reveals his father got a new job and thus he and his family have to move to Amarillo , Texas . Michelle , saddened by the news , ties him up in her room tricking him into thinking she was teaching him how to jump rope . He is eventually untied by Joey and he gives her his special toy , `` Furry Murray '' and she gives him her special stuffed pig , `` Pinky . '' Later , the two decide to write to one another . At the end of that same episode , Michelle makes a new friend named Denise Frazier , who then sits in Teddy 's old seat and learns how to cross `` T '' 's . The two become friends through the seventh season ( Denise does not appear in season eight due to her portrayer Jurnee Smollett 's commitment to the short - lived sitcom On Our Own ) . She , at first , does not want a new best friend , but she does like Denise . Michelle also makes many other friends throughout the series , including shy but intelligent Derek Boyd ( Blake McIver Ewing ) and tough - girl Lisa Leeper ( Kathryn Zaremba ) . In the season seven episode `` Be Your Own Best Friend , '' Teddy moves back to San Francisco and attends Michelle 's school once again , rejoining her class . Michelle , Teddy , and Denise get into an argument when Danny comes into class for Parent Volunteer Day . He gives an assignment to trace each student 's best friend , leading Michelle to believe that a person could only have one best friend . The three then have trouble deciding who to trace , allowing Michelle to take advantage of the situation . She says that she would pick the one who gives her the best stuff , but she did not say it explicitly ( Teddy offers to give her his lone - star bolo tie and some Snickles candy -- a parody of Skittles , and Denise offers her hair scrunchie and pencil case ; Michelle takes them up on the offers , not realizing she is accepting bribes , which ultimately make Teddy and Denise angry when they understand what is actually happening ) . The three eventually make up in the end after Michelle picks Comet the dog as her best friend and traces him , and Danny helps them to understand that they could all be best friends . Comet the dog ( edit ) In the season three episode `` And They Call It Puppy Love , '' the Tanner family adopts a dog named Comet , one of the puppies born to Minnie , a golden retriever who wandered from the home of her owners halfway across the country to California and was found by D.J. and Stephanie . Michelle grows a strong bond with Comet over the course of the series . In the season four episode `` One Last Kiss , '' Michelle wanted another dog that was her size because Comet got bigger . In the season six episode `` Road to Tokyo , '' when Jesse is on tour in Tokyo , Michelle decides to dig a hole to Tokyo in order to visit and she asks Comet to dig . In the season eight episode `` Comet 's Excellent Adventure , '' Comet runs away when Jesse unknowingly gives her permission to walk Comet by herself ( as he was trying to deal with his bandmates in Jesse and the Rippers voting him out of the group due to the intrusion of his commitments to the family and his radio show gig ) , leading Michelle ( and eventually , the rest of the family ) to look all around San Francisco to find him ( it was the only episode of the series that was filmed on location in San Francisco ) . Comet comes home at the end of the episode . Crediting ( edit ) The production team behind Full House did not want people to know that Michelle was played by a set of twins , so the girls were credited as `` Mary - Kate Ashley Olsen '' for most of the show 's run ( making it appear as if a single actress had the first name Mary - Kate and the middle name Ashley ) . Although the two were credited separately as `` Mary - Kate Olsen and Ashley Olsen '' during the closing credits in the series ' first season ( they were not officially added to the opening title sequence until season two but were credited in the syndicated versions of the season one opening titles ) , it was not until the eighth and final season that the twins were credited as `` Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen '' in the opening titles . Despite the fact that the Olsens are fraternal twins , their physical appearances were nonetheless similar enough so that few could tell the difference between the two over the course of the show 's run . In season one , Mary - Kate was used more often due to the fact Ashley cried when she was put on set for a scene . Reception ( edit ) In 1989 , Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen won a Young Artist Award for Best Young Actor / Actress Under Five Years of Age for their portrayal of Michelle . In 1990 , they were also awarded Young Artist Awards for their work on Full House , in the category of Outstanding Performance by an Actress Under Nine Years of Age . The two also won the Young Artist Awards for Exceptional Performance by a Young Actress Under Ten in 1991 . Book series ( edit ) Shortly after the show ended , two separate book series focusing respectively on Michelle and Stephanie were published . The stories take place mainly during the continuity of the show 's later seasons , and include the sisters ' friends and many other characters . The plots mainly focus on the characters ' struggles and triumphs . Most of the books were not an episode in the series . Michelle is about nine years old and Stephanie is in her teens in the series . The books were mainly published in the 1990s . Fuller House ( edit ) The twins declined to reprise their role for Fuller House , the 2016 Netflix sequel to Full House . Ashley cited their 12 years away from acting and Mary - Kate said the timing was bad . In the series , their character is only seen during flashbacks and mentioned from time - to - time . For example , they mention that Michelle is now working as a fashion designer in New York . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ TV.com . `` Full House : Comet 's Excellent Adventure - Season 8 , Episode 1 '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ashley Olsen : Information from '' . Answers.com . 1986 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Tenth Annual Youth in Film Awards '' . YoungArtistAwards.org . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2015 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eleventh Annual Youth in Film Awards '' . YoungArtistAwards.org . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2014 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thirteenth Annual Youth in Film Awards '' . YoungArtistAwards.org . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2011 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` * * Full House Michelle Book Series * * '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` ' We Finally Know Why The Olsen Twins Are n't On Fuller House ' '' . cinemablend.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Full House characters Full House at the ABC Family website Michelle Tanner on IMDb Full House Characters Michelle Tanner Episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 Fuller House episodes Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen Mary - Kate Olsen Ashley Olsen Video games ( Pocket Planner ) Dualstar Michelle Tanner Elizabeth Olsen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michelle_Tanner&oldid=847274929 '' Categories : Child characters in television Fictional American people of Greek descent Fictional characters from San Francisco Fictional characters introduced in 1987 Fictional people in fashion Full House Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen Sitcom characters Hidden categories : Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 June 2018 , at 04 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which olsen twin was in full house more | [
"The production team behind Full House did not want people to know that Michelle was played by a set of twins, so the girls were credited as \"Mary-Kate Ashley Olsen\" for most of the show's run (making it appear as if a single actress had the first name Mary-Kate and the middle name Ashley). Although the two were credited separately as \"Mary-Kate Olsen and Ashley Olsen\" during the closing credits in the series' first season (they were not officially added to the opening title sequence until season two but were credited in the syndicated versions of the season one opening titles), it was not until the eighth and final season that the twins were credited as \"Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen\" in the opening titles. Despite the fact that the Olsens are fraternal twins, their physical appearances were nonetheless similar enough so that few could tell the difference between the two over the course of the show's run. In season one, Mary-Kate was used more often due to the fact Ashley cried when she was put on set for a scene.[2]\n"
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7288530234924105853 | Capitol (Williamsburg, Virginia) | Capitol ( Williamsburg , Virginia ) - wikipedia Capitol ( Williamsburg , Virginia ) Jump to : navigation , search Capitol U.S. National Historic Landmark District Contributing Property Reconstruction of the first Capitol at Williamsburg Show map of Virginia Show map of the US Show all Location Williamsburg , Virginia Built 1934 , based on 1705 original Architectural style Colonial Revival Part of Williamsburg Historic District ( # 66000925 ) Added to NRHP October 15 , 1966 The Capitol at Williamsburg , Virginia housed the House of Burgesses of the Colony of Virginia from 1705 , when the capital was relocated there from Jamestown , until 1779 , when the capital was relocated to Richmond . Two capitol buildings served the colony on the same site : the first from 1705 until its destruction by fire in 1747 ; the second from 1753 to 1779 . The earlier capitol was reconstructed in the early 1930s as part of the restoration of Colonial Williamsburg . The reconstruction has thus lasted longer than the combined total of both original capitol buildings . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 First Williamsburg Capitol ( 1705 -- 1747 ) 1.2 Second Williamsburg Capitol ( 1753 -- 1779 ) 2 Reconstruction 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) First Williamsburg Capitol ( 1705 -- 1747 ) ( edit ) In 1698 , the Capitol building in Jamestown , Virginia burned . Following the fire , the government of Virginia decided to relocate inland , away from the swamps at the Jamestown site . A better Capitol building was constructed by Henry Cary , a contractor finishing work on the College of William and Mary 's Wren Building ( the legislature 's temporary home ) . Begun in 1701 , the Capitol was completed in 1705 , although the legislature moved in during 1704 . In 1714 , the Governor 's Palace was constructed between the College and the Capitol . The Colonial Capitol was a two - story H - shaped structure , functionally two buildings connected by an arcade . Each wing served one of the two houses of the Virginia legislature , the Council and the House of Burgesses . The first floor of the west building was for the General Court and the colony 's secretary , the first floor of the east for the House of Burgesses and its clerk . As a result of the fires that had destroyed several prior Virginia capitols , Cary built the first Capitol without fireplaces . In 1723 , chimneys were added for fireplaces to help keep the Capitol dry . On January 30 , 1747 , the building burned and only some walls and the foundation remained . Second Williamsburg Capitol ( 1753 -- 1779 ) ( edit ) 1845 engraving based on then - surviving drawings of the second capitol at Williamsburg ( viewed from Duke of Gloucester Street ) Governor William Gooch urged that the Capitol be rebuilt , but many legislators preferred relocating the government to a city more accessible to trade and navigation . In the meantime , the burgesses met again at the nearby Wren Building . Finally , in November 1748 , reconstruction of the Capitol was approved ( by only two votes : 40 to 38 ) . The burgesses met inside for the first time on November 1 , 1753 . In this building , Patrick Henry delivered his Caesar - Brutus speech against the Stamp Act on May 29 , 1765 . Henry , George Washington , George Mason , George Wythe , Richard Henry Lee , Thomas Jefferson , and others played parts in the legislative maneuvering that ended in revolution . As fighting began in the North , the building featured discussion concerning Mason 's Virginia Declaration of Rights , his Virginia constitution , and Jefferson 's first attempt at a bill for religious freedom . On June 29 , 1776 , Virginians declared their independence from Great Britain and wrote the state 's first constitution , thereby creating an independent government four days before Congress voted for the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia on July 4 . The Capitol at Williamsburg served until the American Revolutionary War began , when Governor Thomas Jefferson urged it that the capital be relocated to Richmond . The building was last used as a capitol on December 24 , 1779 , when the Virginia General Assembly adjourned to reconvene in 1780 at the new capital , Richmond . After the capital of Virginia was moved to Richmond in 1779 , the old Capitol was used for a wide range of purposes , from a court to a school . The east wing was removed around 1800 because of its dangerous condition , leaving only the west wing standing for the next 30 years , until it was destroyed by fire in 1832 , leaving no trace of the original structure , except for the outline of its foundations . Reconstruction ( edit ) Reconstruction of the first Williamsburg capitol The building that stands now in Colonial Williamsburg is the third Capitol on that site . Early in the 20th century , the Reverend Dr. W.A.R. Goodwin undertook restoration of historic Bruton Parish Church ( c. 1711 ) where he was rector . His dreams of restoring other buildings of the old colonial capital city led to his affiliation with Standard Oil heir and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller Jr. and the creation of Colonial Williamsburg . The reconstructed Capitol and Governor 's Palace join the Wren Building of the College of William & Mary as the three main structures of the restoration . The architects charged with the restoration of Williamsburg chose to reconstruct the first capitol based on superior documentation of its design and its unique architecture compared to the second Capitol . Later architectural historians have since shown that parts of the reconstruction were embellished or conjectural , being based more on contemporary architectural ideas than actual historic evidence ( chiefly foundations . ) However , the reconstructed Capitol is now itself valued as a Colonial Revival interpretation and work of architecture . The reconstruction opened to the public on February 24 , 1934 . See also ( edit ) Virginia State Capitol ( Richmond ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : Olmert , Michael ( 1985 ) . Official Guide to Colonial Williamsburg . Colonial Williamsburg Foundation . pp. 52 -- 61 . ISBN 0 - 87935 - 111 - X . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Richard Guy ( 2002 ) . Buildings of Virginia : Tidewater and Piedmont . Oxford University Press . pp. 363 -- 364 . Jump up ^ Taylor Stoermer , Colonial Williamsburg : The Official Guide ( 2014 ) , 147 . Jump up ^ Greenspan , Anderson ( 2009 ) . Creating Colonial Williamsburg : The Restoration of Virginia 's Eighteenth - Century Capital ( 2nd ed . ) . Chapel Hill : The University of North Carolina Press . pp. 38 -- 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3343 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Capitol ( Williamsburg , Virginia ) . Colonial Williamsburg , Capitol web page Coordinates : 37 ° 16 ′ 17 '' N 76 ° 41 ′ 36 '' W / 37.271258 ° N 76.69329 ° W / 37.271258 ; - 76.69329 Colonial Williamsburg History Battle of Williamsburg Colonial Williamsburg History Historic Triangle Middle Plantation Rich Neck Plantation Structures Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum Alexander Craig House Bassett Hall Bruton Parish Church Capitol Charlton House Courthouse DeWitt Wallace Decorative Arts Museum Governor 's Palace James Semple House John Crump House Matthew Whaley School Nicolson Store Palmer House Peyton Randolph House Raleigh Tavern St. George Tucker House Wetherburn 's Tavern Williamsburg Inn Wren Building Wythe House People W.A.R. Goodwin The Rockefellers Abby Aldrich Rockefeller John D. Rockefeller Jr . Richard Taliaferro DeWitt Wallace George Wythe Geography Williamsburg Hampton Roads Jamestown Yorktown Virginia Other Carter 's Grove Country Road Carter 's Grove Plantation College of William & Mary Colonial Parkway Grand Illumination Merchants Square National Historic Landmark National Trust for Historic Preservation Peacock Hill Williamsburg : the Story of a Patriot Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capitol_(Williamsburg,_Virginia)&oldid=774742051 '' Categories : Landmarks in Virginia Buildings and structures in Williamsburg , Virginia Government buildings completed in 1705 Former state capitols in the United States Colonial Williamsburg Tourist attractions in Williamsburg , Virginia Historic district contributing properties in Virginia 1705 establishments in Virginia Rebuilt buildings and structures in Virginia National Register of Historic Places in Williamsburg , Virginia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano עברית 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2017 , at 11 : 50 . About Wikipedia | why was virginia capital moved from williamsburg to richmond | [
"The Capitol at Williamsburg served until the American Revolutionary War began, when Governor Thomas Jefferson urged it that the capital be relocated to Richmond. The building was last used as a capitol on December 24, 1779, when the Virginia General Assembly adjourned to reconvene in 1780 at the new capital, Richmond."
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"Governor Thomas Jefferson urged it that the capital be relocated to Richmond"
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-8201592372975191063 | It'll Be Alright on the Night | It 'll be Alright on the Night - wikipedia It 'll be Alright on the Night This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) It 'll be Alright on the Night Presented by Denis Norden ( 1977 -- 2006 ) Griff Rhys Jones ( 2008 -- 2016 ) Narrated by David Walliams ( 2018 -- ) Composer ( s ) Rod Argent & Peter Van Hooke ( 1990 -- 2006 ) Music 4 ( 2008 -- ) Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 42 Production Production location ( s ) The London Studios ( 1977 - 2016 ) Running time 45 - 60 minutes ( including adverts ) Production company ( s ) LWT ( 1977 -- 2004 ) Granada ( 2004 -- 2005 ) ITV Productions ( 2006 -- 2008 ) ITV Studios ( 2011 -- ) Release Original network Channel 4 ( one episode ) , ITV , STV , UTV Picture format 4 : 3 ( 1977 -- 2001 ) 16 : 9 ( 2001 -- ) Original release 18 September 1977 ( 1977 - 09 - 18 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows Auntie 's Bloomers Outtake TV TV 's Bloopers & Practical Jokes TV 's Naughtiest Blunders It 'll be Alright on the Night is a British television bloopers show screened on ITV and produced by ITV Studios . It is one of the first shows created with the specific purpose of showing behind the scenes bloopers from film and TV and has run since 18 September 1977 . The show was originally presented by Denis Norden from 1977 until 2006 . Griff Rhys Jones took over as presenter from 2008 until 2016 . A new series of episodes was broadcast in 2018 narrated by David Walliams . Contents 1 Format 2 Episodes 3 Broadcasting 4 Denis Norden 's Laughter File 4.1 Episodes 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Format ( edit ) The show is usually one hour in length and aired in ITV 's Saturday evening entertainment slot . However , some of the first few episodes up to and including It 'll be Alright on the Night 6 , which aired in 1990 , originally went out on a Sunday evening . A new episode aired on Sunday 28 December 2014 . Two episodes also debuted on a Friday : It 'll be Alright on the Night 3 and It 'll be Alright on Christmas Night on Christmas Day 1981 and 1987 respectively . The show 's success led to the competing BBC One series Auntie 's Bloomers presented by Terry Wogan , which focused on bloopers from some of the BBC archives . The shows followed a simple format . Norden , traditionally holding his trademark clipboard in his hand , appeared on an otherwise empty stage and delivered a humorous piece to camera , followed by a selection of outtakes taken from various sources . Popular sources for clips include numerous British and American sitcoms , news reports and foreign broadcasts which may or may not include explanatory subtitles . The show returned in September 2008 with Griff Rhys Jones who presented 11 episodes of It 'll be Alright on the Night . The last episode featuring Rhys Jones was broadcast on 4 June 2016 . After a two - year break , the show returned in summer 2018 with brand new episodes featuring David Walliams as narrator , which is opposed to a presenter in the studio , which meant that for the first time since the show began , there was no longer a studio set , no longer a studio audience and no longer an on - screen personality . Walliams provides commentary on the clips via voice - over , so that more outtakes can be shown . Episodes ( edit ) The audience figures ( where given ) are those for the initial transmission of an episode . It was not unknown , especially in the early years of the series , for episodes to achieve higher ratings on repeat showings . For instance , It 'll be Alright on the Night 2 ( first shown on 28 October 1979 ) was watched by 16 million viewers for a repeat showing in February 1983 , while It 'll be Alright on the Night 4 ( first shown on 11 March 1984 ) was watched by 18.5 million viewers on its initial repeat in January 1985 . A further repeat of The Second Worst of Alright on the Night ( first shown on 24 November 1985 ) achieved the programme 's highest ratings of 19.92 million in February 1992 . Episode Episode name Original airdate Presenter / Narrator Viewers ( millions ) It 'll be Alright on the Night 1 18 September 1977 Denis Norden It 'll be Alright on the Night 2 28 October 1979 The Worst of Alright on the Night 21 September 1980 It 'll be Alright on the Night 3 25 December 1981 5 It 'll be Alright on the Night 4 11 March 1984 16.90 6 It 'll be Alright Late at Night 11 July 1985 7 The Second Worst of Alright on the Night 24 November 1985 14.55 8 It 'll be Alright on Christmas Night 25 December 1987 17.95 9 10 Years of It 'll be Alright on the Night 25 December 1988 10 It 'll be Alright on the Night 6 1 December 1990 17.92 11 It 'll be Alright on the Night 7 2 January 1993 12 The Utterly Worst of Alright on the Night 10 April 1994 13 The Kids from Alright on the Night 26 November 1994 14 It 'll be Alright on the Night 8 10 December 1994 14.89 15 Alright on the Night 's Cockup Trip 12 October 1996 13.00 16 It 'll be Alright on the Night 10 15 November 1997 17 21 Years of Alright on the Night 24 January 1998 18 It 'll be Alright on the Night 11 2 October 1999 10.12 19 It 'll be Alright on the Night 12 27 January 2001 9.17 20 It 'll be Alright on Election Night 7 June 2001 6.77 21 It 'll be Alright on the Night 13 17 August 2001 6.61 22 It 'll be Alright on the Night 15 : Silver Jubilee Special 14 September 2002 8.11 23 More Kids from Alright on the Night 28 September 2002 5.61 24 Alright on the Night 's All - Star Special 31 August 2003 9.63 25 It 'll be Alright on the Night 16 6 September 2003 5.53 26 It 'll be Alright on the Night 18 2 October 2004 6.89 27 It 'll be Alright on the Night 19 24 December 2004 5.84 28 Alright on the Night 's 50 Years of ITV 17 September 2005 6.28 29 It 'll be Alright on the Night 20 18 March 2006 5.32 30 It 'll be Alright on the Night 2008 : Part 1 20 September 2008 Griff Rhys Jones 4.30 31 It 'll be Alright on the Night 2008 : Part 2 25 December 2008 3.99 32 It 'll be Alright on the Night 2011 : Part 1 28 December 2011 4.95 33 It 'll be Alright on the Night 2011 : Part 2 31 December 2011 3.73 34 All New It 'll be Alright on the Night 2012 28 December 2012 3.91 35 All New It 'll be Alright on the Night 2014 : Part 1 5 January 2014 3.86 36 It 'll be Alright on the Night 's Best of the Worst 12 January 2014 3.64 37 All New It 'll be Alright on the Night 2014 : Part 2 19 May 2014 3.11 38 All New It 'll be Alright on the Night 2014 : Part 3 28 December 2014 3.43 39 It 'll be Alright on the Night 2015 30 December 2015 3.80 40 All New It 'll be Alright on the Night 2016 4 June 2016 2.76 41 David Walliams Presents -- Return of Alright on the Night 22 August 2018 David Walliams 42 David Walliams Presents - Revenge of Alright on the Night 29 August 2018 Broadcasting ( edit ) Despite being a staple of ITV 's light entertainment programming for nearly 40 years , comparatively few editions of It 'll Be Alright on the Night have been produced , with rarely more than one new episode a year being screened . Episodes presented by Denis Norden have normally included a number in their title screens to aid identification with the audience , while from 2008 to 2016 , episodes presented by Griff Rhys Jones did not do so . Towards the end of the Denis Norden era , episodes up to and including It 'll be Alright on the Night 20 were prefixed with `` All New '' to avoid viewer confusion with repeat screenings of earlier episodes . During its run , several special episodes were also made , including anniversary specials , a late night edition for Channel 4 with more mature adult content and a one - off political special to mark the 2001 general election . The majority of the episodes were filmed at The London Studios , but in the show 's later years , the Granada studios in Manchester were also used , as well as the now - closed ( and demolished ) Meridian studios at Northam , Southampton . A few editions were also filmed on - location ; most notably , Alright on the Night 's Cockup Trip which was presented from the Great Cockup fell in the Lake District , 21 Years of Alright on the Night was presented on a yacht in the middle of the Bermuda Triangle ( which , in reality , was in the south of France ) and It 'll be Alright on the Night 11 , which was presented from an empty Haymarket Theatre , London . During its run , the series has had three main producers : Paul Smith ( 1977 -- 1984 ) , Paul Lewis ( 1984 -- 2002 ) and Simon Withington ( 2003 -- 2006 ) . Sean Miller , James Sunderland and Stephanie Dennis also produced some episodes . Grant Philpott was the series producer ( 2011 - 2012 ) and Simon Withington , who previously served as a producer from 2003 to 2006 has been the executive producer from 2014 to 2016 . From 2018 , Grant Philpott was once again the series producer . Denis Norden 's Laughter File ( edit ) The series also inspired the spin - off show Denis Norden 's Laughter File , which began airing on 22 September 1991 and ran until 13 May 2006 . Although it largely followed the same format as its sister show , while It 'll be Alright on the Night focused solely on bloopers / outtakes , Laughter File also screened clips that included pranks and practical jokes . As with It 'll Be Alright on the Night , later episodes included the words `` All New '' in their titles to avoid viewer confusion with repeat screenings of earlier episodes . The theme music used for Denis Norden 's Laughter File throughout the whole of its run was a library piece , called `` Dress to Kill '' by Errol Reid . The show 's producers were Paul Lewis ( 1991 -- 2002 ) and Simon Withington ( 2002 -- 2006 ) . Episodes ( edit ) Episode Episode name Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) Denis Norden 's 1st Laughter File 22 September 1991 17.39 Denis Norden 's 2nd Laughter File 4 October 1997 Denis Norden 's 3rd Laughter File 5 December 1998 10.00 Denis Norden 's 4th Laughter File 16 October 1999 8.46 5 Denis Norden 's 5th Laughter File 30 September 2000 8.02 6 Denis Norden 's 6th Laughter File 15 October 2001 7.21 7 Denis Norden 's 7th Laughter File 30 March 2002 5.67 8 Denis Norden 's 8th Laughter File 9 November 2002 6.62 9 Denis Norden 's 9th Laughter File 4 October 2003 5.53 10 Denis Norden 's Christmas Laughter File Special 27 December 2003 8.10 11 Denis Norden 's All New 11th Laughter File 26 December 2004 5.73 12 Denis Norden 's All New 12th Laughter File 12 February 2005 5.54 13 Denis Norden 's All New 13th Laughter File 13 May 2006 3.88 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A subsequent repeat aired on 6 January 1979 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 8 June 1980 and 4 February 1983 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 18 December 1982 and 7 October 1984 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 11 January 1985 and 22 June 1996 . Jump up ^ Originally transmitted on Channel 4 ; subsequent repeats aired on ITV on 29 June 1986 and 19 January 1992 . Jump up ^ Retitled and re-edited as It 'll be Alright on the Night 5 for subsequent repeats on 2 October 1988 and 14 December 1991 . Jump up ^ A subsequent repeat aired on 5 September 1992 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 31 August 1991 , 17 July 1994 and 2 September 1995 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 2 January 1994 , 9 September 1995 , 1 March 1997 and 20 March 1999 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 4 June 1999 , 12 April 2000 , 1 January 2001 and 13 February 2002 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 30 December 1995 , 1 May 1999 and 20 July 2000 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 21 September 1997 , 9 May 1998 , 11 June 1999 and 6 May 2000 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 29 August 1998 , 31 July 1999 , 17 March 2001 and 24 July 2004 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 16 January 1999 and 29 April 2000 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 28 August 2000 , 28 April 2001 , 26 May 2002 and 31 July 2004 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 12 September 2001 , 26 April 2003 and 28 January 2004 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 29 December 2001 and 24 January 2004 . Jump up ^ Retitled and re-edited as 25 Years of Alright on the Night for a subsequent repeat on 12 April 2003 . Jump up ^ A subsequent repeat aired on 28 December 2002 . Jump up ^ A subsequent repeat aired on 22 March 2005 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 21 February 2004 and 29 March 2005 . Jump up ^ A subsequent repeat aired on 21 June 2005 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 28 June and 31 December 2005 . Jump up ^ Scheduled to be aired on 2 July 2018 , but was moved five days later due to the England v Colombia World Cup game going into extra time . Unfortunately , the 7 July 2018 date was moved again to 22 August 2018 due to the Russia v Croatia World Cup game going into extra time . Jump up ^ Scheduled to be aired on 3 July 2018 , but was moved to exactly , a week later due to the England v Colombia World Cup game going into extra time . Unfortunately , the 10 July 2018 date was moved to 29 August 2018 due to the Russia v Croatia World Cup game going into extra time . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 20 August 1995 and 10 December 1999 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 23 May 1998 , 7 May 1999 , 20 May 2000 and 7 July 2001 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 3 December 1999 and 15 July 2000 . Jump up ^ Subsequent repeats aired on 8 July 2000 and 9 May 2001 . Jump up ^ A subsequent repeat aired on 23 June 2001 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Houghton , Rianne ( 28 June 2018 ) . `` David Walliams to host new It 'll be Alright on the Night '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . External links ( edit ) It 'll be Alright on the Night on Twitter . BBC Cult TV British Film Institute page It 'll be Alright on the Night on IMDb . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27ll_Be_Alright_on_the_Night&oldid=861216651 '' Categories : 1970s British comedy television series 1980s British comedy television series 1990s British comedy television series 2000s British comedy television series 2010s British comedy television series 1977 British television programme debuts Blooper shows ITV comedy London Weekend Television programmes Television series by ITV Studios English - language television programs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2015 Use British English from December 2015 Articles needing additional references from June 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 September 2018 , at 22 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has presented it'll be alright on the night | [
"It'll be Alright on the NightPresented by\nDenis Norden (1977–2006)Griff Rhys Jones (2008–2016) Narrated by\nDavid Walliams (2018–) Composer(s)\nRod Argent &Peter Van Hooke (1990–2006)Music 4 (2008–)Country of origin\nUnited KingdomOriginal language(s)\nEnglishNo. of episodes\n42ProductionProduction location(s)\nThe London Studios (1977-2016)Running time\n45-60 minutes (including adverts)Production company(s)\nLWT (1977–2004)Granada (2004–2005)ITV Productions (2006–2008)ITV Studios (2011–)ReleaseOriginal network\nChannel 4 (one episode),ITV, STV, UTVPicture format\n4:3 (1977–2001)16:9 (2001–)Original release\n18 September 1977 (1977-09-18) – present (present)ChronologyRelated shows\nAuntie's BloomersOuttake TVTV's Bloopers &Practical JokesTV's Naughtiest Blunders",
"It'll be Alright on the NightPresented by\nDenis Norden (1977–2006)Griff Rhys Jones (2008–2016) Narrated by\nDavid Walliams (2018–) Composer(s)\nRod Argent &Peter Van Hooke (1990–2006)Music 4 (2008–)Country of origin\nUnited KingdomOriginal language(s)\nEnglishNo. of episodes\n42ProductionProduction location(s)\nThe London Studios (1977-2016)Running time\n45-60 minutes (including adverts)Production company(s)\nLWT (1977–2004)Granada (2004–2005)ITV Productions (2006–2008)ITV Studios (2011–)ReleaseOriginal network\nChannel 4 (one episode),ITV, STV, UTVPicture format\n4:3 (1977–2001)16:9 (2001–)Original release\n18 September 1977 (1977-09-18) – present (present)ChronologyRelated shows\nAuntie's BloomersOuttake TVTV's Bloopers &Practical JokesTV's Naughtiest Blunders"
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"Denis Norden",
"Griff Rhys Jones"
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7634339609587547667 | Siege of Petersburg | Siege of Petersburg - wikipedia Siege of Petersburg Jump to : navigation , search For the American Revolutionary War battle known as the `` Battle of Petersburg '' , see Battle of Blandford . For the World War II battle , see Siege of Leningrad . Siege of Petersburg Part of the American Civil War The `` Dictator '' siege mortar at Petersburg . In the foreground , the figure on the right is Brig. Gen. Henry J. Hunt , chief of artillery of the Army of the Potomac . Date June 9 , 1864 -- March 25 , 1865 ( 9 months , 2 weeks and 2 days ) Location Petersburg , Virginia Result Union victory Belligerents United States Confederate States Commanders and leaders Ulysses S. Grant George Meade Benjamin Butler Robert E. Lee P.G.T. Beauregard Units involved Army of the Potomac Army of the James Army of Northern Virginia Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia Strength 67,000 -- 125,000 ∼ 52,000 Casualties and losses 42,000 ( estimate ) 28,000 ( estimate ) Richmond -- Petersburg Campaign ( Siege of Petersburg ) 1st Petersburg 2nd Petersburg Jerusalem Plank Road Wilson - Kautz Raid Staunton River Bridge Sappony Church 1st Ream 's Station 1st Deep Bottom Crater 2nd Deep Bottom Globe Tavern 2nd Ream 's Station Beefsteak Raid Chaffin 's Farm Peebles ' Farm Vaughan Road Darbytown & New Market Roads Darbytown Road Fair Oaks & Darbytown Road Boydton Plank Road Trent 's Reach Hatcher 's Run Fort Stedman The Richmond -- Petersburg Campaign was a series of battles around Petersburg , Virginia , fought from June 9 , 1864 , to March 25 , 1865 , during the American Civil War . Although it is more popularly known as the Siege of Petersburg , it was not a classic military siege , in which a city is usually surrounded and all supply lines are cut off , nor was it strictly limited to actions against Petersburg . The campaign consisted of nine months of trench warfare in which Union forces commanded by Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant assaulted Petersburg unsuccessfully and then constructed trench lines that eventually extended over 30 miles ( 48 km ) from the eastern outskirts of Richmond , Virginia , to around the eastern and southern outskirts of Petersburg . Petersburg was crucial to the supply of Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee 's army and the Confederate capital of Richmond . Numerous raids were conducted and battles fought in attempts to cut off the Richmond and Petersburg Railroad . Many of these battles caused the lengthening of the trench lines . Lee finally gave in to the pressure and abandoned both cities in April 1865 , leading to his retreat and surrender at Appomattox Court House . The Siege of Petersburg foreshadowed the trench warfare that was common in World War I , earning it a prominent position in military history . It also featured the war 's largest concentration of African American troops , who suffered heavy casualties at such engagements as the Battle of the Crater and Chaffin 's Farm . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Military situation 2 Opposing forces 2.1 Union 2.2 Confederate 2.3 Comparison between Union and Confederate armies 2.4 Role of Negroes 3 Initial attempts to capture Petersburg 3.1 Butler 's assault ( June 9 ) 3.2 Meade 's assaults ( June 15 -- 18 , 1864 ) 4 Initial attempts to cut the railroads ( June 21 -- 30 ) 4.1 Jerusalem Plank Road ( June 21 -- 23 ) 4.2 Wilson - Kautz Raid ( June 22 -- July 1 ) 5 First Battle of Deep Bottom ( July 27 -- 29 ) 6 The Crater ( July 30 ) 7 Second Deep Bottom ( August 14 -- 20 ) 8 Operations against the Weldon Railroad 8.1 Globe Tavern ( August 18 -- 21 ) 8.2 Second Reams Station ( August 25 ) 9 Beefsteak Raid ( September 14 -- 17 ) 10 Union offensives , late September 10.1 New Market Heights ( September 29 -- 30 ) 10.2 Peebles Farm ( September 30 -- October 2 ) 11 Actions near Richmond , October 11.1 Darbytown and New Market Roads ( October 7 ) 11.2 Darbytown Road ( October 13 ) 11.3 Fair Oaks and Darbytown Road ( October 27 -- 28 ) 12 Boydton Plank Road ( October 27 -- 28 ) 13 Hatcher 's Run ( February 5 -- 7 , 1865 ) 14 Confederate breakout attempt at Fort Stedman ( March 25 ) 15 Aftermath 16 Classifying the campaigns 17 Battlefield preservation 18 See also 19 Notes 20 References 21 Further reading 22 External links Background ( edit ) Military situation ( edit ) Main article : Eastern Theater of the American Civil War Further information : American Civil War Soldiers in the trenches . Trench warfare would appear again more infamously in World War I In March 1864 , Ulysses S. Grant was promoted to lieutenant general and was given command of the Union Army . He devised a coordinated strategy to apply pressure on the Confederacy from many points , something President Abraham Lincoln had urged his generals to do from the beginning of the war . Grant put Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman in immediate command of all forces in the West and moved his own headquarters to be with the Army of the Potomac ( still commanded by Maj. Gen. George G. Meade ) in Virginia , where he intended to maneuver Lee 's army to a decisive battle ; his secondary objective was to capture Richmond ( the capital of the Confederacy ) , but Grant knew that the latter would happen automatically once the former was accomplished . His coordinated strategy called for Grant and Meade to attack Lee from the north , while Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler drove toward Richmond from the southeast ; Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel to control the Shenandoah Valley ; Sherman to invade Georgia , defeat Gen. Joseph E. Johnston , and capture Atlanta ; Brig . Gens . George Crook and William W. Averell to operate against railroad supply lines in West Virginia ; and Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks to capture Mobile , Alabama . Most of these initiatives failed , often because of the assignment of generals to Grant for political rather than military reasons . Butler 's Army of the James bogged down against inferior forces under Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard before Richmond in the Bermuda Hundred Campaign . Sigel was soundly defeated at the Battle of New Market in May and soon afterward he was replaced by Maj. Gen. David Hunter . Banks was distracted by the Red River Campaign and failed to move on Mobile . However , Crook and Averell were able to cut the last railway linking Virginia and Tennessee , and Sherman 's Atlanta Campaign was a success , although it dragged on through the fall . On May 4 , Grant and Meade 's Army of the Potomac crossed the Rapidan River and entered the area known as the Wilderness of Spotsylvania , beginning the six - week Overland Campaign . At the bloody but tactically inconclusive Battle of the Wilderness ( May 5 -- 7 ) and Battle of Spotsylvania Court House ( May 8 -- 21 ) , Grant failed to destroy Lee 's army but , unlike his predecessors , did not retreat after the battles ; he repeatedly moved his army leftward to the southeast in a campaign that kept Lee on the defensive and moved ever closer to Richmond . Grant spent the remainder of May maneuvering and fighting minor battles with the Confederate army as he attempted to turn Lee 's flank and lure him into the open . Grant knew that his larger army and base of manpower in the North could sustain a war of attrition better than Lee and the Confederacy could . This theory was tested at the Battle of Cold Harbor ( May 31 -- June 12 ) when Grant 's army once again came into contact with Lee 's near Mechanicsville . He chose to engage Lee 's army directly , by ordering a frontal assault on the Confederate fortified positions on June 3 . This attack was repulsed with heavy losses . Cold Harbor was a battle that Grant regretted more than any other and Northern newspapers thereafter frequently referred to him as a `` butcher '' . Although Grant suffered high losses during the campaign -- approximately 50,000 casualties , or 41 % -- Lee lost even higher percentages of his men -- approximately 32,000 , or 46 % -- losses that could not be replaced . On the night of June 12 , Grant again advanced by his left flank , marching to the James River . He planned to cross to the south bank of the river , bypassing Richmond , and isolate Richmond by seizing the railroad junction of Petersburg to the south . While Lee remained unaware of Grant 's intentions , the Union army constructed a pontoon bridge 2,100 feet ( 640 m ) long and crossed the James River on June 14 -- 18 . What Lee had feared most of all -- that Grant would force him into a siege of Richmond -- was poised to occur . Petersburg , a prosperous city of 18,000 , was a supply center for Richmond , given its strategic location just south of Richmond , its site on the Appomattox River that provided navigable access to the James River , and its role as a major crossroads and junction for five railroads . Since Petersburg was the main supply base and rail depot for the entire region , including Richmond , the taking of Petersburg by Union forces would make it impossible for Lee to continue defending Richmond ( the Confederate capital ) . This represented a change of strategy from that of the preceding Overland Campaign , in which confronting and defeating Lee 's army in the open was the primary goal . Now , Grant selected a geographic and political target and knew that his superior resources could besiege Lee there , pin him down , and either starve him into submission or lure him out for a decisive battle . Lee at first believed that Grant 's main target was Richmond and devoted only minimal troops under Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard to the defense of Petersburg . Opposing forces ( edit ) Union ( edit ) Further information : Union order of battle at Second Petersburg , Union order of battle at First Deep Bottom , Union order of battle at the Crater , Union order of battle at Globe Tavern , Union order of battle at Chaffin 's Farm , Union order of battle at Boydton Plank Road Key Union commanders Lt. Gen . Ulysses S. Grant Maj. Gen . George G. Meade Maj. Gen . Benjamin Butler At the beginning of the campaign , Grant 's Union forces consisted of the Army of the Potomac , under Maj. Gen. George G. Meade , and the Army of the James , under Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler . The Army of the Potomac included : II Corps , under Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock , including the divisions of Maj . Gens . David B. Birney and John Gibbon and Brig. Gen. Francis C. Barlow . V Corps , under Maj. Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren , including the divisions of Brig . Gens . Charles Griffin , Romeyn B. Ayres , Samuel W. Crawford , and Lysander Cutler . VI Corps , under Maj. Gen. Horatio G. Wright , including the divisions of Brig . Gens . David A. Russell , Thomas H. Neill , and James B. Ricketts . ( The VI Corps was on detached service in the Shenandoah Valley from mid-July to early December 1864 . ) IX Corps , under Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside , including the divisions of Brig . Gens . James H. Ledlie , Robert B. Potter , Orlando B. Willcox , and Edward Ferrero ( the latter division being manned by United States Colored Troops ) . Maj. Gen. John G. Parke replaced Burnside after the Battle of the Crater . Cavalry Corps , under Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan , including the divisions of Brig . Gens . Alfred T.A. Torbert , David McM . Gregg , and James H. Wilson . Sheridan and much of his command were on detached service in the Shenandoah Valley from mid-July 1864 to late March 1865 . Upon their return , Sheridan often referred to his Cavalry Corps as the Army of the Shenandoah , reflecting their role in the Valley Campaigns of 1864 . The Army of the James included : X Corps , under Brig. Gen. Alfred H. Terry , including the divisions of Brig . Gens . Robert S. Foster and Adelbert Ames . XVIII Corps , under Maj. Gen. William F. `` Baldy '' Smith , including the divisions of Brig . Gens . William T.H. Brooks , John H. Martindale , and Edward W. Hinks ( the latter also a USCT division ) . XXIV Corps , under Maj. Gen. Edward O.C. Ord , including the divisions of Brig. Gen. Robert S. Foster , Maj. Gen. Thomas M. Harris , and Brig. Gen. Charles Devens . XXV Corps , under Maj. Gen. Godfrey Weitzel , including the divisions of Brig . Gens . Charles J. Paine , William Birney , and Edward A. Wild . Cavalry Division , under Brig. Gen. August Kautz . On December 3 , 1864 , the racially integrated X Corps and XVIII Corps were reorganized to become the all - white XXIV Corps and the all - black ( officers excepted ) XXV Corps . Grant made his headquarters in a cabin on the lawn of Appomattox Manor , the home of Dr. Richard Eppes and the oldest home ( built in 1763 ) in what was then City Point , but is now Hopewell , Virginia . Confederate ( edit ) Further information : Confederate order of battle Key Confederate commanders Gen . Robert E. Lee Gen . P.G.T. Beauregard Lt. Gen . James Longstreet Lt. Gen . Richard S. Ewell Lt. Gen . A.P. Hill Lee 's Confederate force consisted of his own Army of Northern Virginia , as well as a scattered , disorganized group of 10,000 men defending Richmond under Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard . Many of the men under Beauregard 's command consisted of soldiers who were either too young or too old to fight in the Army of Northern Virginia , or men who had been discharged from Lee 's army due to wounds that rendered them unfit for service . The Army of Northern Virginia was initially organized into four corps : First Corps , under Lt. Gen. Richard H. Anderson , including the divisions of Maj . Gens . George E. Pickett , Charles W. Field , and Joseph B. Kershaw . Lt. Gen. James Longstreet returned from medical leave and resumed command of the corps on October 19 . Anderson was given command of the new Fourth Corps , which included the division of Maj. Gen. Bushrod R. Johnson . Second Corps , under Lt. Gen. Jubal A. Early , was detached on June 12 for operations in the Shenandoah Valley and played no direct role in the defense of Petersburg . Third Corps , under Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill , including the divisions of Maj . Gens . Henry Heth and Cadmus M. Wilcox and Brig. Gen. William Mahone . Cavalry Corps , under Maj. Gen. Wade Hampton , including the divisions of Maj . Gens . Fitzhugh Lee and W.H.F. `` Rooney '' Lee . Beauregard 's Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia had four depleted divisions commanded by Maj . Gens . Robert Ransom , Jr. , Robert F. Hoke , and William H.C. Whiting , and Brig. Gen. Alfred H. Colquitt . ( Later in the campaign , Beauregard 's department was expanded and reorganized to consist of the divisions of Maj . Gens . Hoke and Bushrod Johnson ) . Comparison between Union and Confederate armies ( edit ) Grant 's armies were significantly larger than Lee 's during the campaign , although the strengths varied . During the initial assaults on the city , 15,000 Federal troops faced about 5,400 men under Beauregard . By June 18 , the Federal strength exceeded 67,000 against the Confederate 20,000 . More typical of the full campaign was in mid-July , when 70,000 Union troops faced 36,000 Confederates around Petersburg , and 40,000 men under Butler faced 21,000 around Richmond . The Union Army , despite suffering horrific losses during the Overland Campaign , was able to replenish its soldiers and equipment , taking advantage of garrison troops from Washington , D.C. , and the increasing availability of African - American soldiers . By the end of the siege , Grant had 125,000 men to begin the Appomattox Campaign . The Confederate army , in contrast , had difficulty replacing men lost through battle , disease , and desertion . As a result of this severe lack of manpower facing the Confederates , when Beauregard 's men occupied the trenches around the city , there were gaps in the line of up to 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) between men . Role of negroes ( edit ) Main article : Negroes at the Siege of Petersburg Negroes were present at Petersburg on both sides of the conflict . United States Colored Troops fought with the Union Army , while other negroes worked at Union supply depots . On the side of the Confederacy , enslaved and free negroes dug trenches around Petersburg . Initial attempts to capture Petersburg ( edit ) Butler 's assault ( June 9 ) ( edit ) Further information : First Battle of Petersburg Confederate Trenches . Fascine Trench Breastworks , Petersburg , Va . -- NARA -- 524792 Richmond -- Petersburg Theater , fall 1864 Confederate Union While Lee and Grant faced each other after Cold Harbor , Benjamin Butler became aware that Confederate troops had been moving north to reinforce Lee , leaving the defenses of Petersburg in a vulnerable state . Sensitive to his failure in the Bermuda Hundred Campaign , Butler sought to achieve a success to vindicate his generalship . He wrote , `` the capture of Petersburg lay near my heart . '' Petersburg was protected by multiple lines of fortifications , the outermost of which was known as the Dimmock Line , a line of earthworks and trenches 10 miles ( 16 km ) long , with 55 redoubts , east of the city . The 2,500 Confederates stretched thin along this defensive line were commanded by a former Virginia governor , Brig. Gen. Henry A. Wise . Despite the number of fortifications , because of a series of hills and valleys around the outskirts of Petersburg there were several places along the outer defenses where cavalry could easily ride through undetected until they reached the inner defenses of the city . Butler 's plan was formulated on the afternoon of June 8 , 1864 , calling for three columns to cross the Appomattox and advance with 4,500 men . The first and second consisted of infantry from Maj. Gen. Quincy A. Gillmore 's X Corps and U.S. Colored Troops from Brig. Gen. Edward W. Hinks 's 3rd Division of XVIII Corps , which was to attack the Dimmock Line east of the city . The third was 1,300 cavalrymen under Brig. Gen. August Kautz , who were to sweep around Petersburg and strike it from the southeast . The troops moved out on the night of June 8 , but made poor progress . Eventually the infantry crossed by 3 : 40 a.m. on June 9 and by 7 a.m. , both Gillmore and Hinks had encountered the enemy , but stopped at their fronts . Gillmore told Hinks that he would attack but that both of the infantry columns should await the cavalry assault from the south . Kautz 's men did not arrive until noon , however , having been delayed en route by numerous enemy pickets . They assaulted the Dimmock Line where it crossed the Jerusalem Plank Road ( present - day U.S. Route 301 , Crater Road ) . The Confederates ' Battery 27 , also known as Rives 's Salient , was manned by 150 militiamen commanded by Maj . Fletcher H. Archer . Kautz first launched a probing attack , then paused . His main attack was by the 11th Pennsylvania Cavalry against the Home Guard , a group consisting primarily of teenagers , elderly men , and some wounded soldiers from city hospitals . The Home Guards retreated to the city with heavy losses , but by this time Beauregard had been able to bring reinforcements from Richmond to bear , which were able to repulse the Union assault . Kautz , hearing no activity on Gillmore 's front , presumed that he was left on his own and withdrew . Confederate casualties were about 80 , Union 40 . Butler was furious with Gillmore 's timidity and incompetence and arrested him . Gillmore requested a court of inquiry , which was never convened , but Grant later reassigned him and the incident was dropped . Meade 's assaults ( June 15 -- 18 , 1864 ) ( edit ) Further information : Second Battle of Petersburg Siege of Petersburg , assaults on June 15 -- 18 Grant selected Butler 's Army of the James , which had performed poorly in the Bermuda Hundred Campaign , to lead the expedition toward Petersburg . On June 14 he directed Butler to augment the XVIII Corps , commanded by Brig. Gen. William F. `` Baldy '' Smith , to a strength of 16,000 men , including Kautz 's cavalry division , and use the same route employed in the unsuccessful attacks of June 9 . Since Beauregard had insufficient men available to defend the entire Dimmock Line , he concentrated 2,200 troops under Brig. Gen. Henry A. Wise in the northeastern sector . Even with this concentration , infantrymen were spaced an unacceptable 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) apart . His remaining 3,200 men were facing Butler 's army at Bermuda Hundred . Baldy Smith and his men crossed the Appomattox shortly after dawn on June 15 . Kautz 's cavalry , leading the advance , encountered an unexpected stronghold at Baylor 's farm northeast of Petersburg . Brig. Gen. Edward W. Hinks 's men launched two attacks on the Confederates and captured a cannon , but the overall advance was delayed until early afternoon . Smith started his attack after delaying until about 7 p.m. , deploying a strong skirmish line that swept over the earthworks on a 3.5 - mile ( 5.6 km ) front , causing the Confederates to retreat to a weaker defensive line on Harrison 's Creek . Despite this initial success and the prospect of a virtually undefended city immediately to his front , Smith decided to wait until dawn to resume his attack . By this time Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock , the II Corps commander , had arrived at Smith 's headquarters . The normally decisive and pugnacious Hancock , who outranked Smith , was uncertain of his orders and the disposition of forces , and uncharacteristically deferred to Smith 's judgment to wait . Beauregard wrote later that Petersburg `` at that hour was clearly at the mercy of the Federal commander , who had all but captured it . '' But he used the time he had been granted to good advantage . Receiving no guidance from Richmond in response to his urgent requests , he unilaterally decided to strip his defenses from the Howlett Line , which was bottling up Butler 's army in Bermuda Hundred , making the divisions of Maj . Gens . Robert Hoke and Bushrod Johnson available for the new Petersburg defensive line . Butler might have used this opportunity to move his army between Petersburg and Richmond , which would have doomed the Confederate capital , but he once again failed to act . By the morning of June 16 , Beauregard had concentrated about 14,000 men in his defensive line , but this paled in comparison to the 50,000 federals that now faced him . Grant had arrived with Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside 's IX Corps , addressed the confusion of Hancock 's orders , and ordered a reconnaissance for weak points in the defensive line . Hancock , in temporary command of the Army of the Potomac until Maj. Gen. George G. Meade arrived , prepared Smith 's XVIII corps on the right , his own II Corps in the center , and Burnside 's IX Corps on the left . Hancock 's assault began around 5 : 30 p.m. as all three corps moved slowly forward . Beauregard 's men fought fiercely , erecting new breastworks to the rear as breakthroughs occurred . Upon the arrival of General Meade , a second attack was ordered and Brig. Gen. Francis C. Barlow led his division forward . Although Barlow 's men managed to capture their objectives , a counterattack drove them back , taking numerous Union prisoners . The survivors dug in close to the enemy works . June 17 was a day of uncoordinated Union attacks , starting on the left flank where two brigades of Burnside 's IX Corps under Brig. Gen. Robert B. Potter stealthily approached the Confederate line and launched a surprise attack at dawn . Initially successful , it captured nearly a mile of the Confederate fortifications and about 600 prisoners , but the effort eventually failed when Potter 's men moved forward to find another line of entrenchments . IX Corps assaults at 2 p.m. , led by the brigade of Brig. Gen. John F. Hartranft , and in the evening , by Brig. Gen. James H. Ledlie 's division , both failed . During the day , Beauregard 's engineers had laid out new defensive positions a mile to the west of the Dimmock Line , which the Confederates occupied late that night . Robert E. Lee had systematically ignored all of Beauregard 's pleas for reinforcements until now , but dispatched two divisions of his men , exhausted from the Overland Campaign , to Petersburg , beginning at 3 a.m. on June 18 . With the arrival of Lee 's two divisions , under Maj. Gen. Joseph B. Kershaw and Charles W. Field , Beauregard had over 20,000 men to defend the city , but Grant 's force had been augmented by the arrival of Maj. Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren 's V Corps and 67,000 Federals were present . On the morning of June 18 , Meade went into a rage directed at his corps commanders because of his army 's failure to take the initiative and break through the thinly defended Confederate positions and seize the city . He ordered the entire Army of the Potomac to attack the Confederate defenses . The first Union attack began at dawn , started by the II and XVIII Corps on the Union right . The II Corps was surprised to make rapid progress against the Confederate line , not realizing that Beauregard had moved it back the night before . When they encountered the second line , the attack immediately ground to a halt and the corps suffered under heavy Confederate fire for hours . By noon , another attack plan had been devised to break through the Confederate defenses . However , by this time , elements of Lee 's army had reinforced Beauregard 's troops . By the time the Union attack was renewed , Lee himself had taken command of the defenses . Maj. Gen. Orlando B. Willcox 's division of the IX Corps led the renewed attack but it suffered significant losses in the marsh and open fields crossed by Taylor 's Branch . Warren 's V Corps was halted by murderous fire from Rives 's Salient , an attack in which Col. Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain , commanding the 1st Brigade , First Division , V Corps , was severely wounded . At 6 : 30 p.m. , Meade ordered a final assault , which also failed with more horrendous losses . One of the leading regiments was the 1st Maine Heavy Artillery Regiment , which lost 632 of 900 men in the assault , the heaviest single - battle loss of any regiment during the entire war . Having achieved almost no gains from four days of assaults , and with Lincoln facing re-election in the upcoming months in the face of a loud public outcry against the casualty figures , Meade ordered his army to dig in , starting the ten - month siege . During the four days of fighting , Union casualties were 11,386 ( 1,688 killed , 8,513 wounded , 1,185 missing or captured ) , Confederate 4,000 ( 200 killed , 2,900 wounded , 900 missing or captured ) . Initial attempts to cut the railroads ( June 21 -- 30 ) ( edit ) After failing to capture Petersburg by assault , Grant 's first objective was secure the three remaining open rail lines that served Petersburg and Richmond : the Richmond and Petersburg Railroad ; the South Side Railroad , which reached to Lynchburg in the west ; and the Weldon Railroad , also called the Petersburg and Weldon Railroad , which led to Weldon , North Carolina , and the Confederacy 's only remaining major port , Wilmington , North Carolina . Grant decided on a wide - ranging cavalry raid ( the Wilson - Kautz Raid ) against the South Side and Weldon railroads , but he also directed that a significant infantry force be sent against the Weldon closer to his current position . Meade selected the II Corps , still temporarily commanded by Birney , and Wright 's VI Corps . Jerusalem Plank Road ( June 21 -- 23 ) ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road Siege of Petersburg , movements against the railroads and A.P. Hill 's counterattack , June 21 -- 22 On June 21 , elements of the II Corps probed toward the railroad and skirmished with Confederate cavalry . By the morning of June 22 , a gap opened up between the two corps . While the II Corps moved forward , the VI Corps encountered Confederate troops from Maj. Gen. Cadmus Wilcox 's division of Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill 's corps and they began to entrench rather than advance . Brig. Gen. William Mahone observed that the gap between the two Union corps was widening , creating a prime target . Mahone had been a railroad engineer before the war and had personally surveyed this area south of Petersburg , so he was familiar with a ravine that could be used to hide the approach of a Confederate attack column . At 3 p.m. , Mahone 's men emerged in the rear of the II Corps division of Brig. Gen. Francis C. Barlow , catching them by surprise , and Barlow 's division quickly collapsed . The division of Brig. Gen. John Gibbon , which had erected earthworks , was also surprised by an attack from the rear and many of the regiments ran for safety . The II Corps troops rallied around earthworks that they had constructed on the night of June 21 and stabilized their lines . Darkness ended the fighting . On June 23 , the II Corps advanced to retake its lost ground , but the Confederates had pulled back , abandoning the earthworks they had captured . Under orders from General Meade , the VI Corps sent out a heavy skirmish line after 10 a.m. in a second attempt to reach the Weldon Railroad . Men from Brig. Gen. Lewis A. Grant 's 1st Vermont Brigade had begun tearing up track when they were attacked by a larger force of Confederate infantry . Numerous Vermonters were taken prisoner and only about half a mile of track had been destroyed when they were chased away . Meade was unable to urge Wright forward and called off the operation . Union casualties were 2,962 , Confederate 572 . The battle was inconclusive , with advantages gained on both sides . The Confederates were able to retain control of the Weldon Railroad . The Federals were able to destroy a short segment of the Weldon before being driven off , but more importantly , the siege lines were stretched further to the west . Wilson - Kautz raid ( June 22 -- July 1 ) ( edit ) Further information : Wilson - Kautz Raid , Battle of Staunton River Bridge , Battle of Sappony Church , and First Battle of Ream 's Station Wilson - Kautz Raid , June 22 -- July 1 In parallel to Birney 's and Wright 's infantry action at the Jerusalem Plank Road , Brig. Gen. James H. Wilson was ordered by Meade to conduct a raid destroying as much track as possible south and southwest of Petersburg . Grant considered Wilson 's 3rd Division of the Cavalry Corps too small to conduct the operation alone -- particularly since Meade required Wilson to leave 1,400 men behind for picket duty -- so he directed Butler to contribute Brig. Gen. August Kautz 's small division ( 2,000 troopers ) to the effort . Early on the morning of June 22 , 3,300 men , and 12 guns organized into two batteries , departed Mount Sinai Church and began to destroy railroad track and cars of the Weldon Railroad at Reams Station , 7 miles ( 11 km ) south of Petersburg . Kautz 's men moved to the west to Ford 's Station and began destroying track , locomotives , and cars on the South Side Railroad . On June 23 , Wilson proceeded to the junction of the Richmond and Danville Railroad at Burkeville , where he encountered elements of Rooney Lee 's cavalry between Nottoway Court House and Black 's and White 's ( modern - day Blackstone ) . The Confederates struck the rear of his column , forcing Col. George A. Chapman 's brigade to fend them off . Wilson followed Kautz along the South Side Railroad , destroying about 30 miles ( 50 km ) of track as they went . On June 24 , while Kautz remained skirmishing around Burkeville , Wilson crossed over to Meherrin Station on the Richmond and Danville and began destroying track . On June 25 , Wilson and Kautz continued tearing up track south to the Staunton River Bridge at Roanoke Station ( modern - day Randolph ) , where they encountered approximately 1,000 `` Old Men and Boys '' ( the Home Guard ) , commanded by Capt . Benjamin L. Farinholt , dug in with earthworks and prepared artillery positions at the bridge . The Battle of Staunton River Bridge was a minor affair in which Kautz attempted multiple frontal assaults against the Home Guard , but his men never came closer than 80 yards ( 73 m ) . Lee 's cavalry division closed on the Federals from the northeast and skirmished with Wilson 's rear guard . Casualties on the Union side amounted to 42 killed , 44 wounded , and 30 missing or captured ; Confederate losses were 10 killed and 24 wounded . Kautz 's men gave up and retreated to the railroad depot at 9 p.m. Despite these relatively minor losses , the two Union cavalry generals decided to abandon their mission , leaving the Staunton River bridge intact and having inflicted only minor damage on the railroads . Commanders of the Wilson - Kautz Raid Brig. Gen . James H. Wilson Brig. Gen . August Kautz As Wilson and Kautz turned back to the east after their defeat at Staunton River Bridge , Rooney Lee 's cavalry pursued and threatened their rear . Meanwhile , Robert E. Lee ordered Maj. Gen. Wade Hampton 's cavalry , which had been engaged with Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan 's cavalry at the Battle of Trevilian Station on June 11 -- 12 , to join the pursuit and attack Wilson and Kautz . Before leaving on his raid , Wilson had received assurances from Meade 's chief of staff , Maj. Gen. Andrew A. Humphreys , that the Army of the Potomac would be immediately taking control of the Weldon Railroad at least as far south as Reams Station , so Wilson decided that would be an appropriate place to return to Union lines . The Union defeat at Jerusalem Plank Road made those assurances inoperable . Wilson and Kautz were surprised on the afternoon of June 28 when they reached Stony Creek Station , 10 miles ( 16 km ) south of Reams , as hundreds of Hampton 's cavalrymen ( under Brig. Gen. John R. Chambliss ) and infantry blocked their path . In the Battle of Sappony Church , Wilson 's men tried to break through , but had to fall back when Confederate Brig. Gen. Matthew C. Butler and Thomas L. Rosser threatened to envelop Wilson 's left flank . Kautz 's division , following Wilson 's , took a back road in the direction of Reams Station and was attacked by Rooney Lee 's division late in the day . The Union cavalrymen were able to slip out of the trap under the cover of darkness and rode north on the Halifax Road for the supposed security of Reams Station . `` Dictator '' siege mortar on the U.S. Military Railroad at Petersburg In the First Battle of Reams Station on June 29 , Kautz approached Reams Station from the west expecting to find the friendly infantry promised by Humphreys , but found Confederate infantry instead -- Mahone 's division blocking the approaches to the Halifax Road and the railroad behind well constructed earthworks . Kautz 's attack by the 11th Pennsylvania and the 1st District of Columbia Cavalry along the Depot Road was unsuccessful and Mahone counterattacked against the flank of the Pennsylvanians . On the Stage Road to the north of the station , the brigades of Brig. Gen. Lunsford L. Lomax and Williams C. Wickham maneuvered around the 2nd Ohio Cavalry and 5th New York Cavalry , turning the Federal left flank . Wilson sent a messenger north who was able to slip through the Confederate lines and urgently requested help from Meade at City Point . Meade alerted Wright to prepare to move his entire VI Corps to Reams Station , but he realized that it would take too long on foot and requested help from Phil Sheridan 's cavalry as well . Sheridan demurred , complaining of the effect on his `` worn - out horses and exhausted men . '' After the war , arguments persisted between Sheridan and Wilson about whether the former had adequately protected the raiders from the Confederate cavalry of Hampton and Fitzhugh Lee . Sheridan did reach Reams Station by 7 p.m. , only to find that the VI Corps infantry had in fact arrived but that Wilson and Kautz had departed . Caught in a trap without promise of immediate aid , the Wilson - Kautz raiders burned their wagons and destroyed their artillery pieces and fled to the north before the reinforcements arrived . They lost hundreds of men as prisoners in what was called `` a wild skedaddle . '' At least 300 escaped slaves who had joined the Union cavalrymen during the raid were abandoned during the retreat . The raiders reentered Federal lines around 2 p.m. on July 1 . They had destroyed 60 miles ( 97 km ) of track , which took the Confederates several weeks to repair , but it came at the cost of 1,445 Union casualties , or about a quarter of their force ( Wilson lost 33 killed , 108 wounded , and 674 captured or missing ; Kautz lost 48 killed , 153 wounded , and 429 captured or missing ) . Although Wilson counted the raid as a strategic success , Ulysses S. Grant reluctantly described the expedition as a `` disaster . '' First Battle of Deep Bottom ( July 27 -- 29 ) ( edit ) Further information : First Battle of Deep Bottom First Battle of Deep Bottom , July 27 -- 29 In preparation for the forthcoming Battle of the Crater , Grant wanted Lee to dilute his forces in the Petersburg trenches by attracting them elsewhere . He ordered Hancock 's II Corps and two divisions of Sheridan 's Cavalry Corps to cross the river to Deep Bottom by pontoon bridge and advance against the Confederate capital . His plan called for Hancock to pin down the Confederates at Chaffin 's Bluff and prevent reinforcements from opposing Sheridan 's cavalry , which would attack Richmond if practicable . If not -- a circumstance Grant considered more likely -- Sheridan was ordered to ride around the city to the north and west and cut the Virginia Central Railroad , which was supplying Richmond from the Shenandoah Valley . When Lee found out about Hancock 's pending movement , he ordered that the Richmond lines be reinforced to 16,500 men . Maj. Gen. Joseph B. Kershaw 's division and brigades from Maj. Gen. Cadmus M. Wilcox 's division moved east on New Market Road and took up positions on the eastern face of New Market Heights . Hancock and Sheridan crossed the pontoon bridge starting at 3 a.m. , July 27 . The II Corps took up positions on the east bank of Bailey 's Creek , from New Market Road to near Fussell 's Mill . Sheridan 's cavalry captured the high ground on the right , overlooking the millpond , but they were counterattacked and driven back . The Confederate works on the west bank of Bailey 's Creek were formidable and Hancock chose not to attack them , spending the rest of the day performing reconnaissance . While Hancock was stymied at Bailey 's Creek , Robert E. Lee began bringing up more reinforcements from Petersburg , reacting as Grant had hoped . He assigned Lt. Gen. Richard H. Anderson to take command of the Deep Bottom sector and sent in Maj. Gen. Henry Heth 's infantry division and Maj. Gen. W.H.F. `` Rooney '' Lee 's cavalry division . Troops were also hurriedly detailed from the Department of Richmond to help man the trenches . On the morning of July 28 , Grant reinforced Hancock with a brigade of the XIX Corps . Sheridan 's men attempted to turn the Confederate left , but their movement was disrupted by a Confederate attack . Three brigades attacked Sheridan 's right flank , but they were unexpectedly hit by heavy fire from the Union repeating carbines . Mounted Federals in Sheridan 's reserve pursued and captured nearly 200 prisoners . No further combat occurred and the expedition against Richmond and its railroads was terminated on the afternoon of July 28 . Satisfied that the operation had distracted sufficient Confederate forces from his front , General Grant determined to proceed with the assault against the Crater on July 30 . Union casualties at the First Battle of Deep Bottom were 488 ( 62 killed , 340 wounded , and 86 missing or captured ) ; Confederate casualties were 679 ( 80 killed , 391 wounded , 208 missing or captured ) . The Crater ( July 30 ) ( edit ) Further information : Battle of the Crater Siege of Petersburg , Battle of the Crater , July 30 Grant wanted to defeat Lee 's army without resorting to a lengthy siege -- his experience in the Siege of Vicksburg told him that such affairs were expensive and difficult on the morale of his men . Lt. Col. Henry Pleasants , commanding the 48th Pennsylvania Infantry of Maj. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside 's IX Corps , offered a novel proposal to solve Grant 's problem . Pleasants , a mining engineer from Pennsylvania in civilian life , proposed digging a long mine shaft underneath the Confederate lines and planting explosive charges directly underneath a fort ( Elliott 's Salient ) in the middle of the Confederate First Corps line . If successful , Union troops could drive through the resulting gap in the line into the Confederate rear area . Digging began in late June , creating a mine in a `` T '' shape with an approach shaft 511 feet ( 156 m ) long . At its end , a perpendicular gallery of 75 feet ( 23 m ) extended in both directions . The gallery was filled with 8,000 pounds of gunpowder , buried 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) underneath the Confederate works . Burnside had trained a division of United States Colored Troops ( USCT ) under Brig. Gen. Edward Ferrero to lead the assault . Two regiments were to leave the attack column and extend the breach by rushing perpendicular to the crater , while the remaining regiments were to rush through , seizing the Jerusalem Plank Road . Burnside 's two other divisions , made up of white troops , would then move in , supporting Ferrero 's flanks and race for Petersburg itself . However , the day before the attack , Meade , who lacked confidence in the operation , ordered Burnside not to use the black troops in the lead assault , claiming that if the attack failed black soldiers would be killed needlessly , creating political repercussions in the North . Burnside protested to General Grant , who sided with Meade . When volunteers were not forthcoming Burnside selected a replacement white division by having the three commanders draw lots . Brig. Gen. James H. Ledlie 's 1st Division was selected , but he failed to brief the men on what was expected of them and was reported during the battle to be drunk , well behind the lines , and providing no leadership . ( Ledlie was later dismissed for his actions during the battle . ) Sketch of the explosion seen from the Union line . At 4 : 44 a.m. on July 30 , the charges exploded in a massive shower of earth , men , and guns . A crater ( still visible today ) was created , 170 feet ( 52 m ) long , 60 to 80 feet ( 24 m ) wide , and 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) deep . The blast destroyed the Confederate fortifications in the immediate vicinity , and instantly killed between 250 and 350 Confederate soldiers . Ledlie 's untrained white division was not prepared for the explosion , and reports indicate they waited ten minutes before leaving their own entrenchments . Once they had wandered to the crater , instead of moving around it as the black troops had been trained to do , they moved down into the crater itself . Since this was not the planned movement , there were no ladders provided for the men to use in exiting the crater . The Confederates , under Maj. Gen. William Mahone , gathered as many troops together as they could for a counterattack . In about an hour 's time , they had formed up around the crater and began firing rifles and artillery down into it , in what Mahone later described as a `` turkey shoot '' . The plan had failed , but Burnside , instead of cutting his losses , sent in Ferrero 's men . Now faced with considerable flanking fire , they also went down into the crater , and for the next few hours , Mahone 's soldiers , along with those of Maj. Gen. Bushrod Johnson and artillery , slaughtered the men of the IX Corps as they attempted to escape from the crater . Some Union troops eventually advanced and flanked to the right beyond the Crater to the earthworks and assaulted the Confederate lines , driving the Confederates back for several hours in hand - to - hand combat . Mahone 's Confederates conducted a sweep out of a sunken gully area about 200 yards ( 180 m ) from the right side of the Union advance . This charge reclaimed the earthworks and drove the Union force back towards the east . Grant wrote that , `` It was the saddest affair I have witnessed in the war . '' Union casualties were 3,798 ( 504 killed , 1,881 wounded , 1,413 missing or captured ) , Confederate casualties were approximately 1,500 ( 200 killed , 900 wounded , 400 missing or captured ) . Many of these losses were suffered by Ferrero 's division of the USCT . Burnside was relieved of command . Second Deep Bottom ( August 14 -- 20 ) ( edit ) Further information : Second Battle of Deep Bottom Second Battle of Deep Bottom , August 14 -- 20 On the same day the Union failed at the Crater , Confederate Lt. Gen. Jubal A. Early was burning the town of Chambersburg , Pennsylvania , as he operated out of the Shenandoah Valley , threatening towns in Maryland and Pennsylvania , as well as the District of Columbia . Robert E. Lee was concerned about actions that Grant might take against Early and sent the infantry division of Maj. Gen. Joseph B. Kershaw from Lt. Gen. Richard H. Anderson 's corps and the cavalry division commanded by Maj. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee to Culpeper , Virginia , where they could either provide aid to Early or be recalled to the Richmond - Petersburg front as needed . Grant misinterpreted this movement and assumed that Anderson 's entire corps had been removed from the vicinity of Richmond , leaving only about 8,500 men north of the James River . He determined to try again with an advance toward the Confederate capital led by Hancock . This would either prevent reinforcements from aiding Early or once again dilute the Confederate strength in the defensive lines around Petersburg . On August 13 , the X Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. David B. Birney , and Brig. Gen. David McM . Gregg 's cavalry division crossed pontoon bridges from Bermuda Hundred to Deep Bottom . The II Corps crossed by steamships the night of August 13 -- 14 . Birney 's X Corps troops successfully pushed aside pickets on the Kingsland Road , but were stopped by the fortifications on New Market Heights . The II Corps units moved slowly into position , suffering numerous deaths from heat stroke . It was not until midday on August 14 that the Union made contact with the Confederates , manning rifle pits on the Darbytown Road just north of the Long Bridge Road . The Union generals were surprised at the Confederate strength . On the right , a full Confederate division commanded by Maj. Gen. Charles W. Field was dug in . Chaffin 's Bluff was defended by a division under Maj. Gen. Cadmus M. Wilcox and reinforcements were arriving . Brig. Gen. Francis C. Barlow 's 10,000 men in two divisions of II Corps attacked Fussell 's Mill . They were able to drive away two Confederate cavalry regiments at the mill , but they were repulsed by Brig. Gen. George T. Anderson 's brigade . When Field took Anderson 's brigade from his right flank , it weakened the line in front of Birney 's corps , which moved forward and occupied some of the Confederate entrenchments and captured four guns . Although the Union attacks had been generally unsuccessful , they had some of the effect Grant desired . Lee became convinced that the threat against Richmond was a serious one and he dispatched two infantry brigades of Maj. Gen. William Mahone 's division and the cavalry divisions of Maj. Gen. Wade Hampton and W.H.F. `` Rooney '' Lee . Hancock ordered Birney 's corps to make a night march to join Barlow 's end of the line . Birney 's movement was delayed by difficult terrain for most of August 15 and Hancock 's plan for an attack was abandoned for the day . On August 16 , Gregg 's cavalry swept to the right and rode northwest on the Charles City Road toward Richmond . They found Rooney Lee 's cavalry division blocking the road and a full day of fighting resulted . Confederate Brig. Gen. John R. Chambliss was killed during the fighting . The infantrymen of the X Corps had a better start to the day , as Brig. Gen. Alfred H. Terry 's division broke through the Confederate line . Wright 's Brigade was hit hard and retreated , opening a significant gap . The heavily wooded terrain prevented Birney and Hancock from understanding that they had reached a position of advantage and they were unable to exploit it before Field rearranged his lines to fill the gap and drive back the Federals . Lee planned a counterattack against the Union right for 11 a.m. on August 18 , but it was poorly coordinated and made no significant gains . On the night of August 20 , Hancock withdrew his force back over the James . Union casualties were approximately 2,900 men , some due to heat stroke . Confederate casualties were 1,500 . Operations against the Weldon Railroad ( edit ) Globe Tavern ( August 18 -- 21 ) ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Globe Tavern Siege of Petersburg , capture of the Weldon Railroad , August 18 -- 19 While the II Corps fought at Deep Bottom , Grant planned another attack against the Weldon . He chose Gouverneur K. Warren 's V Corps to lead the operation . Grant was encouraged by a message he received August 17 from President Abraham Lincoln : I have seen your despatch expressing your unwillingness to break your hold where you are . Neither am I willing . Hold on with a bulldog grip , and chew and choke as much as possible . Grant remarked to his staff , `` The President has more nerve than any of his advisors . '' At dawn on August 18 , Warren advanced to the south and reached the railroad at Globe Tavern around 9 a.m. Parts of the division under Brig. Gen. Charles Griffin began to destroy the track while a brigade from Brig. Gen. Romeyn B. Ayres 's division formed in line of battle and moved north to block any Confederate advance from that direction . Ayres encountered Confederate troops at about 1 p.m. and Warren ordered the division under Brig. Gen. Samuel W. Crawford to move forward on Ayres 's right in an attempt to outflank the Confederate left . A.P. Hill sent three brigades to meet the advancing Union divisions . At about 2 p.m. they launched a strong attack and pushed the Union troops back to within less than a mile of Globe Tavern . Warren counterattacked and regained his lost ground . His men entrenched for the night . Reinforcements arrived during the night -- the Union IX Corps under Maj. Gen. John G. Parke , Rooney Lee 's Confederate cavalry division and three infantry brigades from Mahone 's division . In the late afternoon of August 19 , Mahone launched a flanking attack that found a weak spot in Crawford 's line , causing hundreds of Crawford 's men to flee in panic . Heth launched a frontal assault against the center and left , which was easily repulsed by Ayres 's division . The XI Corps counterattacked and fighting ended at dusk . On the night of August 20 -- 21 , Warren pulled his troops back two miles ( 3 km ) to a new line of fortifications , which were connected with the main Union lines on the Jerusalem Plank Road . The Confederates attacked at 9 a.m. on August 21 , with Mahone striking the Federal left and Heth the center . Both attacks were unsuccessful against the strong entrenchments and resulted in heavy losses . By 10 : 30 a.m. , the Confederates withdrew . Union casualties at Globe Tavern were 4,296 ( 251 killed , 1,148 wounded , 2,897 missing / captured ) , Confederate 1,620 ( 211 killed , 990 wounded , 419 missing / captured ) . The Confederates had lost a key section of the Weldon Railroad and were forced to carry supplies by wagon 30 miles ( 48 km ) from the railroad at Stony Creek up the Boydton Plank Road into Petersburg . This was not yet a critical problem for the Confederates . A member of Lee 's staff wrote , `` Whilst we are inconvenienced , no material harm is done us . '' Grant was not entirely satisfied with Warren 's victory , which he rightly characterized as wholly defensive in nature . Globe Tavern was the first Union victory of the campaign . Second Reams Station ( August 25 ) ( edit ) Further information : Second Battle of Ream 's Station General Grant wanted the Weldon closed permanently , destroying 14 miles ( 23 km ) of track from Warren 's position near Globe Tavern as far south as Rowanty Creek ( about 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) north of the town of Stony Creek ) . He assigned the operation to Hancock 's II Corps , which was in the process of moving south from their operation at Deep Bottom . He chose Hancock 's corps because Warren was busy extending the fortifications at Globe Tavern , although his selection was of troops exhausted from their efforts north of the James and their forced march south without rest . Grant augmented Hancock 's corps with Gregg 's cavalry division . Gregg 's division departed on August 22 and , after driving off Confederate pickets , they and the II Corps infantry division commanded by Brig. Gen. Nelson A. Miles destroyed the railroad tracks to within 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) of Reams Station . Early on August 23 , Hancock 's other division , commanded by Brig. Gen. John Gibbon , occupied Reams Station , taking up positions in earthworks that had been constructed by the Union cavalry during the Wilson - Kautz Raid in June . Robert E. Lee considered that the Union troops at Reams Station represented not only a threat to his supply line , but also to the county seat of Dinwiddie County ; if Dinwiddie Court House were to fall , the Confederates would be forced to evacuate both Petersburg and Richmond because it represented a key point on the army 's potential retreat route . He also saw an opportunity -- that he could impose a stinging defeat on the Union Army not long before the presidential election in November . Lee ordered Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill to take the overall command of an expedition that included 8 -- 10,000 men -- both cavalry and infantry . Maj. Gen. Cadmus M. Wilcox 's division assaulted the Union position at about 2 p.m. on August 25 . Despite launching two attacks , Wilcox was driven back by Miles 's division , which was manning the northern part of the earthworks . To the south , Gibbon 's division was blocking the advance of Hampton 's cavalry , which had swept around the Union line . Confederate reinforcements from Heth 's and Mahone 's divisions arrived while the Confederate artillery softened up the Union position . The final attack began around 5 : 30 p.m. against Miles 's position and it broke through the northwest corner of the Union fortifications . Hancock desperately galloped from one threatened point to the next , attempting to rally his men . As he witnessed the men of his once proud corps reluctant to retake their positions from the enemy , he remarked to a colonel , `` I do not care to die , but I pray God I may never leave this field . '' By this time , Hampton 's cavalry was making progress against Gibbon 's infantry to the south , launching a surprise dismounted attack that caused many of Gibbon 's men to flee or surrender . This allowed Hampton to flank Miles . Hancock ordered a counterattack , which provided time to allow for an orderly Union withdrawal to Petersburg after dark . Union casualties at Reams Station were 2,747 ( the II Corps lost 117 killed , 439 wounded , 2,046 missing / captured ; the cavalry lost 145 ) , Confederate 814 ( Hampton 's cavalry lost 16 killed , 75 wounded , 3 missing ; Hill 's infantry 720 total ) . Although the Confederates had won a clear victory and had humiliated the veterans of II Corps , they had lost a vital piece of the Weldon Railroad and from this point on they were able to transport supplies by rail only as far north as Stony Creek Depot , 16 miles ( 26 km ) south of Petersburg . From that point , supplies had to be unloaded and wagon trains had to travel through Dinwiddie Court House and then on the Boydton Plank Road to get the supplies into Petersburg . The South Side Railroad was the only railroad left to supply Petersburg and Lee 's army . Beefsteak raid ( September 14 -- 17 ) ( edit ) Further information : Beefsteak Raid On September 5 , a scout attached to the Jeff Davis Legion , Sgt . George D. Shadburne , gave a report to Wade Hampton on his reconnaissance behind the Union lines . At about 5 miles east of Grant 's headquarters at City Point , a supply depot at Coggins Point on the James River , he found `` 3,000 beeves ( beef cattle ) , attended by 120 men and 30 citizens , without arms . '' Just two days earlier , Robert E. Lee had suggested to Hampton that Grant 's rear area was `` open to attack . '' On September 14 , while Grant was in the Shenandoah Valley conferring with Sheridan , Hampton led about 4,000 men in four brigades southwest from Petersburg along the Boydton Plank Road and followed a looping course through Dinwiddie Court House , Stony Creek Station , and by early morning on September 15 had crossed Blackwater Swamp at Cook 's Bridge . At 12 a.m. on September 16 , Hampton launched an attack in three columns : Rooney Lee 's division on the left against the Union troops camped at Prince George Court House , the brigade of Brig. Gen. James Dearing on the right against Cocke 's Mill , and the brigade of Brig. Gen. Thomas L. Rosser and a detachment under Lt. Col. Lovick P. Miller in the center to seize the cattle herd . The surprise attacks met only minimal resistance and by 8 a.m. , Hampton 's men were driving 2,486 cattle south toward Cook 's Bridge . A Union attempt by 2,100 cavalrymen under Brig. Gen. Henry Davies , Jr. , to intercept the Confederates and their prize was unsuccessful and Hampton retraced his steps back to Petersburg , turning the cattle over to the Confederate commissary department . For days , the Confederate troops feasted on beef and taunted their Union counterparts across the lines . A visitor to Grant 's headquarters asked the general , `` When do you expect to starve out Lee and capture Richmond ? '' Grant replied , `` Never , if our armies continue to supply him with beef cattle . '' Union offensives , late September ( edit ) New Market Heights ( September 29 -- 30 ) ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Chaffin 's Farm During the night of September 28 -- 29 , Butler 's Army of the James crossed the James River to assault the Richmond defenses north of the river . The columns attacked at dawn . After initial Union successes at New Market Heights and Fort Harrison , the Confederates rallied and contained the breakthrough . Lee reinforced his lines north of the James and , on September 30 , he counterattacked unsuccessfully . The Federals entrenched , and the Confederates erected a new line of works cutting off the captured forts . As Grant anticipated , Lee shifted troops to meet the threat against Richmond , weakening his lines at Petersburg . Peebles Farm ( September 30 -- October 2 ) ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Peebles 's Farm In combination with Butler 's offensive north of the James River , Grant extended his left flank to cut Confederate lines of communication southwest of Petersburg . Two divisions of the IX corps under Maj. Gen. John G. Parke , two divisions of the V Corps under Warren , and Gregg 's cavalry division were assigned to the operation . On September 30 , the Federals marched via Poplar Spring Church to reach Squirrel Level and Vaughan Roads . The initial Federal attack overran Fort Archer , flanking the Confederates out of their Squirrel Level Road line . Late afternoon , Confederate reinforcements arrived , slowing the Federal advance . On October 1 , the Federals repulsed a Confederate counterattack directed by A.P. Hill . Reinforced by Maj. Gen. Gershom Mott 's division , the Federals resumed their advance on October 2 , captured Fort MacRae ( which was lightly defended ) and extended their left flank to the vicinity of Peebles ' and Pegram 's Farms . With these limited successes , Meade suspended the offensive . A new line was entrenched from the Federal works on Weldon Railroad to Pegram 's Farm . Actions near Richmond , October ( edit ) Darbytown and New Market Roads ( October 7 ) ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Darbytown and New Market Roads Responding to the loss of Fort Harrison and the increasing Federal threat against Richmond , Gen. Robert E. Lee directed an offensive against the Union far right flank on October 7 . After routing the Federal cavalry from their position covering Darbytown Road , Field 's and Hoke 's divisions assaulted the main Union defensive line along New Market Road and were repulsed . The Federals were not dislodged , and Lee withdrew into the Richmond defenses . Darbytown Road ( October 13 ) ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Darbytown Road On October 13 , Union forces advanced to find and feel the new Confederate defensive line in front of Richmond . While mostly a battle of skirmishers , a Federal brigade assaulted fortifications north of Darbytown Road and was repulsed with heavy casualties . The Federals retired to their entrenched lines along New Market Road . Fair Oaks and Darbytown Road ( October 27 -- 28 ) ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Fair Oaks & Darbytown Road In combination with movements against the Boydton Plank Road at Petersburg , Benjamin Butler attacked the Richmond defenses along Darbytown Road with the X Corps . The XVIII Corps marched north to Fair Oaks where it was soundly repulsed by Field 's Confederate division . Confederate forces counterattacked , taking some 600 prisoners . The Richmond defenses remained intact . Of Grant 's offensives north of the James River , this was repulsed most easily . Boydton Plank Road ( October 27 -- 28 ) ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Boydton Plank Road Siege of Petersburg , actions on October 27 Directed by Hancock , divisions from three Union corps ( II , V , and IX ) and Gregg 's cavalry division , numbering more than 30,000 men , withdrew from the Petersburg lines and marched west to operate against the Boydton Plank Road and South Side Railroad . The initial Union advance on October 27 gained the Boydton Plank Road , a major campaign objective . But that afternoon , a counterattack near Burgess ' Mill spearheaded by Henry Heth 's division , and Wade Hampton 's cavalry isolated the II Corps and forced a retreat . The Confederates retained control of the Boydton Plank Road for the rest of the winter . It marked the last battle for Hancock , who resigned from field command because of wounds sustained at Gettysburg . Hatcher 's Run ( February 5 -- 7 , 1865 ) ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Hatcher 's Run On February 5 , 1865 , Gregg 's cavalry division rode out to the Boydton Plank Road via Ream 's Station and Dinwiddie Court House in an attempt to intercept Confederate supply trains . Warren 's V Corps crossed Hatcher 's Run and took up a blocking position on the Vaughan Road to prevent interference with Gregg 's operations . Two divisions of the II Corps under Maj. Gen. Andrew A. Humphreys shifted west to near Armstrong 's Mill to cover Warren 's right flank . Late in the day , John B. Gordon attempted to turn Humphrey 's right flank near the mill but was repulsed . During the night , the Federals were reinforced by two divisions . On February 6 , Gregg returned to Gravelly Run on Vaughan Road from his unsuccessful raid and was attacked by elements of Brig. Gen. John Pegram 's Confederate division . Warren pushed forward a reconnaissance in the vicinity of Dabney 's Mill and was attacked by Pegram 's and Mahone 's divisions . Pegram was killed in the action . Although the Union advance was stopped , the Federals extended their siegeworks to the Vaughan Road crossing of Hatcher 's Run . Confederate breakout attempt at Fort Stedman ( March 25 ) ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Fort Stedman Siege of Petersburg , actions preceding Five Forks By March 1865 , Lee 's army was weakened by desertion , disease , and shortage of supplies and he was outnumbered by Grant by about 125,000 to 50,000 . Lee knew that an additional 50,000 men under Sheridan would be returning soon from the Shenandoah Valley and Sherman was marching north through the Carolinas to join Grant as well . Lee had Maj. Gen. John B. Gordon plan a surprise attack on the Union lines that would force Grant to contract his lines and disrupt his plans to assault the Confederate works ( which , unbeknownst to Lee and Gordon , Grant had already ordered for March 29 ) . The attack would be launched with almost half of Lee 's infantry from Colquitt 's Salient against Fort Stedman , and Gordon had hopes that he could drive into the Union rear area as far as City Point . Gordon 's attack started at 4 : 15 a.m. Lead parties of sharpshooters and engineers masquerading as deserting soldiers headed out to overwhelm Union pickets and to remove obstructions that would delay the infantry advance . They were followed by three groups of 100 men assigned to storm the Union works and stream back into the Union rear area . Brig. Gen. Napoleon B. McLaughlen rode to Fort Haskell , just to the south of Battery XII , which he found to be ready to defend itself . As he moved north , he ordered Battery XII to open fire on Battery XI and a reserve infantry regiment briefly re-captured Battery XI . Assuming that he had sealed the only breach in the line , McLaughlen rode into Fort Stedman and began giving orders to the men . He suddenly realized that they were Confederates and they realized he was a Union general , capturing him . Gordon soon arrived at Fort Stedman and found his attack had so far exceeded his `` most sanguine expectations . '' Within minutes , Batteries X , XI , and XII and Fort Stedman had been seized , opening a gap nearly 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) long in the Union line . Gordon turned his attention to the southern flank of his attack and Fort Haskell . The Confederate artillery from Colquitt 's Salient began bombarding Fort Haskell and the Federal field artillery returned fire , along with the massive siege guns in the rear . Gordon 's attack began to flounder . His three 100 - man detachments were wandering around the rear area in confusion and many had stopped to satisfy their hunger with captured Federal rations , as the main Union defense force began to mobilize . Maj. Gen. John G. Parke of the IX Corps acted decisively , ordering the reserve division under Brig. Gen. John F. Hartranft to close the gap . Hartranft organized defensive forces that completely ringed the Confederate penetration by 7 : 30 a.m. , stopping it just short of the military railroad depot . The Union artillery , aware that Confederates occupied the batteries and Fort Stedman , launched punishing fire against them . By 7 : 45 a.m. , 4,000 Union troops under Hartranft were positioned in a semicircle of a mile and a half , and counterattacked , causing heavy casualties to the now - retreating Confederates . The attack on Fort Stedman had no impact on the Union lines . The Confederate Army was forced to set back its own lines , as the Union attacked further down the front line . To give Gordon 's attack enough strength to be successful , Lee had weakened his own right flank . The II and VI Corps seized much of the entrenched Confederate picket line southwest of Petersburg , but found the main line still well manned . This Union advance prepared the ground for Grant 's breakthrough attack in the Third Battle of Petersburg on April 2 , 1865 . Union casualties in the Battle of Fort Stedman were 1,044 ( 72 killed , 450 wounded , 522 missing or captured ) , Confederate casualties a considerably heavier 4,000 ( 600 killed , 2,400 wounded , 1,000 missing or captured ) . But more seriously , the Confederate positions were weakened . After the battle , Lee 's defeat was only a matter of time . His final opportunity to break the Union lines and regain the momentum was gone . Aftermath ( edit ) Grant 's final assaults and Lee 's retreat ( start of the Appomattox Campaign ) After nearly ten months of siege , the loss at Fort Stedman was a devastating blow for Lee 's army , setting up the Confederate defeat at Five Forks on April 1 , the Union breakthrough at Petersburg on April 2 , the surrender of the city of Petersburg at dawn on April 3 , and Richmond that same evening . After his victory at Five Forks , Grant ordered an assault along the entire Confederate line beginning at dawn on April 2 . Parke 's IX Corps overran the eastern trenches but were met with stiff resistance . At 5 : 30 a.m. on April 2 , Wright 's VI Corps made a decisive breakthrough along the Boydton Plank Road line . While riding between the lines to rally his men , A.P. Hill was shot and killed by two Union soldiers . Wright 's initial breakthrough was halted mid-day at Fort Gregg . Gibbon 's XXIV Corps overran Fort Gregg after a heroic Confederate defense . This halt in the advance into the city of Petersburg allowed Lee to pull his forces out of Petersburg and Richmond on the night of April 2 , and head for the west in an attempt to meet up with forces under the command of General Joseph E. Johnston in North Carolina . The resulting Appomattox Campaign ended with Lee 's surrender to Grant on April 9 at Appomattox Court House . Richmond -- Petersburg was a costly campaign for both sides . The initial assaults on Petersburg in June 1864 cost the Union 11,386 casualties , to approximately 4,000 for the Confederate defenders . The casualties for the siege warfare that concluded with the assault on Fort Stedman are estimated to be 42,000 for the Union and 28,000 for the Confederates . Smoke is still rising from the ruins of Richmond , Virginia after surrendering on April 3 , 1865 following the Union victory at the Siege of Petersburg . Union cavalry mounts with carbines visible are hitched in the foreground . Confederate artilleryman killed at Fort Mahone during the final Union assault against the trenches at Petersburg . Photo by Thomas C. Roche , April 3 , 1865 . Classifying the campaigns ( edit ) Military historians do not agree on precise boundaries between the campaigns of this era . This article uses the classification maintained by the U.S. National Park Service 's American Battlefield Protection Program . An alternative classification is maintained by West Point ; in their Atlas of American Wars ( Esposito , 1959 ) , the Siege of Petersburg ends with the Union assault and breakthrough of April 2 . The remainder of the war in Virginia is classified as `` Grant 's Pursuit of Lee to Appomattox Court House ( 3 -- 9 April 1865 ) '' . Trudeau 's Last Citadel conforms to this classification . Battlefield preservation ( edit ) The various historic sites and battlegrounds related to the Siege of Petersburg are spread out across a vast area in the Petersburg vicinity . These sites and battlefields are primarily preserved by the National Park Service as the Petersburg National Battlefield , which features 13 separate sites on a 33 - mile driving tour . The park 's primary sections are the City Point Unit , where Grant had his headquarters ; the Eastern Front battlefield , which features the Crater and the main visitor center ; the Five Forks battlefield and the Poplar Grove National Cemetery . The siege - ending `` Breakthough '' battlefield is preserved as Pamplin Historical Park , a privately owned park open to the public . In addition , the Civil War Trust ( a division of the American Battlefield Trust ) and its partners have acquired and preserved 121 acres ( 0.49 km ) of battlefield land in four transactions since 2005 , including a 33 - acre parcel where Confederate Gen. A.P. Hill was killed on April 2 , 1865 . See also ( edit ) American Civil War portal Petersburg National Battlefield African Americans at the Siege of Petersburg Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant Armies in the American Civil War Battles of the American Civil War Wikimedia Commons has media related to Siege of Petersburg . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Miller , et al. , vol. 3 , p. 186 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Calkins . `` Petersburg '' . Civil War Trust . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Civil War Battle Summaries by Campaign '' . American Battlefield Protection Program . National Park Service . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welsh , p. 96 ; Eicher , pp. 661 , 691 -- 92 ; Davis , p. 18 ; Salmon , p. 251 ; Fuller , pp. 207 -- 08 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 680 -- 82 , 691 -- 93 ; Davis , p. 18 ; Hattaway and Jones , pp. 517 -- 26 ; Fuller , pp. 207 -- 08 , 229 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Welsh , pp. 96 , 101 ; Eicher , pp. 663 -- 87 ; Hattaway and Jones , pp. 540 -- 46 , 552 -- 67 , 577 -- 80 ; Salmon , pp. 251 -- 58 ; Bonekemper , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Welsh , pp. 102 , 118 ; Davis , pp. 34 -- 36 ; Welcher , p. 994 ; Eicher , p. 687 ; Hattaway and Jones , pp. 588 -- 91 ; Salmon , pp. 395 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 486 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , p. 489 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , p. 490 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , p. 491 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 492 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , p. 485 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 495 -- 501 ; Welsh , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , p. 501 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 680 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 18 , 49 , 64 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 806 . Jump up ^ Welsh , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 395 ; Davis , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , p. 352 ; Welsh , p. 118 ; Salmon , pp. 401 -- 03 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 27 -- 31 ; Kennedy , p. 352 ; Salmon , p. 401 . Jump up ^ Davis , p. 33 ; Kennedy , p. 352 ; Salmon , p. 403 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 38 -- 39 ; Davis , pp. 37 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 37 -- 45 , 51 ; Davis , pp. 39 -- 44 ; Salmon , pp. 403 -- 05 . Jump up ^ Fuller , p. 226 ; Davis , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 44 -- 45 ; Trudeau , pp. 47 -- 48 ; Welsh , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 45 -- 46 ; Salmon , p. 405 ; Trudeau , pp. 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 46 -- 50 ; Salmon , pp. 405 -- 06 ; Trudeau , pp. 51 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Welsh , p. 121 ; Davis , pp. 46 -- 50 ; Salmon , pp. 405 -- 06 ; Trudeau , pp. 51 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Welsh , p. 121 ; Davis , pp. 49 -- 52 ; Eicher , p. 690 ; Salmon , p. 406 ; Trudeau , pp. 53 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Bonekemper , p. 313 . The author presents casualty figures from a wide variety of sources and provides his best estimate . Trudeau , p. 55 , agrees with the 4,000 Confederate losses , but cites Union killed and wounded at 8,150 , with an additional 1,814 missing . Kennedy , p. 353 , cites 9,964 -- 10,600 for the Union , 2,974 -- 4,700 for the Confederates ; Salmon , p. 406 , cites 8,150 Federal and 3,236 Confederate casualties ; Welsh , p. 122 , provides the breakdown of the 4,000 Confederate casualties . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 406 , considers the Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road to be the initial action of the Wilson - Kautz raid of June 22 -- 30 , but this is not a convention widely accepted by other historians . Jump up ^ Trudeau , p. 65 . Despite Hancock 's incapacitation , he chose to accompany the column . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 406 ; Trudeau , p. 63 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , pp. 353 -- 54 ; Eicher , p. 690 ; Trudeau , pp. 69 -- 74 ; Salmon , pp. 406 -- 08 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , 354 . Trudeau , p. 78 , lists the Union II Corps casualties as 650 killed and wounded , 1,742 captured ; VI Corps casualties as 150 . on the Confederate side , Trudeau , p. 80 , lists Mahone 's casualties as 421 , Wilcox 's 151 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , p. 354 ; Trudeau , pp. 80 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Longacre , p. 289 ; Salmon , 397 ; Kennedy , p. 303 , and Salmon , p. 410 , cite 5,500 men . Jump up ^ Located at the currently unincorporated community of Reams , Virginia , this railroad station is referred to variously as Reams , Ream 's , and Reams 's Station . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 397 ; Longacre , pp. 287 -- 89 ; Starr , pp. 179 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Longacre , p. 289 ; Starr , pp. 181 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Salmon , pp. 411 -- 13 ; Longacre , pp. 289 -- 90 ; Starr , pp. 191 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Salmon , pp. 414 -- 15 ; Longacre , pp. 290 -- 91 ; Starr , pp. 193 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Salmon , pp. 414 -- 15 ; Starr , pp. 197 -- 204 . Jump up ^ Longacre , pp. 292 -- 93 ; Salmon , pp. 415 -- 16 ; Starr , pp. 203 -- 07 . Casualty figures are from Starr . Kennedy , p. 355 , cites the total of 1,445 . Salmon claims 1,800 . Jump up ^ Davis , 69 -- 70 ; Salmon , p. 416 ; Horn , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Horn , p. 103 ; Salmon , pp. 416 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Horn , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Davis , p. 70 ; Salmon , p. 418 ; Horn , pp. 107 -- 08 . Jump up ^ Horn , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Bonekemper , p. 314 . Salmon , p. 418 , estimates 488 Union , 650 Confederate . Horn , p. 108 , estimates 488 Union , 700 Confederate . Kennedy , p. 355 , estimates 1,000 total . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 720 -- 21 ; Davis , pp. 67 -- 69 , 72 ; Trudeau , pp. 99 -- 105 ; Kennedy , p. 355 ; Salmon , pp. 418 -- 20 ; Welsh , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 106 -- 07 ; Eicher , p. 721 ; Salmon , pp. 420 -- 21 ; Davis , p. 74 ; Kennedy , p. 355 ; Welsh , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 75 -- 88 ; Trudeau , pp. 109 -- 26 ; Salmon , pp. 420 -- 21 ; Eicher , pp. 721 -- 22 ; Welsh , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Bonekemper , p. 315 . Trudeau , p. 127 cites 3,798 Union , 1,491 Confederate ( 361 killed , 727 wounded , 403 missing or captured ) . Davis , p. 89 , cites 3,500 Union casualties , 1,500 Confederate . Eicher , p. 723 , cites 4,400 total casualties . Kennedy , p. 356 , and Salmon , p. 421 , cite 3,798 Union casualties , 1,491 Confederate . Jump up ^ Davis , p. 95 ; Trudeau , pp. 142 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 147 -- 52 ; Horn , pp. 120 , 127 ; Davis , pp. 95 -- 97 ; Salmon , p. 423 . Jump up ^ Horn , pp. 127 -- 28 ; Trudeau , pp. 151 -- 52 ; Davis , pp. 97 -- 98 ; Salmon , p. 423 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 153 -- 54 ; Davis , p. 98 ; Horn , p. 128 ; Salmon , p. 423 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 154 -- 57 ; Horn , pp. 129 -- 31 ; Kennedy , pp. 356 -- 57 ; Davis , p. 99 ; Salmon , p. 423 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , p. 357 ; Trudeau , pp. 160 -- 61 , 164 , 170 ; Horn , pp. 131 -- 32 ; Davis , p. 99 ; Salmon , p. 424 . Casualty figures from Bonekemper , p. 314 . Trudeau , p. 170 , estimates 2,901 Union , 1,000 Confederate . Salmon , p. 418 , and Kennedy , p. 357 , estimate 2,900 Union , 1,300 Confederate . Horn , p. 108 , estimates 2,901 Union , 1,500 Confederate . ^ Jump up to : Trudeau , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Davis , p. 101 ; Trudeau , pp. 162 -- 63 ; Salmon , p. 424 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 164 -- 73 ; Salmon , pp. 424 -- 25 ; Davis , pp. 101 -- 04 ; Eicher , p. 725 . Jump up ^ Bonekemper , p. 316 . Kennedy , p. 360 , and Salmon , p. 426 , estimate 4,455 Union , 1,600 Confederate . Horn , p. 140 , estimates 4,279 Union , about 2,300 Confederates . Eicher cites Union losses as 926 killed and wounded , 2,810 missing or captured . Jump up ^ Davis , p. 104 ; Trudeau , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Horn , p. 141 ; Trudeau , pp. 176 -- 79 , 182 ; Kennedy , p. 360 ; Salmon , pp. 426 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 179 , 181 -- 86 ; Salmon , p. 428 ; Davis , p. x ; Horn , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 428 ; Horn , pp. 141 -- 50 ; Calkins , np. ; Kennedy , pp. 360 -- 62 ; Trudeau , pp. 183 -- 88 ; Davis , pp. 105 -- 09 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , p. 189 . Kennedy , p. 362 , cites 2,742 Union casualties , 814 Confederate . Salmon , p. 428 , cites 2,700 Union casualties , about 2,000 of which were captured , and `` about 800 '' Confederate . Eicher , p. 725 , cites Union casualties of 2,372 ( with `` many '' prisoners ) , Confederate 720 . Horn , p. 151 , cites `` more than 2,700 '' Union , 720 Confederate . Davis , p. 109 , cites 2,400 Union casualties , 2,150 of which were prisoners . Jump up ^ Trudeau , p. 190 ; Calkins , np. ; Kennedy , p. 362 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 195 -- 201 ; Davis , pp. 110 -- 15 . Jump up ^ NPS , Chaffin 's Farm and New Market Heights . Jump up ^ NPS , Peebles Farm . Jump up ^ NPS , Darbytown and New Market Roads . Jump up ^ NPS , Darbytown Road . Jump up ^ NPS , Fair Oaks and Darbytown Road . Jump up ^ NPS , Boydton Plank Road . Jump up ^ NPS , Hatcher 's Run . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 448 ; Korn , pp. 33 -- 34 ; Greene , pp. 108 -- 12 ; Horn , p. 209 ; Trudeau , pp. 333 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 337 -- 42 ; Salmon , p. 450 ; Korn , pp. 34 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Korn , pp. 36 -- 38 ; Trudeau , pp. 342 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Korn , pp. 38 -- 39 ; Horn , pp. 214 -- 16 ; Greene , p. 114 ; Salmon , p. 450 ; Trudeau , pp. 348 -- 49 . ^ Jump up to : Horn , pp. 215 -- 16 ; Salmon , pp. 467 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Bonekemper , p. 319 . Kennedy , p. 373 , and Salmon , p. 450 , estimate 1,017 Union , 2,681 Confederate ( including 1,949 prisoners ) . Horn , p. 216 , estimates 2,087 Union , `` about 4,000 '' Confederate . Korn , p. 39 , estimates 1,000 Union ( half taken prisoner ) , 3,500 Confederate ( 1,900 prisoners ) . Greene , pp. 114 -- 15 , estimates 1,000 Union ( more than half taken prisoner ) , 2,700 -- 4,000 Confederate . Jump up ^ Bonekemper , p. 323 . Jump up ^ Frassanito , p. 360 . Jump up ^ NPS campaigns . The references by Kennedy and Salmon also use this classification . Jump up ^ Esposito , maps 138 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 355 -- 98 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) American Battlefield Trust `` Saved Land '' webpage . Accessed May 29 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Bonekemper , Edward H. , III . A Victor , Not a Butcher : Ulysses S. Grant 's Overlooked Military Genius . Washington , DC : Regnery , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 89526 - 062 - X . Chick , Sean Michael . The Battle of Petersburg , June 15 -- 18 , 1864 . Lincoln , NE : Potomac Books , 2015 . ISBN 978 - 1612347127 Davis , William C. , and the Editors of Time - Life Books . Death in the Trenches : Grant at Petersburg . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4776 - 2 . Eicher , David J. The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5 . Esposito , Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars . New York : Frederick A. Praeger , 1959 . OCLC 5890637 . The collection of maps ( without explanatory text ) is available online at the West Point website . Frassanito , William A. Grant and Lee : The Virginia Campaigns 1864 -- 1865 . New York : Scribner , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 17873 - 7 . Fuller , Maj. Gen. J.F.C. Grant and Lee , A Study in Personality and Generalship . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1957 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 13400 - 5 . Greene , A. Wilson . The Final Battles of the Petersburg Campaign : Breaking the Backbone of the Rebellion . Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57233 - 610 - 0 . Hattaway , Herman , and Archer Jones . How the North Won : A Military History of the Civil War . Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 00918 - 5 . Horn , John . The Petersburg Campaign : June 1864 -- April 1865 . Conshohocken , PA : Combined Publishing , 1999 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58097 - 024 - 2 . Kennedy , Frances H. , ed . The Civil War Battlefield Guide . 2nd ed . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co. , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 74012 - 6 . Lankford , Nelson . Richmond Burning : The Last Days of the Confederate Capital . New York : Viking , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03117 - 8 . Longacre , Edward G. Lincoln 's Cavalrymen : A History of the Mounted Forces of the Army of the Potomac . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 1049 - 1 . Miller , Francis Trevelyan , Robert S. Lanier , and James Verner Scaife , eds . The Photographic History of the Civil War . 10 vols . New York : Review of Reviews Co. , 1911 . ISBN 0 - 7835 - 5726 - 4 . Salmon , John S . The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 2868 - 4 . Sommers , Richard J. Richmond Redeemed : The Siege at Petersburg . Garden City , NY : Doubleday , 1981 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 15626 - X . Note : Despite the broad title , Sommer 's work covers only those battles between September 29 and October 2 , 1864 . Starr , Stephen Z . The Union Cavalry in the Civil War . Vol. 2 , The War in the East from Gettysburg to Appomattox 1863 -- 1865 . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 1981 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 3292 - 0 . Trudeau , Noah Andre . The Last Citadel : Petersburg , Virginia , June 1864 -- April 1865 . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 1861 - 3 . Welcher , Frank J. The Union Army , 1861 -- 1865 Organization and Operations . Vol. 1 , The Eastern Theater . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 36453 - 1 . Welsh , Douglas . The Civil War : A Complete Military History . Greenwich , CT : Brompton Books Corporation , 1981 . ISBN 1 - 890221 - 01 - 5 . This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service document `` Civil War Battle Summaries by Campaign ( Eastern Theater ) '' . Further reading ( edit ) Bearss , Edwin C. , with Bryce A. Suderow . The Petersburg Campaign . Vol. 1 , The Eastern Front Battles , June -- August 1864 . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61121 - 090 - 3 . Bearss , Edwin C. , with Bryce A. Suderow . The Petersburg Campaign . Vol. 2 , The Western Front Battles , September 1864 -- April 1865 . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61121 - 104 - 7 . Bowery , Charles R. , Jr. , and Ethan S. Rafuse . Guide to the Richmond -- Petersburg Campaign . U.S. Army War College Guides to Civil War Battles . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 1960 - 3 . Greene , A. Wilson . A Campaign of Giants : The Battle for Petersburg . Vol. 1 : From the Crossing of the James to the Crater . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2018 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4696 - 3857 - 7 . Rhea , Gordon C. On to Petersburg : Grant and Lee , June 4 -- 15 , 1864 . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 6747 - 2 . Tidball , John C. The Artillery Service in the War of the Rebellion , 1861 -- 1865 . Westholme Publishing , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1594161490 . External links ( edit ) Petersburg Campaign in Encyclopedia Virginia The Battle of Petersburg : Battle maps , history articles , photos , and preservation news ( Civil War Trust ) Animated history of the Siege of Petersburg Siege of Petersburg Online Pamplin Historical Park and The National Museum of the Civil War Soldier includes a presentation of the breakthrough at Boydton Line and other museum exhibits . 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Grant 18th President of the United States ( 1869 -- 1877 ) Commanding General of the United States Army 1865 - 1869 Life and politics Early life and career Birth Place Boyhood home Grant Schoolhouse Point Pleasant , Ohio White Haven home farm Galena home Military Career Military Service Commanding General of the United States Army American Civil War Battle of Shiloh Battle of Appomattox Court House Campaigns Vicksburg Campaign Chattanooga Campaign Overland Campaign Petersburg Campaign Appomattox Campaign General of the Army Reconstruction Era Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Scandals Reforms Peace Policy Department of Justice Fifteenth Amendment Treaty of Washington Korean Expedition Comstock Laws Panic of 1873 1875 Civil Rights Act Modoc War Great Sioux War Pardons Cabinet Judicial appointments State of the Union addresses 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 Elections Republican National Convention , 1868 1872 United States presidential election , 1868 1872 Post-presidency Later life Bid for a Third Term World tour of Ulysses S. Grant Legacy Bibliography Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant Grant 's Tomb Grant Park Grant Memorial Presidential library Grantism General Grant ship General Grant tree grove Grant Cottage State Historic Site Lee and Grant at Appomattox The Peacemakers Cultural depictions U.S. Postage stamps Currency $50 Bill Grant High School U.S. Grant Hotel Family Julia Grant ( wife ) Jesse Root Grant ( father ) Frederick Dent Grant ( son ) Ulysses S. Grant Jr. ( son ) Jesse R. Grant ( son ) Nellie Grant ( daughter ) Ulysses S. Grant III ( grandson ) Chapman Grant ( grandson ) Ulysses S. Grant IV ( grandson ) Julia Dent Cantacuzène Spiransky - Grant ( granddaughter ) Cincinnati ( horse ) ← Andrew Johnson Rutherford B. Hayes → Coordinates : 37 ° 13 ′ 03 '' N 77 ° 22 ′ 38 '' W / 37.2176 ° N 77.3771 ° W / 37.2176 ; - 77.3771 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&oldid=843546031 '' Categories : Petersburg Campaign Sieges of the American Civil War Military operations of the American Civil War in Virginia Campaigns of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War Battles commanded by Ulysses S. Grant Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the National Park Service Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Corsu Dansk Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 21 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the siege of petersburg take place | [
"\n\nSiege of Petersburg\n\n\nPart of the American Civil War\n\n\n\nThe \"Dictator\" siege mortar at Petersburg. In the foreground, the figure on the right is Brig. Gen. Henry J. Hunt, chief of artillery of the Army of the Potomac.[1]\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\nJune 9, 1864 – March 25, 1865\n(9 months, 2 weeks and 2 days)\n\n\nLocation\nPetersburg, Virginia\n\n\nResult\nUnion victory\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n United States\n Confederate States\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\nUlysses S. Grant\nGeorge Meade\nBenjamin Butler\nRobert E. Lee\nP. G. T. Beauregard\n\n\nUnits involved\n\n\n\n\nArmy of the Potomac\nArmy of the James\n\n\nArmy of Northern Virginia\nDepartment of North Carolina and Southern Virginia\n\n\nStrength\n\n\n67,000–125,000\n∼ 52,000\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n42,000[2] (estimate)\n28,000[2] (estimate)\n\n"
] | [
"Petersburg, Virginia"
] |
6294785332911060642 | I Hold On | I Hold on - wikipedia I Hold on Jump to : navigation , search `` I Hold On '' Single by Dierks Bentley from the album Riser Released August 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 26 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2013 Genre Country Length 4 : 39 ( album version ) 3 : 46 ( radio edit ) Label Capitol Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Brett James Dierks Bentley Producer ( s ) Ross Copperman Dierks Bentley singles chronology `` Bourbon in Kentucky '' ( 2013 ) `` I Hold On '' ( 2013 ) `` Drunk on a Plane '' ( 2014 ) `` Bourbon in Kentucky '' ( 2013 ) `` I Hold On '' ( 2013 ) `` Drunk on a Plane '' ( 2014 ) `` I Hold On '' is a song recorded by American country music artist Dierks Bentley . It was released in August 2013 as the second single from his seventh studio album , Riser . Bentley wrote the song with Brett James . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Critical reception 3 Live performances 4 Music video 5 Commercial performance 6 Charts and certifications 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 6.3 Certifications 7 References Content ( edit ) The song describes the singer staying true to what he enjoys and is comfortable with , including an old truck , an old guitar , and his lover . The truck and guitar referenced are still used by Bentley today . In his Sounds Of Summer tour , he played his old guitar that has a hole in it . Part of the video in the background while he played the song showed his 1994 Chevy Silverado that he and his late father drove to Nashville . Critical reception ( edit ) Billy Dukes of Taste of Country gave the song three out of five , writing that `` one senses him trying to do something new , something totally unique , but still not quite wanting to give up the sound and style his longtime fans appreciate . '' Dukes stated that `` lyrically , he starts strong , but levels off , relying more on attitude than substance by the midway point . '' Matt Bjorke of Roughstock gave the song four stars out of five , saying that `` with low booming bass lines and a percussive arena - rock melody backing up Dierks Bentley 's lyrics , ' I Hold On ' is the kind of song that showcases Dierks Bentley in a new way . '' Bjorke called it `` a strong lyrical song , a song which showcases the artistry of Dierks Bentley that sometimes gets dismissed when he 's chasing radio airplay but is held up when he records and release stuff that does n't . '' Live performances ( edit ) Bentley debuted the song when he co-hosted The View on July 26 , 2013 . He also performed it on the season finale of America 's Got Talent on September 18 , 2013 . On January 3 , 2014 , he also performed during halftime of the 2014 Orange Bowl . Music video ( edit ) A live music video was directed by Ryan Silver and premiered in August 2013 . The official music video was directed by Wes Edwards and premiered in October 2013 . Commercial Performance ( edit ) `` I Hold On '' debuted at number 59 on the U.S. Billboard Country Airplay chart for the week of September 7 , 2013 . It also debuted at number 35 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart and at number 84 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart for the week of September 14 , 2013 . It also debuted at number 100 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart for the week of January 4 , 2014 . The song was certified Gold by the RIAA on April 28 , 2014 , and Platinum on November 24 , 2014 . As of early May 2014 , the song has sold 610,000 copies in the United States . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 -- 14 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 44 Canada Country ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 40 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Position US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 41 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 45 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 610,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Preceded by `` Helluva Life '' by Frankie Ballard Billboard Country Airplay number - one single April 5 , 2014 Succeeded by `` Doin ' What She Likes '' by Blake Shelton References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wyland , Sarah ( August 14 , 2013 ) . `` Dierks Bentley Releases `` I Hold On '' as New Single `` . Great American Country . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Whitaker , Sterling ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Dierks Bentley Releases New Single , ' I Hold On ' '' . The Boot . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dukes , Billy ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Dierks Bentley , ' I Hold On ' -- Song Review '' . Taste of Country . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( August 12 , 2012 ) . `` Single Review : Dierks Bentley - I Hold On '' . Roughstock . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vinson , Christina ( July 28 , 2013 ) . `` Dierks Bentley Debuts New Song ' I Hold On ' on ' The View ' '' . Taste of Country . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sciarretto , Amy ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` Dierks Bentley to Perform ' I Hold On ' on ' America 's Got Talent ' Finale '' . Taste of Country . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CMT : Videos : Dierks Bentley : I Hold On ( Tour Performance ) '' . Country Music Television . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CMT : Videos : Dierks Bentley : I Hold On '' . Country Music Television . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Morris , Edward ( August 31 , 2013 ) . `` Luke Bryan 's Crash My Party Still Commands the Album Charts '' . Country Music Television . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Dierks Bentley -- I Hold On '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` United_StatesDierks_BentleyI_Hold_OnsingleCertRef '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : Bjorke , Matt ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Country Chart News - The Top 30 Digital Singles - May 8 , 2014 : Brantley Gilbert 's Guns N Roses Debut '' . Roughstock . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2014 . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dierks Bentley -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Dierks Bentley . Jump up ^ `` Dierks Bentley -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada Country for Dierks Bentley . Jump up ^ `` Dierks Bentley -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Dierks Bentley . Jump up ^ `` Dierks Bentley -- Chart history '' Billboard Country Airplay for Dierks Bentley . Jump up ^ `` Dierks Bentley -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Dierks Bentley . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2014 : Country Airplay '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2014 . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2014 : Hot Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2014 . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . ( hide ) Dierks Bentley Studio albums Do n't Leave Me in Love Dierks Bentley Modern Day Drifter Long Trip Alone Feel That Fire Up on the Ridge Home Riser Black Compilation albums Greatest Hits / Every Mile a Memory 2003 -- 2008 Singles `` What Was I Thinkin ' '' `` My Last Name '' `` How Am I Doin ' '' `` Lot of Leavin ' Left to Do '' `` Come a Little Closer '' `` Settle for a Slowdown '' `` Every Mile a Memory '' `` Long Trip Alone '' `` Free and Easy ( Down the Road I Go ) '' `` Trying to Stop Your Leaving '' `` Feel That Fire '' `` Sideways '' `` I Wanna Make You Close Your Eyes '' `` Up on the Ridge '' `` Draw Me a Map '' `` Am I the Only One '' `` Home '' `` 5 - 1 - 5 - 0 '' `` Tip It On Back '' `` Bourbon in Kentucky '' `` I Hold On '' `` Drunk on a Plane '' `` Say You Do '' `` Riser '' `` Somewhere on a Beach '' `` Different for Girls '' ( feat . Elle King ) `` Black '' `` What the Hell Did I Say '' Featured singles `` The South '' ( w / The Cadillac Three , Florida Georgia Line and Mike Eli ) Concert tours Riser Tour Sounds of Summer Tour Somewhere on a Beach Tour Related articles Discography `` Murder on Music Row '' ( w / George Jones ) `` Flatliner '' ( w / Cole Swindell ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Hold_On&oldid=774409305 '' Categories : 2013 songs 2013 singles Dierks Bentley songs Capitol Records Nashville singles Songs written by Brett James Songs written by Dierks Bentley Music videos directed by Wes Edwards Billboard Country Airplay number - one singles Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2017 , at 07 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote i hold on by dierks bentley | [
"\"I Hold On\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Dierks Bentley. It was released in August 2013 as the second single from his seventh studio album, Riser.[1] Bentley wrote the song with Brett James.[2]"
] | [
"Bentley wrote the song with Brett James"
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5794174937723861896 | Journey to the Center of the Earth | Journey to the Center of the Earth - wikipedia Journey to the Center of the Earth Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Journey to the Centre of the Earth ( disambiguation ) . Journey to the Center of the Earth Book cover made in 1874 Author Jules Verne Original title Voyage au centre de la Terre Illustrator Édouard Riou Cover artist Édouard Riou Country France Language French Series The Extraordinary Voyages # 3 Genre Science fiction , adventure novel Publisher Pierre - Jules Hetzel Publication date 1864 Published in English 1871 Media type Print ( Hardback ) Pages 183 ISBN 0486440885 Preceded by The Adventures of Captain Hatteras Followed by From the Earth to the Moon Journey to the Center of the Earth ( French : Voyage au centre de la Terre , also translated under the titles A Journey to the Centre of the Earth and A Journey to the Interior of the Earth ) is an 1864 science fiction novel by Jules Verne . The story involves German professor Otto Lidenbrock who believes there are volcanic tubes going toward the centre of the Earth . He , his nephew Axel , and their guide Hans descend into the Icelandic volcano Snæfellsjökull , encountering many adventures , including prehistoric animals and natural hazards , before eventually coming to the surface again in southern Italy , at the Stromboli volcano . The genre of subterranean fiction already existed long before Verne . However , the present book considerably added to its popularity and influenced later such writings . For example , Edgar Rice Burroughs explicitly acknowledged Verne 's influence on his own Pellucidar series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Inspiration 3 Main characters 4 Prehistoric animals featured 5 Notes 6 Adaptations 6.1 Film 6.2 Television 6.3 Radio 6.4 Theatre 6.5 Theme park ( themed areas ) and rides 6.6 Other 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) The story begins in May 1863 , in the Lidenbrock house in Hamburg , Germany , with Professor Lidenbrock rushing home to peruse his latest purchase , an original runic manuscript of an Icelandic saga written by Snorri Sturluson ( Snorre Tarleson in some versions of the story ) , `` Heimskringla '' ; the chronicle of the Norwegian kings who ruled over Iceland . While looking through the book , Lidenbrock and his nephew Axel find a coded note written in runic script along with the name of a 16th - century Icelandic alchemist , Arne Saknussemm . ( This was a first indication of Verne 's love for cryptography . Coded , cryptic , or incomplete messages as a plot device would continue to appear in many of his works and in each case Verne would go a long way to explain not only the code used but also the mechanisms used to retrieve the original text . ) Lidenbrock and Axel transliterate the runic characters into Latin letters , revealing a message written in a seemingly bizarre code . Lidenbrock attempts a decipherment , deducing the message to be a kind of transposition cipher ; but his results are as meaningless as the original . Professor Lidenbrock decides to lock everyone in the house and force himself and the others ( Axel , and the maid , Martha ) to go without food until he cracks the code . Axel discovers the answer when fanning himself with the deciphered text : Lidenbrock 's decipherment was correct , and only needs to be read backwards to reveal sentences written in rough Latin . Axel decides to keep the secret hidden from Professor Lidenbrock , afraid of what the Professor might do with the knowledge , but after two days without food he can not stand the hunger and reveals the secret to his uncle . Lidenbrock translates the note , which is revealed to be a medieval note written by the ( fictional ) Icelandic alchemist Arne Saknussemm , who claims to have discovered a passage to the centre of the Earth via Snæfell in Iceland . In what Axel calls bad Latin , the deciphered message reads : The Runic cryptogram In Snefflls ( sic ) Iokulis kraterem kem delibat umbra Skartaris Iulii intra kalendas deskende , audas uiator , te ( sic ) terrestre kentrum attinges . Kod feki . Arne Saknussemm . In slightly better Latin , with errors amended : In Sneffels Jokulis craterem , quem delibat umbra Scartaris , Julii intra kalendas descende , audax viator , et terrestre centrum attinges ; quod feci . Arne Saknussemm which , when translated into English , reads : Descend , bold traveller , into the crater of the jökull of Snæfell , which the shadow of Scartaris touches ( lit : tastes ) before the Kalends of July , and you will attain the centre of the earth . I did it . Arne Saknussemm Snæfellsjökull . Professor Lidenbrock is a man of astonishing impatience , and departs for Iceland immediately , taking his reluctant nephew with him . Axel , who , in comparison , is cowardly and anti-adventurous , repeatedly tries to reason with him , explaining his fears of descending into a volcano and putting forward various scientific theories as to why the journey is impossible , but Professor Lidenbrock repeatedly keeps himself blinded against Axel 's point of view . After a rapid journey via Kiel and Copenhagen , they arrive in Reykjavík , where the two procure the services of Hans Bjelke ( a Danish - speaking Icelander eiderdown hunter ) as their guide , and travel overland to the base of the volcano . In late June , they reach the volcano , which has three craters . According to Saknussemm 's message , the passage to the center of the Earth is through the one crater that is touched by the shadow of a nearby mountain peak at noon . However , the text also states that this is only true during the last days of June . During the next few days , with July rapidly approaching , the weather is too cloudy for any shadows . Axel silently rejoices , hoping this will force his uncle -- who has repeatedly tried to impart courage to him only to succeed in making him even more cowardly still -- to give up the project and return home . Alas for Axel , however , on the second to last day , the sun comes out and the mountain peak shows the correct crater to take . After descending into the crater , the three travellers set off into the bowels of the Earth , encountering many strange phenomena and great dangers , including a chamber filled with firedamp , and steep - sided wells around the `` path '' . After taking a wrong turn , they run out of water and Axel almost dies , but Hans taps into a neighbouring subterranean river . Lidenbrock and Axel name the resulting stream the `` Hansbach '' in his honour and the three are saved . At another point , Axel becomes separated from the others and is lost several miles from them . Luckily , a strange acoustic phenomenon allows him to communicate with them from some miles away , and they are soon reunited . After descending many miles , following the course of the Hansbach , they reach an unimaginably vast cavern . This underground world is lit by electrically charged gas at the ceiling , and is filled with a very deep subterranean ocean , surrounded by a rocky coastline covered in petrified trees and giant mushrooms . The travelers build a raft out of trees and set sail . The Professor names this sea the `` Lidenbrock Sea '' and the port as `` Port Gräuben '' , after the name of his goddaughter . While on the water , they see several prehistoric creatures such as a giant Ichthyosaurus , which fights with a Plesiosaurus and wins . After the battle between the monsters , the party comes across an island with a huge geyser , which Lidenbrock names `` Axel Island '' . A lightning storm again threatens to destroy the raft and its passengers , but instead throws them onto the coastline . This part of the coast , Axel discovers , is alive with prehistoric plant and animal life forms , including giant insects and a herd of mastodons . On a beach covered with bones , Axel discovers an oversized human skull . Axel and Lidenbrock venture some way into the prehistoric forest , where Professor Lidenbrock points out , in a shaky voice , a prehistoric human , more than twelve feet in height , leaning against a tree and watching a herd of mastodons . Axel can not be sure if he has really seen the man or not , and he and Professor Lidenbrock debate whether or not a proto - human civilization actually exists so far underground . The three wonder if the creature is a man - like ape , or an ape - like man . The sighting of the creature is considered the most alarming part of the story , and the explorers decide that it is better not to alert it to their presence as they fear it may be hostile . The travellers continue to explore the coastline , and find a passageway marked by Saknussemm as the way ahead . However , it is blocked by what appears to be a recent cave - in and two of the three , Hans and the Professor , despair at being unable to hack their way through the granite wall . The adventurers plan to blast the rock with gun cotton and paddle out to sea to escape the blast . Upon executing the plan , however , they discover that behind the rockfall was a seemingly bottomless pit , not a passage to the center of the earth . The travellers are swept away as the sea rushes into the large open gap in the ground . After spending hours being swept along at lightning speeds by the water , the raft ends up inside a large volcanic chimney filling with water and magma . Terrified , the three are rushed upwards , through stifling heat , and are ejected onto the surface from a side - vent of a stratovolcano . When they regain consciousness , they discover that they have been ejected from Stromboli , a volcanic island located in southern Italy . They return to Hamburg to great acclaim -- Professor Lidenbrock is hailed as one of the great scientists of history , Axel marries his sweetheart Gräuben , and Hans eventually returns to his peaceful life in Iceland . The Professor has some regret that their journey was cut short . At the very end of the book , Axel and Lidenbrock realize why their compass was behaving strangely after their journey on the raft . They realize that the needle was pointing the wrong way after being struck by an electric fireball which nearly destroyed the wooden raft . Inspiration ( edit ) The book was inspired by Charles Lyell 's Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man of 1863 ( and probably also influenced by Lyell 's earlier ground - breaking work Principles of Geology , published 1830 -- 33 ) . By that time geologists had abandoned a literal biblical account of Earth 's development and it was generally thought that the end of the last glacial period marked the first appearance of humanity , but Lyell drew on new findings to put the origin of human beings much further back in the deep geological past . Lyell 's book also influenced Louis Figuier 's 1867 second edition of La Terre avant le déluge ( `` The Earth before the flood '' ) which included dramatic illustrations of savage men and women wearing animal skins and wielding stone axes , in place of the Garden of Eden shown in the 1863 edition . It is noteworthy that at the time of writing Verne had no hesitation with having sympathetic German protagonists with whom the reader could identify . Verne 's attitude to Germans would drastically change in the aftermath of the 1871 Franco - Prussian War . After 1871 , The sympathetic if eccentric Professor Otto Lidenbrock would be replaced in Verne 's fiction by the utterly evil and demonic Professor Schultze of The Begum 's Fortune . Main characters ( edit ) Professor Otto Lidenbrock : a man of science Axel : the nephew of Professor Lidenbrock , overcautious and unadventurous student . Hans Bjelke : a Danish - speaking Icelandic eiderduck hunter who becomes their guide ; dependable , resourceful and imperturbable . Gräuben : the goddaughter of Professor Lidenbrock with whom Axel is in love , from the Vierlande area of Hamburg . Martha : the maid at the house of Professor Lidenbrock . Prehistoric animals featured ( edit ) Pterichthys Dipterides -- A two - finned fish Leptotherium -- A gazelle - like creature Merycotherium -- A cattle - like creature Anoplotherium Mastodon Megatherium Unidentified Pterosaur ( probably Pterodactylus ) Unknown species of giant bird , probably a Teratorn Ichthyosaurus Plesiosaurus Notes ( edit ) The first English edition was published in its entirety by Henry Vickers in 12 installments of a Boys magazine entitled `` The Boys Journal '' . The plates are more numerous than the book form which was published with an 1872 title page . If it was released in 1871 as a single volume it was late in the year . This `` True '' first edition also found in an octavo normal book size ( not Annual size ) , has been overlooked by bibliographers . It has a place of pre-eminence up to about a 3rd of the way through the 12 monthly issues and then slides down into the main body of the journal . The Magazine does not seem to have survived in its loose format of 12 individual parts . The 1871 English language edition published by Griffith and Farran ( named Journey to the Centre of the Earth at Project Gutenberg ) is an abridged and altered translation . It changes the Professor 's name to Hardwigg , Axel 's name to Harry ( or Henry ) Lawson , and Grauben 's name to Gretchen . It omits some chapters , while rewriting or adding portions to others . The redactor 's note by Norm Wolcott , at Project Gutenberg , claims that this translation is the most popularly reprinted one , despite the flaws . The 1877 translation by Ward , Lock , & Co. , Ltd. , translated by Frederick Amadeus Malleson , is more faithful , though it too has some slight rewrites ( according to the redactor at its Project Gutenberg page , where its title is translated as Journey to the Interior of the Earth ) . The 1877 translation by Ward Lock & Co Ltd. , translated by Frederick Amadeus Malleson was adapted by AD Classic Books ' 2008 edition of Journey to the Center of the Earth . In this edit by A.R. Roumanis , antiquated writing and out of date sayings were replaced which makes this the most modernized version available . The novel frequently uses the device of the Professor explaining or arguing scientific matters with Axel , in order to communicate scientific facts on which the world - view is based . In the midst of their descent , this role reverses at one point , as Axel points out strata to the Professor as another example of the same story - telling method . Many things postulated in the novel are now known to be incorrect , including the temperature of space being minus 40 degrees Fahrenheit , and volcanoes erupting due to a reaction between water and chemicals in the Earth 's crust . Adaptations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) 1959 : Journey to the Center of the Earth , USA , directed by Henry Levin , starring James Mason and Pat Boone . In the film , the character of Axel becomes Alec and is more adventurous than cowardly as he is in the novel . The film introduces two new main characters : a female explorer and a main antagonist . 1978 : Viaje al centro de la Tierra , Spain , directed by Juan Piquer Simón , starring Kenneth More and Pep Munné . It was distributed in Great Britain and the US as Where Time Began . 1989 : Journey to the Center of the Earth took only the title and a general idea from the Verne novel , and had a unique plot aimed at a teen audience . It was written by Debra Ricci , Regina Davis , Kitty Chalmers , and Rusty Lemorande , and was directed by Lemorande and Albert Pyun . It stars Emo Philips , Paul Carafotes , Jaclyn Bernstein , Kathy Ireland , Janet Du Plessis , Nicola Cowper , Lochner De Kock , and Ilan Mitchell - Smith . It was based on an uncompleted version , more faithful to Verne 's text , written and directed by Lemorande , that had been left unfinished because of Cannon Films ' premature closure . 2008 : Journey to the Center of the Earth is a 3 - D film by Eric Brevig . Cast members include Brendan Fraser , Anita Briem and Josh Hutcherson . The film follows as a sequel to the original book . 2008 : Journey to the Center of the Earth -- A direct - to - DVD release by The Asylum , which is a loose adaptation of the original book . It was released as Journey to Middle Earth in the United Kingdom . Walt Disney Pictures began work on a `` Journey '' in the late 1990s , but was not happy with the appearance of the subterranean caverns , so the project was scrapped and the cavern scenes were altered and used in the production of their 2001 film Atlantis : The Lost Empire . Television ( edit ) An animated television series , Journey to the Center of the Earth , first broadcast in 1967 on ABC , starring the voices of Ted Knight , Pat Harrington , Jr. , and Jane Webb , only loosely based on Verne 's novel . A limited animation television special in the Famous Classic Tales series was aired by CBS in 1977 . In 1993 , NBC aired a made - for - TV film version with a cast including John Neville , F. Murray Abraham and Kim Miyori . The film used the title and general premise of Verne 's novel , but had its heroes carry out the journey in an earth - penetrating machine . A television series was supposed to follow , but was never produced . The Wishbone 1996 episode `` Hot Diggety Dawg '' was based on the novel , featuring several major scenes starring the title character as Professor Lidenbrock . The 1999 Hallmark Entertainment movie starred Treat Williams , Jeremy London , Bryan Brown , Tushka Bergen , and Hugh Keays - Byrne ( this version deviates considerably from Verne 's original ) . A TV film version by RHI Entertainment starring Rick Schroder , Peter Fonda , Victoria Pratt , Steven Grayhm and Mike Dopud was shot on location in and around Vancouver on high definition video during the summer of 2007 . The show aired on February 4 , 2008 and been released on DVD . Victoria Pratt and Peter Fonda 's characters were added to the original story . Radio ( edit ) A 7 - part radio serial was broadcast on the BBC Home Service in 1962 . It was produced by Claire Chovil , and starred Trevor Martin and Nigel Anthony . An 8 - part radio serial was produced for BBC Radio 4 by Howard Jones in 1963 . It starred Bernard Horsfall and Jeffrey Banks . A radio drama adaptation was broadcast by National Public Radio in 2000 for its series `` Radio Tales '' . A 90 - minute radio adaptation by Stephen Walker directed by Owen O'Callan was first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 Extra on 20 November 2011 and re-broadcast on 11 and 12 November 2012 . Nicholas Le Prevost starred as Professor Otto Lidenbrock , Nathaniel Parker as Axel and Oliver Senton as Hans . Rosemary McNab , an original female character who funds and accompanies the expedition ( and has affairs with both Hans and Otto along the way ) , was played by Kristen Millwood . A two - part BBC Radio 4 adaptation of Journey to the Centre of the Earth was broadcast on 19 and 26 March 2017 , with Stephen Critchlow as Professor Lidenbrock , Joel MacCormack as Axel and Gudmundur Ingi Thorvaldsson as Hans . It was directed and produced by Tracey Neale and adapted by Moya O'Shea . Theatre ( edit ) A stage version of Journey to the Center of the Earth , written by Gerald Fitzgerald and directed by Steven - Shayle Rhodes , was produced at Pegasus Theatre in Dallas , Texas in 2000 , with substantial changes made to the characters and the plot . In 2014 , Fitzgerald 's 2 - act script was adapted into a 3 - act melodrama format and presented at the Pocket Sandwich Theatre in Dallas , directed by Joey Dietz . Theme park ( themed areas ) and rides ( edit ) A thrill ride based on the book , Journey to the Center of the Earth , is open at The Mysterious Island section of Tokyo DisneySea 's theme park . Its also includes a dark ride based on Twenty thousand leagues under the Sea . Le Visionarium ( Timekeeper ) - featuring Jules Verne in a circle vision ride ( 1992 - 2005 ) and Space Mountain , de la Terre à la Lune , in its original version ( 1995 - 2005 ) , based directly on From the earth to the Moon in Discoveryland ( the hub facing part of the Land features Steampunk related theming ) at Euro Disneyland ( now Disneyland Paris ) between 1992 and 2005 . A water ride at Water World in Federal Heights , Colorado called ' Voyage to the Center of the Earth ' is loosely based on the book . A mill chute ride , called ' Journey to the Center of the Earth ' and loosely based on the book , existed at Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom from 1960 to 1992 . Other ( edit ) Video games called Journey to the Center of the Earth : in 1984 by Ozisoft for the Commodore 64 ; in 1989 by Topo Soft for the ZX Spectrum and in 2003 by Frogwares . A board game adaptation of the book designed by Rüdiger Dorn was released by Kosmos in 2008 . A concept album called Journey to the Centre of the Earth by Rick Wakeman , was released in 1974 . It combines song , narration and instrumental pieces to retell the story Rick Wakeman released a second concept album called Return to the Centre of the Earth in 1999 , it tells the story of a later set of travelers attempting to repeat the original journey . Alien Voices , an audio theater group led by Leonard Nimoy and John de Lancie , released a dramatized version of Journey to the Center of the Earth through Simon and Schuster Audio in 1997 . Christopher Lloyd 's character of Doctor Emmett Brown , one of the two main fictional characters of the Back To The Future film series , attributed the origins of his lifelong devotion to science to having read as a child the works of Jules Verne in general , and Journey to the Center of the Earth in particular . ( This is evident when he reveals that he tried to dig to the Center of the Earth at the age of twelve . ) Back to the Future Part III , especially , pays homage to Journey of the Center of the Earth where Dr. Brown carves his initials in a mineshaft after storing the time machine , just like Arne Saknussemm did to help guide future explorers . At the end of the film , it is also revealed that Dr. Brown 's two sons are named Jules and Verne . The first part of the second season of Around the World with Willy Fog by Spanish studio BRB Internacional was `` Journey to the Centre of the Earth '' . Edgar Rice Burroughs wrote the Pellucidar series using the Journey to the Center of the Earth concept . The surname of Kathy Ireland 's character in Alien From L.A. ( 1988 ) , a film about a girl who falls through the earth and discovers a repressive subterranean society , is Saknussemm . The 1992 adventure / role - playing game Quest for Glory III by Sierra Entertainment used Arne Saknoosen the Aardvark as a bit character for exploration information , alluding to the explorer Arne Saknussemm . The DC Comics comic book series Warlord took place in Skartaris , a land supposed to exist within a Hollow Earth . Its creator , Mike Grell , has confirmed that `` the name comes from the mountain peak Scartaris that points the way to the passage to the earth 's core in Journey to the Center of the Earth . '' Louis MacNeice 's final play Persons from Porlock contains a reference to Journey to the Center of the Earth at the beginning . Because his mother used to read it aloud to him , Hank became ' completely fascinated ' with ' caves and pot - holes and things ' ( p 111 ) . At the end of the play ' Herr Professor Lidebrock ' is one of the characters Hank meets down the pot hole . Hank says to him , ' Oh , my dear Professor , I 've always wanted to meet you , since my mother used to read me your adventures . How you went down the volcano and ran into all those mastodons . But , of course , in your case you got out again . ' The Professor replies , ' That was because I am a character in fiction . ' He continues , ' Jules Verne invented me ' ( p 141 ) . Halldór Laxness , the only Icelandic author to be awarded the Nobel Prize , situated his novel Under the Glacier in the area of Snæfellsjökull . The glacier has a mystic quality in the story and there are several references to A Journey to the Center of the Earth in connection with it . In the Exile computer game series and its remake , the Avernum series , the player 's party is exiled to a vast underground cavern similar to the one described in A Journey to the Center of the Earth . It also contains a subterranean ocean and networks of tunnels , but it is lit by bioluminescent mushrooms rather than an electric phenomenon . One of the goals of several of the games is to escape from the cavern . See also ( edit ) Subterranean fiction Pellucidar Spartakus and the Sun Beneath the Sea References ( edit ) Jump up ^ To produce the cipher , the text is written backwards , and then each letter and punctuation mark is placed in a separate cell of a 7x3 matrix , going row by row . When each cell is filled with the first 21 letters , the 22nd letter is placed in the first cell , and so again through the matrix repeatedly until the message is complete . To decipher , one copies out the first letter of each cell , then the second , and so forth , and finally the resulting message is read backwards . Jump up ^ Criticism : Browne , E. Janet ( 2002 ) , Charles Darwin : vol. 2 The Power of Place , London : Jonathan Cape , pp. 130 , 218 , 515 , ISBN 0 - 7126 - 6837 - 3 Jump up ^ The Boys Journal . Published By Henry Vickers , London . 1870 Jump up ^ `` Journey to the Center of the Earth '' . IMDb . IMDb.com , Inc . Retrieved 18 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Journey to the Center of the Earth '' . IMDb . IMDb.com , Inc . Retrieved 18 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Journey to the Centre of the Earth '' . BBC Genome . BBC . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jules Verne - Journey to the Centre of the Earth '' , BBC Radio 4 , 20 Nov 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Radio 4 relevant page '' Jump up ^ World of Spectrum Jump up ^ Moby Games Jump up ^ Board Game Geek Jump up ^ Brian Cronin , 2006 , `` Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed # 54 ! '' ( archive ) Jump up ^ Louis MacNeice , Persons from Porlock , London : BBC , 1969 . Further reading ( edit ) Debus , Allen ( July 2007 ) . `` Re-Framing the Science in Jules Verne 's Journey to the Center of the Earth '' . Science Fiction Studies . 33 ( 3 ) : 405 -- 20 . JSTOR 4241461 ... External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Journey into the Interior of the Earth French Wikisource has original text related to this article : Voyage au centre de la Terre Wikimedia Commons has media related to Journey to the Center of the Earth . A Journey to the Centre of the Earth ( Griffith and Farran , 1871 ) entire early English translation . Journey to the Centre of the Earth and PDF Full text of the Oxford University Press translation , with introduction , notes and appendices . Most modern translation available online . Journey into the Interior of the Earth ( Malleson , trans. ; Ward , Lock & Co. , 1877 ) from JV.Gilead.org.il A Journey to the Interior of the Earth ( Malleson , trans. ; Ward , Lock & Co. , 1877 ) -- in easy to read HTML format . A Journey to the Interior of the Earth at Project Gutenberg ( English ) Journey to the Interior of the Earth public domain audiobook at LibriVox Free Audio Book of `` Journey to the Center of the Earth '' from The Drama Pod Journey to the Center of the Earth -- Classics Illustrated comic book Jules Verne 's Journey to the Center of the Earth Films 1959 film 1978 film 1989 film 2008 TV film 2008 Asylum film 2008 theatrical film Other 1967 series 1999 miniseries 1974 album 2008 video game Journey 2 : The Mysterious Island Journey Through the Impossible Works by Jules Verne Voyages extraordinaires Five Weeks in a Balloon ( 1863 ) Journey to the Center of the Earth ( 1864 ) From the Earth to the Moon ( 1865 ) The Adventures of Captain Hatteras ( 1866 ) In Search of the Castaways ( 1867 -- 68 ) Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea ( 1869 -- 70 ) Around the Moon ( 1870 ) A Floating City ( 1871 ) The Adventures of Three Englishmen and Three Russians in South Africa ( 1872 ) The Fur Country ( 1873 ) Around the World in Eighty Days ( 1873 ) The Mysterious Island ( 1874 -- 75 ) The Survivors of the Chancellor ( 1875 ) Michael Strogoff ( 1876 ) Off on a Comet ( 1877 ) The Child of the Cavern ( 1877 ) Dick Sand , A Captain at Fifteen ( 1878 ) The Begum 's Fortune ( 1879 ) Tribulations of a Chinaman in China ( 1879 ) The Steam House ( 1880 ) Eight Hundred Leagues on the Amazon ( 1881 ) Godfrey Morgan ( 1882 ) The Green Ray ( 1882 ) Kéraban the Inflexible ( 1883 ) The Vanished Diamond ( 1884 ) The Archipelago on Fire ( 1884 ) Mathias Sandorf ( 1885 ) The Lottery Ticket ( 1886 ) Robur the Conqueror ( 1886 ) North Against South ( 1887 ) The Flight to France ( 1887 ) Two Years ' Vacation ( 1888 ) Family Without a Name ( 1889 ) The Purchase of the North Pole ( 1889 ) César Cascabel ( 1890 ) Mistress Branican ( 1891 ) The Carpathian Castle ( 1892 ) Claudius Bombarnac ( 1892 ) Foundling Mick ( 1893 ) Captain Antifer ( 1894 ) Propeller Island ( 1895 ) Facing the Flag ( 1896 ) Clovis Dardentor ( 1896 ) An Antarctic Mystery ( 1897 ) The Mighty Orinoco ( 1898 ) The Will of an Eccentric ( 1899 ) The Castaways of the Flag ( 1900 ) The Village in the Treetops ( 1901 ) The Sea Serpent ( 1901 ) The Kip Brothers ( 1902 ) Travel Scholarships ( 1903 ) A Drama in Livonia ( 1904 ) Master of the World ( 1904 ) Invasion of the Sea ( 1905 ) Other works Novels The Waif of the Cynthia ( 1885 ) The Lighthouse at the End of the World ( 1905 ) The Golden Volcano ( 1906 ) The Chase of the Golden Meteor ( 1908 ) The Danube Pilot ( 1908 ) The Survivors of the `` Jonathan '' ( 1909 ) The Secret of Wilhelm Storitz ( 1910 ) The Barsac Mission ( 1919 ) Backwards to Britain ( 1989 , written 1859 ) Paris in the Twentieth Century ( 1994 , written 1863 ) Collections Doctor Ox ( 1874 ) Yesterday and Tomorrow ( 1910 ) Short stories `` A Drama in Mexico '' ( 1851 ) `` A Drama in the Air '' ( 1851 ) `` Martin Paz '' ( 1852 ) `` Master Zacharius '' ( 1854 ) `` A Winter amid the Ice '' ( 1855 ) `` The Count of Chanteleine '' ( 1864 ) `` The Blockade Runners '' ( 1865 ) `` Dr. Ox 's Experiment '' ( 1872 ) `` An Ideal City '' ( 1875 ) `` The Mutineers of the Bounty '' ( 1879 ) `` Ten Hours Hunting '' ( 1881 ) `` Frritt - Flacc '' ( 1884 ) `` Gil Braltar '' ( 1887 ) `` In the Year 2889 '' ( 1889 ) `` Adventures of the Rat Family '' ( 1891 ) `` Mr. Ray Sharp and Miss Me Flat '' ( 1893 ) `` The Eternal Adam '' ( 1910 ) Plays The Broken Straws ( 1850 ) Mona Lisa ( 1852 ) Blind Man 's Buff ( 1853 ) The Adoptive Son ( 1853 Knights of the Daffodil ( 1855 ) Mr. Chimpanzee ( 1858 ) The Inn in the Ardennes ( 1860 ) Eleven Days ' Siege ( 1861 ) A Nephew from America ( 1873 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1874 ) The Children of Captain Grant ( 1878 ) Michael Strogoff ( 1880 ) Journey Through the Impossible ( 1882 ) Kéraban the Pigheaded ( 1883 ) Related The Thompson Travel Agency by Michel Verne ( 1907 ) Universe Characters Aouda Tom Ayrton David Farragut Phileas Fogg Lord Glenarvan Captain Nemo Jacques Paganel Jean Passepartout Cyrus Smith Universe Leyden ball Nautilus HMS Sword Book VIAF : 181861005 GND : 4835489 - 2 SUDOC : 089079728 BNF : cb12342582t ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journey_to_the_Center_of_the_Earth&oldid=805808798 '' Categories : Journey to the Center of the Earth 1864 French novels Novels by Jules Verne 1860s science fiction novels French science fiction novels Lost world novels Novels about dinosaurs Novels set in Iceland Hollow Earth in fiction Fictional subterranea French novels adapted into films Novels set in Hamburg Novels set in Sicily French novels adapted into plays Novels adapted into comics Novels adapted into radio programs Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games 1863 in fiction Cryptography in fiction Travel to the Earth 's center Hidden categories : Articles containing French - 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"Journey to the Center of the Earth (French: Voyage au centre de la Terre, also translated under the titles A Journey to the Centre of the Earth and A Journey to the Interior of the Earth) is an 1864 science fiction novel by Jules Verne. The story involves German professor Otto Lidenbrock who believes there are volcanic tubes going toward the centre of the Earth. He, his nephew Axel, and their guide Hans descend into the Icelandic volcano Snæfellsjökull, encountering many adventures, including prehistoric animals and natural hazards, before eventually coming to the surface again in southern Italy, at the Stromboli volcano."
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"1864"
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1582977559018791403 | A Horse with No Name | A Horse with No Name - wikipedia A Horse with No Name Jump to : navigation , search For the 2010 film , see A Horse with No Name ( film ) . `` A Horse with No Name '' Single by America from the album America B - side `` Everyone I Meet Is from California '' `` Sandman '' Released November 12 , 1971 Format 7 - inch single Recorded 1971 Studio Morgan Studios , London Genre Folk rock Length 4 : 08 Label Warner Bros . Songwriter ( s ) Dewey Bunnell Producer ( s ) Ian Samwell America singles chronology `` A Horse with No Name '' ( 1971 ) `` I Need You '' ( 1972 ) Audio sample file help `` A Horse with No Name '' is a song written by Dewey Bunnell , and originally recorded by the folk rock band America . It was the band 's first and most successful single , released in late - 1971 in Europe and early - 1972 in the US , and topped the charts in several countries . It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Composition 3 Reception 4 Personnel 5 In popular culture 5.1 Soundtrack appearances 5.2 Musical references 5.3 Other references to the song 6 Charts 7 References 8 External links Development ( edit ) America 's self - titled debut album was released initially in Europe , without `` A Horse with No Name , '' and achieved only moderate success . Originally called `` Desert Song '' , `` Horse '' was written while the band was staying at the home studio of musician Arthur Brown , near Puddletown , Dorset . The first two demos were recorded there , by Jeff Dexter and Dennis Elliott , and were intended to capture the feel of the hot , dry desert that had been depicted at the studio from a Salvador Dalí painting , and the strange horse that had ridden out of an M.C. Escher picture . Writer Dewey Bunnell also says he remembered his childhood travels through the Arizona and New Mexico desert when his family lived at Vandenberg Air Force Base . Trying to find a song that would be popular in both the United States and Europe , Warner Brothers was reluctant to release Beckley 's `` I Need You '' ballad as the first single from America . The label asked the band if it had any other material , then arranged for America to record four more songs at Morgan Studios , Willesden in London . `` A Horse with No Name '' was released as the featured song on a three - track single in the UK , Ireland , France , Italy and the Netherlands in late 1971 . On the release `` A Horse with No Name '' shared the A-side with `` Everyone I Meet Is from California '' ; `` Sandman '' featured on the B - side . However , its early - 1972 two - track US release did not include `` Sandman '' , with `` Everyone I Meet Is from California '' appearing on the B - side . Composition ( edit ) `` A Horse with No Name '' was recorded in the key of E Dorian with acoustic guitars , bass guitar , drum kit , and bongo drums . The only other chord is a D , fretted on the low E and G strings , second fret . A 12 - string guitar plays an added F ♯ ( second fret , high E string ) on the back beat of the Em . A noted feature of the song is the driving bass line with a hammer - hook in each chorus . A `` waterfall '' - type solo completes the arrangement . Produced by Ian Samwell on the day of final recording at Morgan Studios , when at first the group thought it was too corny and took some convincing to actually play it . Gerry Beckley has explained in Acoustic Guitar magazine ( March 2007 ) that the correct tuning for the guitar is DEDGBD , low to high . The chord pattern that repeats throughout the entire song is : 202002 ( Em ) , then 020202 and 000202 . The tuning is unique to this song ; they did not use it on any other America song . Reception ( edit ) Despite the song being banned by some U.S. radio stations because of supposed drug references to heroin use , the song ascended to number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , and the album quickly reached platinum status . The song charted earlier in the Netherlands ( reaching number 11 ) and the UK ( reaching number 3 , the band 's only Top 40 hit in the country ) than it did in the United States . The interpretation of the song as a drug reference comes from the fact that the word `` horse '' is a common slang term for heroin . The song 's resemblance to some of Neil Young 's work aroused some controversy . `` I know that virtually everyone , on first hearing , assumed it was Neil '' , Bunnell says . `` I never fully shied away from the fact that I was inspired by him . I think it 's in the structure of the song as much as in the tone of his voice . It did hurt a little , because we got some pretty bad backlash . I 've always attributed it more to people protecting their own heroes more than attacking me . '' By coincidence , it was `` A Horse with No Name '' that replaced Young 's `` Heart of Gold '' at the number 1 spot on the U.S. pop chart . The song has received criticism for its banal , oddly phrased lyrics , including `` The heat was hot '' ; `` There were plants , and birds , and rocks , and things '' ; and `` ' Cause there ai n't no one for to give you no pain . '' Penn Jillette asked the band about their lyrics , `` there were plants , and birds , and rocks , and things '' after a show in Atlantic City , where America opened for Penn & Teller . According to Jillette , their explanation for the lyrics was that they were intoxicated with cannabis while writing it . In a 2012 interview , Beckley disputed Jillette 's story , saying , `` I do n't think Dew was stoned . '' Personnel ( edit ) ( Per back cover of 1972 vinyl issue of America . ) America Dewey Bunnell -- lead vocal , acoustic guitar Gerry Beckley -- 12 - string acoustic guitar , backing vocal Dan Peek -- bass , backing vocal Session musicians Ray Cooper -- percussion Kim Haworth -- drums In popular culture ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section indiscriminately collects miscellaneous information . Please compress this material to remove any irrelevant or unimportant information . ( May 2017 ) Soundtrack appearances ( edit ) The song was featured in Hideous Kinky , a British -- French 1998 film , during a trip on the Moroccan desert . In 2008 , it was used in a Kohls TV commercial for Vera Wang . It can also be heard in Season 2 of Millennium , in the episode `` Owls '' . It can be heard on an episode of The Simpsons , `` The Haw - Hawed Couple '' . In another episode , `` A Star Is Born Again '' . Ned Flanders can be heard singing it , with alternative lyrics . The song is heard in the background of season 3 episode 16 of `` Parks and Recreation '' . It was featured in the video game Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas on the fictional classic rock radio station K - DST . The song bookends the second episode of the third season of Breaking Bad , `` Caballo sin Nombre '' ( Spanish for `` Horse without Name '' ) , where the song plays on a car radio as Walter White drives through the desert in the beginning , before being pulled over for driving with a cracked windshield . At the end of the episode the song is sung by Walter in the shower . The song was also featured in the show Friends in Season 5 , Episode 22 , `` The One With Joey 's Big Break '' . The song is also featured in the movies The Devil 's Daughter , The Trip , and Air America . The song is also featured on the soundtrack of the 2013 motion picture American Hustle directed by David O. Russell and 2016 movie The Nice Guys . In 2014 , the song was featured in an advertisement for the Toyota Auris Hybrid . In the season 4 episode of BoJack Horseman `` The Old Sugarman Place '' , the title character drives through the desert to Patrick Carney and Michelle Branch 's interpretation of the song . This version also appears on the soundtrack album of the series . Musical references ( edit ) The song was one of many popular songs quoted and parodied on the album The Third Reich ' n Roll by The Residents . The song `` Face '' by American rock band Aerosmith released in 2001 bears a strong resemblance towards `` A Horse With No Name '' . Michael Jackson 's song `` A Place with No Name '' was released posthumously by TMZ as a 25 - second snippet on July 16 , 2009 . The snippet closely resembles `` A Horse with No Name '' . Jim Morey , both Jackson 's and America 's former band manager , has stated that `` America was honored that Michael chose to do their song and they hope it becomes available for all Michael 's fans to hear . '' The song was remastered and released in its entirety along with the original Michael Jackson recording on Jackson 's 2014 album , Xscape . The manner in which American band Drive - by Truckers ' song `` The Fourth Night of My Drinking '' begins , nods to `` A Horse with No Name '' . Other references to the song ( edit ) The song was covered by a band in the bar Robin Williams ' character hangs out at in the 1987 movie Good Morning Vietnam . Also appeared in Air America from 1990 . Plants and Birds and Rocks and Things was the title of the 1993 debut album by The Loud Family , and was quoted by songwriter Scott Miller in the first track , `` He Do the Police in Different Voices '' ( `` Maybe plants and birds and rocks and things can justify my day '' ) . It also appeared sung by members of a hippie group , `` The People '' , in Series 3 of HBO 's Six Feet Under , in the episode : `` Tears , Bones and Desire '' as the women make mops . In the episode `` Bill 's Autobiography '' on NewsRadio , Dave Foley 's character was found singing the song on an audiotape on which he records his thoughts . In 1999 , the literary magazine Lamia Ink published a short play by American playwright Meron Langsner entitled The Name of the Horse , in which the problem of the horse 's name is explored . The play is also included in a collection of parodies entitled The Sacred Cow Slaughterhouse published by Indie Theatre Now . In The Simpsons episode `` The Haw - Hawed Couple '' , Homer and Marge trick Bart and Lisa into thinking they 're busy arguing so they can have their time alone . They accidentally throw a piece of clothing at the tape recorder and `` A Horse With No Name '' plays . In computer game NetHack , when the player character dismounts an unnamed horse , the game issues the message `` You 've been through the dungeon on a horse with no name '' , or , when hallucinating , `` It felt good to get out of the rain . '' In the October 7 , 2015 episode of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert , Colbert , wearing a big and furry hat , proclaims that the titular horse 's name is `` Gary the horse '' . In the Reno 911 season five episode `` Junior Runs for Office '' , after consuming an entire pan of hashish brownies , Junior panics upon learning that `` A Horse With No Name '' is not available in the jukebox of the bar that they are in . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Canada ( RPM ) Finland ( Finnish Singles Chart ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 11 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Easy Listening US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Singles Chart US Record World Singles Chart References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` VH1 's 40 Most Softsational Soft - Rock Songs '' . Stereogum . SpinMedia . May 31 , 2007 . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Horse with No Name '' USA chart history , Billboard.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ RIAA . `` RIAA Gold & Platinum Database '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.dorsetlife.co.uk/2015/06/decadence-and-depravity-with-added-cheese/ Jump up ^ `` Highway Highlight ( from the box set booklet ) '' . Archived from the original on 2 June 2008 . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Craig ( September 30 , 1996 ) . The Billboard book of number one albums : the inside story behind pop music 's blockbuster records . Billboard Books . Jump up ^ Guitar Noise ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Guitar Coach Mag ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Liner notes , Highway Highlight '' . Archived from the original on 15 June 2006 . Retrieved June 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` America singles charts history '' . Official Charts . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ America biography at Billboard Jump up ^ John Mendelsohn ( 1972 ) . `` Rolling Stone Review '' . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Jillette , Penn . ( 2012 ) . Gilbert Gottfried Again ! ( Episode 14 , 2012 / 05 / 21 ) . Penn 's Sunday School . Ace Broadcasting Network . Jump up ^ `` Q&A With America Singer Gerry Beckley '' . Patch.com . Dec 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ splendAd - Kohl 's - Simply Vera Spring 2008 commercial Jump up ^ AMCTV ( 2010 ) . `` Walt Gets Arrested '' . Archived from the original on 1 April 2010 . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ IMDB ( 1999 ) . `` The One with Joey 's Big Break '' . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Place with No Name sounds like Horse with No Name '' . news.com.au . July 17 , 2009 . Retrieved March 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ NetHack source code Jump up ^ Billboard : 53 . October 7 , 1972 . CS1 maint : Untitled periodical ( link ) Jump up ^ Search for Irish peaks Jump up ^ `` America Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . External links ( edit ) Official America Homepage Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Heart Of Gold '' by Neil Young Billboard Hot 100 number - one single March 25 , 1972 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' by Roberta Flack ( hide ) America Gerry Beckley Dewey Bunnell Dan Peek Studio albums America Homecoming Hat Trick Holiday Hearts Hideaway Harbor Silent Letter Alibi View from the Ground Your Move Perspective Hourglass Human Nature Holiday Harmony Here & Now Back Pages Lost & Found Compilations History : America 's Greatest Hits Encore : More Greatest Hits Highway The Complete Greatest Hits Hits : 40th Anniversary Edition Live albums America Live In Concert ( 1985 ) In Concert ( 1995 ) Horse with No Name The Grand Cayman Concert Live In Concert : Wildwood Springs Soundtracks The Last Unicorn Singles `` A Horse with No Name '' `` I Need You '' `` Ventura Highway '' `` Muskrat Love '' `` Tin Man '' `` Lonely People '' `` Sister Golden Hair '' `` Daisy Jane '' `` Woman Tonight '' `` Today 's the Day '' `` Amber Cascades '' `` You Can Do Magic '' `` Right Before Your Eyes '' `` The Border '' Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Horse_with_No_Name&oldid=806620034 '' Categories : Songs about horses 1971 songs 1971 singles 1972 singles Songs written by Dewey Bunnell America ( band ) songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Debut singles Warner Bros. Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Untitled periodical Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from October 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with trivia sections from May 2017 All articles with trivia sections Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Sicilianu Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 04 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang been through the desert on a horse with no name | [
"\"A Horse with No Name\" is a song written by Dewey Bunnell, and originally recorded by the folk rock band America. It was the band's first and most successful single, released in late-1971 in Europe and early-1972 in the US, and topped the charts in several countries.[2] It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America.[3]"
] | [
"the folk rock band America"
] |
-1317278291911152741 | St Trinian's 2: The Legend of Fritton's Gold | St. Trinian 's 2 : the Legend of Fritton 's Gold - wikipedia St. Trinian 's 2 : the Legend of Fritton 's Gold Jump to : navigation , search St Trinian 's 2 : The Legend of Fritton 's Gold British release poster Directed by Oliver Parker Barnaby Thompson Produced by Oliver Parker Barnaby Thompson Screenplay by Piers Ashworth Nick Moorcroft Based on St Trinian 's by Ronald Searle Starring Rupert Everett Colin Firth David Tennant Talulah Riley Sarah Harding Tamsin Egerton Music by Charlie Mole Cinematography David Higgs Edited by Emma E. Hickox Production company Ealing Studios Fragile Films Distributed by Entertainment Film Distributors Release date 18 December 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 18 ) Running time 106 minutes Country United Kingdom Language English Box office £ 7,088,097 St Trinian 's 2 : The Legend of Fritton 's Gold is a 2009 British adventure comedy film directed by Oliver Parker and Barnaby Thompson , both of who directed the previous film in the series . It is the seventh in a long running series of films based on the works of cartoonist Ronald Searle , and the second film produced since the franchise was rebooted in 2007 . A sequel , St Trinian 's 3 : Battle of the Sexes , has been in development since 2009 , but has yet to be produced as of 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 5 Home media 6 Cancelled sequel 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) One night , the girls of St. Trinian 's catch Celia , a member of the eco sect , retrieving an old ring from the school 's Fritton Archives , who explains that an unknown man telephoned her to retrieve it for him in exchange for £ 20,000 . Seeking to get more , Annabelle Fritton , the new head girl , demands £ 100,000 from the man when he calls back , only for him to refuse and threaten the girls for their greed . When the school 's power is cut , the girls ask their headmistress , Camilla Fritton , about why the ring might be so valuable . Camilla recognises the ring as one of two created by a pirate ancestor of hers in 1589 , which when brought together can lead the way to a buried treasure hidden somewhere in the world . Shortly after learning this , the school is besieged by masked men led by Sir Piers Pomfrey , a man of flawless reputation and a descendant of the man that was robbed by Camilla 's pirate ancestor , who steals the ring with the intention of finding the treasure . Seeking to stop him , the girls search for the second ring and find a clue left by another ancestor who located the first and left it in the archives . After a difficult time deciphering a clue they left , the girls find it to be hidden within a boy 's school , leaving a group to infiltrate it in disguise and recover it . Seeking to recover the first , the girls learn that Piers is the leader of a secret society known as AD1 , a masculinist brotherhood , and that Camilla 's old flame and former head of education , Geoffrey Thwaites , knows about him and the society . After tracking him down at a pub , Camilla convinces him to help them , whereupon she puts him through a course to help him overcome his need for drink , and assigns him to work undercover at AD1 's hideout , with Annabelle calling in the former head girl Kelly , now an M.I. 7 agent , to assist in the recovery of the ring . Despite the girls not finding it in the vault , Geoffrey spots it being worn by Piers and manages to steal it from him , returning it back to St. Trinian 's . Finding that the two rings bear longitude and latitude coordinates respectively on them , the girls find that the treasure is buried under the Globe Theatre . After organising a flash mob to keep AD1 from pursuing them , after Piers learns they recovered the first ring , Camilla , Geoffrey , the school 's bursar , Annabelle and a small group of the girls make it to the theatre , and while the girls head underneath the building , Camilla and Geoffrey pose as actors they knocked out to avoid raising an alarm . Although the girls make it to the treasure 's location within a secret room , they discover a chest within containing nothing more than a note from Pirate Fritton , who gave up being a pirate to write plays under the name of William Shakespeare , and that the treasure was the final play he wrote intended to reveal that `` he '' was a woman . Piers , managing to track them down , holds them at gunpoint and steals the play from them , revealing that his ancestors knew this fact and that he had always intended to find the play and destroy it . The girls watch as he flees the scene on his private boat . Seeking to stop him , the girls take control of the reconstruction of the Golden Hind and sail it down the Thames , whereupon they attack Pier 's boat , with Camilla recovering the play 's script from him . The girls soon return to St. Trinian 's for a wild party to celebrate their success , while Piers is exposed for being a sexist after AD1 is revealed to the media . Cast ( edit ) Talulah Riley during filming in August 2009 Rupert Everett as Miss Camilla Dagey Fritton , Archibald Fritton , and Reverend Fortnum Fritton David Tennant as Sir Piers Pomfrey , and Lord Pomfrey Colin Firth as Geoffrey Thwaites Talulah Riley as Annabelle Lealla Fritton Sarah Harding as Roxy Tamsin Egerton as Chelsea Parker Clara Paget as Bella Gabriella Wilde as Saffy Juno Temple as Celia Ella Smith as Lucy Montserrat Lombard as Zoe Zawe Ashton as Bianca Jessica Agombar as Jessica Cloe Mackie & Holly Mackie as Tania & Tara Gemma Arterton as Kelly Opossum Jones Celia Imrie as St Trinian 's Matron Toby Jones as St Trinian 's Bursar Jodie Whittaker as Beverly , the Receptionist Christian Brassington as Peters , Sir Piers ' Assistant Tom Riley as ' Romeo ' Georgia King as ' Juliet ' Ricky Wilson as Roxy 's boyfriend Katherine Parkinson as the Science teacher Production ( edit ) Principal photography started in July 2009 , at Ealing Studios and on location in various places in London , including the Globe Theatre and on ( and in ) the River Thames . The ' Old Boys School ' was filmed at Charterhouse School in Godalming , Surrey and the boys choir was the Guildford Cathedral Choir . On 16 August 2009 , hundreds of extras , along with the main characters , filmed a mass dance scene in the style of a flash mob at London 's Liverpool Street Station . The manor house used as the girls school is Knebworth House in Hertfordshire . Release ( edit ) It was announced at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival that St Trinian 's 2 : The Legend of Fritton 's Gold was to be released on 18 December 2009 . Box office ( edit ) It opened at # 2 in the United Kingdom , just behind James Cameron 's 3D sci fi epic Avatar , with debut week end box office figures of £ 1,586,832 . As of 10 February 2010 , the film has grossed a total of £ 7,019,714 in the United Kingdom , considerably lower than the first instalment 's £ 12,280,529 . It still turned out to be the fourth biggest hit of the Christmas season of 2009 , beaten only by Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel , Guy Ritchie 's Sherlock Holmes , and Avatar . Critical reception ( edit ) The film received overwhelmingly negative reviews , holding a 10 % ' rotten ' rating on Rotten Tomatoes . Home media ( edit ) The region 2 DVD of the film was released on 24 May 2010 . A region 1 DVD release occurred on 23 March 2011 . Cancelled sequel ( edit ) In December 2009 , it was confirmed that there will be a St Trinian 's 3 : Battle of the Sexes . There was also a competition held in 2010 , for the chance for a girl to have a walk on role in the film . As of September 2017 , no cast confirmation has been confirmed , for the third instalment . It has been assumed the film is cancelled . See also ( edit ) St Trinian 's Cross-dressing in film and television City Slickers II : The Legend of Curly 's Gold References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` UK Box Office : 12 -- 14 March 2010 '' . UK Film Council . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Balls , David ( 25 May 2009 ) . `` Harding ' to star in St Trinian 's sequel ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah Harding Addicts : Guildford Cathedral Choir performs in new St. Trinian 's film '' . Sarahhardingaddicts.blogspot.com. 27 July 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Parker , Oliver ; Thompson , Barnaby ( 18 December 2009 ) . `` St Trinian 's 2 : The Legend of Fritton 's Gold '' . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Avatar ' soars to UK box office top spot -- Movies News '' . Digital Spy. 22 December 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ St Trinian 's 2 : The Legend of Fritton 's Gold at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ http://www.sttriniansmovie.co.uk/ Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 16 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) St Trinian 's 2 : The Legend of Fritton 's Gold on IMDb St Trinian 's 2 : The Legend of Fritton 's Gold at AllMovie St Trinian 's 2 : The Legend of Fritton 's Gold at Rotten Tomatoes St Trinian 's 2 : The Legend of Fritton 's Gold at British Comedy Guide sttrinians Net St Trinian 's Gallery Movie and Character pictures St Trinian 's School Films Original series The Belles of St Trinian 's ( 1954 ) Blue Murder at St Trinian 's ( 1957 ) The Pure Hell of St Trinian 's ( 1960 ) The Great St Trinian 's Train Robbery ( 1966 ) 1980 film The Wildcats of St Trinian 's ( 1980 ) 21st century St Trinian 's ( 2007 ) St Trinian 's 2 : The Legend of Fritton 's Gold ( 2009 ) Soundtracks St. Trinian 's : The Soundtrack St. Trinian 's 2 : The Legend of Fritton 's Gold Other Cast members list Ronald Searle Flash Harry Films directed by Oliver Parker Othello ( 1995 ) An Ideal Husband ( 1999 ) The Importance of Being Earnest ( 2002 ) Fade to Black ( 2006 ) I Really Hate My Job ( 2007 ) St Trinian 's ( 2007 ) Dorian Gray ( 2009 ) St Trinian 's 2 : The Legend of Fritton 's Gold ( 2009 ) Johnny English Reborn ( 2011 ) Dad 's Army ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Trinian%27s_2:_The_Legend_of_Fritton%27s_Gold&oldid=793852834 '' Categories : 2009 films English - language films 2000s adventure films 2000s high school films 2000s independent films 2000s sequel films 2000s teen comedy films Adventure comedy films British films British adventure films British sequel films British teen comedy films British independent films Cross-dressing in film Films directed by Oliver Parker Films set in England Films set in London Films shot in Hertfordshire Films shot in London Films shot in Surrey St Trinian 's films Treasure hunt films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Film articles using image size parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2017 , at 10 : 50 . About Wikipedia | who plays the headteacher in st trinians 2 | [
"Rupert Everett as Miss Camilla Dagey Fritton, Archibald Fritton, and Reverend Fortnum Fritton"
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"Rupert Everett"
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2401111519323504603 | List of Dragon Ball films | List of Dragon Ball films - wikipedia List of Dragon Ball films Dragon Box : The Movies , a DVD box set that includes the first seventeen theatrical films , released by Toei on April 14 , 2006 . Since the debut of the anime adaptation of Akira Toriyama 's Dragon Ball manga in 1986 , Toei Animation has produced twenty theatrical films based on the franchise : four based on the original Dragon Ball anime , fifteen based on the sequel series Dragon Ball Z and one upcoming film based on the Dragon Ball Super series . The first seventeen films were originally shown as back - to - back presentations alongside other Toei film productions and thus have a running time below feature length ( around 45 -- 60 minutes each ) , the sole exception being 1996 's The Path to Power ( which has a running time of 80 minutes ) . The first through fifth films were shown at the Toei Manga Festival ( 東映 まんが まつり , Tōei Manga Matsuri ) , while the sixth through seventeenth films were shown at the Toei Anime Fair ( 東映 アニメ フェア , Toei Anime Fea ) . These films were mostly alternate re-tellings of certain story arcs involving new characters or extra side - stories that do not correlate with the same continuity as the manga or TV series . By 2002 , the first seventeen films drew a box office audience of 49 million viewers . The newest films in the series , Battle of Gods , Resurrection ' F ' and Broly , differ from the earlier ones , as they are full - length feature films set between chapters 517 and 518 of the manga , with Toriyama deeply involved in their creation . Toriyama did have some involvement with the earlier films , such as checking the scripts , altering new characters and their names or designing them from the ground up himself . There are also three television specials that were broadcast on Fuji TV and two short films , which were shown at the 2008 Jump Super Anime Tour and Jump Festa 2012 respectively . A two - part hour - long crossover TV special between Dragon Ball Z , One Piece and Toriko aired on Fuji TV in 2013 . Additionally , there is a two - part original video animation created as strategy guides for the 1993 video game Dragon Ball Z Side Story : Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans , which was remade in 2010 and included with the Raging Blast 2 video game . As with the franchise 's anime television series , all twenty films and the first three TV specials were licensed in North America by Funimation . Dragon Ball Z movies six and twelve received select theatrical presentations in the United States , as part of a double - feature on March 17 , 2006 , while movies fourteen and fifteen were given limited theatrical runs in August 2014 and August 2015 respectively . In Europe , AB Groupe licensed the second and third Dragon Ball movies , the first nine Z movies and the first two TV specials . Contents 1 Theatrical films 2 Television specials 3 Festival shorts 4 Original video animations 5 Educational programs 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References Theatrical films ( edit ) No . Japanese title English translation English title Japanese release North American release Shenron no Densetsu ( 神龍 の 伝説 ) The Legend of Shenron Curse of the Blood Rubies December 20 , 1986 ( 1986 - 12 - 20 ) December 28 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 28 ) ( Harmony Gold edit ; TV airing ) September 9 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 09 ) ( BLT Productions dub ) December 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 28 ) ( Funimation dub ) Majin - jō no Nemuri Hime ( 魔神 城 の ねむり 姫 ) Sleeping Princess in the Devil 's Castle Sleeping Princess in Devil 's Castle July 18 , 1987 ( 1987 - 07 - 18 ) December 15 , 1998 ( 1998 - 12 - 15 ) Makafushigi Dai - bōken ( 魔 訶 不思議 大 冒険 ) Mystical Great Adventure Mystical Adventure July 9 , 1988 ( 1988 - 07 - 09 ) December 28 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 28 ) ( Harmony Gold ; TV airing ) November 21 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 21 ) ( Funimation dub ) Ora no Gohan o Kaese ! ! ( オラ の 悟 飯 を かえせ ッ ! ! ) Return My Gohan ! ! Dead Zone July 15 , 1989 ( 1989 - 07 - 15 ) December 17 , 1997 ( 1997 - 12 - 17 ) ( Pioneer uncut DVD ) May 31 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 31 ) ( Funimation dub ) 5 Kono Yo de Ichiban Tsuyoi Yatsu ( この世 で 一 番 強い ヤツ ) The Strongest Guy in the World The World 's Strongest March 10 , 1990 ( 1990 - 03 - 10 ) May 26 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 26 ) ( Pioneer uncut DVD ) November 14 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 14 ) ( Funimation dub ) 6 Chikyū Marugoto Chō - kessen ( 地球 まるごと 超 決戦 ) The Decisive Battle for the Entire Earth The Tree of Might July 7 , 1990 ( 1990 - 07 - 07 ) November 15 -- 22 , 1997 ( Saban TV edit ) March 17 , 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 17 ) ( Pioneer uncut DVD ) November 14 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 14 ) ( Funimation dub ) 7 Sūpā Saiya - jin da Son Gokū ( 超 サイヤ 人 だ 孫悟空 ) Super Saiyan Son Goku Lord Slug March 9 , 1991 ( 1991 - 03 - 09 ) August 7 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 07 ) 8 Tobikkiri no Saikyō tai Saikyō ( と びっき り の 最強 対 最強 ) The Incredible Strongest vs. Strongest Cooler 's Revenge July 20 , 1991 ( 1991 - 07 - 20 ) January 22 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 22 ) 9 Gekitotsu ! ! 100 - oku Pawā no Senshi - tachi ( 激突 ! ! 100 億 パワー の 戦士 たち ) Clash ! ! The Power of 10 Billion Warriors The Return of Cooler March 7 , 1992 ( 1992 - 03 - 07 ) August 13 , 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 13 ) 10 Kyokugen Batoru ! ! San Dai Sūpā Saiya - jin ( 極限 バトル ! ! 三 大 超 サイヤ 人 ) Extreme Battle ! Three Great Super Saiyans Super Android 13 ! July 11 , 1992 ( 1992 - 07 - 11 ) February 4 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 04 ) 11 Moetsukiro ! ! Nessen Ressen Chō - gekisen ( 燃えつきろ ! ! 熱戦 ・ 烈 戦 ・ 超 激戦 ) Burn Up ! ! A Close Fight - A Violent Fight - A Super Fierce Fight Broly -- The Legendary Super Saiyan March 6 , 1993 ( 1993 - 03 - 06 ) August 26 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 26 ) 12 Ginga Girigiri ! ! Butchigiri no Sugoi Yatsu ( 銀河 ギリギリ ! ! ぶっ ちぎり の 凄い 奴 ) The Galaxy at the Brink ! ! The Super Incredible Guy Bojack Unbound July 10 , 1993 ( 1993 - 07 - 10 ) August 17 , 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 17 ) 13 Kiken na Futari ! Sūpā Senshi wa Nemurenai ( 危険 な ふたり ! 超 戦士 は ねむれ ない ) The Dangerous Duo ! Super Warriors Never Rest Broly -- Second Coming March 12 , 1994 ( 1994 - 03 - 12 ) April 5 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 05 ) 14 Sūpā Senshi Gekiha ! ! Katsu no wa Ore da ( 超 戦士 撃破 ! ! 勝つ の は オレ だ ) Super Warrior Defeat ! ! I 'll Be the Winner Bio-Broly July 9 , 1994 ( 1994 - 07 - 09 ) September 13 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 13 ) 15 Fukkatsu no Fyūjon ! ! Goku to Vejīta ( 復活 の フュージョン ! ! 悟空 と ベジータ ) The Rebirth of Fusion ! ! Goku and Vegeta Fusion Reborn March 4 , 1995 ( 1995 - 03 - 04 ) March 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 17 ) ( U.S. theatrical ) 16 Ryū - ken Bakuhatsu ! ! Gokū ga Yaraneba Dare ga Yaru ( 龍 拳 爆発 ! ! 悟空 が やら ねば 誰が やる ) Dragon Fist Explosion ! ! If Goku Ca n't Do It , Who Will ? Wrath of the Dragon July 15 , 1995 ( 1995 - 07 - 15 ) September 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 12 ) 17 Saikyō e no Michi ( 最強 へ の 道 ) The Path to Ultimate Power The Path to Power March 4 , 1996 ( 1996 - 03 - 04 ) April 29 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 29 ) 18 Kami to Kami ( 神 と 神 ) God and God Battle of Gods March 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 30 ) August 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 05 ) ( U.S. theatrical ) 19 Fukkatsu no ' F ' ( 復活 の 「 F 」 ) Resurrection of F Resurrection ' F ' April 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 18 ) August 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 04 ) ( U.S. theatrical ) 20 Burorī ( ブロリー ) Broly Broly December 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 12 - 14 ) January 2019 ( January 2019 ) ( U.S. theatrical ) Television specials ( edit ) The Dragon Ball franchise has spawned three one - hour long television specials that aired on Fuji TV , the first two based on the `` Z '' portion of the series and the third based on the `` GT '' portion . Of these specials , the first and third are original stories created by the anime staff , while the second is based on a special chapter of the manga . Though the specials aired on TV in Japan , Funimation 's North American releases of the episodes are on home video , each one labeled `` Feature '' the same as their theatrical films . This , doubled with the inclusion of the `` Z '' specials in Funimation 's remastered `` Movie Double Features '' has caused fans to continue to erroneously believe these to be theatrical films , when they are not . On April 7 , 2013 , a two - part hour - long crossover TV special , between Dragon Ball Z , One Piece and Toriko , referred to as Dream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Super Collaboration Special ! ! aired on Fuji TV . The first part is named `` Run , Strongest Team ! Toriko , Luffy , Goku ! '' ( 走れ 最強 軍団 ! トリコ と ルフィ と 悟空 ! , Hashire Saikyō Gundan ! Toriko to Luffy to Goku ! ) and the second is titled `` History 's Strongest Collaboration vs. Glutton of the Sea '' ( 史上 最強 コラボ VS 海 の 大食漢 , Shijō Saikyō Collaboration vs. Umi no Taishokukan ) . The plot has the International Gourmet Organization ( from Toriko ) sponsoring the Tenka'ichi Shokuōkai , a race with no rules that characters from all three series compete in . On October 8 , 2017 , a two - part TV special of Dragon Ball Super aired on Fuji TV . It counted as both episodes 109 and 110 of the series . Japanese title English translation English title Japanese air date North American release Tatta Hitori no Saishū Kessen ~ Furīza ni Idonda Zetto - senshi Son Gokū no Chichi ~ ( たった ひとり の 最終 決戦 〜 フリーザ に 挑ん だ Z 戦士 孫悟空 の 父 〜 ) A Lonesome , Final Battle - The Father of Z Warrior Son Goku , who Challenged Freeza Bardock -- The Father of Goku October 17 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 17 ) November 1 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 01 ) Zetsubō e no Hankō ! ! Nokosareta Chō - Senshi Gohan to Torankusu ( 絶望 へ の 反抗 ! ! 残 され た 超 戦士 ・ 悟 飯 と トランクス ) Defiance in the Face of Despair ! ! The Remaining Super-Warriors : Gohan and Trunks The History of Trunks February 24 , 1993 ( 1993 - 02 - 24 ) October 24 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 24 ) Gokū Gaiden ! Yūki no Akashi wa Sūshinchū ( 悟空 外伝 ! 勇気 の 証し は 四 星球 ) Goku Sidestory ! The Proof of his Courage is the Four - Star Ball A Hero 's Legacy March 26 , 1997 ( 1997 - 03 - 26 ) November 16 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 16 ) Dream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Chō Collaboration Special ! ! ( ドリーム 9 トリコ & ワンピース & ドラゴンボール Z 超 コラボ スペシャル ! ! ) Dream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Super Collaboration Special ! ! Dream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Super Collaboration Special ! ! April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) - Korezo zen uchūichi no kyūkyoku batoru ! Son Gokū bāsasu Jiren ! ! ( これぞ 全 宇宙 一 の 究極 バトル ! 孫悟空 VS ジレン ! ! ) This is the Ultimate Battle in all the Universes ! Son Goku vs Jiren ! ! October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) - Festival shorts ( edit ) Dragon Ball : Yo ! Son Goku and His Friends Return ! ! is a 35 - minute short film that was shown at the 2008 Jump Super Anime Tour , which visited ten Japanese cities to celebrate Weekly Shōnen Jump 's 40th anniversary . It was later released as a triple feature DVD with One Piece : Romance Dawn Story and Tegami Bachi : Light and Blue Night Fantasy in 2009 , that was available only through a mail - in offer exclusive to Japanese residents . In 2013 , it was included in the limited edition home video release of Battle of Gods . Another short film , Dragon Ball : Episode of Bardock , was shown at the Jump Festa 2012 event on December 17 , 2011 . It is an adaptation of the three part spin - off manga of the same name by Naho Ōishi that ran in V Jump from August to October 2011 , which is a spin - off sequel to the Bardock -- The Father of Goku TV special . It was later released on DVD in the February 3 , 2012 issue of Saikyō Jump together with Dragon Ball : Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyans . The film was included subtitled in the European and North American exclusive Xbox 360 video game Dragon Ball Z : For Kinect , released in October 2012 . Japanese title English title Japanese release North American release Ossu ! Kaette Kita Son Gokū to Nakama - tachi ! ! ( オッス ! 帰っ てき た 孫悟空 と 仲間 たち ! ! ) Yo ! Son Goku and His Friends Return ! ! September 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 21 ) - Episōdo obu Bādakku ( エピソード オブ バーダック ) Episode of Bardock December 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 17 ) October 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 09 ) Original video animations ( edit ) In 1993 , Toei Animation , in cooperation with Weekly Shōnen Jump and V Jump , produced a two - part original video animation ( OVA ) that serves as a video strategy guide to the Family Computer game titled Dragon Ball Z Side Story : Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans . The first volume was released on VHS on July 23 , while the second was released on August 25 . The animation was also used in the 1994 two part video games , True Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans , released for the Playdia . The complete OVA was included in the second Dragon Ball Z Dragon Box DVD set released in Japan in 2003 . The OVA was remade for the 2010 PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 video game Dragon Ball : Raging Blast 2 under the title Dragon Ball : Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyans . It was included in Dragon Ball : Raging Blast 2 as a bonus feature , unlocked at the start of gameplay without any necessary cheat code or in - game achievement , presented in its original Japanese - language audio with subtitles appropriate for each region . It was later released on DVD in the February 3 , 2012 issue of Saikyō Jump together with Dragon Ball : Episode of Bardock . Japanese title English title Japanese release North American release Gaiden : Saiya - jin Zetsumetsu Keikaku ( 外伝 サイヤ 人 絶滅 計画 ) Side Story : Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans August 6 , 1993 ( 1993 - 08 - 06 ) - Sūpā Saiya - jin Zetsumetsu Keikaku ( 超 サイヤ 人 絶滅 計画 ) Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyans November 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 11 ) November 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 02 ) Educational programs ( edit ) Two educational shorts based on the original Dragon Ball anime were produced in 1988 . The first was a traffic safety special titled Goku 's Traffic Safety ( 悟空 の 交通 安全 , Gokū no Kōtsū Ansen ) , while the second was a fire safety special titled Goku 's Fire Brigade ( 悟空 の 消防 隊 , Gokū no Shōbōtai ) . The two educational films were included in the Dragon Box DVD set released in Japan in 2004 . See also ( edit ) Dragon Ball portal List of Dragon Ball characters List of Dragon Ball manga volumes List of Dragon Ball episodes List of Dragon Ball Z episodes List of Dragon Ball GT episodes List of Dragon Ball Kai episodes List of Dragon Ball Super episodes List of Dragon Ball video games List of Dragon Ball soundtracks Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Title used for the home video release in Japan , the original theatrical release was simply titled Dragon Ball . Jump up ^ Known as Sleeping Beauty in Devil Castle in Europe . Jump up ^ Title used for the home video release in Japan , the original theatrical release was simply titled Dragon Ball Z . Jump up ^ Also known as Dead Zone Vortex in television airings in North America , In Pursuit of Garlic in Europe , and The Vengeance of the Demon King in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as The Strongest Guy in the World in Europe and Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Super Battle in the World in Europe and The Quest for Earth in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Super Saiya Son Goku in Europe and Super Saiya People , Goku in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Super Rivals in Europe and The Strongest Rivals in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Fight ! 10 Billion Power Warriors in Europe and Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Super Battle of the Three Super Saiyans in Europe and Super Battle of 3 Super Saiyas in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as The Burning Battles in Europe and The Burning Battle in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Super Guy in the Galaxy in Europe and Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Dangerous Rivals in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Revival Fusion in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Explosion of Dragon Punch in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as The Father of Goku in Europe . Jump up ^ Known as Gohan and Trunks in Europe and The History of Trunk in Malaysia . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 世界 中 で 大 ヒット を 記録 し つづける 超 人気 アニメーション 「 ドラゴンボール Z 」 の TV シリーズ が ついに DVD - BOX で 登場 ! '' . Toei Animation ( in Japanese ) . Toei Company . November 6 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` New Dragon Ball Film Set Between 517th & 518th Manga Chapters '' . Anime News Network . 2012 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Key Visual For 2015 Dragon Ball Z Film Reveals Frieza '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ DRAGON BALL 大 全集 6 : MOVIES & TV SPECIALS ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha. 1995 . pp. 212 -- 216 . ISBN 4 - 08 - 782756 - 9 . Jump up ^ https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-07-09/dragon-ball-super-film-reveals-dragon-ball-super-broly-title-visual/.133123 Jump up ^ `` Funimation Is Bringing Dragon Ball Super : Broly to North American Theaters in 2019 '' . IGN . Jul 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toriko , One Piece , Dragon Ball Z Get Crossover Anime Special '' . Anime News Network . 2013 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Crossover Lineup Revealed '' . Anime News Network . 2013 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Jump Super Anime Tour Announcement '' . Weekly Shōnen Jump ( in Japanese ) . 40 ( 21 ) : 54 & 55 . April 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New DB , Tegami Bachi , Romance Dawn Anime DVD Offered '' . Anime News Network . 2008 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball : Episode of Bardock to Be Shown in December '' . Anime News Network . 2011 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Episode of Bardock Spinoff Manga Gets Anime '' . Anime News Network . 2011 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2 Dragon Ball Anime Specials Get DVD Release '' . Anime News Network . 2012 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` DRAGON BALL Z FOR KINECT TO FEATURE EXCLUSIVE PLAYABLE CHARACTER AND ANIME EPISODE '' . Crunchyroll. 2012 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dragon Ball : RB2 Game to Add New 1 / 2 - Hour Anime '' . Anime News Network . 2010 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 06 . Dragon Ball films and TV specials Animated ( Dragon Ball ) Curse of the Blood Rubies Sleeping Princess in Devil 's Castle Mystical Adventure The Path to Power Animated ( Z ) Dead Zone The World 's Strongest The Tree of Might Lord Slug Cooler 's Revenge The Return of Cooler Super Android 13 ! Broly -- The Legendary Super Saiyan Bojack Unbound Broly -- Second Coming Bio-Broly Fusion Reborn Wrath of the Dragon Battle of Gods Resurrection ' F ' Animated ( Super ) Broly TV specials Bardock -- The Father of Goku The History of Trunks A Hero 's Legacy OVAs Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyans Festival Yo ! Son Goku and His Friends Return ! ! Episode of Bardock Live action Ssawora Son Goku , Igyeora Son Goku The Magic Begins Evolution Dragon Ball by Akira Toriyama Media Manga chapters Dragon Ball Z Dragon Ball episodes Z episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 9 GT episodes Z Kai episodes Super episodes Heroes Films and TV specials Video games Soundtracks Characters Goku Bulma Master Roshi Yamcha Krillin Tien Shinhan Piccolo Gohan Vegeta Frieza Trunks Android 17 Android 18 Cell Majin Buu Beerus Zamasu Related Dr. Slump Arale Norimaki List of Dr. Slump characters Neko Majin Episode of Bardock Jaco the Galactic Patrolman Puff Puff Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dragon_Ball_films&oldid=855145032 '' Categories : Dragon Ball films Animated television specials Dragon Ball lists Lists of anime films Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Português Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 07 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the first dragon ball z movie | [
"\n\n\n\nNo.\nJapanese title\nEnglish translation\nEnglish title\nJapanese release\nNorth American release\n\n\n1\nShenron no Densetsu (神龍の伝説)[a]\nThe Legend of Shenron\nCurse of the Blood Rubies\nDecember 20, 1986 (1986-12-20)\nDecember 28, 1989 (1989-12-28) (Harmony Gold edit; TV airing)September 9, 1995 (1995-09-09) (BLT Productions dub)December 28, 2010 (2010-12-28) (Funimation dub)\n\n\n2\nMajin-jō no Nemuri Hime (魔神城のねむり姫)\nSleeping Princess in the Devil's Castle\nSleeping Princess in Devil's Castle[b]\nJuly 18, 1987 (1987-07-18)\nDecember 15, 1998 (1998-12-15)\n\n\n3\nMakafushigi Dai-bōken (魔訶不思議大冒険)\nMystical Great Adventure\nMystical Adventure\nJuly 9, 1988 (1988-07-09)\nDecember 28, 1989 (1989-12-28) (Harmony Gold; TV airing)November 21, 2000 (2000-11-21) (Funimation dub)\n\n\n4\nOra no Gohan o Kaese!! (オラの悟飯をかえせッ!!)[c]\nReturn My Gohan!!\nDead Zone[d]\nJuly 15, 1989 (1989-07-15)\nDecember 17, 1997 (1997-12-17) (Pioneer uncut DVD)May 31, 2005 (2005-05-31) (Funimation dub)\n\n\n5\nKono Yo de Ichiban Tsuyoi Yatsu (この世で一番強いヤツ)\nThe Strongest Guy in the World\nThe World's Strongest[e]\nMarch 10, 1990 (1990-03-10)\nMay 26, 1998 (1998-05-26) (Pioneer uncut DVD)November 14, 2006 (2006-11-14) (Funimation dub)\n\n\n6\nChikyū Marugoto Chō-kessen (地球まるごと超決戦)\nThe Decisive Battle for the Entire Earth\nThe Tree of Might[f]\nJuly 7, 1990 (1990-07-07)\nNovember 15 – 22, 1997 (Saban TV edit)March 17, 1998 (1998-03-17) (Pioneer uncut DVD)November 14, 2006 (2006-11-14) (Funimation dub)\n\n\n7\nSūpā Saiya-jin da Son Gokū (超サイヤ人だ孫悟空)\nSuper Saiyan Son Goku\nLord Slug[g]\nMarch 9, 1991 (1991-03-09)\nAugust 7, 2001 (2001-08-07)\n\n\n8\nTobikkiri no Saikyō tai Saikyō (とびっきりの最強対最強)\nThe Incredible Strongest vs. Strongest\nCooler's Revenge[h]\nJuly 20, 1991 (1991-07-20)\nJanuary 22, 2002 (2002-01-22)\n\n\n9\nGekitotsu!! 100-oku Pawā no Senshi-tachi (激突!!100億パワーの戦士たち)\nClash!! The Power of 10 Billion Warriors\nThe Return of Cooler[i]\nMarch 7, 1992 (1992-03-07)\nAugust 13, 2002 (2002-08-13)\n\n\n10\nKyokugen Batoru!! San Dai Sūpā Saiya-jin (極限バトル!!三大超サイヤ人)\nExtreme Battle! Three Great Super Saiyans\nSuper Android 13![j]\nJuly 11, 1992 (1992-07-11)\nFebruary 4, 2003 (2003-02-04)\n\n\n11\nMoetsukiro!! Nessen Ressen Chō-gekisen (燃えつきろ!!熱戦・烈戦・超激戦)\nBurn Up!! A Close Fight - A Violent Fight - A Super Fierce Fight\nBroly – The Legendary Super Saiyan[k]\nMarch 6, 1993 (1993-03-06)\nAugust 26, 2003 (2003-08-26)\n\n\n12\nGinga Girigiri!! Butchigiri no Sugoi Yatsu (銀河ギリギリ!!ぶっちぎりの凄い奴)\nThe Galaxy at the Brink!! The Super Incredible Guy\nBojack Unbound[l]\nJuly 10, 1993 (1993-07-10)\nAugust 17, 2004 (2004-08-17)\n\n\n13\nKiken na Futari! Sūpā Senshi wa Nemurenai (危険なふたり!超戦士はねむれない)\nThe Dangerous Duo! Super Warriors Never Rest\nBroly – Second Coming[m]\nMarch 12, 1994 (1994-03-12)\nApril 5, 2005 (2005-04-05)\n\n\n14\nSūpā Senshi Gekiha!! Katsu no wa Ore da (超戦士撃破!!勝つのはオレだ)\nSuper Warrior Defeat!! I'll Be the Winner\nBio-Broly\nJuly 9, 1994 (1994-07-09)\nSeptember 13, 2005 (2005-09-13)\n\n\n15\nFukkatsu no Fyūjon!! Goku to Vejīta (復活のフュージョン!!悟空とベジータ)\nThe Rebirth of Fusion!! Goku and Vegeta\nFusion Reborn[n]\nMarch 4, 1995 (1995-03-04)\nMarch 17, 2006 (2006-03-17) (U.S. theatrical)\n\n\n16\nRyū-ken Bakuhatsu!! Gokū ga Yaraneba Dare ga Yaru (龍拳爆発!!悟空がやらねば誰がやる)\nDragon Fist Explosion!! If Goku Can't Do It, Who Will?\nWrath of the Dragon[o]\nJuly 15, 1995 (1995-07-15)\nSeptember 12, 2006 (2006-09-12)\n\n\n17\nSaikyō e no Michi (最強への道)\nThe Path to Ultimate Power\nThe Path to Power\nMarch 4, 1996 (1996-03-04)\nApril 29, 2003 (2003-04-29)\n\n\n18\nKami to Kami (神と神)\nGod and God\nBattle of Gods\nMarch 30, 2013 (2013-03-30)\nAugust 5, 2014 (2014-08-05)(U.S. theatrical)\n\n\n19\nFukkatsu no 'F' (復活の「F」)\nResurrection of F\nResurrection 'F'\nApril 18, 2015 (2015-04-18)\nAugust 4, 2015 (2015-08-04) (U.S. theatrical)\n\n\n20\nBurorī (ブロリー)[5]\nBroly\nBroly\nDecember 14, 2018 (2018-12-14)\nJanuary 2019 (January 2019) (U.S. theatrical)[6]\n"
] | [
"Curse of the Blood Rubies"
] |
733016474692161086 | The Big Bang Theory | The Big Bang Theory - Wikipedia The Big Bang Theory Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the television series . For the scientific theory , see Big Bang . For other uses , see Big Bang Theory ( disambiguation ) . `` TBBT '' redirects here . For the Discovery Channel series , see The Big Brain Theory . The Big Bang Theory Genre Sitcom Created by Chuck Lorre Bill Prady Directed by Mark Cendrowski Starring Johnny Galecki Jim Parsons Kaley Cuoco Simon Helberg Kunal Nayyar Sara Gilbert Mayim Bialik Melissa Rauch Kevin Sussman Laura Spencer Theme music composer Barenaked Ladies Opening theme `` Big Bang Theory Theme '' Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 11 No. of episodes 236 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Chuck Lorre Steven Molaro Bill Prady Producer ( s ) Faye Oshima Belyeu Editor ( s ) Peter Chakos Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 18 -- 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Chuck Lorre Productions Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network CBS Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows Young Sheldon External links Website www.cbs.com/shows/big_bang_theory/ The Big Bang Theory is an American television sitcom created by Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady , both of whom serve as executive producers on the series , along with Steven Molaro . All three also serve as head writers . The show premiered on CBS on September 24 , 2007 . The series ' tenth season premiered on September 19 , 2016 . In March 2017 , the series was renewed for two additional seasons , bringing its total to twelve , and running through the 2018 -- 19 television season . The eleventh season premiered on September 25 , 2017 . The show is primarily centered on five characters living in Pasadena , California : Leonard Hofstadter and Sheldon Cooper , both physicists at Caltech , who share an apartment ; Penny , a waitress and aspiring actress who later becomes a pharmaceutical representative and who lives across the hall ; and Leonard and Sheldon 's similarly geeky and socially awkward friends and co-workers , aerospace engineer Howard Wolowitz and astrophysicist Raj Koothrappali . The geekiness and intellect of the four men are contrasted for comic effect with Penny 's social skills and common sense . Over time , supporting characters have been promoted to starring roles : Leslie Winkle , a physicist who dated Leonard and Howard ; neuroscientist Amy Farrah Fowler , who joins the group after being matched to Sheldon on a dating website ( and later becomes Sheldon 's girlfriend ) ; Bernadette Rostenkowski , Howard 's wife ( previously his girlfriend ) , a microbiologist and former part - time waitress alongside Penny ; Stuart Bloom , the cash - strapped owner of the comic book store the characters often visit ; and Emily Sweeney , a dermatologist who dated Raj . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Theme song 1.2 Actors ' salaries 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Scientist cameos 3 Episodes 4 Recurring themes and elements 4.1 Science 4.2 Science fiction media 4.3 Leonard and Penny 's relationship 4.4 Sheldon and Amy 's relationship 4.5 Howard 's mother 4.6 Vanity cards 4.7 The Theorists 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 U.S. standard ratings 5.3 UK distribution and ratings 5.4 Canadian ratings 6 Broadcast 6.1 Syndication 6.2 Online media 7 Home media 8 Awards and nominations 9 Merchandise 10 Spin - off series 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Production The structure of the original , unaired pilot , developed for the 2006 -- 07 television season , was substantially different from the series ' current form . The only characters retained in both pilots were Leonard ( Johnny Galecki ) and Sheldon ( Jim Parsons ) , who are named after Sheldon Leonard , a longtime figure in episodic television as producer , director and actor . Althea ( Vernee Watson ) was a character featured in both pilots and the first series episode . Two female leads were Canadian actress Amanda Walsh as Katie , `` a street - hardened , tough - as - nails woman with a vulnerable interior , '' and Iris Bahr as Gilda , a scientist colleague and friend of the male characters . Sheldon and Leonard meet Katie after she breaks up with a boyfriend and they invite her to share their apartment . Gilda is threatened by Katie 's presence . Test audiences reacted negatively to Katie , but they liked Sheldon and Leonard . The original pilot used Thomas Dolby 's hit `` She Blinded Me with Science '' as its theme song . Although the show was not picked up , its creators were given an opportunity to retool it and produce a second pilot . They brought in the remaining cast and retooled the show to its final format . Katie was replaced by Penny ( Kaley Cuoco ) . The original unaired pilot never has officially been released , but it has circulated on the Internet . On the evolution of the show , Chuck Lorre said , `` We did the ' Big Bang Pilot ' about two and a half years ago , and it sucked ... but there were two remarkable things that worked perfectly , and that was Johnny and Jim . We rewrote the thing entirely and then we were blessed with Kaley and Simon and Kunal . '' As to whether the world will ever see the original pilot on a future DVD release , Lorre said , `` Wow , that would be something . We will see . Show your failures ... '' The first and second pilots of The Big Bang Theory were directed by James Burrows , who did not continue with the show . The reworked second pilot led to a 13 - episode order by CBS on May 14 , 2007 . Prior to its airing on CBS , the pilot episode was distributed on iTunes free of charge . The show premiered on September 24 , 2007 , and was picked up for a full 22 - episode season on October 19 , 2007 . The show is filmed in front of a live audience , and is produced by Warner Bros. Television and Chuck Lorre Productions . Production was halted on November 6 , 2007 , due to the Writers Guild of America strike . Nearly three months later , on February 4 , 2008 , the series was temporarily replaced by a short - lived sitcom , Welcome to the Captain . The series returned on March 17 , 2008 , in an earlier time slot and ultimately only 17 episodes were produced for the first season . After the strike ended , the show was picked up for a second season , airing in the 2008 -- 2009 season , premiering in the same time slot on September 22 , 2008 . With increasing ratings , the show received a two - year renewal through the 2010 -- 11 season in 2009 . In 2011 , the show was picked up for three more seasons . In March 2014 , the show was renewed again for three more years through the 2016 -- 17 season . This marks the second time the series has gained a three - year renewal . In March 2017 , the series was renewed for two additional seasons , bringing its total to 12 , and running through the 2018 -- 19 television season . David Saltzberg , a professor of physics and astronomy at the University of California , Los Angeles , checks scripts and provides dialogue , mathematics equations , and diagrams used as props . According to executive producer / co-creator Bill Prady , `` We 're working on giving Sheldon an actual problem that he 's going to be working on throughout the ( first ) season so there 's actual progress to the boards ... We worked hard to get all the science right . '' Several of the actors in The Big Bang Theory previously worked together on the sitcom Roseanne , including Johnny Galecki , Sara Gilbert , Laurie Metcalf ( who plays Sheldon 's mother , Mary Cooper ) , and Meagen Fay ( who plays Bernadette 's mother ) . Additionally , Lorre was a writer on the series for several seasons . Theme song Single cover for `` Big Bang Theory Theme '' by Barenaked Ladies ( 2007 ) The Canadian alternative rock band Barenaked Ladies wrote and recorded the show 's theme song , which describes the history and formation of the universe and the Earth . Co-lead singer Ed Robertson was asked by Lorre and Prady to write a theme song for the show after the producers attended one of the band 's concerts in Los Angeles . By coincidence , Robertson had recently read Simon Singh 's book Big Bang , and at the concert improvised a freestyle rap about the origins of the universe . Lorre and Prady phoned him shortly thereafter and asked him to write the theme song . Having been asked to write songs for other films and shows , but ending up being rejected because of producer 's favor of other artist 's song , Robertson agreed to write the theme only after learning that Lorre and Prady had not asked anyone else . On October 9 , 2007 , a full - length ( 1 minute and 45 seconds ) version of the song was released commercially . Although some sources identify the song title as `` History of Everything , '' the cover art for the single identifies the title as `` Big Bang Theory Theme . '' A music video also was released via special features on The Complete Fourth Season DVD and Blu - ray set . The theme was included on the band 's greatest hits album , Hits from Yesterday & the Day Before , released on September 27 , 2011 . In September 2015 , TMZ uncovered court documents showing that Steven Page sued former bandmate Robertson over the song , alleging that he was promised 20 % of the proceeds , but that Robertson has kept that money entirely for himself . Actors ' salaries For the first three seasons , Galecki , Parsons , and Cuoco , the three main stars of the show , received at most $60,000 per episode . The salary for the three went up to $200,000 per episode for the fourth season . Their per - episode pay went up an additional $50,000 in each of the following three seasons , culminating in $350,000 per episode in the seventh season . In September 2013 , Bialik and Rauch renegotiated the contracts they held since they were introduced to the series in 2010 . On their old contracts , each was making $20,000 -- $30,000 per episode , while the new contracts doubled that , beginning at $60,000 per episode , increasing steadily to $100,000 per episode by the end of the contract , as well as adding another year for both . By season seven , Galecki , Parsons , and Cuoco were also receiving 0.25 % of the series ' back - end money . Before production began on the eighth season , the three plus Helberg and Nayyar , looked to renegotiate new contracts , with Galecki , Parsons , and Cuoco seeking around $1 million per episode , as well as more back - end money . Contracts were signed in the beginning of August 2014 , giving the three principal actors an estimated $1 million per episode for three years , with the possibility to extend for a fourth year . The deals also include larger pieces of the show , signing bonuses , production deals , and advances towards the back - end . Helberg and Nayyar were also able to renegotiate their contracts , giving them a per - episode pay in the `` mid-six - figure range '' , up from around $100,000 per episode they each received in years prior . The duo , who were looking to have salary parity with Parsons , Galecki , and Cuoco , signed their contracts after the studio and producers threatened to write the characters out of the series if a deal could not be reached before the start of production on season eight . By season 10 , Helberg and Nayyar reached the $1 million per episode parity with Parsons , Galecki , and Cuoco , due to a clause in their deals signed in 2014 . In March 2017 , the main cast members ( Galecki , Parsons , Cuoco , Helberg , and Nayyar ) took a 10 % pay cut to allow Bialik and Rauch an increase in their earnings . This put Galecki , Parsons , Cuoco , Helberg and Nayyar at $900,000 per episode , with Parsons , Galecki , and Helberg also receiving overall deals with Warner Bros. Television . By the end of April , Bialik and Rauch had signed deals to earn $500,000 per episode , each , with the deals also including a separate development component for both actors . The deal was an increase from the $175,000 -- $200,000 the duo had been making per episode . Cast and characters This section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : List of The Big Bang Theory characters Main characters in The Big Bang Theory . First row from left : Rajesh Koothrappali , Leonard Hofstadter , Penny , Sheldon Cooper , and Howard Wolowitz , second row from left : Bernadette Rostenkowski - Wolowitz and Amy Farrah Fowler These actors are credited in all episodes of the series : Johnny Galecki as Leonard Hofstadter : An experimental physicist with an IQ of 173 , who received his PhD when he was 24 years old . Leonard is a nerd who loves video games , comic books , and Dungeons & Dragons . Leonard is the straight man of the series , in which he shares an apartment in Pasadena , CA , with Sheldon . Leonard is smitten with his new neighbor Penny when they first meet , and they eventually marry . Jim Parsons as Sheldon Cooper : Originally from Galveston , Texas , Sheldon was a child prodigy with an eidetic memory who began college at the age of eleven , and earned a PhD at age sixteen . He is a theoretical physicist researching quantum mechanics and string theory , and despite his IQ of 187 , he finds many routine aspects of social situations difficult to grasp . He is determined to have his own way , continually boasts of his intelligence , and he has an extremely ritualized way of living . Despite these quirks , he begins a relationship with Amy Farrah Fowler . Kaley Cuoco as Penny : An aspiring actress from Omaha , Nebraska . Penny moves in across the hall from Sheldon and Leonard . She waits and occasionally tends the bar at the Cheesecake Factory . After giving up hope of becoming a successful actress , Penny becomes a pharmaceutical sales representative . Penny becomes friends with Bernadette and Amy , and they often hang out in each other 's apartments . Penny and Leonard form a relationship and eventually marry . Simon Helberg as Howard Wolowitz : An aerospace engineer . Howard is Jewish and lives with his mother , Debbie ( Carol Ann Susi ) . Unlike Sheldon , Leonard , Raj , Bernadette and Amy , Howard does not hold a doctorate . He goes into space , training as an astronaut and serving as a payload specialist . Howard initially fancies himself a womanizer , but he later starts dating Bernadette , and they get engaged and married . Howard also has a tendency to waste money on toys and argues with Bernadette because of his oddly low income as an engineer and her high income as a pharmaceutical biochemist . Kunal Nayyar as Rajesh Koothrappali : A particle astrophysicist originally from New Delhi , India . Raj is initially unable to talk to women unless he drinks alcohol . Raj also has very feminine tastes and often takes on a stereotypical female role . Raj later dates Lucy ( Kate Micucci ) , who also suffers from social anxiety , but it eventually ends ; he later speaks to Penny without alcohol and thus overcomes his selective mutism . He begins dating Emily and their relationship later becomes exclusive . Raj also has a Yorkshire Terrier named Cinnamon . These actors were first credited as guest stars and later promoted to main cast : Sara Gilbert as Leslie Winkle ( recurring season 1 , starring season 2 , guest seasons 3 , 9 ) : A physicist who works in the same lab as Leonard . In appearance , she is essentially Leonard 's female counterpart , and has conflicting scientific theories with Sheldon . Leslie has casual sex with Leonard and later Howard . Gilbert was promoted to a main cast member during the second season , but resumed guest star status because producers could not come up with enough material for the character . Gilbert returned to The Big Bang Theory for its 200th episode . Melissa Rauch as Bernadette Rostenkowski - Wolowitz ( recurring season 3 , starring seasons 4 -- ) : A young woman who initially is a co-worker at The Cheesecake Factory with Penny to pay her way through graduate school , where she is studying microbiology . Bernadette is introduced to Howard by Penny ; at first , they do not get along , apparently having nothing in common . They date and later get engaged and married . Although generally a sweet and good - natured person , Bernadette has a short fuse and can be vindictive and lash out when provoked . Mayim Bialik as Amy Farrah Fowler ( guest star season 3 , starring seasons 4 -- ) : A woman selected by an online dating site as Sheldon 's perfect mate . Amy is from Glendale , CA . While she and Sheldon initially share social cluelessness , after befriending Penny and Bernadette she eventually becomes more interested in social and romantic interaction . Her relationship with Sheldon slowly progresses to the point at which Sheldon considers her his girlfriend . Amy believes she and Penny are best friends , a sentiment that Penny does not initially share . Amy has a PhD in neurobiology . Kevin Sussman as Stuart Bloom ( recurring seasons 2 -- 5 , 7 , starring seasons 6 , 8 -- ) : A mild - mannered , under - confident owner of a comic book store . A competent artist , Stuart is a graduate of the prestigious Rhode Island School of Design , and though he is socially awkward he possesses slightly better social skills . Stuart implies he is in financial trouble and that the comic book store now also is his home . He is later invited to join the guys ' group while Howard is in space . Stuart gets a new job caring for Howard 's mother later . After Mrs. Wolowitz 's death , Stuart continues to live in her home , along with Howard and Bernadette , until he finds a place of his own . Laura Spencer as Emily Sweeney ( recurring seasons 7 -- 8 , starring season 9 ) : A dermatologist at Huntington Hospital . Emily went to Harvard and delights in the macabre and states that she likes her job because she can cut things with knives . Prior to meeting Raj , Emily was set up on a blind date with Howard . After finding Emily 's online dating profile , Raj has Amy contact her as his wingman instead . Their relationship becomes exclusive , but Raj later breaks up with Emily when he becomes infatuated with the bartender Claire ( Alessandra Torresani ) . Scientist cameos See also : List of The Big Bang Theory characters § Guest stars appearing as themselves As the theme of the show revolves around science , many distinguished and high - profile scientists have appeared as guest stars on the show . Famous astrophysicist and Nobel laureate George Smoot had a cameo appearance in the second season . Theoretical physicist Brian Greene also appeared on the show in the fourth season . Astrophysicist , science populizer , and physics outreach specialist Neil deGrasse Tyson also appeared in the fourth season . Cosmologist Stephen Hawking made a short guest appearance in the fifth - season episode ; in the eighth season , Hawking video conferences with Sheldon and Leonard , and makes another appearance in the 200th episode . In the fifth and sixth seasons , NASA astronaut Michael J. Massimino played himself multiple times in the role of Howard 's fellow astronaut . Bill Nye appeared in the seventh season , and Elon Musk made an appearance in the ninth season . Episodes Main article : List of The Big Bang Theory episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Viewers ( millions ) Viewers rank 18 -- 49 rating / share 18 -- 49 rank 17 September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) 8.31 68 3.3 / 8 46 23 September 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) May 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 11 ) 10.03 40 N / A N / A 23 September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) May 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) 14.22 12 5.3 / 13 5 24 September 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 23 ) May 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 19 ) 13.21 13 4.4 / 13 7 5 24 September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) 15.82 8 5.5 / 17 6 6 24 September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 18.68 6.2 / 19 7 24 September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) 19.96 6.2 / 20 8 24 September 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 22 ) May 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) 19.05 5.6 / 17 9 24 September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 20.36 5.8 / 19 10 24 September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 18.99 4.9 / 19 11 TBA September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA Recurring themes and elements Science Much of the series focuses on science , particularly physics . The four main male characters are employed at Caltech and have science - related occupations , as do Bernadette and Amy . The characters frequently banter about scientific theories or news ( notably around the start of the show ) , and make science - related jokes . Science has also interfered with the characters ' romantic lives . Leslie breaks up with Leonard when he sides with Sheldon in his support for string theory rather than loop quantum gravity . When Leonard joins Sheldon , Raj , and Howard on a three - month Arctic research trip , it separates Leonard and Penny at a time their relationship is budding . When Bernadette takes an interest in Leonard 's work , it makes both Penny and Howard envious and results in Howard confronting Leonard , and Penny asking Sheldon to teach her physics . Sheldon and Amy also briefly end their relationship after an argument over which of their fields is superior . David Saltzberg , who has a PhD in physics , has served as the science consultant for the show for six seasons and attends every taping . While Saltzberg knows physics , he sometimes needs assistance from Mayim Bialik , who has a PhD in neuroscience . Saltzberg sees early versions of scripts which need scientific information added to them , and he also points out where the writers , despite their knowledge of science , have made a mistake . He is usually not needed during a taping unless a lot of science , and especially the whiteboard , is involved . Science fiction media Star Trek : The Next Generation actor Wil Wheaton has a recurring role as a fictional version of himself on the show . The four main male characters are all avid science fiction , fantasy , and comic book fans and memorabilia collectors . Star Trek in particular is frequently referenced and Sheldon identifies strongly with the character of Spock , so much so that when he is given a used napkin signed by Leonard Nimoy as a Christmas gift from Penny he is overwhelmed with excitement and gratitude ( `` I possess the DNA of Leonard Nimoy ? ! '' ) . Star Trek : The Original Series cast member George Takei has made a cameo , and Leonard Nimoy made a cameo as the voice of Sheldon 's vintage Mr. Spock action figure ( both cameos were in dream sequences ) . Star Trek : The Next Generation cast members Brent Spiner and LeVar Burton have had cameos as themselves , while Wil Wheaton has a recurring role as a fictionalized version of himself . They are also fans of Star Wars , Battlestar Galactica , and Doctor Who . In the episode `` The Ornithophobia Diffusion '' , when there is a delay in watching Star Wars on Blu - ray , Howard complains , `` If we do n't start soon , George Lucas is going to change it again '' ( referring to Lucas ' controversial alterations to the films ) and in `` The Hot Troll Deviation '' , Katee Sackhoff of Battlestar Galactica appeared as Howard 's fantasy dream girl . The characters have different tastes in franchises with Sheldon praising Firefly but disapproving of Leonard 's enjoyment of Babylon 5 . With regard to fantasy , the four make frequent references to The Lord of the Rings and Harry Potter novels and movies . Additionally , Howard can speak Sindarin , one of the two Elvish languages from The Lord of the Rings . Wednesday night is the group 's designated `` comic book night '' because that is the day of the week when new comic books are released . The comic book store is run by fellow geek and recurring character Stuart . On a number of occasions , the group members have dressed up as pop culture characters , including The Flash , Aquaman , Frodo Baggins , Superman , Batman , Spock , The Doctor , Green Lantern , and Thor . As a consequence of losing a bet to Stuart and Wil Wheaton , the group members are forced to visit the comic book store dressed as Catwoman , Wonder Woman , Batgirl , and Supergirl . DC Comics announced that , to promote its comics , the company will sponsor Sheldon wearing Green Lantern T - shirts . Various games have been featured , as well as referenced , on the series ( e.g. World of Warcraft , Halo , Mario , etc . ) , including fictional games like Mystic Warlords of Ka'a ( which became a reality in 2011 ) and Rock - paper - scissors - lizard - Spock . Leonard and Penny 's relationship One of the recurring plot lines is the relationship between Leonard and Penny . Leonard becomes attracted to Penny in the pilot episode and his need to do favors for her is a frequent point of humor in the first season . Meanwhile , Penny dates a series of muscular , attractive , unintelligent , and insensitive jocks . Their first long term relationship begins when Leonard returns from a three - month expedition to the North Pole in the season 3 premiere . However , when Leonard tells Penny that he loves her , she realizes she can not say it back . Both Leonard and Penny go on to date other people ; most notably with Leonard dating Raj 's sister Priya for much of season 4 . This relationship is jeopardized when Leonard comes to falsely believe that Raj has slept with Penny , and ultimately ends when Priya sleeps with a former boyfriend in `` The Good Guy Fluctuation '' . Penny , who admits to missing Leonard in `` The Roommate Transmogrification '' , accepts his request to renew their relationship in `` The Beta Test Initiation '' . After Penny suggests having sex in `` The Launch Acceleration '' , Leonard breaks the mood by proposing to her . Penny says `` no '' but does not break up with him . She stops a proposal a second time in `` The Tangible Affection Proof '' . In the sixth - season episode , `` The 43 Peculiarity '' , Penny finally tells Leonard that she loves him . Although they both feel jealousy when the other receives significant attention from the opposite sex , Penny is secure enough in their relationship to send him off on an exciting four - month expedition without worrying in `` The Bon Voyage Reaction '' . After Leonard returns , their relationship blossoms over the seventh season . In the penultimate episode `` The Gorilla Dissolution '' , Penny admits that they should marry and when Leonard realizes that she is serious , he proposes with a ring that he had been saving for years . Leonard and Penny decide to elope to Las Vegas in the season 8 finale , but beforehand , wanting no secrets , Leonard admits to kissing another woman , Mandy Chow ( Melissa Tang ) while on an expedition on the North Sea . Despite this , Leonard and Penny finally elope in the season 9 premiere . Sheldon and Amy 's relationship In the third - season finale , Raj and Howard search for a woman compatible with Sheldon and discover neurobiologist Amy Farrah Fowler . Like him , she has a history of social ineptitude and participates in online dating only to fulfill an agreement with her mother . This spawns a storyline in which Sheldon and Amy communicate daily while insisting to Leonard and Penny that they are not romantically involved . In `` The Agreement Dissection '' , Sheldon and Amy talk in her apartment after a night of dancing and she kisses him on the lips . Instead of getting annoyed , Sheldon says `` fascinating '' and later asks Amy to be his girlfriend in `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' . The same night he draws up `` The Relationship Agreement '' to verify the ground rules of him as her boyfriend and vice versa ( similar to his `` Roommate Agreement '' with Leonard ) . Amy agrees but later regrets not having had a lawyer read through it . In the episode `` The Launch Acceleration '' , Amy tries to use her `` neurobiology bag of tricks '' to increase the attraction between herself and Sheldon . In the final fifth - season episode `` The Countdown Reflection '' , Sheldon takes Amy 's hand as Howard is launched into space . In the sixth season first episode `` The Date Night Variable '' , after a dinner in which Sheldon fails to live up to this expectation , Amy gives Sheldon an ultimatum that their relationship is over unless he tells her something from his heart . Amy accepts Sheldon 's romantic speech even after learning that it is a line from the first Spider - Man movie . In `` The Cooper / Kripke Inversion '' Sheldon states that he has been working on his discomfort about physical contact and admits that `` it 's a possibility '' that he could one day have sex with Amy . Amy is revealed to have similar feelings in `` The Love Spell Potential '' . Sheldon explains that he never thought about intimacy with anyone before Amy . `` The Locomotive Manipulation '' is the first episode in which Sheldon initiates a kiss with Amy . Although initially done in a fit of sarcasm , he discovers that he enjoys the feeling . Consequently , Sheldon slowly starts to open up over the rest of the season , and starts a more intimate relationship with Amy . However , in the season finale , Sheldon leaves temporarily to cope with several changes and Amy becomes distraught . However , in `` The Prom Equivalency '' , he hides in his room to avoid going to a mock prom reenactment with her . In the resulting stand - off , Amy is about to confess that she loves Sheldon , but he surprises her by saying that he loves her too . This prompts Amy to have a panic attack . In the season eight finale , Sheldon and Amy get into a fight about commitment on their 5 - year anniversary . Amy tells Sheldon that she needs to think about the future of their relationship , unaware that Sheldon was about to propose to her . Season nine sees Sheldon harassing Amy about making up her mind until she breaks up with him . Both struggle with singlehood and trying to be friends for the next few weeks until they reunite in episode ten and have sex for the first time on Amy 's birthday . Howard 's mother In scenes set at Howard 's home , he interacts with his rarely - seen mother ( voiced by Carol Ann Susi until her death ) by shouting from room to room in the house . She similarly interacts with other characters in this manner . She reflects the Jewish mother stereotype in some ways , such as being overly controlling of Howard 's adult life and sometimes trying to make him feel guilty about causing her trouble . She is dependent on Howard , as she requires him to help her with her wig and makeup in the morning . Howard in turn is attached to his mother to the point where she still cuts his meat for him , takes him to the dentist , does his laundry and `` grounds '' him when he returns home after briefly moving out . Until Howard 's marriage to Bernadette in the fifth - season finale , Howard 's former living situation led Leonard 's psychiatrist mother to speculate that he may suffer from some type of pathology , and Sheldon to refer to their relationship as Oedipal . In season 8 , Howard 's mother dies in her sleep while in Florida , which devastates Howard and Stuart , who briefly lived with Mrs. Wolowitz . Vanity cards Like most shows created by Chuck Lorre , The Big Bang Theory ends by showing a vanity card written by Lorre after the credits , followed by the Warner Bros. Television closing logo . These cards are archived on Lorre 's website . The Theorists Through the use of his vanity cards at the end of episodes , Lorre alleged that the program had been plagiarized by a show produced and aired in Belarus . Officially titled Теоретики ( The Theorists ) , the show features `` clones '' of the main characters , a similar opening sequence , and what appears to be a very close Russian translation of the scripts . Lorre expressed annoyance and described his inquiry with the Warner Bros. legal department about options . The television production company and station 's close relationship with the Belarus government was cited as the reason that any attempt to claim copyright infringement would be in vain because the company copying the episodes is operated by the government . However , no legal action was required to end production of the other show : as soon as it became known that the show was unlicensed , the actors quit and the producers cancelled it . Dmitriy Tankovich ( who plays Leonard 's counterpart , `` Seva '' ) said in an interview , `` I 'm upset . At first , the actors were told all legal issues were resolved . We did n't know it was n't the case , so when the creators of The Big Bang Theory started talking about the show , I was embarrassed . I ca n't understand why our people first do , and then think . I consider this to be the rock bottom of my career . And I do n't want to take part in a stolen show '' . Reception Critical reception Initial reception for the series was mixed . The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 55 % approval rating for the first season based on reviews from 22 critics , with an average rating of 5.18 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` The Big Bang Theory brings a new class of character to mainstream television , but much of the comedy feels formulaic and stiff . '' On Metacritic , the season holds a score of 57 out of 100 , based on reviews from 23 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Later seasons received more acclaim and in 2013 , TV Guide ranked the series # 52 on its list of the 60 Best Series of All Time . US standard Ratings The Big Bang Theory started off slowly in the ratings , failing to make the top 50 in its first season ( ranking 68th ) , and ranking 40th in its second season . When the third season premiered on September 21 , 2009 , however , The Big Bang Theory ranked as CBS 's highest - rated show of that evening in the adults 18 -- 49 demographic ( 4.6 / 10 ) along with a then - series - high 12.83 million viewers . After the first three seasons aired at different times on Monday nights , CBS moved the show to Thursdays at 8 : 00 ET for the 2010 -- 2011 schedule , to be in direct competition with NBC 's Comedy Block and Fox 's American Idol ( then the longest reigning leading primetime show on U.S. television from 2004 to 2011 ) . During its fourth season , it became television 's highest rated comedy , just barely beating out eight - year champ Two and a Half Men . However , in the age 18 -- 49 demographic ( the show 's target age range ) , it was the second highest rated comedy , behind ABC 's Modern Family . The fifth season opened with viewing figures of over 14 million . The sixth season boasts some of the highest - rated episodes for the show so far , with a then - new series high set with `` The Bakersfield Expedition '' , with 20 million viewers , a first for the series , which along with NCIS , made CBS the first network to have two scripted series reach that large an audience in the same week since 2007 . In the sixth season , the show became the highest rated and viewed scripted show in the 18 -- 49 demographic , trailing only the live regular NBC Sunday Night Football coverage , and was third in total viewers , trailing NCIS and Sunday Night Football . Season seven of the series opened strong , continuing the success gained in season six , with the second episode of the premiere , `` The Deception Verification '' , setting the new series high in viewers with 20.44 million . Showrunner Steve Molaro , who took over from Bill Prady with the sixth season , credits some of the show 's success to the sitcom 's exposure in off - network syndication , particularly on TBS , while Michael Schneider of TV Guide attributes it to the timeslot move two seasons earlier . Chuck Lorre and CBS Entertainment president Nina Tassler also credit the success to the influence of Molaro , in particular the deepening exploration of the firmly established regular characters and their interpersonal relationships , such as the on - again , off - again relationship between Leonard and Penny . Throughout much of the 2012 -- 13 season , The Big Bang Theory placed first in all of syndication ratings , receiving formidable competition from only Judge Judy and Wheel of Fortune ( first - run syndication programs ) . By the end of the 2012 -- 13 television season , The Big Bang Theory had dethroned Judge Judy as the ratings leader in all of syndicated programming with 7.1 , Judy descending to second place for that season with a 7.0 . The Big Bang Theory did not place first in syndication ratings for the 2013 -- 14 television season , beaten out by Judge Judy . Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Monday 8 : 30pm ( 1 -- 8 ) Monday 8 : 00pm ( 9 -- 17 ) 17 September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) 9.52 May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) 7.34 2007 -- 08 68 8.31 3.3 / 8 ( 46 ) Monday 8 : 00pm ( 1 -- 14 , 16 -- 23 ) Monday 9 : 30pm ( 15 ) 23 September 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) 9.36 May 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 11 ) 9.81 2008 -- 09 40 10.03 N / A Monday 9 : 30pm ( 1 -- 19 , 21 -- 23 ) Monday 9 : 00pm ( 20 ) 23 September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) 12.96 May 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) 14.78 2009 -- 10 12 14.22 5.3 / 13 ( 5 ) Thursday 8 : 00pm 24 September 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 23 ) 14.04 May 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 19 ) 11.30 2010 -- 11 13 13.21 4.4 / 13 ( 7 ) 5 24 September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) 14.30 May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) 13.72 2011 -- 12 8 15.82 5.5 / 17 ( 6 ) 6 24 September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) 15.66 May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 15.48 2012 -- 13 18.68 6.2 / 19 ( 2 ) 7 24 September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) 18.99 May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) 16.73 2013 -- 14 19.96 6.2 / 20 ( 2 ) 8 Monday 8 : 00pm ( 1 -- 6 ) Thursday 8 : 00pm ( 7 -- 24 ) 24 September 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 22 ) 18.08 May 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) 14.64 2014 -- 15 19.05 5.6 / 17 ( 4 ) 9 24 September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 18.20 May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 14.73 2015 -- 16 20.36 5.8 / 19 ( 3 ) 10 Monday 8 : 00pm ( 1 -- 5 ) Thursday 8 : 00pm ( 6 -- 24 ) 24 September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 15.82 May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 12.99 2016 -- 17 18.99 4.9 / 19 ( 3 ) 11 TBA September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 17.65 TBA TBD 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD UK distribution and Ratings The show made its United Kingdom debut on Channel 4 on February 14 , 2008 . The show was also shown as a ' first - look ' on Channel 4 's digital offshoot E4 prior to the main channel 's airing . While the show 's ratings were not deemed strong enough for the main channel , they were considered the opposite for E4 . For each following season , all episodes were shown first - run on E4 , with episodes only aired on the main channel in a repeat capacity , usually on a weekend morning . From the third season , the show aired in two parts , being split so that it could air new episodes for longer throughout the year . This was due to rising ratings . The first part began airing on December 17 , 2009 at 9 : 00 p.m. while the second part , containing the remaining eleven episodes , began airing in the same time period from May 6 , 2010 . The first half of the fourth season began airing on November 4 , 2010 , at 9 : 00 p.m. , drawing 877,000 viewers , with a further 256,000 watching on the E4 + 1 hour service . This gave the show an overall total of 1.13 million viewers , making it E4 's most watched programme for that week . The increased ratings continued over subsequent weeks . The fourth season 's second half began on June 30 , 2011 . Season 5 began airing on November 3 , 2011 at 8 : 00 p.m. as part of E4 's Comedy Thursdays , acting as a lead - in to the channel 's newest comedy , Perfect Couples . Episode 19 , the highest - viewed episode of the season , attracted 1.4 million viewers . Season 6 premiered on November 15 , 2012 , with 1.89 million viewers and a further 469,000 on the time shift channel , bringing the total to 2.31 million , E4 's highest viewing ratings of 2012 , and the highest the channel had received since June 2011 . The sixth season returned in mid 2013 to finish airing the remaining episodes . Season 7 premiered on E4 on October 31 , 2013 at 8 : 30pm and hit multiple ratings records this season . The second half of season seven aired in mid 2014 . The eighth season premiered on E4 on October 23 , 2014 at 8 : 30 p.m. During its eighth season , The Big Bang Theory shared its 8 : 30 p.m. time period with fellow CBS comedy , 2 Broke Girls . Following the airing of the first eight episodes of that show 's fourth season , The Big Bang Theory returned to finish airing its eighth season on March 19 , 2015 . Netflix UK & Ireland announced on February 13 , 2016 that seasons 1 -- 8 would be available to stream from February 15 , 2016 . Canadian Ratings The Big Bang Theory started off quietly in Canada , but managed to garner major success in later seasons . The Big Bang Theory is telecast throughout Canada via the CTV Television Network in simultaneous substitution with cross-border CBS affiliates . Now immensely popular in Canada , The Big Bang Theory is also rerun daily on the Canadian cable channel The Comedy Network . The season 4 premiere garnered an estimated 3.1 million viewers across Canada . This is the largest audience for a sitcom since the series finale of Friends ( 12.4 million viewers ) . The Big Bang Theory has pulled ahead and has now become the most - watched entertainment television show in Canada . Broadcast The Big Bang Theory premiered in the United States on September 24 , 2007 on CBS . The series debuted in Canada on CTV in September 2007 . On February 14 , 2008 , the series debuted in the United Kingdom on channels E4 and Channel 4 . In Australia the first seven seasons of the series began airing on the Seven Network and 7mate from October 2015 and also gained the rights to season 8 in 2016 , though the Nine Network has rights to air seasons nine & ten . Syndication In May 2010 , it was reported that the show had been picked up for syndication , mainly among Fox 's owned and operated stations and other local stations , with Warner Bros. Television 's sister cable network TBS holding the show 's cable syndication rights . Broadcast of old shows began airing in September 2011 . TBS now airs the series in primetime on Tuesdays , Wednesdays , and Thursdays , with evening broadcasts on Saturdays ( TBS 's local sister station in Atlanta also holds local weeknight rights to the series ) . Although details of the syndication deal have not been revealed , it was reported the deal `` set a record price for a cable off - network sitcom purchase '' . CTV holds national broadcast syndication rights in Canada , while sister cable network The Comedy Network holds cable rights . Online media Warner Bros. Television controls the online rights for the show . Full episodes are available at tv.com , while short clips and recently aired full episodes are available on cbs.com . In Canada , recent episode ( s ) and pictures are available on CTV.ca . After the show has aired in New Zealand the shows are available in full online at TVNZ 's on demand web service . Home media Name Release dates No. of episodes Additional Information Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 The Complete First Season September 2 , 2008 January 12 , 2009 April 3 , 2009 17 3 - disc box set `` Quantum Mechanics of The Big Bang Theory : Series Cast and Creators on Why It 's Cool to Be a Geek '' . Gag reel ( Blu - ray exclusive ) The Complete Second Season September 15 , 2009 October 19 , 2009 March 3 , 2010 23 4 - disc box set Gag reel `` Physicist to the Stars : Real - Life Physicist / UCLA professor David Saltzberg 's consulting relationship to the Show '' `` Testing the Infinite Hilarity Hypothesis in relation to the Big Bang Theory : Season 2 's Unique Characters and Characteristics '' The Complete Third Season September 14 , 2010 September 27 , 2010 October 13 , 2010 23 3 - disc box set Set tour with Simon Helberg and Kunal Nayyar Inside look on the third season Gag reel The Complete Fourth Season September 13 , 2011 September 26 , 2011 October 5 , 2011 24 3 - disc box set Story of show 's theme song with Barenaked Ladies Music video for the theme song Cast interviews Gag reel The Complete Fifth Season September 11 , 2012 September 3 , 2012 October 3 , 2012 24 3 - disc box set `` The Big Bang Theory at 100 '' `` The Big Bang Theory 's Laws of Reflection '' `` Professors of Production '' Gag reel The Complete Sixth Season September 10 , 2013 September 2 , 2013 October 11 , 2013 24 3 - disc box set `` The Big Bang Theory : The Final Comedy Frontier '' `` Houston , We Have a Sitcom '' `` Electromagnetism : The Best Relationship Moments '' `` The Big Bang Theory at Paleyfest 2013 '' Gag reel The Complete Seventh Season September 16 , 2014 September 8 , 2014 September 17 , 2014 24 String Theory Serenade James Earl Jones : The Un-Conventional Guest Star BBTea Time The Big Bang Theory 's May the 4th The Convention Conundrum The Big Cendrowski 2013 Comic - Con Panel Gag Reel The Complete Eighth Season September 15 , 2015 September 14 , 2015 September 16 , 2015 24 Shooting Stars : BBT on BBT 2014 The Big Bang Theory Comic - Con Panel Constellation Prize Here 's To You , Carol Ann Susi It 's A Quark ... It 's An Atom ... It 's the # BBTSuperfans ! Gag Reel The Complete Ninth Season September 13 , 2016 August 29 , 2016 August 31 , 2016 24 The Big Bang Theory Gives Back BBT : The Big 200 ! Love IS Rocket Science Just Ask BBT : If I Had To Go To Mars ... Just Ask BBT : Who Will Get The Couch ? 2015 Comic - Con Panel Gag Reel The first and second seasons were only available on DVD upon their time of release in 2008 and 2009 . Starting with the release of the third season in 2010 and continuing every year with every new season , a Blu - ray disc set has also been released in conjunction with the DVD . In 2012 , Warner Bros. released the first two seasons on Blu - ray , marking the first time that all episodes were available on the Blu - ray disc format . Awards and nominations Main article : List of awards and nominations received by The Big Bang Theory In August 2009 , the sitcom won the best comedy series TCA award and Jim Parsons ( Sheldon ) won the award for individual achievement in comedy . In 2010 , the show won the People 's Choice Award for Favorite Comedy , while Parsons won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series . On January 16 , 2011 , Parsons was awarded a Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series -- Comedy or Musical , an award that was presented by co-star Kaley Cuoco . On September 18 , 2011 , Parsons was again awarded an Emmy for Best Actor in a Comedy Series . On January 9 , 2013 , the show won People 's Choice Award for Favorite Comedy for a second time . August 25 , 2014 , Jim Parsons was awarded an Emmy for Best Actor in a Comedy Series . The Big Bang Theory also won the 2016 People 's Choice Awards for under Favorite TV Show and Favorite Network TV Comedy with Jim Parsons winning Favorite Comedic TV Actor . On January 20 , 2016 , The Big Bang Theory also won the International category at the UK 's National Television Awards . Merchandise On March 16 , 2014 , a Lego Ideas project portraying the living room scene in Lego style with the main cast as minifigures reached 10,000 supporters on the platform , which qualified it to be considered as an official set by the Lego Ideas review board . On November 7 , 2014 , Lego Ideas approved the design and began refining it . The set was released in August 2015 , with an exclusive pre-sale taking place at the San Diego Comic - Con International . Spin - off series Main article : Young Sheldon In November 2016 , it was reported that CBS was in negotiations to create a spin - off of The Big Bang Theory centered on Sheldon as a young boy . The prequel series , described as `` a Malcolm in the Middle-esque single - camera family comedy '' would be executive produced by Lorre and Molaro , with Prady expected to be involved in some capacity , and intended to air in the 2017 -- 18 season alongside The Big Bang Theory . The initial idea for the series came from Parsons , who passed it along to The Big Bang Theory producers . In early March 2017 , Iain Armitage was cast as the younger Sheldon , as well as Zoe Perry as his mother , Mary Cooper . Perry is the real - life daughter of Laurie Metcalf , who portrays Mary Cooper on The Big Bang Theory . On March 13 , 2017 , CBS ordered the spin - off Young Sheldon series . Jon Favreau will direct and executive produce the pilot . Created by Lorre and Molaro , the series follows 9 - year - old Sheldon Cooper as he attends high school in East Texas . Alongside Armitage as 9 - year - old Sheldon Cooper and Perry as Mary Cooper , Lance Barber stars as George Cooper , Sheldon 's father ; Raegan Revord stars as Missy Cooper , Sheldon 's twin sister ; and Montana Jordan as George Cooper , Sheldon 's older brother . Jim Parsons reprises his role as adult Sheldon Cooper , as narrator for the series . Parsons , Lorre , Molaro and Todd Spiewak will also serve as executive producers on the series , for Chuck Lorre Productions , Inc. in association with Warner Bros. Television . It is scheduled to begin airing on November 2 , 2017 , after The Big Bang Theory . It had a special preview on September 25 , 2017 . Notes Jump up ^ During season 5 , episode 21 ( `` The Hawking Excitation '' ) , Raj states that Sheldon had begged three times before : He begged the Fox network not to cancel Firefly , he begged TNT to cancel Babylon 5 , and when he got food poisoning , he begged a deity he does not believe in to end his life quickly . 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Jump up ^ TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : `` Sunday Night Football '' , `` Glee '' , `` Grey 's Anatomy '' , `` Dancing with the Stars '' Top Premiere Week Archived October 1 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , TV By the Numbers , September 28 , 2010 Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' The Office , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Full Series Rankings For The 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Finals : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The X Factor , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' and ' Whitney ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved September 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Office ' , ' Secret Circle ' , ' Grey 's ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2010 -- 2011 TV Season Series Rankings '' . deadline.com . May 27 , 2011 . Retrieved May 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Rec . ' , ' Up All Night ' , ' SNL : Weekend Update ' , ' The Office ' , ' Glee ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hannibal ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Office ' Retrospective Adjusted Up '' . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Full 2011 - 2012 Season Series Ratings - Deadline.com '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Michael J Fox Show ' & ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Crazy Ones ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' & ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` NBC Wraps TV Season As Demo Champ for First Time Since ' 04 '' . Variety . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gotham ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Gotham ' & ' Red Band Society ' Top Percentage Gains & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending September 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Significant Mother ' , ' Life in Pieces ' & ' Penn & Teller ' Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Catch ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Gotham ' adjust up , ' Kevin ' and ' Good Place ' hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes '' . Barb.co.uk . July 17 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2012 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Bang Theory ' returns to form for E4 with 1.4 m '' . Digital Spy . May 18 , 2012 . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Millar , Paul ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' becomes E4 's most - watched show of the year -- TV News '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory '' . Geektown . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` E4 Sets UK Premiere Date For ' The Big Bang Theory ' Season 8 -- TVWise '' . TVWise . Jump up ^ `` E4 Sets UK Return Date For ' The Big Bang Theory ' Season 8 '' . TVWise . March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Netflix UK & Ireland ( @ NetflixUK ) ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` Smart is the new sexy . Seasons 1 -- 8 of The Big Bang Theory hit Netflix UK on February 15th . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` No Theory : Big Bang Canada 's No. 1 Show '' . TV Feeds My Family . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Thursday : The Big Bang Theory '' . Postmedia News , Canada.com . January 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2013 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Next Time . `` The Big Bang Theory '' . Channel 4 . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory on Seven '' ( PDF ) . Seven West Media . September 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nine to lose free to air TV rights to The Big Bang Theory to Seven '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ Pavan ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` TBS Fall 2011 Schedule ; ION Adds Monk , Psych This Month , House in Fall 2012 -- SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . Blog.sitcomsonline.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( May 16 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Gets Syndication Deal '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Company credits for `` The Big Bang Theory '' `` . IMDB . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ James McQuivey . `` Why CBS pulled The Mentalist from CBS.com '' . OmniVideo . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : Watch Episodes and Video and Join the Ultimate Fan Community '' . CBS . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the Big Bang Theory Online on CTV '' . Shows.ctv.ca . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- The Complete First Season : Johnny Galecki , Jim Parsons : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory -- Season 1 ( DVD ) ( 2007 ) : Amazon.co.uk : Johnny Galecki , Jim Parsons , Kaley Cuoco : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Complete 1st Season '' . mightyape.co.nz . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory Season 2 DVD coming in September '' . The-big-bang-theory.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory -- Season 2 ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Complete 2nd Season ( 4 Disc Set ) '' . mightyape.co.nz . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : The Complete Third Season DVD -- Warner Bros. : WBshop.com -- The Official Online Store of Warner Bros. Studios '' . WBshop.com . October 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Buy Big Bang Theory , The -- The Complete 3rd Season ( 3 Disc Set ) @ EzyDVD '' . Ezydvd.com.au . September 29 , 2010 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : The Complete Fourth Season DVD -- Warner Bros. : WBshop.com -- The Official Online Store of Warner Bros. Studios '' . WBshop.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 4 ( DVD ) ( 2011 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 4 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : The Complete Fifth Season ( Blu - ray ) '' . Warner Bros. Archived from the original on February 25 , 2014 . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 5 ( DVD ) ( 2012 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 5 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Blu - rays , DVDs for ' The Complete 6th Season ' : Possible Date , Cost , Box Art '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 6 ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : Johnny Galecki , Jim Parsons , Kaley Cuoco , Simon Helberg : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 6 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Date , Cost , and LOTS of Extras for ' The Complete 7th Season ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 7 ( DVD ) ( 2014 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 7 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Blu - ray Disc , DVD Press Release for ' The Complete 8th Season ' Set '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 8 ( DVD ) ( 2015 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 8 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Warner 's Press Release Announces DVDs , Blu - rays for ' The Complete 9th Season ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 9 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 9 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 20 , 2008 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- It 's Official : September Release Date Provided for Big Bang 's 1st Season DVDs '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Warner 's Formal Press Release Arrives for The Complete 2nd Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( July 2 , 2010 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Full Press Release , Finished Packaging for the 3rd Season on DVD and Blu '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( January 27 , 2012 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Blu - ray Releases Coming Soon for the Sitcom 's 1st and 2nd Seasons ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The TCA Awards turn 25 -- Sepinwall on TV New Jersey Entertainment -- TV & Film '' . NJ.com . August 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 61st Primetime Emmy Awards Academy of Television Arts & Sciences '' . Cdn.emmys.tv . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2009 . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 66th Primetime Emmy Awards Winner List '' . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 People 's Choice Awards : See The Winners Here -- MTV '' . MTV News . Jump up ^ `` Winners National Television Awards '' . National Television Awards . Jump up ^ `` Lego Ideas The Big Bang Theory List '' . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Eyes Young Sheldon Spinoff Prequel Series On CBS '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' Sheldon Prequel Series in the Works at CBS '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' Sheldon Spinoff Inches Closer With Iain Armitage & Zoe Perry Castings '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Spinoff ' Young Sheldon ' Gets CBS Series Order , Rounds Out Cast ; Jon Favreau Set To Direct '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Fall 2017 Schedule : No Major Changes , ' Young Sheldon ' Joins ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' S.W.A.T. ' On Thursday '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . External links The Big Bang Theory portal Television portal Comedy portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Big Bang Theory Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Big Bang Theory . Official website `` Official Vanity Card Archives '' . The Big Bang Theory . Chuck Lorre Productions . The Big Bang Theory on IMDb The Big Bang Theory at Rotten Tomatoes The Big Bang Theory Characters Leonard Hofstadter Sheldon Cooper Penny Howard Wolowitz Raj Koothrappali Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 `` The Terminator Decoupling '' Season 3 `` The Jiminy Conjecture '' Season 4 `` The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification '' `` The Hot Troll Deviation '' `` The Love Car Displacement '' `` The Toast Derivation '' `` The Roommate Transmogrification '' Season 5 `` The Skank Reflex Analysis '' `` The Infestation Hypothesis '' `` The Wiggly Finger Catalyst '' `` The Russian Rocket Reaction '' `` The Rhinitis Revelation '' `` The Good Guy Fluctuation '' `` The Isolation Permutation '' `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' `` The Shiny Trinket Maneuver '' `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' `` The Beta Test Initiation '' `` The Werewolf Transformation '' `` The Hawking Excitation '' `` The Stag Convergence '' `` The Countdown Reflection '' Season 6 `` The Fish Guts Displacement '' `` The Santa Simulation '' `` The Egg Salad Equivalency '' Season 7 `` The Hofstadter Insufficiency '' `` The Convention Conundrum '' Season 8 `` The Locomotion Interruption '' Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Recurring concepts `` Soft Kitty '' Related articles Awards and nominations Bazinga ( genus ) Euglossa bazinga Young Sheldon Portal Book TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Comedy The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Cosby Show , season 2 ( 1986 ) It 's Garry Shandling 's Show , season 1 ( 1987 ) Frank 's Place , season 1 / The Wonder Years , season 1 ( 1988 ) Murphy Brown , season 1 ( 1989 ) The Simpsons , season 1 ( 1990 ) Murphy Brown , season 3 ( 1991 ) Seinfeld , season 3 ( 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 ( 1994 ) Frasier , season 2 ( 1995 ) Frasier , season 3 ( 1996 ) The Larry Sanders Show , season 5 ( 1997 ) The Larry Sanders Show , season 6 ( 1998 ) Sports Night , season 1 ( 1999 ) Malcolm in the Middle , season 1 ( 2000 ) Malcolm in the Middle , season 2 ( 2001 ) The Bernie Mac Show , season 1 ( 2002 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart , season 7 / season 8 ( 2003 ) Arrested Development , season 1 ( 2004 ) Arrested Development , season 2 ( 2005 ) The Office , season 2 ( 2006 ) The Office , season 3 ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 ( 2008 ) The Big Bang Theory , season 2 ( 2009 ) Modern Family , season 1 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 ( 2011 ) Louie , season 2 ( 2012 ) The Big Bang Theory , season 6 / Parks and Recreation , season 5 ( 2013 ) Louie , season 4 / Veep , season 3 ( 2014 ) Inside Amy Schumer , season 3 ( 2015 ) Black - 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Television Television series created by Chuck Lorre Television shows set in Pasadena , California Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with Russian - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use American English from March 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Pages using infobox television with editor parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from February 2017 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Use mdy dates from March 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 13 : 51 . 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"The show is primarily centered on five characters living in Pasadena, California: Leonard Hofstadter and Sheldon Cooper, both physicists at Caltech, who share an apartment; Penny, a waitress and aspiring actress who later becomes a pharmaceutical representative and who lives across the hall; and Leonard and Sheldon's similarly geeky and socially awkward friends and co-workers, aerospace engineer Howard Wolowitz and astrophysicist Raj Koothrappali. The geekiness and intellect of the four men are contrasted for comic effect with Penny's social skills and common sense.[6][7]"
] | [
"Pasadena, California"
] |
3542445862196036601 | Electoral College (United States) | Electoral College ( United states ) - wikipedia Electoral College ( United states ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the United States Electoral College . For electoral colleges in general , see Electoral college . For other uses and regions , see Electoral college ( disambiguation ) . Map of the Electoral College 2016 presidential election The United States Electoral College is the mechanism established by the United States Constitution for the election of the president and vice president of the United States by small groups of appointed representatives , electors , from each state and the District of Columbia . The Constitution specifies that each state legislature individually determines its own process for appointing electors . In practice , all state legislatures use popular voting to choose a slate of electors who are pledged to vote for a particular party 's candidate . Thus , today the president and vice president are effectively chosen through indirect election by the citizens . The Twelfth Amendment requires each elector to cast one vote for president and another vote for vice president . In each state and the District of Columbia , electors are chosen every four years on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November , and then meet to cast ballots on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December . The candidates who receive a majority of electoral votes among the states are elected president and vice president of the United States when the Electoral College vote is certified by Congress in early January . Pursuant to the Twentieth Amendment , the terms for president and vice president end at noon on January 20 following an election for those offices ; the new terms for those offices then begin . Each state chooses electors , equal in number to that state 's combined total of senators and representatives . There are a total of 538 electors , corresponding to the 435 representatives and 100 senators , plus the three electors for the District of Columbia as provided by the Twenty - third Amendment . The Constitution bars any federal official , elected or appointed , from being an elector . The Office of the Federal Register is charged with administering the Electoral College . Since the mid-19th century when all electors have been popularly chosen , the Electoral College has elected the candidate who received the most popular votes nationwide , except in four elections : 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , and 2016 . In 1824 , there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed , rather than popularly elected , so the true national popular vote is uncertain ; the electors failed to select a winning candidate , so the matter was decided by the House of Representatives . All states except California ( before 1913 ) , Maine , and Nebraska have chosen electors on a `` winner - take - all '' basis since the 1880s . Under the winner - take - all system , the state 's electors are awarded to the candidate with the most votes in that state , thus maximizing the state 's influence in the national election . Maine and Nebraska use the `` congressional district method , '' selecting one elector within each congressional district by popular vote and awarding two electors by a statewide popular vote . Although no elector is required by federal law to honor his pledge , there have been very few occasions when an elector voted contrary to a pledge , and never once has it impacted the final outcome of a national election . If no candidate for president receives a majority of electoral votes for president , the Twelfth Amendment provides that the House of Representatives will select the president , with each of the fifty state delegations casting one vote . If no candidate for vice president receives a majority of electoral votes for vice president , then the Senate will select the vice president , with each of the 100 senators having one vote . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 History 2.1 Original plan 2.2 Breakdown and revision 2.3 Evolution to the general ticket 2.4 Evolution of selection plans 2.5 Fourteenth Amendment 2.6 Meeting of electors date over the years 3 Modern mechanics 3.1 Summary 3.2 Electors 3.2. 1 Apportionment 3.2. 2 Nomination 3.2. 3 Selection 3.2. 4 Meetings 3.2. 5 Faithlessness 3.3 Joint session of Congress and contingencies 3.3. 1 Contingent presidential election by House 3.3. 2 Contingent vice presidential election by Senate 3.3. 3 Deadlocked election 3.4 Current electoral vote distribution 4 Chronological table 5 Alternative methods of choosing electors 5.1 Appointment by state legislature 5.2 Electoral districts 5.3 Proportional vote 5.4 Congressional district method 5.4. 1 Implementation 6 Contemporary issues 6.1 Criticism 6.1. 1 Nondeterminacy of popular vote 6.1. 2 Exclusive focus on large swing states 6.1. 3 Discouragement of turnout and participation 6.1. 4 Obscuring disenfranchisement within states 6.1. 5 Lack of enfranchisement of U.S. territories 6.1. 6 Advantage based on state population 6.1. 7 Disadvantage for third parties 6.1. 8 Inadequate means for electors to vote conscience and prevent the election of demagogues 6.2 Support 6.2. 1 Prevention of an urban - centric victory 6.2. 2 Maintenance of the federal character of the nation 6.2. 3 Enhancement of the status of minority groups 6.2. 4 Encouragement of stability through the two - party system 6.2. 5 Flexibility if a presidential candidate dies 6.2. 6 Isolation of election problems 7 Efforts to abolish 7.1 Bayh -- Celler amendment 7.2 Carter proposal 7.3 Cohen proposal 7.4 National Popular Vote Interstate Compact 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Background The Constitutional Convention in 1787 used the Virginia Plan as the basis for discussions , as the Virginia delegation had proposed it first . The Virginia Plan called for the Congress to elect the president . Delegates from a majority of states agreed to this mode of election . However , a committee formed to work out various details including the mode of election of the president , recommended instead the election be by a group of people apportioned among the states in the same numbers as their representatives in Congress ( the formula for which had been resolved in lengthy debates resulting in the Connecticut Compromise and Three - Fifths Compromise ) , but chosen by each state `` in such manner as its Legislature may direct . '' Committee member Gouverneur Morris explained the reasons for the change ; among others , there were fears of `` intrigue '' if the president were chosen by a small group of men who met together regularly , as well as concerns for the independence of the president if he were elected by the Congress . However , once the Electoral College had been decided on , several delegates ( Mason , Butler , Morris , Wilson , and Madison ) openly recognized its ability to protect the election process from cabal , corruption , intrigue , and faction . Some delegates , including James Wilson and James Madison , preferred popular election of the executive . Madison acknowledged that while a popular vote would be ideal , it would be difficult to get consensus on the proposal given the prevalence of slavery in the South : There was one difficulty however of a serious nature attending an immediate choice by the people . The right of suffrage was much more diffusive in the Northern than the Southern States ; and the latter could have no influence in the election on the score of Negroes . The substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections . The Convention approved the Committee 's Electoral College proposal , with minor modifications , on September 6 , 1787 . Delegates from states with smaller populations or limited land area such as Connecticut , New Jersey , and Maryland generally favored the Electoral College with some consideration for states . At the compromise providing for a runoff among the top five candidates , the small states supposed that the House of Representatives with each state delegation casting one vote would decide most elections . In The Federalist Papers , James Madison explained his views on the selection of the president and the Constitution . In Federalist No. 39 , Madison argued the Constitution was designed to be a mixture of state - based and population - based government . Congress would have two houses : the state - based Senate and the population - based House of Representatives . Meanwhile , the president would be elected by a mixture of the two modes . Alexander Hamilton in Federalist No. 68 laid out what he believed were the key advantages to the Electoral College . The electors come directly from the people and them alone for that purpose only , and for that time only . This avoided a party - run legislature , or a permanent body that could be influenced by foreign interests before each election . Hamilton explained the election was to take place among all the states , so no corruption in any state could taint `` the great body of the people '' in their selection . The choice was to be made by a majority of the Electoral College , as majority rule is critical to the principles of republican government . Hamilton argued that electors meeting in the state capitals were able to have information unavailable to the general public . Hamilton also argued that since no federal officeholder could be an elector , none of the electors would be beholden to any presidential candidate . Another consideration was the decision would be made without `` tumult and disorder , '' as it would be a broad - based one made simultaneously in various locales where the decision - makers could deliberate reasonably , not in one place where decision - makers could be threatened or intimidated . If the Electoral College did not achieve a decisive majority , then the House of Representatives was to choose the president from among the top five candidates , ensuring selection of a presiding officer administering the laws would have both ability and good character . Hamilton was also concerned about somebody unqualified , but with a talent for `` low intrigue , and the little arts of popularity , '' attaining high office . Additionally , in the Federalist No. 10 , James Madison argued against `` an interested and overbearing majority '' and the `` mischiefs of faction '' in an electoral system . He defined a faction as `` a number of citizens whether amounting to a majority or minority of the whole , who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion , or of interest , adverse to the rights of other citizens , or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community . '' What was then called republican government ( i.e. , federalism , as opposed to direct democracy ) , with its varied distribution of voter rights and powers , would countervail against factions . Madison further postulated in the Federalist No. 10 that the greater the population and expanse of the Republic , the more difficulty factions would face in organizing due to such issues as sectionalism . Although the United States Constitution refers to `` Electors '' and `` electors , '' neither the phrase `` Electoral College '' nor any other name is used to describe the electors collectively . It was not until the early 19th century the name `` Electoral College '' came into general usage as the collective designation for the electors selected to cast votes for president and vice president . The phrase was first written into federal law in 1845 and today the term appears in 3 U.S.C. § 4 , in the section heading and in the text as `` college of electors . '' History Original plan Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution states : Each State shall appoint , in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct , a Number of Electors , equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress : but no Senator or Representative , or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States , shall be appointed an Elector . Article II , Section 1 , Clause 4 of the Constitution states : The Congress may determine the Time of chusing ( sic ) the Electors , and the Day on which they shall give their Votes ; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States . Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 of the Constitution provided the original plan by which the electors chose the president and vice president . Under the original plan , the candidate who received a majority of votes from the electors would become president ; the candidate receiving the second most votes would become vice president . The original plan of the Electoral College was based upon several assumptions and anticipations of the Framers of the Constitution : Individual electors would be elected by citizens on a district - by - district basis . Each presidential elector would exercise independent judgment when voting . Candidates would not pair together on the same ticket with assumed placements toward each office of president and vice president . The system as designed would rarely produce a winner , thus sending the election to Congress . According to the text of Article II , however , each state government was free to have its own plan for selecting its electors , and the Constitution does not explicitly require states to popularly elect their electors . Several different methods for selecting electors are described at length below . Breakdown and revision The emergence of political parties and nationally coordinated election campaigns soon complicated matters in the elections of 1796 and 1800 . In 1796 , Federalist Party candidate John Adams won the presidential election . Finishing in second place was Democratic - Republican Party candidate Thomas Jefferson , the Federalists ' opponent , who became the vice president . This resulted in the president and vice president being of different political parties . In 1800 , the Democratic - Republican Party again nominated Jefferson for president and also nominated Aaron Burr for vice president . After the election , Jefferson and Burr both obtained a majority of electoral votes , but tied one another with 73 votes each . Since ballots did not distinguish between votes for president and votes for vice president , every ballot cast for Burr technically counted as a vote for him to become president , despite Jefferson clearly being his party 's first choice . Lacking a clear winner by constitutional standards , the election had to be decided by the House of Representatives pursuant to the Constitution 's contingency election provision . Having already lost the presidential contest , Federalist Party representatives in the lame duck House session seized upon the opportunity to embarrass their opposition by attempting to elect Burr over Jefferson . The House deadlocked for 35 ballots as neither candidate received the necessary majority vote of the state delegations in the House ( the votes of nine states were needed for a conclusive election ) . Jefferson achieved electoral victory on the 36th ballot , but only after Federalist Party leader Alexander Hamilton -- who disfavored Burr 's personal character more than Jefferson 's policies -- had made known his preference for Jefferson . Responding to the problems from those elections , the Congress proposed on December 9 , 1803 , and three - fourths of the states ratified by June 15 , 1804 , the Twelfth Amendment . Starting with the 1804 election , the amendment requires electors cast separate ballots for president and vice president , replacing the system outlined in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 . Evolution to the general ticket Alexander Hamilton described the framers ' view of how electors would be chosen : `` A small number of persons , selected by their fellow - citizens from the general mass , will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated ( tasks ) . '' The founders assumed this would take place district by district . That plan was carried out by many states until the 1880s . For example , in Massachusetts in 1820 , the rule stated `` the people shall vote by ballot , on which shall be designated who is voted for as an Elector for the district . '' In other words , the people did not place the name of a candidate for a president on the ballot , instead they voted for their local elector , whom they trusted later to cast a responsible vote for president . Some states reasoned that the favorite presidential candidate among the people in their state would have a much better chance if all of the electors selected by their state were sure to vote the same way -- a `` general ticket '' of electors pledged to a party candidate . So the slate of electors chosen by the state were no longer free agents , independent thinkers , or deliberative representatives . They became `` voluntary party lackeys and intellectual non-entities . '' Once one state took that strategy , the others felt compelled to follow suit in order to compete for the strongest influence on the election . When James Madison and Hamilton , two of the most important architects of the Electoral College , saw this strategy being taken by some states , they protested strongly . Madison and Hamilton both made it clear this approach violated the spirit of the Constitution . According to Hamilton , the selection of the president should be `` made by men most capable of analyzing the qualities adapted to the station ( of president ) . '' According to Hamilton , the electors were to analyze the list of potential presidents and select the best one . He also used the term `` deliberate . '' Hamilton considered a pre-pledged elector to violate the spirit of Article II of the Constitution insofar as such electors could make no `` analysis '' or `` deliberate '' concerning the candidates . Madison agreed entirely , saying that when the Constitution was written , all of its authors assumed individual electors would be elected in their districts and it was inconceivable a `` general ticket '' of electors dictated by a state would supplant the concept . Madison wrote to George Hay , The district mode was mostly , if not exclusively in view when the Constitution was framed and adopted ; & was exchanged for the general ticket ( many years later ) . The Founders assumed that electors would be elected by the citizens of their district and that elector was to be free to analyze and deliberate regarding who is best suited to be president . Madison and Hamilton were so upset by what they saw as a distortion of the framers ' original intent that they advocated a constitutional amendment to prevent anything other than the district plan : `` the election of Presidential Electors by districts , is an amendment very proper to be brought forward , '' Madison told George Hay in 1823 . Hamilton went further . He actually drafted an amendment to the Constitution mandating the district plan for selecting electors . Evolution of selection plans In 1789 , at - large popular vote , the winner - take - all method , began with Pennsylvania and Maryland ; Virginia and Delaware used a district plan by popular vote , and in the five other states participating in the election ( Connecticut , Georgia , Maryland , New Hampshire New Jersey and South Carolina ) , state legislatures chose . By 1800 , Virginia and Rhode Island voted at - large , Kentucky , Maryland and North Carolina voted popularly by district , and eleven states voted by state legislature . Beginning in 1804 there was a definite trend towards the winner - take - all system for statewide popular vote . States using their state legislature to choose presidential electors have included fourteen states from all regions of the country . By 1832 , only South Carolina used the state legislature , and it abandoned the method after 1860 . States using popular vote by district have included ten states from all regions of the country . By 1832 there was only Maryland , and from 1836 district plans fell out of use until the 20th century , though Michigan used a district plan for 1892 only . Since 1836 , statewide , winner - take - all popular voting for electors has been the almost universal practice . As of 2016 , Maine ( from 1972 ) and Nebraska ( from 1996 ) use the district plan , with two at - large electors assigned to support the winner of the statewide popular vote . Fourteenth Amendment Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment allows for a state 's representation in the House of Representatives to be reduced if a state unconstitutionally denies people the right to vote . The reduction is in keeping with the proportion of people denied a vote . This amendment refers to `` the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States , '' among other elections , the only place in the Constitution mentioning electors being selected by popular vote . On May 8 , 1866 , during a debate on the Fourteenth Amendment , Thaddeus Stevens , the leader of the Republicans in the House of Representatives , delivered a speech on the amendment 's intent . Regarding Section 2 , he said : The second section I consider the most important in the article . It fixes the basis of representation in Congress . If any State shall exclude any of her adult male citizens from the elective franchise , or abridge that right , she shall forfeit her right to representation in the same proportion . The effect of this provision will be either to compel the States to grant universal suffrage or so shear them of their power as to keep them forever in a hopeless minority in the national Government , both legislative and executive . Federal law ( 2 U.S.C. § 6 ) implements Section 2 's mandate . Meeting of electors date over the years For 1789 , the first Wednesday in February next be the day for the Electors to assemble in their respective States and vote for a President from Resolution of 13 September 1788 by the Confederation ( Continental ) Congress . For 1792 through 1884 , the Electors shall meet and give their votes on the first Wednesday in December from 1 Stat. 239 , Section 2 . For 1889 through 1933 , the Electors of each State shall meet and give their votes on the second Monday in January next following their appointment from 24 Stat. 373 , Section 1. For 1936 to the present , the Electors of President and Vice President of each State shall meet and give their votes on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December next following their appointment from 62 Stat. 673 , now codified as United States Code : Title 3 , Section 7 ( 3 USC 7 ) . Modern mechanics The 2012 Certificate of Vote issued by Maryland 's delegation to the Electoral College . Summary Even though the aggregate national popular vote is calculated by state officials , media organizations , and the Federal Election Commission , the people only indirectly elect the president , as the national popular vote is not the basis for electing the president or vice president . The president and vice president of the United States are elected by the Electoral College , which consists of 538 presidential electors from the fifty states and Washington , D.C. Presidential electors are selected on a state - by - state basis , as determined by the laws of each state . Since the election of 1824 , most states have appointed their electors on a winner - take - all basis , based on the statewide popular vote on Election Day . Maine and Nebraska are the only two current exceptions , as both states use the congressional district method . Although ballots list the names of the presidential and vice presidential candidates ( who run on a ticket ) , voters actually choose electors when they vote for president and vice president . These presidential electors in turn cast electoral votes for those two offices . Electors usually pledge to vote for their party 's nominee , but some `` faithless electors '' have voted for other candidates or refrained from voting . A candidate must receive an absolute majority of electoral votes ( currently 270 ) to win the presidency or the vice presidency . If no candidate receives a majority in the election for president or vice president , the election is determined via a contingency procedure established by the Twelfth Amendment . In such a situation , the House chooses one of the top three presidential electoral vote - winners as the president , while the Senate chooses one of the top two vice presidential electoral vote - winners as vice president . Electors Apportionment. Further information : United States congressional apportionment State population per electoral vote for the 50 states and Washington D.C. A state 's number of electors equals the number of representatives plus two electors for both senators the state has in the United States Congress . The number of representatives is based on the respective populations , determined every 10 years by the United States Census . Each representative represents on average 711,000 persons . Under the Twenty - third Amendment , Washington , D.C. , is allocated as many electors as it would have if it were a state , but no more electors than the least populous state . The least populous state ( which is Wyoming , according to the 2010 census ) has three electors ; thus , D.C. can not have more than three electors . Even if D.C. were a state , its population would entitle it to only three electors ; based on its population per electoral vote , D.C. has the second highest per capita Electoral College representation , after Wyoming . Currently , there is a total of 538 electors , there being 435 representatives and 100 senators , plus the three electors allocated to Washington , D.C. The six states with the most electors are California ( 55 ) , Texas ( 38 ) , New York ( 29 ) , Florida ( 29 ) , Illinois ( 20 ) , and Pennsylvania ( 20 ) . The seven smallest states by population -- Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming -- have three electors each . This is because each of these states is entitled to one representative and two senators . Nomination Candidates for elector are nominated by state chapters of nationally oriented political parties in the months prior to Election Day . In some states , the electors are nominated by voters in primaries , the same way other presidential candidates are nominated . In some states , such as Oklahoma , Virginia and North Carolina , electors are nominated in party conventions . In Pennsylvania , the campaign committee of each candidate names their respective electoral college candidates ( an attempt to discourage faithless electors ) . Varying by state , electors may also be elected by state legislatures , or appointed by the parties themselves . Selection Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution requires each state legislature to determine how electors for the state are to be chosen , but it disqualifies any person holding a federal office , either elected or appointed , from being an elector . Under Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment , any person who has sworn an oath to support the United States Constitution in order to hold either a state or federal office , and later rebelled against the United States directly or by giving assistance to those doing so , is disqualified from being an elector . However , the Congress may remove this disqualification by a two - thirds vote in each House . Since the Civil War , all states have chosen presidential electors by popular vote . This process has been normalized to the point the names of the electors appear on the ballot in only eight states : Rhode Island , Tennessee , Louisiana , Arizona , Idaho , Oklahoma , North Dakota and South Dakota . The Tuesday following the first Monday in November has been fixed as the day for holding federal elections , called the Election Day . In 48 states and Washington , D.C. , the `` winner - takes - all method '' is used ( electors selected as a single bloc ) . Maine and Nebraska use the `` congressional district method '' , selecting one elector within each congressional district by popular vote and selecting the remaining two electors by a statewide popular vote . This method has been used in Maine since 1972 and in Nebraska since 1996 . The current system of choosing electors is called the `` short ballot '' . In most states , voters choose a slate of electors , and only a few states list on the ballot the names of proposed electors . In some states , if a voter wants to write in a candidate for president , the voter is also required to write in the names of proposed electors . After the election , each state prepares seven Certificates of Ascertainment , each listing the candidates for president and vice president , their pledged electors , and the total votes each candidacy received . One certificate is sent , as soon after Election Day as practicable , to the National Archivist in Washington D.C. The Certificates of Ascertainment are mandated to carry the State Seal , and the signature of the Governor ( in the case of the District of Columbia , the Certificate is signed by the Mayor of the District of Columbia . ) Meetings Certificate for the electoral votes for Rutherford B. Hayes and William A. Wheeler for the State of Louisiana ( 1876 ) . The Electoral College never meets as one body . Electors meet in their respective state capitals ( electors for the District of Columbia meet within the District ) on the Monday after the second Wednesday in December , at which time they cast their electoral votes on separate ballots for president and vice president . Although procedures in each state vary slightly , the electors generally follow a similar series of steps , and the Congress has constitutional authority to regulate the procedures the states follow . The meeting is opened by the election certification official -- often that state 's secretary of state or equivalent -- who reads the Certificate of Ascertainment . This document sets forth who was chosen to cast the electoral votes . The attendance of the electors is taken and any vacancies are noted in writing . The next step is the selection of a president or chairman of the meeting , sometimes also with a vice chairman . The electors sometimes choose a secretary , often not himself an elector , to take the minutes of the meeting . In many states , political officials give short speeches at this point in the proceedings . When the time for balloting arrives , the electors choose one or two people to act as tellers . Some states provide for the placing in nomination of a candidate to receive the electoral votes ( the candidate for president of the political party of the electors ) . Each elector submits a written ballot with the name of a candidate for president . In New Jersey , the electors cast ballots by checking the name of the candidate on a pre-printed card ; in North Carolina , the electors write the name of the candidate on a blank card . The tellers count the ballots and announce the result . The next step is the casting of the vote for vice president , which follows a similar pattern . Each state 's electors must complete six Certificates of Vote . Each Certificate of Vote must be signed by all of the electors and a Certificate of Ascertainment must be attached to each of the Certificates of Vote . Each Certificate of Vote must include the names of those who received an electoral vote for either the office of president or of vice president . The electors certify the Certificates of Vote and copies of the Certificates are then sent in the following fashion : One is sent by registered mail to the President of the Senate ( who usually is the incumbent Vice President of the United States ) ; Two are sent by registered mail to the Archivist of the United States ; Two are sent to the state 's Secretary of State ; and One is sent to the chief judge of the United States district court where those electors met . A staff member of the President of the Senate collects the Certificates of Vote as they arrive and prepares them for the joint session of the Congress . The Certificates are arranged -- unopened -- in alphabetical order and placed in two special mahogany boxes . Alabama through Missouri ( including the District of Columbia ) are placed in one box and Montana through Wyoming are placed in the other box . Before 1950 , the Secretary of State 's office oversaw the certifications , but since then the Office of Federal Register in the Archivist 's office reviews them to make sure the documents sent to the archive and Congress match and that all formalities have been followed , sometimes requiring states to correct the documents . Faithlessness Main article : Faithless elector Faithless electors are those who either cast electoral votes for someone other than the candidate of the party that they pledged to vote for or who abstain . Twenty - nine states plus the District of Columbia have passed laws to punish faithless electors , although none have ever been enforced . Many constitutional scholars claim that state restrictions would be struck down if challenged based on Article II and the Twelfth Amendment . In 1952 , the constitutionality of state pledge laws was brought before the Supreme Court in Ray v. Blair , 343 U.S. 214 ( 1952 ) . The Court ruled in favor of state laws requiring electors to pledge to vote for the winning candidate , as well as removing electors who refuse to pledge . As stated in the ruling , electors are acting as a functionary of the state , not the federal government . Therefore , states have the right to govern the process of choosing electors . The constitutionality of state laws punishing electors for actually casting a faithless vote , rather than refusing to pledge , has never been decided by the Supreme Court . However , in his dissent in Ray v. Blair , Justice Robert Jackson wrote : `` no one faithful to our history can deny that the plan originally contemplated what is implicit in its text -- that electors would be free agents , to exercise an independent and nonpartisan judgment as to the men best qualified for the Nation 's highest offices . '' While many laws punish a faithless elector only after the fact , states like Michigan also specify a faithless elector 's vote be voided . As electoral slates are typically chosen by the political party or the party 's presidential nominee , electors usually have high loyalty to the party and its candidate : a faithless elector runs a greater risk of party censure than of criminal charges . In 2000 , elector Barbara Lett - Simmons of Washington , D.C. , chose not to vote , rather than voting for Al Gore as she had pledged to do . In 2016 , seven electors voted contrary to their pledges . Faithless electors have never changed the outcome of any presidential election . Joint session of Congress and contingencies Further information : Contingent election The Twelfth Amendment mandates Congress assemble in joint session to count the electoral votes and declare the winners of the election . The session is ordinarily required to take place on January 6 in the calendar year immediately following the meetings of the presidential electors . Since the Twentieth Amendment , the newly elected Congress declares the winner of the election ; all elections before 1936 were determined by the outgoing House . The meeting is held at 1 p.m. in the Chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives . The sitting vice president is expected to preside , but in several cases the president pro tempore of the Senate has chaired the proceedings . The vice president and the Speaker of the House sit at the podium , with the vice president in the seat of the Speaker of the House . Senate pages bring in the two mahogany boxes containing each state 's certified vote and place them on tables in front of the senators and representatives . Each house appoints two tellers to count the vote ( normally one member of each political party ) . Relevant portions of the Certificate of Vote are read for each state , in alphabetical order . Members of Congress can object to any state 's vote count , provided objection is presented in writing and is signed by at least one member of each house of Congress . An objection supported by at least one senator and one representative will be followed by the suspension of the joint session and by separate debates and votes in each House of Congress ; after both Houses deliberate on the objection , the joint session is resumed . A state 's certificate of vote can be rejected only if both Houses of Congress vote to accept the objection . In that case , the votes from the State in question are simply ignored . The votes of Arkansas and Louisiana were rejected in the presidential election of 1872 . Objections to the electoral vote count are rarely raised , although it did occur during the vote count in 2001 after the close 2000 presidential election between Governor George W. Bush of Texas and the vice president of the United States , Al Gore . Gore , who as vice president was required to preside over his own Electoral College defeat ( by five electoral votes ) , denied the objections , all of which were raised by only several representatives and would have favored his candidacy , after no senators would agree to jointly object . Objections were again raised in the vote count of the 2004 elections , and on that occasion the document was presented by one representative and one senator . Although the joint session was suspended , the objections were quickly disposed of and rejected by both Houses of Congress . If there are no objections or all objections are overruled , the presiding officer simply includes a state 's votes , as declared in the certificate of vote , in the official tally . After the certificates from all states are read and the respective votes are counted , the presiding officer simply announces the final result of the vote and , provided the required absolute majority of votes was achieved , declares the names of the persons elected president and vice president . This announcement concludes the joint session and formalizes the recognition of the president - elect and of the vice president - elect . The senators then depart from the House Chamber . The final tally is printed in the Senate and House journals . Contingent presidential election by House The Twelfth Amendment requires the House of Representatives to go into session immediately to vote for a president if no candidate for president receives a majority of the electoral votes ( since 1964 , 270 of the 538 electoral votes ) . In this event , the House of Representatives is limited to choosing from among the three candidates who received the most electoral votes for president . Each state delegation votes en bloc -- each delegation having a single vote ; the District of Columbia does not receive a vote . A candidate must receive an absolute majority of state delegation votes ( i.e. , at present , a minimum of 26 votes ) in order for that candidate to become the president - elect . Additionally , delegations from at least two thirds of all the states must be present for voting to take place . The House continues balloting until it elects a president . The House of Representatives has chosen the president only twice : in 1801 under Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 ; and in 1825 under the Twelfth Amendment . Contingent vice presidential election by Senate If no candidate for vice president receives an absolute majority of electoral votes , then the Senate must go into session to elect a vice president . The Senate is limited to choosing from the two candidates who received the most electoral votes for vice president . Normally this would mean two candidates , one less than the number of candidates available in the House vote . However , the text is written in such a way that all candidates with the most and second most electoral votes are eligible for the Senate election -- this number could theoretically be larger than two . The Senate votes in the normal manner in this case ( i.e. , ballots are individually cast by each senator , not by state delegations ) . However , two - thirds of the senators must be present for voting to take place . Additionally , the Twelfth Amendment states a `` majority of the whole number '' of senators ( currently 51 of 100 ) is necessary for election . Further , the language requiring an absolute majority of Senate votes precludes the sitting vice president from breaking any tie that might occur , although some academics and journalists have speculated to the contrary . The only time the Senate chose the vice president was in 1837 . In that instance , the Senate adopted an alphabetical roll call and voting aloud . The rules further stated , `` ( I ) fa majority of the number of senators shall vote for either the said Richard M. Johnson or Francis Granger , he shall be declared by the presiding officer of the Senate constitutionally elected Vice President of the United States '' ; the Senate chose Johnson . Deadlocked election Section 3 of the Twentieth Amendment specifies if the House of Representatives has not chosen a president - elect in time for the inauguration ( noon EST on January 20 ) , then the vice president - elect becomes acting president until the House selects a president . Section 3 also specifies Congress may statutorily provide for who will be acting president if there is neither a president - elect nor a vice president - elect in time for the inauguration . Under the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 , the Speaker of the House would become acting president until either the House selects a president or the Senate selects a vice president . Neither of these situations has ever occurred . Current Electoral vote distribution See also : Electoral vote changes between United States presidential elections Electoral votes ( EV ) allocations for the 2012 , 2016 and 2020 presidential elections . Triangular markers ( ) indicate gains or losses following the 2010 Census . EV × States States 3 × 8 = 24 Alaska , Delaware , District of Columbia * , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , Wyoming 4 × 5 = 20 Hawaii , Idaho , Maine * * , New Hampshire , Rhode Island 5 × 3 = 15 Nebraska * * , New Mexico , West Virginia 6 × 6 = 36 Arkansas , Iowa , Kansas , Mississippi , Nevada , Utah 7 × 3 = 21 Connecticut , Oklahoma , Oregon 8 × 2 = 16 Kentucky , Louisiana 9 × 3 = 27 Alabama , Colorado , South Carolina 10 × 4 = 40 Maryland , Minnesota , Missouri , Wisconsin 11 × 4 = 44 Arizona , Indiana , Massachusetts , Tennessee 12 × 1 = 12 Washington 13 × 1 = 13 Virginia 14 × 1 = 14 New Jersey 15 × 1 = 15 North Carolina 16 × 2 = 32 Georgia , Michigan 18 × 1 = 18 Ohio 20 × 2 = 40 Illinois , Pennsylvania 29 × 2 = 58 Florida , New York 38 × 1 = 38 Texas 55 × 1 = 55 California = 538 Total electors * The Twenty - third Amendment grants electors to DC as if it were a state , but not more than the least populous state . This has always been three . * * Maine 's four electors and Nebraska 's five are distributed using the Congressional district method . Chronological Table Number of presidential electors by state and year Election year 1788 -- 1800 1804 -- 1900 1904 -- 2000 2004 -- ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 ' 24 ' 28 ' 32 ' 36 ' 40 ' 44 ' 48 ' 52 ' 56 ' 60 ' 64 ' 68 ' 72 ' 76 ' 80 ' 84 ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 ' 24 ' 28 ' 32 ' 36 ' 40 ' 44 ' 48 ' 52 ' 56 ' 60 ' 64 ' 68 ' 72 ' 76 ' 80 ' 84 ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 # Total 81 135 138 176 218 221 235 261 288 294 275 290 296 303 234 294 366 369 401 444 447 476 483 531 537 538 State 22 Alabama 5 7 7 9 9 9 9 0.1 ! 0 8 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 11 11 11 11 10 9 9 9 9 9 49 Alaska 48 Arizona 5 6 7 8 10 11 25 Arkansas 0.1 ! 0 5 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 31 California 05 ! 5 5 6 6 8 9 9 10 10 13 22 25 32 32 40 45 47 54 55 55 38 Colorado 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 5 Connecticut 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 6 6 6 6 06 ! 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 51 ! - D.C. Delaware 03 ! 3 27 Florida 0.1 ! 0 5 5 6 7 8 10 10 14 17 21 25 27 29 Georgia 5 6 8 8 8 9 11 11 10 10 10 10 0.1 ! 0 9 11 11 12 13 13 13 13 14 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 15 16 50 Hawaii 43 Idaho 21 Illinois 5 5 9 9 11 11 16 16 21 21 22 24 24 27 27 29 29 28 27 27 26 26 24 22 21 20 19 Indiana 5 9 9 12 12 13 13 13 13 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 14 13 13 13 13 13 12 12 11 11 29 Iowa 08 ! 8 8 11 11 13 13 13 13 13 13 11 10 10 10 9 8 8 7 7 6 34 Kansas 03 ! 3 5 5 9 10 10 10 10 10 9 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 6 15 Kentucky 8 12 12 12 14 15 15 12 12 12 12 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 11 11 10 10 9 9 9 8 8 8 18 Louisiana 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 0.1 ! 0 7 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 8 23 Maine 9 9 10 10 9 9 8 8 07 ! 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 7 Maryland 8 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 10 10 8 8 8 8 07 ! 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 6 Massachusetts 10 16 16 19 22 22 15 15 14 14 12 12 13 13 12 12 13 13 14 15 15 16 16 18 17 16 16 16 14 14 13 12 12 11 26 Michigan 5 5 6 6 08 ! 8 8 11 11 13 14 14 14 14 15 19 19 20 20 21 21 20 18 17 16 32 Minnesota 04 ! 4 5 5 7 9 9 11 11 12 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 20 Mississippi 6 6 7 7 0.1 ! 0 0.1 ! 0 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 7 7 6 6 24 Missouri 7 7 9 9 11 11 15 15 16 17 17 18 18 18 15 15 13 13 12 12 11 11 11 10 41 Montana 37 Nebraska 5 8 8 8 8 8 7 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 36 Nevada 03 ! 3 5 6 9 New Hampshire 5 6 6 7 8 8 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 05 ! 5 5 5 5 New Jersey 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 07 ! 7 7 9 9 9 10 10 12 12 14 16 16 16 16 17 17 16 15 15 14 47 New Mexico 5 5 5 5 11 New York 8 12 12 19 29 29 29 36 42 42 36 36 35 35 33 33 35 35 36 36 36 39 39 45 47 47 45 45 43 41 36 33 31 29 12 North Carolina 12 12 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 11 11 10 10 0.1 ! 0 9 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 14 14 14 13 13 13 14 15 15 39 North Dakota 5 17 Ohio 8 8 8 16 21 21 23 23 23 23 21 21 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 24 26 25 25 25 26 25 23 21 20 18 46 Oklahoma 7 10 11 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 33 Oregon 03 ! 3 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 Pennsylvania 10 15 15 20 25 25 25 28 30 30 26 26 27 27 26 26 29 29 30 32 32 34 34 38 36 35 32 32 29 27 25 23 21 20 13 Rhode Island 04 ! 4 5 8 South Carolina 7 8 8 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 9 9 8 8 0.1 ! 0 6 7 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 40 South Dakota 5 16 Tennessee 5 8 8 8 11 15 15 13 13 12 12 0.1 ! 0 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 12 11 11 11 10 11 11 11 11 28 Texas 0.1 ! 0 0.1 ! 0 8 8 13 15 15 18 18 20 23 23 24 24 25 26 29 32 34 38 45 Utah 5 5 5 6 14 Vermont 6 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 05 ! 5 5 5 5 10 Virginia 12 21 21 24 25 25 25 24 23 23 17 17 15 15 0.1 ! 0 0.1 ! 0 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 42 Washington 5 5 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 11 11 12 35 West Virginia 05 ! 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 7 6 6 5 5 5 30 Wisconsin 5 5 08 ! 8 8 10 10 11 12 12 13 13 13 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 10 10 44 Wyoming # Total 81 135 138 176 218 221 235 261 288 294 275 290 296 303 234 294 366 369 401 444 447 476 483 531 537 538 Source : Presidential Elections 1789 -- 2000 at Psephos ( Adam Carr 's Election Archive ) Note : In 1788 , 1792 , 1796 , and 1800 , each elector cast two votes for president . Number of electors from each state for the 2012 , 2016 and 2020 presidential elections . 12 electoral votes changed between 18 states , based on the 2010 census . Eight states lost one electoral vote and two ( New York & Ohio ) each lost two electoral votes . Eight states gained electoral votes , six gained one electoral vote , Florida gained two & Texas gained four . Alternative methods of choosing electors Methods of presidential elector selection , by state , 1789 -- 1832 Year AL CT DE GA IL IN KY LA ME MD MA MS MO NH NJ NY NC OH PA RI SC TN VT VA 1789 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1792 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1796 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1800 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1804 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1808 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1812 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1816 -- -- -- -- -- 1820 1824 1828 1832 Year AL CT DE GA IL IN KY LA ME MD MA MS MO NH NJ NY NC OH PA RI SC TN VT VA Key Popular vote , At - large Popular vote , Districting Legislative selection Hybrid system Before the advent of the short ballot in the early 20th century , as described above , the most common means of electing the presidential electors was through the general ticket . The general ticket is quite similar to the current system and is often confused with it . In the general ticket , voters cast ballots for individuals running for presidential elector ( while in the short ballot , voters cast ballots for an entire slate of electors ) . In the general ticket , the state canvass would report the number of votes cast for each candidate for elector , a complicated process in states like New York with multiple positions to fill . Both the general ticket and the short ballot are often considered at - large or winner - takes - all voting . The short ballot was adopted by the various states at different times ; it was adopted for use by North Carolina and Ohio in 1932 . Alabama was still using the general ticket as late as 1960 and was one of the last states to switch to the short ballot . The question of the extent to which state constitutions may constrain the legislature 's choice of a method of choosing electors has been touched on in two U.S. Supreme Court cases . In McPherson v. Blacker , 146 U.S. 1 ( 1892 ) , the Court cited Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 which states that a state 's electors are selected `` in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct '' and wrote these words `` operat ( e ) as a limitation upon the state in respect of any attempt to circumscribe the legislative power '' . In Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board , 531 U.S. 70 ( 2000 ) , a Florida Supreme Court decision was vacated ( not reversed ) based on McPherson . On the other hand , three dissenting justices in Bush v. Gore , 531 U.S. 98 ( 2000 ) , wrote : `` ( N ) othing in Article II of the Federal Constitution frees the state legislature from the constraints in the State Constitution that created it . '' Appointment by state legislature In the earliest presidential elections , state legislative choice was the most common method of choosing electors . A majority of the state legislatures selected presidential electors in both 1792 ( 9 of 15 ) and 1800 ( 10 of 16 ) , and half of them did so in 1812 . Even in the 1824 election , a quarter of state legislatures ( 6 of 24 ) chose electors . In that election , Andrew Jackson lost in spite of having pluralities of both the popular and electoral votes , with the outcome being decided by the six state legislatures choosing the electors . Some state legislatures simply chose electors , while other states used a hybrid method in which state legislatures chose from a group of electors elected by popular vote . By 1828 , with the rise of Jacksonian democracy , only Delaware and South Carolina used legislative choice . Delaware ended its practice the following election ( 1832 ) , while South Carolina continued using the method until it seceded from the Union in December 1860 . South Carolina used the popular vote for the first time in the 1868 election . Excluding South Carolina , legislative appointment was used in only four situations after 1832 : In 1848 , Massachusetts statute awarded the state 's electoral votes to the winner of the at - large popular vote , but only if that candidate won an absolute majority . When the vote produced no winner between the Democratic , Free Soil , and Whig parties , the state legislature selected the electors , giving all 12 electoral votes to the Whigs . In 1864 , Nevada , having joined the Union only a few days prior to Election Day , had no choice but to legislatively appoint . In 1868 , the newly reconstructed state of Florida legislatively appointed its electors , having been readmitted too late to hold elections . Finally , in 1876 , the legislature of the newly admitted state of Colorado used legislative choice due to a lack of time and money to hold a popular election . Legislative appointment was brandished as a possibility in the 2000 election . Had the recount continued , the Florida legislature was prepared to appoint the Republican slate of electors to avoid missing the federal safe - harbor deadline for choosing electors . The Constitution gives each state legislature the power to decide how its state 's electors are chosen and it can be easier and cheaper for a state legislature to simply appoint a slate of electors than to create a legislative framework for holding elections to determine the electors . As noted above , the two situations in which legislative choice has been used since the Civil War have both been because there was not enough time or money to prepare for an election . However , appointment by state legislature can have negative consequences : bicameral legislatures can deadlock more easily than the electorate . This is precisely what happened to New York in 1789 when the legislature failed to appoint any electors . Electoral districts Another method used early in U.S. history was to divide the state into electoral districts . By this method , voters in each district would cast their ballots for the electors they supported and the winner in each district would become the elector . This was similar to how states are currently separated by congressional districts . However , the difference stems from the fact every state always had two more electoral districts than congressional districts . As with congressional districts , moreover , this method is vulnerable to gerrymandering . Proportional vote Under such a system , electors would be selected in proportion to the votes cast for their candidate or party , rather than being selected by the statewide plurality vote . Congressional district method There are two versions of the congressional district method : one has been implemented in Maine and Nebraska ; another has been proposed in Virginia . Under the implemented congressional district method , the electoral votes are distributed based on the popular vote winner within each of the states ' congressional districts ; the statewide popular vote winner receives two additional electoral votes . In 2013 , a different version of the congressional district method was proposed in Virginia . This version would distribute Virginia 's electoral votes based on the popular vote winner within each of Virginia 's congressional districts ; the two statewide electoral votes would be awarded based on which candidate won the most congressional districts , rather than on who won Virginia 's statewide popular vote . The congressional district method can more easily be implemented than other alternatives to the winner - takes - all method , in view of major party resistance to relatively enabling third parties under the proportional method . State legislation is sufficient to use this method . Advocates of the congressional district method believe the system would encourage higher voter turnout and incentivize presidential candidates to broaden their campaigns in non-competitive states . Winner - take - all systems ignore thousands of popular votes ; in Democratic California there are Republican districts , in Republican Texas there are Democratic districts . Because candidates have an incentive to campaign in competitive districts , with a district plan , candidates have an incentive to actively campaign in over thirty states versus seven `` swing '' states . Opponents of the system , however , argue candidates might only spend time in certain battleground districts instead of the entire state and cases of gerrymandering could become exacerbated as political parties attempt to draw as many safe districts as they can . Unlike simple congressional district comparisons , the district plan popular vote bonus in the 2008 election would have given Obama 56 % of the Electoral College versus the 68 % he did win , it `` would have more closely approximated the percentage of the popular vote won ( 53 % ) '' . Implementation Of the 43 states whose electoral votes could be affected by the congressional district method , only Maine and Nebraska apply it today . Maine has four electoral votes , based on its two representatives and two senators . Nebraska has two senators and three representatives , giving it five electoral votes . Maine began using the congressional district method in the election of 1972 . Nebraska has used the congressional district method since the election of 1992 . Michigan used the system for the 1892 presidential election , and several other states used various forms of the district plan before 1840 : Virginia , Delaware , Maryland , Kentucky , North Carolina , Massachusetts , Illinois , Maine , Missouri , and New York . The congressional district method allows a state the chance to split its electoral votes between multiple candidates . Prior to 2008 , neither Maine nor Nebraska had ever split their electoral votes . Nebraska split its electoral votes for the first time in 2008 , giving John McCain its statewide electors and those of two congressional districts , while Barack Obama won the electoral vote of Nebraska 's 2nd congressional district . Following the 2008 split , some Nebraska Republicans made efforts to discard the congressional district method and return to the winner - takes - all system . In January 2010 , a bill was introduced in the Nebraska legislature to revert to a winner - take - all system ; the bill died in committee in March 2011 . Republicans had also passed bills in 1995 and 1997 to eliminate the congressional district method in Nebraska , but those bills were vetoed by Democratic Governor Ben Nelson . In 2010 , Republicans in Pennsylvania , who controlled both houses of the legislature as well as the governorship , put forward a plan to change the state 's winner - takes - all system to a congressional district method system . Pennsylvania had voted for the Democratic candidate in the five previous presidential elections , so some saw this as an attempt to take away Democratic electoral votes . Although Democrat Barack Obama won Pennsylvania in 2008 , he won only 55 % of Pennsylvania 's popular vote . The district plan would have awarded him 11 of its 21 electoral votes , a 52.4 % that is closer to the popular vote yet still overcoming Republican gerrymandering . The plan later lost support . Other Republicans , including Michigan state representative Pete Lund , RNC Chairman Reince Priebus , and Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker , have floated similar ideas . Contemporary issues Arguments between proponents and opponents of the current electoral system include four separate but related topics : indirect election , disproportionate voting power by some states , the winner - takes - all distribution method ( as chosen by 48 of the 50 states ) , and federalism . Arguments against the Electoral College in common discussion focus mostly on the allocation of the voting power among the states . Gary Bugh 's research of congressional debates over proposed constitutional amendments to abolish the Electoral College reveals reform opponents have often appealed to a traditional version of representation , whereas reform advocates have tended to reference a more democratic view . Criticism Nondeterminacy of popular vote See also : United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote This graphic demonstrates how the winner of the popular vote can still lose in a hypothetical electoral college system . A bar graph of popular votes in presidential elections ( through 2016 ) , with blue stars marking the five elections in which the winner did not have the plurality of the popular vote . Black squares mark the cases where the electoral vote resulted in a tie , or the winner did not have the majority of electoral votes . An ' H ' marks the two cases where the election was decided by the House , and an ' S ' marks the one case where the election was finalized by the Supreme Court . The elections of 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , and 2016 produced an Electoral College winner who did not receive at least a plurality of the nationwide popular vote . In 1824 , there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed , rather than popularly elected , so it is uncertain what the national popular vote would have been if all presidential electors had been popularly elected . When no candidate received a majority of electoral votes in 1824 , the election was decided by the House of Representatives and so could be considered distinct from the latter four elections in which all of the states had popular selection of electors . The true national popular vote was also uncertain in the 1960 election , and the plurality for the winner depends on how votes for Alabama electors are allocated . Opponents of the Electoral College claim such outcomes do not logically follow the normative concept of how a democratic system should function . One view is the Electoral College violates the principle of political equality , since presidential elections are not decided by the one - person one - vote principle . Outcomes of this sort are attributable to the federal nature of the system . Supporters of the Electoral College argue candidates must build a popular base that is geographically broader and more diverse in voter interests than either a simple national plurality or majority . Neither is this feature attributable to having intermediate elections of presidents , caused instead by the winner - takes - all method of allocating each state 's slate of electors . Allocation of electors in proportion to the state 's popular vote could reduce this effect . Proponents of a national popular vote point out combined population of the 50 biggest cities ( not including metropolitan areas ) only amounts to 15 % of the population , and that candidates in popular vote elections for governor and U.S. Senate , and for statewide allocation of electoral votes , do not ignore voters in less populated areas . In addition , it is already possible to win the required 270 electoral votes by winning only the 11 most populous states ; what currently prevents such a result is the organic political diversity between those states ( three reliably Republican states , four swing states , and four reliably Democratic states ) , not any inherent quality of the Electoral College itself . If all of those states came to lean reliably for one party , then the Electoral College itself would bring about an urban - centric victory . Comparison of the four elections in which the Electoral College winner ( projected winner in the 2016 election ) lost the popular vote . Elections where the winning candidate loses the national popular vote typically result when the winner builds the requisite configuration of states ( and thus captures their electoral votes ) by small margins , but the losing candidate secures large voter margins in the remaining states . In this case , the very large margins secured by the losing candidate in the other states would aggregate to a plurality of the ballots cast nationally . However , commentators question the legitimacy of this national popular vote ; pointing out that the national popular vote observed under the Electoral College system does not reflect the popular vote observed under a National Popular Vote system ; as each electoral institution produces different incentives for , and strategy choices by , presidential campaigns . Because the national popular vote is irrelevant under the electoral college system , it is generally presumed candidates base their campaign strategies around the existence of the Electoral College ; any close race has candidates campaigning to maximize electoral votes by focusing their get - out - the - vote efforts in crucially needed swing states and not attempting to maximize national popular vote totals by using limited campaign resources to run up margins or close up gaps in states considered `` safe '' for themselves or their opponents , respectively . Conversely , the institutional structure of a national popular vote system would encourage candidates to pursue voter turnout wherever votes could be found , even in `` safe '' states they are already expected to win , and in `` safe '' states they have no hope of winning . Educational YouTuber CGP Grey , who has produced several short videos criticizing the Electoral College , has illustrated how it is technically possible to win the necessary 270 electoral votes while winning only 22 % of the overall popular vote , by winning the barest simple majority of the 39 smallest states and the District of Columbia . Though the current political geography of the United States makes such an election unlikely ( it would require winning both reliably Democratic jurisdictions like Massachusetts and D.C. and reliably Republican states like Utah and Alaska ) , he argues that a system in which such a result is even remotely possible is `` indefensible . '' The United States is the only country that elects a politically powerful president via an electoral college and the only one in which a candidate can become president without having obtained the highest number of votes in the sole or final round of popular voting . -- George C. Edwards III , 2011 Exclusive focus on large swing states Main article : Swing state These maps show the amount of attention given to each state by the Bush and Kerry campaigns during the final five weeks of the 2004 election . At the top , each waving hand represents a visit from a presidential or vice presidential candidate during the final five weeks . At the bottom , each dollar sign represents one million dollars spent on TV advertising by the campaigns during the same time period . According to this criticism , the Electoral College encourages political campaigners to focus on a few so - called `` swing states '' while ignoring the rest of the country . Populous states in which pre-election poll results show no clear favorite are inundated with campaign visits , saturation television advertising , get - out - the - vote efforts by party organizers and debates , while `` four out of five '' voters in the national election are `` absolutely ignored '' , according to one assessment . Since most states use a winner - takes - all arrangement in which the candidate with the most votes in that state receives all of the state 's electoral votes , there is a clear incentive to focus almost exclusively on only a few key undecided states ; in recent elections , these states have included Pennsylvania , Ohio , and Florida in 2004 and 2008 , and also Colorado in 2012 . In contrast , states with large populations such as California , Texas , and New York , have in recent elections been considered `` safe '' for a particular party -- Democratic for California and New York and Republican for Texas -- and therefore campaigns spend less time and money there . Many small states are also considered to be `` safe '' for one of the two political parties and are also generally ignored by campaigners : of the 13 smallest states , six are reliably Democratic , six are reliably Republican , and only New Hampshire is considered as a swing state , according to critic George C. Edwards III . In the 2008 election , campaigns did not mount nationwide efforts but rather focused on select states . Discouragement of turnout and participation Except in closely fought swing states , voter turnout is largely insignificant due to entrenched political party domination in most states . The Electoral College decreases the advantage a political party or campaign might gain for encouraging voters to turn out , except in those swing states . If the presidential election were decided by a national popular vote , in contrast , campaigns and parties would have a strong incentive to work to increase turnout everywhere . Individuals would similarly have a stronger incentive to persuade their friends and neighbors to turn out to vote . The differences in turnout between swing states and non-swing states under the current electoral college system suggest that replacing the Electoral College with direct election by popular vote would likely increase turnout and participation significantly . Obscuring disenfranchisement within states According to this criticism , the electoral college reduces elections to a mere count of electors for a particular state , and , as a result , it obscures any voting problems within a particular state . For example , if a particular state blocks some groups from voting , perhaps by voter suppression methods such as imposing reading tests , poll taxes , registration requirements , or legally disfranchising specific minority groups , then voting inside that state would be reduced , but as the state 's electoral count would be the same , disenfranchisement has no effect on the overall electoral tally . Critics contend that such disenfranchisement is partially obscured by the Electoral College . A related argument is the Electoral College may have a dampening effect on voter turnout : there is no incentive for states to reach out to more of its citizens to include them in elections because the state 's electoral count remains fixed in any event . According to this view , if elections were by popular vote , then states would be motivated to include more citizens in elections since the state would then have more political clout nationally . Critics contend the electoral college system insulates states from negative publicity as well as possible federal penalties for disenfranching subgroups of citizens . Legal scholars Akhil Amar and Vikram Amar have argued the original Electoral College compromise was enacted partially because it enabled the southern states to disenfranchise its slave populations . It permitted southern states to disfranchise large numbers of slaves while allowing these states to maintain political clout within the federation by using the three - fifths compromise . They noted that constitutional Framer James Madison believed the question of counting slaves had presented a serious challenge but that `` the substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections . '' Akhil and Vikram Amar added that The founders ' system also encouraged the continued disfranchisement of women . In a direct national election system , any state that gave women the vote would automatically have doubled its national clout . Under the Electoral College , however , a state had no such incentive to increase the franchise ; as with slaves , what mattered was how many women lived in a state , not how many were empowered ... a state with low voter turnout gets precisely the same number of electoral votes as if it had a high turnout . By contrast , a well - designed direct election system could spur states to get out the vote . -- Akhil and Vikram Amar Lack of enfranchisement of U.S. territories See also : Voting rights in the United States § Overseas and nonresident citizens Territories of the United States , such as Puerto Rico , the Northern Mariana Islands , the U.S. Virgin Islands , American Samoa , and Guam , are not entitled to electors in presidential elections . Constitutionally , only U.S. states ( per Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 ) and Washington , D.C. ( per the Twenty - third Amendment ) are entitled to electors . Guam has held non-binding straw polls for president since the 1980s to draw attention to this fact . This means that roughly 4 million Americans do not have the right to vote in presidential elections . Various scholars consequently conclude that the U.S. national - electoral process is not fully democratic . Half of the population lives in these counties Advantage based on state population Researchers have variously attempted to measure which states ' voters have the greatest impact in such an indirect election . Each state gets a minimum of three electoral votes , regardless of population , which gives low - population states a disproportionate number of electors per capita . For example , an electoral vote represents nearly four times as many people in California as in Wyoming . Sparsely populated states are likely to be increasingly overrepresented in the electoral college over time , because Americans are increasingly moving to big cities , most of which are in big states . This analysis gives a strong advantage to the smallest states , but ignores any extra influence that comes from larger states ' ability to deliver their votes as a single bloc . Countervailing analyses which do take into consideration the sizes of the electoral voting blocs , such as the Banzhaf power index ( BPI ) model based on probability theory lead to very different conclusions about voters relative power . In 1968 , John F. Banzhaf III ( who developed the Banzhaf power index ) determined that a voter in the state of New York had , on average , 3.312 times as much voting power in presidential elections as a voter in any other U.S. state . It was found that based on 1990 census and districting , individual voters in California , the largest state , had 3.3 times more individual power to choose a President than voters of Montana , the largest of the minimum 3 elector states . Because Banzhaf 's method ignores the demographic makeup of the states , it has been criticized for treating votes like independent coin - flips . More empirically based models of voting yield results that seem to favor larger states less . Disadvantage for third parties See also : Duverger 's law and Causes of a two - party system In practice , the winner - take - all manner of allocating a state 's electors generally decreases the importance of minor parties . However , it has been argued the Electoral College is not a cause of the two - party system , and that it had a tendency to improve the chances of third - party candidates in some situations . Inadequate means for electors to vote conscience and prevent the election of demagogues While many of the critics of the Electoral College wish to abolish or weaken it , others are seeking to strengthen it , at least in regard to its original aim of preventing the election of demagogues by too direct of a system of election . Allowing for representatives to vote their conscience dispassionately for the good of the country is considered hampered by the potential for legal consequences in some states at being a faithless elector ( though the Constitutionality of these laws have to date not been challenged ) and the lack of secret ballot by electors in the voting process itself may lead to a consequent stigma and even death threats for those voting against the electorate . Support Prevention of an urban - centric victory Proponents of the Electoral College claim that it prevents a candidate from winning the presidency by simply winning in heavily populated urban areas , and pushes candidates to make a wider geographic appeal than they would if they simply had to win the national popular vote . They believe that adoption of the popular vote would shift the disproportionate focus to large cities at the expense of rural areas . Maintenance of the federal character of the Nation The United States of America is a federal coalition that consists of component states . Proponents of the current system argue the collective opinion of even a small state merits attention at the federal level greater than that given to a small , though numerically equivalent , portion of a very populous state . The system also allows each state the freedom , within constitutional bounds , to design its own laws on voting and enfranchisement without an undue incentive to maximize the number of votes cast . For many years early in the nation 's history , up until the Jacksonian Era , many states appointed their electors by a vote of the state legislature , and proponents argue that , in the end , the election of the president must still come down to the decisions of each state , or the federal nature of the United States will give way to a single massive , centralized government . In his book A More Perfect Constitution , Professor Larry Sabato elaborated on this advantage of the Electoral College , arguing to `` mend it , do n't end it , '' in part because of its usefulness in forcing candidates to pay attention to lightly populated states and reinforcing the role of the state in federalism . Enhancement of the status of minority groups Instead of decreasing the power of minority groups by depressing voter turnout , proponents argue that by making the votes of a given state an all - or - nothing affair , minority groups can provide the critical edge that allows a candidate to win . This encourages candidates to court a wide variety of such minorities and advocacy groups . Encouragement of stability through the two - party system Proponents of the Electoral College see its negative effect on third parties as beneficial . They argue the two party system has provided stability because it encourages a delayed adjustment during times of rapid political and cultural change . They believe it protects the most powerful office in the country from control by what these proponents view as regional minorities until they can moderate their views to win broad , long - term support across the nation . Advocates of a national popular vote for president suggest that this effect would also be true in popular vote elections . Of 918 elections for governor between 1948 and 2009 , for example , more than 90 % were won by candidates securing more than 50 % of the vote , and none have been won with less than 35 % of the vote . Flexibility if a presidential candidate dies According to this argument , the fact the Electoral College is made up of real people instead of mere numbers allows for human judgment and flexibility to make a decision , if it happens that a candidate dies or becomes legally disabled around the time of the election . Advocates of the current system argue that human electors would be in a better position to choose a suitable replacement than the general voting public . According to this view , electors could act decisively during the critical time interval between when ballot choices become fixed in state ballots until mid-December when the electors formally cast their ballots . In the election of 1872 , losing Liberal Republican candidate Horace Greeley died during this time interval , which resulted in disarray for the Democratic Party , who also supported Greeley , but the Greeley electors were able to split their votes for different alternate candidates . A situation in which the winning candidate died has never happened . In the election of 1912 , Vice President Sherman died shortly before the election when it was too late for states to remove his name from their ballots ; accordingly , Sherman was listed posthumously , but the eight electoral votes that Sherman would have received were cast instead for Nicholas Murray Butler . Isolation of election problems Some supporters of the Electoral College note that it isolates the impact of any election fraud , or other such problems , to the state where it occurs . It prevents instances where a party dominant in one state may dishonestly inflate the votes for a candidate and thereby affect the election outcome . For instance , recounts occur only on a state - by - state basis , not nationwide . Results in a single state where the popular vote is very close -- such as Florida in 2000 -- can decide the national election . Efforts to abolish Bayh -- Celler Amendment The closest the United States has come to abolishing the Electoral College occurred during the 91st Congress ( 1969 -- 1971 ) . The presidential election of 1968 resulted in Richard Nixon receiving 301 electoral votes ( 56 % of electors ) , Hubert Humphrey 191 ( 35.5 % ) , and George Wallace 46 ( 8.5 % ) with 13.5 % of the popular vote . However , Nixon had received only 511,944 more popular votes than Humphrey , 43.5 % to 42.9 % , less than 1 % of the national total . Representative Emanuel Celler ( D -- New York ) , chairman of the House Judiciary Committee , responded to public concerns over the disparity between the popular vote and electoral vote by introducing House Joint Resolution 681 , a proposed Constitutional amendment that would have replaced the Electoral College with a simpler plurality system based on the national popular vote . With this system , the pair of candidates who had received the highest number of votes would win the presidency and vice presidency provided they won at least 40 % of the national popular vote . If no pair received 40 % of the popular vote , a runoff election would be held in which the choice of president and vice president would be made from the two pairs of persons who had received the highest number of votes in the first election . The word `` pair '' was defined as `` two persons who shall have consented to the joining of their names as candidates for the offices of President and Vice President . '' On April 29 , 1969 , the House Judiciary Committee voted 28 to 6 to approve the proposal . Debate on the proposal before the full House of Representatives ended on September 11 , 1969 and was eventually passed with bipartisan support on September 18 , 1969 , by a vote of 339 to 70 . On September 30 , 1969 , President Richard Nixon gave his endorsement for adoption of the proposal , encouraging the Senate to pass its version of the proposal , which had been sponsored as Senate Joint Resolution 1 by Senator Birch Bayh ( D -- Indiana ) . On October 8 , 1969 , the New York Times reported that 30 state legislatures were `` either certain or likely to approve a constitutional amendment embodying the direct election plan if it passes its final Congressional test in the Senate . '' Ratification of 38 state legislatures would have been needed for adoption . The paper also reported that six other states had yet to state a preference , six were leaning toward opposition and eight were solidly opposed . On August 14 , 1970 , the Senate Judiciary Committee sent its report advocating passage of the proposal to the full Senate . The Judiciary Committee had approved the proposal by a vote of 11 to 6 . The six members who opposed the plan , Democratic Senators James Eastland of Mississippi , John Little McClellan of Arkansas , and Sam Ervin of North Carolina , along with Republican Senators Roman Hruska of Nebraska , Hiram Fong of Hawaii , and Strom Thurmond of South Carolina , all argued that although the present system had potential loopholes , it had worked well throughout the years . Senator Bayh indicated that supporters of the measure were about a dozen votes shy from the 67 needed for the proposal to pass the full Senate . He called upon President Nixon to attempt to persuade undecided Republican senators to support the proposal . However , Nixon , while not reneging on his previous endorsement , chose not to make any further personal appeals to back the proposal . On September 8 , 1970 , the Senate commenced openly debating the proposal and the proposal was quickly filibustered . The lead objectors to the proposal were mostly Southern senators and conservatives from small states , both Democrats and Republicans , who argued abolishing the Electoral College would reduce their states ' political influence . On September 17 , 1970 , a motion for cloture , which would have ended the filibuster , received 54 votes to 36 for cloture , failing to receive the then required a two - thirds majority of senators voting . A second motion for cloture on September 29 , 1970 , also failed , by 53 to 34 . Thereafter , the Senate majority leader , Mike Mansfield of Montana , moved to lay the proposal aside so the Senate could attend to other business . However , the proposal was never considered again and died when the 91st Congress ended on January 3 , 1971 . Carter proposal On March 22 , 1977 , President Jimmy Carter wrote a letter of reform to Congress that also included his expression of essentially abolishing the Electoral College . The letter read in part : My fourth recommendation is that the Congress adopt a Constitutional amendment to provide for direct popular election of the President . Such an amendment , which would abolish the Electoral College , will ensure that the candidate chosen by the voters actually becomes President . Under the Electoral College , it is always possible that the winner of the popular vote will not be elected . This has already happened in three elections , 1824 , 1876 , and 1888 . In the last election , the result could have been changed by a small shift of votes in Ohio and Hawaii , despite a popular vote difference of 1.7 million . I do not recommend a Constitutional amendment lightly . I think the amendment process must be reserved for an issue of overriding governmental significance . But the method by which we elect our President is such an issue . I will not be proposing a specific direct election amendment . I prefer to allow the Congress to proceed with its work without the interruption of a new proposal . President Carter 's proposed program for the reform of the Electoral College was very liberal for a modern president during this time , and in some aspects of the package , it went beyond original expectations . Newspapers like The New York Times saw President Carter 's proposal at that time as `` a modest surprise '' because of the indication of Carter that he would be interested in only eliminating the electors but retaining the electoral vote system in a modified form . Newspaper reaction to Carter 's proposal ranged from some editorials praising the proposal to other editorials , like that in the Chicago Tribune , criticizing the president for proposing the end of the Electoral College . In a letter to The New York Times , Representative Jonathan B. Bingham ( D - New York ) highlighted the danger of the `` flawed , outdated mechanism of the Electoral College '' by underscoring how a shift of fewer than 10,000 votes in two key states would have led to President Gerald Ford being reelected despite Jimmy Carter 's nationwide 1.7 million - vote margin . Cohen proposal On January 5 , 2017 , Representative Steve Cohen ( D - Tennessee ) introduced a joint resolution proposing a constitutional amendment that would replace the Electoral College with the popular election of the President and Vice President . Unlike the Bayh -- Celler amendment 40 % threshold for election , Cohen 's proposal only requires a candidate to have the `` greatest number of votes '' to be elected . National popular vote Interstate compact Main article : National Popular Vote Interstate Compact Several states plus the District of Columbia have joined the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact . The compact is based on the current rule in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution , which gives each state legislature the plenary power to determine how it chooses its electors . Those jurisdictions joining the compact agree to eventually pledge their electors to the winner of the national popular vote . The compact will not come into effect until the number of states agreeing to the compact equals a majority ( at least 270 ) of all electors . Some scholars have suggested that Article I , Section 10 , Clause 3 of the Constitution requires congressional consent before the compact could be enforceable ; thus , any attempted implementation of the compact could face court challenges to its constitutionality . As of 2018 , 10 states and the District of Columbia have joined the compact ; collectively , these jurisdictions control 165 electoral votes , which is 61 % of the 270 required for the compact to take effect . Only strongly `` blue '' states have joined the compact , each of which returned large victory margins for Barack Obama in the 2012 election . See also County Unit System Lists of United States presidential electors : 2000 , 2004 , 2008 , 2012 , 2016 List of United States presidential electors from North Dakota United States presidential elections : 1824 , 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , 2016 United States presidential election maps Voter turnout in the United States presidential elections List of U.S. states and territories by population Number of Electoral Votes Per Popular Vote References Jump up ^ Openshaw , Pamela Romney ( 2014 ) . Promises Of The Constitution : Yesterday Today Tomorrow . BookBaby . p. 10.3 . ASIN B00LEWCS4E . Jump up ^ Ross , Tara ( 2017 ) . The Indispensable Electoral College : How the Founders ' Plan Saves Our Country from Mob Rule . Gateway Editions . p. 26 . ASIN B072FK8W7X . Jump up ^ Bromwich , Jonah Engel ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` How Does the Electoral College Work ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Black , Eric ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` Why the Constitution 's Framers did n't want us to directly elect the president '' . MinnPost . Jump up ^ Kuroda , Tadahisa ( 1994 ) . The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment : The Electoral College in the Early Republic , 1787 -- 1804 . Greenwood . p. 168 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29151 - 7 . OCLC 29518703 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College : Roles and Responsibilities '' . Jump up ^ Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution ^ Jump up to : Zak , Dan ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` The electoral college is n't a real place . But someone has to answer all the angry phone calls these days '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gore , D'Angelo ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Presidents Winning Without Popular Vote '' . FactCheck.org . Jump up ^ Morris , Irwin L. ( 2010 ) . The American Presidency : An Analytical Approach . Cambridge University Press . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 49162 - 4 . OCLC 607985767 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Electoral College -- Maine and Nebraska '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Appointment of 2004 Electors for President and Vice President of the United States '' . Jump up ^ Many states have laws designed to ensure electors vote for their pledged candidate , but the constitutionality of these laws has never been positively established . See The Green Papers Jump up ^ Library of Congress -- Election Process Archived April 12 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Fast Facts -- US House of Representatives : History , Art & Archives '' . Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : May 29 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : June 2 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : September 4 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Records of the Federal Convention , p. 57 Farrand 's Records , Volume 2 , A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 -- 1875 , Library of Congress Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : September 6 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( 1966 ) . Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 . The Norton Library . p. 294 . ASIN B003G6AKX2 . Jump up ^ Patrick , John J. ; Pious , Richard M. ; Ritchie , Donald A. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Guide to the United States Government . Oxford University Press , USA . p. 208 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514273 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Federalist 39 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton . The Federalist Papers : No. 68 The Avalon Project , Yale Law School . viewed November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Twelfth Amendment changed this to the top three candidates Jump up ^ The Federalist Papers : Alexander Hamilton , James Madison , John Jay The New American Library , 1961 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College : Frequently Asked Questions '' . Jump up ^ Chang , Stanley ( 2007 ) . `` Updating the Electoral College : The National Popular Vote Legislation '' . Harvard Journal on Legislation . Cambridge , MA : President and Fellows of Harvard College . 44 ( 205 , at 208 ) . Jump up ^ Describing how the Electoral College was designed to work , Alexander Hamilton wrote , `` A small number of persons , selected by their fellow - citizens from the general mass , will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated investigations ( decisions regarding the selection of a president ) . '' ( Hamilton , Federalist 68 ) . Hamilton so strongly believed this was to be done district by district , and when states began doing otherwise , he proposed a constitutional amendment to mandate the district system ( Hamilton , Draft of a Constitutional Amendment ) . Madison concurred , `` The district mode was mostly , if not exclusively in view when the Constitution was framed and adopted . '' ( Madison to Hay , 1823 Archived May 25 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Avalon Project : Federalist No 68 '' . Jump up ^ `` Resolves of the General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts : Passed at Their Session , which Commenced on Wednesday , the Thirty First of May , and Ended on the Seventeenth of June , One Thousand Eight Hundred and Twenty . Published Agreeably to Resolve of 16th January , 1812 . Boston , Russell & Gardner , for B. Russell , 1820 ; ( repr '' . Boston Book Company . January 1 , 1820 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Devin McCarthy ( Ph. D. Polysci , Duke ) , `` How the Electoral College Became Winner - Take - All '' Jump up ^ Chief Justice Robert Jackson , Ray v. Blair , dissent , 1952 ^ Jump up to : `` Founders Online : James Madison to George Hay , 23 August 1823 '' . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Founders Online : Draft of a Resolution for the Legislature of New York for the ... '' . Jump up ^ `` 1788 Election For the First Term , 1789 - 1793 '' . U.S. Electoral College . U.S. National Archives . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . New York , North Carolina and Rhode Island did not participate in the election . New York 's electors deadlocked and abstained ; North Carolina and Rhode Island had not yet ratified the Constitution . `` United States presidential election of 1789 '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Presidential Elections 1789 - 1996 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc. 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 9 - 10 Jump up ^ Presidential Elections 1789 - 1996 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc. 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 10 - 11 Jump up ^ Presidential Elections 1789 - 1996 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc. 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 11 Jump up ^ THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT from America Book 9 ( archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 27 ) Jump up ^ The selected papers of Thaddeus Stevens , v. 2 , Stevens , Thaddeus , 1792 -- 1868 , Palmer , Beverly Wilson , 1936 , Ochoa , Holly Byers , 1951 , Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh , Digital Research Library , 2011 , pp. 135 -- 36 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ McCarthy , Devin . `` How the Electoral College Became Winner - Take - All '' . Fairvote . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ The present allotment of electors by state is shown in the Electoral vote distribution section . Jump up ^ The number of electors allocated to each state is based on Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution , subject to being reduced pursuant to Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment . Jump up ^ Congressional Apportionment. 2010 Census Briefs U.S. Census . Jump up ^ Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2011 Archived November 14 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . in State Totals : Vintage 2011 Archived August 9 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , United States Census Bureau . Jump up ^ `` How is the president elected ? Here is a basic guide to the electoral college system '' . Jump up ^ Sabrina Eaton ( October 29 , 2004 ) . `` Brown learns he ca n't serve as Kerry elector , steps down '' ( PDF ) . Cleveland Plain Dealer ( reprint at Edison Research ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 10 , 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Darrell J. Kozlowski ( 2010 ) . Federalism . Infobase Publishing . pp. 33 -- 34 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60413 - 218 - 2 . Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § 1 A uniform national date for presidential elections was not set until 1845 , although the Congress always had constitutional authority to do so . -- Kimberling , William C. ( 1992 ) The Electoral College , p. 7 Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Instructions to State Officials '' ( PDF ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ District of Columbia Certificate of Ascertainment ( archived from the original on 2006 - 03 - 05 ) Jump up ^ `` Twelfth Amendment '' . FindLaw . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty - third Amendment '' . FindLaw . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S.C. § 7 : US Code -- Section 7 : Meeting and vote of electors '' . FindLaw . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College -- For State Officials '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( January 9 , 2009 ) . `` Congress meets to count electoral votes '' . MSNBC . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barrow , Bill ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Q&A : Electors almost always follow the vote in their state '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Election Law Section 168.47 '' . Legislature.mi.gov . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Green Papers '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Boccagno , Julia ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Which candidates did the seven `` faithless '' electors support ? `` . CBS News . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The President of the Senate shall , in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives , open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted . '' Constitution of the United States : Amendments 11 -- 27 , National Archives and Records Administration ^ Jump up to : 3 U.S.C. § 15 , Counting electoral votes in Congress Jump up ^ David A. McKnight ( 1878 ) . The Electoral System of the United States : A Critical and Historical Exposition of Its Fundamental Principles in the Constitution and the Acts and Proceedings of Congress Enforcing It . Wm . S. Hein Publishing . p. 313 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8377 - 2446 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` RL30804 : The Electoral College : An Overview and Analysis of Reform Proposals , L. Paige Whitaker and Thomas H. Neale , January 16 , 2001 '' . Ncseonline.org . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Longley , Lawrence D. ; Pierce , Neal R. ( 1999 ) . `` The Electoral College Primer 2000 '' . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press : 13 . Jump up ^ `` Election evolves into ' perfect ' electoral storm '' . USA Today . December 12 , 2000 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2006 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Journal from 1837 '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Apportionment of the U.S. House of Representatives Based on the 2010 Census '' ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Census Bureau . December 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved December 21 , 2010 . Each state 's number of electoral votes is equal to its total congressional representation ( its number of Representatives plus its two Senators ) . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census : State Population and the Distribution of Electoral Votes and Representatives '' . The Green Papers . Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc . pp. 254 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Bush v. Gore , ( Justice Stevens dissenting ) ( quote in second paragraph ) Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 255 . ^ Jump up to : Kolodny , Robin ( 1996 ) . `` The Several Elections of 1824 '' . Congress & the Presidency. 23 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 64 . doi : 10.1080 / 07343469609507834 . Jump up ^ `` Election 101 '' ( PDF ) . Princeton Press . Princeton University Press . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Black , Eric ( 14 October 2012 ) . `` Our Electoral College system is weird -- and not in a good way '' . MinnPost . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 266 . Jump up ^ `` Legislative Action ? , The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer , November 30 , 2000 '' . Pbs.org . Archived from the original on 2001 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 254 . Jump up ^ `` FairVote '' . FairVote . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fiddling with the Rules '' . Franklin & Marshall College . March 9 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2006 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Nia - Malika ; Haines , Errin ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Republicans in Virginia , other states seeking electoral college changes '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Election Reform '' ( PDF ) . Dos.state.pa.us . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Timothy ( December 23 , 2012 ) . `` Pennsylvania looks to alter state 's electoral vote system '' . Pittsburgh Post Gazette . Jump up ^ Sabato , Larry . `` A more perfect Constitution '' viewed November 22 , 2014 . ( archiveed from the original on 2016 - 01 - 02 ) Jump up ^ Levy , Robert A. , Should we reform the Electoral College ? Cato Institute , viewed November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Electoral College -- Reform Options '' . Fairvote.org . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Congressional Research Services Electoral College , p. 15 , viewed November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Articles -- Upgrading The College '' . President Elect . September 5 , 2004 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Methods of Choosing Presidential Electors '' . Uselectionatlas.org . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Maralee ( April 7 , 1991 ) . `` Nebraska 's Vote Change '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Skelley , Geoffrey ( 20 November 2014 ) . `` What Goes Around Comes Around ? '' . Sabato 's Crystal Ball . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Egan , Paul ( 21 November 2014 ) . `` Michigan split its electoral votes in 1892 election '' . Lansing State Journal . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Congressional Quarterly Books , `` Presidential Elections : 1789 -- 1996 '' , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Tysver , Robynn ( November 7 , 2008 ) . `` Obama wins electoral vote in Nebraska '' . Omaha World Herald . Retrieved November 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Molai , Nabil ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` Republicans Push to Change Electoral Vote System '' . KPTM Fox 42 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved November 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Jean ( January 7 , 2010 ) . `` Bill targets Neb. ability to split electoral votes '' . Associated Press . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kleeb , Jane ( March 10 , 2011 ) . `` Fail : Sen. McCoy 's Partisan Electoral College Bill '' . Bold Nebraska . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` Pennsylvania Republicans Weigh Electoral Vote Changes '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` Pennsylvania Ponders Bold Democrat - Screwing Electoral Plan '' -- via Slate . Jump up ^ GOP Pennsylvania electoral vote plan might be out of steam -- The York Daily Record ( archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 31 ) Jump up ^ Gray , Kathleen ( 14 November 2014 ) . `` Bill to change Michigan 's electoral vote gets hearing '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , Louis ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` The Ramifications of Changing the Electoral College '' . Governing Magazine . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Reid ( 17 December 2012 ) . `` The GOP 's Electoral College Scheme '' . National Journal . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Bugh , Gary E. ( 2016 ) . `` Representation in Congressional Efforts to Amend the Presidential Election System '' . In Bugh , Gary . Electoral College Reform : Challenges and Possibilities . Routledge . pp. 5 -- 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 14527 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Op - Chart : How Much Is Your Vote Worth ? Op - Chart '' . November 2 , 2008 -- via The New York Times . Jump up ^ FairVote.org . `` Problems with the Electoral College -- Fairvote '' . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards III , George C. ( 2011 ) . Why the Electoral College is Bad for America ( Second ed . ) . New Haven and London : Yale University Press . pp. 1 , 37 , 61 , 176 -- 77 , 193 -- 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16649 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Mischief , The Wall Street Journal , September 8 , 2004 '' . Opinionjournal.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Did JFK Lose the Popular Vote ? '' . RealClearPolitics . October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Carlos Felipe . `` National Popular Vote -- Electoral college reform by direct election of the President '' . archive.nationalpopularvote.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ See also List of United States cities by population Jump up ^ Myths about Big Cities and Big States by National Popular Vote ( archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 05 ) Jump up ^ CGP Grey ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) , Re : The Trouble With The Electoral College -- Cities , Metro Areas , Elections and The United States , retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 Jump up ^ Jonathan H. Adler . `` Your candidate got more of the popular vote ? Irrelevant '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ashe Schow . `` Why the popular vote is a meaningless statistic '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CGP Grey ( 2011 - 11 - 07 ) , The Trouble with the Electoral College , retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 Jump up ^ Pearson , Christopher ; Richie , Rob ; Johnson , Adam ( November 3 , 2005 ) . `` Who Picks the President ? '' ( PDF ) . FairVote -- The Center for Voting and Democracy . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Time to End the Electoral College : Here 's how '' . The Nation . November 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Nivola , Pietro ( January 2005 ) . `` Thinking About Political Polarization '' ( 139 ) . Brookings Institution Policy Brief . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Koza , John ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Every Vote Equal : A State - Based Plan for Electing the President by National Popular Vote '' ( PDF ) . p. xvii . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Amar , Akhil ; Amar , Vikram ( September 9 , 2004 ) . `` The Electoral College Votes Against Equality '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Katrina vanden Heuvel ( November 7 , 2012 ) . `` It 's Time to End the Electoral College '' . The Nation . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Electoral college defenders offer a range of arguments , from the openly anti-democratic ( direct election equals mob rule ) , to the nostalgic ( we 've always done it this way ) , to the opportunistic ( your little state will get ignored ! More vote - counting means more controversies ! The Electoral College protects hurricane victims ! ) . But none of those arguments overcome this one : One person , one vote . Jump up ^ `` Guam Legislature Moves General Election Presidential Vote to the September Primary '' . Ballot-Access.org. 2008 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` In Guam , ' Non-Binding Straw Poll ' Gives Obama A Commanding Win '' . NPR. 2012 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` The electoral college badly distorts the vote . And it 's going to get worse '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Torruella , Juan R. ( 1985 ) , The Supreme Court and Puerto Rico : The Doctrine of Separate and Unequal , University of Puerto Rico Press , ISBN 0 - 8477 - 3031 - X Jump up ^ José D. Román . `` Puerto Rico and a Constitutional Right to vote '' . University of Dayton . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 02 . ( excerpted from : José D. Román , `` Trying to Fit an Oval Shaped Island into a Square Constitution : Arguments for Puerto Rican Statehood '' , 29 Fordham Urban Law Journal 1681 -- 1713 , 1697 -- 1713 ( April 2002 ) ( 316 Footnotes Omitted ) ) Jump up ^ Miroff , Bruce ; Seidelman , Raymond ; Swanstrom , Todd ( November 2001 ) . The Democratic Debate : An Introduction to American Politics ( Third ed . ) . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 05452 - 9 . Jump up ^ Banzhaf , John ( 1968 ) . `` One Man , 3.312 Votes : A Mathematical Analysis of the Electoral College '' . Villanova Law Review . 13 . Jump up ^ Mark Livingston , Department of Computer Science . `` Banzhaf Power Index '' . University of North Carolina . Jump up ^ Gelman , Andrew ; Katz , Jonathan ; Tuerlinckx , Francis ( 2002 ) . `` The Mathematics and Statistics of Voting Power '' ( PDF ) . Statistical Science . 17 ( 4 ) : 420 -- @ 35 . doi : 10.1214 / ss / 1049993201 . Jump up ^ Jerry Fresia ( February 28 , 2006 ) . `` Third Parties ? '' . Zmag.org . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.politico.com/story/2016/12/electoral-college-electors-232791 Jump up ^ http://www.houstonpress.com/news/despite-two-faithless-electors-in-texas-trump-wins-the-electoral-college-9040222 Jump up ^ P. Andrew Sandlin ( December 13 , 2000 ) . `` Why the Electoral College '' . Lewrockwell.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hands Off the Electoral College by Rep. Ron Paul , MD , December 28 , 2004 ^ Jump up to : Kimberling , William C. ( May 1992 ) . `` The Electoral College '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sabato , Larry ( 2007 ) . A More Perfect Constitution ( First U.S. ed . ) . Walker Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1621 - 0 . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Majority and Plurality in U.S. Gubernatorial Elections . FairVote.org ( 2010 - 04 - 09 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Note : this may be a few days or even weeks before an election ; many states can not change ballots at a late stage . Jump up ^ Note : the day when the electors cast their votes is the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December . Jump up ^ Note : three electoral votes were still cast for Greeley despite being dead . Jump up ^ Ethan Trex ( November 4 , 2008 ) . `` Electoral College for dummies '' . CNN . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... In 1872 , though , Democrat Horace Greeley died just over three weeks after Ulysses S. Grant thumped him in the election ... electors who would have voted for Greeley simply spread their 66 votes among other Democratic candidates ... Thomas Andrews Hendricks actually came in second in the election with 42 electoral votes despite not campaigning for the presidency ... Jump up ^ SHELLY FREIERMAN ( November 2 , 2000 ) . `` NEWS WATCH ; Looking for Comic Relief ? Then Consider the Duke '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... ( In 1872 , Horace Greeley , opposing Ulysses S. Grant , got zero electoral votes to Grant 's 286 , but five other candidates received from one to 42 votes each ) . Jump up ^ JAMES BARRON ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` When the Vice Presidency Was a Job for New Yorkers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... But Sherman died in office , less than a month before the election of 1912 ... The Republican Party designated Nicholas Murray Butler ... as the candidate to receive Sherman 's votes in the Electoral College ... Jump up ^ Darlington , Richard B . `` The Electoral College : Bulwark Against Fraud '' . Cornell University Department of Psychology . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2000 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Myths about Recounts '' . National Popular Vote . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ For a more detailed account of this proposal read The Politics of Electoral College Reform by Lawrence D. Longley and Alan G. Braun ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ 1968 Electoral College Results , National Archives and Records Administration Jump up ^ `` Text of Proposed Amendment on Voting '' . The New York Times . April 30 , 1969 . p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` House Unit Votes To Drop Electors '' . The New York Times . April 30 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Direct Election of President Is Gaining in the House '' . The New York Times . September 12 , 1969 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` House Approves Direct Election of The President '' . The New York Times . September 19 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Nixon Comes Out For Direct Vote On Presidency '' . The New York Times . October 1 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` A Survey Finds 30 Legislatures Favor Direct Vote For President '' . The New York Times . October 8 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Warren ( April 24 , 1970 ) . `` Senate Unit Asks Popular Election of the President '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Bayh Calls for Nixon 's Support As Senate Gets Electoral Plan '' . The New York Times . August 15 , 1970 . p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Weaver , Warren ( September 18 , 1970 ) . `` Senate Refuses To Halt Debate On Direct Voting '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Debating Direct Election '' . The New York Times . September 9 , 1970 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ The Senate in 1975 reduced the required vote for cloture from two thirds of those voting ( 66 votes ) to three fifths ( 60 votes ) . See United States Senate website . Jump up ^ `` Senate Puts Off Direct Vote Plan '' . The New York Times . September 30 , 1970 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Jimmy Carter Letter to Congress , Jimmy Carter : `` Election reform Message to the Congress '' , Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley , The American Presidency Project . ^ Jump up to : `` Carter Proposes End Of Electoral College In Presidential Votes '' , The New York Times , March 23 , 1977 , Pages 1 , 18 . Jump up ^ `` Carter v . The Electoral College '' , Chicago Tribune , March 24 , 1977 , Section 3 , Page 2 Jump up ^ `` Letters '' . The New York Times . 15 March 1979 . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , George ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Congressman Cohen proposes elimination of Electoral College '' . WREG - TV . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ H.J. Res. 19 Jump up ^ Text of the compact Jump up ^ Neale , Thomas H. Electoral College Reform Congressional Research Service pp. 21 -- 22 , viewed November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Popular Vote '' . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate ( 17 April 2014 ) . `` Why a Plan to Circumvent the Electoral College Is Probably Doomed '' . FiveThirtyEight . ESPN . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . External links Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Electoral College . 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9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electoral_College_(United_States)&oldid=834560152 '' Categories : 1789 establishments in the United States Electoral College ( United States ) Electoral colleges History of voting rights in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from March 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles with inconsistent citation formats Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Bikol Central Български Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 11 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the us start using the electoral college | [
"For 1789, the first Wednesday in February next be the day for the Electors to assemble in their respective States and vote for a President from Resolution of 13 September 1788 by the Confederation (Continental) Congress. For 1792 through 1884, the Electors shall meet and give their votes on the first Wednesday in December from 1 Stat. 239, Section 2. For 1889 through 1933, the Electors of each State shall meet and give their votes on the second Monday in January next following their appointment from 24 Stat. 373, Section 1.For 1936 to the present, the Electors of President and Vice President of each State shall meet and give their votes on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December next following their appointment from 62 Stat. 673, now codified as United States Code: Title 3, Section 7 [3 USC 7].[42]"
] | [
"1789, the first Wednesday in February"
] |
-3293223516153382655 | Yanny or Laurel | Yanny or Laurel - wikipedia Yanny or Laurel `` Yanny '' redirects here . For the Greek musician , see Yanni . For other uses , see Yanni ( disambiguation ) . `` Yanny or Laurel '' This low quality recording of the pronunciation of `` Laurel '' , which went viral on Twitter , enhances the illusion according to Brad Story . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Yanny or Laurel '' is an auditory illusion of a re-recording of a vocabulary word plus added background sounds , also mixed into the recording , which became popular in May 2018 . In the brief audio recording , 53 % of over 500,000 people answered on a Twitter poll that they heard a man saying the original word `` Laurel '' , while 47 % reported hearing a voice saying the name `` Yanny '' . Analysis of the sound frequencies has confirmed that both sets of sounds are present in the mixed recording , but some users focus on the higher frequency sounds in `` Yanny '' and can not seem to hear the lower sounds of the word `` Laurel '' . When the audio clip has been slowed to lower frequencies , then the word `` Yanny '' has been heard by more listeners , while faster playback loudens `` Laurel '' ( see below : Pitch - shifted versions ) . Contents 1 Background 2 Pop culture 3 Scientific analysis 3.1 Pitch - shifted versions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) The mixed re-recording was created by students who played the sound of the word `` laurel '' ( a laurel wreath ) , while re-recording the playback amid background noise in the room . The audio clip of the main word `` laurel '' originated in 2007 from a recording of Jay Aubrey Jones , an opera singer , who spoke the word `` laurel '' as one of 200,000 reference pronunciations produced and published by vocabulary.com in 2007 . The clip was made at Jones ' home using a laptop and microphone , with surrounding foam to help soundproof the recording . The discovery of the ambiguity phenomenon is attributed to Katie Hetzel , a 15 - year - old freshman at Flowery Branch High School , near Atlanta , Georgia , who posted a description publicly on Instagram on May 11 , 2018 . The illusion reached further popularity when the student 's friend posted it on Reddit the next day . It was picked up by YouTuber Cloe Feldman on her Twitter account . Pop culture ( edit ) Notable individuals who responded to the auditory illusion included Ellen DeGeneres , Stephen King , and Chrissy Teigen . Laurel Halo and Yanni , whose names are similar to those given in the auditory illusion , also responded . In a video released by the White House , various members of the Trump administration reacted to the meme , and President Donald Trump said , `` I hear covfefe '' , as a reference to his `` covfefe '' tweet the previous year . In The Guardian , the clip was compared to the 2015 gold / blue dress controversy . Several days after the clip became viral , the team at Vocabulary.com added a separate entry for the word `` Yanny '' , which contained an audio clip identical to `` Laurel '' . Its definition is about the Internet trend . Scientific analysis ( edit ) On May 16 , 2018 , a report in The New York Times noted a spectrogram analysis confirmed how the extra sounds for `` yanny '' can be graphed in the mixed re-recording . The sounds also were simulated by combining syllables of the same Vocabulary.com voice saying the words `` Yangtze '' and `` uncanny '' as a mash - up of sounds which gave a similar spectrogram as the extra sounds graphed in the laurel re-recording . Benjamin Munson , a professor of audiology at the University of Minnesota , suggested that `` Yanny '' can be heard in higher frequencies while `` Laurel '' can be heard in lower frequencies . Older people , whose ability to hear higher frequencies is more likely to have degraded , usually hear `` Laurel '' . Kevin Franck , the director of audiology at the Boston hospital Massachusetts Eye and Ear says that the clip exists on a `` perceptual boundary '' and compared it to the Necker Cube illusion . Professor David Alais from the University of Sydney 's school of psychology also compared the clip to the Necker Cube or the face / vase illusion , calling it a `` perceptually ambiguous stimulus '' . Brad Story , a professor of speech , language , and audiology at the University of Arizona said that the low quality of the recording creates ambiguity . Dr. Hans Rutger Bosker , psycholinguist and phonetician at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics , showed that it is possible to make the same person hear the same audio clip differently by presenting it in different acoustic contexts : if one hears the ambiguous audio clip after a lead - in sentence without any high frequencies ( > 1000 Hz ) , this makes the higher frequencies in the following ambiguous audio clip stand out more , making people report `` Yanny '' where they previously maybe heard `` Laurel '' . Pitch - shifted versions ( edit ) `` Yanny or Laurel '' ( pitch shifted higher ) By pitch shifting the original audio by 20 % , `` Laurel '' is clearer Problems playing this file ? See media help . By pitch shifting the original audio to higher or lower frequencies , the same listener can report different interpretations . The New York Times released an interactive tool on their website that changes the pitch of the recording in real - time . The interactive slider allows the recording to be played back at any pitch between 3 semitones higher ( to help the listener hear `` Laurel '' ) , and 6 semitones lower ( to help the listener hear `` Yanny '' ) . This change in volume of frequencies has a similar effect in the `` brainstorm - green needle '' auditory illusion . See also ( edit ) 2010s portal Internet portal List of Internet phenomena Malapropism McGurk effect Mondegreen Optical illusion The dress References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Amanda ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` Laurel or Yanny ? What science has to say '' . CNN . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2018 . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kirby , Jen ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` Why you hear `` Laurel '' or `` Yanny '' in that viral audio clip , explained `` . Vox . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2018 . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Salam , Maya ; Victor , Daniel ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Laurel or Yanny ? What We Heard From the Experts '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Josh Katz ; Jonathan Corum and Jon Huang ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` We Made a Tool So You Can Hear Both Yanny and Laurel '' . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 01 . playing the `` laurel '' clip over speakers and re-recording it introduced noise and exaggerated the higher frequencies . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Voice behind That ' Laurel ' ( or ' Yanny ' ) Clip That 's Driving Everyone Nuts '' . Time.com . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Laurel '' at vocabulary.com Archived May 16 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Matsakis , Louise ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` The True History of ' Yanny ' and ' Laurel ' '' . WIRED . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2018 . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Virginia ( May 27 , 2018 ) . `` We Got To The Bottom Of A Geeky Conspiracy Theory About Yanny And Laurel '' . BuzzFeed News . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2018 . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Katie Hetzel , 15 yr old Flowery Branch High Freshman interview with Francesca Amiker on 11alive.com Archived May 29 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . ( published to YouTube on May 18 , 2018 ) Jump up ^ Hoggatt , Aja ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Is your favorite celeb a Yanny or a Laurel ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Kane , Caitlin ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` Yanny vs. Laurel : What do you hear ? '' . CBS News . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gray , Julia ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` Yanny Or Laurel : Yanni And Laurel Halo Weigh In '' . Stereogum . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Laurel , Yanny or ... covfefe ? White House joins in on debate '' . Chicago Tribune . Associated Press . May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump weighs in on the Yanny or Laurel debate '' . YouTube . Guardian News . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Watson , Chloe ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` Laurel or Yanny debate : why do some people hear a different word ? '' . the Guardian . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's why you 're hearing `` Yanny '' -- and why it 's technically `` Laurel '' `` . CBS News . May 17 , 2018 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yanny - Dictionary Definition : Vocabulary.com '' . www.vocabulary.com . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ducharme , Jamie ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` An Audiologist Explains Why You Hear ' Yanny ' or ' Laurel ' -- Or Both '' . Time . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2018 . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Psychology of Laurel and Yanny '' . Psychology Today . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gutman , Rachel ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` A Linguist Explains Why ' Laurel ' Sounds Like ' Yanny ' '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` We Ca n't Trust Our Ears Anymore Now The ' Brainstorm ' / ' Green Needle ' Auditory Illusion Is Breaking Our Brains '' . digg.com . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Vocabulary.com definition for `` yanny '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yanny_or_Laurel&oldid=856398508 '' Categories : 2007 works 2018 in science Auditory illusions Internet memes Internet memes introduced in 2018 May 2018 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from August 2018 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Esperanto Français Հայերեն Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 22 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the laurel yanni clip come from | [
"The mixed re-recording was created by students who played the sound of the word \"laurel\" (a laurel wreath), while re-recording the playback amid background noise in the room.[4]\nThe audio clip of the main word \"laurel\" originated in 2007 from a recording of Jay Aubrey Jones, an opera singer,[5] who spoke the word \"laurel\"[6] as one of 200,000 reference pronunciations produced and published by vocabulary.com in 2007.[3][7][6] The clip was made at Jones' home using a laptop and microphone, with surrounding foam to help soundproof the recording.[8]\n"
] | [
"students who played the sound of the word \"laurel\" (a laurel wreath), while re-recording the playback amid background noise in the room"
] |
1591630238955308201 | Oil painting | Oil painting - wikipedia Oil painting Jump to : navigation , search `` Oil on canvas '' redirects here . For the album , see Oil on Canvas . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mona Lisa , Leonardo da Vinci , c. 1503 -- 06 Oil painting is the process of painting with pigments with a medium of drying oil as the binder . Commonly used drying oils include linseed oil , poppy seed oil , walnut oil , and safflower oil . The choice of oil imparts a range of properties to the oil paint , such as the amount of yellowing or drying time . Certain differences , depending on the oil , are also visible in the sheen of the paints . An artist might use several different oils in the same painting depending on specific pigments and effects desired . The paints themselves also develop a particular consistency depending on the medium . The oil may be boiled with a resin , such as pine resin or frankincense , to create a varnish prized for its body and gloss . Although oil paint was first used for Buddhist paintings by Indian and Chinese painters in western Afghanistan sometime between the fifth and tenth centuries , it did not gain popularity until the 15th century . Its practice may have migrated westward during the Middle Ages . Oil paint eventually became the principal medium used for creating artworks as its advantages became widely known . The transition began with Early Netherlandish painting in Northern Europe , and by the height of the Renaissance oil painting techniques had almost completely replaced the use of tempera paints in the majority of Europe . In recent years , water miscible oil paint has become available . Water - soluble paints are either engineered or an emulsifier has been added that allows them to be thinned with water rather than paint thinner , and allows , when sufficiently diluted , very fast drying times ( 1 -- 3 days ) when compared with traditional oils ( 1 -- 3 weeks ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Techniques 2 History 3 Ingredients 4 Supports for oil painting 5 Process 6 Examples of famous works 7 References 8 Further reading Techniques ( edit ) Self - portrait , at work , Anders Zorn , 1897 Traditional oil painting techniques often begin with the artist sketching the subject onto the canvas with charcoal or thinned paint . Oil paint is usually mixed with linseed oil , artist grade mineral spirits , or other solvents to make the paint thinner , faster or slower - drying . ( Because these solvents thin the oil in the paint , they can also be used to clean paint brushes . ) A basic rule of oil paint application is ' fat over lean ' , meaning that each additional layer of paint should contain more oil than the layer below to allow proper drying . If each additional layer contains less oil , the final painting will crack and peel . This rule does not ensure permanence ; it is the quality and type of oil that leads to a strong and stable paint film . There are many other media that can be used with the oil , including cold wax , resins , and varnishes . These additional media can aid the painter in adjusting the translucency of the paint , the sheen of the paint , the density or ' body ' of the paint , and the ability of the paint to hold or conceal the brushstroke . These aspects of the paint are closely related to the expressive capacity of oil paint . Traditionally , paint was transferred to the painting surface using paintbrushes , but there are other methods , including using palette knives and rags . Oil paint remains wet longer than many other types of artists ' materials , enabling the artist to change the color , texture or form of the figure . At times , the painter might even remove an entire layer of paint and begin anew . This can be done with a rag and some turpentine for a time while the paint is wet , but after a while the hardened layer must be scraped . Oil paint dries by oxidation , not evaporation , and is usually dry to the touch within a span of two weeks ( some colors dry within days ) . It is generally dry enough to be varnished in six months to a year . History ( edit ) Self - portrait of Rembrandt , 1630 . An example of oil painting on copper . Although the history of tempera ( pigment mixed with either egg whites or egg yolks , then painted on a plastered section ) and related media in Europe indicates that oil painting was discovered there independently , there is evidence that oil painting was used earlier in Afghanistan . Outdoor surfaces and surfaces like shields -- both those used in tournaments and those hung as decorations -- were more durable when painted in oil - based media than when painted in the traditional tempera paints . Most Renaissance sources , in particular Vasari , credited northern European painters of the 15th century , and Jan van Eyck in particular , with the `` invention '' of painting with oil media on wood panel supports ( `` support '' is the technical term for the underlying backing of a painting ) . However , Theophilus ( Roger of Helmarshausen ? ) clearly gives instructions for oil - based painting in his treatise , On Various Arts , written in 1125 . At this period , it was probably used for painting sculptures , carvings and wood fittings , perhaps especially for outdoor use . However , early Netherlandish painting with artists like Van Eyck and Robert Campin in the 15th century were the first to make oil the usual painting medium , and explore the use of layers and glazes , followed by the rest of Northern Europe , and only then Italy . Early works were still panel paintings on wood , but around the end of the 15th century canvas became more popular as the support , as it was cheaper , easier to transport , allowed larger works , and did not require complicated preliminary layers of gesso ( a fine type of plaster ) . Venice , where sail - canvas was easily available , was a leader in the move to canvas . Small cabinet paintings were also made on metal , especially copper plates . These supports were more expensive but very firm , allowing intricately fine detail . Often printing plates from printmaking were reused for this purpose . The popularity of oil spread through Italy from the North , starting in Venice in the late 15th century . By 1540 , the previous method for painting on panel ( tempera ) had become all but extinct , although Italians continued to use chalk - based fresco for wall paintings , which was less successful and durable in damper northern climates . Ingredients ( edit ) Flax seed is the source of linseed oil . The linseed oil itself comes from the flax seed , a common fiber crop . Linen , a `` support '' for oil painting ( see relevant section ) , also comes from the flax plant . Safflower oil or the walnut or poppyseed oil are sometimes used in formulating lighter colors like white because they `` yellow '' less on drying than linseed oil , but they have the slight drawback of drying more slowly and may not provide the strongest paint film . Linseed oil tends to dry yellow and can change the hue of the color . Recent advances in chemistry have produced modern water miscible oil paints that can be used and cleaned up with water . Small alterations in the molecular structure of the oil creates this water miscible property . Supports for oil painting ( edit ) Splined canvas Traditional artists ' canvas is made from linen , but less expensive cotton fabric has gained popularity . The artist first prepares a wooden frame called a `` stretcher '' or `` strainer '' . The difference between the two names is that stretchers are slightly adjustable , while strainers are rigid and lack adjustable corner notches . The canvas is then pulled across the wooden frame and tacked or stapled tightly to the back edge . Then the artist applies a `` size '' to isolate the canvas from the acidic qualities of the paint . Traditionally , the canvas was coated with a layer of animal glue ( modern painters will use rabbit skin glue ) as the size and primed with lead white paint , sometimes with added chalk . Panels were prepared with a gesso , a mixture of glue and chalk . Modern acrylic `` gesso '' is made of titanium dioxide with an acrylic binder . It is frequently used on canvas , whereas real gesso is not suitable for canvas . The artist might apply several layers of gesso , sanding each smooth after it has dried . Acrylic gesso is very difficult to sand . One manufacturer makes a `` sandable '' acrylic gesso , but it is intended for panels only and not canvas . It is possible to make the gesso a particular color , but most store - bought gesso is white . The gesso layer , depending on its thickness , will tend to draw the oil paint into the porous surface . Excessive or uneven gesso layers are sometimes visible in the surface of finished paintings as a change that 's not from the paint . Standard sizes for oil paintings were set in France in the 19th century . The standards were used by most artists , not only the French , as it was -- and evidently still is -- supported by the main suppliers of artists ' materials . Size 0 ( toile de 0 ) to size 120 ( toile de 120 ) is divided in separate `` runs '' for figures ( figure ) , landscapes ( paysage ) and marines ( marine ) that more or less preserve the diagonal . Thus a 0 figure corresponds in height with a paysage 1 and a marine 2 . Although surfaces like linoleum , wooden panel , paper , slate , pressed wood , Masonite , and cardboard have been used , the most popular surface since the 16th century has been canvas , although many artists used panel through the 17th century and beyond . Panel is more expensive , heavier , harder to transport , and prone to warp or split in poor conditions . For fine detail , however , the absolute solidity of a wooden panel has an advantage . Process ( edit ) A traditional wood palette used to hold and mix small amounts of paint while working . Oil paint is made by mixing pigments of colors with an oil medium . Different colors are made , or purchased premixed , before painting begins , but further shades of color are usually obtained by mixing small quantities together as the painting process is underway . An artist 's palette , traditionally a thin wood board held in the hand , is used for holding and mixing paints of different colors . Pigments may be any number of natural or synthetic substances with color , such as sulphides for yellow or cobalt salts for blue . Traditional pigments were based on minerals or plants , but many have proven unstable over long periods of time ; the appearance of many old paintings today is very different from the original . Modern pigments often use synthetic chemicals . The pigment is mixed with oil , usually linseed , but other oils may be used . The various oils dry differently , which creates assorted effects . Traditionally , artists mixed their own paints from raw pigments that they often ground themselves and medium . This made portability difficult and kept most painting activities confined to the studio . This changed in the 1800s , when tubes of oil paint became widely available following the American portrait painter John Goffe Rand 's invention of the squeezable or collapsible metal tube in 1841 ( the year of Claude Monet 's birth ) . Artists could mix colors quickly and easily , which enabled , for the first time , relatively convenient plein air painting ( a common approach in French Impressionism ) . A brush is most commonly employed by the artist to apply the paint , often over a sketched outline of their subject ( which could be in another medium ) . Brushes are made from a variety of fibers to create different effects . For example , brushes made with hog bristle might be used for bolder strokes and impasto textures . Fitch hair and mongoose hair brushes are fine and smooth , and thus answer well for portraits and detail work . Even more expensive are red sable brushes ( weasel hair ) . The finest quality brushes are called `` kolinsky sable '' ; these brush fibers are taken from the tail of the Siberian weasel . This hair keeps a superfine point , has smooth handling , and good memory ( it returns to its original point when lifted off the canvas ) , known to artists as a brush 's `` snap . '' Floppy fibers with no snap , such as squirrel hair , are generally not used by oil painters . In the past few decades , many synthetic brushes have been marketed . These are very durable and can be quite good , as well as cost efficient . Brushes come in many sizes and are used for different purposes . The type of brush also makes a difference . For example , a `` round '' is a pointed brush used for detail work . `` Flat '' brushes are used to apply broad swaths of color . `` Bright '' is a flat brush with shorter brush hairs . `` Filbert '' is a flat brush with rounded corners . `` Egbert '' is a very long , and rare , filbert brush . The artist might also apply paint with a palette knife , which is a flat metal blade . A palette knife may also be used to remove paint from the canvas when necessary . A variety of unconventional tools , such as rags , sponges , and cotton swabs , may be used to apply or remove paint . Some artists even paint with their fingers . Tubes of paint Oil painters traditionally applied paint in layers known as `` glazes '' , a method also simply called `` indirect painting '' . This method was first perfected through an adaptation of the egg tempera painting technique , and was applied by the Flemish painters in Northern Europe with pigments ground in linseed oil . More recently , this approach has been called the `` mixed technique '' or `` mixed method '' . The first coat ( the underpainting ) is laid down , often painted with egg tempera or turpentine - thinned paint . This layer helps to `` tone '' the canvas and to cover the white of the gesso . Many artists use this layer to sketch out the composition . This first layer can be adjusted before proceeding further , an advantage over the `` cartooning '' method used in fresco technique . After this layer dries , the artist might then proceed by painting a `` mosaic '' of color swatches , working from darkest to lightest . The borders of the colors are blended together when the `` mosaic '' is completed , and then left to dry before applying details . Artists in later periods , such as the Impressionist era ( late 19th century ) , often expanded on this wet - on - wet method , blending the wet paint on the canvas without following the Renaissance - era approach of layering and glazing . This method is also called `` alla prima '' . This method was created due to the advent of painting outdoors , instead of inside a studio , because while outside , an artist did not have the time to let each layer of paint dry before adding a new layer . Several contemporary artists use a combination of both techniques to add bold color ( wet - on - wet ) and obtain the depth of layers through glazing . When the image is finished and has dried for up to a year , an artist often seals the work with a layer of varnish that is typically made from dammar gum crystals dissolved in turpentine . Such varnishes can be removed without disturbing the oil painting itself , to enable cleaning and conservation . Some contemporary artists decide not to varnish their work , preferring the surface unvarnished . Examples of famous works ( edit ) Arnolfini Portrait , Jan van Eyck , 1434 ( on panel ) La donna velata , Raphael , 1516 The Rape of Europa , Titian , 1562 The Raising of the Cross , Peter Paul Rubens , 1610 -- 11 The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp , Rembrandt , 1632 Innocent X , Velázquez , c 1650 The Milkmaid , Johannes Vermeer , 1658 -- 1660 The Toilet of Venus , François Boucher , 1751 The Blue Boy , Thomas Gainsborough , 1770 Battle of Somosierra , Piotr Michałowski , 1837 Woman with a Parasol - Madame Monet and Her Son , Claude Monet , 1875 Bal du moulin de la Galette , Pierre - Auguste Renoir 1876 Portrait of Dr. Gachet , Vincent van Gogh , 1890 The Card Players , Paul Cézanne , 1892 The Old Guitarist , Pablo Picasso , 1903 Les Demoiselles d'Avignon , Pablo Picasso , 1907 Composition VII , Wassily Kandinsky , 1913 Bella with White Collar , Marc Chagall , 1917 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Barry , Carolyn . `` Earliest Oil Paintings Found in Famed Afghan Caves '' . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rediscovering treasures of Bamiyan '' . BBC News . 17 July 2008 . Retrieved 20 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Afghan caves hold world 's first oil paintings : expert -- ABC News ( Australian Broadcasting Corporation ) Jump up ^ Earliest Oil Paintings Discovered Jump up ^ Sciencemage.org , Science Magazine 2 May 2008 Jump up ^ Borchert ( 2008 ) , 92 -- 94 Jump up ^ Haaf , Beatrix ( 1987 ) . `` Industriell vorgrundierte Malleinen . Beiträge zur Entwicklungs - , Handels - und Materialgeschichte '' . Zeitschrift für Kunsttechnologie und Konservierung. 1 : 7 -- 71 . Jump up ^ `` Oil painting reproductions museum quality '' . COP Gallery . 30 December 2017 . Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Introduction to Art Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oil paintings . Further reading ( edit ) Chieffo , Clifford T. : Contemporary Oil Painter 's Handbook , Prentice Hall , 1976 Borchert , Till - Holger. Van Eyck . London : Taschen , 2008 . ISBN 3 - 8228 - 5687 - 8 The Artist 's Handbook of Materials and Techniques , comprehensive reference book by Ralph Mayer ( 1940 ) Early Netherlandish art ( c. 1420s -- 1530s ) Early Netherlandish artists Active mainly in the Southern Netherlands ( mostly present - day Belgium ) Luís Alimbrot Alexander Bening Simon Bening Ambrosius Benson Lancelot Blondeel Aelbert Bouts Dieric Bouts Melchior Broederlam Robert Campin Petrus Christus Pierre Coustain Jacques Daret Gerard David Jean Delemer Jan de Beer Colijn de Coter Jan Gossaert Gerard Horenbout Lucas Horenbout Adriaen Isenbrandt Cornelis Liefrinck Lambert Lombard Simon Marmion Quinten Matsys Hans Memling Joachim Patinir Jan Provoost Aert van den Bossche Hugo van der Goes Vrancke van der Stockt Goswin van der Weyden Rogier van der Weyden Jan van Dornicke Hubert van Eyck Jan van Eyck Justus van Gent Lieven van Lathem Bernard van Orley Jacob van Utrecht Master of Affligem Master of the Antwerp Adoration Master of the Embroidered Foliage Master of the Legend of St. Barbara Master of the Legend of Saint Lucy Master of the Legend of St. Ursula ( Bruges ) Master of the Legend of the Magdalen Master of the Lille Adoration Master of the Lübeck Bible Master of the Mansi Magdalen Master of the Morrison Triptych Master of the Prodigal Son Master of the View of Ste - Gudule Active mainly in the Northern Netherlands ( mostly present - day Netherlands ) Hieronymus Bosch Geertgen tot Sint Jans Jan Joest van Calcar Lucas van Leyden Jacob Cornelisz van Oostsanen Master of Alkmaar Master of the Amsterdam Death of the Virgin Master of the Figdor Deposition Main centres Antwerp Bruges Brussels Ghent Tournai The Hague Pioneering innovations Regular use of oil paints as a principal art medium Oil painting techniques oil on panel glaze wet - on - wet Genre art genre painting Landscape art world landscape Portraiture portrait painting Naturalism Realism General Early Netherlandish painting Works by Early Netherlandish masters Flemish Primitives Arts in the court of Philip the Good Guild of Saint Luke Members of the Guild of Saint Luke Netherlandish art International Gothic Northern Renaissance Netherlandish Renaissance Northern Mannerism Antwerp Mannerism Antwerp school Ghent - Bruges school Adoration of the Magi Nativity of Jesus in art Influenced Italian Renaissance painting German Renaissance painting Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting Dutch Golden Age painting Notable connoisseurs and scholars Egbert Haverkamp - Begemann Till - Holger Borchert Lorne Campbell Max Jakob Friedländer Craig Harbison Karel van Mander Erwin Panofsky Giorgio Vasari Gustav Friedrich Waagen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oil_painting&oldid=839234097 '' Categories : Painting Early Netherlandish art Netherlandish Gothic art Netherlandish Renaissance art Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2012 Articles needing additional references from September 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 粵語 中文 52 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 04 : 21 . About Wikipedia | oil painting has been the medium of choice for painter since | [
"Early works were still panel paintings on wood, but around the end of the 15th century canvas became more popular as the support, as it was cheaper, easier to transport, allowed larger works, and did not require complicated preliminary layers of gesso (a fine type of plaster). Venice, where sail-canvas was easily available, was a leader in the move to canvas. Small cabinet paintings were also made on metal, especially copper plates. These supports were more expensive but very firm, allowing intricately fine detail. Often printing plates from printmaking were reused for this purpose. The popularity of oil spread through Italy from the North, starting in Venice in the late 15th century. By 1540, the previous method for painting on panel (tempera) had become all but extinct, although Italians continued to use chalk-based fresco for wall paintings, which was less successful and durable in damper northern climates."
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"the late 15th century"
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-1546464106992478609 | Blackbird (Beatles song) | Blackbird ( Beatles song ) - wikipedia Blackbird ( Beatles song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Beatles song . For other songs with similar titles , see Blackbird ( disambiguation ) . `` Blackbird '' Sheet music Song by the Beatles from the album The Beatles Published Northern Songs Released 22 November 1968 Recorded 11 June 1968 , EMI Studios , London Genre Folk Length 2 : 19 Label Apple Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Producer ( s ) George Martin Audio sample file help `` Blackbird '' is a song by the Beatles from their 1968 double album The Beatles ( also known as `` the White Album '' ) , which was performed as a solo effort by Paul McCartney . The song was also written by McCartney , although it is credited to Lennon -- McCartney . McCartney has stated that the lyrics of the song were inspired by hearing the call of a blackbird in Rishikesh , India , as well as by the unfortunate state of race relations in the United States in the 1960s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Meaning 3 Composition and recording 4 Live performances 5 Personnel 6 Cover versions 7 References 8 Sources 9 External links Origins ( edit ) Lute Suite No ,. 1 -- BWV 996 , E Minor -- V Bourrée Performed on a lautenwerck by Martha Goldstein Problems playing this file ? See media help . McCartney explained on Chaos and Creation at Abbey Road , aired in 2005 , that the guitar accompaniment for `` Blackbird '' was inspired by Johann Sebastian Bach 's Bourrée in E minor , a well - known lute piece , often played on the classical guitar . As teenagers , he and George Harrison tried to learn Bourrée as a `` show off '' piece . The Bourrée is distinguished by melody and bass notes played simultaneously on the upper and lower strings . McCartney adapted a segment of the Bourrée ( reharmonised into the original 's relative major key of G ) as the opening of `` Blackbird '' , and carried the musical idea throughout the song . The first night his future wife Linda Eastman stayed at his home , McCartney played `` Blackbird '' for the fans camped outside his house . The fingerpicking technique that McCartney uses in the song was taught to him by folk singer Donovan . Meaning ( edit ) Since composing `` Blackbird '' in 1968 , McCartney has given differing , contradictory statements regarding both his inspiration for the song and its meaning . In one of these scenarios , he has said he was inspired by hearing the call of a blackbird one morning when the Beatles were studying Transcendental Meditation in Rishikesh , India . In another , he recalls writing it in Scotland as a response to racial tensions escalating in the United States during the spring of 1968 . In May 2002 , following a show in Dallas , Texas , McCartney discussed the song with KCRW DJ Chris Douridas , saying : I had been doing some ( poetry readings ) in the last year or so because I 've got a poetry book out called Blackbird Singing , and when I would read `` Blackbird '' , I would always try and think of some explanation to tell the people ... So , I was doing explanations , and I actually just remembered why I 'd written `` Blackbird '' , you know , that I 'd been , I was in Scotland playing on my guitar , and I remembered this whole idea of `` you were only waiting for this moment to arise '' was about , you know , the black people 's struggle in the southern states , and I was using the symbolism of a blackbird . It 's not really about a blackbird whose wings are broken , you know , it 's a bit more symbolic . Before his acoustic guitar set during the same US tour , McCartney explained that `` bird '' is British slang for girl , making `` blackbird '' a synonym for `` black girl '' . The lyrics have invited similarly varied interpretations -- as a nature song , a message in support of the Black Power movement , or a love song . Writing in the 1990s , Ian MacDonald dismissed the idea that `` Blackbird '' was intended as `` a metaphor for the black civil rights struggle '' . Noting instead the composition 's romantic qualities , MacDonald said that the early - morning bird song `` translates ... into a succinct metaphor for awakening on a deeper level '' . However , during an informal rehearsal at EMI Studios on 22 November 1968 , before he and Donovan took part in a Mary Hopkin recording session , McCartney played `` Blackbird '' , telling Donovan that he wrote it after having `` read something in the paper about the riots '' and that he meant the black `` bird '' to symbolise a black woman . Composition and recording ( edit ) The song was recorded on 11 June 1968 at EMI 's Abbey Road Studios in London , with George Martin as the producer and Geoff Emerick as the audio engineer . It is a solo performance with McCartney playing a Martin D 28 acoustic guitar . The track includes recordings of a male blackbird singing in the background . The accompaniment consists of guitar , tapping , and birdsong overdub . The tapping `` has been incorrectly identified as a metronome in the past '' , according to engineer Geoff Emerick , who says it is actually the sound of Paul tapping his foot , which Emerick recalls as being mic 'd up separately . Footage included in the bonus content on disc two of the 2009 remaster of the album shows McCartney tapping both his feet alternately while performing the song . The mono version contains bird sounds different from the stereo recording , and was originally issued on a mono incarnation of The Beatles ( it has since been issued worldwide as part of The Beatles in Mono CD box set ) . The song appears on Love with `` Yesterday '' , billed as `` Blackbird / Yesterday '' . `` Blackbird '' provides an introduction to `` Yesterday '' . Live performances ( edit ) In 1973 , McCartney included the song , along with the Beatles track `` Michelle '' , as part of his acoustic medley in the television special James Paul McCartney . Starting with his 1975 -- 76 world tour with the band Wings , McCartney has performed `` Blackbird '' on every one of his concert tours . A solo performance of the song , followed by `` Yesterday '' , appears on Wings ' 1976 live album Wings Over America . McCartney also included `` Blackbird '' in his set at the Party at the Palace concert in June 2002 . In 2009 , McCartney performed the song at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival , commenting prior to singing it on how it had been written in response to the Civil Rights Movement , and added , `` It 's so great to realise so many civil rights issues have been overcome . '' A live version appears in the multi-CD collection Good Evening New York City , which was released in 2009 and recorded inside the American stadium Citi Field . Personnel ( edit ) Paul McCartney -- double - tracked lead vocal , acoustic guitar , tape loops , foot tapping Cover versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Blackbird '' Single by The Dandy Warhols Released July 31 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 31 ) Format Digital Length 3 : 36 Label Beat the World Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney The Dandy Warhols singles chronology `` Horny as a Dandy '' ( 2006 ) `` Blackbird '' ( 2009 ) `` You Are Killing Me '' ( 2016 ) `` Horny as a Dandy '' ( 2006 ) `` Blackbird '' ( 2009 ) `` You Are Killing Me '' ( 2016 ) `` Blackbird '' is , by one count , one of the top ten most recorded songs of all time . The following artists have recorded `` Blackbird '' in a variety of styles : Pop rock / R&B singer Dionne Farris included an acoustic interpretation of the song on her debut album Wild Seed -- Wild Flower . Actor / Pop rock singer Drake Bell has performed Blackbird live on multiple occasions . `` Blackbird '' appears on the Crosby , Stills & Nash 1991 box set , having been recorded during the sessions for the album Crosby , Stills & Nash . They performed it often in concert , also at their performance at Woodstock festival 1969 and a live version appeared in 2014 on the CSNY 1974 album . The Dandy Warhols released a recording of the song in July 2009 following the death of Michael Jackson , fulfilling a promise made in the first and title track of their 2003 album Welcome to the Monkey House ( `` When Michael Jackson dies , we 're coverin ' ' Blackbird ' '' ) . The line was thought to partially reference Jackson 's ownership of the Beatles ' back catalogue of songs when he bought Associated Television ( ATV ) , which had previously acquired Northern Songs , in the mid-1980s . Sarah Darling recorded the song in November 2011 for the album Let Us In : Nashville -- A Tribute to Linda McCartney , and it was released as a single . Darling 's version was later featured in the 200th episode of Criminal Minds . Neil Diamond interpreted the song for his 2010 album Dreams . Ara Dinkjian recorded the song with Night Ark . Justin Hayward recorded the song for his 1994 Classic Blue album . In 2001 , Canadian musician Sarah McLachlan recorded a cover version of `` Blackbird '' for the I Am Sam movie soundtrack . It also appears on her 2008 compilation album Rarities , B - Sides and Other Stuff Volume 2 . Bobby McFerrin released an a cappella version on his 1984 album The Voice . Jazz pianist Brad Mehldau recorded what has been described as a `` haunting version of the Beatles ' classic '' for his 1997 album The Art of the Trio Volume One . Swedish classical mezzo - soprano Anne Sofie von Otter recorded the song in her `` Love Songs '' album , with Brad Mehldau in 2010 . The Paragons featuring Rosalyn Sweat recorded a ska / rocksteady version in 1973 . Jaco Pastorius recorded the song in 1981 . `` Blackbird '' is performed by Phish on the band 's 1994 Halloween album , Live Phish Volume 13 , which includes a rendition of each song on the Beatles ' White Album . The song is sung by various members of the Templeton family in the animated movie The Boss Baby . In 1972 , Billy Preston released a version of the song on his Music Is My Life album . Carly Simon recorded a version for her 2007 album Into White . Sylvester included the song on his live Living Proof album in 1979 . Evan Rachel Wood vocalized the song in the 2007 film Across the Universe . Dave Grohl performed the song during the In Memoriam tribute at the 88th Academy Awards . Sara Gazarek recorded it as part of a jazz medley with Bye Bye Blackbird on her 2005 album Yours and her 2016 album Dream in the Blue Jon Batiste performed a version of the song during a taping for The Late Show with Stephen Colbert , in honor of The Beatles ' 52nd anniversary of their American television debut at The Ed Sullivan Theatre . Marillion did a version for their live album Unplugged at the Walls . Jon Lajoie did a parody version for YouTube depicting the breakup of the Beatles being John and Yoko Ono 's fault , Paul McCartney being the star of the group and Paul 's life and career post-Beatles . Petula Clark covered the song on her 2016 album From Now On . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ MacDonald 1989 , p. 256fn . Jump up ^ Flemming , James ( 11 November 2009 ) . `` The Records , Day Four : 1968 -- 1969 '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Turner 1999 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Paul McCartney , Interview with KCRW 's Chris Douridas , 25 May 2002 episode of New Ground ( 17 : 50 -- 19 : 00 ) Jump up ^ KCRW , `` New Ground '' with Chris Douridas , 25 May 2002 ( 17 : 50 -- 19 : 00 ) , `` KCRW Archive '' , `` Audio '' Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , p. 317 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1998 , p. 256fn . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1998 , pp. 256 , 256fn . Jump up ^ `` Paul McCartney & Donovan -- Postcard Sessions 1968 '' . 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1998 , p. 255 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 1988 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ `` ' Blackbird ' '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Recording the Beatles , pg. 484 Jump up ^ Madinger & Easter 2000 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Badman 2001 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Womack 2014 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Bychawski , Adam ( 18 April 2009 ) . `` Paul McCartney gets emotional during marathon Coachella set '' . nme.com . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Most Covered Songs '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Hoffman , K. Ross . `` Michael Jackson 's death causes The Dandy Warhols to cover The Beatles '' . NME . IPC Media . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Dandy Warhols Are Sound -- The Dandy Warhols '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Price , Deborah Evans ( April , 2012 ) . `` Cover Set Soars '' . Billboard - The International Newsweekly of Music , Video and Home Entertainment . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Tamashiro , Tim ( 3 August 2012 ) . `` Jazz for Dabblers : ' Blackbird , ' the Beatles and Brad Mehldau '' . CBC Music . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ The Art of the Trio , Vol. 1 at AllMusic . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Live Phish , Vol. 13 : 10 / 31 / 94 , Glens Falls Civic Center , Glens Falls , NY - Phish '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Jon Batiste 's gorgeous cover of The Beatles ' ' Blackbird ' on ' Colbert ' '' . For The Win. 2016 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q7jMIL4uabA Jump up ^ Frometa , RJ . `` The Iconic Petula Clark Releases ' Blackbird ' Ahead of New Album '' . Vents Magazine . Vents Magazine . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . Sources ( edit ) Badman , Keith ( 2001 ) . The Beatles Diary Volume 2 : After the Break - Up 1970 -- 2001 . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 8307 - 6 . Everett , Walter ( 1999 ) . The Beatles as Musicians : Revolver through the Anthology . New York , London : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512941 - 0 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1988 ) . The Beatles Recording Sessions . New York : Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 57066 - 1 . MacDonald , Ian ( 1998 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties . London : Pimlico . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7126 - 6697 - 8 . Madinger , Chip ; Easter , Mark ( 2000 ) . Eight Arms to Hold You : The Solo Beatles Compendium . Chesterfield , MO : 44.1 Productions . ISBN 0 - 615 - 11724 - 4 . Miles , Barry ( 2001 ) . The Beatles Diary Volume 1 : The Beatles Years . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 8308 - 9 . Sounes , Howard ( 2010 ) . Fab : An Intimate Life of Paul McCartney . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 723705 - 0 . Turner , Steve ( 1999 ) . A Hard Day 's Write : The Stories Behind Every Beatles Song ( 2nd ed . ) . New York , NY : Carlton / HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 273698 - 1 . Womack , Kenneth ( 2014 ) . The Beatles Encyclopedia : Everything Fab Four . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39171 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Beatles ( album ) Cover versions and notes Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Beatles ( White Album ) Songs Side one `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' `` Dear Prudence '' `` Glass Onion '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' `` Wild Honey Pie '' `` The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill '' `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' `` Happiness Is a Warm Gun '' Side two `` Martha My Dear '' `` I 'm So Tired '' `` Blackbird '' `` Piggies '' `` Rocky Raccoon '' `` Do n't Pass Me By '' `` Why Do n't We Do It in the Road ? '' `` I Will '' `` Julia '' Side three `` Birthday '' `` Yer Blues '' `` Mother Nature 's Son '' `` Everybody 's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey '' `` Sexy Sadie '' `` Helter Skelter '' `` Long , Long , Long '' Side four `` Revolution 1 '' `` Honey Pie '' `` Savoy Truffle '' `` Cry Baby Cry '' `` Revolution 9 '' `` Good Night '' Non-album single `` Hey Jude Revolution '' Outtakes `` A Beginning '' `` Child of Nature '' `` Circles '' `` Etcetera '' `` Junk '' `` Not Guilty '' `` Sour Milk Sea '' `` What 's the New Mary Jane '' Related articles The Beatles discography The Beatles in India Mother Nature 's Son The Grey Album Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters The Dandy Warhols Courtney Taylor - Taylor Peter Holmström Zia McCabe Brent DeBoer Eric Hedford Studio albums Dandys Rule OK ... The Dandy Warhols Come Down Thirteen Tales from Urban Bohemia Welcome to the Monkey House Odditorium or Warlords of Mars ... Earth to the Dandy Warhols ... The Dandy Warhols Are Sound This Machine Distortland Compilation albums The Black Album / Come On Feel the Dandy Warhols The Capitol Years 1995 -- 2007 Singles `` Not If You Were the Last Junkie on Earth '' `` Get Off '' `` Bohemian Like You '' `` Godless '' `` We Used to Be Friends '' `` You Were the Last High '' `` Plan A '' `` Horny as a Dandy '' `` Primary '' `` Blackbird '' `` You Are Killing Me '' Other songs `` All I Have to Do Is Dream '' `` Inside the Outside '' Related Discography Dig ! The Brian Jonestown Massacre Kahlil Gibran Novels Broken Wings ( 1912 ) The Prophet ( 1923 ) The Garden of The Prophet ( 1933 ) Adaptations The Prophet ( 2014 ) Inspirations `` Blackbird '' ( 1968 ) `` Broken Wings '' ( 1985 ) `` River of Deceit '' ( 1995 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blackbird_(Beatles_song)&oldid=831982440 '' Categories : 1960s ballads 1968 songs Folk ballads The Beatles songs Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs written by Lennon -- McCartney Songs about birds Songs published by Northern Songs Songs against racism and xenophobia Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list EngvarB from October 2014 Use dmy dates from October 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from January 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Čeština Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 March 2018 , at 03 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what movie was blackbird by the beatles in | [
"\nPop rock/R&B singer Dionne Farris included an acoustic interpretation of the song on her debut album Wild Seed – Wild Flower.\nActor/Pop rock singer Drake Bell has performed Blackbird live on multiple occasions.\n\"Blackbird\" appears on the Crosby, Stills & Nash 1991 box set, having been recorded during the sessions for the album Crosby, Stills & Nash. They performed it often in concert, also at their performance at Woodstock festival 1969 and a live version appeared in 2014 on the CSNY 1974 album.\nThe Dandy Warhols released a recording of the song in July 2009 following the death of Michael Jackson, fulfilling a promise made in the first and title track of their 2003 album Welcome to the Monkey House (\"When Michael Jackson dies, we're coverin' 'Blackbird'\").[20] The line was thought to partially reference Jackson's ownership of the Beatles' back catalogue of songs[21] when he bought Associated Television (ATV), which had previously acquired Northern Songs, in the mid-1980s.\nSarah Darling recorded the song in November 2011 for the album Let Us In: Nashville – A Tribute to Linda McCartney, and it was released as a single.[22] Darling's version was later featured in the 200th episode of Criminal Minds.\nNeil Diamond interpreted the song for his 2010 album Dreams.\nAra Dinkjian recorded the song with Night Ark.\nJustin Hayward recorded the song for his 1994 Classic Blue album.\nIn 2001, Canadian musician Sarah McLachlan recorded a cover version of \"Blackbird\" for the I Am Sam movie soundtrack. It also appears on her 2008 compilation album Rarities, B-Sides and Other Stuff Volume 2.\nBobby McFerrin released an a cappella version on his 1984 album The Voice.\nJazz pianist Brad Mehldau recorded what has been described as a \"haunting version of the Beatles' classic\"[23] for his 1997 album The Art of the Trio Volume One.[24]\nSwedish classical mezzo-soprano Anne Sofie von Otter recorded the song in her \"Love Songs\" album, with Brad Mehldau in 2010.\nThe Paragons featuring Rosalyn Sweat recorded a ska/rocksteady version in 1973.\nJaco Pastorius recorded the song in 1981.\n\"Blackbird\" is performed by Phish on the band's 1994 Halloween album, Live Phish Volume 13, which includes a rendition of each song on the Beatles' White Album.[25]\nThe song is sung by various members of the Templeton family in the animated movie The Boss Baby.\nIn 1972, Billy Preston released a version of the song on his Music Is My Life album.\nCarly Simon recorded a version for her 2007 album Into White.\nSylvester included the song on his live Living Proof album in 1979.\nEvan Rachel Wood vocalized the song in the 2007 film Across the Universe.\nDave Grohl performed the song during the In Memoriam tribute at the 88th Academy Awards.\nSara Gazarek recorded it as part of a jazz medley with Bye Bye Blackbird on her 2005 album Yours and her 2016 album Dream in the Blue\nJon Batiste performed a version of the song during a taping for The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, in honor of The Beatles' 52nd anniversary of their American television debut at The Ed Sullivan Theatre.[26]\nMarillion did a version for their live album Unplugged at the Walls.\nJon Lajoie did a parody version for YouTube depicting the breakup of the Beatles being John and Yoko Ono's fault, Paul McCartney being the star of the group and Paul's life and career post-Beatles.[27]\nPetula Clark covered the song on her 2016 album From Now On.[28]\n",
"\nPop rock/R&B singer Dionne Farris included an acoustic interpretation of the song on her debut album Wild Seed – Wild Flower.\nActor/Pop rock singer Drake Bell has performed Blackbird live on multiple occasions.\n\"Blackbird\" appears on the Crosby, Stills & Nash 1991 box set, having been recorded during the sessions for the album Crosby, Stills & Nash. They performed it often in concert, also at their performance at Woodstock festival 1969 and a live version appeared in 2014 on the CSNY 1974 album.\nThe Dandy Warhols released a recording of the song in July 2009 following the death of Michael Jackson, fulfilling a promise made in the first and title track of their 2003 album Welcome to the Monkey House (\"When Michael Jackson dies, we're coverin' 'Blackbird'\").[20] The line was thought to partially reference Jackson's ownership of the Beatles' back catalogue of songs[21] when he bought Associated Television (ATV), which had previously acquired Northern Songs, in the mid-1980s.\nSarah Darling recorded the song in November 2011 for the album Let Us In: Nashville – A Tribute to Linda McCartney, and it was released as a single.[22] Darling's version was later featured in the 200th episode of Criminal Minds.\nNeil Diamond interpreted the song for his 2010 album Dreams.\nAra Dinkjian recorded the song with Night Ark.\nJustin Hayward recorded the song for his 1994 Classic Blue album.\nIn 2001, Canadian musician Sarah McLachlan recorded a cover version of \"Blackbird\" for the I Am Sam movie soundtrack. It also appears on her 2008 compilation album Rarities, B-Sides and Other Stuff Volume 2.\nBobby McFerrin released an a cappella version on his 1984 album The Voice.\nJazz pianist Brad Mehldau recorded what has been described as a \"haunting version of the Beatles' classic\"[23] for his 1997 album The Art of the Trio Volume One.[24]\nSwedish classical mezzo-soprano Anne Sofie von Otter recorded the song in her \"Love Songs\" album, with Brad Mehldau in 2010.\nThe Paragons featuring Rosalyn Sweat recorded a ska/rocksteady version in 1973.\nJaco Pastorius recorded the song in 1981.\n\"Blackbird\" is performed by Phish on the band's 1994 Halloween album, Live Phish Volume 13, which includes a rendition of each song on the Beatles' White Album.[25]\nThe song is sung by various members of the Templeton family in the animated movie The Boss Baby.\nIn 1972, Billy Preston released a version of the song on his Music Is My Life album.\nCarly Simon recorded a version for her 2007 album Into White.\nSylvester included the song on his live Living Proof album in 1979.\nEvan Rachel Wood vocalized the song in the 2007 film Across the Universe.\nDave Grohl performed the song during the In Memoriam tribute at the 88th Academy Awards.\nSara Gazarek recorded it as part of a jazz medley with Bye Bye Blackbird on her 2005 album Yours and her 2016 album Dream in the Blue\nJon Batiste performed a version of the song during a taping for The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, in honor of The Beatles' 52nd anniversary of their American television debut at The Ed Sullivan Theatre.[26]\nMarillion did a version for their live album Unplugged at the Walls.\nJon Lajoie did a parody version for YouTube depicting the breakup of the Beatles being John and Yoko Ono's fault, Paul McCartney being the star of the group and Paul's life and career post-Beatles.[27]\nPetula Clark covered the song on her 2016 album From Now On.[28]\n"
] | [
"I Am Sam",
"The Boss Baby"
] |
-6135089499413822505 | Taylor Momsen | Taylor Momsen - Wikipedia Taylor Momsen Jump to : navigation , search Taylor Momsen Momsen in July 2017 Taylor Michel Momsen ( 1993 - 07 - 26 ) July 26 , 1993 ( age 24 ) St. Louis , Missouri , US Occupation Singer songwriter actress model Years active 1997 -- present Musical career Genres Alternative rock hard rock post-grunge Instruments Vocals guitar Labels Interscope Razor & Tie Cooking Vinyl Associated acts The Pretty Reckless Taylor Michel Momsen ( born July 26 , 1993 ) is an American singer , songwriter , former actress , and model . She is known for being the lead singer and frontwoman of the American rock band The Pretty Reckless . She is also known for portraying the character of Jenny Humphrey on the CW teen drama series Gossip Girl ( 2007 -- 2012 ) and Cindy Lou Who in the film Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Acting 3 Modeling 4 Music 5 Discography 6 Filmography 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Taylor Momsen was born on July 26 , 1993 , in St. Louis , Missouri . Her parents are Michael and Collette Momsen and she has a younger sister , Sloane Momsen , who is also an actress . She has Russian ancestry . She was raised Roman Catholic and attended Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic School for elementary school and later Herbert Hoover Middle School in Potomac , Maryland . Although , she says now that she is older she is not a religious person . She studied dance at the Center of Creative Arts in St. Louis . Momsen was signed with Ford Models at a very young age : `` My parents signed me up with Ford ( Modeling ) at the age of 2 . No 2 - year - old wants to be working , but I had no choice . My whole life , I was in and out of school . I did n't have friends . I was working constantly and I did n't have a real life . '' She began acting professionally at three years of age in a 1997 national commercial for Shake ' n Bake . She was then cast in The Prophet 's Game . Momsen is included on the list of Unclaimed Coogan accounts for performing children whose partial childhood earnings are mandated to be put in a special fund but who have yet to claim their earnings . Momsen attended the Professional Performing Arts School in Manhattan for high school alongside Connor Paolo , Gregori Lukas and Sarah Hyland . Acting ( edit ) Momsen at the Metropolitan Opera in 2008 In 2000 , Momsen played the role of Cindy Lou Who in Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas , her breakout role . In 2002 , she was given the role of Gretel in the motion picture : Hansel and Gretel , as well as Alexandra , the President 's daughter , in Spy Kids 2 : The Island of Lost Dreams . Momsen 's career came to a halt for over three years until she received a lead role in the WB series Misconceptions , which was never aired , after that she also appeared in the 2006 film Saving Shiloh . She also auditioned for the title role in Hannah Montana , and was in the top three , but the role was instead awarded to Miley Cyrus -- a decision that Momsen was happy with in retrospect . In 2007 she starred in the Walt Disney Pictures film Underdog , as Molly and as Jennifer in the movie Paranoid Park , directed by Gus Van Sant . Beginning in 2007 , she played the character of Jenny Humphrey in The CW television series Gossip Girl , which is based on the book series by Cecily von Ziegesar . Momsen 's appearances on the series became increasingly sporadic , and by the end of the first half of the fourth season , she had only appeared in four episodes . It was then announced that the actress would be scheduled for an indefinite hiatus from the show , which ultimately resulted in her leaving the series as a regular cast member , following the completion of the fourth season in 2011 . Later that year , on August 16 , 2011 , Momsen told Elle magazine that she had quit acting to focus on her music career . However , on October 16 , 2012 , it was reported that Momsen would be returning to Gossip Girl for the final episode of the sixth and final season , in which she appeared briefly in the wedding sequence . Modeling ( edit ) In June 2008 , at the age of fourteen , Momsen signed to IMG Models . Taylor was the face of British fashion chain New Look for its spring / summer 2010 collection . After weeks of speculation of who was the face of Madonna 's 2010 fashion line `` Material Girl '' , Momsen was announced on July 15 , 2010 . A week later , Momsen was announced as the model for John Galliano 's new women 's fragrance , scheduled to launch in autumn 2010 . In 2010 , she appeared in a video for John Galliano 's `` Parlez - Moi d'Amour '' fragrance ad campaign Momsen is currently the face of Samantha Thavasa 's handbag line . She has done multiple photoshoots , press events , and commercials . She covered Page Six Magazine when she was fifteen years old in 2009 . Momsen also covered on the February 2010 cover of Seventeen In October 2010 , Momsen wore a pair of platform stilettos , thigh - high stockings , and had a holster strapped around her leg for Revolver . Two months after she covered French magazine Rock One 's . Momsen appeared on the cover of FHM 's March 2012 edition and FHM ranked Momsen # 29 in its 2012 Hot 100 issue . She also made her debut Maxim cover in the November 2013 issue Music ( edit ) Momsen performing in April 2010 Momsen has said that `` music is where I can be me '' , stating that `` acting is easy . I 've been doing it for so long and I totally love it . But you 're playing a character instead of yourself . Music is more personal because you 're writing it and you 're involved in every step of it . '' At 5 years old , Momsen recorded the song `` Christmas , Why Ca n't I Find You ? '' for the soundtrack to How the Grinch Stole Christmas . In 2002 , she recorded the songs `` One Small Voice '' and `` Rudolph The Red - Nosed Reindeer '' for the compilation album School 's Out ! Christmas . In March 2009 , Momsen stated in an interview with OK ! magazine that her band The Pretty Reckless had signed a deal with Interscope Records . She played her first tour with her band opening for The Veronicas on their Revenge Is Sweeter Tour in spring 2009 . After the tour , Momsen began working with guitarist Ben Phillips , who would soon join the band . Momsen subsequently swapped out her former bandmates . She co-writes songs with Phillips ; in addition to lead vocals , Momsen also plays rhythm guitar . The band 's debut album Light Me Up was released on August 30 , 2010 in the UK , where it debuted at number 6 , as well as at number 18 in Ireland . The first single `` Make Me Wanna Die '' was released on May 30 , 2010 , while the second single `` Miss Nothing '' which was released on August 23 , 2010 peaked at number 39 . `` Just Tonight '' was released as the album 's third single . Songs from this album have been in the movie `` Kick - ass '' as well as shows like `` The Vampire Diaries '' and `` Gossip Girl '' . Television personality Heidi Montag recorded `` Blackout '' , a song written by Momsen . According to Momsen , she wrote the song when she was 8 years old and recorded it as a demo with a producer . Montag released the song as a digital only single , with the music video being directed by her husband Spencer Pratt . Momsen commented about the recording : `` I 'm like , okay , dude , you 're singing an 8 - year - old 's words , but that 's cool . It 's so funny because I did n't shop it or anything and I get this call going , ' Did you write a song for Heidi Montag ' ? And I 'm like , ' What ? ' '' . The track was later included on Montag 's debut studio album Superficial ( 2010 ) . On July 27 , 2011 , Momsen announced via Twitter that the band would be the supporting act for Evanescence during the fall of 2011 . Throughout 2012 , Momsen and her band toured North America ; the second headlining tour , titled the Medicine Tour , began in March 2012 and culminated with supporting dates for Marilyn Manson 's 2012 world tour Hey Cruel World ... Tour . Momsen also appeared as guest vocalist on the first track of ex Ministry member Paul Barker 's 2012 album Fix This . On November 30 , 2012 , it was announced that The Pretty Reckless ' fourth single `` Kill Me '' would be released on December 11 . The track was the last song to be featured in the Gossip Girl series finale . Momsen cites Kurt Cobain , The Beatles , Led Zeppelin , The Who , Pink Floyd , AC / DC , Marilyn Manson , Oasis and Shirley Manson of Garbage as some of her personal influences . Going to Hell was released on March 18 , 2014 . The release marked the band 's largest sales week to date and landed at # 5 on the Billboard 200 with over 35,000 copies sold in its first week . The success of the record saw Taylor , along with the rest of the band , break records when they became the first female - fronted band to reach No. 1 on the rock radio charts with its first two singles - `` Heaven Knows '' in March 2014 and `` Fucked Up World '' in September 2014 . The Pretty Reckless also spent the majority of late 2013 throughout 2014 on tour supporting Going To Hell . In 2014 , her band also supported Fall Out Boy in their European leg of the Save Rock n Roll Tour along with New Politics . Throughout 2015 , Momsen continued to record new material for the third Pretty Reckless album . On September 29 , 2016 , the band released the single `` Take Me Down '' , which reached number two on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Chart . The third album , Who You Selling For was released in October 2016 . Discography ( edit ) Main article : The Pretty Reckless discography Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 1999 Prophet 's Game , The The Prophet 's Game Honey Bee Swan 2000 Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas Cindy Lou Who Nominated -- Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Female Newcomer Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Young Actress Age Ten or Under 2002 We Were Soldiers Julie Moore 2002 Spy Kids 2 : The Island of Lost Dreams Alexandra 2002 Hansel & Gretel Gretel 2006 Saving Shiloh Samantha Wallace 2007 Paranoid Park Jennifer 2007 Underdog Molly Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Supporting Young Actress 2008 Spy School Madison Kramer Television Year Title Role Notes 1998 Early Edition Allie Uncredited ; episode : `` A Minor Miracle '' 2006 Misconceptions Hopper Watson Unaired WB series 2007 -- 2010 ; 2012 Gossip Girl Jennifer `` Jenny '' Humphrey Main cast ( season 1 -- 4 ) Special guest star ( season 6 ) : 66 episodes Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Breakout Star : Female Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Leading Young Actress References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen Biography '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen : Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' . The New York Observer Jump up ^ Momsen , Taylor ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Twitter : taylormomsen : @ Zheka_Kinoman yes , I 'm part Russian '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen Gets Spiritual - Daily Intelligencer '' . Nymag.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen '' . Movies.yahoo.com. April 20 , 2011 . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Blonska , Joanna . `` The Young and the ' Reckless ' '' . Bethesda Magazine . Retrieved 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Vozick - Levinson , S. ( 2014 , Apr 10 ) . Taylor momsen . Rolling Stone , , 26 . Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1528439768 Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen , Age 3 , In Shake ' N Bake Commercial ( VIDEO ) '' . Huffington Post . 15 November 2010 . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Unclaimed Coogan Fund list '' . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen Glad She 's Not ' Hannah Montana ' '' . www.starpulse.com . January 25 , 2010 . Retrieved September 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael `` ' Gossip Girl ' Sidelines Taylor Momsen '' , Deadline.com , November 22 , 2010 . Retrieved November 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Momen Quit Acting '' . www.yahooblogs.com . August 16 , 2011 . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen Returning To ' Gossip Girl ' Along With Connor Paolo '' . The Huffington Post . AOL . October 16 , 2011 . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Murray , Rheana ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl ' Alums Taylor Momsen and Connor Paolo Make Surprise Return for Show 's Final Episode '' . Daily News . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen : From Gossip Girl to Supermodel '' . Offtherack.people.com . June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vogue , Teen . `` Taylor Momsen : Girl on Film '' . Teenvogue.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen for new look '' . The Express online . March 8 , 2010 . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Grazia Fashion : Taylor Momsen is the face of Material Girl ! '' . Graziadaily.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Grazia Fashion : Taylor Momsen To Model For Galllano ! ! '' . Graziadaily.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Samantha Thavasa Will Have You Know Taylor Momsen Is Employable '' . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen Seventeen Cover - Interview and Pictures of Taylor Momsen '' . Seventeen.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FHM at Taylor Momsen 's sexy house party ! Girls '' . FHM.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 '' . FHM. 2012 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tweet ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Taylor Momsen Pictures of a Pretty Reckless Singer '' . Maxim . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wightman , Catriona , `` Taylor Momsen : ' Music is my only goal ' '' , Digital Spy , November 3 , 2010 , retrieved November 3 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen Not Kissing Chace Crawford Offscreen '' . Okmagazine.com . March 3 , 2009 . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TAYLOR MOMSEN 'S `` Pretty Reckless '' : The Veronicas Pick `` GOSSIP GIRL '' Band As Tour Opener `` . Huffingtonpost.com. April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ New Song from Taylor Momsen 's Pretty Reckless By Avery Spofford on July 12 , 2010 5 : 56 pm -- Spin Jump up ^ DREAMSEEKERS : THE BEST MUSIC YOU 'VE NEVER HEARD. ( 2011 , Mar 19 ) . Billboard - the International Newsweekly of Music , Video and Home Entertainment , 123 , A , B , C , D. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/868612104 ^ Jump up to : Harp , Justin , `` Momsen ' surprised by Montag song cover ' '' , Digital Spy , October 15 , 2010 , retrieved January 3 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen announces tour with Evanescence , AHN , July 27 , 2011 , retrieved July 31 , 2011 Jump up ^ The Pretty Reckless Bring ' Medicine Tour ' Stateside By Tara Hall on January 31 , 2012 5 : 56 pm -- Soundspike Jump up ^ `` Kill Me ( Explicit ) '' . Amazon.com . Amazon.com. 2012 . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen of The Pretty Reckless - ' Wikipedia : Fact or Fiction ? ' '' . Loudwire . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen : ' I admire Shirley Manson ' - Music News '' . Digital Spy. 29 August 2010 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` I love Oasis . I love Noel Gallagher . He 's a great songwriter . I 'd love to be able to write a song with him at some point . '' . The A.V. Club . 10 March 2011 . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE PRETTY RECKLESS TO RELEASE NEW ALBUM ' GOING TO HELL ' MARCH 18 , 2014 ON RAZOR & TIE '' . Razor & Tie Direct L.L.C. 2014 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ' Frozen ' Soundtrack Earns Its Biggest Sales Week Yet , Recalling Adele 's Longevity '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Reckless Only Female - Fronted Band to Top Mainstream Rock With First 2 Hits '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Video Premiere : THE PRETTY RECKLESS 's ' Take Me Down ' '' . blabbermouth.net. 2016 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Pretty Reckless - Chart history Billboard '' . www.billboard.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Taylor Momsen . Official website Taylor Momsen on IMDb ( hide ) The Pretty Reckless Taylor Momsen Jamie Perkins Ben Phillips Mark Damon Nick Carbone Matt Chiarelli John Secolo Studio albums Light Me Up Going to Hell Who You Selling For Extended plays The Pretty Reckless Hit Me Like a Man EP Singles `` Make Me Wanna Die '' `` Miss Nothing '' `` Just Tonight '' `` Kill Me '' `` Heaven Knows '' `` Messed Up World '' `` Follow Me Down '' `` Take Me Down '' `` Back to the River '' Tours Light Me Up Tour The Medicine Tour Going to Hell Tour Who You Selling For Tour Related articles Discography Interscope Records VIAF : 10175733 LCCN : n2003080676 ISNI : 0000 0000 8356 3618 GND : 141515686 SUDOC : 124063888 BNF : cb15683982x ( data ) MusicBrainz : d1ecf86c - 3d89 - 420e - b8c1 - bceb6b101c61 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taylor_Momsen&oldid=802721745 '' Categories : 1993 births Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses 21st - century American singers Actresses from St. Louis Actresses of Russian descent American alternative rock musicians American child actresses American child models American child singers American female guitarists American female models American female rock singers American female singer - songwriters American singer - songwriters American feminists American film actresses American hard rock musicians American people of Russian descent American rock guitarists American rock songwriters American Roman Catholics American television actresses Female post-grunge singers Feminist musicians Guitarists from Missouri Kerrang ! Awards winners Musicians from St. Louis Sex - positive feminists Singers from Missouri Songwriters from Missouri Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2017 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски Mirandés Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Papiamentu Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська West - Vlams 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 01 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played cindy lou who in the grinch stole christmas | [
"Taylor Michel Momsen (born July 26, 1993)[1] is an American singer, songwriter, former actress, and model. She is known for being the lead singer and frontwoman of the American rock band The Pretty Reckless. She is also known for portraying the character of Jenny Humphrey on the CW teen drama series Gossip Girl (2007–2012) and Cindy Lou Who in the film Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000).[2]"
] | [
"Taylor Michel Momsen"
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-8258760753576276233 | Barney Miller | Barney Miller - wikipedia Barney Miller Jump to : navigation , search Barney Miller Genre Sitcom Created by Danny Arnold Theodore J. Flicker Starring Hal Linden Barbara Barrie ( 1975 -- 76 ) Abe Vigoda ( 1975 -- 77 ) Max Gail Ron Glass Jack Soo ( 1975 -- 79 ) Gregory Sierra ( 1975 -- 76 ) James Gregory Steve Landesberg ( 1976 -- 82 ) Ron Carey ( 1976 -- 82 ) Theme music composer Jack Elliott Allyn Ferguson Composer ( s ) Jack Elliott Allyn Ferguson Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 170 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Danny Arnold Roland Kibbee Camera setup Videotape ; Multi-camera Running time 25 minutes Production company ( s ) Four D Productions Distributor Sony Pictures Television Release Original network ABC Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) Original release January 23 , 1975 ( 1975 - 01 - 23 ) -- May 20 , 1982 ( 1982 - 05 - 20 ) Chronology Related shows Fish Barney Miller is an American sitcom set in a New York City Police Department police station in Greenwich Village . The series was broadcast from January 23 , 1975 , to May 20 , 1982 , on ABC . It was created by Danny Arnold and Theodore J. Flicker . Noam Pitlik directed the majority of the episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Regulars 2.2 Recurring characters 2.2. 1 Other officers and staff 2.2. 2 12th Precinct regulars 2.2. 3 Guest stars 2.2. 4 Fish 's family 2.2. 5 Barney 's family 3 Pilot 4 Opening theme 5 Production 6 Reception by police 7 Awards and honors 8 DVD releases 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) Barney Miller takes place almost entirely within the confines of the detectives ' squad room and Captain Barney Miller 's adjoining office of New York City 's fictional 12th Precinct , located in Greenwich Village . A typical episode featured the detectives of the 12th bringing in several complainants and / or suspects to the squad room . Usually , two or three separate subplots are in a given episode , with different officers dealing with different crimes . Once a year , an episode would feature one or more of the detectives outside of the walls of the precinct , either on a stakeout or at one of their homes . Primary characters : Captain Barney Miller ( Hal Linden ) is the sensible captain of the precinct who tries to retain his sanity while dealing with the foibles of his staff and the unending stream of budget problems and paperwork that make up his job . Sgt . Philip K. Fish ( Abe Vigoda ) is the senior detective on the squad . Crotchety , world - weary , and near retirement , he always seems to be suffering through some physical ailment , but his years of experience as a police officer make him a very good detective and mentor to other members of his squad . Frequently , he is on the phone dealing with a minor marital crisis with his wife Bernice . The character was eventually spun off into its own series . Det . ( later Sgt . ) Stanley Thaddeus `` Wojo '' Wojciehowicz ( Max Gail ) is the naive , gung - ho but goodhearted Catholic Polish - American , who gradually transforms from a macho former Marine into a sensitive character who tries to see things from a decidedly humanitarian point of view , while performing his duties as a detective . He takes and fails the sergeant 's examination four times , but finally passes on his fifth try and gets promoted in season four . Sgt . Ron Nathan Harris ( Ron Glass ) is an ambitious , intellectual African American , who lives well beyond his means , and who frequently seems more preoccupied with his attire and his career as a writer than with his police work . A long - running plotline about his various attempts to establish a writing career eventually has Harris emerge as a published author , with his lurid memoir Blood on the Badge . Sgt . Nick Yemana ( Jack Soo ) is a surrealistically philosophical , wisecracking Japanese American detective . He is noted for his `` off the wall '' sense of humor and wry observations about life , as well as for his gambling habits , extraordinarily poor paperwork filing skills , and for making extremely bad coffee for the other members of the squad . Sgt . Miguel `` Chano '' Amanguale ( Gregory Sierra ) is a dauntless , beleaguered Puerto Rican detective , who is very emotionally attached to his job . Sgt . Arthur Dietrich ( Steve Landesberg ) is an intellectual detective with a calm , unflappable nature and a seemingly endless supply of knowledge on a wide array of subjects . Deputy Inspector Frank Luger ( James Gregory ) is Miller 's rambling , out - of - touch , and unapologetic old - school superior who frequently drops by the precinct to `` chat with '' Barney . Officer Carl Levitt ( Ron Carey ) is a diminutive and obsequious ( but competent and hard - working ) uniformed officer who constantly , passive - aggressively badgers Miller about being promoted , and in the last season is promoted to detective . Barney and Liz Miller Elizabeth Miller ( Barbara Barrie ) : Barney 's wife , a dedicated social worker is intended to be a regular character , and listed in the opening credits during seasons one and two , Liz is seen fairly infrequently ; she is , however , often referred to , and Barney is often seen ( and heard ) on the phone with her . The show 's focus was split between the detectives ' interactions with each other and with the suspects and witnesses they detained , processed , and interviewed . Some typical conflicts and long - running plotlines included Miller 's frustration with red tape and paperwork , his constant efforts to maintain peace , order , and discipline , and his numerous failed attempts to get a promotion ; Harris 's preoccupation with outside interests , such as his living arrangements but mainly his memoir ( Blood on the Badge ) , and his inability to remain focused on his police work ; Fish 's age - related health issues , marital problems , and reluctance to retire ; Wojciehowicz 's impulsive behavior and love life ; Luger 's nostalgia for the old days with partners Foster , Kleiner , and `` Brownie '' Brown ; Levitt 's quest to become a detective ( which is eventually successful ) ; the rivalry between the precinct 's resident intellectuals , Harris and Dietrich ; and continually -- but reliably -- bad coffee , usually made by Yemana . Cast ( edit ) Regulars ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons Notes Hal Linden Captain Barney Miller 1 -- 8 Main star and regular character throughout the series ' run . Max Gail ( second season billed as Maxwell Gail ) Detective Stan `` Wojo '' Wojciehowicz 1 -- 8 Regular character throughout the series ' run . Ron Glass Detective Ron Harris 1 -- 8 Regular character throughout the series ' run . James Gregory Deputy Inspector Franklin D. Luger 1 -- 8 A regular character throughout the series , usually seen in about a third to a half of any given season 's episodes . Gregory was only listed in the opening credits during Season 4 , and in the first four episodes and last episode of Season 5 ; in other seasons , he was listed as a `` Special Guest '' in the closing credits . Abe Vigoda Sergeant Philip K. Fish 1 -- 4 , 7 Vigoda was a regular for the first three seasons . Though still in the opening credits , he appeared in only about half of the episodes in the last half of Season 3 . ( The character was simultaneously seen on the spin - off show Fish at this same time . ) Fish `` retired '' as of Season 4 , Episode 2 , though he returned for two guest appearances , one later in Season 4 and one in Season 7 . Jack Soo Sergeant Nick Yemana 1 -- 5 A regular in Seasons 1 to 5 , Soo died on January 11 , 1979 ( midway through Season 5 ) . A special memorial episode was aired , with the actors breaking character and recalling their favorite Yemana scenes . The episode ended with the entire cast raising their coffee cups in tribute . Barbara Barrie Elizabeth `` Liz '' Miller 1 -- 2 , 4 , 5 Though appearing in only a handful of episodes after the pilot , Barrie received billing in the opening credits of every episode in Seasons 1 and 2 . Often mentioned , her character returned for a one - episode guest appearance in Season 4 , and a two - part guest appearance and a single episode guest appearance in Season 5 . Gregory Sierra Sergeant Miguel `` Chano '' Amangual 1 -- 2 Regular character for seasons 1 and 2 , then left the show . No explanation is given for his character 's absence at the start of Season 3 . In Season 4 , Officer Roslyn Licori is brought in as his replacement two years after the official request was made ( with no satisfactory explanation from the Personnel Department as to why the request took so long to be filled ) . Steve Landesberg Detective Arthur Dietrich 2 -- 8 Landesberg was first seen as a one - shot character , a priest ( Father Paul ) , in Season 2 Episode 1 -- `` Doomsday '' . Later that season , he first appeared as Dietrich in the twelfth episode , `` Fish '' . Dietrich was a transfer from the 33rd when budget cuts closed that precinct . He became a semi-regular in Season 3 and a full - time cast member from Season 4 onwards ( essentially replacing the retired Det . Fish ) Ron Carey Officer Carl Levitt 3 -- 8 Carey first appeared as a perp , Angelo `` The Mole '' Molinari , in the last episode of Season 2 . He began his role as a recurring character , Officer Levitt , in Season 3 , becoming a full - time cast member by Season 4 ( his character would finally make detective in the series ' final episode ) . With the 2016 deaths of Abe Vigoda and Ron Glass , Hal Linden and Max Gail are the only living full - time cast members . Although Gregory Sierra is still living , he left the show after Season 2 . Barbara Barrie became a recurring character as Barney 's wife Liz . Recurring characters ( edit ) Other officers and staff ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons Notes Milt Kogan Officer Kogan 1 -- 2 Though not seen after season 2 , Kogan ( the downstairs desk sergeant ) was frequently referred to throughout the series ' run . Paul Lichtman Mr. Beckman , the building repairman 1 -- 3 George Murdock ‡ Lt. Ben Scanlon , Internal Affairs 2 , 4 -- 8 A member of the Internal Affairs Department , the eternally suspicious Scanlon was not attached to the 12th Precinct . His visits from headquarters involved trying to find corruption inside the precinct , especially in the detective squad . Linda Lavin Detective Janice Wentworth 1 , 2 An extremely dedicated and enthusiastic ( sometimes overly so ) member of the squad who developed a romantic relationship with Wojo . After a short run as a regular guest on Barney Miller ( beginning with episode 8 of the first season , `` Ms. Cop '' ) , Lavin left the series to star in Alice . Wentworth 's name can still be seen on the staff duty roster through most of Season 3 and a flashback scene of her was used in the final episode . June Gable Detective Maria Battista Short - lived addition to the 12th Precinct 's detective room , lasting two episodes . Mari Gorman ‡ Officer Roslyn Licori Gorman made a guest appearance ( season 4 , episode 3 ) as an amateur prostitute housewife , and then , after a three - episode run as Licori in season 4 , she played another recurring role during season 8 , as Mrs. Binder , wife of frequent precinct visitor Bruno Binder . Dino Natali Officer Zatelli 4 -- 7 A gay officer . Particularly loathed by the homophobic Lt. Scanlon , who desperately wants to find a reason to fire him ; after he was outed by a careless remark by Wojo , he was promoted to a position as Administrative Assistant at Police Headquarters . Paul Lieber ‡ Detective Eric Dorsey 7 Another three - episode detective , who came in with a cynical attitude toward the squad that Levitt took as a good sign that the newcomer would not fit in . Dorsey straightened out , but was reassigned regardless . ‡ Murdock , Gorman , Dullaghan , and Leiber all made guest appearances in other roles in addition to their regularly recurring series roles . Barney Miller had a stock company of character actors who made frequent appearances in different roles , among them Phil Leeds , Kay Medford , Bruce Kirby , Kenneth Tigar , Arny Freeman , Don Calfa , Walter Janowitz , Peggy Pope , Nehemiah Persoff , Rosana Soto ( Rosanna DeSoto ) , Todd Susman , Leonard Stone , Philip Sterling , Sal Viscuso , Rod Colbin , Martin Garner , and Jack Kruschen . 12th precinct regulars ( edit ) The 12th Precinct had a number of regular complainants , habitués of the holding cell , or other people who often dropped by . Characters seen on three or more episodes included : Actor Character # of appearances Seasons Notes Jack DeLeon Marty Morrison 8 1 -- 8 Marty , a gay man , is arrested for snatching purses in the series ' second episode . Later he is occasionally brought in as a suspect , other times as a complainant . Alex Henteloff ‡ Arnold Ripner 7 1 -- 8 An ambulance - chasing attorney , Ripner visits the precinct whenever he has a client to defend . His first appearance is in the series ' second episode as Marty Morrison 's lawyer . ( He also sometimes visits just to try to drum up business amongst those in the holding cell . ) Ripner later sues Harris for Harris ' depiction of him in his novel Blood on the Badge , winning a $320,000 judgment . Stanley Brock ‡ Bruno Binder 7 4 -- 8 The owner of a sporting goods store and would - be vigilante frequently in trouble for his overzealous ways to get rid of what he considered undesirable elements . Jack Somack Mr. Cotterman 6 1 -- 5 , 7 Owner of the frequently - robbed Cotterman 's Liquor Store . In the second part of the season 7 episode `` Homicide '' , the squad learns that he was shot in the head and killed by two would - be extortionists . Ray Stewart Darryl Driscoll 5 2 -- 8 Marty 's somewhat more sensible and grounded lover , who lends Marty moral support during his visits to the precinct ; formerly married with a young son . John Dullaghan ‡ Ray Brewer 5 5 -- 8 A lonely transient , Ray stops by the precinct during open houses to talk and sample the coffee . Later joins the Salvation Army . J.J. Barry ‡ Arthur Duncan 7 -- 8 A small - time crook who is frequently arrested . Ralph Manza ‡ Leon Roth 3 -- 8 A blind man who is first arrested for shoplifting , Mr. Roth returned later as both arrestee and complainant . Doris Roberts ‡ Harriet Brauer 4 -- 7 A frequent complainant ( against her husband ) . Peter Hobbs Phillip Brauer 4 -- 7 A middle - aged married man whose attempts to spice up his married life often end disastrously . Paula Shaw Paula Capshaw 3 -- 4 A cynical prostitute who is a frequent arrestee . ‡ cast in several different roles over the series ' run Guest stars ( edit ) Herbert Edelman Todd Bridges Billy Barty Barney Martin Marla Gibbs Danny Dayton Roscoe Lee Browne David Wayne Dick O'Neill David Lander Queenie Smith Jack Dodson Charlotte Rae Florence Halop Denise Miller Brett Somers James Cromwell Michael Tucci Peggy Pope Larry B. Scott Christopher Lloyd Ed Peck Ben Piazza Jeffrey Tambor Fish 's family ( edit ) Fish 's wife Bernice made an appearance from time to time in Seasons 1 to 4 . In Seasons 1 , 3 and 4 she was played by Florence Stanley ( in a total of seven appearances ) ; in Bernice 's only Season 2 appearance she was portrayed by Doris Belack . In that episode , Fish also had a grown daughter named Beverly played by Emily Levine . Also seen as recurring characters in Season 3 were group home children Jilly ( Denise Miller ) and Victor ( John Cassisi ) , who would eventually become Fish 's foster children . In 1977 , the Fishes were spun off into their own show , Fish . Barney 's family ( edit ) In addition to Barney 's wife Liz , Barney 's son David ( Michael Tessier ) and daughter Rachel ( Anne Wyndham ) appeared in the pilot . Barney 's son was written out of the show after the first episode ( though his daughter appeared once more , in The Courtesans ) , while his wife made appearances through the second season . Wyndham also reprised her role in two later episodes . Pilot ( edit ) A scene from the series , 1974 The series was born out of an unsold television pilot , The Life and Times of Captain Barney Miller , that aired on August 22 , 1974 , as part of an ABC summer anthology series , Just for Laughs . Linden and Vigoda were cast in their series roles ; no other eventual cast members were present . Abby Dalton played Barney Miller 's wife , Liz , while Val Bisoglio , Rod Perry , and a pre-Hill Street Blues Charles Haid rounded out the cast of the pilot . Guest stars included Mike Moore , Chu Chu Mulave , Henry Beckman , Buddy Lester , Michael Tessier and Anne Wyndham . The pilot script was later largely reused in the debut episode Ramon . For this reworked episode , Bisoglio 's lines were more or less evenly split between the new characters of Yemana and Chano , while Haid 's character of Kazinski became Max Gail 's Wojciehowicz . Rod Perry 's character , Sgt . Wilson , was replaced by Harris in the reworked episode , although Wilson would reappear one more time in the first - season episode Experience before disappearing from the series entirely . Abby Dalton was replaced by Barbara Barrie as Liz , and Henry Beckman 's character of Uncle Charlie was dropped entirely . The rest of the guest cast ( Moore , Malave , Lester , Tessier and Wyndham ) reprised their roles in the debut episode . Unlike the remainder of the series , the pilot was shot on film at CBS Studio Center , where the sets of the 12th Precinct and the Miller apartment were originally built . When the show went into regular production in late 1974 , it was recorded on videotape . The sets were moved to the ABC Television Center in Hollywood , where they remained until production ended in 1982 . The pilot was never broadcast in syndication . It was released in 2011 as part of Shout Factory 's complete series set on DVD . Opening theme ( edit ) The show 's instrumental jazz fusion theme music , written by Jack Elliott and Allyn Ferguson , opens with a distinctive bass line performed by studio musician Chuck Berghofer . The bass line was improvised by Berghofer at the request of producer Dominik Hauser : `` Can you do something on the bass ? This guy is a cop in New York . Can we just start it out with the bass ? '' The theme song was ranked # 23 and # 27 , respectively , by Complex and Paste magazines , in their lists of `` best TV theme songs '' . The theme plays over the Manhattan skyline , followed by shots of the characters and opening credits . Season 1 opened and closed with a shot of Midtown Manhattan as seen from Weehawken , New Jersey . Season 2 onward opened with a shot of Lower Manhattan as seen from Brooklyn Heights , with a barge being towed in the foreground , and closed with a shot of the Midtown Manhattan skyline as seen from Long Island City . Several versions of the theme were used during different seasons , with minor variations in composition and performance . Production ( edit ) Production of Barney Miller deliberately resembled a theatrical play ; scenes rarely strayed from the precinct station 's squadroom , with its prominent open - barred holding cell , and Miller 's adjoining office . Characters came and went , but always within the confines of the precinct . Barney Miller tended to obey two of the three classical unities of drama : unity of place and unity of time . The third unity , unity of action , was not followed , since each episode had multiple subplots . Barney Miller was notorious for its marathon taping sessions . Early seasons were recorded before a live studio audience and used a laugh track for sweetening reactions during post-production . Creator and executive producer Danny Arnold would then rewrite and restage entire scenes after the audience departed , actively looking for quieter , subtler moments that would not play well before a crowd ; a taping session that began in the afternoon or early evening would then continue into the early morning hours . Max Gail referred to this in the Jack Soo retrospective episode aired on May 17 , 1979 , remarking that one of the clips shown was a scene that `` we finished around 2 : 30 in the morning . '' In a 1977 blooper , a crew member mentions it being 3 : 15 a.m. Writer Tom Reeder described working on the show : Danny Arnold was the creator of the show , and especially in the early years , he was a marvel . When he was `` on '' , he could spin out entire scenes , ad - libbing dialogue -- and great jokes -- for every character . By the time those scenes got to script form , though , he obsessively rewrote them . That 's true of a lot of showrunners , but Danny could n't seem to stop himself . Sometime during season 2 ( or maybe it was 3 ) the show was no longer taped in front of an audience , partly because the script was rarely done by show night . When one season began , six pages were in print . Not six scripts -- six pages of one script . This meant that on the day the show was taped , the actors would hang around on the stage , waiting for pages to be sent down . Then -- sometimes at 2 a.m. -- they would have to learn new scenes . Ron Carey ( Officer Levitt ) would get his fairly quickly : `` Here 's your mail , Captain . '' On the other hand , poor Steve Landesberg ( Dietrich ) might have to memorize long speeches explaining how nuclear fission works . In the early years , Danny benefited from the heroic writing efforts of Chris Hayward , who was a veteran writer , and rookies Tony Sheehan and Reinhold Weege who , like me , did n't know any better . They were the Barney Miller writing staff . My agent wisely turned down Danny 's annual offers of staff jobs , negotiating freelance assignments ( so - called `` multiple deals '' ) for me instead . Even so , the pace was frantic -- on one assignment I was given 3 hours to write the story outline . On another occasion , a friend came into my office at ABC - Vine Street and said , `` Hey , Reeder , want to go get some lunch ? '' I pointed to the paper in my typewriter and said , `` This script is on the stage -- thanks anyway . '' Employing a live audience became impractical as lengthy reshoots became commonplace . By Season 4 , only a quiet laugh track was used when necessary . Marty and Darryl were among the earliest recurring gay characters on American television . Danny Arnold worked closely with the Gay Media Task Force , an activist group that worked on LGBT representation in media , in developing the characters . Initially both characters were presented in a stereotypically effeminate manner but in later appearances Darryl began dressing and speaking in a more mainstream fashion . Officer Zitelli 's coming out was the first gay story arc on American television , occurring across the series ' sixth and seventh seasons . The series took a while to become a hit , but ABC supported it anyway . Danny Arnold ended production of Barney Miller in 1982 after eight seasons for fear of repeating storylines ; the show was not cancelled by the network . Reception by police ( edit ) Barney Miller retains a devoted following among real - life police officers , who appreciate the show 's emphasis on dialog and believably quirky characters , and its low - key portrayal of cops going about their jobs . In a 2005 op - ed for the New York Times , real - life New York police detective Lucas Miller wrote : Real cops are not usually fans of cop shows . ( ... ) Many police officers maintain that the most realistic police show in the history of television was the sitcom Barney Miller , ( ... ) The action was mostly off screen , the squad room the only set , and the guys were a motley bunch of character actors who were in no danger of being picked for the N.Y.P.D. pin - up calendar . But they worked hard , made jokes , got hurt and answered to their straight - man commander . For real detectives , most of the action does happen off screen , and we spend a lot of time back in the squad room writing reports about it . Like Barney Miller 's squad , we crack jokes at one another , at the cases that come in , and at the crazy suspect locked in the holding cell six feet from the new guy 's desk . Life really is more like Barney Miller than NYPD Blue , but our jokes are n't nearly as funny . Similarly , during his appearance on Jon Favreau 's Independent Film Channel talk show Dinner for Five , Dennis Farina , who worked as a Chicago police officer before turning to acting , called Barney Miller the most realistic cop show ever seen on television . Awards and honors ( edit ) Barney Miller won a DGA Award from the Directors Guild of America in 1981 . The series won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series in 1982 , after it ended . It received six other nominations in that category , from 1976 to 1981 . The series won Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series in 1980 ( in addition to nominations in 1976 , 1977 and 1982 ) , Outstanding Directing in a Comedy or Comedy - Variety or Music Series in 1979 , and was nominated for a number of others . It won Golden Globe Awards for Best Television Comedy or Musical Series in 1976 and 1977 ( from a total of seven nominations ) , and won a Peabody Award in 1978 . In 2013 , TV Guide ranked Barney Miller at # 46 on its list of the 60 best series of all time . DVD releases ( edit ) Sony Pictures Home Entertainment has released the first three seasons of Barney Miller on DVD in Region 1 . Season 1 was released on January 20 , 2004 , to slow sales , and Sony decided not to release any more seasons . However , the decision was later reversed and Season 2 was released in 2008 ( four years after the release of Season 1 ) , followed by Season 3 in 2009 . Shout ! Factory acquired the rights to the series in 2011 and subsequently released a complete series set on October 25 , 2011 . The 25 - disc set features all 168 episodes of the series as well as bonus features and the first season of the Abe Vigoda spin - off , Fish . In 2014 , Shout ! began releasing individual season sets , season 4 was released on January 7 , 2014 , season 5 on May 13 , 2014 . Season 6 on December 9 , 2014 . and Season 7 on April 7 , 2015 , followed by the eighth and final season on July 7 , 2015 . Season 1 was released on DVD in Region 4 on December 20 , 2006 . DVD Name Ep # Release Date The First Season 13 January 20 , 2004 The Complete Second Season 22 January 22 , 2008 The Complete Third Season 22 March 17 , 2009 The Complete Fourth Season 23 January 7 , 2014 The Complete Fifth Season 24 May 13 , 2014 The Complete Sixth Season 22 December 9 , 2014 The Complete Seventh Season 22 April 7 , 2015 The Complete Eighth Season 22 July 7 , 2015 The Complete Series 168 October 25 , 2011 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Garson , Bob ( June 7 , 1975 ) . `` The Law Takes Time Out to Be Human on ABC 's Barney Miller '' . St. Joseph News - Press . p . S2 . Retrieved March 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Life and Times of Captain Barney Miller '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barney Miller -- `` Ramon '' `` . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.notreble.com/buzz/2015/04/23/stories-behind-the-songs-chuck-berghofer/ Jump up ^ http://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2012/02/the-50-best-tv-show-theme-songs/barney-miller Jump up ^ https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2017/05/the-50-best-tv-theme-songs.html?a=1 Jump up ^ Barney Miller entry Archived May 4 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , Old TV Tickets blog Jump up ^ Barney Miller : An Inside Look , By Ken Levine blog guest entry '' Jump up ^ `` Barney Miller '' . tvtropes.org . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Capsuto , p. 122 Jump up ^ Capsuto , pp. 148 -- 49 Jump up ^ `` Netflix helps shift Hollywood 's business model '' . O.canada.com. 2013 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Miller , Lucas ( 2005 ) . `` Watching the Detectives '' . 1 March 2005 , accessed 31 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago -- Chicago : News : Politics : Things To Do : Sports '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Barney Miller Emmy Awards and Nominations '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Barney Miller : 7 Nominations , 2 Wins '' . Golden Globe Awards Official Website . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barney Miller Peabody Award Citation '' . George Foster Peabody Awards . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Magazine 's 60 Best Series of All Time '' . TV Guide . Jump up ^ `` Barney Miller DVD news : Announcement for Barney Miller -- The Complete Series '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2011 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Barney Miller DVD news : Announcement for Barney Miller -- The Complete 4th Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Barney Miller DVD news : Box Art for Barney Miller -- The Complete 5th Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Shout ! Factory -- Barney Miller : Season Six '' . shoutfactory.com . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barney Miller DVD news : Announcement for Barney Miller - The Complete 7th Season - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barney Miller DVD news : Announcement for Barney Miller - The Final Season - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Barney Miller Wikimedia Commons has media related to Barney Miller . Barney Miller on IMDb The Life and Times of Captain Barney Miller on IMDb TV.com : Barney Miller The Barney Miller homepage Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series 1950s The Red Skelton Show ( season 1 , 1952 ) I Love Lucy ( season 2 , 1953 ) I Love Lucy ( season 3 , 1954 ) Make Room for Daddy ( season 2 , 1955 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( season 1 , 1956 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( season 2 , 1957 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( season 3 , 1958 ) The Jack Benny Program , season 9 ( 1959 ) 1960s The Art Carney Special ( 1960 ) The Jack Benny Program , season 11 ( 1961 ) The Bob Newhart Show ( season 1 , 1962 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 2 ( 1963 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 3 ( 1964 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 4 ( 1965 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 5 ( 1966 ) The Monkees ( season 1 , 1967 ) Get Smart , season 3 ( 1968 ) Get Smart , season 4 ( 1969 ) 1970s My World and Welcome to It ( season 1 , 1970 ) All in the Family , season 1 ( 1971 ) All in the Family , season 2 ( 1972 ) All in the Family , season 3 ( 1973 ) M * A * S * H , season 2 ( 1974 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show , season 5 ( 1975 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show , season 6 ( 1976 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show , season 7 ( 1977 ) All in the Family , season 8 ( 1978 ) Taxi , season 1 ( 1979 ) 1980s Taxi , season 2 ( 1980 ) Taxi , season 3 ( 1981 ) Barney Miller , season 8 ( 1982 ) Cheers , season 1 ( 1983 ) Cheers , season 2 ( 1984 ) The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls , season 2 ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years , season 1 ( 1988 ) Cheers , season 7 ( 1989 ) 1990s Murphy Brown ( season 2 , 1990 ) Cheers , season 9 ( 1991 ) Murphy Brown ( season 4 , 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 ( 1994 ) Frasier , season 2 ( 1995 ) Frasier , season 3 ( 1996 ) Frasier , season 4 ( 1997 ) Frasier , season 5 ( 1998 ) Ally McBeal , season 2 ( 1999 ) 2000s Will & Grace , season 2 ( 2000 ) Sex and the City , season 3 ( 2001 ) Friends , season 8 ( 2002 ) Everybody Loves Raymond , season 7 ( 2003 ) Arrested Development , season 1 ( 2004 ) Everybody Loves Raymond , season 9 ( 2005 ) The Office , season 2 ( 2006 ) 30 Rock , season 1 ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 ( 2008 ) 30 Rock , season 3 ( 2009 ) 2010s Modern Family , season 1 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 ( 2011 ) Modern Family , season 3 ( 2012 ) Modern Family , season 4 ( 2013 ) Modern Family , season 5 ( 2014 ) Veep , season 4 ( 2015 ) Veep , season 5 ( 2016 ) Veep , season 6 ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy The Governor & J.J. ( 1969 ) The Carol Burnett Show ( 1970 ) All in the Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 1971 ) All in the Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 1972 ) All in the Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 1973 ) Rhoda , season 1 ( 1974 ) Barney Miller , season 1 / season 2 ( 1975 ) Barney Miller , season 2 / season 3 ( 1976 ) All in the Family , season 7 / season 8 ( 1977 ) Taxi , season 1 ( 1978 ) Alice / Taxi , season 1 / season 2 ( 1979 ) Taxi , season 2 / season 3 ( 1980 ) M * A * S * H , season 9 / season 10 ( 1981 ) Fame ( 1982 ) Fame ( 1983 ) The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1984 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 / season 2 ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls , season 2 / season 3 ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years , season 1 / season 2 ( 1988 ) Murphy Brown ( 1989 ) Cheers , season 8 / season 9 ( 1990 ) Brooklyn Bridge ( 1991 ) Roseanne , season 4 / season 5 ( 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 / season 5 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 / season 2 & Mad About You ( 1994 ) Cybill ( 1995 ) 3rd Rock from the Sun , season 1 / season 2 ( 1996 ) Ally McBeal , season 1 ( 1997 ) Ally McBeal , season 1 / season 2 ( 1998 ) Sex and the City , season 2 ( 1999 ) Sex and the City , season 3 ( 2000 ) Sex and the City , season 4 ( 2001 ) Curb Your Enthusiasm ( 2002 ) The Office ( UK ) ( 2003 ) Desperate Housewives , season 1 ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) Ugly Betty , season 1 ( 2006 ) Extras ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 / season 3 ( 2008 ) Glee , season 1 ( 2009 ) Glee , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) Girls , season 1 ( 2012 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine , season 1 ( 2013 ) Transparent , season 1 ( 2014 ) Mozart in the Jungle , season 1 ( 2015 ) Atlanta , season 1 ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barney_Miller&oldid=800022432 '' Categories : Barney Miller characters 1970s American comedy television series 1975 American television series debuts 1980s American comedy television series 1982 American television series endings American Broadcasting Company network shows American television sitcoms Fictional New York City Police Department detectives Fictional New York City Police Department captains Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television shows set in New York City Best Musical or Comedy Series Golden Globe winners Fictional portrayals of the New York City Police Department Police comedies Peabody Award - winning television programs Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series winners English - language television programs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 05 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played bass on barney miller theme song | [
"The show's instrumental jazz fusion theme music, written by Jack Elliott and Allyn Ferguson, opens with a distinctive bass line performed by studio musician Chuck Berghofer. The bass line was improvised by Berghofer at the request of producer Dominik Hauser: \"Can you do something on the bass? This guy is a cop in New York. Can we just start it out with the bass?\"[4] The theme song was ranked #23 and #27, respectively, by Complex and Paste magazines, in their lists of \"best TV theme songs\".[5][6]"
] | [
"Chuck Berghofer"
] |
8977269302261833092 | Chamba, Himachal Pradesh | Chamba , Himachal Pradesh - Wikipedia Chamba , Himachal Pradesh Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the municipality in Himachal Pradesh . For its namesake district , see Chamba district . For other uses , see Chamba . Chamba Hindi : चम्बा Town Chamba town from across the river Chamba Coordinates : 32 ° 34 ′ 12 '' N 76 ° 7 ′ 48 '' E / 32.57000 ° N 76.13000 ° E / 32.57000 ; 76.13000 Country India State Himachal Pradesh District Chamba district Founded 920 Elevation 3,268 ft ( 996 m ) Population ( 2011 ) Total 19,933 Rank 9 in HP Time zone IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) Post code 176310 Area code ( s ) + 91 - 18992 - xxxxx Vehicle registration HP - 48 and HP - 73 Website hpchamba.nic.in Chamba ( Hindi : चम्बा ) is a town in the Chamba district in the state of Himachal Pradesh , in northern India . According to the 2001 Indian census the town is situated on the banks of the Ravi River ( a major tributary of the Trans - Himalayan Indus River ) , at its confluence with the Sal River . Chambial were the Rulers of Chamba State Chambials use suffix Varmans . Though historical records date the history of the Chamba region to the Kolian tribes in the 2nd century BC , the area was formally ruled by the Maru dynasty , starting with the Raju Maru from around 500 AD , ruling from the ancient capital of Bharmour , which is located 75 kilometres ( 47 mi ) from the town of Chamba . In 920 , Raja Sahil Varman ( or Raja Sahil Verma ) shifted the capital of the kingdom to Chamba , following the specific request of his daughter Champavati ( Chamba was named after her ) . From the time of Raju Maru , 67 Rajas of this dynasty have ruled over Chamba until it finally merged with the Indian Union in April 1948 , although Chamba was under British suzerainty from 1846 to this time . The town has numerous temples and palaces , and hosts two popular jatras ( fairs ) , the `` Suhi Mata Mela '' and the `` Minjar Mela '' , which last for several days of music and dancing . Chamba is also well noted for its arts and crafts , particularly its Pahari paintings , which originated in the Hill Kingdoms of North India between the 17th and 19th century , and its handicrafts and textiles . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 Modern history 2 Geography and climate 3 Demographics 4 Administration 5 Landmarks and cityscape 5.1 Monuments built prior to 1846 5.1. 1 Champavati Temple 5.1. 1.1 Banni Mata Temple 5.1. 2 Lakshmi Narayan temples 5.1. 3 Chamunda Devi Temple 5.1. 4 Akhand Chandi Palace 5.2 Monuments built after 1846 5.2. 1 Chaugan 5.2. 2 Church of Scotland 5.2. 3 Bhuri Singh Museum 6 Culture 6.1 Arts 6.1. 1 Chamba miniature paintings 6.1. 2 Handicrafts and musical instruments 6.2 Festivals , fairs and dances 6.3 Costumes 7 Music of Chamba 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) See also : Chamba State Early history ( edit ) Chamba has an ancient history , which is inseparable from that of the surrounding district of Chamba . The earliest rulers were Kolian tribes . In the 2nd century BC the Khasas and Audumbaras were in power in the region . In the 4th century AD during the Gupta period , the Thakurs and Ranas ruled . From the 7th century , the Gurjara Pratiharas or the Rajput dynasty came into power . Narasimha Temple , Brahmaur , the ancient capital of the district . The recorded history of the Rajput rulers is traced to an eminent individual named Maru who is said to have moved to northwest India from Kalpagrama , around 500 AD . He founded his capital in the Budhal river valley at a place called Brahmaputra , which later became known as Bharmour or Bhramaur , which is situated 75 kilometres ( 47 mi ) to the east of the present day Chamba town . For three hundred years , kings of Rajput Dynasty ruled from their capital in Bharmour . However , in 920 , Raja Sahil Varman ( or Raja Sahila Verma ) , King of Bharmour , shifted his capital from Bharmour to a more centrally located plateau in the lower Ravi valley , and named the city Champavati , after his daughter . There is some variation in the story to how exactly this transition came about in the historical records of Chamba . One version tells how Varman , who , after being childless for a significant period , was blessed with ten sons and a daughter , named `` Champavati '' . It was Champavati who urged her father to build a new capital town in the valley . However , obstacles stood in the way to relocating his capital , given that the king had previously granted the land in the modern Chamba vicinity to the Kanwan Brahmins . A solution was found in the form of offering a gift of eight copper coins called chaklis on the occasion of every marriage that took place in the Brahmin family , if they would agree to surrender their land to pave the way for the new capital . With the land thus obtained , the new capital was built and named as Champa after Chamapavati , the King 's daughter , which , over the years , was simply shortened to `` Chamba ' . A variation of this origin of Chamba is that it originated as a hermitage which Champavati , a devout Hindu , used to frequent . The king , being suspicious of his daughter 's fidelity , one day investigated and followed her to the hermitage , but surprisingly he found neither his daughter nor the hermit there . Suddenly he was said to have heard a voice which informed him that his suspicions were ill - founded , admonishing him and informing him that his daughter had been taken away from him permanently as a punishment for his lack of trust in her morals . The King , fully chastened , sought redemption for his sin by expanding the hermitage into a temple , named in his daughter 's honour and built a city around the temple . Today this temple , called the Champavati Temple , belongs to the Royal family and the King 's daughter is venerated as a goddess . Every year , since 935 , the Minjar festival or fair has been held . It lasts for 21 days , coinciding with the first day of Baisakhi . The remoteness and ruggedness of the Ravi River valley secured Chamba from successful invasions for around 1,000 years . Since Raja Sahil Varman , the dynasty ruled without successful invasion for around a millennium , until the British gained power . The isolation of the town and its rugged hilly terrain is believed to have been a contributing factor to this unusual state of security . Later , Mughal emperors Akbar and Aurangzeb did attempt to annex Chamba but were unsuccessful in subjugating this territory into their kingdoms . Raja Prithvi Singh ( 1641 - 1664 AD ) , who was on amiable terms with Emperor Shahjahan was instrumental in introducing the court lifestyles of the Mughals . Modern history ( edit ) In 1806 A.D. , the combined forces of Gurkhas and local hills chiefs attacked the forces of Raja Sansar Chand in the battle and forced a crushing defeat on him along with family took shelter in the Kangra fort . The Gurkhas sieged the Kangra fort and ruthlessly looted the area between the fort of Kangra and Mahal Mohrian and virtually destroyed the villages . The siege of the fort continued for three years . In 1809 A.D. , Raja Ranjit Singh , the Sikh ruler of Lahore , on the request of Sansar Chand , waged war against the Gurkhas and defeated them in But Sansar Chand had to pay a heavy price whereby he had to lose Kangra fort and 66 villages to the Sikhs . Ranjit Singh controlled the region and had even placed a garrison at Chamba , forced the hill states to pay tribute to them . Ranjit Singh deposed the hill princes , including the more powerful Kangra ruler , Sansar Chand Katoch , but spared Chamba , given that the Wazir Nathu of Chamba had been important as an ambassador in negotiations with Katoch in 1809 and had saved his life in 1817 by succumbing his horse to King Singh to escape during a winter campaign in Kashmir . The Chamba Valley , c. 1865 In 1845 , the Sikh army invaded the British territory . The result was disastrous , with the British defeating the army , leaving Chamba in a poor position . Wazir Bagha of Chamba was important in negotiations in its aftermath , and the Rajas of Chamba , on the advice of Bagha , agreed to the British suzerainty as part of Jammu and Kashmir in favour of an annuity of Rs 12,000 . The Treaty of Lahore was signed in 1846 , in which the Rajas agreed to cede the territory of Chamba district . From then on , relations with the British were cordial , and all of the Rajas of Chamba under the British rule , Sri Singh , Gopal Singh , Sham Singh , Bhuri Singh , Ram Singh , and Laxman Singh , were on good terms with the British army officers . Many progressive reforms and developments were made in Chamba under the British . In 1863 , the first Post office was established in Chamba and a daily mail service and a primary school . In December , 1866 , a hospital was opened by Doctor Elmslie of the Kashmir Medical Mission . In the late 1860s two new roads to Dalhousie via Kolri and Khajiar were built . Gopal Singh , who ruled from 1870 to 1873 , after abdicating , was responsible for building the grand Jandarighat Palace as his summer residence . After India becoming an independent nation in August 1947 , the princely state of Chamba finally merged with India on 15 April 1948 along with the other princedoms of Mandi - Suket State , Sirmour State and all of those in the Shimla hills . Geography and climate ( edit ) Panorama of the upper part of the town and mountains surrounding it Chamba is the headquarters of the Chamba district , bordered by Jammu and Kashmir to the north - west and west , the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir and Lahaul and Bara Banghal to the north - east and east , Kangra to the south - east and Pathankot district of Punjab to the south . It has an average elevation of 1,006 metres ( 3,301 ft ) . The Ravi River flowing through Chamba The town , the district and the valley where the town is located , share the name of Chamba . The town of Chamba is located at the junction of Ravi River and its tributary , the Sal River , with the Shah Madar hill forming the backdrop on its eastern side . The Ravi flows in east - west direction forming deep canyons . During the spring and summer months , the levels of the river rise significantly from snow melt and pose a flooding risk . Record levels were experienced in early July 2005 , when the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation was forced to shut down the power generation on its 300 - MW Chamera Power Station . Located on the right bank of the Ravi river valley , built on successive flat terraces , the town is bounded topographically by the Dhauladhar and Zanskar ranges , south of the inner Himalayas . Chamba , despite its hill location , is well connected by road to the rest of the state and country , including Shimla , Delhi and Chandigarh along several routes . The nearest broad gauge railway stations are at Chakki Bank and Pathankot , the latter of which is 120 kilometres ( 75 mi ) away by road . The temperatures in summer vary between 38 ° C ( 100 ° F ) and 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) and in winter : 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) and 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) . The maximum temperature recorded in summer is 39 ° C ( 102 ° F ) and the minimum temperature in winter is − 1 ° C ( 30 ° F ) . Climatically March to June is said to be the best period to visit Chamba , which is a well known hill station . The average annual rainfall in the town is 785.84 millimetres ( 30.939 in ) . Demographics ( edit ) As of 2001 India census , Chamba had a population of 20,312 . Males constituted 52 % of the population and females 48 % . Chamba has an average literacy rate of 81 % , higher than the national average of 59.5 % ; with a male literacy of 85 % and female literacy of 77 % . The administrative language is Hindi , the local language of Pahari , and Himachali is common language spoken by inhabitants . There are some speakers of Punjabi , mostly of Sikh and Hindu descent , Those came here after partition . Away from the urban centre , the tribal people of Chamba are divided into two major groups ; the Gujjars and the Gaddis . The Gujjars , mainly nomads , came to Chamba across the state border from Kashmir along the trade routes . They belong to nomadic herdsmen of the Islamic community , and travel to lowland Punjab in the autumn with their livestock to avoid the harsh winter of the Chamba hills . Their features are Turkic and have a distinct language and culture aloof from the main town . The Gaddis comprise several ethnic groups ; namely the Brahmans , Rajputs , Thakurs , Rathis and the Khatris , who form the majority . They are agricultural peoples , and the name `` Gaddi '' means `` shepherd '' . They mainly inhabit an area of the Chamba district in the Dhaula Dhar mountains , known as Brahmaur Wazarat or `` Gadaran '' , located between Chamba and Kangra . `` Gadar '' means sheep , so their land is informally referred to as `` Gadaran '' , literally meaning `` sheep country '' . They are believed to have come to Chamba in the 10th century , although an influx of Gaddi people migrated to Chamba from Lahore in the 18th century , during the Mughal Empire . They are said to practice animism combined with the worship of Lord Shiva . Administration ( edit ) Gopal Singh , Raja of Chamba ( ruled 1870 -- 1873 ) There have been a total of 67 rajas who have ruled Chamba district since the Principality of Bharmour was established in the 6th century , beginning with Raja Maru . Indeed , it is believed to have been an isolated case in the history of India that the Chamba kingdom remained independent without interference for over 1000 years . Before Raja Sahila Varman , however , the territorial extent of the state of Chamba was ill - defined and was more a loosely based territory , marked by disunity . Chamba state was run by Ranas , petty rulers who were allocated locally governed areas known as `` fiefdoms '' and treated them as their own virtually independent kingdoms . It was n't until the reign of Sahila Varman that these Raja lords were subjugated and the district of Chamba was consolidated formally as a unified entity . The rajas of the Chamba Kingdom , ruling from the capital in Chamba divided the kingdom into 5 mandalas , later termed wazarats . These sub-territories consisted of Chamba , Bharmour , Bhatti , Churah and Pangi . Landmarks and cityscape ( edit ) The city layout can be distinctly demarcated into two zones ; namely the ' Old Town ' before the British introduced their urban architectural styles and the British period of contemporary monuments , bridges and buildings . In a study of the architecture of Chamba , instituted by the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage ( INTACH ) , with the objective of conserving and restoring individual heritage buildings , it has been observed that the urban architecture of Chamba evolved under three distinct phases . The first phase from 930 , dating from the Rajput dynasty establishing the capital at Chamba until 1846 , the second phase during the British period ; and the third phase constituting the post independent period after its merger with the Indian Union in April 1948 . Monuments built prior to 1846 ( edit ) View of Chamba . Chamba Town . Buildings in Chamba were traditionally constructed using local materials . Buildings were made out of dry stone masonry , with the walls and floors of the older houses plastered with a concoction of clay and cow - dung . Thick wooden beams were used to support the walls , paying attention to durability and to withstand earthquakes , and wooden cantilever construction was often used to support the verandas . The staircases and doors were made from wood , with the doors often decorated in religious reliefs and flanked by two lamps to light it at night . Before the arrival of the British , who introduced slate roofs to Chamba , roofs were covered with planks , coated in clay . Few of these houses remain today , although a number still have wood - clay roofs in villages in the suburbs . The old heritage monuments , which are palaces and temples are located in the old town ( east of the Chaugans ) , on the lower slopes of Shah Madar hill . They were built in the lower valley where the two rivers and steep thickly forested hillsides provided a strong defense . Located here is the 10th century Champavati Temple , said to have marked the birth of the town , the Lakshmi Narayan group of temples ( built from 10th - 19th century ) , the 10th century Sita Ram Temple , Bansi Gopal temple , Kharura Mohalla and Hari Rai temple , the 11th century Sui Mata Temple and Chamunda Devi Temple , and the Akhand Chandi palace , overlooking the Chaugan , which has since been converted into a college . Additions were made to the palace in the form of the Zenana Mahal and the Rang Mahal in the 18th century . The temples built in Chamba demonstrate a strong Kashmiri influence with their stone temple architecture and temple iconography . Given their age however , only their unicellular layout with fluted pillars has been retained . Champavati temple ( edit ) This temple was built by Raja Sahil Varman in memory of his daughter Champavati . The temple , located near the Police Post and the Treasury building , is built in the Shikhara style , with intricate stone carvings . It has a wheel roof and is large as the Laxmi Narayan Temple . An idol of the goddess Mahishasuramardini ( Durga ) is worshipped in the temple . The walls of the temple are full of exquisite stone sculptures . On account of its historical and archaeological importance , the temple is maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India . Champavati Temple , located in the heart of the city of Chamba , is a pilgrim destination for many Hindus . It is named after Champavati , the daughter of King Sahil Varman , the founder of the temple . The temple holds great historical and religious relevance for many Hindus . Champavati Temple enshrines an idol of Goddess Mahisasuramardini , the avatar of Goddess Durga . According to the legend , the daughter of King Sahil Varman Champavati was a religious person and used to visit temples and sadhu 's ashrams regularly . The king , after getting suspicious of her actions , once followed her to a sadhu 's place , with a dagger in his cloak . Once he reached the ashram , he found that there was no one inside . To his surprise , both the sadhu and his daughter Champavati had vanished . When he was about to return , he heard a voice saying that his daughter had been taken away as a punishment of his suspicion . The voice also asked him to build a temple , on the name of his daughter Champavati , if he wanted to avoid further familial calamities . The king ordered the construction of the Champavati Temple . Now , the temple is under the Archaeological Survey of India , for its historical and archaeological importance . The major attraction of the temple is its Shikhara style architecture . Stone carved walls , full with sculptures , make the temple an attractive tourist spot . The temple has a large wheel on the rooftop , which adores it and makes it a distinguished temple in North India . The Champavati Temple is often compared with Laxmi Narayan Temple , in its grandeur . Banni Mata Temple ( edit ) See Banni Mata Temple Lakshmi Narayan temples ( edit ) Laxmi Narayan temple in Chamba The Lakshmi Narayan temples complex , devoted to the Vaishnavite sect , includes the main Lakshmi Narayan temple , built in the 10th century by Raja Sahil Verman . It has been built to suit the local climatic conditions with wooden chatries and has a shikara , and a sanctum sanctorum ( Garbhagriha ) , with an antarala and a mantapa . A metallic image of Garuda , the vahana ( mount ) of Vishnu is installed on the dwajastamba pillar at the main gate of the temple . In 1678 , Raja Chhatra Singh adorned the temple roof with gold plated pinnacles , as a riposte to Auranagzeb , who had ordered demolition of this temple . Chamunda Devi temple ( edit ) Champa Devi Temple near old market place , 1860 Chamunda Devi Temple is located in a prominent position on the spur of Shah Madar range of hills , opposite to the Chamba town . It was built by Raja Umed Singh , and was completed in 1762 . It is the only wooden temple with gabled roof ( single storied ) in Chamba , while all others in the town are built from stone in the north Indian Nagara architectural style . In the past , the temple was accessed through a stone paved steep path laid with 378 steps , but it is now approached by a 3 kilometres ( 9,800 ft ) motorable road . The temple , a trabeated structure , is built on a high raised plinth , buttressed on all four sides , and has a rectangular layout on the outside . It exterior measures 9.22 metres ( 30.2 ft ) x 6 metres ( 20 ft ) , the inner square sanctum measures 3.55 metres ( 11.6 ft ) x 3.55 metres ( 11.6 ft ) and has a parikrama path ( circumambulatory path ) of 1.67 metres ( 5.5 ft ) around the perimeter . There is a mandap in the foreground of the temple of 5.1 metres ( 17 ft ) x 6 metres ( 20 ft ) size with an agni - kund or fire pit in the centre and a gable roof covered with slates . The mandapa has carvings in wood in its multi paneled ceiling with reliefs of human figures on the pillars and brackets . Votive bells are provided in the mandap entrance and it has a Nagari inscription , which records it as the offering from Pandit Vidhadhara to the goddess Chamunda deified in the temple on 2 April 1762 , the date when the temple was consecrated . Akhand Chandi palace ( edit ) Akhand Chandi Palace The Akhand Chandi Palace , noted for its distinct green roof , was built by Raja Umed Singh between 1747 and 1765 and used as his residence . Later , Raja Sham Singh refurbished it with the assistance of British engineers . In 1879 , the Darbar Hall ( also named ' Marshal Hall ' after the builder ) was built . Raja Bhuri Singh added the Zenana Mahal ( residence of Royal ladies ) . The building was exemplary of the fusion of Mughal and British architectural influences . In 1973 , the Royal family of Chamba sold the palace to the Government of Himachal Pradesh , who in turn converted it into a Government College and District Library . Maintenance of the attractive palace , however , which has painted walls and glass work and intricate woodwork , has not been satisfactory , due to the lack of funds allocated to refurbish it . The palace provides scenic views of the Chaugan , Laxmi Narayana Temple , Sui Mata , Chamunda Devi Temple , Rang Mehal , Hari Rai Temple and Bansi Gopal Temple . Monuments built after 1846 ( edit ) The lower , old part of the town and bridge In the second half of the nineteenth century , the British administration drew up an urban plan for the development of Chamba . They laid emphasis on the building of civic buildings around the Chaugan to conceal the unorthodox structural layout of the residential complexes . The western oriented development programme grew particularly active after the arrival of Major Blair Reid in January 1863 , during the reign of Raja Shri Singh . The next fourteen years in particular , until his retirement in March 1877 , were characterised by large - scale building projects in Chamba , with Reid fully revising the administrative and revenue departments of Chamba and reorganizing the state machinery to make development more efficient . Orderly new building complexes with `` simple visual discipline with white plastered walls , lancer arch windows , cornices , sloping sheet roofs , wooden eaves and deep verandahs were planned and built '' . Road communications were dramatically improved , with the approach road to the town being diverted , to provide a way for vehicular traffic to enter from the western end of the chaugan . A cabled suspension bridge was built across the Ravi River in the lower outskirts of the town , and many important public welfare projects were started , and well as many temples , gates , gardens and churches between 1863 and 1910 . Notable works built during the colonial period include the temples in the Jansali Bazar , Gandhi Gate ( Curzon Gate ) , Shiva Temple , the Chaugans , the Police Lines , the Church of Scotland , the Shyam Singh Hospital ( built in 1891 ) , Chamba Library , the Post Office building , Bhuri Singh Museum , the State Forces barracks , and the administrative buildings of the British period . Today , architectural materials have evolved considerably since ancient times and reinforced concrete structures are rapidly changing the skyline of the town . Chaugan ( edit ) Chamba Chaugan The Chaugan ( a Sanskrit word meaning : `` four sided '' ) is the nucleus of all activity in Chamba , surrounded by impressive administrative buildings and a shopping arcade built during the British period , with the old Akhand Chandi palace standing nearby . It has a terraced grass green , and is exceptionally large for a hill station , measuring 800 metres ( 2,600 ft ) length and 80 metres ( 260 ft ) width . In 1890 , the British converted five small chaugans into a single chaugan for use as an esplanade and sports complex , and today it is commonly used for cricket matches , picnics and promenades during the mid summer months . During the annual ' Minjar Mela ' fair , the entire ground becomes a flea market . After the Dussera festival , the grounds are closed to the public until April , for maintenance purposes . Church of Scotland ( edit ) The Church of Scotland , a Presbyterian Church , known as ' St. Andrew 's Church ' , was established by the first missionary in Chamba , the Reverend William Ferguson , who served there between 1863 and 1873 . The foundation stone for building the new church was laid by the Raja of Chamba on 17 February 1899 , in the presence of the Scottish reverend Dr. M'Clymont who had come from Scotland . The Raja had contributed a generous grant to build the church and ensured that it was exquisitely built in fine stone masonry . The walls are supported by buttresses , and lancer arch windows provide the light and ventilation . Several schools are run by the Mission located within the church precincts . Bhuri Singh museum ( edit ) The Bhuri Singh Museum The Bhuri Singh Museum at Chamba was established on 14 September 1908 in honour of the raja at the time , Raja Bhuri Singh , who ruled Chamba from 1904 to 1919 . J. Ph . Vogel , an eminent indologist , and expert on the history of Chamba state , proposed the museum to preserve a number of valuable inscriptions , mostly in Sarda script , which contained some rare information about the medieval history of Chamba ; the prashastis ( inscriptions ) of Sarahan , Devi - ri - kothi and mul Kihar ( fountain inscription ) are still preserved in the museum . Bhuri Singh donated his family collection of paintings to the museum , including royal portraits which ranged from Basohli to Guler - Kangra in style , and embroidered Pahari miniatures . Numerous artifacts , important to the heritage of Chamba were added , including coins , hill jewelry and royal and traditional costumes , arms and armour , musical instruments and other items . The current museum was built in 1975 in concrete . Culture ( edit ) Arts ( edit ) Chamba miniature Pahari paintings Varaha , the boar , avatar ( incarnate ) of god Vishnu Pahari painting , 1800 , of Shiva 's family on the march Chamba miniature paintings ( edit ) Chamba is noted for its miniature Pahari paintings , where Basohli style of Pahari paintings took roots with Nikku , the artist of Basohli migrating from Guler to Chamba in the eighteenth century . Raja Udai Singh and Raja Jai Singh patronized this school of painting . During the reign of Raja Charhat Singh , folk art developed and had a lasting influence on local artists . The paintings of Chamba encompass both miniatures and murals and the Mughal influence is clearly discerned in these paintings . Distinguished artists of Chamba who have painted in this art form include Lehru , Durga and Miyan Jara Singh . The paintings were generally painted with Hindu religious themes , particularly the legends of Hindu mythology such as Radha Krishna , Shiva - Parvati , Rama Darbar , Yashoda and Krishna , Gopis , love scenes , deer , birds and women , Daya Saptashati and Krishna - Sudama . Romantic ambiance of the monsoon season in Chamba has also been painted by the artists of Pahari miniature art , in various moods and styles in Basholi colours . They are displayed in the museums at Chamba and also at Shimla and Dharamsala . Handicrafts and musical instruments ( edit ) Chamba is an important centre for the making of traditional handicrafts , and the town has numerous small workshops maintained by the artisans . Many of the items produced are exquisite and lavish , testament to the towns ' aristocratic heritage . Casting metalware in Chamba is an ancient tradition , dating back to the Bronze Age period , with items typically made out of copper or brass , and also iron , especially in the traditional making of implements and weapons by blacksmiths . Of particular note in this trade are the large plaques with reliefs , commonly used for wall decoration . The temple cupolas in Chamba district are often furnished with copper and brass items made in Chamba and often the golden kalasha or vessel crowning them is produced here . Chamba has its own unique traditional system of men 's and women 's foot wares . The foot wares were originally made from locally produced leather but is today transported to Chamba from the south of India . Women 's foot wares are embroidered as are the `` vegetarian '' foot wares which are purposefully made without leather for use in places where leather is prohibited for religious reasons . Handkerchiefs and shawls are also made in abundance in Chamba . Traditionally handspun , they are designed in such a way as to make both sides of the cloth look identical , and are beautifully embroidered . Chamba shawls are woven on hand looms in wool and typically have a bright border in a traditional design . A similar woven design is used for making caps . Traditional jewellery is made in gold and silver in Chamba as its pottery , typically kitchenware , utensils and earthen pots . Given Chamba 's history of new immigration from other parts of the country and Tibet , a variety of influences can be seen in the pieces of jewellery that are produced in Chamba . Chamba is also noted for its wood carvings , which , like the metalware is often used for iconography in temples , such as Chamunda Devi . A `` Nagara '' , a form of kettle drum is produced in Chamba as are cymbals , bells and `` Singa '' or `` Ransinga '' ( horns ) produced in both straight and curved styles . Other instruments include Shankh , Nad , Beiunsuli , Saihna , Nag Pheni , Thali Ghada , Bhana , Karnal , Pohol , Dhons , Kahal , Kansi , Hasat Ghanta and Drugg . Festivals , fairs and dances ( edit ) The Chaugan in Chamba , where fairs are held Chamba is one of those places where Basohli effect actually reached . Two melas or fairs , also known as Jatras , are of particular note in Chamba ; `` Suhi Mata Mela '' and `` Minjar Mela '' . A notable event of such fairs is when the ' chela '. a subordinate of the deity who is being worshipped goes into a trance and answers the queries and prayers of the devotees . An important festival held in Chamba is known as the `` Suhi Mata Mela '' . It is held annually in March -- April for four days to commemorate the sacrifice made by the queen of Chamba with her life , to bring water to the town . The legend associated with this festival and the Sui Mata temple , built in memory of the queen ( wife of Raja Sahil Varman ) , relates to the sacrifice she made to fulfill a prophecy in a dream , which said that water from the Sarota stream could only be accessed through an aqueduct if the queen or her son was sacrificed . Rather than kill her own son she sacrificed her own life for the town . To commemorate this event , women and children take a lead role in the festival . An image of Champavati , with banners of the Rajput solar emblem , are taken by them in a procession , dancing and singing , through the Chaugan to the Suhi Mata temple . Another popular festival held in Chamba is the `` Minjar Mela '' , held on the second Sunday of the Shravana month , corresponding to the month of August in the Gregorian calendar . It marks the triumph of the Raja of Chamba over the ruler of Trigarta ( now called as Kangra ) , in 935 AD and also celebrates the paddy and maize crops grown at this time of the year . The festival commences with offerings of ' minjar ' , consisting of a bunch of paddy plant and golden silk wrapped in red fabric . The offerings also include a rupee , a seasonal fruit , and a coconut . This occasion is also celebrated with a flag hoisting ceremony at the Chaugan that initiates a week of cultural and social programmes . The image of the deity , Lord Raghuvira , and more than 200 other deities , are taken in a procession , in a chariot pulled by ropes . Folk dances and music performances known as ' Kunjari Malhar ' are part of the festivities . On the last day of the festival , a parade is held from the Akhand Chandi Palace to Ravi River , where offerings are made to the river . This commemorates an event in which Raja Sahil Verman changed the course of the river , to make the Hari Rai temple accessible to all devotees . Chamba and the surrounding district have many local customs in dancing , illustrating the differences in geographical , anthropological and social cultures and religious beliefs in the area . A solo dance or a dance of two people such as the Pharati or Khad - dumbi is commonly performed during the Nuwala ceremony and other important occasions , such as marriages etc. and the Dangri and Sikri are said to be of note . Notable male dances include the Gaddi and Gujjar dances , Dandaras , Nat , Ghorda , Nachan , Dharumsde , the Khad - dumbi and the Chhinjhati . Notable female dances include the Ghurei , Dangi and Kikli , whilst dances such as the Shain , Dhamal , Sohal , Sal Kukdi Nachan , Ratege and Til - Chauti are performed by both sexes . Several forms of masked dance are also performed in Chamba , such as the Chhatradhi Jatar . Costumes ( edit ) Ancient people of Chamba were known to have worn a fine woolen blanket or chadar around the waist , to keep warm in the cold climate . It was often tied or girdled with a band or patka , as evidenced by some archaeological discoveries in the area depicting this fashion . The Gaddi people have traditionally worn white embroidered caps and loose - fitting white woolen garments known as a chola , tied around the waist with a black wool rope . A local custom in Chamba was to give the Jogi of the Natha sect a cotton maikhal sheet to wear over the head during the Nuwala ceremony to honour Lord Siva . Chamba and the surrounding district have been well documented as being a producer of fine cloth and embroidered dresses for centuries . `` The Jakatas , the Milinda Panha and the Vinaya of the Mulasarvastivadins mention the beautifully embroidered Kotumbara clothes of the Audumbara country ( Pathankot and Chamba ) and the fine textiles captured in the lot of Kangra Fort in 1009 around the astonishment of the soldiers of Mahmud of Ghazni . A heavier , though not less luxurious type of embriodered dresses can be traced on the fountain stones , which had been erected by the local aristocracy of Churah , in western Chamba in the 11th to 12th centuries . '' - Hermann Goetz Given the history of migrants arriving in Chamba from across Kashmir and Tibet over the centuries , today Chamba has a variety of traditional dresses , defined by the region to which they belong . The most traditional dress worn by Hindu women , on special occasions , is the pashwaj . Pashwaj is a gown with a short bodice ( blouse ) covering up to the waist . A shirt is worn , below which the dress falls in many folds , nearly touching the ground . The typical casual dress though , however , is a pairahan , with a chadar or dupatta ( stoll ) worn over the head . The lower half of the body is covered by a pyjama , known as a suthan . Muslim women also generally wear similar dresses as the Hindu women . However , the one difference is that the tunic they wear is considerably shorter , just touching the knee . They don a small vest called a angi , worn beneath the bodice . A small shirt or kurta is also common . Hindu men wear an angrakha , long tunic that touches the knees . A cloth waist - band and tight fitting pajama and a small pagri ( top hat ) worn on top of the head completes their ensemble . Music of Chamba ( edit ) Devotional songs known as ' Ainchali ' are sung throughout the night . The ' Chella ' is summoned who goes into a Tranceas soon as the sacrifices are referred to Lord Shiva . He is said to be possessed of the Lord himself . He answers the questions put to him by members of the family and their friends . Chambyal ( people of Chamba ) enjoy the traditional folk music of their area . This consists of folk songs , dances and folklores and these are accompanied by various musical instruments . Their love for folk music is evident from their keen interest in folk music which is different from that of other regions . Folk songs of Gaddis can be categorized as marriage songs , festivity songs , love songs . Marriage Songs The theme of the marriage songs is mostly related to the selection of groom and the girl 's wishes regarding it . The songs which are sung at the time of wedding ceremony are known as ' Charlai ' and these songs depict that the relatives of the bride and groom seek the blessings from the God . Festivity Songs Chambyals celebrate many fairs and festivals with great pump and show . They sing many songs which are usually accompanied by folk dances . Major folk songs are - ' Sukart and Ghanihar ' , ' Kunjadi Malhar ' during Minjar Mela , ' Ainchali ' on Nuala , songs related to Baisakhi at the time of ' Basoa ' and ' Kunjadi ' songs of the rainy season are sung during Patroru festival . Love Songs These songs are of Shrinagar rasa . Mostly the feelings of separation , hard life of Gaddis , their social bindings and the tales of sacrifice , unsuccessful love etc. are depicted through these songs . Famous Love songs are , ' Kunju and Chanchlo ' , ' Phulmu and Ranjhu ' , ' Raja Gaddan ' and ' Bhunku Gaddi ' that are very popular among the city and the state . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aśoka Jeratha . Dogra legends art and culture . Chamba : Indus Publishing , 1998 . pp. 271 pages . ISBN 9788173870828 . ^ Jump up to : Sharma & Sethi ( 1997 ) , p. 34 ^ Jump up to : Bhatnagar ( 2008 ) , pages 39 - 44 ^ Jump up to : `` Places of Interest in Chamba '' . National Informatics Centre : Government of Chamba district . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Hindu Hill Kingdoms '' . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` PahariKamat '' . ^ Jump up to : Bradnock ( 2000 ) , p. 211 ^ Jump up to : `` Chamba at Glance : History '' . National Informatics Centre : Government of Chamba district . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Bharati ( 2001 ) , pp. 16 - 23 Jump up ^ Bharati ( 2001 ) , pp. 23 - 24 ^ Jump up to : Bharati ( 2001 ) , p. 24 ^ Jump up to : `` Introducing Chamba '' . Lonely Planet . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` CHAMBA : Gopal Singh , Raja of Chamba ( ruled 1870 - 1873 ) '' . British Library . Jump up ^ htm Jump up ^ Archer ( 1973 ) , p. 68 ^ Jump up to : Pramanik , Prabal . `` History of Chamba '' . Chamba Heritage . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` About Chamba '' . Himachal Pradesh Tourism Department . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Bharati ( 2001 ) , p. 16 ^ Jump up to : `` Chamera power station shut down '' . The Tribune ( Himachal Pradesh ) . 2005 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Bhatnagar ( 2008 ) , p. 40 ^ Jump up to : `` Chamba Hill station '' . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Access to Chamba '' . National Informatics Centre : Government of Chamba district . Archived from the original on 8 December 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chamba Tourism '' . India Line . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Chamba - Himachal Pradesh '' . Hill Resorts in India . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Census of India 2001 : Data from the 2001 Census , including cities , villages and towns ( Provisional ) '' . Census Commission of India . Archived from the original on 2004 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Census of India '' . Chamba at Srno932 . Census of India . Archived from the original on 2004 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Pramanik , Prabal . `` Gaddis and Gujjars '' . Chamba Heritage . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Sharma & Sethi ( 1997 ) , p. 35 Jump up ^ Bhatnagar ( 2008 ) , p. 43 ^ Jump up to : Pramanik , Prabal . `` Traditional architecture in Chamba '' . Chamba Heritage . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Bradnock ( 2000 ) , p. 212 ^ Jump up to : Bhatnagar ( 2008 ) , p. 42 Jump up ^ Handa ( 2005 ) , p. 174 Jump up ^ `` ChampavatiTempleChamba '' . Himachal Tourism . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chamunda devi temple history '' . Tourism Chamba . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Handa ( 2001 ) , pp. 133 - 135 ^ Jump up to : `` AkhandChandiPalaceChamba '' . Himachal Pradesh Tourism . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Pramanik , Prabal . `` Development of Chamba '' . Chamba Heritage . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : The Church of Scotland home and foreign mission record , Volume 24 . Chamba , laying the foundation stone of the New Church . Church of Scotland . 1899 . p. 136 . Jump up ^ `` Church of Scotland '' . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Dogra legends of art & culture By Aśoka Jeratha pp. 112 - 4 ^ Jump up to : `` Himachal Pradesh : Fine Arts - Chamba School '' . Archived from the original on 22 October 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` FINE ARTS Himachal Pradesh '' . Chamba School . Archived from the original on 22 October 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Tourism '' . National Informatics Centre : Government of Chamba district . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Pramanik , Prabal . `` Handicrafts of Chamba '' . Chamba Heritage . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Margabandhu , Chedarambattu ( 1991 ) . Indian Archaeological Heritage : Shri K.V. Soundara Rajan Festschrift , Chedarambattu Margabandhu , Volume 2 . Agam Kala Prakashan . p. 595 . Jump up ^ `` Folk instruments '' . National Informatics Centre : Government of Chamba district . Archived from the original on 4 August 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fairs in Chamba '' . National Informatics Centre : Government of Chamba district . Archived from the original on 27 August 2002 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` MinjarMelaChamba '' . Himachal Tourism . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Sharma ( 2004 ) , p. 50 Jump up ^ Pramanik , Prabal . `` Festivals of Chamba '' . Chamba Heritage . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Sharma ( 2004 ) , p. 08 ^ Jump up to : Sharma ( 2004 ) , p. 07 ^ Jump up to : Sharma ( 1997 ) , p. 36 ^ Jump up to : `` Dress and Ornaments '' . National Informatics Centre . Archived from the original on 28 August 2002 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Music of Chamba - https://books.google.com/books?id=CDxa5G2S0AwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false References ( edit ) Archer , W. G ( 1973 ) . Indian Paintings from the Punjab Hills : A Survey and History of Pahari Miniature Painting . Sotheby Parke Bernet . ISBN 0 - 85667 - 002 - 2 . Bhatnagar , Manu ( 2008 ) . `` Chamba Urban evolution of an ancient town in the Himalaya '' ( pdf ) . Journal of the Development and Research Organization for Nature , Arts and Heritage . UNESCO . Indian Heritage Cities Network . 5 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 44 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 26 . Bharati , K.R ( 2001 ) . Chamba Himalaya : amazing land , unique culture . Indus Publishing . ISBN 81 - 7387 - 125 - 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 26 . Bradnock , Robert & Roma ( 2000 ) . Footprint Indian Himalaya Handbook : The Travel Guide . Footprint Travel Guides . ISBN 1 - 900949 - 79 - 2 . Handa , O.C ( 2001 ) . Temple architecture of the western Himalaya : wooden temples . Chamunda Devi temple at Chamba . Indus Publishing . ISBN 81 - 7387 - 115 - 9 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . Handa , O.C ( 2005 ) . Gaddi land in Chamba : its history , art & culture : new light on the early ... Gaddi Land in Chamba Stone temples . Indus Publishing . ISBN 81 - 7387 - 174 - 4 . Scotland , Church of ( 1899 ) . The Church of Scotland home and foreign mission record , Volume 24 . Chamba , laying the foundation stone of the New Church . Church of Scotland . Sharma , K.P. ; Sethi , S.M. ( 1997 ) . Costumes and ornaments of Chamba . Indus Publishing . ISBN 81 - 7387 - 067 - 5 . Sharma , K.P. ( 2004 ) . Folk dances of Chambā . Indus Publishing . ISBN 81 - 7387 - 166 - 3 . Negi , Baldev Singh ( 2012 ) , Single Line Administration and Tribal Development in Himachal Pradesh , Lambert Academic Publishing , Germany , ISBN 978 - 3 - 8473 - 3461 - 3 . Rana , Kulwant Singh , Negi , Baldev Singh ( 2012 ) , Changing Cropping Pattern in the Tribal Areas of Himachal Pradesh : with special reference to Pangi Valley , Lambert Academic Publishing , Germany , ISBN 978 - 3 - 8473 - 7695 - 8 . Negi , Baldev Singh ( 2012 ) , Village Studies in Northern India : a case study of Devikothi , Lambert Academic Publishing , Germany , ISBN 978 - 3 - 8473 - 4743 - 9 Further reading ( edit ) Hutchinson , J. & J. PH Vogel ( 1933 ) . History of the Panjab Hill States , Vol . I. 1st edition : Govt . Printing , Pujab , Lahore , 1933 . Reprint 2000 . Department of Language and Culture , Himachal Pradesh . Chapter IV Chamba State , pp. 268 -- 339 . Negi , Baldev Singh ( 2012 ) , Single Line Administration and Tribal Development in Himachal Pradesh , Lambert Academic Publishing , Germany , ISBN 978 - 3 - 8473 - 3461 - 3 . Rana , Kulwant Singh , Negi , Baldev Singh ( 2012 ) , Changing Cropping Pattern in the Tribal Areas of Himachal Pradesh : with special reference to Pangi Valley , Lambert Academic Publishing , Germany , ISBN 978 - 3 - 8473 - 7695 - 8 . Negi , Baldev Singh ( 2012 , Village Studies in Northern India : a case study of Devikothi , Lambert Academic Publishing , Germany , ISBN 978 - 3 - 8473 - 4743 - 9 Ulrich Friebel , Trekking in Himachal Pradesh , NaturFreunde - Verlag Stuttgart 2001 , ISBN 3 - 925311 - 23 - 8 External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Chamba . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chamba . MyBhaderwah - The heaven on earth Chamba district website Nearby Valley ( hide ) State of Himachal Pradesh Capital : Shimla History Prehistory and protohistory Early history Mughal rule British rule Freedom struggle Kangra - Lambagraon Punjab Hill States agency Guge Culture Arts and crafts Languages Mandiyali Kangri Kinnauri Pahari Music Traditional dances Jurisdiction Chief Ministers Governors High Court Government Vidhan Sabha Districts Mandi Shimla Solan Kangra Kullu Una Bilaspur Chamba Hamirpur Kinnaur Lahul and Spiti Sirmaur Major cities Shimla Solan Nahan Mandi Sundar Nagar Dharamsala Economy Agriculture Animal husbandry Industry Social services Transport Geography Lakes Rivers Climate Protected areas Highest point Education Indian Institute of Technology Mandi Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Green Hills Engineering College Himachal University IITT college of Engineering Indian Institute of Advanced Study Institute of Engineering and Emerging Technologies National Institute of Technology , Hamirpur Jaypee University of Information Technology Chitkara University Lawrence School University Institute of Information Technology ( UIIT ) People The Great Khali 14th Dalai Lama Mohit Chauhan Prem Kumar Dhumal Anupam Kher Kangana Ranaut Preity Zinta Sukh Ram Anurag Thakur James Quinton Norah Richards Anuj Sharma Ruskin Bond Pratibha Singh Kaul Singh Thakur Virbhadra Singh Kaul Singh Thakur Shanta Kumar more Images Picture gallery Image gallery at Wikimedia Commons Others Bilaspur -- Mandi -- Leh line Rohtang Tunnel Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chamba,_Himachal_Pradesh&oldid=793883150 '' Categories : 920 establishments in Asia Cities and towns in Chamba district Chamba , Himachal Pradesh 10th - century establishments in India Hidden categories : Use Indian English from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from April 2017 Articles containing Hindi - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2001 All articles containing potentially dated statements Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Bân - lâm - gú Cebuano Deutsch Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Italiano മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski संस्कृतम् Svenska اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2017 , at 14 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which raja of chamba transferred the capital of his state from bharmaur to chamba | [
"Though historical records date the history of the Chamba region to the Kolian tribes in the 2nd century BC, the area was formally ruled by the Maru dynasty, starting with the Raju Maru from around 500 AD, ruling from the ancient capital of Bharmour, which is located 75 kilometres (47 mi) from the town of Chamba.[2] In 920, Raja Sahil Varman (or Raja Sahil Verma) shifted the capital of the kingdom to Chamba, following the specific request of his daughter Champavati [3] (Chamba was named after her). From the time of Raju Maru, 67 Rajas of this dynasty have ruled over Chamba until it finally merged with the Indian Union in April 1948, although Chamba was under British suzerainty from 1846 to this time.[2]"
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"Raja Sahil Varman (or Raja Sahil Verma)"
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818057676954027913 | 1956–57 NBA season | 1956 -- 57 NBA season - Wikipedia 1956 -- 57 NBA season Jump to : navigation , search 1956 -- 57 NBA season League National Basketball Association Sport Basketball Number of games 72 Number of teams 8 TV partner ( s ) NBC Regular season Season MVP Bob Cousy ( Boston ) Top scorer Paul Arizin ( Philadelphia ) Playoffs Eastern champions Boston Celtics Eastern runners - up Syracuse Nationals Western champions St. Louis Hawks Western runners - up Minneapolis Lakers Finals Champions Boston Celtics Runners - up St. Louis Hawks NBA seasons ← 1955 -- 56 1957 -- 58 → The 1956 -- 57 NBA season was the 11th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Boston Celtics winning the NBA Championship ( which would be the first of their 17 NBA titles ) , beating the St. Louis Hawks 4 games to 3 in the NBA Finals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Notable occurrences 2 Final standings 2.1 Eastern Division 2.2 Western Division 3 Statistics leaders 4 NBA awards 5 References Notable occurrences ( edit ) The 1957 NBA All - Star Game was played in Boston , Massachusetts , with the East beating the West 109 - 97 . Local hero Bob Cousy of the Boston Celtics wins the game 's MVP award . Final standings ( edit ) Eastern Division ( edit ) Eastern Division PCT GB Home Road Neutral Div x-Boston Celtics 44 28 . 611 - 24 - 4 11 - 18 9 - 6 20 - 16 x-Syracuse Nationals 38 34 . 528 6 23 - 9 9 - 15 6 - 10 20 - 16 x-Philadelphia Warriors 37 35 . 514 7 20 - 5 5 -- 25 12 - 5 17 - 19 New York Knicks 36 36 . 500 8 18 - 10 9 - 19 9 - 7 15 - 21 Western division ( edit ) Western Division PCT GB Home Road Neutral Div x-St . Louis Hawks 34 38 . 472 - 17 - 9 10 - 20 7 - 9 22 - 14 x-Minneapolis Lakers 34 38 . 472 - 15 - 9 5 - 22 14 - 7 18 - 18 x-Fort Wayne Pistons 34 38 . 472 - 23 - 5 5 - 23 6 - 10 17 - 19 Rochester Royals 31 41 . 431 19 - 10 7 - 17 5 - 14 15 - 21 St. Louis finished ahead of Fort Wayne and Minneapolis by defeating them in tiebreaker matches . x -- clinched playoff spot Statistics leaders ( edit ) Player Team Stat Points Paul Arizin Philadelphia Warriors 1,817 Rebounds Maurice Stokes Rochester Royals 1,256 Assists Bob Cousy Boston Celtics 478 FG % Neil Johnston Philadelphia Warriors . 447 FT % Bill Sharman Boston Celtics . 905 Note : Prior to the 1969 -- 70 season , league leaders in points , rebounds , and assists were determined by totals rather than averages . NBA awards ( edit ) Most Valuable Player : Bob Cousy , Boston Celtics Rookie of the Year : Tom Heinsohn , Boston Celtics All - NBA First Team : Paul Arizin , Philadelphia Warriors Bob Pettit , St. Louis Hawks Bob Cousy , Boston Celtics Bill Sharman , Boston Celtics Dolph Schayes , Syracuse Nationals All - NBA Second Team : Dick Garmaker , Minneapolis Lakers Neil Johnston , Philadelphia Warriors Slater Martin , St. Louis Hawks Maurice Stokes , Rochester Royals George Yardley , Fort Wayne Pistons References ( edit ) 1956 -- 57 NBA Season Summary basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 NBA seasons 1940s 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1950s 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1960s 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1970s 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1980s 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1990s 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 2000s 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2010s 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 1956 -- 57 NBA season Draft All - Star Game Playoffs Finals Eastern Boston New York Philadelphia Syracuse Western Fort Wayne Minneapolis Rochester St. Louis This basketball - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1956 -- 57_NBA_season&oldid = 764445911 '' Categories : 1956 -- 57 NBA season Basketball stubs Hidden categories : Pages using infobox sports season with unknown parameters All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Español Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Монгол 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 February 2017 , at 23 : 48 . About Wikipedia | how many teams in the nba in 1956 | [
"\n\n1956–57 NBA season\n\n\nLeague\nNational Basketball Association\n\n\nSport\nBasketball\n\n\nNumber of games\n72\n\n\nNumber of teams\n8\n\n\nTV partner(s)\nNBC\n\n\nRegular season\n\n\nSeason MVP\nBob Cousy (Boston)\n\n\nTop scorer\nPaul Arizin (Philadelphia)\n\n\nPlayoffs\n\n\nEastern champions\nBoston Celtics\n\n\n Eastern runners-up\nSyracuse Nationals\n\n\nWestern champions\nSt. Louis Hawks\n\n\n Western runners-up\nMinneapolis Lakers\n\n\nFinals\n\n\nChampions\nBoston Celtics\n\n\n Runners-up\nSt. Louis Hawks\n\n\nNBA seasons\n\n\n\n← 1955–56\n1957–58 →\n\n\n"
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-3203915870952700319 | LeBron James | LeBron James - wikipedia LeBron James `` LeBron '' redirects here . For other uses , see Lebron ( disambiguation ) . It has been suggested that LeBron James Jr. be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since August 2018 . LeBron James James with the Cavaliers in 2017 No. 23 -- Los Angeles Lakers Position Small forward / Shooting guard League NBA ( 1984 - 12 - 30 ) December 30 , 1984 ( age 33 ) Akron , Ohio Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) Listed weight 250 lb ( 113 kg ) Career information High school St. Vincent -- St. Mary ( Akron , Ohio ) NBA draft 2003 / Round : 1 / Pick : 1st overall Selected by the Cleveland Cavaliers Playing career 2003 -- present Career history 2003 -- 2010 Cleveland Cavaliers 2010 -- 2014 Miami Heat 2014 -- 2018 Cleveland Cavaliers 2018 -- present Los Angeles Lakers Career highlights and awards 3 × NBA champion ( 2012 , 2013 , 2016 ) 3 × NBA Finals MVP ( 2012 , 2013 , 2016 ) 4 × NBA Most Valuable Player ( 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 ) 14 × NBA All - Star ( 2005 -- 2018 ) 3 × NBA All - Star Game MVP ( 2006 , 2008 , 2018 ) 12 × All - NBA First Team ( 2006 , 2008 -- 2018 ) 2 × All - NBA Second Team ( 2005 , 2007 ) 5 × NBA All - Defensive First Team ( 2009 -- 2013 ) NBA All - Defensive Second Team ( 2014 ) NBA Rookie of the Year ( 2004 ) NBA scoring champion ( 2008 ) J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award ( 2017 ) 2 × AP Athlete of the Year ( 2013 , 2016 ) 2 × Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year ( 2012 , 2016 ) USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year ( 2012 ) 2 × Mr. Basketball USA ( 2002 , 2003 ) Naismith Prep Player of the Year ( 2003 ) McDonald 's All - American Game MVP ( 2003 ) 3 × Ohio Mr. Basketball ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Stats at NBA.com Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Medals ( hide ) Men 's basketball Representing the United States Olympic Games 2008 Beijing Team 2012 London Team 2004 Athens Team FIBA World Championship 2006 Japan FIBA Americas Championship 2007 Las Vegas LeBron Raymone James Sr. ( / ləˈbrɒn / ; born December 30 , 1984 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Often considered the best basketball player in the world and regarded by some as the greatest player of all time , James ' NBA accomplishments are extensive and include four NBA Most Valuable Player Awards , three NBA Finals MVP Awards , two Olympic gold medals , three All - Star Game MVP awards , and an NBA scoring title . He is the all - time NBA playoffs scoring leader and has amassed fourteen NBA All - Star Game appearances , twelve All - NBA First Team designations , and five All - Defensive First Team honors . A prep - to - pro , James played high school basketball for St. Vincent -- St. Mary High School in his hometown of Akron , Ohio , where he was heavily touted in the national media as a future NBA superstar . He joined the Cleveland Cavaliers in 2003 as the first overall draft pick . James quickly emerged as a league star and concluded his first season by winning the NBA Rookie of the Year Award . He would go on to establish himself as one of the premier players in the NBA with multiple accolades , including being given the NBA Most Valuable Player Award in 2009 and 2010 . However , after falling short of the championship expectations set by the media , fans , and himself , James departed Cleveland in 2010 as a free agent to sign with the Miami Heat . This move was announced in an ESPN special titled The Decision , and is one of the most controversial free agent decisions in American sports history . In Miami , James won his first NBA championship in 2012 , and followed that with another title a year later . He was named league MVP and NBA Finals MVP in both championship years . In 2014 , James opted out of his contract with Miami after four seasons to re-sign with the Cavaliers . In 2016 , James led the Cavaliers to their first NBA championship by defeating the Golden State Warriors to end Cleveland 's 52 - year professional sports title drought . In 2018 , he opted out of his Cleveland contract to sign with the Lakers . Contents 1 Early life 2 High school career 2.1 Basketball 2.2 Football 3 Professional career 3.1 Cleveland Cavaliers 3.1. 1 2003 -- 2004 : Rookie season 3.1. 2 2004 -- 2008 : Rise to superstardom 3.1. 3 2008 -- 2010 : MVP seasons 3.2 Miami Heat 3.2. 1 The Decision 3.2. 2 2010 -- 2011 : Year of media and fan scrutiny 3.2. 3 2011 -- 2013 : Back - to - back championships 3.2. 4 2013 -- 2014 : Final season in Miami 3.3 Return to the Cavaliers 3.3. 1 2014 -- 16 : Ending the Cleveland sports curse 3.3. 2 2016 -- 18 : Final seasons in Cleveland 3.4 Los Angeles Lakers 4 National team career 5 Player profile 5.1 Offense 5.2 Defense 6 Off the court 6.1 Personal life 6.2 Public image 6.3 Media figure and business interests 6.4 Activism 7 NBA career statistics 7.1 Regular season 7.2 Playoffs 8 Awards and honors 9 Filmography 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Early life James was born on December 30 , 1984 , in Akron , Ohio to a 16 - year - old mother , Gloria Marie James . His father , Anthony McClelland , has an extensive criminal record and was not involved in their life . When James was growing up , life was often a struggle for the family , as they moved from apartment to apartment in the seedier neighborhoods of Akron while Gloria struggled to find steady work . Realizing that her son would be better off in a more stable family environment , Gloria allowed him to move in with the family of Frank Walker , a local youth football coach who introduced James to basketball when he was nine years old . James started playing organized basketball in the fifth grade . He later played Amateur Athletic Union ( AAU ) basketball for the Northeast Ohio Shooting Stars . The team enjoyed success on a local and national level , led by James and his friends Sian Cotton , Dru Joyce III , and Willie McGee . The group was inseparable and dubbed themselves the `` Fab Four '' , promising each other that they would attend high school together . In a move that stirred local controversy , they chose to attend St. Vincent -- St. Mary High School , a predominantly white private Catholic school . High school career Basketball As a freshman , James averaged 21 points and 6 rebounds per game for the St. Vincent - St. Mary varsity basketball team . The Fighting Irish finished the year 27 -- 0 , winning the Division III state title and becoming the only boys high school team to have an undefeated season . As a sophomore , James averaged 25.2 points and 7.2 rebounds with 5.8 assists and 3.8 steals per game . For some home games during the season , St. Vincent - St. Mary played at the University of Akron 's 5,492 - seat Rhodes Arena to satisfy ticket demand from alumni , fans , and college and NBA scouts who wanted to see James play . The Fighting Irish finished the season 26 -- 1 and repeated as state champions . For his outstanding play , James was named Ohio Mr. Basketball and selected to the USA Today All - USA First Team , becoming the first sophomore to do either . Prior to the start of his junior year , James appeared in SLAM Magazine and writer Ryan Jones lauded him as possibly `` the best high school basketball player in America right now '' . During the season , he appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated , becoming the first high school basketball underclassman to do so . With averages of 29 points , 8.3 rebounds , 5.7 assists , and 3.3 steals per game , he was again named Ohio Mr. Basketball and selected to the USA Today All - USA First Team , and became the first junior to be named boys ' basketball Gatorade National Player of the Year . St. Vincent - St. Mary finished the year with a 23 -- 4 record , ending their season with a loss in the Division II championship game . Following the loss , James unsuccessfully petitioned for a change to the NBA 's draft eligibility rules , which required prospective players to have at least a high school diploma , in an attempt to enter the 2002 NBA draft . During this time , he used marijuana , which he said was to help cope with the stress that resulted from the constant media attention he was receiving . Throughout his senior year , James and the Fighting Irish traveled around the country to play a number of nationally ranked teams , including a game against Oak Hill Academy that was nationally televised on ESPN2 . Time Warner Cable , looking to capitalize on James 's popularity , offered St. Vincent - St. Mary 's games to subscribers on a pay - per - view basis throughout the season . For the year , James averaged 31.6 points , 9.6 rebounds , 4.6 assists , and 3.4 steals per game , was named Ohio Mr. Basketball and selected to the USA Today All - USA First Team for an unprecedented third consecutive year , and was named Gatorade National Player of the Year for the second consecutive year . He participated in three year - end high school basketball all - star games -- the EA Sports Roundball Classic , the Jordan Capital Classic , and the McDonald 's All - American Game -- losing his National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) eligibility and making it official that he would enter the 2003 NBA draft . Many basketball analysts , scouts , and writers have remarked that James left high school as one of the best and most hyped prospects of all time . Also during his senior year , James was the centerpiece of several controversies . For his 18th birthday , he skirted state amateur bylaws by accepting a Hummer H2 from his mother , who had secured a loan for the vehicle by utilizing LeBron 's future earning power as an NBA superstar . This prompted an investigation by the Ohio High School Athletic Association ( OHSAA ) because its guidelines stated that no amateur may accept any gift valued over $100 as a reward for athletic performance . James was cleared of any wrongdoing because he had accepted the gift from a family member and not from an agent or any outside source . Later in the season , James accepted two throwback jerseys worth $845 from an urban clothing store in exchange for posing for pictures , officially violating OHSAA rules and resulting in him being stripped of his high school sports eligibility . James appealed the ruling and his penalty was eventually dropped to a two - game suspension , allowing him to play the remainder of the year . The Irish were also forced to forfeit one of their wins , their only official loss that season . In his first game back after the suspension , James scored a career - high 52 points . St. Vincent - St. Mary went on to win the Division II championship , marking their third division title in four years . Football As an underclassman , James played wide receiver for St. Vincent - St. Mary 's football team and was recruited by some Division I programs , including Notre Dame . In his sophomore year , he was named first team all - state , and as a junior , he helped lead the Fighting Irish to the state semifinals . After James broke his wrist during an AAU basketball game , he decided not to play football in his senior year . Some sports analysts , football critics , high school coaches , former and current players have speculated that he could have played in the National Football League . Professional career Cleveland Cavaliers 2003 -- 2004 : rookie season James picks up his dribble against the Washington Wizards in November 2006 . James was selected by his hometown team , the Cleveland Cavaliers , as the first overall pick of the 2003 NBA draft . In his first regular season game , he scored 25 points against the Sacramento Kings , setting an NBA record for most points scored by a prep - to - pro player in his debut performance . At the conclusion of the season , he was named the NBA Rookie of the Year , finishing with averages of 20.9 points , 5.5 rebounds , and 5.9 assists per game . He became the first Cavalier to receive the honor and just the third player in NBA history to average at least 20 points , 5 rebounds , and 5 assists per game as a rookie . The Cavaliers finished the season 35 -- 47 , failing to make the playoffs despite an 18 - game improvement over the previous year . 2004 -- 2008 : Rise to superstardom James earned his first NBA All - Star Game selection in 2004 -- 05 , contributing 13 points , 8 rebounds , and 6 assists in a winning effort for the Eastern Conference . Around the league , teams took note of his rapid development , with Denver Nuggets coach George Karl telling Sports Illustrated , `` It 's weird talking about a 20 - year - old kid being a great player , but he is a great player ... He 's the exception to almost every rule . '' On March 20 , James scored 56 points against the Toronto Raptors , setting Cleveland 's new single - game points record . With final averages of 27.2 points , 7.4 rebounds , 7.2 assists , and 2.2 steals per game , he was named to his first All - NBA Team . Despite a 30 -- 20 record to start the year , the Cavaliers again failed to make the playoffs , finishing the season 42 -- 40 . At the 2006 All - Star Game , James led the East to victory with 29 points and was named the NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player . Behind final season averages of 31.4 points , 7 rebounds , and 6.6 assists per game , he also finished second in overall NBA Most Valuable Player Award voting to Steve Nash . Under James 's leadership , the Cavaliers qualified for the playoffs for the first time since 1998 . In his postseason debut , James recorded a triple - double in a winning effort versus the Washington Wizards . In Game 3 of the series , he made the first game - winning shot of his career , making another in Game 5 . Cleveland would go on to defeat the Wizards before being ousted by the Detroit Pistons in the second round . James engages in his pre-game ritual of tossing crushed chalk into the air , March 2008 . The routine was mostly ended after 2011 . In 2006 -- 07 , James 's averages declined to 27.3 points , 6.7 rebounds , 6 assists , and 1.6 steals per game . Some analysts attributed the fall to a regression in his passing skills and shot selection , which stemmed from a lack of effort and focus . The Cavaliers finished the season with 50 wins for the second consecutive year and entered the playoffs as the East 's second seed . In Game 5 of the NBA Conference Finals , James notched 48 points with 9 rebounds and 7 assists , scoring 29 of Cleveland 's last 30 points , including the game - winning layup with two seconds left , against the Pistons . After the game , play - by - play announcer Marv Albert called the performance `` one of the greatest moments in postseason history '' and color commentator Steve Kerr described it as `` Jordan-esque '' . In 2012 , ESPN ranked the performance the fourth greatest in modern NBA playoff history . The Cavaliers went on to win Game 6 and claim their first - ever Eastern Conference championship , earning them a matchup with the San Antonio Spurs in the NBA Finals . During the championship round , James struggled , averaging 22 points , 7.0 rebounds , and 6.8 assists per game on just 35.6 percent shooting , and Cleveland was eliminated in a sweep . In February of the 2007 -- 08 season , James was named All - Star Game MVP for the second time behind a 27 - point , 8 - rebound , and 9 - assist performance . On March 21 , he moved past Brad Daugherty as the Cavaliers ' all - time leading scorer in a game against the Raptors , doing so in over 100 less games than Daugherty . His 30 points per game were also the highest in the league , representing his first scoring title . Despite his individual accomplishments , Cleveland 's record fell from the year before to 45 -- 37 . Seeded fourth in the East entering the playoffs , the Cavaliers defeated the Wizards in the first round for the third consecutive season before being eliminated in seven games by the eventual - champion Boston Celtics in the next round . During the decisive seventh game in Boston , James scored 45 points and Paul Pierce scored 41 in a game the Associated Press described as a `` shootout '' . 2008 -- 2010 : MVP seasons James and DeShawn Stevenson in April 2008 . The two had a short feud after Stevenson called James `` overrated '' . At the conclusion of the 2008 -- 09 season , James finished second in NBA Defensive Player of the Year voting and made his first NBA All - Defensive Team , posting 23 chase - down blocks and a career - high 93 total blocks . He also became only the fourth postmerger player to lead his team in points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocks in a single season . Behind his play and the acquisition of All - Star guard Mo Williams , Cleveland went a franchise record 66 -- 16 and fell just one game short of matching the best home record in league history . With final averages of 28.4 points , 7.6 rebounds , 7.2 assists , 1.7 steals , and 1.2 blocks per game , James became the first Cavalier to win the MVP Award . Reflecting on James 's performance for ESPN , John Hollinger later wrote , `` He 's having what is arguably the greatest individual season in history , and it 's time we gave him his due for it . '' In the playoffs , Cleveland swept the Pistons and the Atlanta Hawks to earn a matchup with the Orlando Magic in the Conference Finals . In Game 1 of the series , James scored 49 points on 66 percent shooting in a losing effort for the Cavaliers . In Game 2 , he hit a game - winner to tie the series at 1 -- 1 . Cleveland would lose the series in six games , and following the loss in Game 6 , James immediately left the floor without shaking hands with his opponents , which was an act that many media members viewed as unsportsmanlike . For the series , he averaged 38.5 points , 8.3 rebounds , and 8 assists per game , finishing the postseason with a career playoff - high 35.3 points per game . In February of the 2009 -- 10 season , James was forced into a temporary point guard role following a series of injuries to players in the Cavaliers ' backcourt . Behind his leadership , Cleveland lost no momentum , finishing the year with the best record in the league for the second consecutive season . Due in part to his increased minutes as the Cavaliers ' primary ball handler , James increased his statistical production , averaging 29.7 points , 7.3 rebounds , 8.6 assists , 1.6 steals , and 1 block per game on 50 percent shooting en route to another MVP Award . To open the playoffs , Cleveland advanced past the Bulls to earn a matchup with the Celtics in the second round . James was heavily criticized for not playing well in Game 5 of the series , shooting only 20 percent on 14 shots and scoring 15 points . The team suffered its worst loss in franchise history , and at the conclusion of the game , James walked off the court to a smattering of boos from Cleveland 's home crowd . The Cavaliers were officially eliminated from the postseason in Game 6 , with James posting 27 points , 19 rebounds , 10 assists , and nine turnovers in the losing effort . Miami Heat The Decision Main article : The Decision ( TV special ) James with the Cavaliers in November 2009 . He finished his first stint with the Cavs averaging 27.8 points , 7 rebounds , 7 assists , and 1.7 steals per game . James became an unrestricted free agent at 12 : 01 am EDT on July 1 , 2010 . During this time , he was contacted by several teams , including the Bulls , Los Angeles Clippers , Miami Heat , New York Knicks , New Jersey Nets , and Cavaliers . On July 8 , he announced on a live ESPN special titled The Decision that he would sign with the Heat . The telecast was broadcast from the Boys & Girls Club of Greenwich , Connecticut and raised $2.5 million for the charity . An additional $3.5 million was raised from advertising revenue , which was donated to other charities . The day before the special , fellow free agents Chris Bosh and Dwyane Wade also announced that they would sign with Miami ; reports later arose that the trio had discussed their upcoming 2010 free agencies among themselves back in 2006 . James decided to join with Bosh and Wade in part so that he could shoulder less of the offensive load ; he thought that his improved teammates would give him a better chance of winning an NBA championship than had he stayed in Cleveland . Heat president Pat Riley played a major role in selling James on the idea of playing with Bosh and Wade . James would be relieved of the burden of scoring , and he thought he could be the first player since Oscar Robertson to average a triple - double in a season . Upon leaving the Cavaliers , James drew intense criticism from sports analysts , executives , fans , and current and former players . The Decision itself was also scrutinized and viewed as unnecessary . Many thought that the prolonged wait for James 's choice was unprofessional as not even the teams courting him were aware of his decision until moments before the show . Upon learning that James would not be returning to Cleveland , Cavaliers owner Dan Gilbert published an open letter to fans in which he aggressively denounced James 's actions . Some angry fans of the team recorded videos of themselves burning his jersey . Former NBA players , including Michael Jordan and Magic Johnson , were also critical of James , condemning him for joining with Bosh and Wade in Miami and not trying to win a championship as `` the guy '' . James drew further criticism in a September interview with CNN when he claimed that race might have been a factor in the fallout from The Decision . As a result of his actions during the 2010 free agency period , he quickly gained a reputation as one of America 's most disliked athletes , a radical change from years prior . The phrase `` taking my talents to South Beach '' became a punch line for critics . In retrospect , James has expressed some regret over his handling of The Decision . 2010 -- 2011 : year of media and Fan scrutiny James goes in for a slam dunk as a member of the Miami Heat in March 2011 . James officially signed with the Heat on July 10 , 2010 . With the move , he became only the third reigning MVP to change teams and the first since Moses Malone in 1982 . That evening , the Heat threw a welcome party for their new `` big three '' at the American Airlines Arena , an event that took on a rock concert atmosphere . During the gathering , James predicted a dynasty for the Heat and alluded to multiple championships . Outside of Miami , the spectacle was not well - received , furthering the negative public perception of James . Throughout the 2010 -- 11 season , James and the Heat were treated as villains by the media and opposing fanbases . To begin the year , they struggled to adjust to these new circumstances , going only 9 -- 8 after 17 games . James later admitted that the constant negativity surrounding the team made him play with an angrier demeanor than in years past . On December 2 , James faced the Cavaliers in Cleveland for the first time since departing as a free agent . He scored 38 points and led Miami to a win while being booed every time he touched the ball . The Heat eventually turned their season around and finished as the East 's second seed , with James averaging 26.7 points , 7.5 rebounds , and 7 assists per game on 51 percent shooting . In the conference semifinals , James and his teammates found themselves matched up with the Celtics for the second consecutive year . In Game 5 , he scored Miami 's last ten points to help seal a series - clinching win . After the final buzzer , he famously knelt on the court in an emotional moment , later telling reporters that it was an extremely personal victory for him and the team . The Heat eventually advanced to the Finals , where they were defeated by the Dallas Mavericks in six games . James received the brunt of the criticism for the loss , averaging only three points in fourth quarters in the series . His Finals scoring average of 17.8 points per game signified an 8.9 - point drop from the regular season , the largest point drop - off in league history . 2011 -- 2013 : back - to - back championships James was humbled by the Heat 's loss to the Mavericks , and the experience inspired him to leave behind the villain role that he had been embracing , which helped him regain a sense of joy on the court . He also decided that his post game needed improvement , so he worked with Hakeem Olajuwon during the offseason . Behind James 's significantly - expanded skillset , Miami began the year with a franchise - best 18 -- 6 record . He was eventually named MVP for the third time , finishing with averages of 27.1 points , 7.9 rebounds , 6.2 assists , and 1.9 steals per game on 53 percent shooting . James stands at midcourt during a dead ball in January 2013 . On that night , he became the youngest player in NBA history to score 20,000 career points . In the second round of the playoffs , Miami temporarily lost Chris Bosh to an abdominal injury and found themselves trailing the Indiana Pacers 2 -- 1 . James responded with a 40 - point , 18 - rebound , and 9 - assist outing in Game 4 to help even the series . To compensate for Bosh 's absence , the Heat embraced a small - ball lineup with James at power forward , which they retained even after Bosh 's return in the Conference Finals against the Celtics . Facing elimination in Game 6 , James scored 45 points to lead the Heat to victory in what The New York Times called a `` career - defining performance '' . Miami won Game 7 to advance to the Finals , earning them a matchup with the Oklahoma City Thunder and James 's budding rival , Kevin Durant . Late in Game 4 of the series , James hit a three - pointer to give the Heat a lead , helping them win the game despite missing time with leg cramps . In Game 5 , he registered a triple - double as Miami defeated Oklahoma City for their second - ever championship and James 's first championship . James was unanimously voted the Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player with averages of 28.6 points , 10.2 rebounds , and 7.4 assists per game . His full postseason run , in which he averaged 30.3 points , 9.7 rebounds , and 5.6 assists per game , was ranked the second best in modern NBA history by ESPN . In February of the 2012 -- 13 season , James averaged 29.7 points and 7.8 assists per game while setting multiple shooting efficiency records . That same month , the Heat also began a 27 - game winning streak , the third longest in NBA history . Based on these accomplishments , James 's performance was described as a `` month for the ages '' by Sports Illustrated . Miami eventually finished the year with a franchise and league best 66 -- 16 record , and James was named MVP for the fourth time , falling just one vote shy of becoming the first player in NBA history to win the award unanimously . His final season averages were 26.8 points , 8 rebounds , 7.3 assists , and 1.7 steals per game on 56.5 percent shooting . In Game 1 of the Conference Finals , James scored a buzzer - beating layup to give Miami a one - point victory against the Pacers . Throughout the series , his supporting cast struggled significantly , and his added scoring load prompted him to compare his responsibilities to those of his `` Cleveland days '' . Despite these struggles , the Heat advanced to the Finals for a meeting with the Spurs , signifying a rematch for James from his first Finals six years earlier . At the beginning of the series , he was criticized for his lack of aggressiveness and poor shot selection as Miami fell behind 2 -- 3 . In Game 6 , he recorded his second triple - double of the series , including 16 fourth quarter points , to lead the Heat to a comeback victory . In Game 7 , he tied the Finals record for most points scored in a Game 7 victory , leading Miami over San Antonio with 37 points . He was named Finals MVP for the second straight season , averaging 25.3 points , 10.9 rebounds , 7 assists , and 2.3 steals per game for the championship round . 2013 -- 2014 : final season in Miami On March 3 of the 2013 -- 14 season , James scored a career - high and franchise - record 61 points in a game against the Charlotte Bobcats . Throughout the year , he was one of the few staples for a Heat roster that used 20 different starting lineups due to injuries , finishing with averages of 27.1 points , 6.9 rebounds , and 6.4 assists per game on 56.7 percent shooting . In the second round of the playoffs , he tied a career postseason - high by scoring 49 points in Game 4 against the Brooklyn Nets . In the next round , Miami defeated the Pacers to earn their fourth consecutive Finals berth , becoming one of only four teams in NBA history to do so . In Game 1 of the Finals , James missed most of the fourth quarter because of leg cramps , helping the Spurs take an early series lead . In Game 2 , he led the Heat to a series - tying victory with 35 points on a 64 percent shooting rate . San Antonio eventually eliminated the Heat in five games , ending Miami 's quest for a three - peat . For the Finals , James averaged 28.2 points , 7.8 rebounds , and 2.0 steals per game . Return to the Cavaliers James throws a pass in a game against the Minnesota Timberwolves , December 2014 . Later that season , he reached several passing milestones , including becoming the Cavaliers ' all - time assists leader . On June 25 , 2014 , James opted out of his contract with the Heat and officially became an unrestricted free agent on July 1 . On July 11 , he revealed via a first - person essay in Sports Illustrated that he intended to return to the Cavaliers . In contrast to The Decision , his announcement to return to Cleveland was well received . On July 12 , he officially signed with the team , who had compiled a league - worst 97 -- 215 record in the four seasons following his departure . A month after James 's signing , the Cavaliers acquired Kevin Love from the Minnesota Timberwolves , forming a new star trio along with Kyrie Irving . 2014 -- 16 : ending the Cleveland Sports curse In January of the 2014 -- 15 season , James missed two weeks due to left knee and lower back strains , the longest stretch of missed games in his career . In total , he played a career - low 69 games and his final averages were 25.3 points , 6 rebounds , and 7.4 assists per game . In the second round of the playoffs , he hit a baseline jumper at the buzzer to give Cleveland a 2 -- 2 series tie with the Bulls . In the Conference Finals , the Cavaliers defeated the Hawks to advance to the Finals , making James the first player since the 1960s to play in five consecutive Finals . For most of the Finals against the Golden State Warriors , Irving and Love were sidelined due to injury , giving James more offensive responsibilities . Behind his leadership , the Cavaliers opened the series with a 2 -- 1 lead before being eliminated in six games . Despite the loss , he received serious consideration for the Finals MVP Award , averaging 35.8 points , 13.3 rebounds , and 8.8 assists per game for the championship round . During the 2015 -- 16 season , James was criticized for his role in several off - court controversies , including the midseason firing of Cavaliers ' coach David Blatt . Despite these distractions , Cleveland finished the year with 57 wins and the best record in the East . James 's final averages were 25.3 points , 7.4 rebounds , and 6.8 assists per game on 52 percent shooting . In the playoffs , the Cavaliers advanced comfortably to the Finals , losing only two games en route to a rematch with the Warriors , who were coming off a record - setting 73 win season . To begin the series , Cleveland fell behind 3 -- 1 , including two blowout losses . James responded by registering back - to - back 41 point games in Games 5 and 6 , leading the Cavaliers to two consecutive wins to stave off elimination . In Game 7 , he posted a triple - double and made a number of key plays , including a memorable chase - down block on Andre Iguodala in the final two minutes , as Cleveland emerged victorious , winning the city 's first professional sports title in 52 years and becoming the first team in NBA history to come back from a 3 -- 1 series deficit in the Finals . James became just the third player to record a triple - double in an NBA Finals Game 7 , and behind series averages of 29.7 points , 11.3 rebounds , 8.9 assists , 2.3 blocks , and 2.6 steals per game , he also became the first player in league history to lead both teams in all five statistical categories for a playoff round , culminating in a unanimous Finals MVP selection . 2016 -- 18 : final seasons in Cleveland The 2016 -- 17 season was marred by injuries and unexpected losses for the Cavaliers ; James later described it as one of the `` strangest '' years of his career . Following a January defeat to the New Orleans Pelicans , he publicly criticized Cleveland 's front office for constructing a team that he felt was too `` top heavy '' , for which he received counter criticism . The Cavaliers finished the season as the East 's second seed , with James averaging 26.4 points and career highs in rebounds ( 8.6 ) , assists ( 8.7 ) , and turnovers ( 4.1 ) per game . In Game 3 of the first round of the postseason , he registered 41 points , 13 rebounds , and 12 assists against the Pacers , leading Cleveland to a comeback victory after trailing by 25 points at halftime , representing the largest halftime deficit overcome in NBA playoff history . In Game 5 of the Eastern Conference Finals against the Celtics , James scored 35 points and surpassed Michael Jordan as the league 's all - time postseason scoring leader . The Cavaliers won the game and the series , advancing to their third consecutive Finals against the Warriors . Behind averages of 33.6 points , 12 rebounds , and 10 assists per game , James became the first player to average a triple - double in the Finals , but Cleveland was defeated in five games . LeBron James and Celtics ' Kyrie Irving in October 2017 . After the Cavaliers traded All - Star point guard Kyrie Irving in the off - season , Cleveland started the 2017 -- 18 season with a 3 -- 5 record . The next game , the Cavaliers defeated the Washington Wizards 130 -- 122 . James scored 57 points in the game to set the second - highest point total of his career , making 23 of 34 field - goal tries and all nine free throws , adding 11 rebounds and seven assists . James reached at least 10 points for the 800th game in a row , joining Michael Jordan ( 866 ) as the only other NBA player with a streak that long . James also became the youngest player to reach 29,000 career points in the NBA . On November 28 , 2017 , James was ejected for the first time in his career during the third quarter of the Cavaliers ' 108 -- 97 win over the Miami Heat . James was in the midst of his 1,082 nd career regular season game , and 1,299 th overall . On December 16 , 2017 , he had his 60th career triple - double in a 109 -- 100 win over the Utah Jazz . James had his fifth triple - double of the season and passed Larry Bird for sixth on the career list . On January 23 , 2018 , in a 114 -- 102 loss to the San Antonio Spurs , James became the seventh player in NBA history to reach 30,000 career points . At 33 years and 24 days , James became the youngest player to score 30,000 -- Kobe Bryant was 34 years and 104 days when he got there . On February 27 , 2018 , he scored 31 points and finished a month averaging a triple - double for the first time in his career , as the Cavaliers defeated the Brooklyn Nets 129 -- 123 . James also had 12 rebounds and 11 assists for his 12th triple - double of the season and 67th of his career . He reached 8,000 assists during the game to become the first player in NBA history to reach 30,000 points , 8,000 rebounds and 8,000 assists . On March 30 , 2018 , in a 107 -- 102 win over the Pelicans , James scored in double digits in his 867th straight game , breaking Michael Jordan 's long - standing record . During the 2018 NBA Playoffs , James was named to the All - NBA First Team for the 12th straight year , marking a new NBA record . With the Cavaliers defeating the Boston Celtics 87 -- 79 in Game 7 of the Eastern Conference Finals , James reached the NBA Finals for the eighth straight year , which no player had done since members of the early Celtics dynasty did so in the 1960s . In Game 1 of the NBA Finals , James scored 51 points to go with eight assists and eight rebounds in a 124 -- 114 overtime loss . James became only the sixth player to ever score at least 50 points in a NBA Finals game . This also notched his eighth game of at least 40 points in the 2018 playoffs and tied Jerry West 's feat in 1965 for most in a single postseason . The Cavaliers went on to lose to the Warriors in four games , with James averaged 34 points ( his second - highest total ) , 8.5 rebounds and 10 assists in the series despite playing with a self - inflicted hand injury that he sustained after Game 1 . James scored 748 points in the playoffs , the second most in a postseason behind Jordan , who scored 759 in 1992 . On June 29 , 2018 , James announced that he opted out of his contract with the Cavaliers to become a free agent . Los Angeles Lakers On July 1 , James 's management agency announced that he had agreed to a four - year , $154 million contract with the Los Angeles Lakers , which he signed on July 9 . Within the first three hours of when his jersey went on sale , it saw a 600 percent spike compared to his new Cavaliers jersey upon his return to Cleveland in July 2014 . National team career James attempts a shot over China 's Yao Ming at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing en route to the gold medal . James made his debut for the United States national team at the 2004 Olympics in Athens , Greece . He spent the Games mostly on the bench , averaging 14.6 minutes per game with 5.8 points and 2.6 rebounds per game in eight games . Team USA finished the competition with a bronze medal , becoming the first U.S. basketball team to return home without a gold medal since adding active NBA players to their line - up . James felt his limited playing time was a `` lowlight '' and believed he was not given `` a fair opportunity to play '' . His attitude during the Olympics was described as `` disrespectful '' and `` distasteful '' by columnists Adrian Wojnarowski and Peter Vecsey , respectively . At the 2006 FIBA World Championship in Japan , James took on a greater role for Team USA , averaging 13.9 points , 4.8 rebounds , and 4.1 assists per game as co-captain . The team finished the tournament with an 8 -- 1 record , winning another bronze medal . James 's behavior was again questioned , this time by teammate Bruce Bowen , who confronted James during tryouts regarding his treatment of staff members . Before naming James to the 2008 Olympic team , Team USA managing director Jerry Colangelo and coach Mike Krzyzewski gave James an ultimatum to improve his attitude , and he heeded their advice . At the FIBA Americas Championship 2007 , he averaged 18.1 points , 3.6 rebounds , and 4.7 assists per game , including a 31 - point performance against Argentina in the championship game , the most ever by an American in an Olympic qualifier . Team USA went 10 -- 0 , winning the gold medal and qualifying for the 2008 Olympics in Beijing , China . James credited the team 's attitude and experience for their improvement , saying : `` I do n't think we understood what it meant to put on a USA uniform and all the people that we were representing in 2004 . We definitely know that now . '' At the Olympics , Team USA went unbeaten , winning their first gold medal since 2000 . In the final game , James turned in 14 points , 6 rebounds , and 3 assists against Spain . James did not play at the 2010 FIBA World Championship but rejoined Team USA for the 2012 Olympics in London , England . He became the leader of the team with Kobe Bryant , who would soon be 34 , stepping back . James facilitated the offense from the post and perimeter , called the defensive sets , and provided scoring when needed . During a game against Australia , he recorded the first triple - double in U.S. Olympic basketball history with 11 points , 14 rebounds and 12 assists . Team USA went on to win their second straight gold medal , again defeating Spain in the final game . James contributed 19 points in the win , becoming the all - time leading scorer in U.S. men 's basketball history . He also joined Michael Jordan as the only players to win an NBA MVP award , NBA championship , NBA Finals MVP , and Olympic gold medal in the same year . Afterwards , Krzyzewski said James `` is the best player , he is the best leader and he is as smart as anybody playing the game right now . '' Player Profile It 's not just that ( LeBron James ) is really good in his 15th year . He 's the best player . -- Greg Anthony , NBA TV and TNT analyst Standing 6 feet 8 inches ( 2.03 m ) and weighing 250 pounds ( 113 kg ) , James has started at small forward and power forward , but he can also play the other three positions . His athletic and versatile playing style has drawn comparisons to Hall of Famers Oscar Robertson , Magic Johnson , and Michael Jordan . James 's career averages are 27.2 points , 7.4 rebounds , 7.2 assists , and 1.6 steals per game . Many basketball analysts , coaches , fans , and current and former players consider James to be one of the greatest players of all time , often ranking him as the best small forward and in the top five overall . Since 2011 , he has been ranked the best player in the NBA by ESPN and Sports Illustrated . He has earned All - NBA honors every season since his second year , All - Defensive honors every season from 2009 to 2014 , and was named Rookie of the Year in his debut season . With four MVP awards , he is part of a select group of players who have won the award four times , including Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Jordan , Wilt Chamberlain , and Bill Russell ; James and Russell are the only two players who have won four MVP awards in a five - year span . James has never won the Defensive Player of the Year Award , but he has twice finished second in the voting and lists the award as one of his main goals . James has appeared in the Finals nine times and won three championships . Some analysts have criticized him for not having a better Finals record , while others have defended him , arguing that James usually performed well , but his team was defeated by superior competition . Offense James drives to the basket in March 2008 . A deft finisher , he led the NBA in scoring and shooting percentage at the rim in 2013 . James entered the NBA as an 18 - year - old rookie and made an immediate offensive impact when he led the Cavaliers in scoring . He holds numerous `` youngest to '' distinctions , including being the youngest player to score 28,000 career points . During his first stint in Cleveland , he was primarily used as an on - ball point forward . His shooting tendencies were perimeter - oriented , and he established himself as one of the best slashers and finishers in basketball ; he led the NBA in three - point plays in 2006 . His combination of speed , quickness , and size often created matchup problems for opposing teams because he was capable of blowing by larger defenders and overpowering smaller ones . These qualities became more apparent in transition , where he developed a reputation for grabbing defensive rebounds and then beating the defense downcourt for highlight - quality baskets . Around this time , James was frequently criticized for not having developed a reliable jump shot or post game . Teams would try to exploit these weaknesses by giving him space in the half court and forcing him to settle for three - pointers and long two - pointers , a strategy famously utilized by Spurs coach Greg Popovich in the 2007 Finals , where James converted on only 36 percent of his field goals in four games . In Miami , Heat coach Erik Spoelstra changed James 's role to a more unconventional one . James began spending more time in the post and shooting fewer three - pointers , attempting a career - low 149 in 2012 . He improved his shot selection and accuracy on jump shots , finishing second in the league in catch - and - shoot field goal percentage in 2013 . He also learned how to work as an off - ball cutter in the Heat 's `` pass - happy '' offense . Behind these improvements , James 's overall scoring efficiency rose to historically - great levels , peaking in 2014 when he registered a 64.9 true shooting percentage . During this period , ESPN 's Tom Haberstroh called James 's free - throw shooting his biggest weakness , describing it as `` average '' . Upon returning to the Cavaliers , James began to experience subtle age - related declines in productivity , posting his lowest scoring averages since his rookie season in 2015 and 2016 . His shooting also temporarily regressed , and he briefly ranked as the worst high - volume outside shooter from outside the paint in the NBA . Despite these changes , he has remained an elite offensive player who is capable of beating defenses with body control , strength , and varying attacking speeds . James 's playmaking ability is generally considered to be one of his premier skills , with some analysts ranking him among the greatest passers in NBA history . He is the only frontcourt player in league history to register over 7,000 career assists . Using his size , vision , and the attention he garners from opposing defenses to his advantage , James is able to create easy points for his teammates with accurate assists , manufacturing a league leading 2.6 three - pointers per game by way of his passing alone in 2013 . He will often execute passes that would normally be considered unconventional , including passes after leaving his feet and passes through defensive traffic . His uncanny tendency to find the open man played a significant role in the evolution of modern NBA defenses , which forces teams to incorporate some elements of zone into their schemes to better cover the weak side of the court and prevent James from passing to open shooters . Early in James 's career , he was criticized by the media for his buck passing play in pressure situations ; specifically , for passing instead of shooting in the waning seconds of close games . In a 2011 interview , teammate Chris Bosh stated that he would rather have Dwyane Wade and not James take a last - second shot . Later in James 's career , his clutch play was viewed more favorably ; for example , in 2015 , FiveThirtyEight wrote that he might be `` the most clutch playoff shooter of his generation '' . Defense At the beginning of James 's NBA career , he was considered to be a poor defensive player , but he improved steadily through the years . Near the end of his first tenure in Cleveland , he became proficient at the chase - down block , which involved coming in from behind the opposition in transition to block their shot . In Miami , he developed into a more versatile defensive player , and the Heat relied on him to guard all five positions . James was paired with teammates Shane Battier and Dwyane Wade , and Miami used him in an ultra-aggressive defensive scheme , with James cheating off the ball to help out inside or get into rebounding position . Beginning in 2014 , some analysts noted a regression in his defensive impact , stemming from a lack of effort and expected age - related declines . James himself admitted to taking plays off at times , referring to this approach as `` chill mode '' . Writing for ESPN in 2016 , Nate Duncan observed that while James tended to take off more plays than in his younger days , he was able to raise his level in that year 's Finals and temporarily recapture his Miami form . Off the court Personal life James proposed to Savannah Brinson , his high school sweetheart , at a December 31 , 2011 party celebrating New Year 's Eve and his 27th birthday . She accepted , and the two were married on September 14 , 2013 in San Diego , California . Together , they have three children : LeBron James Jr. ( b . 2004 ) , Bryce Maximus James ( b . 2007 ) , and Zhuri Nova James ( b . 2014 ) . During his stint with the Heat , James resided in Coconut Grove , where he bought a $9 million three - story mansion overlooking Biscayne Bay . In November 2015 , James bought a 9,350 square - foot ( 870 m ) East Coast -- style mansion in Brentwood , Los Angeles for about $21 million . Public image James is considered by many people , including his fellow NBA players , to be the `` face of the NBA '' . His opinions have yielded significant influence on people who make important league decisions ; for example , in 2014 he asked commissioner Adam Silver to increase the duration of the All - Star break , and the request was granted the following season . On February 13 , 2015 , James was elected the first vice president of the National Basketball Players Association ( NBPA ) . The WWI Destroy This Mad Brute poster and the April 2008 Vogue cover with James and Gisele Bündchen , which critics said referenced the earlier poster . Throughout his career , James has been ranked by Forbes as one of the world 's most influential athletes , and in 2017 , he was listed by Time as one of the 100 most influential people in the world . During his first stint with the Cavaliers , he was adored by local fans , and Sherwin - Williams displayed a giant Nike - produced banner of James on its world headquarters . Despite their affection for James , Cleveland fans and critics were frequently annoyed when he sported a Yankees hat when he attended Cleveland Indians baseball games versus the New York Yankees . Following his actions during the 2010 free agency period and , more specifically , The Decision , he was listed as one of the world 's most disliked athletes . By 2013 , his image had mostly recovered and he was reported by ESPN as the most popular player in the NBA for the second time in his career . In 2014 , he was named the most popular male athlete in America by the Harris Poll . He has led the league in jersey sales six times . In March 2008 , James became the first black man -- and third man overall after Richard Gere and George Clooney -- to appear on the cover of Vogue , when he posed with Gisele Bündchen . In response , noted ESPN columnist Jemele Hill considered the cover offensive and `` memorable for the wrong reasons '' , describing the demeanor of James and his holding Bündchen as a reference to classic imagery of the movie monster King Kong , a dark savage capturing his light - skinned love interest . Media figure and business interests James is represented by agent Rich Paul of Klutch Sports . His first agent was Aaron Goodwin , whom he left in 2005 for Leon Rose . Rose joined Creative Artists Agency ( CAA ) in 2007 , and he worked with fellow CAA agent Henry Thomas , who represented Dwyane Wade and Chris Bosh , to bring James to Miami in 2010 . James left CAA for Paul in 2012 . James , Paul , Maverick Carter , and Randy Mims -- all childhood friends -- formed agent and sports - marketing company LRMR after James left Goodwin . LRMR handles James 's marketing , including the marketing of The Decision , for which it was criticized . Throughout his career , James has taken a unique approach to his NBA contracts , usually opting to sign shorter - term deals in order to maximize his earnings potential and flexibility ; for example , in 2006 , he and the Cavaliers negotiated a three - year , $60 million contract extension instead of the four - year maximum as it allotted him the option of seeking a new contract worth more money as an unrestricted free agent following the 2010 season . This move ultimately allowed James , Dwyane Wade , and Chris Bosh to sign with the Heat together . During his second stint in Cleveland , he began opting out and re-signing on new contracts after each season in order to take advantage of higher salaries resulting from the NBA 's rising salary cap . In 2016 , he signed with the Cavaliers on a three - year deal , becoming the highest - paid player in the league for the first time in his career . Nike installed a 10 - stories - tall mural of James in downtown Cleveland . James has signed numerous endorsement contracts ; some of the companies that he has done business with are Audemars Piguet , Coca - Cola , Dunkin ' Brands , McDonald 's , Nike , State Farm and Beats by Dre . Coming out of high school , he was the target of a three - way bidding war among Nike , Reebok , and Adidas , eventually signing with Nike for approximately $90 million . His signature shoes have performed well for Nike . In 2011 , Fenway Sports Group became the sole global marketer of his rights , and as part of the deal , he was granted a minority stake in the English Premier League football club Liverpool , who he has claimed his support for . As a result of James 's endorsement money and NBA salary , he has been listed as one of the world 's highest - paid athletes . In 2013 , he surpassed Kobe Bryant as the highest paid basketball player in the world , with earnings of $56.5 million . In 2014 , James realized a profit of more than $30 million as part of Apple 's acquisition of Beats Electronics ; he had originally struck a deal to get a small stake in the company at its inception in exchange for promoting its headphones . In 2015 , he was ranked the sixth highest earning sportsperson , and third highest in 2016 ( after Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi ) . James has stated that he would like to own an NBA team in the future , albeit in a hands - off capacity . James and comedian Jimmy Kimmel co-hosted the 2007 ESPY Awards . In other comedic pursuits , he hosted the 33rd - season premiere of Saturday Night Live . He has also tried his hand at acting , appearing in a cameo role on the HBO series Entourage . In 2015 , he played himself in the Judd Apatow film Trainwreck , receiving positive reviews for his performance . That same year , James 's digital video company , Uninterrupted , raised $15.8 million from Warner Bros. Entertainment and Turner Sports to help expand the company 's efforts to bring athlete - created content to fans . It is hosted on Bleacher Report and is used by several other athletes including New England Patriots tight end Rob Gronkowski and Seattle Seahawks cornerback Richard Sherman . James and his business partner Maverick Carter own production company SpringHill Entertainment , whose first work was the Lions Gate documentary More Than a Game , which was released in 2009 and chronicled James 's high school years . Series produced by SpringHill include the Disney XD sports documentaries Becoming , Starz sitcom Survivor 's Remorse , and animated web series The LeBrons . In 2016 , CNBC aired an unscripted series hosted by James called Cleveland Hustles , where four up - and - coming Northern Ohio entrepreneurs will be financed on the condition of revitalizing a neighborhood in Cleveland . In the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival , a 60 - minute Vince Carter documentary entitled The Carter Effect was executive produced by James and Maverick Carter along with rapper Drake and Future the Prince . In February 2018 it was announced that James ' production company will produce a new film in the House Party series with James expected to make a cameo . Later that month , Fox News journalist Laura Ingraham told James to `` Shut up and dribble '' as a response to his political agendas . This largely contributed to James creating a documentary series looking at the changing role of athletes in the current political and cultural climate , aptly named , `` Shut Up and Dribble '' on Showtime . Activism James , First Lady Michelle Obama , and Dwyane Wade tape a public service announcement , January 2014 . James is an active supporter of non-profit organizations , including After - School All - Stars , Boys & Girls Clubs of America , and Children 's Defense Fund . He also has his own charity foundation , the LeBron James Family Foundation , which is based in Akron . Since 2005 , the foundation has held an annual bike - a-thon to raise money for various causes . In 2015 , James announced a partnership with the University of Akron to provide scholarships for as many as 2,300 children beginning in 2021 . In 2016 , he donated $2.5 million to the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture to support an exhibit on Muhammad Ali . In 2017 , he received the J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award from the NBA for his `` outstanding service and dedication to the community . '' In November of that same year , the Akron School Board approved the `` I Promise School '' , a public elementary school created in a partnership with the LeBron James Family Foundation to help struggling elementary school students stay in school . James later reflected that it was his most important professional accomplishment of his life . The school officially opened on July 30 , 2018 . Throughout his career , James has taken stances on controversial issues . On several occasions , he mentioned a feeling of obligation to effect change using his status . Those include the War in Darfur , the Trayvon Martin case , the now - former NBA owner Donald Sterling 's racist comments in 2014 , the Michael Brown verdict , and the death of Eric Garner . Following a racist incident at his Los Angeles home in 2017 , James expressed , `` being black in America is tough . We got a long way to go for us as a society and for us as African Americans until we feel equal in America . '' Later on that same year , in the aftermath of the 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville , Virginia , James questioned president Donald Trump 's `` Make America Great Again '' slogan and said , `` It 's sad what 's going on in Charlottesville . Is this the direction our country is heading ? Make America Great Again huh ? '' and that `` Our youth deserve better ! ! '' James also called Trump a `` bum '' after the president rescinded a White House invitation to Stephen Curry . During a 2018 interview with CNN journalist Don Lemon , James accused the president for attempting to divide the country with sports , suggesting `` sports has never been something that divides people it 's always been something that brings someone together . '' He also declared he would `` never sit across from him . I 'd sit across from Barack ( Obama ) though . '' In response , Trump said `` LeBron James was just interviewed by the dumbest man on television , Don Lemon . He made LeBron look smart , which is n't easy to do . '' However , many players , including former NBA great Michael Jordan ( who was mentioned in Trump 's Tweet afterward ) , supported James and disavowed President Trump 's statements on the subject . In June 2008 , James donated $20,000 to a committee to elect Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama . Later that year , James gathered almost 20,000 people at the Quicken Loans Arena for a viewing of Obama 's 30 - minute American Stories , American Solutions television advertisement . The advertisement was shown on a large screen above the stage , where Jay - Z later held a free concert . In November 2016 , James endorsed Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election . NBA career statistics Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high † Denotes seasons in which James won an NBA championship * Led the league Regular season Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2003 -- 04 Cleveland 79 79 39.5 . 417 . 290 . 754 5.5 5.9 1.6 . 7 20.9 2004 -- 05 Cleveland 80 80 42.4 * . 472 . 351 . 750 7.4 7.2 2.2 . 7 27.2 2005 -- 06 Cleveland 79 79 42.5 . 480 . 335 . 738 7.0 6.6 1.6 . 8 31.4 2006 -- 07 Cleveland 78 78 40.9 . 476 . 319 . 698 6.7 6.0 1.6 . 7 27.3 2007 -- 08 Cleveland 75 74 40.4 . 484 . 315 . 712 7.9 7.2 1.8 1.1 30.0 * 2008 -- 09 Cleveland 81 81 37.7 . 489 . 344 . 780 7.6 7.2 1.7 1.1 28.4 2009 -- 10 Cleveland 76 76 39.0 . 503 . 333 . 767 7.3 8.6 1.6 1.0 29.7 2010 -- 11 Miami 79 79 38.8 . 510 . 330 . 759 7.5 7.0 1.6 . 6 26.7 2011 -- 12 † Miami 62 62 37.5 . 531 . 362 . 771 7.9 6.2 1.9 . 8 27.1 2012 -- 13 † Miami 76 76 37.9 . 565 . 406 . 753 8.0 7.3 1.7 . 9 26.8 2013 -- 14 Miami 77 77 37.7 . 567 . 379 . 750 6.9 6.4 1.6 . 3 27.1 2014 -- 15 Cleveland 69 69 36.1 . 488 . 354 . 710 6.0 7.4 1.6 . 7 25.3 2015 -- 16 † Cleveland 76 76 35.6 . 520 . 309 . 731 7.4 6.8 1.4 . 6 25.3 2016 -- 17 Cleveland 74 74 37.8 * . 548 . 363 . 674 8.6 8.7 1.2 . 6 26.4 2017 -- 18 Cleveland 82 82 36.9 * . 542 . 367 . 731 8.6 9.1 1.4 . 9 27.5 Career 1,143 1,142 38.8 . 504 . 344 . 739 7.4 7.2 1.6 . 8 27.2 All - Star 14 14 29.6 . 530 . 357 . 743 6.3 6.0 1.3 . 1 24.5 Playoffs Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2006 Cleveland 13 13 46.5 . 476 . 333 . 737 8.1 5.8 1.4 . 7 30.8 2007 Cleveland 20 20 44.7 . 416 . 280 . 755 8.1 8.0 1.7 . 5 25.1 2008 Cleveland 13 13 42.5 . 411 . 257 . 731 7.8 7.6 1.8 1.3 28.2 2009 Cleveland 14 14 41.4 . 510 . 333 . 749 9.1 7.3 1.6 . 9 35.3 Cleveland 11 11 41.8 . 502 . 400 . 733 9.3 7.6 1.7 1.8 29.1 2011 Miami 21 21 43.9 . 466 . 353 . 763 8.4 5.9 1.7 1.2 23.7 2012 † Miami 23 23 42.7 . 500 . 259 . 739 9.7 5.6 1.9 . 7 30.3 2013 † Miami 23 23 41.7 . 491 . 375 . 777 8.4 6.6 1.8 . 8 25.9 2014 Miami 20 20 38.2 . 565 . 407 . 806 7.1 4.8 1.9 . 6 27.4 2015 Cleveland 20 20 42.2 . 417 . 227 . 731 11.3 8.5 1.7 1.1 30.1 2016 † Cleveland 21 21 39.1 . 525 . 340 . 661 9.5 7.6 2.3 1.3 26.3 2017 Cleveland 18 18 41.3 . 565 . 411 . 698 9.1 7.8 1.9 1.3 32.8 2018 Cleveland 22 22 41.9 . 539 . 342 . 746 9.1 9.0 1.4 1.0 34.0 Career 239 239 42.0 . 491 . 323 . 743 8.9 7.1 1.8 1.0 28.9 Awards and honors Main article : List of career achievements by LeBron James James ( center ) celebrates during the Heat 's 2012 championship parade . NBA 3 × NBA Champion : 2012 , 2013 , 2016 3 × NBA Finals Most Valuable Player : 2012 , 2013 , 2016 4 × NBA Most Valuable Player : 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 14 × NBA All - Star : 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 3 × NBA All - Star Game MVP : 2006 , 2008 , 2018 14 × All - NBA selection : 12 × First team : 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 2 × Second team : 2005 , 2007 6 × NBA All - Defensive selection : 5 × First team : 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 Second team : 2014 NBA Rookie of the Year : 2004 NBA All - Rookie First Team : 2004 NBA Scoring Champion : 2008 3 × NBA minutes leader : 2007 , 2017 , 2018 J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award : 2017 National team 2 × Olympic Gold Medal winner : 2008 , 2012 2004 Olympic Bronze Medal winner 2006 FIBA World Championship Bronze Medal winner 2007 FIBA Americas Championship Gold Medal winner 2012 USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year Commemorative banner in Miami 's American Airlines Arena ( for his 2012 gold medal won as a member of the Miami Heat ) High school 2003 National Champion 3 × OHSAA Champion : 2000 , 2001 , 2003 2 × Gatorade National Player of the Year 2002 , 2003 2 × USA Today High School Player of the Year 2002 , 2003 3 × Ohio Mr. Basketball : 2001 , 2002 , 2003 3 × USA Today All - USA First Team : 2001 , 2002 , 2003 2 × PARADE High School Player of the Year : 2002 , 2003 2003 Naismith Prep Player of the Year 2003 McDonald 's National Player of the Year 2003 McDonald 's High School All - American 2003 McDonald 's All - American Game 2003 2003 EA Sports Roundball Classic MVP 2003 Jordan Capital Classic MVP Number 23 retired by St. Vincent - St. Mary St. Vincent - St. Mary Hall of Fame ( class of 2011 ) St. Vincent - St. Mary home basketball court named The LeBron James Arena Other 3 × Cleveland Sports Awards Professional Athlete of the Year : 2009 , 2016 , 2017 2 × AP Athlete of the Year ( 2013 , 2016 ) 2 × Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year ( 2012 , 2016 ) 2011 -- 12 EFL Cup Champion ( as part owner of Liverpool F.C. ) 2012 Sporting News Athlete of the Year 2006 Sporting News NBA MVP 2004 Sporting News Rookie of the Year Sports Illustrated NBA All - Decade First Team ( 2000s ) 19 × ESPY Award winner in various categories ( 15 individually , four as part of a team ) 2 × Hickok Belt winner : 2012 , 2013 2017 NAACP Image Awards -- Jackie Robinson Award South Main Street in downtown Akron renamed King James Way Six - story commemorative banner in downtown Akron Three - story mural in Venice , California honoring his signing with the Lakers Honorary lockers at Ohio State 's football and basketball facilities Filmography Film roles Year Title Role Notes 2008 More than a Game Himself 2009 Square Roots : The Story of SpongeBob SquarePants 2015 Trainwreck 2018 Smallfoot Gwangi ( voice ) Post-production Television roles Year Title Role Notes 2009 My Wife and Kids Himself Episode : `` Outbreak Monkey '' 2009 Entourage Episode : `` Give a Little Bit '' 2009 SpongeBob 's Truth or Square 2011 -- 2014 The LeBrons 2015 Survivor 's Remorse Episode : `` Guts '' 2016 Teen Titans Go ! Episode : `` The Cruel Giggling Ghoul '' See also Basketball portal National Basketball Association portal NBA regular season records NBA post-season records NBA All - Star Game records List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association career 3 - point scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career free throw scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association franchise career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff 3 - point scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff free throw scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association players with 1,000 games played List of National Basketball Association players with most points in a game List of National Basketball Association season minutes leaders List of Olympic medalists in basketball Cleveland Cavaliers draft history Notes Jump up ^ Assists were recorded as an official Olympic statistic starting in 1976 . Jump up ^ ESPN - 3rd ( March 2016 ) , Sports Illustrated - 5th ( March 2016 ) , Fox Sports - 2nd ( December 2016 ) , CBS Sports - 2nd ( February 2017 ) , Slam - 2nd ( February 2018 ) . Jump up ^ ESPN . Jump up ^ Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ References Jump up ^ Lynch , Andrew ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's why LeBron James is the best NBA player of all time '' . FoxSports . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fromal , Adam ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` LeBron Is the Best Player the NBA Has Ever Seen , Even If He 's Not the GOAT '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Armen - Graham , Bryan ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` It 's time to call LeBron James what he is : the NBA 's greatest ever player '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Baillie , Ryan ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` LeBron James Is The Best NBA Player Of All Time And It Is Time To Accept It '' . Odyssey Online . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Ryan ( 2003 ) . King James : Believe the Hype . New York : St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 0 - 312 - 34992 - 0 . Jump up ^ Donegan , Lawrence ( March 2 , 2003 ) . `` America 's most wanted '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron James Biography '' . JockBio.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Rachel . `` LeBron James opens up on his new school , the Lakers and life 's challenges '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Covert , Colin ( October 15 , 2009 ) . `` Movie review : Band of brothers in ' More Than a Game ' '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Plain Dealer Staff Reports ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` LeBron James , SVSM teammates to enter school 's hall of fame : High school newswatch '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prospect Profile : LeBron James '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee Morgan , David ; Gaffney , Tom ( March 26 , 2000 ) . `` Winning one for Carter '' . Akron Beacon Journal . p . D8 . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron James stats , details , videos , and news '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Jonathan ( May 2 , 2010 ) . `` Heading Home to Celebrate '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Ryan ( December 30 , 2014 ) . `` Ohio Player '' . SLAM Magazine . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Garner , Dwight ( September 9 , 2009 ) . `` An N.B.A. Giant and How He Grew '' . The New York Times . p . C1 . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Withers , Tom ( July 24 , 2009 ) . `` LeBron 's Book Shows Struggle With Fame '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Julian ( July 23 , 2009 ) . `` The pot thickens : LeBron James admits smoking marijuana as a high school junior in new book '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Livingston , Bill ( July 22 , 2009 ) . `` New LeBron James book tells of a ' shooting star ' always willing to learn lessons '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` James ruled ineligible , plans to appeal decision '' . ESPN . ESPN.com News Services . January 31 , 2003 . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bilas , Jay ( December 17 , 2002 ) . `` Did ' LeBron Mania ' go too far ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Broussard , Chris ( October 30 , 2003 ) . `` James Answers the Hype with Standout Debut '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sam ( December 12 , 2003 ) . `` Hype over LeBron does n't match Alcindor 's '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Chad ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 draft prospects since 2000 '' . ESPN Insider . ESPN . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prep star James can continue drive for state title '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 27 , 2003 . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 -- 2010 NCAA Division I Manual '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . August 2009 . p. 163 . Jump up ^ Bolch , Ben ( February 9 , 2003 ) . `` James Is Too Much for Westchester '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Boys Basketball D2 State Champs '' . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ward , Austin ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Remember that time Urban Meyer tried to recruit LeBron James ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Jonathan ( May 3 , 2009 ) . `` LeBron James : Two Sports , One Superstar '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graham , Tim ( May 31 , 2009 ) . `` LBJ and NFL : A fantasy based in reality '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Breech , John ( May 27 , 2013 ) . `` Theismann : LeBron James is ' talented enough ' to be an NFL QB '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barnwell , Bill ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` Could LeBron James Really Play in the NFL ? '' . Grantland . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Ryan ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` Mike Wallace latest to say LeBron James would dominate NFL '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 NBA Draft '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Expectations for James more than met '' . ESPN . Associated Press . October 30 , 2003 . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron James : Player Info Page '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2007 . Retrieved April 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 20 - 5 - 5 : Tyreke Evans makes rookie history '' . News10 / KXTV . Associated Press . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2013 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 -- 04 Cleveland Cavaliers '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 NBA All - Star Game '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Charles ( February 21 , 2005 ) . `` The Future Is Now '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2004 -- 2005 Season '' ( PDF ) . NBA . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 -- 05 Cleveland Cavaliers '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Chris ( February 19 , 2006 ) . `` LeBron and Pistons lead East to All - Star game win '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron James NBA & ABA Stats '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` James , Nash share Sporting News MVP award '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 12 , 2006 . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` James , Cavs Top Mavs To Clinch Playoff Berth '' . NBA.com . March 29 , 2006 . Retrieved May 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` James ' playoff debut triple - double carries Cavs '' . ESPN . Associated Press . April 22 , 2006 . Retrieved May 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The NBA Realist ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe Bryant vs. Lebron James : Game Winning Shots '' . Chasing 23 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Win Series 4 -- 2 '' . ESPN . May 6 , 2006 . Retrieved May 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( Oct 2 , 2013 ) . `` LeBron James returns to chalk toss '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mandell , Nina ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` LeBron James is bringing the chalk toss back after 95 % of Twitter users voted yes '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Bill ( 2009 ) . The Book of Basketball . New York : ESPN Books . p. 499 . ISBN 9780345511768 . Jump up ^ `` Now playoff - bound , Cavs ' 50th win caps season '' . ESPN . Associated Press . April 19 , 2007 . Retrieved June 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 -- 07 Cleveland Cavaliers '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron bewilders Pistons as Cavaliers inch closer to NBA finals '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Jun 1 , 2007 . Retrieved May 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ LeBron James takes over Game 5 ! on YouTube ^ Jump up to : ESPN.com Staff ( June 20 , 2012 ) . `` Greatest NBA playoff performances '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gibson 's 31 points , James ' balanced play puts Cavs in NBA Finals '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 2 , 2007 . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2007 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 NBA Finals '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Allen 's flurry of 3s help East hold on for All - Star win '' . ESPN . Associated Press . February 18 , 2008 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Starkey , Mike ( March 21 , 2008 ) . `` LeBron James becomes Cleveland Cavaliers all - time scoring leader '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Haberstroh , Tom ( December 26 , 2012 ) . `` LeBron James : ' Scoring not my job ' '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 -- 08 NBA Standings '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pierce , James duke it out as Celtics close out Cavs in Game 7 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 19 , 2008 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ MacMahon , Tim ( May 28 , 2011 ) . `` Stevenson : LeBron beef ' pretty much over ' '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Jonathan ( May 5 , 2010 ) . `` On Defense , James Is Closer Than He Appears '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Howard , Bryant headline 2008 -- 09 NBA All - Defensive First Team '' . NBA.com . May 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Bill ( 2009 ) . The Book of Basketball . New York : ESPN Books . p. 477 . ISBN 9780345511768 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron sits as Cavs fail to match best home record '' . Toledo Blade . Associated Press . April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` James outdistances Bryant in winning Kia MVP award '' . NBA.com . May 4 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2009 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hollinger , John ( March 24 , 2009 ) . `` PER Diem : March 24 , 2009 '' . ESPN Insider . ESPN . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` James ' dramatic buzzer - beater drops Magic , evens series at 1 -- 1 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 23 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Phil ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` LeBron sent a clear message by not shaking hands with Magic '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . Not only would it have saved him the smattering of grief he 's been getting from the media and fans the last few days , it just would have also been the right thing to do Jump up ^ Rhoden , William ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` A Handshake Is Not Too Much to Ask , Even From a King '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . It 's hard for me to congratulate somebody after you just lose to them ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron : Do what 's best for team '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schmitt Boyer , Mary ( February 5 , 2010 ) . `` Cleveland Cavaliers star LeBron James glad point - guard assignment is temporary '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 -- 10 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Wins NBA 's 2009 -- 10 Most Valuable Player Award '' . Cleveland Cavaliers Official Website . May 2 , 2010 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron 's triple - double not enough as Celtics move on to face Magic '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moore , Matt ( May 11 , 2010 ) . `` NBA Playoffs Celtics Cavs Game 5 : Celtics dominate as LeBron James fails in the big time '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics hand Cavaliers worst home playoff loss in team history '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 11 , 2010 . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James goes home '' . ESPN The Magazine . July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Free Agency : Who 's going where ? '' . ESPN . June 30 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron says he 'll sign with Miami Heat '' . Fox Sports . August 9 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` A look back at the fateful ' Decision ' '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James makes his pick : He 's going to Miami '' . NBA.com . Associated Press . July 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2010 . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Starting Blocks , The Plain Dealer ( July 12 , 2010 ) . `` LeBron James ' ' Decision ' generated $6 million in ad revenue '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wade granted one of his wishes with Bosh coming to Miami '' . NBA.com . Associated Press . July 7 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Done deals : LeBron , Bosh and Wade sign six - year contracts '' . NBA.com . Associated Press . July 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( July 10 , 2010 ) . `` Inside ' The Decision ' : Miami 's coup was a ' surprise ' built on long - coveted goal of James , Wade and Bosh '' . The Plain Dealer . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Thomsen , Ian ( July 19 , 2010 ) . `` The Plot Starts Here ... Showtime Starts Here '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Biggane , Brian ( July 10 , 2010 ) . `` LeBron James admits Pat Riley sold him on being part of a family with Miami Heat '' . The Palm Beach Post . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` Inside look at LeBron 's free - agent coup '' . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 ... the issue of James ' immaturity and downright disrespectfulness had become a consuming topic on the march to the Olympics Jump up ^ `` Open Letter to Fans from Cavaliers Majority Owner Dan Gilbert '' ( Press release ) . Cleveland Cavaliers . July 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ron , Nurwisah ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Cleveland Plain Dealer 's final word on LeBron James '' . National Post . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Jonathan ; Shipp , Catherine ( July 10 , 2010 ) . `` Criticism Grows as James Arrives in Miami '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ESPN.com News Services ( July 19 , 2010 ) . `` Jordan would n't have called Magic , Bird '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rothbard , Barry ( July 20 , 2010 ) . `` Magic Johnson Says He Would n't Have Joined Bird After LeBron James 's Move '' . Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . From college , I was trying to figure out how to beat Larry Bird . Jump up ^ Freeman , Mike ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Lambasted LeBron conveniently sees hurtful role of race '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . He has catered to corporate America , mostly ignored issues that affect people of color , and then when so many people turned on James , he 's now suddenly seeing the racial light . Jump up ^ Whitlock , Jason ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Point the finger at yourself , LeBron '' . Fox Sports . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . LeBron 's enablers are providing him the racial cocoon of denial . They 're giving LeBron an excuse to avoid dealing with his own bad ( The ) Decision . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Michael ( February 8 , 2012 ) . `` Forbes : Vick , Tiger among most ' disliked ' athletes '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Weir , Tom ( December 6 , 2011 ) . `` LeBron James expresses regrets about ' The Decision ' '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wetzel , Dan ( December 21 , 2010 ) . `` LeBron 's decisive backlash tops all stories '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kerasotis , Peter ( December 25 , 2011 ) . `` For Miami Heat , High Hopes but Lower Volume '' . The New York Times . p . SP8 . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Moehringer , J.R. ( September 2010 ) . `` Into the Funhouse with King James '' . GQ . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . During that postmortem interview , when Moehringer asked James what he 'd change if he had a do - over , James replied , ' Nothing at all . ' Jump up ^ Kaplan , Thomas ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` James Faces Jeering , but Little Competition '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . ' If I had to go back on it , I probably would do it a little bit different , ' James said before the game . ' But I 'm happy with my decision . ' He declined to be more specific . ^ Jump up to : ESPN.com News Services ( July 10 , 2010 ) . `` Heat stars sign six - year deals '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hochman , Benjamin ( July 9 , 2010 ) . `` LeBron James ' choice puts Miami back in the game '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Heat throw welcome party for LeBron James , Chris Bosh '' . USA Today . Associated Press . July 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . With 13,000 fans chanting `` Yes We Did ! '' amid an atmosphere more suited to a rock concert than a basketball game , the Miami Heat welcomed the NBA 's newest trio of superstars Friday night for a celebration unlike just about any other in team history . Jump up ^ Wade , Dwyane ; Bosh , Chris ; James , LeBron ( July 10 , 2010 ) . `` On Stage Interview with Wade , Bosh and James -- July 9 , 2010 '' . NBA.com ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Eric Reid . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wharton , David ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` Miami 's upgrade status holds lessons for Clippers '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( October 26 , 2010 ) . `` Shift in Talent Fortifies Elite Teams '' . The New York Times . p . B -- 12 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . In that moment on July 9 , amid the pyrotechnics , the Miami Heat became a national Rorschach test . Everyone saw something : greatness , arrogance , self - indulgence , boldness , cowardice , pride , friendship , collusion , joy , cynicism , heroes , mercenaries . Jump up ^ Starting Blocks ( June 12 , 2011 ) . `` LeBron James : ' Not 2 , not 3 , not 4 , not 5 , not 6 , not 7 ' titles ... None ? : Video '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Windhorst , Brian ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` LeBron James : No more Mr. Bad Guy '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Magoloff , Scott ( July 12 , 2014 ) . `` LeBron James : A timeline of his Miami Heat career '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James returns to Cleveland '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 3 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron shrugs off boos in return to Cleveland to lead Heat to easy win '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 - 11 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` 1 . One Year Later , Sweet Turnaround For James '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Heat 's LeBron James closes out Celtics in Game 5 : Video '' . cleveland.com . Associated Press . May 12 , 2011 . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant , Thunder pull away from Heat , win Game 1 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 12 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hollis , Charles ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` Hot Corner : With NBA title at stake , LeBron James was a big flop '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goldsberry , Kirk . `` The Evolution of King James '' . Grantland . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dwork , David ( February 5 , 2012 ) . `` Heat top Raptors , tie best start in franchise history '' . Hot Hot Hoops . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James wins 3rd NBA MVP award '' . CBS News . Associated Press . May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James scores 20,000 th '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ESPN.com News Services ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Roy Hibbert scores 19 and adds 18 boards as Pacers pound Heat '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` James ' box score gem powers Heat '' . ESPN . ESPN Stats & Information . May 20 , 2012 . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( September 29 , 2012 ) . `` LeBron eyeing ' point power forward ' role ? '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vardon , Joe ( March 5 , 2016 ) . `` LeBron James is embracing playing power forward for the Cavaliers like never before '' . The Plain Dealer . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` James Takes Game 6 Personally '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Finals take edge off season 's start '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Heat overcome Russell Westbrook 's 43 points , take 3 -- 1 Finals lead '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James , Heat dominate Thunder to win NBA championship '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 22 , 2012 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Washburn , Gary ( June 22 , 2012 ) . `` MVP clear choice '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pelton , Kevin ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Best playoff runs : Players 1 - 5 '' . ESPN Insider . ESPN . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James sets NBA record in Heat 's win against Blazers '' . ESPN . Associated Press . February 13 , 2013 . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( March 1 , 2013 ) . `` Weekend Dime -- ESPN '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jhabvala , Nicki . `` Timeline of the Miami Heat 's Winning Streak '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Rob . `` LeBron James ' month for the ages '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Heat Franchise Index '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` James wins 4th Kia MVP award in near unanimous vote '' . NBA.com . Associated Press . May 6 , 2013 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James ' layup as time expires in OT lifts Heat past Pacers '' . ESPN.com . May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James says he went back to his ' Cleveland days ' in Game 5 '' . Vox Media . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Golliver , Ben . `` Heat 's LeBron James eyes Finals rematch with Spurs : ' I 'm a much better player ' '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pelton , Kevin . `` What 's wrong with LeBron James ? '' . ESPN Insider . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Allen 's late 3 forces OT , Heat edge Spurs to force Game 7 '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James named Finals MVP '' . ESPN . June 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 NBA Finals Composite Box Score '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James ' 61 points in win set career , Heat records '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pacers get top seed in East as short - handed Heat fall to Wizards '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Notebook : Heat 102 , Nets 96 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian . `` Legacy grows for Miami 's Big 3 '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce . `` Air conditioning goes out in Game 1 '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James leads all scorers with 35 points as Heat take Game 2 '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs shake early deficit to snuff out Heat and win 5th NBA title '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 NBA Finals '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` LeBron breaks Scottie Pippen 's mark '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . `` LeBron becomes Cavs ' assist leader '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James will opt out of contract '' . SportsCenter . ESPN . June 24 , 2014 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James rejoins Cleveland Cavaliers in free agency '' . Sports Illustrated . USA Today . July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Levin , Josh . `` Nice Rebound ! '' . Slate . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Bill . `` God Loves Cleveland '' . Grantland . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach . `` The Decision 2.0 : OK , What 's Next ? '' . Grantland . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Windhorst , Brian ( July 12 , 2014 ) . `` LeBron deal has eye on future cap '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bloomberg News . `` LeBron to Cleveland : I 'm coming home '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ESPN News Services . `` Kevin Love traded to Cavaliers '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Feldman , Dan . `` LeBron James out two weeks with multiple injuries '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James hits buzzer beater as Cavaliers edge Bulls '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Matt . `` The crown is forever heavy : LeBron James and his Finals legacy '' . CBS Sports . ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 NBA Finals '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Neck and neck : Just how close was Finals MVP voting ? '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian . `` For NBA coaches , is LeBron James really a big professional hazard ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ SN Staff ; McMenamin , Dave ; Walks , Matt . `` LeBron not interested in discussing whether he unfollowed Cavs '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 - 16 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chase for 73 : Warriors one for the ages now '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 NBA Finals '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Azande , J.A. `` LeBron James ' transcendent performance sets Game 7 stage '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nadkarni , Rohan . `` The Block : An in - depth look at LeBron James 's game - altering play '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Herbert , James . `` Kevin Durant on LeBron James ' block : ' He looked like Batman ' '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . `` When LeBron swooped in and changed the course of Cavs ' history '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bontemps , Tim . `` Cavaliers end over 50 years of Cleveland sports heartbreak with first NBA championship '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James wins NBA Finals MVP for 3rd time '' . NBA.com . Associated Press . June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dan , Feldman . `` LeBron James becomes first player on record to lead series in points , rebounds , assists , steals and blocks '' . Pro Basketball Talk . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . `` ' Fantasy ' no more : LeBron James gives Cavs ' season a wake - up call '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vardon , Joe . `` LeBron James posts second straight triple - double , Cavs snap three - game skid 116 - 104 over Magic '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Adi . `` Cavs should send LeBron on in - season vacation after latest rant '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . `` LeBron James leads Cleveland to historic comeback win '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James passes Jordan , Cavs back in Finals with 135 - 102 win '' . ESPN . May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maloney , Jack . `` Cavaliers set for third straight NBA Finals vs. Warriors after bouncing Celtics '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Becomes 1st Player to Average Triple - Double in NBA Finals History '' . Bleacher Report . June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James scores 57 , Cavaliers top Wiz 130 - 122 , end skid '' . ESPN . November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Cavaliers star LeBron James ejected for first time in career '' . NBA.com . November 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James has 60th triple - double , Cavs beat Jazz 109 - 100 '' . ESPN . December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron gets 30,000 , but Spurs beat slumping Cavs 114 - 102 '' . ESPN . January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` James leads Cavaliers past Nets 129 - 123 '' . ESPN . February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron breaks Jordan record as Cavs down Pelicans 107 - 102 '' . ESPN . March 30 , 2018 . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James reaches eighth straight NBA Finals as Cavaliers beat Celtics 87 - 79 in Game 7 '' . Chicago Tribune . May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors withstand James ' 51 points to win NBA Finals Game 1 '' . ESPN . May 31 , 2018 . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dub Dynasty : Warriors sweep Cavaliers for second straight title '' . ESPN.com . June 8 , 2018 . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Andrea , Christian ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` LeBron James will opt out of contract with Cavaliers , become free agent '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James agrees to four - year , $154 - million contract with Los Angeles Lakers '' . NBA.com . July 1 , 2018 . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Sign LeBron James '' . NBA.com . July 9 , 2018 . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . 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Jump up ^ Vecsey , Peter ( February 6 , 2005 ) . `` Get Coach K For Olympic Team '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : usabasketball.com , 2006 USA Men 's World Championship team : Stats Archived May 13 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , accessed May 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ nba.com , Melo joins LeBron James and Dwyane Wade as captains , accessed May 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( September 3 , 2007 ) . `` Team USA 's declaration of independence '' . yahoo.com . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` USA Basketball president lauds LeBron James ' maturity '' . probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Player Stats '' . 2007 FIBA Americas Championship . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ espn.com , James ' record outing highlights Team USA 's dominance in title game , September 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Chris ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` That One Time They Lost : On the Team USA Men 's Basketball Disaster in Athens '' . Paste . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` United States vs. Spain , August 24 , 2008 - Final Round '' . Basketball - Reference . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron , Kobe return to U.S. team for London Games '' . Chicago Tribune . Reuters . July 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Column : Going out in style -- ' K Boys ' golden again '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . August 12 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Medina , Mark ( August 12 , 2012 ) . `` Kobe Bryant ends Olympic career on a high note '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Medina , Mark ( August 12 , 2012 ) . `` London Olympics : 5 things to take from Team USA 's win over Spain '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2012 . 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Jump up ^ `` SI. com 's Top 100 NBA players of 2015 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SI. com 's Top 100 NBA players of 2017 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron takes 2013 Kia Most Valuable Player award '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Michael ( May 5 , 2013 ) . `` LeBron James wins 4th MVP award '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Paine , Neil . `` Where This Year 's Cavs Rank Among LeBron 's NBA Finals Supporting Casts '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Haberstroh , Tom . `` LeBron 's 2 - 4 Finals record is one of his greatest achievements '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach . `` The Rematch : An NBA Finals preview '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldsberry , Kirk . `` The 2012 - 13 CourtVision Awards : The Best Shooters '' . Grantland . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` James receives 78 of 118 first - place votes '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 - 04 Cleveland Cavaliers Roster and Stats '' . Basketball Reference . Jump up ^ `` James receives 78 of 118 first - place votes '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` USA Basketball : LeBron James Bio '' . usabasketball.com . USA Basketball . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron is youngest NBA player to score 25,000 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff , NBA.com . `` Cleveland Cavaliers star LeBron James becomes youngest to score 28,000 points - NBA.com '' . www.nba.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Taneja , Anil ( 2009 ) . World of Sports Indoor . Delhi : Gyan Publishing . p. 56 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7835 - 765 - 2 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mahoney , Rob . `` Then And Now : The Evolution Of LeBron James '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Bill . `` 50 Shades of Westbrook '' . The Ringer . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey ( March 8 , 2011 ) . `` With Stars Aplenty , Heat Looks for Leader '' . The New York Times . p . B11 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zillgitt , Jeff . `` LeBron James ' 50 times better ' than in 2007 NBA Finals '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haberstroh , Tom . `` Is LeBron James an elite shooter ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach . `` The Miami Juggernaut '' . Grantland . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Levy , Ian . `` What Drives LeBron James ' Scoring Efficiency ? '' . Hardwood Paroxysm . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haberstroh , Tom . `` Miami Heat : 2013 - 14 roster ( Subscription required ) '' . ESPN Insider . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shoals , Bethlehem . `` LeBron James Is Underrated and Overlooked '' . GQ . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Engelmann , Jeremias . `` NBA has co-MVPs this season '' . ESPN Insider . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ John Schuhmann ( @ johnschuhmann ) ( 29 December 2015 ) . `` The worst high - volume shooters from outside the paint , a list topped by LeBron James & Kobe Bryant '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach . `` The Decision 2.0 : OK , What 's Next ? '' . Grantland . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . `` LeBron James gets 7,000 th career assist in first quarter vs. Hornets '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Michael ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Do n't hate LeBron , enjoy him ; he 's most gifted player in NBA history '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Rob . `` The Case For : LeBron James as Most Valuable Player '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian . `` LeBron James ' unprecedented season of sharing has arrived '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morre , Matt ( March 10 , 2012 ) . `` Heat 93 , Pacers 91 : LeBron is clutch , then not clutch , clutch enough ? '' . CBSSports.com . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Scoop ( March 8 , 2012 ) . `` LeBron 's stomach - turning stigma '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chiavetta , Ryan ( January 13 , 2012 ) . `` Chris Bosh Says Dwyane Wade , Not Lebron James , Should Be Heat Closer '' . New England Sports Network . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pane , Neil . `` LeBron May Be The Most Clutch Playoff Shooter Of His Generation '' . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron against the all - time greats '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Haberstroh , Tom . `` ' Point center ' LeBron James fourth in DPOY '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach . `` Lights , Cameras , Revolution '' . Grantland . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harper , Zach . `` LeBron James ' defensive assignment allows versatility for Miami Heat '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Haberstroh , Tom . `` Who 's the real plus - minus MVP ? '' . ESPN Insider . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Partnow , Seth . `` Here 's proof LeBron James is exiting the prime of his career '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pelton , Kevin . `` LeBron 's ' chill mode ' hurting Cavs '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Nate . `` Player profiles : Projecting LeBron , Kyrie , Love and the Cavs '' . ESPN Insider . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wire Reports ( January 1 , 2012 ) . `` LeBron James and Savannah Brinson are engaged '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LEBRON WEDS GIRLFRIEND IN SAN DIEGO '' . AP . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Amato . `` LeBron James ' Kids : 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know '' . Heavy.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Said . `` LeBron James Kids '' . TheRichest . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ CNN Library . `` LeBron James Fast Facts '' . CNN . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Carter , Nicole ( December 9 , 2010 ) . `` Miami heat : LeBron James buys $9 M mansion in Coconut Grove , Fla '' . New York : NY Daily News . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Snags Brentwood Mansion for $21 Million '' . Variety . November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vardon , Joe . `` LeBron James is the ' face ' of the NBA , but is Stephen Curry next ? '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Feldman , Dan . `` LeBron James reportedly asked Adam Silver for longer All - Star break , fewer back - to - backs '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pollakoff , Brett . `` Report : LeBron James elected Vice President of NBA Players Association '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Some Call LeBron James ' ' Vogue ' Cover Offensive '' . National Public Radio . March 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Jemele ( March 21 , 2008 ) . `` LeBron should be more careful with his image '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . But this cover gave you the double - bonus of having LeBron and Gisele strike poses that others in the blogosphere have noted draw a striking resemblance to the racially charged image of King Kong enveloping his very fair - skinned lady love interest . Jump up ^ `` The Most Influential Athletes '' . Forbes . April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Van Riper , Tom . `` Most Influential Athletes 2013 '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dove , Rita . `` LeBron James : Time 100 '' . Time . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cho , Janet . `` Sherwin - Williams replaces LeBron poster with Cleveland skyline '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Briggs , David ( October 5 , 2007 ) . `` LeBron spurns Tribe , sports Yanks cap '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ America 's Most Disliked Athletes . Forbes ; February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren . `` LeBron James NBA 's most popular '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harper , Zach . `` LeBron James is finally the most popular male athlete in America '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren . `` LeBron James tops jersey sale '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chronicle News Services . `` NBA : LeBron becomes third man on Vogue cover '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James -- Forbes '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Windhost , Brian ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` LeBron chooses Rich Paul as agent '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Eric ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` On LeBron James ' bold move to leave CAA , and the league - wide implications that could result '' . yahoo.com . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Taddeo , Lisa ( July 6 , 2010 ) . `` LeBron James 's Magnum - sized , Ultrashiny , Nike - powered Lawn Mower to the Next Century '' . Esquire . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian . `` LeBron James transitioning from businessman to a business , man '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winderman , , Ira ( July 8 , 2010 ) . `` Sun Sentinel : LeBron James to join Chris Bosh , Heat 's Dwyane Wade '' . SunSentinel . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron officially signs contract extension with Cavs '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Megdal , Howard . `` LeBron James , decisions , and how Carmelo Anthony squandered all his leverage '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Opts Out of Contract '' . International Business Times . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Re-sign Forward LeBron James '' . NBA.com . July 10 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sam , Amick . `` LeBron James gets two - year contract with Cavaliers '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers And LeBron James Sign Multi-Year Contract '' . NBA.com . August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Pat . `` NBA Scoreboard Stats Standings Teams Players Odds LeBron James Just Became NBA 's Highest - Paid Player For First Time Ever '' . NESN . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Iconic LeBron James banner getting championship upgrade '' . USA Today . Associated Press . October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Adams , Ariel . `` You Can Now Buy The $51,500 LeBron James Limited Edition Watch By Audemars Piguet '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Highkin , Sean . `` Magic Johnson thinks LeBron does n't have enough endorsements '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dunkin ' aims at China with pork donuts , LeBron James '' . Reuters . March 5 , 2012 . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` James to endorse for McDonald 's '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James enters partnership with State Farm '' . USA Today . February 13 , 2008 . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beats by Dre signs UFC star Conor McGregor to endorsement deal as it moves deeper into popular culture '' . The Drum . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren . `` LeBron James Signs New Deal With Nike '' . CNBC . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Berman , John . `` Is LeBron James Worth $90 Million ? '' . ABC News . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eagle , Ben . `` LeBron James reportedly leads all NBA players in U.S. shoe sales '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Futterman , Matthew ( April 6 , 2011 ) . `` LeBron James in Deal With Fenway Sports '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 10 famous Liverpool fans from North America '' . Liverpool F.C. April 12 , 2014 . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt . `` Full List : The World 's 50 Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Golliver , Ben . `` LeBron James passes Kobe Bryant on SI 's ' Fortunate 50 ' highest - earning athletes list '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian . `` Heat look to target Carmelo Anthony '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest - Paid Celebrities '' . Forbes . November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest Paid Athletes List 2016 '' . Forbes . June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James : `` My Dream Is To Actually Own An NBA Team '' `` . Jump up ^ ESPN.com news services . `` LeBron , Kimmel to co-host ESPY Awards '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SNL Transcripts : LeBron James '' . SNL Transcripts . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lebron James Matt Damon `` Entourage '' Cameo October 4 `` . Pop Crunch . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Troy L. `` LeBron James filming ' Trainwreck ' with Amy Schumer and other movie projects '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Movie Performance by an Active Professional Basketball Player '' . The New Yorker . July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James 's confessional video web site for athletes gets investment from Turner and Warner Bros '' . Mashable . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James ' SpringHill Entertainment Signs Deal With Warner Bros '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Levin , Josh . `` Self - Love and Basketball '' . Slate . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Disney XD picks up ' Becoming ' '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` King of Comedy : Trailer for LeBron 's new sitcom released '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The LeBrons : Season 2 Kickoff Party with LeBron James '' . Houston Press . February 18 , 2013 . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James ' reality TV show ' Cleveland Hustles ' to premiere Aug. 24 '' . Crain 's Cleveland Business . April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Carter Effect '' Trailer `` . cowbellkingdom.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Look : LeBron , business partner dine with Drake '' . theScore.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James ' production company to remake 1990 hit ' House Party ' '' . ABC.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/02/19/587097707/laura-ingraham-told-lebron-james-to-shutup-and-dribble-he-went-to-the-hoop Jump up ^ `` LeBron doc ' Shut Up and Dribble ' set to air on TV '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Charity Work , Events and Causes '' . Look to the Stars . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Just Delivered Nikes He Helped Design for Kids With Disabilities '' . Global Citizen . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ EnStars ( 2015 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Inspiring Videos : Cleveland Cavaliers Star LeBron James Pays Respect To A Fan In The Middle Of A Game '' . Enstarz . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The LeBron James Family Foundation to Unveil its Brand New Website , LeBronJamesFamilyFoundation.org '' . NBA.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron 's bike event stresses education '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ESPN.com news services . `` LeBron James , Akron to fund 4 - year scholarships for I Promise students '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James donates $2.5 million to Smithsonian 's Muhammad Ali exhibit '' . ESPN.com . November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Wins PBWA 's 2016 - 17 J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award '' . Cleveland Cavaliers Official Website . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nba/2017/11/28/board-oks-plan-for-lebron-james-i-promise-school-in-akron/108092894/ Jump up ^ Singer , Michael . `` LeBron James : Opening school is my most important professional accomplishment '' . USA Today . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wallace , Michael . `` LeBron : No place for Sterling '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` James Draws Criticism For Stand on Darfur Issue '' . Yahoo . May 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( May 16 , 2007 ) . `` Cavalier Seeks Players ' Support for Darfur '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Jonathan . `` On Darfur , LeBron James drops the ball '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Smith , Shelley ( May 16 , 2008 ) . `` LeBron speaking out on Darfur '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Hill , Jemele . `` The Heat 's hoodies as change agent '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . `` LeBron James : Bigger issues at play '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . `` LeBron , Irving in ' I Ca n't Breathe ' tees '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ward - Henninger , Colin . `` Cavs ' LeBron James responds to racist graffiti on house with powerful statement '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Tsuji , Alysha . `` LeBron James saddened by Charlottesville : ' Make America Great Again huh ? ! ' '' . For The Win . USA Today . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Bonesteel , Matt ; Marissa Payne . `` LeBron James sticks up for Stephen Curry , calls President Trump a ' bum ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Gaydos , Ryan . `` LeBron : Trump is using sports to ' divide ' the country '' . New York Post . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Lieu , Amy . `` Trump tweet slams LeBron James , Don Lemon over CNN interview '' . Fox News . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.sbnation.com/nba/2018/8/4/17651332/lebron-james-donald-trump-tweets Jump up ^ `` Lebron donates cash to Obama '' . InsideHoops.com . July 31 , 2008 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jay - Z , LeBron James get out vote for Obama '' . msnbc . October 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rooney , Kyle ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Lebron James lets fans know Love , genuine LOVE and FAITH they 'll get through '' . Hotnewhiphop . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James '' . USA Basketball Official Website . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Wiggins Named Naismith Player of the Year ; Quincy Lewis Named Coach of the Year '' . SLAM Online . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grimala , Michael . `` Shabazz Muhammad is McDonald 's POY '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's High School Basketball All American Teams '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cleveland Cavaliers choose LeBron James with No. 1 pick in 2003 : NBA Draft rewind '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` James ' Number Retired '' . Associated Press via cincinnati.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Arena '' . St. Vincent - St. Mary High School . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Arena '' . St. Vincent St. Mary . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Finalists & Past Winners '' . Cleveland Sports Awards . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce . `` LeBron James named 2013 AP Male Athlete of the Year '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Lee ( December 3 , 2012 ) . `` Miami Heat 's LeBron James named SI 's Sportsman of the Year '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting News Athlete of the Year 2012 '' . Sporting News . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` James , Nash share Sporting News MVP award '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Sporting News Rookie of the Year Award Winners '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The NBA All - Decade Team '' . Sports Illustrated . December 15 , 2009 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 ESPY Awards '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Akron designates downtown street `` King James Way '' `` . Akron Beacon Journal . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James has honorary locker at OSU '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James has football locker at OSU '' . Cavaliers 24 / 7 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Zillgitt , Jeff ( June 30 , 2018 ) . `` LeBron James ' show ' Survivor 's Remorse ' begins second season '' . usatoday.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . Further reading Freedman , Lew ( 2008 ) . LeBron James : A Biography . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34361 - 2 . Morgan , David Lee ( 2003 ) . LeBron James : The Rise of a Star . Cleveland : Gray & Co . ISBN 1 - 886228 - 74 - 4 . Pluto , Terry ; Windhorst , Brian ( 2007 ) . The Franchise : Lebron James and the Remaking of the Cleveland Cavaliers . Cleveland : Gray & Co . ISBN 1 - 59851 - 028 - 2 . External links Find more aboutLeBron Jamesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Career statistics and player information from NBA.com , or Basketball-Reference.com Official website NBA.com Prospect Profile : LeBron James USA Basketball -- LeBron James 100 Olympic Athletes to Watch : 1 . LeBron James LeBron James ' 61 - point game vs Charlotte Bobcats on YouTube LeBron James on IMDb `` LeBron James collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . Los Angeles Lakers current roster 0 Kuzma 1 Caldwell - Pope 2 Ball 3 Hart 4 Caruso ( TW ) 6 Stephenson 7 McGee 9 Deng 10 Mykhailiuk 11 Beasley 14 Ingram 15 Wagner 17 Bonga 21 Wear ( TW ) 23 James 30 Carroll 40 Zubac -- Berry -- Rondo -- Williams Head coach : Walton Assistant coaches : Keefe Madsen Mermuys Moser Murray Owens Robertson Shaw LeBron James Main Career achievements 40 - plus point games The Decision The Block Family Savannah James ( wife ) LeBron James Jr. ( son ) Films More than a Game Other Big Three ( Miami Heat ) I Promise School The LeBrons Links to related articles Mr. Basketball USA winners 1955 : Chamberlain 1956 : Robertson 1957 : Lucas 1958 : Lucas 1959 : Raftery 1960 : Hawkins 1961 : Bradley 1962 : Russell 1963 : Lacy 1964 : Alcindor 1965 : Alcindor 1966 : Murphy 1967 : Haywood 1968 : Westphal 1969 : McGinnis 1970 : McMillen 1971 : Lucas 1972 : Buckner 1973 : Dantley 1974 : Malone 1975 : Cartwright 1976 : Griffith 1977 : King 1978 : Aguirre 1979 : Kellogg 1980 : Rivers 1981 : Ewing 1982 : Tisdale 1983 : R. Williams 1984 : J. Williams 1985 : Ferry 1986 : Reid 1987 : Johnson 1988 : Mourning 1989 : Anderson 1990 : Bailey 1991 : Webber 1992 : Kidd 1993 : Wallace 1994 : Lopez 1995 : Garnett 1996 : Bibby 1997 : McGrady 1998 : Lewis 1999 : Bender 2000 : Miles 2001 : Wagner 2002 : James 2003 : James 2004 : Telfair 2005 : Ellis 2006 : Oden 2007 : Mayo 2008 : Jennings 2009 : Favors 2010 : Barnes 2011 : Kidd - Gilchrist 2012 : Muhammad 2013 : Wiggins 2014 : Alexander 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Ball 2017 : Porter 2018 : Barrett Naismith Prep Player of the Year Award 1987 : Scott 1988 : Mourning 1989 : Anderson 1990 : Bailey 1991 : Webber 1992 : Kidd 1993 : Livingston 1994 : Ward 1995 : Mercer 1996 : Bryant 1997 : Battier 1998 : Harrington 1999 : Harvey 2000 : Wallace 2001 : Wagner 2002 : Felton 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Williams 2006 : Oden 2007 : Love 2008 : Jennings 2009 : Favors 2010 : Sullinger 2011 : Rivers 2012 : Muhammad 2013 : Wiggins 2014 : Alexander 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Ball 2017 : Porter 2018 : Barrett USA Today High School Boys ' Basketball Player of the Year Award 1983 : Williams 1984 : Brooks 1985 : Ferry 1986 : Reid 1987 : Liberty 1988 : Mourning 1989 : Anderson 1990 : Bailey 1991 : Webber 1992 : Kidd 1993 : Wallace 1994 : Lopez 1995 : Garnett 1996 : Bryant 1997 : McGrady 1998 : Harrington 1999 : Harvey 2000 : Wallace 2001 : Wagner 2002 : James 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Oden 2006 : Oden 2007 : Love 2008 : Samuels 2009 : Favors 2010 : Barnes 2011 : Rivers 2012 : Noel 2013 : Wiggins 2014 : Okafor 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Ball 2017 : Porter Gatorade High School Basketball Player of the Year Award Boys 1986 : J.R. Reid 1987 : LaBradford Smith 1988 : Alonzo Mourning 1989 : Kenny Anderson 1990 : Damon Bailey 1991 : Chris Webber 1992 : Corliss Williamson 1993 : Randy Livingston 1994 : Felipe Lopez 1995 : Stephon Marbury 1996 : Kobe Bryant 1997 : Baron Davis 1998 : Al Harrington 1999 : LaVell Blanchard 2000 : Jared Jeffries 2001 : Kelvin Torbert 2002 : LeBron James 2003 : LeBron James 2004 : Dwight Howard 2005 : Greg Oden 2006 : Greg Oden 2007 : Kevin Love 2008 : Jrue Holiday 2009 : Brandon Knight 2010 : Brandon Knight 2011 : Bradley Beal 2012 : Jabari Parker 2013 : Andrew Wiggins 2014 : Karl - Anthony Towns 2015 : Ben Simmons 2016 : Jayson Tatum 2017 : Michael Porter 2018 : R.J. Barrett Girls 1986 : Susan Anderson 1987 : Kris Durham 1988 : Vicki Hall 1989 : Lisa Harrison 1990 : Lisa Leslie 1991 : Michelle Marciniak 1992 : Katie Smith 1993 : La'Keshia Frett 1994 : Monick Foote 1995 : Stephanie White 1996 : Jamie Walz 1997 : Nikki Teasley 1998 : Tamika Williams 1999 : Nicole Kaczmarski 2000 : Shereka Wright 2001 : Shyra Ely 2002 : Ann Strother 2003 : Candace Parker 2004 : Candace Parker 2005 : Abby Waner 2006 : Tina Charles 2007 : Maya Moore 2008 : Nneka Ogwumike 2009 : Skylar Diggins 2010 : Chiney Ogwumike 2011 : Kaleena Mosqueda - Lewis 2012 : Breanna Stewart 2013 : Mercedes Russell 2014 : Brianna Turner 2015 : Katie Lou Samuelson 2016 : Erin Boley 2017 : Megan Walker 2018 : Christyn Williams Gatorade High School Athlete of the Year Award Boys 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Paulus 2006 : Oden 2007 : Love 2008 : Barkley 2009 : Gilbert 2010 : Knight 2011 : Bundy 2012 : Gray 2013 : Wiggins 2014 : Towns 2015 : Murray 2016 : Tatum 2017 : Gore Girls 2003 : Felix 2004 : Parker 2005 : Barboza 2006 : Charles 2007 : Moore 2008 : Price 2009 : Diggins 2010 : Ogwumike 2011 : Brian 2012 : Stewart 2013 : Andrews 2014 : Turner 2015 : Hill 2016 : McLaughlin 2017 : McLaughlin McDonald 's Morgan Wootten National Player of the Year 1997 : Battier 1998 : Curry 1999 : Williams 2000 : Duhon 2001 : Miles 2002 : Francis 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : McRoberts 2006 : Oden 2007 : Love 2008 : Monroe 2009 : Favors 2010 : Barnes 2011 : Rivers 2012 : Muhammad 2013 : Parker 2014 : Okafor 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Ball 2017 : Carter 2018 : Barrett McDonald 's All - American Game -- Boys ' MVPs 1979 : Daye 1980 : Cross 1981 : Branch & Sherrod 1982 : Winters 1983 : Bennett 1984 : Williams 1985 : Lambiotte 1986 : Reid 1987 : Macon 1988 : Mourning & Owens 1989 : Hurley & O'Neal 1990 : Bradley 1991 : Webber & Brunson 1992 : Harrington 1993 : Vaughn & Stackhouse 1994 : López 1995 : Garnett 1996 : Holloway 1997 : Gregory 1998 : R. Curry 1999 : Bender 2000 : Randolph 2001 : E. Curry 2002 : Redick 2003 : James 2004 : Howard & Smith 2005 : McRoberts 2006 : Budinger & Durant 2007 : Beasley 2008 : Evans 2009 : Favors 2010 : Barnes & Sullinger 2011 : Gilchrist & McAdoo 2012 : Muhammad 2013 : Gordon 2014 : Ju. Jackson & Okafor 2015 : Diallo 2016 : F. Jackson & Jo. Jackson 2017 : Porter 2018 : Little Jordan Brand Classic All - American Game -- Boys ' MVPs 2002 : Stoudemire & May 2003 : James & Brown 2004 : Howard 2005 : Hansbrough & Blatche 2006 : Young & Durant 2007 : Greene & Fisher 2008 : Evans & Jennings 2009 : Favors & Sidney 2010 : Barnes & Irving 2011 : Davis & McAdoo 2012 : Purvis & Muhammad 2013 : Randle & Parker 2014 : Alexander & Okafor 2015 : Diallo & Trier 2016 : Fox & Monk 2017 : Bowen & Walker 2018 : Little & Williams 2003 NBA draft First round LeBron James Darko Miličić Carmelo Anthony Chris Bosh Dwyane Wade Chris Kaman Kirk Hinrich T.J. Ford Michael Sweetney Jarvis Hayes Mickaël Piétrus Nick Collison Marcus Banks Luke Ridnour Reece Gaines Troy Bell Žarko Čabarkapa David West Sasha Pavlović Dahntay Jones Boris Diaw Zoran Planinić Travis Outlaw Brian Cook Carlos Delfino Ndudi Ebi Kendrick Perkins Leandro Barbosa Josh Howard Second round Maciej Lampe Jason Kapono Luke Walton Jerome Beasley Sofoklis Schortsanitis Szymon Szewczyk Mario Austin Travis Hansen Steve Blake Slavko Vraneš Derrick Zimmerman Willie Green Zaza Pachulia Keith Bogans Malick Badiane Matt Bonner Sani Bečirovič Mo Williams James Lang James Jones Paccelis Morlende Kyle Korver Remon van de Hare Tommy Smith Nedžad Sinanović Rick Rickert Brandon Hunter Xue Yuyang Andreas Glyniadakis NBA first overall draft picks 1947 : McNeely 1948 : Tonkovich 1949 : Shannon 1950 : Share 1951 : Melchiorre 1952 : Workman 1953 : Felix 1954 : Selvy 1955 : Ricketts 1956 : Green 1957 : Hundley 1958 : Baylor 1959 : Boozer 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Bellamy 1962 : McGill 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Barnes 1965 : Hetzel 1966 : Russell 1967 : Walker 1968 : Hayes 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Lanier 1971 : Carr 1972 : L. Martin 1973 : Collins 1974 : Walton 1975 : D. Thompson 1976 : Lucas 1977 : Benson 1978 : M. Thompson 1979 : E. Johnson 1980 : Carroll 1981 : Aguirre 1982 : Worthy 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Olajuwon 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Daugherty 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Manning 1989 : Ellison 1990 : Coleman 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : O'Neal 1993 : Webber 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Iverson 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Olowokandi 1999 : Brand 2000 : K. Martin 2001 : Brown 2002 : Yao 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Bargnani 2007 : Oden 2008 : Rose 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Wall 2011 : Irving 2012 : Davis 2013 : Bennett 2014 : Wiggins 2015 : Towns 2016 : Simmons 2017 : Fultz 2018 : Ayton NBA Rookie of the Year Award 1953 : Meineke 1954 : Felix 1955 : Pettit 1956 : Stokes 1957 : Heinsohn 1958 : Sauldsberry 1959 : Baylor 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Bellamy 1963 : Dischinger 1964 : Lucas 1965 : Reed 1966 : Barry 1967 : Bing 1968 : Monroe 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Alcindor 1971 : Cowens & Petrie 1972 : Wicks 1973 : McAdoo 1974 : DiGregorio 1975 : Wilkes 1976 : Adams 1977 : Dantley 1978 : Davis 1979 : Ford 1980 : Bird 1981 : Griffith 1982 : Williams 1983 : Cummings 1984 : Sampson 1985 : Jordan 1986 : Ewing 1987 : Person 1988 : Jackson 1989 : Richmond 1990 : Robinson 1991 : Coleman 1992 : Johnson 1993 : O'Neal 1994 : Webber 1995 : Hill & Kidd 1996 : Stoudamire 1997 : Iverson 1998 : Duncan 1999 : Carter 2000 : Brand & Francis 2001 : Miller 2002 : Gasol 2003 : Stoudemire 2004 : James 2005 : Okafor 2006 : Paul 2007 : Roy 2008 : Durant 2009 : Rose 2010 : Evans 2011 : Griffin 2012 : Irving 2013 : Lillard 2014 : Carter - Williams 2015 : Wiggins 2016 : Towns 2017 : Brogdon 2018 : Simmons NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award 1951 : Macauley 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Mikan 1954 : Cousy 1955 : Sharman 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Pettit 1959 : Baylor & Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Pettit 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Lucas 1966 : A. Smith 1967 : Barry 1968 : Greer 1969 : Robertson 1970 : Reed 1971 : Wilkens 1972 : West 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Lanier 1975 : Frazier 1976 : Bing 1977 : Erving 1978 : R. Smith 1979 : Thompson 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Archibald 1982 : Bird 1983 : Erving 1984 : Thomas 1985 : Sampson 1986 : Thomas 1987 : Chambers 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Malone 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Barkley 1992 : Johnson 1993 : Stockton & Malone 1994 : Pippen 1995 : Richmond 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Rice 1998 : Jordan 1999 : No game played 2000 : O'Neal & Duncan 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Bryant 2003 : Garnett 2004 : O'Neal 2005 : Iverson 2006 : James 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Bryant & O'Neal 2010 : Wade 2011 : Bryant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Paul 2014 : Irving 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Westbrook 2017 : Davis 2018 : James NBA season scoring leaders 1947 : Fulks 1948 : Zaslofsky 1949 : Mikan 1950 : Mikan 1951 : Mikan 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Johnston 1954 : Johnston 1955 : Johnston 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Arizin 1958 : Yardley 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Chamberlain 1962 : Chamberlain 1963 : Chamberlain 1964 : Chamberlain 1965 : Chamberlain 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Barry 1968 : Bing 1969 : Hayes 1970 : West 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Archibald 1974 : McAdoo 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : McAdoo 1977 : Maravich 1978 : Gervin 1979 : Gervin 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Dantley 1982 : Gervin 1983 : English 1984 : Dantley 1985 : King 1986 : Wilkins 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Jordan 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Robinson 1995 : O'Neal 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Iverson 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : McGrady 2004 : McGrady 2005 : Iverson 2006 : Bryant 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Wade 2010 : Durant 2011 : Durant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Anthony 2014 : Durant 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Harden NBA Most Valuable Player Award 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Russell 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Russell 1962 : Russell 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Russell 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Chamberlain 1968 : Chamberlain 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Abdul - Jabbar 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : Abdul - Jabbar 1977 : Abdul - Jabbar 1978 : Walton 1979 : M. Malone 1980 : Abdul - Jabbar 1981 : Erving 1982 : M. Malone 1983 : M. Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Bird 1986 : Bird 1987 : Johnson 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Barkley 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Robinson 1996 : Jordan 1997 : K. Malone 1998 : Jordan 1999 : K. Malone 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Duncan 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Garnett 2005 : Nash 2006 : Nash 2007 : Nowitzki 2008 : Bryant 2009 : James 2010 : James 2011 : Rose 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Harden Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award 1969 : West 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Chamberlain 1973 : Reed 1974 : Havlicek 1975 : Barry 1976 : White 1977 : Walton 1978 : Unseld 1979 : D. Johnson 1980 : E. Johnson 1981 : Maxwell 1982 : E. Johnson 1983 : Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Bird 1987 : E. Johnson 1988 : Worthy 1989 : Dumars 1990 : Thomas 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Olajuwon 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Duncan 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : O'Neal 2002 : O'Neal 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Billups 2005 : Duncan 2006 : Wade 2007 : Parker 2008 : Pierce 2009 : Bryant 2010 : Bryant 2011 : Nowitzki 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Leonard 2015 : Iguodala 2016 : James 2017 : Durant 2018 : Durant Miami Heat 2011 -- 12 NBA champions 1 Bosh 3 Wade 5 Howard 6 James ( Finals MVP ) 13 Miller 14 Harris 15 Chalmers 21 Turiaf 22 Jones 30 Cole 31 Battier 40 Haslem 45 Pittman 50 Anthony Head coach Spoelstra Assistant coaches McAdoo Askins Rothstein Fizdale Kammerer De La Grana Regular season Playoffs Miami Heat 2012 -- 13 NBA champions 1 Bosh 3 Wade 6 James ( Finals MVP ) 9 Lewis 11 Andersen 13 Miller 15 Chalmers 22 Jones 24 Varnado 30 Cole 31 Battier 34 Allen 40 Haslem 50 Anthony Head coach Spoelstra Assistant coaches McAdoo Askins Rothstein Fizdale Kammerer Craig Regular season Playoffs Cleveland Cavaliers 2015 -- 16 NBA champions 0 Love 1 J. Jones 2 Irving 4 Shumpert 5 Smith 8 Dellavedova 9 Frye 12 McRae 13 Thompson 14 Kaun 20 Mozgov 23 James ( Finals MVP ) 24 Jefferson 30 Dah . Jones 52 Williams Head coach Lue Assistant coaches Brielmaier Boylan Drew Handy Longabardi Dam . Jones Posey Potapenko Regular season Playoffs United States men 's basketball squad -- 2004 Summer Olympics -- Bronze medal 4 Iverson 5 Marbury 6 Wade 7 Boozer 8 Anthony 9 James 10 Okafor 11 Marion 12 Stoudemire 13 Duncan 14 Odom 15 Jefferson Coach : Brown United States squad -- 2006 FIBA World Championship -- Bronze medal 4 Johnson 5 Hinrich 6 James 7 Jamison 8 Battier 9 Wade 10 Paul 11 Bosh 12 Howard 13 Miller 14 Brand 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States squad -- 2007 FIBA Americas Championship -- Gold medal 4 Billups 5 Kidd 6 James 7 Williams 8 Redd 9 Prince 10 Bryant 11 Howard 12 Stoudemire 13 Miller 14 Chandler 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States men 's basketball squad -- 2008 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Boozer 5 Kidd 6 James 7 Williams 8 Redd 9 Wade 10 Bryant 11 Howard 12 Bosh 13 Paul 14 Prince 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States men 's basketball squad -- 2012 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Chandler 5 Durant 6 James 7 Westbrook 8 Williams 9 Iguodala 10 Bryant 11 Love 12 Harden 13 Paul 14 Davis 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year 1980 : Thomas 1981 : Boyle 1982 : Rivers 1983 : Jordan 1984 : Jordan & Perkins 1985 : Person 1986 : Robinson 1987 : Manning 1988 : Majerle 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Mourning 1991 : Laettner 1992 : U.S. men 's national team 1993 : Finley 1994 : O'Neal 1995 : Allen 1996 : Pippen 1997 : Boykins 1998 : Brand 1999 : Payton 2000 : Mourning 2001 : Duhon 2002 : Miller 2003 : Duncan 2004 : May & Paul 2005 : Williams 2006 : Anthony 2007 : Kidd 2008 : U.S. men 's national team 2009 : McAdoo 2010 : Durant 2011 : Parker 2012 : James 2013 : Gordon 2014 : Irving 2015 : Brunson 2016 : Anthony & Durant 2017 : Warney Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year 1954 : Roger Bannister 1955 : Johnny Podres 1956 : Bobby Morrow 1957 : Stan Musial 1958 : Rafer Johnson 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Arnold Palmer 1961 : Jerry Lucas 1962 : Terry Baker 1963 : Pete Rozelle 1964 : Ken Venturi 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Jim Ryun 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Bill Russell 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : Bobby Orr 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Billie Jean King & John Wooden 1973 : Jackie Stewart 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Pete Rose 1976 : Chris Evert 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Jack Nicklaus 1979 : Terry Bradshaw & Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : Sugar Ray Leonard 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Mary Decker 1984 : Edwin Moses & Mary Lou Retton 1985 : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Joe Paterno 1987 : Bob Bourne , Judi Brown King , Kipchoge Keino , Dale Murphy , Chip Rives , Patty Sheehan , Rory Sparrow , & Reggie Williams 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Greg LeMond 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Arthur Ashe 1993 : Don Shula 1994 : Bonnie Blair & Johann Olav Koss 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Tiger Woods 1997 : Dean Smith 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : U.S. Women 's Soccer Team 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Curt Schilling & Randy Johnson 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : David Robinson & Tim Duncan 2004 : Boston Red Sox 2005 : Tom Brady 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Brett Favre 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Derek Jeter 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Mike Krzyzewski & Pat Summitt 2012 : LeBron James 2013 : Peyton Manning 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Serena Williams 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve & J.J. Watt Sporting News Sportsman / Pro Athlete of the Year 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : John Wooden 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Charlie Finley 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Lou Brock 1975 : Archie Griffin 1976 : Larry O'Brien 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : George Brett 1981 : Wayne Gretzky 1982 : Whitey Herzog 1983 : Bowie Kuhn 1984 : Peter Ueberroth 1985 : Pete Rose 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : None 1988 : Jackie Joyner - Kersee 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Nolan Ryan 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Mike Krzyzewski 1993 : Cito Gaston & Pat Gillick 1994 : Emmitt Smith 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Joe Torre 1997 : Mark McGwire 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : New York Yankees 2000 : Marshall Faulk & Kurt Warner 2001 : Curt Schilling 2002 : Tyrone Willingham 2003 : Dick Vermeil & Jack McKeon 2004 : Tom Brady 2005 : Matt Leinart 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Eli Manning 2009 : Mariano Rivera 2010 : Roy Halladay 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : LeBron James Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year 1931 : Pepper Martin 1932 : Gene Sarazen 1933 : Carl Hubbell 1934 : Dizzy Dean 1935 : Joe Louis 1936 : Jesse Owens 1937 : Don Budge 1938 : Don Budge 1939 : Nile Kinnick 1940 : Tom Harmon 1941 : Joe DiMaggio 1942 : Frank Sinkwich 1943 : Gunder Hägg 1944 : Byron Nelson 1945 : Byron Nelson 1946 : Glenn Davis 1947 : Johnny Lujack 1948 : Lou Boudreau 1949 : Leon Hart 1950 : Jim Konstanty 1951 : Dick Kazmaier 1952 : Bob Mathias 1953 : Ben Hogan 1954 : Willie Mays 1955 : Howard Cassady 1956 : Mickey Mantle 1957 : Ted Williams 1958 : Herb Elliott 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Rafer Johnson 1961 : Roger Maris 1962 : Maury Wills 1963 : Sandy Koufax 1964 : Don Schollander 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Frank Robinson 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : George Blanda 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Mark Spitz 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Fred Lynn 1976 : Bruce Jenner 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : John McEnroe 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Carl Lewis 1984 : Carl Lewis 1985 : Dwight Gooden 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : Ben Johnson 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Michael Jordan 1993 : Michael Jordan 1994 : George Foreman 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Michael Johnson 1997 : Tiger Woods 1998 : Mark McGwire 1999 : Tiger Woods 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Barry Bonds 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : Lance Armstrong 2004 : Lance Armstrong 2005 : Lance Armstrong 2006 : Tiger Woods 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Jimmie Johnson 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : Michael Phelps 2013 : LeBron James 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Stephen Curry 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve ESPY Awards Cross-cutter Courage Female Athlete Male Athlete Breakthrough Athlete Championship Performance Coach / Manager Female College Athlete Male College Athlete Comeback Athlete Female Athlete with a Disability Male Athlete with a Disability Game Perseverance Upset Moment Play Record - Breaking Performance Team Individual Female Action Male Action Bowler Driver Fighter Female Golfer Male Golfer Jockey MLS MLB NBA NFL NHL Female Tennis Male Tennis WNBA International Athlete Male U.S. Olympian Female U.S. Olympian Discontinued Action Soccer Female Soccer Male Soccer U.S. Olympian Male College Basketball Female College Basketball College Football Disabled Angler Boxer Golfer Female Track Male Track Outdoor Sportsman Movie Undeniable Performance Track and Field Award ceremonies 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Best Male Athlete ESPY Award winners 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Bonds 1995 : Young 1996 : Ripken Jr . 1997 : Johnson 1998 : Woods / Griffey Jr . 1999 : McGwire 2000 : Woods 2001 : Woods 2002 : Woods 2003 : Armstrong 2004 : Armstrong 2005 : Armstrong 2006 : Armstrong 2007 : Tomlinson 2008 : Woods 2009 : Phelps 2010 : Brees 2011 : Nowitzki 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : James 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Ovechkin Hickok Belt winners 1950 : Phil Rizzuto 1951 : Allie Reynolds 1952 : Rocky Marciano 1953 : Ben Hogan 1954 : Willie Mays 1955 : Otto Graham 1956 : Mickey Mantle 1957 : Carmen Basilio 1958 : Bob Turley 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Arnold Palmer 1961 : Roger Maris 1962 : Maury Wills 1963 : Sandy Koufax 1964 : Jim Brown 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Frank Robinson 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Joe Namath 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : Brooks Robinson 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Steve Carlton 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Pete Rose 1976 : Ken Stabler 1977 -- 2011 not awarded 2012 : LeBron James 2013 : LeBron James 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Stephen Curry 2016 : Michael Phelps 2017 : José Altuve LCCN : n2003099514 MusicBrainz : 7d6308c5 - 7412 - 4afe - 879f - 181c7827744d VIAF : 53530499 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LeBron_James&oldid=854764105 '' Categories : LeBron James 1984 births Living people African - American basketball players African - American investors American investors American soccer chairmen and investors Basketball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics Basketball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics Basketball players at the 2012 Summer Olympics Basketball players from Ohio Businesspeople from Akron , Ohio Businesspeople from Los Angeles Cleveland Cavaliers draft picks Cleveland Cavaliers players Film producers from California Gatorade National Basketball Player of the Year Liverpool F.C. chairmen and investors McDonald 's High School All - Americans Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics Miami Heat players National Basketball Association All - Stars National Basketball Association high school draftees Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in basketball Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball Parade High School All - Americans ( boys ' basketball ) People from Brentwood , Los Angeles Power forwards ( basketball ) Small forwards Sportspeople from Akron , Ohio Sportspeople from Los Angeles United States men 's national basketball team players American men 's basketball players Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Articles to be merged from August 2018 All articles to be merged Good articles Use mdy dates from May 2017 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Volapük 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 60 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 16 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what team was lebron james on before lakers | [
"LeBron James\nJames with the Cavaliers in 2017No. 23 – Los Angeles LakersPosition\nSmall forward / Shooting guardLeague\nNBAPersonal informationBorn\n (1984-12-30) December 30, 1984 (age 33)Akron, OhioNationality\nAmericanListed height\n6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)Listed weight\n250 lb (113 kg)Career informationHigh school\nSt. Vincent–St. Mary(Akron, Ohio)NBA draft\n2003 / Round: 1 / Pick: 1st overall\nSelected by the Cleveland CavaliersPlaying career\n2003–presentCareer history2003–2010\nCleveland Cavaliers2010–2014\nMiami Heat2014–2018\nCleveland Cavaliers2018–present\nLos Angeles Lakers\nCareer highlights and awards\n3× NBA champion (2012, 2013, 2016)\n3× NBA Finals MVP (2012, 2013, 2016)\n4× NBA Most Valuable Player (2009, 2010, 2012, 2013)\n14× NBA All-Star (2005–2018)\n3× NBA All-Star Game MVP (2006, 2008, 2018)\n12× All-NBA First Team (2006, 2008–2018)\n2× All-NBA Second Team (2005, 2007)\n5× NBA All-Defensive First Team (2009–2013)\nNBA All-Defensive Second Team (2014)\nNBA Rookie of the Year (2004)\nNBA scoring champion (2008)\nJ. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award (2017)\n2× AP Athlete of the Year (2013, 2016)\n2× Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year (2012, 2016)\nUSA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year (2012)\n2× Mr. Basketball USA (2002, 2003)\nNaismith Prep Player of the Year (2003)\nMcDonald's All-American Game MVP (2003)\n3× Ohio Mr. Basketball (2001–2003)\n\n\nStats at NBA.com\nStats at Basketball-Reference.com\n\n Medals[hide]\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nMen's basketball\n\n\nRepresenting the United States\n\n\nOlympic Games\n\n\n\n2008 Beijing\nTeam\n\n\n\n2012 London\nTeam\n\n\n\n2004 Athens\nTeam\n\n\nFIBA World Championship\n\n\n\n2006 Japan\n\n\n\nFIBA Americas Championship\n\n\n\n2007 Las Vegas\n\n\n"
] | [
"Cleveland Cavaliers"
] |
-8436486778273071110 | MasterChef Australia | MasterChef Australia - Wikipedia MasterChef Australia For the current season , see MasterChef Australia ( series 10 ) . MasterChef Australia Created by Franc Roddam Judges Gary Mehigan George Calombaris Matt Preston Narrated by Nicholas McKay ( 2009 -- 12 ) Graeme Stone ( 2013 ) Lofty Fulton ( 2014 - ) Opening theme `` Hot n Cold '' , by Katy Perry Country of origin Australia Original language ( s ) English No. of series 10 No. of episodes 686 Production Location ( s ) Sydney , New South Wales ( 2009 -- 12 ) Melbourne , Victoria ( 2013 -- present ) Running time 30 -- 120 minutes per episode Production company ( s ) FremantleMedia Australia ( 2009 -- 11 ) Endemol Shine Australia ( 2012 -- ) Release Original network Network Ten Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) ( 2016 - ) Audio format Stereo Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release 27 April 2009 -- present External links Website MasterChef Australia is a Logie Award - winning Australian reality competitive cooking game show based on the original British MasterChef . It is produced by Shine Australia and screens on Network Ten . Restaurateur and chef Gary Mehigan , chef George Calombaris and food critic Matt Preston serve as the show 's main judges . The show is premiered 7 : 30pm every Sunday -- Thursday on Network Ten . The MasterChef Australia Kitchen is located in Flemington , Melbourne . The series has also spawned four spin - off series : Celebrity MasterChef Australia , which featured celebrity contestants , Junior MasterChef Australia , which featured younger contestants , MasterChef Australia All - Stars , which featured returning contestants from the first three series , and MasterChef Australia : The Professionals , which features professional chefs as contestants . These spin - off shows did not air in 2014 after the producers of the show announced that they wanted to solely focus on the original version . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Episodes 2 Hosts and judges 2.1 Main Series 2.2 Spin - off Series 3 Winners 3.1 Main Series 3.2 Spin - Off Series 4 Series synopsis 4.1 Series 1 : 2009 4.2 Series 2 : 2010 4.3 Series 3 : 2011 4.4 Series 4 : 2012 4.5 Series 5 : 2013 4.6 Series 6 : 2014 4.7 Series 7 : 2015 4.8 Series 8 : 2016 4.9 Series 9 : 2017 4.10 Series 10 : 2018 5 Spin - off editions 5.1 Celebrity MasterChef Australia : 2009 5.2 Junior MasterChef Australia 5.2. 1 Series 1 : 2010 5.2. 2 Series 2 : 2011 5.3 MasterChef Australia All - Stars : 2012 5.4 MasterChef Australia : The Professionals : 2013 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Main Season Ratings 6.3 Spinoff Series Ratings 6.4 Critical and popular reception 7 Controversy 7.1 Allegations of vote rigging 7.2 Welfare of former contestants 7.3 Marco Pierre White 8 International syndications 9 Print publications 9.1 Official MasterChef Cookbook Volume 1 9.2 Our Family Table 9.3 Official MasterChef Cookbook Volume 2 9.4 Official Junior MasterChef Cookbook Volume 1 9.5 Two Asian Kitchens 9.6 MasterChef Magazine 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Format ( edit ) MasterChef Australia has a different format to that of the original British MasterChef and MasterChef Goes Large formats . Initial rounds consist of a large number of hopeful contestants from across Australia individually `` auditioning '' by presenting a food dish before the three judges in order to gain one of 50 semi-final places . Entrants must be over 18 years old whose main source of income can not come from preparing and cooking fresh food in a professional environment . The semi-finalists then compete in several challenges which test their food knowledge and preparation skills . In Season 1 , the top 50 competed until 20 were left , with the final 20 progressing to the main stage of the show . From Season 2 , 24 contestants progress . The contestants will then be whittled down through a number of individual and team - based cooking challenges and weekly elimination rounds until a winning MasterChef is crowned . The winner plays for a prize that includes chef training from leading professional chefs , the chance to have their own cookbook published , and A $ 250,000 in cash . Episodes ( edit ) MasterChef Australia airs five nights a week from Sunday to Thursday . Each night features a different episode format , however some episodes modify the format slightly . The typical episode formats are as follows : Sunday is the Challenge night . From series 3 , it can range from a variety of challenges , including a Mystery Box , where each contestant is given the same box of ingredients and are to create a dish using only those ingredients . The Judges then pick 3 dishes Based on Technique and Visual Appearance Alone and a winner chosen . There can also be an Invention Test , where contestants have to invent a dish relevant to a theme using a core ingredient . There can also be Off - Site Challenges and Team Challenges , which often involve cooking for large numbers of people . The top three contestants who made the best dishes are selected by the judges , from which a winner is chosen to compete in the Immunity Challenge . After this the bottom three are revealed , who will face off in an elimination challenge the next night . In the first two series , it would always consist of a Mystery Box , where the winner was able to choose the core ingredient for the Invention Test . Monday episodes feature the Pressure Test . The bottom three from the previous night 's challenge are given a recipe for a particular dish they are to emulate in an allocated time . Once completed they are taken in to the judges to be tasted , before all three contestants are seated in front of the judges for critiquing . The judges then eliminate the contestant out of the three that performed least adequately in the test . Tuesday episodes feature the Immunity Challenge , where the winner of the Sunday challenge competes against a guest , which can vary from a chef , apprentice , or to a home cook in a cook off . The contestant is given the choice of two pantries of ingredients they can use , usually contrasting such as `` Black '' and `` White '' . The contestant gets a head start to complete the dish before their opponent starts cooking and after the allotted time for both is finished , the dishes are presented to the judges for tasting and scoring out of ten . The judges are not aware which dish was made by which person , however . If the contestant 's dish 's score is equal to or higher than that of the guest , they are crowned the winner of the challenge . In the first series they are given a free pass to the finals week of the competition and can go home . From series 2 onwards , they receive a pin that allows them to save themselves from one future elimination . Wednesday features a Team Challenge . The contestants are split into teams , and are given a task , and a set amount of time to complete the challenge . Tasks have included presenting a three course meal to a celebrity guest , running a restaurant for an evening or catering an event such as a birthday party or wedding . Once completed and judged the teams are given the results , which can be determined by which team the judges think did the best , or receiving the most votes or making the most money by the people the teams had to cook for , with members of the losing team facing an elimination the next night . The winning team safe from elimination receives a reward ( for example lunch at a top restaurant ) . Thursday is another Elimination . The two worst performing contestants from the losing team in the team challenge compete against each other in a head to head challenge to determine who will be eliminated . The loser of the challenge is then eliminated . On some occasions , all members of the losing team will be selected to compete as individuals in the elimination challenge . In the first series , a different elimination process was used . The contestants from the losing team were to vote for a contestant that they each feel did not perform to their best and may have cost them the challenge . After voting the team is called in together to announce the results of the vote , with the contestant with the most votes being eliminated from the competition . If the previous challenge was an individual challenge , the bottom two contestants competed in a head to head taste test where one contestant at a time named one ingredient of a particular dish or sauce , and the first person to name an incorrect ingredient is eliminated . MasterClass airs on Thursday following the elimination show and is generally limited to themed weeks . Here , judges George , Gary and Matt run a masterclass for the remaining contestants , which usually call back to some of the challenges from the previous week . For example , they may revisit the Mystery Box challenge and demonstrate some other dishes that could have been made or redo one of the contestants ' dishes to give tips on how it could have been improved . Hosts and judges ( edit ) Main Series ( edit ) Timeline of hosts , judges and other personnel Starring Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 Current Gary Mehigan Judge Host & Judge George Calombaris Judge Host & Judge Matt Preston Judge Host & Judge Heston Blumenthal Guest Judge Nigella Lawson Guest Judge Guest Judge Gordon Ramsay Guest Judge Shannon Bennett Guest Mentor Former Sarah Wilson Host Matt Moran Guest Judge Judge Guest Judge Kylie Kwong Guest Mentor Marco Pierre White Guest Judge Yotam Ottolenghi Guest Judge Spin - off Series ( edit ) Timeline of hosts , judges and other personnel Starring Seasons J1 J2 A-S TP Gary Mehigan Host & Judge George Calombaris Host & Judge Matt Preston Judge Host & Judge Host & Judge Anna Gare Judge Matt Moran Judge Marco Pierre White Host & Judge Winners ( edit ) Main Series ( edit ) Series Contestant Age State Occupation Date Won One Julie Goodwin 38 New South Wales Office manager 19 July 2009 Two Adam Liaw 31 South Australia Lawyer 25 July 2010 Three Kate Bracks 35 New South Wales Homemaker 7 August 2011 Four Andy Allen 24 New South Wales Apprentice electrician 25 July 2012 Five Emma Dean 35 Victoria Town planner 1 September 2013 Six Brent Owens 24 Victoria Bobcat driver 28 July 2014 Seven Billie McKay 24 New South Wales Restaurant manager 27 July 2015 Eight Elena Duggan 32 New South Wales School teacher 26 July 2016 Nine Diana Chan 29 Victoria Accountant 24 July 2017 Ten 30 July 2018 Spin - Off Series ( edit ) Season Contestant Occupation Date Won Eamon Sullivan Olympic Swimmer 25 November 2009 J1 Isabella Bliss School Student 15 November 2010 J2 Greta Yaxley 23 November 2011 A-S Callum Hann Uni Student 12 August 2012 TP Rhys Badcock Cruise Liner Chef 17 March 2013 Series synopsis ( edit ) Series 1 : 2009 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia ( series 1 ) The first series of MasterChef Australia was broadcast between 27 April 2009 and 19 July 2009 . Applications for contestants closed on 8 January 2009 , with subsequent auditions held in Perth , Brisbane , Melbourne , Adelaide and Sydney . Over 7000 people auditioned for the show . The Top 50 portion of the series was filmed at the Australian Technology Park in Sydney . From the Top 20 onwards , filming was moved to a studio on Doody Street in Alexandria , Sydney . The series one finale was filmed on 2 July 2009 , two and a half weeks before its actual television broadcast . The winner was I.T. office manager Julie Goodwin , who defeated Poh Ling Yeow . Series 2 : 2010 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia ( series 2 ) The second series of MasterChef Australia premiered on 19 April 2010 , with the initial call for contestants held in mid-2009 . Other changes to Season 2 include not showing the initial auditions , with the series beginning instead with the Top 50 which were filmed at a Redfern Train Works building in Sydney , and having a Top 24 instead of a Top 20 . Also , unlike Season 1 , the last 45 minutes of the finale were broadcast live . The winner was 31 - year - old lawyer Adam Liaw who defeated Callum Hann . Series 3 : 2011 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia ( series 3 ) On 4 July 2010 , Network Ten confirmed the return of MasterChef with new judge Matt Moran joining the original judges for series 3 . The series premiere aired on 1 May 2011 . It was watched by 1.511 million viewers . The winner was 36 - year - old mother , Kate Bracks , who defeated Michael Weldon in the grand final . Series 4 : 2012 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia ( series 4 ) MasterChef Australia premiered Sunday 6 May on Network Ten . Regular judges , chefs George Calombaris and Gary Mehigan and food critic Matt Preston , returned for Season 4 . Andy Allen defeated Julia Taylor . Audra Morrice came in third place . Series 5 : 2013 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia ( series 5 ) Network Ten confirmed in August 2012 that they have commissioned a fifth series for 2013 . The program was filmed at the Royal Melbourne Showgrounds in Ascot Vale , Victoria . Emma Dean won , with Lynton Tapp as the runner - up and Samira El Khafir finishing in third place . Series 5 featured a number of changes to the format including casting that focussed on contestant 's personalities above cooking ability in response to the success of the Seven Network 's rival cooking show My Kitchen Rules . The changes were not well received by both critics and audiences , and led to disappointing ratings compared to previous seasons . As a result of the show 's poor audience response Network Ten cancelled all spin - off versions of Masterchef Australia as well as live events such as Masterchef Live in order to focus on `` a new , fresh version in 2014 that will appeal to the loyal MasterChef fans as well as new viewers '' according to Ten 's chief programming officer , Beverley McGarvey . Series 6 : 2014 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia ( series 6 ) Network Ten confirmed in August 2013 that they had recommissioned the show for another series , which aired in 2014 . The program was once again filmed in Ascot Vale , Victoria at the Royal Melbourne Showgrounds . In addition to the return of all three judges , Kylie Kwong was a guest mentor who appeared during the immunity challenges . Heston Blumenthal and Marco Pierre White joined the show for a full week of challenges . Brent Owens was the winner , with Laura Cassai taking second place . Series 7 : 2015 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia ( series 7 ) Shannon Bennett replaces Kwong as the regular in - house mentor for the immunity challenges . This season marked the return in stronger ratings for MasterChef Australia , with a series average of nearly 1.2 million metropolitan viewers . The finale ( winner announced ) was the highest rating non-sport TV event of 2015 , with 2.2 million viewers ( in metropolitan consolidated numbers ) . This series also attracted praise and critical acclaim from TV critics and writers , as well as many media personalities and much of the viewers . It was won by Ballina restaurant manager Billie McKay . Georgia Barnes took second place . Series 8 : 2016 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia ( series 8 ) The eighth season premiered on 1 May 2016 . It was won by Elena Duggan with Matt Sinclair as runner - up . Series 9 : 2017 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia ( series 9 ) The ninth season began on 1 May 2017 . It was won by Diana Chan with Ben Ungermann as runner - up . Series 10 : 2018 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia ( series 10 ) The tenth season began on 7 May 2018 . Spin - off editions ( edit ) Celebrity MasterChef Australia : 2009 ( edit ) Main article : Celebrity MasterChef Australia Celebrity MasterChef Australia , a spin - off featuring celebrities as contestants began production in early September 2009 , and aired for ten weeks starting from 30 September 2009 . The celebrity version , which features a heats and semi-finals format similar to MasterChef Goes Large , is based around weekly episodes . Presenter Sarah Wilson did not return to present the show . Ten states that she was dropped because `` the appropriate role for Sarah was not achievable without dramatically changing the format ''. , but Gary Mehigan , George Calombaris and Matt Preston returned as judges , Calombaris and Mehigan took Wilson 's presenting role . It was won by Olympic swimmer Eamon Sullivan , who took home $50,000 for charity Swim Survive Stay Alive . In February 2010 , executive producer Mark Fennessy stated that he doubted the spin - off will return for a second series . Junior MasterChef Australia ( edit ) Main article : Junior MasterChef Australia Series 1 : 2010 ( edit ) Main article : Junior MasterChef Australia ( series 1 ) Production of a junior version of the show was initially suggested in October 2009 . The first series of the show , featuring 8 - to 12 - year - old contestants , was filmed after the second series of MasterChef Australia . Junior MasterChef Australia is produced by Shine Australia . The series final was won by 12 - year - old Isabella Bliss from Queensland . Series 2 : 2011 ( edit ) Main article : Junior MasterChef Australia ( series 2 ) Ten confirmed a second series of the spin - off in their 2011 line - up . The winner was Greta Yaxley . MasterChef Australia all - Stars : 2012 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia All - Stars Ten began broadcast of a special all - stars version of the show on 26 July 2012 that aired during the 2012 Summer Olympics . It featured a number of returning contestants from the first three series , including series 1 and 3 winners Julie Goodwin and Kate Bracks , who revisited past challenges in order to raise money for charity . It was won by series 2 runner - up Callum Hann , who ultimately raised $20,000 for Cancer Council Australia . MasterChef Australia : the Professionals : 2013 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia : The Professionals A spin - off based the original BBC MasterChef : The Professionals series began airing on 20 January 2013 . It featured 18 professional chefs competing against each other as opposed to amateur cooks . Matt Preston and chef Marco Pierre White hosted the spin - off . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) The one - hour series premiere of MasterChef Australia attracted an average of 1.42 million viewers , making it the most watched show in its timeslot . Ratings steadily grew throughout the first series , with the show dominating Australian ratings as it entered finals week , averaging around or above 2 million viewers an episode , and on daily rankings placing ahead of other high rating shows such as the Seven Network 's Packed to the Rafters and Nine 's Rugby League State of Origin broadcast . Its success is despite initial belief from critics that the series would be a dud based on the performance of previous prime time cooking shows , as well as general cynicism against a new reality show format . The first series finale of MasterChef Australia attracted an average of 3,745,000 viewers , and peaked at 4.11 million viewers . This figure was for the last half hour of the show , titled MasterChef Australia : The Winner Announced , while the first 90 minutes of the finale averaged 3,313,000 viewers . The figure also eclipsed the show 's previous high , set on the last elimination episode , of 2.36 million viewers and also surpassed the previous high for a non-sporting event ( Australian Idol 's 2004 finale , which averaged in 3.35 million ) since OzTAM ratings started in 2001 . It is currently the 4th highest rating television program in Australia since 2001 , behind the 2005 Australian Open final between Lleyton Hewitt and Marat Safin , and the 2003 Rugby World Cup Final . Ten 's share for the night was 41.3 % , almost 20 % ahead of its nearest rival . The first series finale was the most watched television program of 2009 . The highly anticipated second series premiere of the show attracted 1.69 million viewers , peaking at 2.11 million nationwide . In general , the second series rated higher on average compared to the first series , with weekday episodes seeing a 35 % increase in viewers by the midpoint of the series . The last half hour of the second series final attracted 3,962,000 viewers and 3,542,000 during the rest of the final out rating the series 1 final to become the 3rd highest rating show of all time . Based on the number of viewers and the nightly ratings , Season 5 of Masterchef was considered the worst season , with the finale being ranked only the 5th most viewed television show that night , compared to every other season of Masterchef ranking # 1 . It is also the only season of the show to have under 1 million viewers of the finale , and it has received the lowest nightly rankings with several episodes below the top 20 in terms of most viewed shows . In total there were only half the number of viewers from Season 4 . As a result of the show 's poor audience response Network Ten cancelled all spin - off versions of Masterchef Australia ( including : Junior Masterchef and Masterchef : The Professionals as well as live events such as Masterchef Live and Masterchef Dining ) in order to focus on `` a new , fresh version in 2014 that will appeal to the loyal MasterChef fans as well as new viewers '' according to Ten 's chief programming officer , Beverley McGarvey . Main Season Ratings ( edit ) Season Premiere date Finale date Episodes Premiere ratings Rank Finale ratings ( Grand final ) Rank Finale ratings ( Winner announced ) Rank 27 April 2009 19 July 2009 72 1.428 # 7 3.313 # 2 3.745 # 1 19 April 2010 25 July 2010 84 1.695 # 1 3.542 # 2 3.962 # 1 1 May 2011 7 August 2011 86 1.569 # 1 2.334 # 2 2.740 # 1 6 May 2012 25 July 2012 70 1.368 # 4 1.888 # 2 2.191 # 1 5 2 June 2013 1 September 2013 65 1.100 # 8 0.921 # 8 1.057 # 5 6 5 May 2014 28 July 2014 60 0.874 # 10 1.654 # 2 1.703 # 1 7 5 May 2015 27 July 2015 62 1.231 # 1 1.840 # 2 2.133 # 1 8 1 May 2016 26 July 2016 63 1.012 # 4 1.711 # 2 1.875 # 1 9 1 May 2017 24 July 2017 63 1.060 # 5 1.120 # 3 1.303 # 2 10 7 May 2018 30 July 2018 61 0.890 # 7 # # Spinoff Series Ratings ( edit ) Series Premiere date Finale date Episodes Premiere ratings Rank Finale ratings ( Grand final ) Rank Finale ratings ( Winner announced ) Rank Series Average Celebrity 30 September 2009 25 November 2009 10 1.363 # 2 1.297 # 1 N / A 1.187 Junior 1 12 September 2010 15 November 2010 17 2.202 # 1 1.532 # 2 1.853 # 1 1.313 Junior 2 25 September 2011 23 November 2011 20 1.129 # 5 0.934 # 10 0.911 # 12 0.844 All - Stars 25 July 2012 19 August 2012 19 1.256 # 1 0.802 # 11 1.050 # 7 0.807 The Professionals 20 January 2013 17 March 2013 25 1.165 # 3 0.980 # 11 1.022 # 9 0.886 Overall average 91 1.423 # 2 1.109 # 7 1.209 # 7 1.007 Critical and popular reception ( edit ) Despite success in ratings , the series initially received mixed reviews , with fans of the original British version describing the Australian show to be incomparable to that version in terms of quality , structure , judgement and skill of the contestant . Other commentators have also criticised the show for using a competition format similar to other reality shows such as Australian Idol , The Biggest Loser and Project Runway Australia that focuses more on the elimination of contestants than the food and cooking itself . Ten 's programming chief David Mott admitted that using the new format was `` a huge risk '' , while FremantleMedia 's Paul Franklin has asserted that `` for a commercial audience we needed to pump it up and make it bigger , a little over the top , with more drama and storytelling and a sense of theatre '' . Since Series 5 ( 2012 ) however , when the show began filming in Melbourne , rather than Sydney , the producers changed the original format during the qualifying round for the top 24 to one similar to MasterChef USA ; the remainder of the show however stuck more or less to the original Australian format though . Despite these harsh views , it is still popular amongst many others who have praised the balance of entertainment , skill and overall presentation which is more fun - loving in its ( Australian ) attitude in comparison with the original British format . The show has been described as `` an antidote for cynicism '' and a reflection of multicultural Australia , while the show 's success has been attributed to audiences `` uncomfortable with the win - at - all - cost mould of reality shows of old '' and a shift in values in the face of the recent financial crisis . As is noted in Australian MasterChef 's premier episode of Season 4 , since Australian MasterChef premiered in 2009 ( the first MasterChef series outside of the UK ( est. 1990 ) , it has been such a success that France , Greece , Turkey , Portugal , New Zealand , India , Peru , Finland , Sweden , Italy , Germany , Denmark , Norway , the USA and many other countries have all followed Australia 's lead and formed their own series of the show in their respective countries ; this in itself reveals the popularity of the Australian show from an international audience 's perspective compared to that of the British version . Cooking schools have reported an increase in enrolments due to the success of the series , while kitchenware retailers and upmarket restaurants have also seen increased trade . Supermarkets and specialty food retailers have reported increased demand from the public for more unusual ingredients , such as quail , custard apple and squab , after such were featured on the program . The success of the show led Ten to explore possible spin - offs such as the celebrity and junior versions , as well as one featuring professional chefs as contestants . The success of the show has also led competing networks to commission their own competitive cooking programs , such as Seven 's My Kitchen Rules and Nine 's The Great Aussie Cook - Off after the first series of the Australian version , with reports that both networks were planning more copycat shows to air in late 2010 and early 2011 . MasterChef Australia won the award for Most Popular Reality Program at the 2010 Logie Awards . In addition , Matt Preston won the Graham Kennedy Award for Most Outstanding New Talent for his work on the program . Controversy ( edit ) Allegations of vote rigging ( edit ) Significant numbers of viewers have raised allegations that the voting on the series one finale of MasterChef was fraudulent after Julie Goodwin won the crown . After the airing of the finale talkback radio became inundated with calls , both for and against the verdict , and the finale also became a top trending topic on social networking site Twitter , where many users said they felt `` deflated '' and `` ripped off '' by the final episode of the hit show . Similar allegations were raised when contestants were eliminated throughout the series . Judge Matt Preston has denied that eliminations were rigged or the result of a popularity contest , and asserted that Julie had won the title because she was the better cook on the night . Goodwin herself has also asserted that her victory was not the result of rigging , insisting that the professional integrity of the three judges would be damaged if it were . Welfare of former contestants ( edit ) During their time playing MasterChef , the contestants are paid a retainer of $500 a week . This is slightly below the national Australian minimum wage of $589.30 and less than half the average wage of $1,291.34 . However , contestants have their accommodation provided for the duration of their time in the competition , meaning they live rent - free . These facts were revealed in 2011 along with the knowledge that most contestants quit their jobs before entering the competition and faced seeking re-employment once eliminated from the show . Marco Pierre White ( edit ) Following matter - of - fact comments made by judge Matt Preston about Marco 's son 's admitted $500,000 splurge of his father 's money on drugs and prostitution , Marco joined the rival program Hell 's Kitchen Australia in retaliation . In 2016 , whilst on The Kyle and Jackie O Show Preston was asked about Marco Jr. 's time on Big Brother UK , which included his alleged on -- air sex and the above admittance to purchasing illicit drugs and sex workers . Preston said `` I think it is that terrible thing when you have kids that go off the rails ... the drugs might be a little bit of a worry '' . This sparked a series of profanity -- filled social media attacks by Marco Jr. which he has since apologised for whilst spruiking his new sex toy collection on the Kyle and Jackie O Show . Since quitting Masterchef , Marco Snr has said that `` I will never forgive that man ... with my hand on my mother 's grave I will get that man '' and joined Hell 's Kitchen Australia . International syndications ( edit ) The network in bold also broadcasts their own version of MasterChef . Country Network Dubbed or subtitled ? Current broadcaster ? Afghanistan STAR World Subtitled in Dari No Arab League Fox Series Dubbed STAR World Bangladesh STAR World India Subtitled in English Belgium één Subtitled in Dutch Vitaya Yes Bhutan STAR World India Subtitled in English No Brazil Travel & Living Channel Dubbed Burma STAR World Subtitled Canada Casa Dubbed in French Yes Croatia Nova TV Subtitled No Denmark TV3 Puls Finland Jim Nelonen Greece Mega Channel Hong Kong Lifetime Subtitled in Chinese India STAR World India Subtitled in English Yes Indonesia B - Channel ( now RTV ) Subtitled No Lifetime Ireland Good Food Really RTÉ One Watch Israel Channel 2 Subtitled in Hebrew Italy Gambero Rosso Dubbed cielo ( TV channel ) Dubbed Yes Sky Uno Dubbed Yes Macau Lifetime Subtitled in Cantonese No Malaysia Subtitled in Malay & Chinese Yes Nepal STAR World India Subtitled in English No New Zealand TVNZ 1 Yes Prime No Norway TV3 Subtitled Yes Pakistan STAR World Fox Subtitled in English Subtitled in Arabic Yes Yes Poland TLC Polish lector Yes Portugal SIC Mulher Subtitled Yes 24Kitchen Russia Телекафе Russian double voice - over Singapore Lifetime Subtitled in Chinese Upcoming ? MediaCorp Channel 5 South Africa M - Net Yes Sri Lanka Maxx Rtv Subtitled in English Sweden TLC Subtitled Taiwan STAR World No Thailand The Netherlands Net 5 Yes RTL 5 SBS 6 United Kingdom Good Food Really Vietnam STAR World Upcoming VTV6 ( Junior version ) Dubbed in Vietnamese Yes Print publications ( edit ) Official MasterChef cookbook Volume 1 ( edit ) The Official MasterChef Cookbook Volume 1 was published by Random House Australia in December 2009 . It contains recipes from the series 1 Top 20 contestants and top Australian and international chefs : Martin Boetz , Donovan Cooke , Pete Evans , Manu Feildel , Guy Grossi , Alex Herbert , Matt Moran and Andrew Honeysett , Ben O'Donoghue , Adrian Richardson , Frank Shek , Emmanuel Stroobant and Adriano Zumbo . There are also behind - the - scenes stories and culinary tips and tricks . Our Family Table ( edit ) As the first winner of MasterChef , Julie Goodwin won the chance to have her own cookbook published . Her first cookbook is called Our Family Table and is published by Random House Australia , April 2010 . Official MasterChef cookbook Volume 2 ( edit ) The Official MasterChef Cookbook Volume 2 was published by Random House Australia in December 2010 . It contains recipes from the series 2 Top 24 contestants and top chefs . Official Junior MasterChef cookbook Volume 1 ( edit ) The Official Junior MasterChef Cookbook Volume 1 was published by Random House Australia in 2010 . It features recipes suitable for children and spreads it across various themes . Some MasterClass recipes are also included . Two Asian Kitchens ( edit ) As the second winner of MasterChef Adam Liaw won the chance to have his own cookbook published . The book is called Two Asian Kitchens ( ISBN 9781864711356 ) and is published by Random House Australia , April 2011 . Split into two main sections -- the Old Kitchen and the New Kitchen -- Liaw explores recipes that he has grown up with , along with new creations . MasterChef Magazine ( edit ) MasterChef Magazine , a monthly spin - off publication adopting the series ' brand , went on sale in May 2010 . Following a high - profile launch , the magazine exceeded its initial sales target within a short period of time , selling 90,000 copies in three days . The magazine was published by News Magazines , a subsidiary of News Limited . After losing a third of its readers in one year , the magazine was closed in October 2012 See also ( edit ) Television in Australia portal List of Australian television series My Kitchen Rules References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 11 January 2009 ) . `` Food critic becomes Masterchef host '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Herald Sun '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Courier Mail '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 10 June 2012 ) . `` MasterChef all Stars take on the Olympics '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` MasterChef : The Professionals vs My Kitchen Rules ? '' . tvtonight.com.au. 29 October 2012 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MasterChef sticks to one series for 2014 '' . tvtonight.com.au. 31 August 2013 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 9 December 2008 ) . `` Auditions : Masterchef '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 February 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ http://www.billicorp.com.au/listing/details.aspx?listingID=11210# Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` MasterChef wraps '' . tvtonight.com.au. 6 July 2009 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 13 April 2010 ) . `` MasterChef 's 2 week menu '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 5 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Ten renews MasterChef Archived 8 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , mediaspy.org . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MasterChef creams Logies in ratings race '' . The Age . Melbourne . 2 May 2011 . Retrieved 2 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Bracks wins MasterChef Australia '' . The Spy Report . Media Spy. 7 August 2011 . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/national/andy-allen-is-masterchefs-last-man-standing/story-fndo317g-1226434211298 Jump up ^ `` The real reason MasterChef 's recipe is better in 2014 '' . tvtonight.com.au . June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/masterchef/worst-ratings-ever-for-masterchef-grand-final-20130902-2szrs.html Jump up ^ http://www.tvtonight.com.au Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 16 May 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Schetzer , Alana ( 14 July 2014 ) . `` MasterChef 2014 recap : Heston Blumenthal gets a-salted '' . Retrieved 25 April 2017 -- via The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` Returning : MasterChef Australia '' . tvtonight.com.au. 20 April 2016 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trailer : Masterchef 2017 '' . smh.com.au . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Biggest Loser trainer lined up for Celebrity MasterChef ? Archived 10 July 2012 at Archive.is -- Yahoo ! 7 TV Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 11 September 2009 ) . `` TEN drops Sarah Wilson from MasterChef 2 '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 12 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 26 July 2009 ) . `` Celebrity MasterChef chop - chops Sarah Wilson '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 2 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Future of Celebrity MasterChef uncertain '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shine Australia to produce Junior Masterchef '' . tvtonight.com.au. 29 January 2010 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Isabella wins Junior MasterChef Australia '' . The Spy Report . Media Spy. 16 November 2010 . Retrieved 16 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ten to start a television food fight '' . dailytelegraph.com.au . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 28 April 2009 ) . `` Biggest Loser tops 2m viewers '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 7 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MasterChef tops 2.1 m '' . tvtonight.com.au. 13 July 2009 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Masterchef thumps State of Origin , but Nine wins Wednesday '' . tvtonight.com.au. 15 July 2009 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Masterchef gets three chefs ' hats for food lovers ' hit '' . Herald Sun . 17 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 20 June 2009 . Retrieved 17 June . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` MasterChef 's appeal was its friends '' . dailytelegraph.com.au . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 3.74 m viewers powers MasterChef finale '' . tvtonight.com.au. 20 July 2009 . Retrieved 20 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 : The Top 100 '' . tvtonight.com.au. 6 December 2009 . Retrieved 2 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MasterChef premieres to 1.7 m '' . tvtonight.com.au. 19 April 2010 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hit show MasterChef going through the roof '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Lallo , Michael ( 2 September 2013 ) . `` Worst ratings ever for MasterChef grand final '' . Retrieved 25 April 2017 -- via The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` TV Tonight '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First taste of Masterchef draws mixed reaction '' . The Age . Melbourne , Australia . 28 April 2009 . Retrieved 8 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` If you ca n't stand the heat ... '' The Blurb . Retrieved 18 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Masterchef -- So You Think You Can Cook ? '' . Macabre Melbourne . 29 April 2009 . Retrieved 18 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Channel Ten show MasterChef secret recipe '' . dailytelegraph.com.au . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cooking schools flooded with MasterChef fans '' . news.com.au. 17 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 18 June 2009 . Retrieved 17 June . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ Olding , Rachel ; Taffel , Jacqui ( 27 July 2010 ) . `` MasterChef fans drive specialty boom '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 27 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MasterChef inspires imitators - TV & Radio - Entertainment - smh.com.au '' . smh.com.au . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Logie Awards : round - up '' . The Spy Report . Media Spy. 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 18 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Was MasterChef Australia rigged ? '' . 20 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 24 July 2009 . Retrieved 20 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Julie Beats Poh -- Masterchef Australia Rigged ? '' . 20 July 2009 . Retrieved 20 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` MasterChef judge Matt Preston denies show is rigged '' . news.com.au. 22 June 2009 . Retrieved 20 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Field , Katherine ( 20 July 2009 ) . `` MasterChef 's Julie Goodwin says show was n't rigged '' . Retrieved 20 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Stephenson , Alison ( 19 July 2011 ) . `` Revealed : The MasterChef weekly wage '' . news.com.au . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Lorna ( 9 May 2017 ) . `` Marco Pierre White Jr 's foul - mouthed tirade against Matt Preston will shock you ( to say the least ! ) '' . www.nowtolove.com.au . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MARCO PIERRE WHITE REVEALS REASON WHY HE QUIT MASTERCHEF '' . kiis1011.com.au. 8 May 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marco Pierre White Jr addresses Matt Preston feud : ' It was disgraceful ' '' . news.com.au. 9 May 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celeb chef Marco Pierre White 's angry feud with Matt Preston : ' I will never forgive him ' '' . news.com.au. 8 May 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MASTERCHEF AUSTRALIA THE COOKBOOK VOLUME 1 '' . randomhouse.com.au . Retrieved 9 March 2010 . 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External links ( edit ) MasterChef Australia -- Official MasterChef Australia Website Official Channel Ten Website -- Official Network Ten Website ( with free MasterChef episodes ) MasterChef Australia on IMDb MasterChef Australia at TV.com MasterChef Australia on Twitter MasterChef MasterChef United Kingdom ( Original series ) Algeria Asia Australia Bangladesh Brazil Canada Chile China Croatia Colombia Germany Greece India Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy Malaysia New Zealand Pakistan Paraguay Philippines Poland Romania Slovenia Spain South Africa South Korea Sweden Thailand Ukraine United States Original Revival Vietnam Junior MasterChef United Kingdom ( Original series ) Albania Australia Brazil Greece India Philippines Poland Thailand United States Vietnam Celebrity MasterChef United Kingdom ( Original series ) Australia Malaysia Romania Spain South Korea MasterChef : The Professionals United Kingdom ( Original series ) Australia Brazil MasterChef : All Stars Australia MasterChef Australia Series 2009 2011 2012 All - Stars 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Winners Julie Goodwin Adam Liaw Kate Bracks Andy Allen Emma Dean Brent Owens Billie McKay Elena Duggan Diana Chan Notable alumni Marion Grasby Matthew Hopcraft Hoda Kobeissi Alana Lowes Lucas Parsons Poh Ling Yeow Junior MasterChef Australia Series 2011 Winners Isabella Bliss Greta Yaxley Celebrity MasterChef Australia Winner : Eamon Sullivan MasterChef Australia : The Professionals Winner : Rhys Badcock AACTA Award for Best Reality Television Series The Amazing Race Australia ( 2012 ) MasterChef Australia : The Professionals ( 2013 ) The Voice ( 2014 ) MasterChef Australia ( 2015 ) MasterChef Australia ( 2016 ) Network Ten local programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime Australian Survivor ( since 2016 ) The Bachelor Australia ( since 2013 ) The Bachelorette Australia ( since 2015 ) Bachelor in Paradise ( since 2018 ) Todd Sampson 's Body Hack ( since 2016 ) Bondi Vet ( since 2009 ) Bondi Rescue ( since 2006 ) CRAM ! 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( since 2018 ) Sisters ( since 2017 ) The Wrong Girl ( since 2016 ) Daytime Ben 's Menu ( since 2014 ) Everyday Gourmet with Justine Schofield ( since 2011 ) Good Chef Bad Chef ( since 2011 ) My Market Kitchen ( since 2016 ) News Ten Eyewitness News ( since 1965 ) The Project ( since 2009 ) Studio 10 ( since 2013 ) Sport RPM ( 1997 -- 2008 , 2011 , since 2015 ) Sports Tonight ( 1993 -- 2011 , since 2018 ) Weekends Cruise Mode ( since 2016 ) Healthy Homes TV ( since 2015 ) ifish ( since 2009 ) Mass For You At Home ( since 1971 ) What 's Up Downunder Upcoming All Aussie Adventures ( 2018 ) Blind Date ( 2018 ) How to Stay Married ( 2018 ) Playing For Keeps ( 2018 ) Pointless ( 2018 ) Street Smart ( 2018 ) Dancing with the Stars ( 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MasterChef_Australia&oldid=850065898 '' Categories : Network Ten shows 2009 Australian television series debuts 2000s Australian television series 2010s Australian television series Australian cooking television series MasterChef Australia Television shows set in Sydney Television shows set in Melbourne Television series by FremantleMedia English - language television programs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links CS1 errors : dates All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Use dmy dates from November 2012 Use Australian English from May 2011 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Suomi Svenska 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 10 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the masterchef kitchen located in melbourne 2017 | [
"MasterChef Australia is a Logie Award-winning Australian reality competitive cooking game show based on the original British MasterChef. It is produced by Shine Australia and screens on Network Ten. Restaurateur and chef Gary Mehigan, chef George Calombaris and food critic Matt Preston serve as the show's main judges.[1] The show is premiered 7:30pm every Sunday–Thursday on Network Ten. The MasterChef Australia Kitchen is located in Flemington, Melbourne.\n"
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